Kinetics of dissolution of UO2 in nitric acid solutions: A multiparametric study of the non-catalysed reaction

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Cordara, T.; Szenknect, S.; Claparede, L.; Podor, R.; Mesbah, A.; Lavalette, C.; Dacheux, N.

2017-12-01

UO2 pellets were prepared by densification of oxides obtained from the conversion of the oxalate precursor. Then characterized in order to perform a multiparametric study of the dissolution in nitric acid medium. In this frame, for each sample, the densification rate, the grain size and the specific surface area of the prepared pellets were determined prior to the final dissolution experiments. By varying the concentration of the nitric acid solution and temperature, three different and successive steps were identified during the dissolution. Under the less aggressive conditions considered, a first transient step corresponding to the dissolution of the most reactive phases was observed at the solid/solution interface. Then, for all the tested conditions, a steady state step was established during which the normalised dissolution rate was found to be constant. It was followed by a third step characterized by a strong and continuous increase of the normalised dissolution rate. The duration of the steady state, also called "induction period", was found to vary drastically as a function of the HNO3 concentration and temperature. However, independently of the conditions, this steady state step stopped at almost similar dissolved material weight loss and dissolved uranium concentration. During the induction period, no important evolution of the topology of the solid/liquid interface was evidenced authorizing the use of the starting reactive specific surface area to evaluate the normalised dissolution rates thus the chemical durability of the sintered pellets. From the multiparametric study of UO2 dissolution proposed, oxidation of U(IV) to U(VI) by nitrate ions at the solid/liquid interface constitutes the limiting step in the overall dissolution mechanism associated to this induction period.

Solid state synthesis of poly(dichlorophosphazene)

DOEpatents

Allen, Christopher W.; Hneihen, Azzam S.; Peterson, Eric S.

2001-01-01

A method for making poly(dichlorophosphazene) using solid state reactants is disclosed and described. The present invention improves upon previous methods by removing the need for chlorinated hydrocarbon solvents, eliminating complicated equipment and simplifying the overall process by providing a "single pot" two step reaction sequence. This may be accomplished by the condensation reaction of raw materials in the melt phase of the reactants and in the absence of an environmentally damaging solvent.

Colossal super saturation of oxygen at the iron-aluminum interfaces fabricated using solid state welding

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Sridharan, Niyanth; Isheim, D.; Seidman, David N.

Solid state joining is achieved in three steps, (i) interface asperity deformation, (ii) oxide dispersion, followed by (iii) atomic contact and bonding. Atomically clean metallic surfaces without an oxide layer bond spontaneously. Despite its importance the oxide dispersion mechanism is not well studied. In this work the first ever atom probe study of iron-aluminum solid state welds show that the oxygen concentration at the interface is 20 at.%. This is significantly lower than any equilibrium oxide concentration. Here, we therefore propose that the high-strain rate deformation at the interfaces renders the oxide unstable resulting in the observed concentration of oxygen.

Colossal super saturation of oxygen at the iron-aluminum interfaces fabricated using solid state welding

DOE PAGES

Sridharan, Niyanth; Isheim, D.; Seidman, David N.; ...

2016-12-14

Solid state joining is achieved in three steps, (i) interface asperity deformation, (ii) oxide dispersion, followed by (iii) atomic contact and bonding. Atomically clean metallic surfaces without an oxide layer bond spontaneously. Despite its importance the oxide dispersion mechanism is not well studied. In this work the first ever atom probe study of iron-aluminum solid state welds show that the oxygen concentration at the interface is 20 at.%. This is significantly lower than any equilibrium oxide concentration. Here, we therefore propose that the high-strain rate deformation at the interfaces renders the oxide unstable resulting in the observed concentration of oxygen.

Enhanced production of lovastatin by Omphalotus olearius (DC.) Singer in solid state fermentation.

PubMed

Atlı, Burcu; Yamaç, Mustafa; Yıldız, Zeki; Isikhuemnen, Omoanghe S

2015-01-01

Although lovastatin production has been reported for different microorganism species, there is limited information about lovastatin production by basidiomycetes. The optimization of culture parameters that enhances lovastatin production by Omphalotus olearius OBCC 2002 was investigated, using statistically based experimental designs under solid state fermentation. The Plackett Burman design was used in the first step to test the relative importance of the variables affecting production of lovastatin. Amount and particle size of barley were identified as efficient variables. In the latter step, the interactive effects of selected efficient variables were studied with a full factorial design. A maximum lovastatin yield of 139.47mg/g substrate was achieved by the fermentation of 5g of barley, 1-2mm particle diam., at 28°C. This study showed that O. olearius OBCC 2002 has a high capacity for lovastatin production which could be enhanced by using solid state fermentation with novel and cost-effective substrates, such as barley. Copyright © 2013 Revista Iberoamericana de Micología. Published by Elsevier Espana. All rights reserved.

Classification of solid dispersions: correlation to (i) stability and solubility (ii) preparation and characterization techniques.

PubMed

Meng, Fan; Gala, Urvi; Chauhan, Harsh

2015-01-01

Solid dispersion has been a topic of interest in recent years for its potential in improving oral bioavailability, especially for poorly water soluble drugs where dissolution could be the rate-limiting step of oral absorption. Understanding the physical state of the drug and polymers in solid dispersions is essential as it influences both the stability and solubility of these systems. This review emphasizes on the classification of solid dispersions based on the physical states of drug and polymer. Based on this classification, stability aspects such as crystallization tendency, glass transition temperature (Tg), drug polymer miscibility, molecular mobility, etc. and solubility aspects have been discussed. In addition, preparation and characterization methods for binary solid dispersions based on the classification have also been discussed.

One-step generation of continuous-variable quadripartite cluster states in a circuit QED system

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yang, Zhi-peng; Li, Zhen; Ma, Sheng-li; Li, Fu-li

2017-07-01

We propose a dissipative scheme for one-step generation of continuous-variable quadripartite cluster states in a circuit QED setup consisting of four superconducting coplanar waveguide resonators and a gap-tunable superconducting flux qubit. With external driving fields to adjust the desired qubit-resonator and resonator-resonator interactions, we show that continuous-variable quadripartite cluster states of the four resonators can be generated with the assistance of energy relaxation of the qubit. By comparison with the previous proposals, the distinct advantage of our scheme is that only one step of quantum operation is needed to realize the quantum state engineering. This makes our scheme simpler and more feasible in experiment. Our result may have useful application for implementing quantum computation in solid-state circuit QED systems.

Hydration properties of regioselectively etherified celluloses monitored by 2H and 13C solid-state MAS NMR spectroscopy.

PubMed

Larsen, Flemming H; Schöbitz, Michael; Schaller, Jens

2012-06-20

The hydration properties of 2,3-O-hydroxypropylcellulose (HPC) and 2,3-O-hydroxyethylcellulose (HEC) were analyzed by multi-nuclear solid-state MAS NMR spectroscopy. By 13C single-pulse (SP) MAS and cross-polarization (CP) MAS NMR, differences between the immobile regions and all parts of the polysaccharides were detected as a function of hydration. Complementary information about the water environments was observed by 2H MAS NMR. By this approach it was demonstrated that side chains in 2,3-O-HPC and 2,3-O-HEC were easier to hydrate than the cellulose backbone. Furthermore the motion of water was more restricted (slower) in 2,3-O-HPC than in 2,3-O-HEC. For both polysaccharides the hydration could be explained by a two-step process: in step one increased ordering of the immobile regions occurs after which the entire polymer is hydrated in step two. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

LiCoPO4 cathode from a CoHPO4·xH2O nanoplate precursor for high voltage Li-ion batteries

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Choi, Daiwon; Li, Xiaolin; Henderson, Wesley A.

2016-02-01

Highly crystalline LiCoPO4/C cathode has been synthesized without any impurities via single step solid-state reaction using CoHPO4xH2O nanoplates as a precursor obtained by simple precipitation route. The electrochemical test shows specific capacity as high as 125mAh/g at charge/discharge rate of C/10. Synthesis approach for obtaining CoHPO4xH2O nanoplate precursor and final LiCoPO4/C cathode using single step solid-state reaction have been characterized using X-ray diffraction, thermos gravimetric analyses (TGA) – differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The electrochemical test and cycling stability using different electrolytes, additive and separator have been investigated.

Atomic layer deposition of lithium phosphates as solid-state electrolytes for all-solid-state microbatteries

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, Biqiong; Liu, Jian; Sun, Qian; Li, Ruying; Sham, Tsun-Kong; Sun, Xueliang

2014-12-01

Atomic layer deposition (ALD) has been shown as a powerful technique to build three-dimensional (3D) all-solid-state microbattery, because of its unique advantages in fabricating uniform and pinhole-free thin films in 3D structures. The development of solid-state electrolyte by ALD is a crucial step to achieve the fabrication of 3D all-solid-state microbattery by ALD. In this work, lithium phosphate solid-state electrolytes were grown by ALD at four different temperatures (250, 275, 300, and 325 °C) using two precursors (lithium tert-butoxide and trimethylphosphate). A linear dependence of film thickness on ALD cycle number was observed and uniform growth was achieved at all four temperatures. The growth rate was 0.57, 0.66, 0.69, and 0.72 Å/cycle at deposition temperatures of 250, 275, 300, and 325 °C, respectively. Furthermore, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy confirmed the compositions and chemical structures of lithium phosphates deposited by ALD. Moreover, the lithium phosphate thin films deposited at 300 °C presented the highest ionic conductivity of 1.73 × 10-8 S cm-1 at 323 K with ˜0.51 eV activation energy based on the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The ionic conductivity was calculated to be 3.3 × 10-8 S cm-1 at 26 °C (299 K).

Securing the Future of New York's Children: Taking the Next Steps toward Truly Universal Prekindergarten

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Rebell, Michael A.; Wolff, Jessica R.

2014-01-01

With the strong leadership of Governor Andrew Cuomo, solid support from the state legislature, the Regents, and the New York State Education Department, and the unwavering commitment of Mayor Bill de Blasio of New York City, New York State has made significant strides over the past year in expanding access to high-quality full-day prekindergarten…

Reduced graphene oxide-wrapped MoO3 composites prepared by using metal-organic frameworks as precursor for all-solid-state flexible supercapacitors.

PubMed

Cao, Xiehong; Zheng, Bing; Shi, Wenhui; Yang, Jian; Fan, Zhanxi; Luo, Zhimin; Rui, Xianhong; Chen, Bo; Yan, Qingyu; Zhang, Hua

2015-08-26

Reduced graphene oxide-wrapped MoO3M (rGO/MoO3 ) is prepared by a novel and simple method that is developed by using a metal-organic framework as the precursor. After a two-step annealing process, the obtained rGO/MoO3 composite is used for a high-performance supercapacitor electrode. Moreover, an all-solid-state flexible supercapacitor is fabricated based on the rGO/MoO3 composite, which shows stable performance under different bending states. © 2015 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Memory-built-in quantum cloning in a hybrid solid-state spin register

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, W.-B.; Zu, C.; He, L.; Zhang, W.-G.; Duan, L.-M.

2015-07-01

As a way to circumvent the quantum no-cloning theorem, approximate quantum cloning protocols have received wide attention with remarkable applications. Copying of quantum states to memory qubits provides an important strategy for eavesdropping in quantum cryptography. We report an experiment that realizes cloning of quantum states from an electron spin to a nuclear spin in a hybrid solid-state spin register with near-optimal fidelity. The nuclear spin provides an ideal memory qubit at room temperature, which stores the cloned quantum states for a millisecond under ambient conditions, exceeding the lifetime of the original quantum state carried by the electron spin by orders of magnitude. The realization of a cloning machine with built-in quantum memory provides a key step for application of quantum cloning in quantum information science.

Memory-built-in quantum cloning in a hybrid solid-state spin register.

PubMed

Wang, W-B; Zu, C; He, L; Zhang, W-G; Duan, L-M

2015-07-16

As a way to circumvent the quantum no-cloning theorem, approximate quantum cloning protocols have received wide attention with remarkable applications. Copying of quantum states to memory qubits provides an important strategy for eavesdropping in quantum cryptography. We report an experiment that realizes cloning of quantum states from an electron spin to a nuclear spin in a hybrid solid-state spin register with near-optimal fidelity. The nuclear spin provides an ideal memory qubit at room temperature, which stores the cloned quantum states for a millisecond under ambient conditions, exceeding the lifetime of the original quantum state carried by the electron spin by orders of magnitude. The realization of a cloning machine with built-in quantum memory provides a key step for application of quantum cloning in quantum information science.

Solid State Ionics: from Michael Faraday to green energy-the European dimension.

PubMed

Funke, Klaus

2013-08-01

Solid State Ionics has its roots essentially in Europe. First foundations were laid by Michael Faraday who discovered the solid electrolytes Ag 2 S and PbF 2 and coined terms such as cation and anion , electrode and electrolyte . In the 19th and early 20th centuries, the main lines of development toward Solid State Ionics, pursued in Europe, concerned the linear laws of transport, structural analysis, disorder and entropy and the electrochemical storage and conversion of energy. Fundamental contributions were then made by Walther Nernst, who derived the Nernst equation and detected ionic conduction in heterovalently doped zirconia, which he utilized in his Nernst lamp. Another big step forward was the discovery of the extraordinary properties of alpha silver iodide in 1914. In the late 1920s and early 1930s, the concept of point defects was established by Yakov Il'ich Frenkel, Walter Schottky and Carl Wagner, including the development of point-defect thermodynamics by Schottky and Wagner. In terms of point defects, ionic (and electronic) transport in ionic crystals became easy to visualize. In an 'evolving scheme of materials science', point disorder precedes structural disorder, as displayed by the AgI-type solid electrolytes (and other ionic crystals), by ion-conducting glasses, polymer electrolytes and nano-composites. During the last few decades, much progress has been made in finding and investigating novel solid electrolytes and in using them for the preservation of our environment, in particular in advanced solid state battery systems, fuel cells and sensors. Since 1972, international conferences have been held in the field of Solid State Ionics, and the International Society for Solid State Ionics was founded at one of them, held at Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany, in 1987.

Solid State Ionics: from Michael Faraday to green energy—the European dimension

PubMed Central

Funke, Klaus

2013-01-01

Solid State Ionics has its roots essentially in Europe. First foundations were laid by Michael Faraday who discovered the solid electrolytes Ag2S and PbF2 and coined terms such as cation and anion, electrode and electrolyte. In the 19th and early 20th centuries, the main lines of development toward Solid State Ionics, pursued in Europe, concerned the linear laws of transport, structural analysis, disorder and entropy and the electrochemical storage and conversion of energy. Fundamental contributions were then made by Walther Nernst, who derived the Nernst equation and detected ionic conduction in heterovalently doped zirconia, which he utilized in his Nernst lamp. Another big step forward was the discovery of the extraordinary properties of alpha silver iodide in 1914. In the late 1920s and early 1930s, the concept of point defects was established by Yakov Il'ich Frenkel, Walter Schottky and Carl Wagner, including the development of point-defect thermodynamics by Schottky and Wagner. In terms of point defects, ionic (and electronic) transport in ionic crystals became easy to visualize. In an ‘evolving scheme of materials science’, point disorder precedes structural disorder, as displayed by the AgI-type solid electrolytes (and other ionic crystals), by ion-conducting glasses, polymer electrolytes and nano-composites. During the last few decades, much progress has been made in finding and investigating novel solid electrolytes and in using them for the preservation of our environment, in particular in advanced solid state battery systems, fuel cells and sensors. Since 1972, international conferences have been held in the field of Solid State Ionics, and the International Society for Solid State Ionics was founded at one of them, held at Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany, in 1987. PMID:27877585

U.S. Army High Energy Laser (HEL) technology program

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lavan, Michael J.; Wachs, John J.

2011-11-01

The US Army is investing in Solid State Laser (SSL) technology to assess counter rocket, artillery, and mortar (C-RAM) and counter unmanned aerial vehicle (C-UAV) capabilities of solid state based HEL systems, as well as other potential applications for HELs of interest to the Army. The Army HEL program thrust areas are systematically moving the technology forward toward weaponization, including solid state laser technologies, advances in beam control technology, and conducting major demonstrations. The High Energy Laser Mobile Demonstrator (HELMD) will be a major step toward demonstrating HEL weapon capability to the soldier. The US Army will continue to pursue technologies that enable more compact systems compatible with, for example, a Stryker tactical vehicle as a crucial part of our strategy to provide a capability to the warfighter that can maneuver with the force.

Fine refinement of solid state structure of racemic form of phospho-tyrosine employing NMR Crystallography approach.

PubMed

Paluch, Piotr; Pawlak, Tomasz; Oszajca, Marcin; Lasocha, Wieslaw; Potrzebowski, Marek J

2015-02-01

We present step by step facets important in NMR Crystallography strategy employing O-phospho-dl-tyrosine as model sample. The significance of three major techniques being components of this approach: solid state NMR (SS NMR), X-ray diffraction of powdered sample (PXRD) and theoretical calculations (Gauge Invariant Projector Augmented Wave; GIPAW) is discussed. Each experimental technique provides different set of structural constraints. From the PXRD measurement the size of the unit cell, space group and roughly refined molecular structure are established. SS NMR provides information about content of crystallographic asymmetric unit, local geometry, molecular motion in the crystal lattice and hydrogen bonding pattern. GIPAW calculations are employed for validation of quality of elucidation and fine refinement of structure. Crystal and molecular structure of O-phospho-dl-tyrosine solved by NMR Crystallography is deposited at Cambridge Crystallographic Data Center under number CCDC 1005924. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Structural study of the membrane protein MscL using cell-free expression and solid-state NMR

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Abdine, Alaa; Verhoeven, Michiel A.; Park, Kyu-Ho; Ghazi, Alexandre; Guittet, Eric; Berrier, Catherine; Van Heijenoort, Carine; Warschawski, Dror E.

2010-05-01

High-resolution structures of membrane proteins have so far been obtained mostly by X-ray crystallography, on samples where the protein is surrounded by detergent. Recent developments of solid-state NMR have opened the way to a new approach for the study of integral membrane proteins inside a membrane. At the same time, the extension of cell-free expression to the production of membrane proteins allows for the production of proteins tailor made for NMR. We present here an in situ solid-state NMR study of a membrane protein selectively labeled through the use of cell-free expression. The sample consists of MscL (mechano-sensitive channel of large conductance), a 75 kDa pentameric α-helical ion channel from Escherichia coli, reconstituted in a hydrated lipid bilayer. Compared to a uniformly labeled protein sample, the spectral crowding is greatly reduced in the cell-free expressed protein sample. This approach may be a decisive step required for spectral assignment and structure determination of membrane proteins by solid-state NMR.

Modeling an in-register, parallel "iowa" aβ fibril structure using solid-state NMR data from labeled samples with rosetta.

PubMed

Sgourakis, Nikolaos G; Yau, Wai-Ming; Qiang, Wei

2015-01-06

Determining the structures of amyloid fibrils is an important first step toward understanding the molecular basis of neurodegenerative diseases. For β-amyloid (Aβ) fibrils, conventional solid-state NMR structure determination using uniform labeling is limited by extensive peak overlap. We describe the characterization of a distinct structural polymorph of Aβ using solid-state NMR, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and Rosetta model building. First, the overall fibril arrangement is established using mass-per-length measurements from TEM. Then, the fibril backbone arrangement, stacking registry, and "steric zipper" core interactions are determined using a number of solid-state NMR techniques on sparsely (13)C-labeled samples. Finally, we perform Rosetta structure calculations with an explicitly symmetric representation of the system. We demonstrate the power of the hybrid Rosetta/NMR approach by modeling the in-register, parallel "Iowa" mutant (D23N) at high resolution (1.2Å backbone rmsd). The final models are validated using an independent set of NMR experiments that confirm key features. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

World-Class Ambitions, Weak Standards: An Excerpt from "The State of State Science Standards 2012"

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

American Educator, 2012

2012-01-01

A solid science education program begins by clearly establishing what well-educated youngsters need to learn about this multifaceted domain of human knowledge. The first crucial step is setting clear academic standards for the schools--standards that not only articulate the critical science content students need to learn, but that also properly…

Formation of organoclays by a one step synthesis

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jaber, Maguy; Miéhé-Brendlé, Jocelyne; Delmotte, Luc; Le Dred, Ronan

2005-05-01

Different lamellar hybrid inorganic-organic materials having as inorganic parent 2:1 (T.O.T.) phyllosilicates such as talc, saponite, pyrophyllite, beidellite and montmorillonite were prepared by a one step synthesis. The solids were characterized by X-ray diffraction, solid state 29Si, 27Al, and 19F nuclear magnetic resonance and transmission electron microscopy. XRD patterns show that solids with inorganic parents having octahedral sheet based on aluminium exhibit a lamellar structure similar to MCM-50, whereas those with magnesium have an organophyllosilicate structure. In the first case, the absence of hexacoordinated aluminium was confirmed by 27Al NMR and an ordered stacking of the layers is observed on TEM micrographs. In opposite, a disorder is observed on the TEM images of organophyllosilicates. The formation of the 2:1 structure was found to be controlled mainly by the insertion of silicic species in the interlamellar space of brucite like layers.

Memory-built-in quantum cloning in a hybrid solid-state spin register

PubMed Central

Wang, W.-B.; Zu, C.; He, L.; Zhang, W.-G.; Duan, L.-M.

2015-01-01

As a way to circumvent the quantum no-cloning theorem, approximate quantum cloning protocols have received wide attention with remarkable applications. Copying of quantum states to memory qubits provides an important strategy for eavesdropping in quantum cryptography. We report an experiment that realizes cloning of quantum states from an electron spin to a nuclear spin in a hybrid solid-state spin register with near-optimal fidelity. The nuclear spin provides an ideal memory qubit at room temperature, which stores the cloned quantum states for a millisecond under ambient conditions, exceeding the lifetime of the original quantum state carried by the electron spin by orders of magnitude. The realization of a cloning machine with built-in quantum memory provides a key step for application of quantum cloning in quantum information science. PMID:26178617

Production of a generic microbial feedstock for lignocellulose biorefineries through sequential bioprocessing.

PubMed

Chang, Chen-Wei; Webb, Colin

2017-03-01

Lignocellulosic materials, mostly from agricultural and forestry residues, provide a potential renewable resource for sustainable biorefineries. Reducing sugars can be produced only after a pre-treatment stage, which normally involves chemicals but can be biological. In this case, two steps are usually necessary: solid-state cultivation of fungi for deconstruction, followed by enzymatic hydrolysis using cellulolytic enzymes. In this research, the utilisation of solid-state bioprocessing using the fungus Trichoderma longibrachiatum was implemented as a simultaneous microbial pretreatment and in-situ enzyme production method for fungal autolysis and further enzyme hydrolysis of fermented solids. Suspending the fermented solids in water at 50°C led to the highest hydrolysis yields of 226mg/g reducing sugar and 7.7mg/g free amino nitrogen (FAN). The resultant feedstock was shown to be suitable for the production of various products including ethanol. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Quantum Simulation of Helium Hydride Cation in a Solid-State Spin Register.

PubMed

Wang, Ya; Dolde, Florian; Biamonte, Jacob; Babbush, Ryan; Bergholm, Ville; Yang, Sen; Jakobi, Ingmar; Neumann, Philipp; Aspuru-Guzik, Alán; Whitfield, James D; Wrachtrup, Jörg

2015-08-25

Ab initio computation of molecular properties is one of the most promising applications of quantum computing. While this problem is widely believed to be intractable for classical computers, efficient quantum algorithms exist which have the potential to vastly accelerate research throughput in fields ranging from material science to drug discovery. Using a solid-state quantum register realized in a nitrogen-vacancy (NV) defect in diamond, we compute the bond dissociation curve of the minimal basis helium hydride cation, HeH(+). Moreover, we report an energy uncertainty (given our model basis) of the order of 10(-14) hartree, which is 10 orders of magnitude below the desired chemical precision. As NV centers in diamond provide a robust and straightforward platform for quantum information processing, our work provides an important step toward a fully scalable solid-state implementation of a quantum chemistry simulator.

One-step simultaneous differential scanning calorimetry-FTIR microspectroscopy to quickly detect continuous pathways in the solid-state glucose/asparagine Maillard reaction.

PubMed

Hwang, Deng-Fwu; Hsieh, Tzu-Feng; Lin, Shan-Yang

2013-01-01

The stepwise reaction pathway of the solid-state Maillard reaction between glucose (Glc) and asparagine (Asn) was investigated using simultaneous differential scanning calorimetry (DSC)-FTIR microspectroscopy. The color change and FTIR spectra of Glc-Asn physical mixtures (molar ratio = 1:1) preheated to different temperatures followed by cooling were also examined. The successive reaction products such as Schiff base intermediate, Amadori product, and decarboxylated Amadori product in the solid-state Glc-Asn Maillard reaction were first simultaneously evidenced by this unique DSC-FTIR microspectroscopy. The color changed from white to yellow-brown to dark brown, and appearance of new IR peaks confirmed the formation of Maillard reaction products. The present study clearly indicates that this unique DSC-FTIR technique not only accelerates but also detects precursors and products of the Maillard reaction in real time.

An all-solid-state microsecond-range quasi-square pulse generator based on fractional-turn ratio saturable pulse transformer and anti-resonance network.

PubMed

Chen, Rong; Yang, Jianhua; Cheng, Xinbing; Pan, Zilong

2017-03-01

High voltage pulse generators are widely applied in a number of fields. Defense and industrial applications stimulated intense interests in the area of pulsed power technology towards the system with high power, high repetition rate, solid state characteristics, and compact structure. An all-solid-state microsecond-range quasi-square pulse generator based on a fractional-turn ratio saturable pulse transformer and anti-resonance network is proposed in this paper. This generator consists of a charging system, a step-up system, and a modulating system. In this generator, the fractional-turn ratio saturable pulse transformer is the key component since it acts as a step-up transformer and a main switch during the working process. Demonstrative experiments show that if the primary storage capacitors are charged to 400 V, a quasi-square pulse with amplitude of about 29 kV can be achieved on a 3500 Ω resistive load, as well as the pulse duration (full width at half maximum) of about 1.3 μs. Preliminary repetition rate experiments are also carried out, which indicate that this pulse generator could work stably with the repetition rates of 30 Hz and 50 Hz. It can be concluded that this kind of all-solid-state microsecond-range quasi-square pulse generator can not only lower both the operating voltage of the primary windings and the saturable inductance of the secondary windings, thus ideally realizing the magnetic switch function of the fractional-turn ratio saturable pulse transformer, but also achieve a quasi-square pulse with high quality and fixed flat top after the modulation of a two-section anti-resonance network. This generator can be applied in areas of large power microwave sources, sterilization, disinfection, and wastewater treatment.

Quantum entanglement at ambient conditions in a macroscopic solid-state spin ensemble.

PubMed

Klimov, Paul V; Falk, Abram L; Christle, David J; Dobrovitski, Viatcheslav V; Awschalom, David D

2015-11-01

Entanglement is a key resource for quantum computers, quantum-communication networks, and high-precision sensors. Macroscopic spin ensembles have been historically important in the development of quantum algorithms for these prospective technologies and remain strong candidates for implementing them today. This strength derives from their long-lived quantum coherence, strong signal, and ability to couple collectively to external degrees of freedom. Nonetheless, preparing ensembles of genuinely entangled spin states has required high magnetic fields and cryogenic temperatures or photochemical reactions. We demonstrate that entanglement can be realized in solid-state spin ensembles at ambient conditions. We use hybrid registers comprising of electron-nuclear spin pairs that are localized at color-center defects in a commercial SiC wafer. We optically initialize 10(3) identical registers in a 40-μm(3) volume (with [Formula: see text] fidelity) and deterministically prepare them into the maximally entangled Bell states (with 0.88 ± 0.07 fidelity). To verify entanglement, we develop a register-specific quantum-state tomography protocol. The entanglement of a macroscopic solid-state spin ensemble at ambient conditions represents an important step toward practical quantum technology.

Solid-State Laser Research Report: Energy Transfer in Non-Uniform Codoped Crystals.

DTIC Science & Technology

1988-03-01

mathematical steps reported in this document are contained in the reviewed classified mid-task report P-1970 which is not available to the open...splits the d lvels of the chromium ion such that the "T2 level is considerably higher in energy than the E level. Since the ground-state is A 2 , the E A 2

Determination of interfacial states in solid heterostructures using a variable-energy positron beam

DOEpatents

Asoka kumar, Palakkal P. V.; Lynn, Kelvin G.

1993-01-01

A method and means is provided for characterizing interfacial electron states in solid heterostructures using a variable energy positron beam to probe the solid heterostructure. The method includes the steps of directing a positron beam having a selected energy level at a point on the solid heterostructure so that the positron beam penetrates into the solid heterostructure and causes positrons to collide with the electrons at an interface of the solid heterostructure. The number and energy of gamma rays emitted from the solid heterostructure as a result of the annihilation of positrons with electrons at the interface are detected. The data is quantified as a function of the Doppler broadening of the photopeak about the 511 keV line created by the annihilation of the positrons and electrons at the interface, preferably, as an S-parameter function; and a normalized S-parameter function of the data is obtained. The function of data obtained is compared with a corresponding function of the Doppler broadening of the annihilation photopeak about 511 keV for a positron beam having a second energy level directed at the same material making up a portion of the solid heterostructure. The comparison of these functions facilitates characterization of the interfacial states of electrons in the solid heterostructure at points corresponding to the penetration of positrons having the particular energy levels into the interface of the solid heterostructure. Accordingly, the invention provides a variable-energy non-destructive probe of solid heterostructures, such as SiO.sub.2 /Si, MOS or other semiconductor devices.

Determination of interfacial states in solid heterostructures using a variable-energy positron beam

DOEpatents

Asokakumar, P.P.V.; Lynn, K.G.

1993-04-06

A method and means is provided for characterizing interfacial electron states in solid heterostructures using a variable energy positron beam to probe the solid heterostructure. The method includes the steps of directing a positron beam having a selected energy level at a point on the solid heterostructure so that the positron beam penetrates into the solid heterostructure and causes positrons to collide with the electrons at an interface of the solid heterostructure. The number and energy of gamma rays emitted from the solid heterostructure as a result of the annihilation of positrons with electrons at the interface are detected. The data is quantified as a function of the Doppler broadening of the photopeak about the 511 keV line created by the annihilation of the positrons and electrons at the interface, preferably, as an S-parameter function; and a normalized S-parameter function of the data is obtained. The function of data obtained is compared with a corresponding function of the Doppler broadening of the annihilation photopeak about 511 keV for a positron beam having a second energy level directed at the same material making up a portion of the solid heterostructure. The comparison of these functions facilitates characterization of the interfacial states of electrons in the solid heterostructure at points corresponding to the penetration of positrons having the particular energy levels into the interface of the solid heterostructure. Accordingly, the invention provides a variable-energy non-destructive probe of solid heterostructures, such as SiO[sub 2]/Si, MOS or other semiconductor devices.

Low-temperature synthesis of actinide tetraborides by solid-state metathesis reactions

DOEpatents

Lupinetti, Anthony J [Los Alamos, NM; Garcia, Eduardo [Los Alamos, NM; Abney, Kent D [Los Alamos, NM

2004-12-14

The synthesis of actinide tetraborides including uranium tetraboride (UB.sub.4), plutonium tetraboride (PuB.sub.4) and thorium tetraboride (ThB.sub.4) by a solid-state metathesis reaction are demonstrated. The present method significantly lowers the temperature required to .ltoreq.850.degree. C. As an example, when UCl.sub.4 is reacted with an excess of MgB.sub.2, at 850.degree. C., crystalline UB.sub.4 is formed. Powder X-ray diffraction and ICP-AES data support the reduction of UCl.sub.3 as the initial step in the reaction. The UB.sub.4 product is purified by washing water and drying.

One-step spray processing of high power all-solid-state supercapacitors

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Huang, Chun; Grant, Patrick S.

2013-08-01

Aqueous suspensions of multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) in dilute H2SO4 were sprayed onto both sides of a Nafion membrane and dried to fabricate flexible solid-state supercapacitors. A single cell with MWNT-only electrodes had a capacitance of 57 F g-1 per electrode at 2 mV s-1 and 44 F g-1 at 150 mV s-1 but with low H+ mobility. Cells with MWNT + ionomer hybrid electrodes showed higher H+ mobility, and the electric double layer (EDL) capacitance increased to 145 F g-1 at 2 mV s-1 and 91 F g-1 at 150 mV s-1. The energy and power densities of one electrode charged to 1 V at 1 A g-1 were 12.9 Wh kg-1 and 3.3 kW kg-1 respectively. Three solid-state supercapacitor cells connected in series charged to 3 V at 1 and 2 A g-1 provided a device power density of 8.9 kW kg-1 at 1 A g-1 and 9.4 kW kg-1 at 2 A g-1, the highest for all-solid-state EDL supercapacitors.

Multilevel perspective on high-order harmonic generation in solids

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wu, Mengxi; Browne, Dana A.; Schafer, Kenneth J.; Gaarde, Mette B.

2016-12-01

We investigate high-order harmonic generation in a solid, modeled as a multilevel system dressed by a strong infrared laser field. We show that the cutoff energies and the relative strengths of the multiple plateaus that emerge in the harmonic spectrum can be understood both qualitatively and quantitatively by considering a combination of adiabatic and diabatic processes driven by the strong field. Such a model was recently used to interpret the multiple plateaus exhibited in harmonic spectra generated by solid argon and krypton [G. Ndabashimiye et al., Nature 534, 520 (2016), 10.1038/nature17660]. We also show that when the multilevel system originates from the Bloch state at the Γ point of the band structure, the laser-dressed states are equivalent to the Houston states [J. B. Krieger and G. J. Iafrate, Phys. Rev. B 33, 5494 (1986), 10.1103/PhysRevB.33.5494] and will therefore map out the band structure away from the Γ point as the laser field increases. This leads to a semiclassical three-step picture in momentum space that describes the high-order harmonic generation process in a solid.

Solid propellant grain design and internal ballistics

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1972-01-01

The ballistic aspects of grain design were studied to outline the steps necessary to achieve a successful grain design. The relationships of the grain design to steady-state mass balance and erosive burning are considered. Grain design criteria is reviewed, and recommended design criteria are included.

Atomic Scale Dynamics of Contact Formation in the Cross-Section of InGaAs Nanowire Channels

DOE PAGES

Chen, Renjie; Jungjohann, Katherine L.; Mook, William M.; ...

2017-03-23

In the alloyed and compound contacts between metal and semiconductor transistor channels we see that they enable self-aligned gate processes which play a significant role in transistor scaling. At nanoscale dimensions and for nanowire channels, prior experiments focused on reactions along the channel length, but the early stage of reaction in their cross sections remains unknown. We report on the dynamics of the solid-state reaction between metal (Ni) and semiconductor (In 0.53Ga 0.47As), along the cross-section of nanowires that are 15 nm in width. Unlike planar structures where crystalline nickelide readily forms at conventional, low alloying temperatures, nanowires exhibit amore » solid-state amorphization step that can undergo a crystal regrowth step at elevated temperatures. Here, we capture the layer-by-layer reaction mechanism and growth rate anisotropy using in situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Our kinetic model depicts this new, in-plane contact formation which could pave the way for engineered nanoscale transistors.« less

Solid-State Gas Sensors: Sensor System Challenges in the Civil Security Domain.

PubMed

Müller, Gerhard; Hackner, Angelika; Beer, Sebastian; Göbel, Johann

2016-01-20

The detection of military high explosives and illicit drugs presents problems of paramount importance in the fields of counter terrorism and criminal investigation. Effectively dealing with such threats requires hand-portable, mobile and affordable instruments. The paper shows that solid-state gas sensors can contribute to the development of such instruments provided the sensors are incorporated into integrated sensor systems, which acquire the target substances in the form of particle residue from suspect objects and which process the collected residue through a sequence of particle sampling, solid-vapor conversion, vapor detection and signal treatment steps. Considering sensor systems with metal oxide gas sensors at the backend, it is demonstrated that significant gains in sensitivity, selectivity and speed of response can be attained when the threat substances are sampled in particle as opposed to vapor form.

Solid-State Gas Sensors: Sensor System Challenges in the Civil Security Domain

PubMed Central

Müller, Gerhard; Hackner, Angelika; Beer, Sebastian; Göbel, Johann

2016-01-01

The detection of military high explosives and illicit drugs presents problems of paramount importance in the fields of counter terrorism and criminal investigation. Effectively dealing with such threats requires hand-portable, mobile and affordable instruments. The paper shows that solid-state gas sensors can contribute to the development of such instruments provided the sensors are incorporated into integrated sensor systems, which acquire the target substances in the form of particle residue from suspect objects and which process the collected residue through a sequence of particle sampling, solid-vapor conversion, vapor detection and signal treatment steps. Considering sensor systems with metal oxide gas sensors at the backend, it is demonstrated that significant gains in sensitivity, selectivity and speed of response can be attained when the threat substances are sampled in particle as opposed to vapor form. PMID:28787865

Surface Structure and Photocatalytic Activity of Nano-TiO2 Thin Film

EPA Science Inventory

Controlled titanium dioxide (TiO2) thin films were deposited on stainless steel surfaces using flame aerosol synthetic technique, which is a one-step coating process, that doesn’t require further calcination. Solid state characterization of the coatings was conducted by different...

Incompressibility without tears - How to avoid restrictions of mixed formulation

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Zienkiewicz, O. C.; Wu, J.

1991-01-01

Several time-stepping schemes for incompressibility problems are presented which can be solved directly for steady state or iteratively through the time domain. The difficulty of mixed interpolation is avoided by using these schemes. The schemes are applicable to problems of fluid and solid mechanics.

Quantum entanglement at ambient conditions in a macroscopic solid-state spin ensemble

PubMed Central

Klimov, Paul V.; Falk, Abram L.; Christle, David J.; Dobrovitski, Viatcheslav V.; Awschalom, David D.

2015-01-01

Entanglement is a key resource for quantum computers, quantum-communication networks, and high-precision sensors. Macroscopic spin ensembles have been historically important in the development of quantum algorithms for these prospective technologies and remain strong candidates for implementing them today. This strength derives from their long-lived quantum coherence, strong signal, and ability to couple collectively to external degrees of freedom. Nonetheless, preparing ensembles of genuinely entangled spin states has required high magnetic fields and cryogenic temperatures or photochemical reactions. We demonstrate that entanglement can be realized in solid-state spin ensembles at ambient conditions. We use hybrid registers comprising of electron-nuclear spin pairs that are localized at color-center defects in a commercial SiC wafer. We optically initialize 103 identical registers in a 40-μm3 volume (with 0.95−0.07+0.05 fidelity) and deterministically prepare them into the maximally entangled Bell states (with 0.88 ± 0.07 fidelity). To verify entanglement, we develop a register-specific quantum-state tomography protocol. The entanglement of a macroscopic solid-state spin ensemble at ambient conditions represents an important step toward practical quantum technology. PMID:26702444

Corneal reshaping using a pulsed UV solid-state laser

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ren, Qiushi; Simon, Gabriel; Parel, Jean-Marie A.; Shen, Jin-Hui; Takesue, Yoshiko

1993-06-01

Replacing the gas ArF (193 nm) excimer laser with a solid state laser source in the far-UV spectrum region would eliminate the hazards of a gas laser and would reduce its size which is desirable for photo-refractive keratectomy (PRK). In this study, we investigated corneal reshaping using a frequency-quintupled (213 nm) pulsed (10 ns) Nd:YAG laser coupled to a computer-controlled optical scanning delivery system. Corneal topographic measurements showed myopic corrections ranging from 2.3 to 6.1 diopters. Post-operative examination with the slit-lamp and operating microscope demonstrated a smoothly ablated surface without corneal haze. Histological results showed a smoothly sloping surface without recognizable steps. The surface quality and cellular effects were similar to that of previously described excimer PRK. Our study demonstrated that a UV solid state laser coupled to an optical scanning delivery system is capable of reshaping the corneal surface with the advantage of producing customized, aspheric corrections without corneal haze which may improve the quality of vision following PRK.

The Field Project as a Tool for Teaching Environmental Psychology.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Howells, Gary N.

1978-01-01

Describes a university class project designed to enable students to translate environmental research into action. Students focused on a conflict between state and county government over solid waste management. Outlines steps involved in such a project and discusses student involvement and the success of the project. (KC)

MULTIPLIER CIRCUIT

DOEpatents

Chase, R.L.

1963-05-01

An electronic fast multiplier circuit utilizing a transistor controlled voltage divider network is presented. The multiplier includes a stepped potentiometer in which solid state or transistor switches are substituted for mechanical wipers in order to obtain electronic switching that is extremely fast as compared to the usual servo-driven mechanical wipers. While this multiplier circuit operates as an approximation and in steps to obtain a voltage that is the product of two input voltages, any desired degree of accuracy can be obtained with the proper number of increments and adjustment of parameters. (AEC)

Sequential Optimization Methods for Augmentation of Marine Enzymes Production in Solid-State Fermentation: l-Glutaminase Production a Case Study.

PubMed

Sathish, T; Uppuluri, K B; Veera Bramha Chari, P; Kezia, D

There is an increased l-glutaminase market worldwide due to its relevant industrial applications. Salt tolerance l-glutaminases play a vital role in the increase of flavor of different types of foods like soya sauce and tofu. This chapter is presenting the economically viable l-glutaminases production in solid-state fermentation (SSF) by Aspergillus flavus MTCC 9972 as a case study. The enzyme production was improved following a three step optimization process. Initially mixture design (MD) (augmented simplex lattice design) was employed to optimize the solid substrate mixture. Such solid substrate mixture consisted of 59:41 of wheat bran and Bengal gram husk has given higher amounts of l-glutaminase. Glucose and l-glutamine were screened as a finest additional carbon and nitrogen sources for l-glutaminase production with help of Plackett-Burman Design (PBD). l-Glutamine also acting as a nitrogen source as well as inducer for secretion of l-glutaminase from A. flavus MTCC 9972. In the final step of optimization various environmental and nutritive parameters such as pH, temperature, moisture content, inoculum concentration, glucose, and l-glutamine levels were optimized through the use of hybrid feed forward neural networks (FFNNs) and genetic algorithm (GA). Through sequential optimization methods MD-PBD-FFNN-GA, the l-glutaminase production in SSF could be improved by 2.7-fold (453-1690U/g). © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

NMR Crystallography of Enzyme Active Sites: Probing Chemically-Detailed, Three-Dimensional Structure in Tryptophan Synthase

PubMed Central

Dunn, Michael F.

2013-01-01

Conspectus NMR crystallography – the synergistic combination of X-ray diffraction, solid-state NMR spectroscopy, and computational chemistry – offers unprecedented insight into three-dimensional, chemically-detailed structure. From its initial role in refining diffraction data of organic and inorganic solids, NMR crystallography is now being developed for application to active sites in biomolecules, where it reveals chemically-rich detail concerning the interactions between enzyme site residues and the reacting substrate that is not achievable when X-ray, NMR, or computational methodologies are applied in isolation. For example, typical X-ray crystal structures (1.5 to 2.5 Å resolution) of enzyme-bound intermediates identify possible hydrogen-bonding interactions between site residues and substrate, but do not directly identify the protonation state of either. Solid-state NMR can provide chemical shifts for selected atoms of enzyme-substrate complexes, but without a larger structural framework in which to interpret them, only empirical correlations with local chemical structure are possible. Ab initio calculations and molecular mechanics can build models for enzymatic processes, but rely on chemical details that must be specified. Together, however, X-ray diffraction, solid-state NMR spectroscopy, and computational chemistry can provide consistent and testable models for structure and function of enzyme active sites: X-ray crystallography provides a coarse framework upon which models of the active site can be developed using computational chemistry; these models can be distinguished by comparison of their calculated NMR chemical shifts with the results of solid-state NMR spectroscopy experiments. Conceptually, each technique is a puzzle piece offering a generous view of the big picture. Only when correctly pieced together, however, can they reveal the big picture at highest resolution. In this Account, we detail our first steps in the development of NMR crystallography for application to enzyme catalysis. We begin with a brief introduction to NMR crystallography and then define the process that we have employed to probe the active site in the β-subunit of tryptophan synthase with unprecedented atomic-level resolution. This approach has resulted in a novel structural hypothesis for the protonation state of the quinonoid intermediate in tryptophan synthase and its surprising role in directing the next step in the catalysis of L-Trp formation. PMID:23537227

Trap and transfer. two-step hole injection across the Sb2S3/CuSCN interface in solid-state solar cells.

PubMed

Christians, Jeffrey A; Kamat, Prashant V

2013-09-24

In solid-state semiconductor-sensitized solar cells, commonly known as extremely thin absorber (ETA) or solid-state quantum-dot-sensitized solar cells (QDSCs), transfer of photogenerated holes from the absorber species to the p-type hole conductor plays a critical role in the charge separation process. Using Sb2S3 (absorber) and CuSCN (hole conductor), we have constructed ETA solar cells exhibiting a power conversion efficiency of 3.3%. The hole transfer from excited Sb2S3 into CuSCN, which limits the overall power conversion efficiency of these solar cells, is now independently studied using transient absorption spectroscopy. In the Sb2S3 absorber layer, photogenerated holes are rapidly localized on the sulfur atoms of the crystal lattice, forming a sulfide radical (S(-•)) species. This trapped hole is transferred from the Sb2S3 absorber to the CuSCN hole conductor with an exponential time constant of 1680 ps. This process was monitored through the spectroscopic signal seen for the S(-•) species in Sb2S3, providing direct evidence for the hole transfer dynamics in ETA solar cells. Elucidation of the hole transfer mechanism from Sb2S3 to CuSCN represents a significant step toward understanding charge separation in Sb2S3 solar cells and provides insight into the design of new architectures for higher efficiency devices.

Itraconazole solid dispersion prepared by a supercritical fluid technique: preparation, in vitro characterization, and bioavailability in beagle dogs.

PubMed

Yin, Xuezhi; Daintree, Linda Sharon; Ding, Sheng; Ledger, Daniel Mark; Wang, Bing; Zhao, Wenwen; Qi, Jianping; Wu, Wei; Han, Jiansheng

2015-01-01

This research aimed to develop a supercritical fluid (SCF) technique for preparing a particulate form of itraconazole (ITZ) with good dissolution and bioavailability characteristics. The ITZ particulate solid dispersion was formulated with hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, Pluronic F-127, and L-ascorbic acid. Aggregated particles showed porous structure when examined by scanning electron microscopy. Powder X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectra indicated an interaction between ITZ and excipients and showed that ITZ existed in an amorphous state in the composite solid dispersion particles. The solid dispersion obtained by the SCF process improved the dissolution of ITZ in media of pH 1.0, pH 4.5, and pH 6.8, compared with a commercial product (Sporanox(®)), which could be ascribed to the porous aggregated particle shape and amorphous solid state of ITZ. While the solid dispersion did not show a statistical improvement (P=0.50) in terms of oral bioavailability of ITZ compared with Sporanox(®), the C max (the maximum plasma concentration of ITZ in a pharmacokinetic curve) of ITZ was raised significantly (P=0.03) after oral administration. Thus, the SCF process has been shown to be an efficient, single step process to form ITZ-containing solid dispersion particles with good dissolution and oral bioavailability characteristics.

Integrating Sub-3 nm Plasmonic Gaps into Solid-State Nanopores.

PubMed

Shi, Xin; Verschueren, Daniel; Pud, Sergii; Dekker, Cees

2018-05-01

Plasmonic nanopores combine the advantages of nanopore sensing and surface plasmon resonances by introducing confined electromagnetic fields to a solid-state nanopore. Ultrasmall nanogaps between metallic nanoantennas can generate the extremely enhanced localized electromagnetic fields necessary for single-molecule optical sensing and manipulation. Challenges in fabrication, however, hamper the integration of such nanogaps into nanopores. Here, a top-down approach for integrating a plasmonic antenna with an ultrasmall nanogap into a solid-state nanopore is reported. Employing a two-step e-beam lithography process, the reproducible fabrication of nanogaps down to a sub-1 nm scale is demonstrated. Subsequently, nanopores are drilled through the 20 nm SiN membrane at the center of the nanogap using focused-electron-beam sculpting with a transmission electron microscope, at the expense of a slight gap expansion for the smallest gaps. Using this approach, sub-3 nm nanogaps can be readily fabricated on solid-state nanopores. The functionality of these plasmonic nanopores for single-molecule detection is shown by performing DNA translocations. These integrated devices can generate intense electromagnetic fields at the entrance of the nanopore and can be expected to find applications in nanopore-based single-molecule trapping and optical sensing. © 2017 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

One-step spray processing of high power all-solid-state supercapacitors

PubMed Central

Huang, Chun; Grant, Patrick S.

2013-01-01

Aqueous suspensions of multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) in dilute H2SO4 were sprayed onto both sides of a Nafion membrane and dried to fabricate flexible solid-state supercapacitors. A single cell with MWNT-only electrodes had a capacitance of 57 F g−1 per electrode at 2 mV s−1 and 44 F g−1 at 150 mV s−1 but with low H+ mobility. Cells with MWNT + ionomer hybrid electrodes showed higher H+ mobility, and the electric double layer (EDL) capacitance increased to 145 F g−1 at 2 mV s−1 and 91 F g−1 at 150 mV s−1. The energy and power densities of one electrode charged to 1 V at 1 A g−1 were 12.9 Wh kg−1 and 3.3 kW kg−1 respectively. Three solid-state supercapacitor cells connected in series charged to 3 V at 1 and 2 A g−1 provided a device power density of 8.9 kW kg−1 at 1 A g−1 and 9.4 kW kg−1 at 2 A g−1, the highest for all-solid-state EDL supercapacitors. PMID:23928828

Solid State Lighting Program (Falcon)

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Meeks, Steven

2012-06-30

Over the past two years, KLA-Tencor and partners successfully developed and deployed software and hardware tools that increase product yield for High Brightness LED (HBLED) manufacturing and reduce product development and factory ramp times. This report summarizes our development effort and details of how the results of the Solid State Light Program (Falcon) have started to help HBLED manufacturers optimize process control by enabling them to flag and correct identified killer defect conditions at any point of origin in the process manufacturing flow. This constitutes a quantum leap in yield management over current practice. Current practice consists of die dispositioningmore » which is just rejection of bad die at end of process based upon probe tests, loosely assisted by optical in-line monitoring for gross process deficiencies. For the first time, and as a result of our Solid State Lighting Program, our LED manufacturing partners have obtained the software and hardware tools that optimize individual process steps to control killer defects at the point in the processes where they originate. Products developed during our two year program enable optimized inspection strategies for many product lines to minimize cost and maximize yield. The Solid State Lighting Program was structured in three phases: i) the development of advanced imaging modes that achieve clear separation between LED defect types, improves signal to noise and scan rates, and minimizes nuisance defects for both front end and back end inspection tools, ii) the creation of defect source analysis (DSA) software that connect the defect maps from back-end and front-end HBLED manufacturing tools to permit the automatic overlay and traceability of defects between tools and process steps, suppress nuisance defects, and identify the origin of killer defects with process step and conditions, and iii) working with partners (Philips Lumileds) on product wafers, obtain a detailed statistical correlation of automated defect and DSA map overlay to failed die identified using end product probe test results. Results from our two year effort have led to “automated end-to-end defect detection” with full defect traceability and the ability to unambiguously correlate device killer defects to optically detected features and their point of origin within the process. Success of the program can be measured by yield improvements at our partner’s facilities and new product orders.« less

Solid effect in magic angle spinning dynamic nuclear polarization

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Corzilius, Björn; Smith, Albert A.; Griffin, Robert G.

2012-08-01

For over five decades, the solid effect (SE) has been heavily utilized as a mechanism for performing dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP). Nevertheless, it has not found widespread application in contemporary, high magnetic field DNP experiments because SE enhancements display an ω _0 ^{ - 2} field dependence. In particular, for nominally forbidden zero and double quantum SE transitions to be partially allowed, it is necessary for mixing of adjacent nuclear spin states to occur, and this leads to the observed field dependence. However, recently we have improved our instrumentation and report here an enhancement of ɛ = 91 obtained with the organic radical trityl (OX063) in magic angle spinning experiments performed at 5 T and 80 K. This is a factor of 6-7 higher than previous values in the literature under similar conditions. Because the solid effect depends strongly on the microwave field strength, we attribute this large enhancement to larger microwave field strengths inside the sample volume, achieved with more efficient coupling of the gyrotron to the sample chamber. In addition, we develop a theoretical model to explain the dependence of the buildup rate of enhanced nuclear polarization and the steady-state enhancement on the microwave power. Buildup times and enhancements were measured as a function of 1H concentration for both trityl and Gd-DOTA. Comparison of the results indicates that for trityl the initial polarization step is the slower, rate-determining step. However, for Gd-DOTA the spread of nuclear polarization via homonuclear 1H spin diffusion is rate-limiting. Finally, we discuss the applicability of the solid effect at fields > 5 T and the requirements to address the unfavorable field dependence of the solid effect.

Functionalized graphene hydrogel-based high-performance supercapacitors.

PubMed

Xu, Yuxi; Lin, Zhaoyang; Huang, Xiaoqing; Wang, Yang; Huang, Yu; Duan, Xiangfeng

2013-10-25

Functionalized graphene hydrogels are prepared by a one-step low-temperature reduction process and exhibit ultrahigh specific capacitances and excellent cycling stability in the aqueous electrolyte. Flexible solid-state supercapacitors based on functionalized graphene hydrogels are demonstrated with superior capacitive performances and extraordinary mechanical flexibility. © 2013 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Miniaturized haploscope for testing binocular vision

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Decker, T. A.

1973-01-01

Device can reproduce virtually all binocular stimulus conditions (target configuration, vergence angle, and accommodative distance) used to test binocular performance. All subsystems of electronic controls are open-loop and solid-state-controlled and, with the exception of vergence angle drive, utilize dc stepping motors as prime movers. Arrangement is also made for readouts of each variable.

A facile one-step approach for the fabrication of polypyrrole nanowire/carbon fiber hybrid electrodes for flexible high performance solid-state supercapacitors

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Huang, Sanqing; Han, Yichuan; Lyu, Siwei; Lin, Wenzhen; Chen, Peishan; Fang, Shaoli

2017-10-01

Wearable electronics are in high demand, requiring that all the components are flexible. Here we report a facile approach for the fabrication of flexible polypyrrole nanowire (NPPy)/carbon fiber (CF) hybrid electrodes with high electrochemical activity using a low-cost, one-step electrodeposition method. The structure of the NPPy/CF electrodes can be easily controlled by the applied electrical potential and electrodeposition time. Our NPPy/CF-based electrodes showed high flexibility, conductivity, and stability, making them ideal for flexible all-solid-state fiber supercapacitors. The resulting NPPy/CF-based supercapacitors provided a high specific capacitance of 148.4 F g-1 at 0.128 A g-1, which is much higher than for supercapacitors based on polypyrrole film/CF (38.3 F g-1) and pure CF (0.6 F g-1) under the same conditions. The NPPy/CF-based supercapacitors also showed high bending and cycling stability, retaining 84% of the initial capacitance after 500 bending cycles, and 91% of the initial capacitance after 5000 charge/discharge cycles.

Note: All solid-state high repetitive sub-nanosecond risetime pulse generator based on bulk gallium arsenide avalanche semiconductor switches.

PubMed

Hu, Long; Su, Jiancang; Ding, Zhenjie; Hao, Qingsong; Fan, Yajun; Liu, Chunliang

2016-08-01

An all solid-state high repetitive sub-nanosecond risetime pulse generator featuring low-energy-triggered bulk gallium arsenide (GaAs) avalanche semiconductor switches and a step-type transmission line is presented. The step-type transmission line with two stages is charged to a potential of 5.0 kV also biasing at the switches. The bulk GaAs avalanche semiconductor switch closes within sub-nanosecond range when illuminated with approximately 87 nJ of laser energy at 905 nm in a single pulse. An asymmetric dipolar pulse with peak-to-peak amplitude of 9.6 kV and risetime of 0.65 ns is produced on a resistive load of 50 Ω. A technique that allows for repetition-rate multiplication of pulse trains experimentally demonstrated that the parallel-connected bulk GaAs avalanche semiconductor switches are triggered in sequence. The highest repetition rate is decided by recovery time of the bulk GaAs avalanche semiconductor switch, and the operating result of 100 kHz of the generator is discussed.

Precise non-steady-state characterization of solid active materials with no preliminary mechanistic assumptions

DOE PAGES

Constales, Denis; Yablonsky, Gregory S.; Wang, Lucun; ...

2017-04-25

This paper presents a straightforward and user-friendly procedure for extracting a reactivity characterization of catalytic reactions on solid materials under non-steady-state conditions, particularly in temporal analysis of products (TAP) experiments. The kinetic parameters derived by this procedure can help with the development of detailed mechanistic understanding. The procedure consists of the following two major steps: 1) Three “Laplace reactivities” are first determined based on the moments of the exit flow pulse response data; 2) Depending on a select kinetic model, kinetic constants of elementary reaction steps can then be expressed as a function of reactivities and determined accordingly. In particular,more » we distinguish two calculation methods based on the availability and reliability of reactant and product data. The theoretical results are illustrated using a reverse example with given parameters as well as an experimental example of CO oxidation over a supported Au/SiO 2 catalyst. The procedure presented here provides an efficient tool for kinetic characterization of many complex chemical reactions.« less

A facile one-step approach for the fabrication of polypyrrole nanowire/carbon fiber hybrid electrodes for flexible high performance solid-state supercapacitors.

PubMed

Huang, Sanqing; Han, Yichuan; Lyu, Siwei; Lin, Wenzhen; Chen, Peishan; Fang, Shaoli

2017-10-27

Wearable electronics are in high demand, requiring that all the components are flexible. Here we report a facile approach for the fabrication of flexible polypyrrole nanowire (NPPy)/carbon fiber (CF) hybrid electrodes with high electrochemical activity using a low-cost, one-step electrodeposition method. The structure of the NPPy/CF electrodes can be easily controlled by the applied electrical potential and electrodeposition time. Our NPPy/CF-based electrodes showed high flexibility, conductivity, and stability, making them ideal for flexible all-solid-state fiber supercapacitors. The resulting NPPy/CF-based supercapacitors provided a high specific capacitance of 148.4 F g -1 at 0.128 A g -1 , which is much higher than for supercapacitors based on polypyrrole film/CF (38.3 F g -1 ) and pure CF (0.6 F g -1 ) under the same conditions. The NPPy/CF-based supercapacitors also showed high bending and cycling stability, retaining 84% of the initial capacitance after 500 bending cycles, and 91% of the initial capacitance after 5000 charge/discharge cycles.

Repeated Solid-state Dewetting of Thin Gold Films for Nanogap-rich Plasmonic Nanoislands.

PubMed

Kang, Minhee; Park, Sang-Gil; Jeong, Ki-Hun

2015-10-15

This work reports a facile wafer-level fabrication for nanogap-rich gold nanoislands for highly sensitive surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) by repeating solid-state thermal dewetting of thin gold film. The method provides enlarged gold nanoislands with small gap spacing, which increase the number of electromagnetic hotspots and thus enhance the extinction intensity as well as the tunability for plasmon resonance wavelength. The plasmonic nanoislands from repeated dewetting substantially increase SERS enhancement factor over one order-of-magnitude higher than those from a single-step dewetting process and they allow ultrasensitive SERS detection of a neurotransmitter with extremely low Raman activity. This simple method provides many opportunities for engineering plasmonics for ultrasensitive detection and highly efficient photon collection.

Repeated Solid-state Dewetting of Thin Gold Films for Nanogap-rich Plasmonic Nanoislands

PubMed Central

Kang, Minhee; Park, Sang-Gil; Jeong, Ki-Hun

2015-01-01

This work reports a facile wafer-level fabrication for nanogap-rich gold nanoislands for highly sensitive surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) by repeating solid-state thermal dewetting of thin gold film. The method provides enlarged gold nanoislands with small gap spacing, which increase the number of electromagnetic hotspots and thus enhance the extinction intensity as well as the tunability for plasmon resonance wavelength. The plasmonic nanoislands from repeated dewetting substantially increase SERS enhancement factor over one order-of-magnitude higher than those from a single-step dewetting process and they allow ultrasensitive SERS detection of a neurotransmitter with extremely low Raman activity. This simple method provides many opportunities for engineering plasmonics for ultrasensitive detection and highly efficient photon collection. PMID:26469768

An all-solid-state perovskite-sensitized solar cell based on the dual function polyaniline as the sensitizer and p-type hole-transporting material

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Xiao, Yaoming; Han, Gaoyi; Chang, Yunzhen; Zhou, Haihan; Li, Miaoyu; Li, Yanping

2014-12-01

High performance dual function of polyaniline (PANI) with brachyplast structure is synthesized by using a two-step cyclic voltammetry (CV) approach onto the fluorinated tin oxide (FTO) glass substrate, which acts as the sensitizer and p-type hole-transporting material (p-HTM) for the all-solid-state perovskite-sensitized solar cell (ass-PSSC) due to its π-π* transition and the localized polaron. The ass-PSSC based on the PANI delivers a photovoltaic conversion efficiency of 7.34%, and reduces from 7.34% to 6.71% after 1000 h, thereby 91.42% of the energy conversion efficiency is kept, indicating the device has a good long-term stability.

Solid-state one-way photoisomerisation of Z,E,Z-1,6-(4,4'-diphenyl)hexa-1,3,5-triene dicarboxylate examined using higher-order derivative spectra and powder XRD patterns.

PubMed

Sonoda, Yoriko; Goto, Midori; Ichimura, Kunihiro

2018-03-14

Higher order derivative spectra were applied at first to one-way ZEZ-to-EEE photoisomerisation of dimethyl ester (ZEZ-DPH1) of the titled compound in a methylcyclohexane solution. Many common crossing points emerged in UV-induced derivative-spectral changes to reveal the direct ZEZ-to-EEE photoisomerisation without the transient formation of an intermediate to suggest the bicycle-pedal mechanism. The solid-state photoisomerisation was subsequently monitored by tracing changes in the fourth-order derivatives of absorption spectra of a thin crystalline layer of ZEZ-DPH1 prepared by the drop-casting method, because the distortion of absorption spectra due to light scattering is cancelled. It was suggested that the solid-state photochemical event consists of three steps: fast ZEZ-to-EEE photoisomerisation, a subsequent slow ZEZ-to-EEE photoisomerisation and very slow disappearance of the EEE-isomer. Studies on powder XRD were also carried out for a drop-cast solid layer of ZEZ-DPH1 to disclose the coexistence of a crystal form other than the original one, and the former exhibited faster ZEZ-to-EEE photoisomerisation when compared with the original crystal form. The results revealed by XRD analysis are in line with those obtained by higher-order derivative spectra, confirming the solid-state one-way photoisomerisation to take place through the bicycle-pedal process.

Experimental implementation of heat-bath algorithmic cooling using solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance.

PubMed

Baugh, J; Moussa, O; Ryan, C A; Nayak, A; Laflamme, R

2005-11-24

The counter-intuitive properties of quantum mechanics have the potential to revolutionize information processing by enabling the development of efficient algorithms with no known classical counterparts. Harnessing this power requires the development of a set of building blocks, one of which is a method to initialize the set of quantum bits (qubits) to a known state. Additionally, fresh ancillary qubits must be available during the course of computation to achieve fault tolerance. In any physical system used to implement quantum computation, one must therefore be able to selectively and dynamically remove entropy from the part of the system that is to be mapped to qubits. One such method is an 'open-system' cooling protocol in which a subset of qubits can be brought into contact with an external system of large heat capacity. Theoretical efforts have led to an implementation-independent cooling procedure, namely heat-bath algorithmic cooling. These efforts have culminated with the proposal of an optimal algorithm, the partner-pairing algorithm, which was used to compute the physical limits of heat-bath algorithmic cooling. Here we report the experimental realization of multi-step cooling of a quantum system via heat-bath algorithmic cooling. The experiment was carried out using nuclear magnetic resonance of a solid-state ensemble three-qubit system. We demonstrate the repeated repolarization of a particular qubit to an effective spin-bath temperature, and alternating logical operations within the three-qubit subspace to ultimately cool a second qubit below this temperature. Demonstration of the control necessary for these operations represents an important step forward in the manipulation of solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance qubits.

Global distribution of secondary organic aerosol particle phase state

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Shiraiwa, M.; Li, Y., Sr.; Tsimpidi, A.; Karydis, V.; Berkemeier, T.; Pandis, S. N.; Lelieveld, J.; Koop, T.; Poeschl, U.

2016-12-01

Secondary organic aerosols (SOA) account for a large fraction of submicron particles in the atmosphere and play a key role in aerosol effects on climate, air quality and public health. The formation and aging of SOA proceed through multiple steps of chemical reaction and mass transport in the gas and particle phases, which is challenging for the interpretation of field measurements and laboratory experiments as well as accurate representation of SOA evolution in atmospheric aerosol models. SOA particles can adopt liquid, semi-solid and amorphous solid (glassy) phase states depending on chemical composition, relative humidity and temperature. The particle phase state is crucial for various atmospheric gas-particle interactions, including SOA formation, heterogeneous and multiphase reactions and ice nucleation. We found that organic compounds with a wide variety of functional groups fall into molecular corridors, characterized by a tight inverse correlation between molar mass and volatility. Based on the concept of molecular corridors, we develop a method to estimate glass transition temperatures based on the molar mass and molecular O:C ratio of SOA components, which is a key property for determination of particle phase state. We use the global chemistry climate model EMAC with the organic aerosol module ORACLE to predict the atmospheric SOA phase state. For the planetary boundary layer, global simulations indicate that SOA is mostly liquid in tropical and polar air with high relative humidity, semi-solid in the mid-latitudes, and solid over dry lands. We find that in the middle and upper troposphere (>500 hPa) SOA should be mostly in a glassy solid phase state. Thus, slow diffusion of water, oxidants, and organic molecules could kinetically limit gas-particle interactions of SOA in the free and upper troposphere, promote ice nucleation and facilitate long-range transport of reactive and toxic organic pollutants embedded within SOA.

Analytical design of a parasitic-loading digital speed controller for a 400-hertz turbine driven alternator

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Ingle, B. D.; Ryan, J. P.

1972-01-01

A design for a solid-state parasitic speed controller using digital logic was analyzed. Parasitic speed controllers are used in space power electrical generating systems to control the speed of turbine-driven alternators within specified limits. The analysis included the performance characteristics of the speed controller and the generation of timing functions. The speed controller using digital logic applies step loads to the alternator. The step loads conduct for a full half wave starting at either zero or 180 electrical degrees.

Single-step preparation of TiO2/MWCNT Nanohybrid materials by laser pyrolysis and application to efficient photovoltaic energy conversion.

PubMed

Wang, Jin; Lin, Yaochen; Pinault, Mathieu; Filoramo, Arianna; Fabert, Marc; Ratier, Bernard; Bouclé, Johann; Herlin-Boime, Nathalie

2015-01-14

This paper presents the continuous-flowand single-step synthesis of a TiO2/MWCNT (multiwall carbon nanotubes) nanohybrid material. The synthesis method allows achieving high coverage and intimate interface between the TiO2particles and MWCNTs, together with a highly homogeneous distribution of nanotubes within the oxide. Such materials used as active layer in theporous photoelectrode of solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells leads to a substantial performance improvement (20%) as compared to reference devices.

Solid-state supercapacitors with ionic liquid gel polymer electrolyte based on poly (3, 4-ethylenedioxythiophene), carbon nanotubes, and metal oxides nanocomposites for electrical energy storage

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Obeidat, Amr M.

Clean and renewable energy systems have emerged as an important area of research having diverse and significant new applications. These systems utilize different energy storage methods such as the batteries and supercapacitors. Supercapacitors are electrochemical energy storage devices that are designed to bridge the gap between batteries and conventional capacitors. Supercapacitors which store electrical energy by electrical double layer capacitance are based on large surface area structured carbons. The materials systems in which the Faradaic reversible redox reactions store electrical energy are the transition metal oxides and electronically conducting polymers. Among the different types of conducting polymers, poly (3, 4- ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) is extensively investigated owing to its chemical and mechanical stability. Due to instability of aqueous electrolytes at high voltages and toxicity of organic electrolytes, potential of supercapacitors has not been fully exploited. A novel aspect of this work is in utilizing the ionic liquid gel polymer electrolyte to design solid-state supercapacitors for energy storage. Various electrochemical systems were investigated including graphene, PEDOT, PEDOT-carbon nanotubes, PEDOT-manganese oxide, and PEDOT-iron oxide nanocomposites. The electrochemical performance of solid-state supercapacitor devices was evaluated based on cyclic voltammetry (CV), charge-discharge (CD), prolonged cyclic tests, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) techniques. Raman spectroscopy technique was also utilized to analyze the bonding structure of the electrode materials. The graphene solid-state supercapacitor system displayed areal capacitance density of 141.83 mF cm-2 based on high potential window up to 4V. The PEDOT solid-state supercapacitor system was synthesized in acetonitrile and aqueous mediums achieving areal capacitance density of 219.17 mF cm-2. The hybrid structure of solid-state supercapacitors was also studied in solid-state design based on PEDOT and graphene electrodes that produced areal capacitance density of 198.26 mF cm-2. Symmetrical PEDOT-manganese oxide nanocomposites were synthesized by co-deposition and dip-coating techniques to fabricate solid-state supercapacitor systems achieving areal capacitance density of 122.08 mF cm-2 credited to the PEDOT-MnO2 supercapacitor that was synthesized by dipping the PEDOT electrode in pure KMnO4 solution. The electrochemical performance of PEDOT-carbon nanotube solid-state supercapacitors was also investigated in both acetonitrile and aqueous medium showing good dispersion characteristics with optimum CNT content of 1 mg. The PEDOT-CNT solid-state supercapacitor system synthesized in acetonitrile displayed areal capacitance density of 297.43 mF cm-2. PEDOT-Fe2O3 nanocomposites were synthesized by single-step co-deposition techniques, and these were used to fabricate solid-state supercapacitors achieving areal capacitance density of 96.89 mF cm-2. Furthermore, some of these thin flexible solid-state supercapacitors were integrated with solar cells for direct storage of solar electricity, which proved to be promising as autonomous power source for flexible and wearable electronics. This dissertation describes the electrode synthesis, design and properties of solid-state supercapacitors, and their electrochemical performance in the storage of electrical energy.

Rheological Behavior and Microstructure of Ceramic Particulate/Aluminum Alloy Composites. Ph.D. Thesis Final Technical Report

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Moon, Hee-Kyung

1990-01-01

The rheological behavior and microstructure were investigated using a concentric cylinder viscometer for three different slurries: semi-solid alloy slurries of a matrix alloy, Al-6.5wt percent Si: composite slurries, SiC (sub p) (8.5 microns)/Al-6.5wt percent Si, with the same matrix alloy in the molten state, and composite slurries of the same composition with the matrix alloy in the semi-solid state. The pseudoplasticity of these slurries was obtained by step changes of the shear rate from a given initial shear rate. To study the thixotropic behavior of the system, a slurry was allowed to rest for different periods of time, prior to shearing at a given initial shear rate. In the continuous cooling experiments, the viscosities of these slurries were dependent on the shear rate, cooling rate, volume fraction of the primary solid of the matrix alloy, and volume fraction of silicon carbide. In the isothermal experiments, all three kinds of slurries exhibited non-Newtonian behavior, depending on the volume fraction of solid particles.

The influence of water on the nanomechanical behavior of the plant biopolyester cutin as studied by AFM and solid-state NMR.

PubMed

Round, A N; Yan, B; Dang, S; Estephan, R; Stark, R E; Batteas, J D

2000-11-01

Atomic force microscopy and solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance have been used to investigate the effect of water absorption on the nanoscale elastic properties of the biopolyester, cutin, isolated from tomato fruit cuticle. Changes in the humidity and temperature at which fruits are grown or stored can affect the plant surface (cuticle) and modify its susceptibility to pathogenic attack by altering the cuticle's rheological properties. In this work, atomic force microscopy measurements of the surface mechanical properties of isolated plant cutin have been made as a first step to probing the impact of water uptake from the environment on surface flexibility. A dramatic decrease in surface elastic modulus (from approximately 32 to approximately 6 MPa) accompanies increases in water content as small as 2 wt %. Complementary solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance measurements reveal enhanced local mobility of the acyl chain segments with increasing water content, even at molecular sites remote from the covalent cross-links that are likely to play a crucial role in cutin's elastic properties.

Solid State Spin-Wave Quantum Memory for Time-Bin Qubits.

PubMed

Gündoğan, Mustafa; Ledingham, Patrick M; Kutluer, Kutlu; Mazzera, Margherita; de Riedmatten, Hugues

2015-06-12

We demonstrate the first solid-state spin-wave optical quantum memory with on-demand read-out. Using the full atomic frequency comb scheme in a Pr(3+):Y2SiO5 crystal, we store weak coherent pulses at the single-photon level with a signal-to-noise ratio >10. Narrow-band spectral filtering based on spectral hole burning in a second Pr(3+):Y2SiO5 crystal is used to filter out the excess noise created by control pulses to reach an unconditional noise level of (2.0±0.3)×10(-3) photons per pulse. We also report spin-wave storage of photonic time-bin qubits with conditional fidelities higher than achievable by a measure and prepare strategy, demonstrating that the spin-wave memory operates in the quantum regime. This makes our device the first demonstration of a quantum memory for time-bin qubits, with on-demand read-out of the stored quantum information. These results represent an important step for the use of solid-state quantum memories in scalable quantum networks.

Organic Solid-State Tri-Wavelength Lasing from Holographic Polymer-Dispersed Liquid Crystal and a Distributed Feedback Laser with a Doped Laser Dye and a Semiconducting Polymer Film.

PubMed

Liu, Minghuan; Liu, Yonggang; Peng, Zenghui; Wang, Shaoxin; Wang, Qidong; Mu, Quanquan; Cao, Zhaoliang; Xuan, Li

2017-05-07

Organic solid-state tri-wavelength lasing was demonstrated from dye-doped holographic polymer-dispersed liquid crystal (HPDLC) distributed feedback (DFB) laser with semiconducting polymer poly[-methoxy-5-(2'-ethyl-hexyloxy)-1,4-phenylene-vinylene] (MEH-PPV) and laser dye [4-(dicyanomethylene)-2-methyl-6-(p-dimethylaminostyryl)-4H-pyran] (DCM) by a one-step holography technique, which centered at 605.5 nm, 611.9 nm, and 671.1 nm. The temperature-dependence tuning range for the tri-wavelength dye-doped HPDLC DFB laser was as high as 8 nm. The lasing emission from the 9th order HPDLC DFB laser with MEH-PPV as active medium was also investigated, which showed excellent s-polarization characterization. The diffraction order is 9th and 8th for the dual-wavelength lasing with DCM as the active medium. The results of this work provide a method for constructing the compact and cost-effective all solid-state smart laser systems, which may find application in scientific and applied research where multi-wavelength radiation is required.

Electrodeposition of Polypyrrole and Reduced Graphene Oxide onto Carbon Bundle Fibre as Electrode for Supercapacitor.

PubMed

Abdul Bashid, Hamra Assyaima; Lim, Hong Ngee; Kamaruzaman, Sazlinda; Abdul Rashid, Suraya; Yunus, Robiah; Huang, Nay Ming; Yin, Chun Yang; Rahman, Mohammad Mahbubur; Altarawneh, Mohammednoor; Jiang, Zhong Tao; Alagarsamy, Pandikumar

2017-12-01

A nanocomposite comprising of polypyrrole and reduced graphene oxide was electrodeposited onto a carbon bundle fibre (CBF) through a two-step approach (CBF/PPy-rGO-2). The CBF/PPy-rGO-2 had a highly porous structure compared to a nanocomposite of polypyrrole and reduced graphene oxide that was electrodeposited onto a CBF in a one-step approach (CBF/PPy-rGO), as observed through a field emission scanning electron microscope. An X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic analysis revealed the presence of hydrogen bond between the oxide functional groups of rGO and the amine groups of PPy in PPy-rGO-2 nanocomposite. The fabricated CBF/PPy-rGO-2 nanocomposite material was used as an electrode material in a symmetrical solid-state supercapacitor, and the device yielded a specific capacitance, energy density and power density of 96.16 F g - 1 , 13.35 Wh kg - 1 and of 322.85 W kg - 1 , respectively. Moreover, the CBF/PPy-rGO-2 showed the capacitance retention of 71% after 500 consecutive charge/discharge cycles at a current density of 1 A g - 1 . The existence of a high degree of porosity in CBF/PPy-rGO-2 significantly improved the conductivity and facilitated the ionic penetration. The CBF/PPy-rGO-2-based symmetrical solid-state supercapacitor device demonstrated outstanding pliability because the cyclic voltammetric curves remained the same upon bending at various angles. Carbon bundle fibre modified with porous polypyrrole/reduced graphene oxide nanocomposite for flexible miniature solid-state supercapacitor.

Different amorphous solid-state forms of roxithromycin: A thermodynamic and morphological study.

PubMed

Milne, Marnus; Liebenberg, Wilna; Aucamp, Marique Elizabeth

2016-02-10

The striking impact that different preparation methods have on the characteristics of amorphous solid-state forms has attracted considerable attention during the last two decades. The pursuit of more extensive knowledge regarding polyamorphism therefore continues. The aim of this study was firstly, to investigate the influence of different preparation techniques to obtain amorphous solid-state forms for the same active pharmaceutical ingredient, namely roxithromycin. The preparation techniques also report on a method utilizing hot air, which although it is based on a melt intermediary step, is considered a novel preparation method. Secondly, to conduct an in-depth investigation into any physico-chemical differences between the resulting amorphous forms and thirdly, to bring our findings into context with that of previous work done, whilst simultaneously discussing a well-defined interpretation for the term polyamorphism and propose a discernment between true polyamorphism and pseudo-polyamorphism/atypical-polyamorphism. The preparation techniques included melt, solution, and a combination of solution-mechanical disruption as intermediary steps. The resulting amorphous forms were investigated using differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray powder diffraction, hot-stage microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and vapor sorption. Clear and significant thermodynamic differences were determined between the four amorphous forms. It was also deduced from this study that different preparation techniques have a mentionable impact on the morphological properties of the resulting amorphous roxithromycin powders. Thermodynamic properties as well as the physical characteristics of the amorphous forms greatly governed other physico-chemical properties i.e. solubility and dissolution. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Sewage treatment method

DOEpatents

Fassbender, Alex G.

1995-01-01

The invention greatly reduces the amount of ammonia in sewage plant effluent. The process of the invention has three main steps. The first step is dewatering without first digesting, thereby producing a first ammonia-containing stream having a low concentration of ammonia, and a second solids-containing stream. The second step is sending the second solids-containing stream through a means for separating the solids from the liquid and producing an aqueous stream containing a high concentration of ammonia. The third step is removal of ammonia from the aqueous stream using a hydrothermal process.

X-Ray Diffraction of Intermetallic Compounds: A Physical Chemistry Laboratory Experiment

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Varberg, Thomas D.; Skakuj, Kacper

2015-01-01

Here we describe an experiment for the undergraduate physical chemistry laboratory in which students synthesize the intermetallic compounds AlNi and AlNi3 and study them by X-ray diffractometry. The compounds are synthesized in a simple one-step reaction occurring in the solid state. Powder X-ray diffractograms are recorded for the two compounds…

Micro–mesoporous iron oxides with record efficiency for the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide: morphology driven catalysis for the degradation of organic contaminants

EPA Science Inventory

A template-free solid-state synthesis of a morphologically controlled and highly organized iron(III)oxide micro–mesoporous Fenton catalyst has been engineered through a simple two-step synthetic procedure. The 3D nanoassembly of hematite nanoparticles (5–7 nm) organized into a ro...

Synthesis and characterization of iron based superconductor Nd-1111

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Alborzi, Z.; Daadmehr, V.

2018-06-01

Polycrystalline sample of NdFeAsO0.8F0.2 was prepared by one-step solid-state reaction method. The structural and electrical properties of sample were characterized through XRD pattern and the 4-probe method. The critical temperature was obtained at 56 K. The crystal structure was tetragonal with P4/nmm:2 symmetry group.

Methods for growth of relatively large step-free SiC crystal surfaces

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Neudeck, Philip G. (Inventor); Powell, J. Anthony (Inventor)

2002-01-01

A method for growing arrays of large-area device-size films of step-free (i.e., atomically flat) SiC surfaces for semiconductor electronic device applications is disclosed. This method utilizes a lateral growth process that better overcomes the effect of extended defects in the seed crystal substrate that limited the obtainable step-free area achievable by prior art processes. The step-free SiC surface is particularly suited for the heteroepitaxial growth of 3C (cubic) SiC, AlN, and GaN films used for the fabrication of both surface-sensitive devices (i.e., surface channel field effect transistors such as HEMT's and MOSFET's) as well as high-electric field devices (pn diodes and other solid-state power switching devices) that are sensitive to extended crystal defects.

Spins and photons: connecting quantum registers in diamond

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Childress, Lily

2012-06-01

Long-lived electronic and nuclear spin states have made the nitrogen-vacancy (NV) defect in diamond a leading candidate for quantum information processing in the solid state. Multi-qubit quantum registers formed by single defects and nearby nuclear spins can currently be controlled and detected with high fidelity. Nevertheless, development of coherent connections between distant NVs remains an outstanding challenge. One advantage to working with solid-state defects is the opportunity to integrate them with microfabricated mechanical, electronic, or optical devices; in principle, such devices could mediate interactions between registers, turning them into nodes within a larger quantum network. In the last few months, several experiments have made key steps toward realizing a coherent quantum interface between individual NV centers using a mechanical quantum bus [1] or optical channels [2,3]. This talk will explore the current state of the art, and report on recent observation of two photon quantum interference between different gate-tunable defect centers [2]. These results pave the way towards measurement-based entanglement between remote NV centers and the realization of quantum networks with solid-state spins.[4pt] [1] Kolkowitz et al., Science 335, 1603 (2012)[2] Bernien et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 108, 043604 (2012)[3] Sipahigil et al., http://lanl.arxiv.org/abs/1112.3975

Selective Optical Addressing of Nuclear Spins through Superhyperfine Interaction in Rare-Earth Doped Solids.

PubMed

Car, B; Veissier, L; Louchet-Chauvet, A; Le Gouët, J-L; Chanelière, T

2018-05-11

In Er^{3+}:Y_{2}SiO_{5}, we demonstrate the selective optical addressing of the ^{89}Y^{3+} nuclear spins through their superhyperfine coupling with the Er^{3+} electronic spins possessing large Landé g factors. We experimentally probe the electron-nuclear spin mixing with photon echo techniques and validate our model. The site-selective optical addressing of the Y^{3+} nuclear spins is designed by adjusting the magnetic field strength and orientation. This constitutes an important step towards the realization of long-lived solid-state qubits optically addressed by telecom photons.

Selective Optical Addressing of Nuclear Spins through Superhyperfine Interaction in Rare-Earth Doped Solids

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Car, B.; Veissier, L.; Louchet-Chauvet, A.; Le Gouët, J.-L.; Chanelière, T.

2018-05-01

In Er3 +:Y2SiO5 , we demonstrate the selective optical addressing of the Y89 3 + nuclear spins through their superhyperfine coupling with the Er3 + electronic spins possessing large Landé g factors. We experimentally probe the electron-nuclear spin mixing with photon echo techniques and validate our model. The site-selective optical addressing of the Y3 + nuclear spins is designed by adjusting the magnetic field strength and orientation. This constitutes an important step towards the realization of long-lived solid-state qubits optically addressed by telecom photons.

Optically isolated, 2 kHz repetition rate, 4 kV solid-state pulse trigger generator.

PubMed

Barnett, D H; Parson, J M; Lynn, C F; Kelly, P M; Taylor, M; Calico, S; Scott, M C; Dickens, J C; Neuber, A A; Mankowski, J J

2015-03-01

This paper presents the design and operation characteristics of a solid-state high voltage pulse generator. Its primary utilization is aimed at triggering a gaseous spark gap with high repeatability. Specifically, the trigger generator is designed to achieve a risetime on the order of 0.1 kV/ns to trigger the first stage, trigatron spark gap of a 10-stage, 500 kV Marx generator. The major design components are comprised of a 60 W constant current DC-DC converter for high voltage charging, a single 4 kV thyristor, a step-up pulse transformer, and magnetic switch for pulse steepening. A risetime of <30 ns and pulse magnitude of 4 kV is achieved matching the simulated performance of the design.

Growing large columnar grains of CH3NH3PbI3 using the solid-state reaction method enhanced by less-crystallized nanoporous PbI2 films

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zheng, Huifeng; Wang, Weiqi; Liu, Yangqiao; Sun, Jing

2017-03-01

Compact, pinhole-free and PbI2-free perovskite films, are desirable for high-performance perovskite solar cells (PSCs), especially if large columnar grains are obtained in which the adverse effects of grain boundaries will be minimized. However, the conventional solid-state reaction methods, originated from the two-step method, failed to grow columnar grains of CH3NH3PbI3 in a facile way. Here, we demonstrate a strategy for growing large columnar grains of CH3NH3PbI3, by less-crystallized nanoporous PbI2 (ln-PbI2) film enhanced solid-state reaction method. We demonstrated columnar grains were obtainable only when ln-PbI2 films were applied. Therefore, the replacement of compact PbI2 by ln-PbI2 in the solid-sate reaction, leads to higher power conversion efficiency, better reproducibility, better stability and less hysteresis. Furthermore, by systematically investigating the effects of annealing temperature and duration, we found that an annealing temperature ≥120 °C was also critical for growing columnar grains. With the optimal process, a champion efficiency of 16.4% was obtained and the average efficiency reached 14.2%. Finally, the mechanism of growing columnar grains was investigated, in which a VPb″ -assisted hooping model was proposed. This work reveals the origins of grain growth in the solid-state reaction method, which will contribute to preparing high quality perovskite films with much larger columnar grains.

Semi-solid state bioremediation of CCA-treated wood using malted barley as a nutrient source

Treesearch

Carol A. Clausen

2002-01-01

Bioremediation processes for recovery and reuse of CCA-treated wood invariably increase the cost of any secondary products manufactured from the remediated fiber. Microbial remediation using either bacteria or fungi has been shown to remove heavy metals from CCA-treated southern yellow pine (SYP). In a two-step remediation process utilizing oxalic acid extraction and...

A Computational Study of Rare Gas Clusters: Stepping Stones to the Solid State

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Glendening, Eric D.; Halpern, Arthur M.

2012-01-01

An upper-level undergraduate or beginning graduate project is described in which students obtain the Lennard-Jones 6-12 potential parameters for Ne[subscript 2] and Ar[subscript 2] from ab initio calculations and use the results to express pairwise interactions between the atoms in clusters containing up to N = 60 atoms. The students use simulated…

Optimization of Medium Composition for the Production of Neomycin by Streptomyces fradiae NCIM 2418 in Solid State Fermentation

PubMed Central

Vastrad, B. M.; Neelagund, S. E.

2014-01-01

Neomycin production of Streptomyces fradiae NCIM 2418 was optimized by using response surface methodology (RSM), which is powerful mathematical approach comprehensively applied in the optimization of solid state fermentation processes. In the first step of optimization, with Placket-Burman design, ammonium chloride, sodium nitrate, L-histidine, and ammonium nitrate were established to be the crucial nutritional factors affecting neomycin production significantly. In the second step, a 24 full factorial central composite design and RSM were applied to determine the optimal concentration of significant variable. A second-order polynomial was determined by the multiple regression analysis of the experimental data. The optimum values for the important nutrients for the maximum were obtained as follows: ammonium chloride 2.00%, sodium nitrate 1.50%, L-histidine 0.250%, and ammonium nitrate 0.250% with a predicted value of maximum neomycin production of 20,000 g kg−1 dry coconut oil cake. Under the optimal condition, the practical neomycin production was 19,642 g kg−1 dry coconut oil cake. The determination coefficient (R 2) was 0.9232, which ensures an acceptable admissibility of the model. PMID:25009746

Synthesis cathode material LiNi0.80Co0.15Al0.05O2 with two step solid-state method under air stream

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Xia, Shubiao; Zhang, Yingjie; Dong, Peng; Zhang, Yannan

2014-01-01

A facile generic strategy of solid-state reaction under air atmosphere is employed to prepare LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2 layer structure micro-sphere as cathodes for Li-ion batteries. The impurity phase has been eliminated wholly without changing the R-3m space group of LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2. The electrochemical performance of LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2 cathodes depend on the sintering step, temperature, particle size and uniformity. The sample pre-sintered at 540 °C for 12 h and then sintered at 720 °C for 28 h exhibits the best electrochemical performance, which delivers a reversible capacity of 180.4, 165.8, 154.7 and 135.6 mAhg-1 at 0.2 C, 1 C, 2 C and 5 C, respectively. The capacity retention keeps over 87% after 76 cycles at 1 C. This method is simple, cheap and mass-productive, and thus suitable to large scale production of NCA cathodes directly used for lithium ion batteries.

Giant onsite electronic entropy enhances the performance of ceria for water splitting.

PubMed

Naghavi, S Shahab; Emery, Antoine A; Hansen, Heine A; Zhou, Fei; Ozolins, Vidvuds; Wolverton, Chris

2017-08-18

Previous studies have shown that a large solid-state entropy of reduction increases the thermodynamic efficiency of metal oxides, such as ceria, for two-step thermochemical water splitting cycles. In this context, the configurational entropy arising from oxygen off-stoichiometry in the oxide, has been the focus of most previous work. Here we report a different source of entropy, the onsite electronic configurational entropy, arising from coupling between orbital and spin angular momenta in lanthanide f orbitals. We find that onsite electronic configurational entropy is sizable in all lanthanides, and reaches a maximum value of ≈4.7 k B per oxygen vacancy for Ce 4+ /Ce 3+ reduction. This unique and large positive entropy source in ceria explains its excellent performance for high-temperature catalytic redox reactions such as water splitting. Our calculations also show that terbium dioxide has a high electronic entropy and thus could also be a potential candidate for solar thermochemical reactions.Solid-state entropy of reduction increases the thermodynamic efficiency of ceria for two-step thermochemical water splitting. Here, the authors report a large and different source of entropy, the onsite electronic configurational entropy arising from coupling between orbital and spin angular momenta in f orbitals.

Universality of (2+1)-dimensional restricted solid-on-solid models

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kelling, Jeffrey; Ódor, Géza; Gemming, Sibylle

2016-08-01

Extensive dynamical simulations of restricted solid-on-solid models in D =2 +1 dimensions have been done using parallel multisurface algorithms implemented on graphics cards. Numerical evidence is presented that these models exhibit Kardar-Parisi-Zhang surface growth scaling, irrespective of the step heights N . We show that by increasing N the corrections to scaling increase, thus smaller step-sized models describe better the asymptotic, long-wave-scaling behavior.

Height of a faceted macrostep for sticky steps in a step-faceting zone

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Akutsu, Noriko

2018-02-01

The driving force dependence of the surface velocity and the average height of faceted merged steps, the terrace-surface slope, and the elementary step velocity are studied using the Monte Carlo method in the nonequilibrium steady state. The Monte Carlo study is based on a lattice model, the restricted solid-on-solid model with point-contact-type step-step attraction (p-RSOS model). The main focus of this paper is a change of the "kink density" on the vicinal surface. The temperature is selected to be in the step-faceting zone [N. Akutsu, AIP Adv. 6, 035301 (2016), 10.1063/1.4943400] where the vicinal surface is surrounded by the (001) terrace and the (111) faceted step at equilibrium. Long time simulations are performed at this temperature to obtain steady states for the different driving forces that influence the growth/recession of the surface. A Wulff figure of the p-RSOS model is produced through the anomalous surface tension calculated using the density-matrix renormalization group method. The characteristics of the faceted macrostep profile at equilibrium are classified with respect to the connectivity of the surface tension. This surface tension connectivity also leads to a faceting diagram, where the separated areas are, respectively, classified as a Gruber-Mullins-Pokrovsky-Talapov zone, step droplet zone, and step-faceting zone. Although the p-RSOS model is a simplified model, the model shows a wide variety of dynamics in the step-faceting zone. There are four characteristic driving forces: Δ μy,Δ μf,Δ μc o , and Δ μR . For the absolute value of the driving force, |Δ μ | is smaller than Max[ Δ μy,Δ μf] , the step attachment-detachments are inhibited, and the vicinal surface consists of (001) terraces and the (111) side surfaces of the faceted macrosteps. For Max[ Δ μy,Δ μf]<|Δ μ |<Δ μc o , the surface grows/recedes intermittently through the two-dimensional (2D) heterogeneous nucleation at the facet edge of the macrostep. For Δ μc o<|Δ μ | <Δ μR , the surface grows/recedes with the successive attachment-detachment of steps to/from a macrostep. When |Δ μ | exceeds Δ μR , the macrostep vanishes and the surface roughens kinetically. Classical 2D heterogeneous multinucleation was determined to be valid with slight modifications based on the Monte Carlo results of the step velocity and the change in the surface slope of the "terrace." The finite-size effects were also determined to be distinctive near equilibrium.

Survey of industrial dryers for solids

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Richardson, A.S.; Jensen, W.P.

1976-07-01

A study was directed toward obtaining data for an estimate of the current and anticipated energy demand for industrial drying operations for solid materials. Twenty-seven dryer types, including those utilizing both direct and indirect heat sources, were identified and are described. Results of an analysis made on 17 dryer types and based on data obtained from several of the largest solids dryer manufacturers indicate that industrial dryers for solids currently consume about 1.3 x 10/sup 18/ J (1.2 quads) of energy. This represents nearly 4 percent of the total United States industrial energy use. Several examples of steps being takenmore » by industry to reduce energy requirements for solids drying are included. Still further action to reduce energy consumption of dryers is possible; implementation will depend upon the extent to which incentives are provided by fuel scarcity, fuel costs, and the perfection of new technology by industry alone and in programs with the Federal Government.« less

Sorptive thin film microextraction followed by direct solid state spectrofluorimetry: A simple, rapid and sensitive method for determination of carvedilol in human plasma.

PubMed

Karimi, Shima; Talebpour, Zahra; Adib, Noushin

2016-06-14

A poly acrylate-ethylene glycol (PA-EG) thin film is introduced for the first time as a novel polar sorbent for sorptive extraction method coupled directly to solid-state spectrofluorimetry without the necessity of a desorption step. The structure, polarity, fluorescence property and extraction performance of the developed thin film were investigated systematically. Carvedilol was used as the model analyte to evaluate the proposed method. The entire procedure involved one-step extraction of carvedilol from plasma using PA-EG thin film sorptive phase without protein precipitation. Extraction variables were studied in order to establish the best experimental conditions. Optimum extraction conditions were the followings: stirring speed of 1000 rpm, pH of 6.8, extraction temperature of 60 °C, and extraction time of 60 min. Under optimal conditions, extraction of carvedilol was carried out in spiked human plasma; and the linear range of calibration curve was 15-300 ng mL(-1) with regression coefficient of 0.998. Limit of detection (LOD) for the method was 4.5 ng mL(-1). The intra- and inter-day accuracy and precision of the proposed method were evaluated in plasma sample spiked with three concentration levels of carvedilol; yielding a recovery of 91-112% and relative standard deviation of less than 8%, respectively. The established procedure was successfully applied for quantification of carvedilol in plasma sample of a volunteer patient. The developed PA-EG thin film sorptive phase followed by solid-state spectrofluorimetric method provides a simple, rapid and sensitive approach for the analysis of carvedilol in human plasma. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

One-step synthesis of vertically aligned anatase thornbush-like TiO2 nanowire arrays on transparent conducting oxides for solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells.

PubMed

Roh, Dong Kyu; Chi, Won Seok; Ahn, Sung Hoon; Jeon, Harim; Kim, Jong Hak

2013-08-01

Herein, we report a facile synthesis of high-density anatase-phase vertically aligned thornbush-like TiO2 nanowires (TBWs) on transparent conducting oxide glasses. Morphologically controllable TBW arrays of 9 μm in length are generated through a one-step hydrothermal reaction at 200 °C over 11 h using potassium titanium oxide oxalate dehydrate, diethylene glycol (DEG), and water. The TBWs consist of a large number of nanoplates or nanorods, as confirmed by SEM and TEM imaging. The morphologies of TBWs are controllable by adjusting DEG/water ratios. TBW diameters gradually decrease from 600 (TBW600) to 400 (TBW400) to 200 nm (TBW200) and morphologies change from nanoplates to nanorods with an increase in DEG content. TBWs are utilized as photoanodes for quasi-solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells (qssDSSCs) and solid-state DSSCs (ssDSSCs). The energy-conversion efficiency of qssDSSCs is in the order: TBW200 (5.2%)>TBW400 (4.5%)>TBW600 (3.4%). These results can be attributed to the different surface areas, light-scattering effects, and charge transport rates, as confirmed by dye-loading measurements, reflectance spectroscopy, and incident photon-to-electron conversion efficiency and intensity-modulated photovoltage spectroscopy/intensity-modulated photocurrent spectroscopy analyses. TBW200 is further treated with a graft-copolymer-directed organized mesoporous TiO2 to increase the surface area and interconnectivity of TBWs. As a result, the energy-conversion efficiency of the ssDSSC increases to 6.7% at 100 mW cm(-2) , which is among the highest values for N719-dye-based ssDSSCs. Copyright © 2013 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Improving the chemical stability of amorphous solid dispersion with cocrystal technique by hot melt extrusion.

PubMed

Liu, Xu; Lu, Ming; Guo, Zhefei; Huang, Lin; Feng, Xin; Wu, Chuanbin

2012-03-01

To explore in-situ forming cocrystal as a single-step, efficient method to significantly depress the processing temperature and thus minimize the thermal degradation of heat-sensitive drug in preparation of solid dispersions by melting method (MM) and hot melt extrusion (HME). Carbamazepine (CBZ)-nicotinamide (NIC) cocrystal solid dispersions were prepared with polymer carriers PVP/VA, SOLUPLUS and HPMC by MM and/or HME. The formation of cocrystal was investigated by differential scanning calorimetry and hot stage polarized optical microscopy. State of CBZ in solid dispersion was characterized by X-ray powder diffraction and optical microscopy. Interactions between CBZ, NIC and polymers were investigated by FTIR. Dissolution behaviors of solid dispersions were compared with that of pure CBZ. CBZ-NIC cocrystal with melting point of 160°C was formed in polymer carriers during heating process, and the preparation temperature of amorphous CBZ solid dispersion was therefore depressed to 160°C. The dissolution rate of CBZ-NIC cocrystal solid dispersion was significantly increased. By in-situ forming cocrystal, chemically stable amorphous solid dispersions were prepared by MM and HME at a depressed processing temperature. This method provides an attractive opportunity for HME of heat-sensitive drugs.

All-solid-state lithium-oxygen battery with high safety in wide ambient temperature range

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kitaura, Hirokazu; Zhou, Haoshen

2015-08-01

There is need to develop high energy storage devices with high safety to satisfy the growing industrial demands. Here, we show the potential to realize such batteries by assembling a lithium-oxygen cell using an inorganic solid electrolyte without any flammable liquid or polymer materials. The lithium-oxygen battery using Li1.575Al0.5Ge1.5(PO4)3 solid electrolyte was examined in the pure oxygen atmosphere from room temperature to 120 °C. The cell works at room temperature and first full discharge capacity of 1420 mAh g-1 at 10 mA g-1 (based on the mass of carbon material in the air electrode) was obtained. The charge curve started from 3.0 V, and that the majority of it lay below 4.2 V. The cell also safely works at high temperature over 80 °C with the improved battery performance. Furthermore, fundamental data of the electrochemical performance, such as cyclic voltammogram, cycle performance and rate performance was obtained and this work demonstrated the potential of the all-solid-state lithium-oxygen battery for wide temperature application as a first step.

All-solid-state lithium-oxygen battery with high safety in wide ambient temperature range

PubMed Central

Kitaura, Hirokazu; Zhou, Haoshen

2015-01-01

There is need to develop high energy storage devices with high safety to satisfy the growing industrial demands. Here, we show the potential to realize such batteries by assembling a lithium-oxygen cell using an inorganic solid electrolyte without any flammable liquid or polymer materials. The lithium-oxygen battery using Li1.575Al0.5Ge1.5(PO4)3 solid electrolyte was examined in the pure oxygen atmosphere from room temperature to 120 °C. The cell works at room temperature and first full discharge capacity of 1420 mAh g−1 at 10 mA g−1 (based on the mass of carbon material in the air electrode) was obtained. The charge curve started from 3.0 V, and that the majority of it lay below 4.2 V. The cell also safely works at high temperature over 80 °C with the improved battery performance. Furthermore, fundamental data of the electrochemical performance, such as cyclic voltammogram, cycle performance and rate performance was obtained and this work demonstrated the potential of the all-solid-state lithium-oxygen battery for wide temperature application as a first step. PMID:26293134

All-solid-state lithium-oxygen battery with high safety in wide ambient temperature range.

PubMed

Kitaura, Hirokazu; Zhou, Haoshen

2015-08-21

There is need to develop high energy storage devices with high safety to satisfy the growing industrial demands. Here, we show the potential to realize such batteries by assembling a lithium-oxygen cell using an inorganic solid electrolyte without any flammable liquid or polymer materials. The lithium-oxygen battery using Li1.575Al0.5Ge1.5(PO4)3 solid electrolyte was examined in the pure oxygen atmosphere from room temperature to 120 °C. The cell works at room temperature and first full discharge capacity of 1420 mAh g(-1) at 10 mA g(-1) (based on the mass of carbon material in the air electrode) was obtained. The charge curve started from 3.0 V, and that the majority of it lay below 4.2 V. The cell also safely works at high temperature over 80 °C with the improved battery performance. Furthermore, fundamental data of the electrochemical performance, such as cyclic voltammogram, cycle performance and rate performance was obtained and this work demonstrated the potential of the all-solid-state lithium-oxygen battery for wide temperature application as a first step.

Statistical Optimization of Laccase Production and Delignification of Sugarcane Bagasse by Pleurotus ostreatus in Solid-State Fermentation

PubMed Central

Karp, Susan Grace; Faraco, Vincenza; Amore, Antonella; Letti, Luiz Alberto Junior; Thomaz Soccol, Vanete; Soccol, Carlos Ricardo

2015-01-01

Laccases are oxidative enzymes related to the degradation of phenolic compounds, including lignin units, with concomitant reduction of oxygen to water. Delignification is a necessary pretreatment step in the process of converting plant biomass into fermentable sugars. The objective of this work was to optimize the production of laccases and to evaluate the delignification of sugarcane bagasse by Pleurotus ostreatus in solid-state fermentation. Among eight variables (pH, water activity, temperature, and concentrations of CuSO4, (NH4)2SO4, KH2PO4, asparagine, and yeast extract), copper sulfate and ammonium sulfate concentrations were demonstrated to significantly influence laccase production. The replacement of ammonium sulfate by yeast extract and the addition of ferulic acid as inducer provided increases of 5.7- and 2.0-fold, respectively, in laccase activity. Optimization of laccase production as a function of yeast extract, copper sulfate, and ferulic acid concentrations was performed by response surface methodology and optimal concentrations were 6.4 g/L, 172.6 μM, and 1.86 mM, respectively. Experimentally, the maximum laccase activity of 151.6 U/g was produced at the 5th day of solid-state fermentation. Lignin content in sugarcane bagasse was reduced from 31.89% to 26.36% after 5 days and to 20.79% after 15 days by the biological treatment of solid-state fermentation. PMID:26180784

Flexible Asymmetrical Solid-State Supercapacitors Based on Laboratory Filter Paper.

PubMed

Zhang, Leicong; Zhu, Pengli; Zhou, Fengrui; Zeng, Wenjin; Su, Haibo; Li, Gang; Gao, Jihua; Sun, Rong; Wong, Ching-Ping

2016-01-26

In this study, a flexible asymmetrical all-solid-state supercapacitor with high electrochemical performance was fabricated with Ni/MnO2-filter paper (FP) as the positive electrode and Ni/active carbon (AC)-filter paper as negative electrode, separated with poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)-Na2SO4 electrolyte. A simple procedure, such as electroless plating, was introduced to prepare the Ni/MnO2-FP electrode on the conventional laboratory FP, combined with the subsequent step of electrodeposition. Electrochemical results show that the as-prepared electrodes display outstanding areal specific capacitance (1900 mF/cm(2) at 5 mV/s) and excellent cycling performance (85.1% retention after 1000 cycles at 20 mA/cm(2)). Such a flexible supercapacitor assembled asymmetrically in the solid state exhibits a large volume energy density (0.78 mWh/cm(3)) and superior flexibility under different bending conditions. It has been demonstrated that the supercapacitors could be used as a power source to drive a 3 V light-emitting diode indicator. This study may provide an available method for designing and fabricating flexible supercapacitors with high performance in the application of wearable and portable electronics based on easily available materials.

In Situ Imaging the Oxygen Reduction Reactions of Solid State Na-O2 Batteries with CuO Nanowires as the Air Cathode.

PubMed

Liu, Qiunan; Yang, Tingting; Du, Congcong; Tang, Yongfu; Sun, Yong; Jia, Peng; Chen, Jingzhao; Ye, Hongjun; Shen, Tongde; Peng, Qiuming; Zhang, Liqiang; Huang, Jianyu

2018-06-13

We report real time imaging of the oxygen reduction reactions (ORRs) in all solid state sodium oxygen batteries (SOBs) with CuO nanowires (NWs) as the air cathode in an aberration-corrected environmental transmission electron microscope under an oxygen environment. The ORR occurred in a distinct two-step reaction, namely, a first conversion reaction followed by a second multiple ORR. In the former, CuO was first converted to Cu 2 O and then to Cu; in the latter, NaO 2 formed first, followed by its disproportionation to Na 2 O 2 and O 2 . Concurrent with the two distinct electrochemical reactions, the CuO NWs experienced multiple consecutive large volume expansions. It is evident that the freshly formed ultrafine-grained Cu in the conversion reaction catalyzed the latter one-electron-transfer ORR, leading to the formation of NaO 2 . Remarkably, no carbonate formation was detected in the oxygen cathode after cycling due to the absence of carbon source in the whole battery setup. These results provide fundamental understanding into the oxygen chemistry in the carbonless air cathode in all solid state Na-O 2 batteries.

Multiphonon: Phonon Density of States tools for Inelastic Neutron Scattering Powder Data

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Y. Y. Lin, Jiao; Islam, Fahima; Kresh, Max

The multiphonon python package calculates phonon density of states, a reduced representation of vibrational property of condensed matter (see, for example, Section “Density of Normal Modes” in Chapter 23 “Quantum Theory of the Harmonic Crystal” of (Ashcroft and Mermin 2011)), from inelastic neutron scattering (see, for example (B. Fultz et al. 2006–2016)) spectrum from a powder sample. Inelastic neutron spectroscopy (INS) is a probe of excitations in solids of vibrational or magnetic origins. In INS, neutrons can lose(gain) energy to(from) the solid in the form of quantized lattice vibrations – phonons. Measuring phonon density of states is usually the firstmore » step in determining the phonon properties of a material experimentally. Phonons play a very important role in understanding the physical properties of a solid, including thermal conductivity and electrical conductivity. Hence, INS is an important tool for studying thermoelectric materials (Budai et al. 2014, Li et al. (2015)), where low thermal conductivity and high electrical conductivity are desired. Study of phonon entropy also made important contributions to the research of thermal dynamics and phase stability of materials (B. Fultz 2010, bogdanoff2002phonon, swan2006vibrational).« less

Electrochemically-Driven Insertion of Biological Nanodiscs into Solid State Membrane Pores as a Basis for "Pore-In-Pore" Membranes.

PubMed

Farajollahi, Farid; Seidenstücker, Axel; Altintoprak, Klara; Walther, Paul; Ziemann, Paul; Plettl, Alfred; Marti, Othmar; Wege, Christina; Gliemann, Hartmut

2018-04-13

Nanoporous membranes are of increasing interest for many applications, such as molecular filters, biosensors, nanofluidic logic and energy conversion devices. To meet high-quality standards, e.g., in molecular separation processes, membranes with well-defined pores in terms of pore diameter and chemical properties are required. However, the preparation of membranes with narrow pore diameter distributions is still challenging. In the work presented here, we demonstrate a strategy, a "pore-in-pore" approach, where the conical pores of a solid state membrane produced by a multi-step top-down lithography procedure are used as a template to insert precisely-formed biomolecular nanodiscs with exactly defined inner and outer diameters. These nanodiscs, which are the building blocks of tobacco mosaic virus-deduced particles, consist of coat proteins, which self-assemble under defined experimental conditions with a stabilizing short RNA. We demonstrate that the insertion of the nanodiscs can be driven either by diffusion due to a concentration gradient or by applying an electric field along the cross-section of the solid state membrane. It is found that the electrophoresis-driven insertion is significantly more effective than the insertion via the concentration gradient.

Electrochemically-Driven Insertion of Biological Nanodiscs into Solid State Membrane Pores as a Basis for “Pore-In-Pore” Membranes

PubMed Central

Farajollahi, Farid; Seidenstücker, Axel; Altintoprak, Klara; Walther, Paul; Ziemann, Paul; Plettl, Alfred; Wege, Christina; Gliemann, Hartmut

2018-01-01

Nanoporous membranes are of increasing interest for many applications, such as molecular filters, biosensors, nanofluidic logic and energy conversion devices. To meet high-quality standards, e.g., in molecular separation processes, membranes with well-defined pores in terms of pore diameter and chemical properties are required. However, the preparation of membranes with narrow pore diameter distributions is still challenging. In the work presented here, we demonstrate a strategy, a “pore-in-pore” approach, where the conical pores of a solid state membrane produced by a multi-step top-down lithography procedure are used as a template to insert precisely-formed biomolecular nanodiscs with exactly defined inner and outer diameters. These nanodiscs, which are the building blocks of tobacco mosaic virus-deduced particles, consist of coat proteins, which self-assemble under defined experimental conditions with a stabilizing short RNA. We demonstrate that the insertion of the nanodiscs can be driven either by diffusion due to a concentration gradient or by applying an electric field along the cross-section of the solid state membrane. It is found that the electrophoresis-driven insertion is significantly more effective than the insertion via the concentration gradient. PMID:29652841

Towards toxicity detection using a lab-on-chip based on the integration of MOEMS and whole-cell sensors.

PubMed

Elman, Noel M; Ben-Yoav, Hadar; Sternheim, Marek; Rosen, Rachel; Krylov, Slava; Shacham-Diamand, Yosi

2008-06-15

A lab-on-chip consisting of a unique integration of whole-cell sensors, a MOEMS (Micro-Opto-Electro-Mechanical-System) modulator, and solid-state photo-detectors was implemented for the first time. Whole-cell sensors were genetically engineered to express a bioluminescent reporter (lux) as a function of the lac promoter. The MOEMS modulator was designed to overcome the inherent low frequency noise of solid-state photo-detectors by means of a previously reported modulation technique, named IHOS (Integrated Heterodyne Optical System). The bio-reporter signals were modulated prior to photo-detection, increasing the SNR of solid-state photo-detectors at least by three orders of magnitude. Experiments were performed using isopropyl-beta-d-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) as a preliminary step towards testing environmental toxicity. The inducer was used to trigger the expression response of the whole-cell sensors testing the sensitivity of the lab-on-chip. Low intensity bio-reporter optical signals were measured after the whole-cell sensors were exposed to IPTG concentrations of 0.1, 0.05, and 0.02mM. The experimental results reveal the potential of this technology for future implementation as an inexpensive massive method for rapid environmental toxicity detection.

Multiphonon: Phonon Density of States tools for Inelastic Neutron Scattering Powder Data

DOE PAGES

Y. Y. Lin, Jiao; Islam, Fahima; Kresh, Max

2018-01-29

The multiphonon python package calculates phonon density of states, a reduced representation of vibrational property of condensed matter (see, for example, Section “Density of Normal Modes” in Chapter 23 “Quantum Theory of the Harmonic Crystal” of (Ashcroft and Mermin 2011)), from inelastic neutron scattering (see, for example (B. Fultz et al. 2006–2016)) spectrum from a powder sample. Inelastic neutron spectroscopy (INS) is a probe of excitations in solids of vibrational or magnetic origins. In INS, neutrons can lose(gain) energy to(from) the solid in the form of quantized lattice vibrations – phonons. Measuring phonon density of states is usually the firstmore » step in determining the phonon properties of a material experimentally. Phonons play a very important role in understanding the physical properties of a solid, including thermal conductivity and electrical conductivity. Hence, INS is an important tool for studying thermoelectric materials (Budai et al. 2014, Li et al. (2015)), where low thermal conductivity and high electrical conductivity are desired. Study of phonon entropy also made important contributions to the research of thermal dynamics and phase stability of materials (B. Fultz 2010, bogdanoff2002phonon, swan2006vibrational).« less

Isotopic Exchange in Porous and Dense Magnesium Borohydride.

PubMed

Zavorotynska, Olena; Deledda, Stefano; Li, Guanqiao; Matsuo, Motoaki; Orimo, Shin-ichi; Hauback, Bjørn C

2015-09-01

Magnesium borohydride (Mg(BH4)2) is one of the most promising complex hydrides presently studied for energy-related applications. Many of its properties depend on the stability of the BH4(-) anion. The BH4(-) stability was investigated with respect to H→D exchange. In situ Raman measurements on high-surface-area porous Mg(BH4 )2 in 0.3 MPa D2 have shown that the isotopic exchange at appreciable rates occurs already at 373 K. This is the lowest exchange temperature observed in stable borohydrides. Gas-solid isotopic exchange follows the BH4(-) +D˙ →BH3D(-) +H˙ mechanism at least at the initial reaction steps. Ex situ deuteration of porous Mg(BH4)2 and its dense-phase polymorph indicates that the intrinsic porosity of the hydride is the key behind the high isotopic exchange rates. It implies that the solid-state H(D) diffusion is considerably slower than the gas-solid H→D exchange reaction at the surface and it is a rate-limiting steps for hydrogen desorption and absorption in Mg(BH4)2. © 2015 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Synthesis and structural characterization of Co2+ ions doped ZnO nanopowders by solid state reaction through sonication

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Babu, B.; Rama Krishna, Ch.; Venkata Reddy, Ch.; Pushpa Manjari, V.; Ravikumar, R. V. S. S. N.

2013-05-01

Cobalt ions doped zinc oxide nanopowder was prepared at room temperature by a novel and simple one step solid-state reaction method through sonication in the presence of a suitable surfactant Sodium Lauryl Sulphate (SLS). The prepared powder was characterized by various spectroscopic techniques. Powder XRD data revealed that the crystal structure belongs to hexagonal and its average crystallite size was evaluated. From optical absorption data, crystal fields (Dq), inter-electronic repulsion parameters (B, C) were evaluated. By correlating optical and EPR spectral data, the site symmetry of Co2+ ion in the host lattice was determined as octahedral. Photoluminescence spectra exhibited the emission bands in ultraviolet and blue regions. The CIE chromaticity coordinates are also evaluated from the emission spectrum. FT-IR spectra showed the characteristic vibrational bands of Znsbnd O.

Cellularized Cellular Solids via Freeze-Casting.

PubMed

Christoph, Sarah; Kwiatoszynski, Julien; Coradin, Thibaud; Fernandes, Francisco M

2016-02-01

The elaboration of metabolically active cell-containing materials is a decisive step toward the successful application of cell based technologies. The present work unveils a new process allowing to simultaneously encapsulate living cells and shaping cell-containing materials into solid-state macroporous foams with precisely controlled morphology. Our strategy is based on freeze casting, an ice templating materials processing technique that has recently emerged for the structuration of colloids into macroporous materials. Our results indicate that it is possible to combine the precise structuration of the materials with cellular metabolic activity for the model organism Saccharomyces cerevisiae. © 2015 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Magnetically Enhanced Solid-Liquid Separation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Rey, C. M.; Keller, K.; Fuchs, B.

2005-07-01

DuPont is developing an entirely new method of solid-liquid filtration involving the use of magnetic fields and magnetic field gradients. The new hybrid process, entitled Magnetically Enhanced Solid-Liquid Separation (MESLS), is designed to improve the de-watering kinetics and reduce the residual moisture content of solid particulates mechanically separated from liquid slurries. Gravitation, pressure, temperature, centrifugation, and fluid dynamics have dictated traditional solid-liquid separation for the past 50 years. The introduction of an external field (i.e. the magnetic field) offers the promise to manipulate particle behavior in an entirely new manner, which leads to increased process efficiency. Traditional solid-liquid separation typically consists of two primary steps. The first is a mechanical step in which the solid particulate is separated from the liquid using e.g. gas pressure through a filter membrane, centrifugation, etc. The second step is a thermal drying process, which is required due to imperfect mechanical separation. The thermal drying process is over 100-200 times less energy efficient than the mechanical step. Since enormous volumes of materials are processed each year, more efficient mechanical solid-liquid separations can be leveraged into dramatic reductions in overall energy consumption by reducing downstream drying requirements have a tremendous impact on energy consumption. Using DuPont's MESLS process, initial test results showed four very important effects of the magnetic field on the solid-liquid filtration process: 1) reduction of the time to reach gas breakthrough, 2) less loss of solid into the filtrate, 3) reduction of the (solids) residual moisture content, and 4) acceleration of the de-watering kinetics. These test results and their potential impact on future commercial solid-liquid filtration is discussed. New applications can be found in mining, chemical and bioprocesses.

Performance and molecular evaluation of an anaerobic system with suspended biomass for treating wastewater with high fat content after enzymatic hydrolysis.

PubMed

Rosa, Daniela R; Duarte, Iolanda C S; Saavedra, N Katia; Varesche, Maria B; Zaiat, Marcelo; Cammarota, Magali C; Freire, Denise M G

2009-12-01

The effect of a lipase-rich fungal enzymatic preparation, produced by a Penicillium sp. during solid-state fermentation, was evaluated in an anaerobic digester treating dairy wastewater with 1200 mg of oil and grease/L. The oil and grease hydrolysis step was carried out with 0.1% (w/v) of solid enzymatic preparation at 30 degrees C for 24 h, and resulted in a final free acid concentration eight times higher than the initial value. The digester operated in sequential batches of 48 h at 30 degrees C for 245 days, and had high chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiencies (around 90%) when fed with pre-hydrolyzed wastewater. However, when the pre-hydrolysis step was removed, the anaerobic digester performed poorly (with an average COD removal of 32%), as the oil and grease accumulated in the biomass and effluent oil and grease concentration increased throughout the operational period. PCR-DGGE analysis of the Bacteria and Archaea domains revealed remarkable differences in the microbial profiles in trials conducted with and without the pre-hydrolysis step, indicating that differences observed in overall parameters were intrinsically related to the microbial diversity of the anaerobic sludge.

Surface treated carbon catalysts produced from waste tires for fatty acids to biofuel conversion

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Hood, Zachary D.; Adhikari, Shiba P.; Wright, Marcus W.

A method of making solid acid catalysts includes the step of sulfonating waste tire pieces in a first sulfonation step. The sulfonated waste tire pieces are pyrolyzed to produce carbon composite pieces having a pore size less than 10 nm. The carbon composite pieces are then ground to produce carbon composite powders having a size less than 50 .mu.m. The carbon composite particles are sulfonated in a second sulfonation step to produce sulfonated solid acid catalysts. A method of making biofuels and solid acid catalysts are also disclosed.

Hybrid Rocket Performance Prediction with Coupling Method of CFD and Thermal Conduction Calculation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Funami, Yuki; Shimada, Toru

The final purpose of this study is to develop a design tool for hybrid rocket engines. This tool is a computer code which will be used in order to investigate rocket performance characteristics and unsteady phenomena lasting through the burning time, such as fuel regression or combustion oscillation. When phenomena inside a combustion chamber, namely boundary layer combustion, are described, it is difficult to use rigorous models for this target. It is because calculation cost may be too expensive. Therefore simple models are required for this calculation. In this study, quasi-one-dimensional compressible Euler equations for flowfields inside a chamber and the equation for thermal conduction inside a solid fuel are numerically solved. The energy balance equation at the solid fuel surface is solved to estimate fuel regression rate. Heat feedback model is Karabeyoglu's model dependent on total mass flux. Combustion model is global single step reaction model for 4 chemical species or chemical equilibrium model for 9 chemical species. As a first step, steady-state solutions are reported.

One-step production of long-chain hydrocarbons from waste-biomass-derived chemicals using bi-functional heterogeneous catalysts.

PubMed

Wen, Cun; Barrow, Elizabeth; Hattrick-Simpers, Jason; Lauterbach, Jochen

2014-02-21

In this study, we demonstrate the production of long-chain hydrocarbons (C8+) from 2-methylfuran (2MF) and butanal in a single step reactive process by utilizing a bi-functional catalyst with both acid and metallic sites. Our approach utilizes a solid acid for the hydroalkylation function and as a support as well as a transition metal as hydrodeoxygenation catalyst. A series of solid acids was screened, among which MCM-41 demonstrated the best combination of activity and stability. Platinum nanoparticles were then incorporated into the MCM-41. The Pt/MCM-41 catalyst showed 96% yield for C8+ hydrocarbons and the catalytic performance was stable over four reaction cycles of 20 hour each. The reaction pathways for the production of long-chain hydrocarbons is probed with a combination of infrared spectroscopy and steady-state reaction experiments. It is proposed that 2MF and butanal go through hydroalkylation first on the acid site followed by hydrodeoxygenation to produce the hydrocarbon fuels.

Diffusion and reactivity of ground-state nitrogen atoms N(4S) between 3 and 15 K: application to the hydrogen abstraction reaction from methane under non-energetic conditions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Nourry, Sendres; Krim, Lahouari

2015-07-01

We have characterized the CH4 + N(4S) reaction in solid phase, at very low temperature, under non-energetic conditions and where the CH4 and N reactants are in their ground states. A microwave-driven atomic source has been used to generate ground-state nitrogen atoms N(4S), and experiments have been carried out at temperatures as low as 3 K to reduce the mobility of the trapped species in solid phase and hence to freeze the first step of the CH4 + N reaction pathway. Leaving the formed solid sample in the dark for a while allows all trapped reactants to relax to the ground state, specifically radicals and excited species streaming from the plasma discharge. Such a method could be the only possibility of proving that the CH4 + N reaction occurs between CH4 and N reactants in their ground states without any additional energy to initiate the chemical process. The appearance of the CH3 reaction product, just by inducing the mobility of N atoms between 3 and 11 K, translates that a hydrogen abstraction reaction from methane, under non-energetic conditions, will start occurring at very low temperature. The formation of methyl radical, under these experimental conditions, is due to recombination processes N(4S)-N(4S) of ground-state nitrogen atoms without any contribution of cosmic ray particles or high-energy photons.

Advances in simultaneous DSC-FTIR microspectroscopy for rapid solid-state chemical stability studies: some dipeptide drugs as examples.

PubMed

Lin, Shan-Yang; Wang, Shun-Li

2012-04-01

The solid-state chemistry of drugs has seen growing importance in the pharmaceutical industry for the development of useful API (active pharmaceutical ingredients) of drugs and stable dosage forms. The stability of drugs in various solid dosage forms is an important issue because solid dosage forms are the most common pharmaceutical formulation in clinical use. In solid-state stability studies of drugs, an ideal accelerated method must not only be selected by different complicated methods, but must also detect the formation of degraded product. In this review article, an analytical technique combining differential scanning calorimetry and Fourier-transform infrared (DSC-FTIR) microspectroscopy simulates the accelerated stability test, and simultaneously detects the decomposed products in real time. The pharmaceutical dipeptides aspartame hemihydrate, lisinopril dihydrate, and enalapril maleate either with or without Eudragit E were used as testing examples. This one-step simultaneous DSC-FTIR technique for real-time detection of diketopiperazine (DKP) directly evidenced the dehydration process and DKP formation as an impurity common in pharmaceutical dipeptides. DKP formation in various dipeptides determined by different analytical methods had been collected and compiled. Although many analytical methods have been applied, the combined DSC-FTIR technique is an easy and fast analytical method which not only can simulate the accelerated drug stability testing but also at the same time enable to explore phase transformation as well as degradation due to thermal-related reactions. This technique offers quick and proper interpretations. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Metastable State during Melting and Solid-Solid Phase Transition of [CnMim][NO3] (n = 4-12) Ionic Liquids by Molecular Dynamics Simulation.

PubMed

Cao, Wudi; Wang, Yanting; Saielli, Giacomo

2018-01-11

We simulate the heating process of ionic liquids [C n Mim][NO 3 ] (n = 4, 6, 8, 10, 12), abbreviated as C n , by means of molecular dynamics (MD) simulation starting from a manually constructed triclinic crystal structure composed of polar layers containing anions and cationic head groups and nonpolar regions in between containing cationic alkyl side chains. During the heating process starting from 200 K, each system undergoes first a solid-solid phase transition at a lower temperature, and then a melting phase transition at a higher temperature to an isotropic liquid state (C 4 , C 6 , and C 8 ) or to a liquid crystal state (C 10 and C 12 ). After the solid-solid phase transition, all systems keep the triclinic space symmetry, but have a different set of lattice constants. C 4 has a more significant structural change in the nonpolar regions which narrows the layer spacing, while the layer spacings of other systems change little, which can be qualitatively understood by considering that the contribution of the effective van der Waals interaction in the nonpolar regions (abbreviated as EF1) to free energy becomes stronger with increasing side-chain length, and at the same time the contribution of the effective electrostatic interaction in the polar layers (abbreviated as EF2) to free energy remains almost the same. The melting phase transitions of all systems except C 6 are found to be a two-step process with an intermediate metastable state appeared during the melting from the crystal state to the liquid or liquid crystal state. Because the contribution of EF2 to the free energy is larger than EF1, the metastable state of C 4 has the feature of having higher ordered polar layers and lower ordered side-chain orientation. By contrast, C 8 -C 12 have the feature of having lower ordered polar layers and higher ordered side-chain orientation, because for these systems, the contribution of EF2 to the free energy is smaller than EF1. No metastable state is found for C 6 because the free-energy contribution of EF1 is balanced with EF2.

High-performance all-solid-state flexible supercapacitors based on two-step activated carbon cloth

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jiang, Shulan; Shi, Tielin; Zhan, Xiaobin; Long, Hu; Xi, Shuang; Hu, Hao; Tang, Zirong

2014-12-01

A simple and effective strategy is proposed to activate carbon cloth for the fabrication of flexible and high-performance supercapacitors. Firstly, the carbon cloth surface is exfoliated as nanotextures through wet chemical treatment, then an annealing process is applied at H2/N2 atmosphere to reduce the surface oxygen functional groups which are mainly introduced from the first step. The activated carbon cloth electrode shows excellent wettablity, large surface area and delivers remarkable electrochemical performance. A maximum areal capacitance of 485.64 mF cm-2 at the current density of 2 mA cm-2 is achieved for the activated carbon cloth electrode, which is considerably larger than the resported results for carbon cloth. Furthermore, the flexible all-solid-state supercapacitor, which is fabricated based on the activated carbon cloth electrodes, shows high areal capacitance, superior cycling stability as well as stable electrochemical performance even under constant bending or twisting conditions. An areal capacitance of 161.28 mF cm-2 is achieved at the current density of 12.5 mA cm-2, and 104% of its initial capacitance is retained after 30,000 charging/discharging cycles. This study would also provide an effective way to boost devices' electrochemical performance by accommodating other active materials on the activated carbon cloth.

Following the surface response of caffeine cocrystals to controlled humidity storage by atomic force microscopy.

PubMed

Cassidy, A M C; Gardner, C E; Jones, W

2009-09-08

Active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) stability in solid state tablet formulation is frequently a function of the relative humidity (RH) environment in which the drug is stored. Caffeine is one such problematic API. Previously reported caffeine cocrystals, however, were found to offer increased resistance to caffeine hydrate formation. Here we report on the use of atomic force microscopy (AFM) to image the surface of two caffeine cocrystal systems to look for differences between the surface and bulk response of the cocrystal to storage in controlled humidity environments. Bulk responses have previously been assessed by powder X-ray diffraction. With AFM, pinning sites were identified at step edges on caffeine/oxalic acid, with these sites leading to non-uniform step movement on going from ambient to 0% RH. At RH >75%, areas of fresh crystal growth were seen on the cocrystal surface. In the case of caffeine/malonic acid the cocrystals were observed to absorb water anisotropically after storage at 75% RH for 2 days, affecting the surface topography of the cocrystal. These results show that AFM expands on the data gathered by bulk analytical techniques, such as powder X-ray diffraction, by providing localised surface information. This surface information may be important for better predicting API stability in isolation and at a solid state API-excipient interface.

Fiber-optic projected-fringe digital interferometry

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Mercer, Carolyn R.; Beheim, Glenn

1990-01-01

A phase-stepped projected-fringe interferometer was developed which uses a closed-loop fiber-optic phase-control system to make very accurate surface profile measurements. The closed-loop phase-control system greatly reduces phase-stepping error, which is frequently the dominant source of error in digital interferometers. Two beams emitted from a fiber-optic coupler are combined to form an interference fringe pattern on a diffusely reflecting object. Reflections off of the fibers' output faces are used to create a phase-indicating signal for the closed-loop optical phase controller. The controller steps the phase difference between the two beams by pi/2 radians in order to determine the object's surface profile using a solid-state camera and a computer. The system combines the ease of alignment and automated data reduction of phase-stepping projected-fringe interferometry with the greatly improved phase-stepping accuracy of our closed-loop phase-controller. The system is demonstrated by measuring the profile of a plate containing several convex surfaces whose heights range from 15 to 25 micron high.

Room temperature high-fidelity holonomic single-qubit gate on a solid-state spin.

PubMed

Arroyo-Camejo, Silvia; Lazariev, Andrii; Hell, Stefan W; Balasubramanian, Gopalakrishnan

2014-09-12

At its most fundamental level, circuit-based quantum computation relies on the application of controlled phase shift operations on quantum registers. While these operations are generally compromised by noise and imperfections, quantum gates based on geometric phase shifts can provide intrinsically fault-tolerant quantum computing. Here we demonstrate the high-fidelity realization of a recently proposed fast (non-adiabatic) and universal (non-Abelian) holonomic single-qubit gate, using an individual solid-state spin qubit under ambient conditions. This fault-tolerant quantum gate provides an elegant means for achieving the fidelity threshold indispensable for implementing quantum error correction protocols. Since we employ a spin qubit associated with a nitrogen-vacancy colour centre in diamond, this system is based on integrable and scalable hardware exhibiting strong analogy to current silicon technology. This quantum gate realization is a promising step towards viable, fault-tolerant quantum computing under ambient conditions.

Solid state control system for oil well bailer pump

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Senghaas, K. A.; Senghaas, P.

1985-05-14

A solid state switching controller for use with various types of oil well bailer pumps. Individually programmable steps with lockouts provide multiple mutual exclusivity between various circuit operations. A trickle charge battery system powers the control circuits. A tank overflow float protects against oil spillage. An automatic production rate adjustment circuit is provided which increases cycle time in proportion to the rate of production. The circuit includes a low power voltage detector for disabling the control circuits until the line voltage is acceptable. A three-phase power and control system with an isolation transformer for the controls avoids unreliable ground connections.more » The timers include a dividing circuit with an RC circuit. All power actuated apparatus are actuated by triac switches which are controlled by an opto driver. The bailer brake is pulse actuated for allowing the bailer to sink into crude oil without excess cable looseness.« less

Natural abundance 14N and 15N solid-state NMR of pharmaceuticals and their polymorphs

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Veinberg, Stanislav L.; Johnston, Karen E.; Jaroszewicz, Michael J.

14N ultra-wideline (UW), 1H{ 15N} indirectly-detected HETCOR (idHETCOR) and 15N dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) solid-state NMR (SSNMR) experiments, in combination with plane-wave density functional theory (DFT) calculations of 14N EFG tensors, were utilized to characterize a series of nitrogen-containing active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), including HCl salts of scopolamine, alprenolol, isoprenaline, acebutolol, dibucaine, nicardipine, and ranitidine. Here, a case study applying these methods for the differentiation of polymorphs of bupivacaine HCl is also presented. All experiments were conducted upon samples with naturally-abundant nitrogen isotopes. For most of the APIs, it was possible to acquire frequency-stepped UW 14N SSNMR spectra of stationarymore » samples, which display powder patterns corresponding to pseudo-tetrahedral (i.e., RR'R"NH + and RR'NH 2 +) or other (i.e., RNH 2 and RNO 2) nitrogen environments.« less

Nanocrystal waveguide (NOW) laser

DOEpatents

Simpson, John T.; Simpson, Marcus L.; Withrow, Stephen P.; White, Clark W.; Jaiswal, Supriya L.

2005-02-08

A solid state laser includes an optical waveguide and a laser cavity including at least one subwavelength mirror disposed in or on the optical waveguide. A plurality of photoluminescent nanocrystals are disposed in the laser cavity. The reflective subwavelength mirror can be a pair of subwavelength resonant gratings (SWG), a pair of photonic crystal structures (PC), or a distributed feedback structure. In the case of a pair of mirrors, a PC which is substantially transmissive at an operating wavelength of the laser can be disposed in the laser cavity between the subwavelength mirrors to improve the mode structure, coherence and overall efficiency of the laser. A method for forming a solid state laser includes the steps of providing an optical waveguide, creating a laser cavity in the optical waveguide by disposing at least one subwavelength mirror on or in the waveguide, and positioning a plurality of photoluminescent nanocrystals in the laser cavity.

Solid-state NMR studies of proteins immobilized on inorganic surfaces

DOE PAGES

Shaw, Wendy J.

2014-10-29

Solid state NMR is the primary tool for studying the quantitative, site-specific structure, orientation, and dynamics of biomineralization proteins under biologically relevant conditions. Two calcium phosphate proteins, statherin and leucine rich amelogenin protein (LRAP), have been studied in depth and have different features, challenging our ability to extract design principles. More recent studies of the significantly larger full-length amelogenin represent a challenging but necessary step to ultimately investigate the full diversity of biomineralization proteins. Interactions of amino acids and silaffin peptide with silica are also being studied, along with qualitative studies of proteins interacting with calcium carbonate. Dipolar recoupling techniquesmore » have formed the core of the quantitative studies, yet, the need for isolated spin pairs makes this approach costly and time intensive. The use of multi-dimensional techniques is advancing, methodology which, despite its challenges with these difficult-to-study proteins, will continue to drive future advancements in this area.« less

Natural abundance 14N and 15N solid-state NMR of pharmaceuticals and their polymorphs

DOE PAGES

Veinberg, Stanislav L.; Johnston, Karen E.; Jaroszewicz, Michael J.; ...

2016-06-08

14N ultra-wideline (UW), 1H{ 15N} indirectly-detected HETCOR (idHETCOR) and 15N dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) solid-state NMR (SSNMR) experiments, in combination with plane-wave density functional theory (DFT) calculations of 14N EFG tensors, were utilized to characterize a series of nitrogen-containing active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), including HCl salts of scopolamine, alprenolol, isoprenaline, acebutolol, dibucaine, nicardipine, and ranitidine. Here, a case study applying these methods for the differentiation of polymorphs of bupivacaine HCl is also presented. All experiments were conducted upon samples with naturally-abundant nitrogen isotopes. For most of the APIs, it was possible to acquire frequency-stepped UW 14N SSNMR spectra of stationarymore » samples, which display powder patterns corresponding to pseudo-tetrahedral (i.e., RR'R"NH + and RR'NH 2 +) or other (i.e., RNH 2 and RNO 2) nitrogen environments.« less

Photochemistry and Transmission Pump-Probe Spectroscopy of 2-Azidobiphenyls in Aqueous Nanocrystalline Suspensions: Simplified Kinetics in Crystalline Solids.

PubMed

Chung, Tim S; Ayitou, Anoklase J-L; Park, Jin H; Breslin, Vanessa M; Garcia-Garibay, Miguel A

2017-04-20

Aqueous nanocrystalline suspensions provide a simple and efficient medium for performing transmission spectroscopy measurements in the solid state. In this Letter we describe the use of laser flash photolysis methods to analyze the photochemistry of 2-azidobiphenyl and several aryl-substituted derivatives. We show that all the crystalline compounds analyzed in this study transform quantitatively into carbazole products via a crystal-to-crystal reconstructive phase transition. While the initial steps of the reaction cannot be followed within the time resolution of our instrument (ca. 8 ns), we detected the primary isocarbazole photoproducts and analyzed the kinetics of their formal 1,5-H shift reactions, which take place in time scales that range from a few nanoseconds to several microseconds. It is worth noting that the high reaction selectivity observed in the crystalline state translates into a clean and simple kinetic process compared to that in solution.

Zeolite-like liquid crystals

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Poppe, Silvio; Lehmann, Anne; Scholte, Alexander; Prehm, Marko; Zeng, Xiangbing; Ungar, Goran; Tschierske, Carsten

2015-10-01

Zeolites represent inorganic solid-state materials with porous structures of fascinating complexity. Recently, significant progress was made by reticular synthesis of related organic solid-state materials, such as metal-organic or covalent organic frameworks. Herein we go a step further and report the first example of a fluid honeycomb mimicking a zeolitic framework. In this unique self-assembled liquid crystalline structure, transverse-lying π-conjugated rod-like molecules form pentagonal channels, encircling larger octagonal channels, a structural motif also found in some zeolites. Additional bundles of coaxial molecules penetrate the centres of the larger channels, unreachable by chains attached to the honeycomb framework. This creates a unique fluid hybrid structure combining positive and negative anisotropies, providing the potential for tuning the directionality of anisotropic optical, electrical and magnetic properties. This work also demonstrates a new approach to complex soft-matter self-assembly, by using frustration between space filling and the entropic penalty of chain extension.

Mesoscale modeling of strain induced solid state amorphization in crystalline materials

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lei, Lei

Solid state amorphization, and in particular crystalline to amorphous transformation, can be observed in metallic alloys, semiconductors, intermetallics, minerals, and also molecular crystals when they undergo irradiation, hydrogen gas dissolution, thermal interdiffusion, mechanical alloying, or mechanical milling. Although the amorphization mechanisms may be different, the transformation occurs due to the high level of disorder introduced into the material. Milling induced solid state amorphization is proposed to be the result of accumulation of crystal defects, specifically dislocations, as the material is subjected to large deformations during the high energy process. Thus, understanding the deformation mechanisms of crystalline materials will be the first step in studying solid state amorphization in crystalline materials, which not only has scientific contributions, but also technical consequences. A phase field dislocation dynamics (PFDD) approach is employed in this work to simulate plastic deformation of molecular crystals. This PFDD model has the advantage of tracking all of the dislocations in a material simultaneously. The model takes into account the elastic interaction between dislocations, the lattice resistance to dislocation motion, and the elastic interaction of dislocations with an external stress field. The PFDD model is employed to describe the deformation of molecular crystals with pharmaceutical applications, namely, single crystal sucrose, acetaminophen, gamma-indomethacin, and aspirin. Stress-strain curves are produced that result in expected anisotropic material response due to the activation of different slip systems and yield stresses that agree well with those from experiments. The PFDD model is coupled to a phase transformation model to study the relation between plastic deformation and the solid state amorphization of crystals that undergo milling. This model predicts the amorphous volume fraction in excellent agreement with experimental observation. Finally, we incorporate the effect of stress free surfaces to model the behavior of dislocations close to these surfaces and in the presence of voids.

One-Step Partially Purified Lipases (ScLipA and ScLipB) from Schizophyllum commune UTARA1 Obtained via Solid State Fermentation and Their Applications.

PubMed

Kam, Yew Chee; Woo, Kwan Kit; Ong, Lisa Gaik Ai

2017-12-08

Lipases with unique characteristics are of value in industrial applications, especially those targeting cost-effectiveness and less downstream processes. The aims of this research were to: (i) optimize the fermentation parameters via solid state fermentation (SSF); and (ii) study the performance in hydrolysis and esterification processes of the one-step partially purified Schizophyllum commune UTARA1 lipases. Lipase was produced by cultivating S. commune UTARA1 on sugarcane bagasse (SB) with used cooking oil (UCO) via SSF and its production was optimized using Design-Expert ® 7.0.0. Fractions 30% ( Sc LipA) and 70% ( Sc LipB) which contained high lipase activity were obtained by stepwise (NH₄)₂SO₄ precipitation. Crude fish oil, coconut oil and butter were used to investigate the lipase hydrolysis capabilities by a free glycerol assay. Results showed that Sc LipA has affinities for long, medium and short chain triglycerides, as all the oils investigated were degraded, whereas Sc LipB has affinities for long chain triglycerides as it only degrades crude fish oil. During esterification, Sc LipA was able to synthesize trilaurin and triacetin. Conversely, Sc LipB was specific towards the formation of 2-mono-olein and triacetin. From the results obtained, it was determined that Sc LipA and Sc LipB are sn -2 regioselective lipases. Hence, the one-step partial purification strategy proved to be feasible for partial purification of S. commune UTARA1 lipases that has potential use in industrial applications.

Hyperbranched quasi-1D nanostructures for solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells.

PubMed

Passoni, Luca; Ghods, Farbod; Docampo, Pablo; Abrusci, Agnese; Martí-Rujas, Javier; Ghidelli, Matteo; Divitini, Giorgio; Ducati, Caterina; Binda, Maddalena; Guarnera, Simone; Li Bassi, Andrea; Casari, Carlo Spartaco; Snaith, Henry J; Petrozza, Annamaria; Di Fonzo, Fabio

2013-11-26

In this work we demonstrate hyperbranched nanostructures, grown by pulsed laser deposition, composed of one-dimensional anatase single crystals assembled in arrays of high aspect ratio hierarchical mesostructures. The proposed growth mechanism relies on a two-step process: self-assembly from the gas phase of amorphous TiO2 clusters in a forest of tree-shaped hierarchical mesostructures with high aspect ratio; oriented crystallization of the branches upon thermal treatment. Structural and morphological characteristics can be optimized to achieve both high specific surface area for optimal dye uptake and broadband light scattering thanks to the microscopic feature size. Solid-state dye sensitized solar cells fabricated with arrays of hyperbranched TiO2 nanostructures on FTO-glass sensitized with D102 dye showed a significant 66% increase in efficiency with respect to a reference mesoporous photoanode and reached a maximum efficiency of 3.96% (among the highest reported for this system). This result was achieved mainly thanks to an increase in photogenerated current directly resulting from improved light harvesting efficiency of the hierarchical photoanode. The proposed photoanode overcomes typical limitations of 1D TiO2 nanostructures applied to ss-DSC and emerges as a promising foundation for next-generation high-efficiency solid-state devices comprosed of dyes, polymers, or quantum dots as sensitizers.

A benign synthesis of alane by the composition-controlled mechanochemical reaction of sodium hydride and aluminum chloride

DOE PAGES

Hlova, Ihor; Goldston, Jennifer F.; Gupta, Shalabh; ...

2017-05-30

Solid-state mechanochemical synthesis of alane (AlH 3) starting from sodium hydride (NaH) and aluminum chloride (AlCl 3) has been achieved at room temperature. The transformation pathway of this solid-state reaction was controlled by a stepwise addition of AlCl 3 to the initial reaction mixture that contained sodium hydride in excess of stoichiometric amount. As in the case of previously investigated LiH–AlCl 3 system, complete selectivity was achieved whereby formation of unwanted elemental aluminum was fully suppressed, and AlH 3 was obtained in quantitative yield. Reaction progress during each step was investigated by means of solid-state NMR and powder X-ray diffraction,more » which revealed that the overall reaction proceeds through a series of intermediate alanates that may be partially chlorinated. The NaH–AlCl 3 system presents some subtle differences compared to LiH–AlCl 3 system particularly with respect to optimal concentrations needed during one of the reaction stages. Based on the results, we postulate that high local concentrations of NaH may stabilize chlorine-containing derivatives and prevent decomposition into elemental aluminum with hydrogen evolution. As a result, complete conversion with quantitative yield of alane was confirmed by both SSNMR and hydrogen desorption analysis.« less

Monitoring the Electrochemical Processes in the Lithium–Air Battery by Solid State NMR Spectroscopy

PubMed Central

2013-01-01

A multi-nuclear solid-state NMR approach is employed to investigate the lithium–air battery, to monitor the evolution of the electrochemical products formed during cycling, and to gain insight into processes affecting capacity fading. While lithium peroxide is identified by 17O solid state NMR (ssNMR) as the predominant product in the first discharge in 1,2-dimethoxyethane (DME) based electrolytes, it reacts with the carbon cathode surface to form carbonate during the charging process. 13C ssNMR provides evidence for carbonate formation on the surface of the carbon cathode, the carbonate being removed at high charging voltages in the first cycle, but accumulating in later cycles. Small amounts of lithium hydroxide and formate are also detected in discharged cathodes and while the hydroxide formation is reversible, the formate persists and accumulates in the cathode upon further cycling. The results indicate that the rechargeability of the battery is limited by both the electrolyte and the carbon cathode stability. The utility of ssNMR spectroscopy in directly detecting product formation and decomposition within the battery is demonstrated, a necessary step in the assessment of new electrolytes, catalysts, and cathode materials for the development of a viable lithium–oxygen battery. PMID:24489976

Use of a novel tunable solid state disk laser as a diagnostic system for laser-induced fluorescence

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Paa, Wolfgang; Triebel, Wolfgang

2004-09-01

An all solid state disk laser system-named "Advanced Disk Laser (ADL)" -particularly tailored for laser induced fluorescence (LIF) in combustion processes is presented. The system currently under development comprises an Yb:YAG-seedlaser and a regenerative amplifier. Both are based on the disk laser concept as a new laser architecture. This allows a tunable, compact, efficient diode pumped solid state laser (DPSSL) system with repetition rates in the kHz region. After frequency conversion to the UV-spectral region via third and fourth harmonics generation, this laser-due to its unique properties such as single-frequency operation, wavelength tuneability and excellent beam profile-is well suited for excitation of small molecules such as formaldehyde, OH, NO or O2, which are characteristic for combustion processes. Using the method of planar laser induced fluorescence (PLIF) we observed concentration distributions of formaldehyde in cool and hot flames of a specially designed diethyl-ether burner. The images recorded with 1 kHz repetition rate allow visualizing the distribution of formaldehyde on a 1 ms time scale. This demonstrates for the first time the usability of this novel laser for LIF measurements and is the first step towards integration of the ADL into capsules for drop towers and the international space station.

A benign synthesis of alane by the composition-controlled mechanochemical reaction of sodium hydride and aluminum chloride

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Hlova, Ihor; Goldston, Jennifer F.; Gupta, Shalabh

Solid-state mechanochemical synthesis of alane (AlH 3) starting from sodium hydride (NaH) and aluminum chloride (AlCl 3) has been achieved at room temperature. The transformation pathway of this solid-state reaction was controlled by a stepwise addition of AlCl 3 to the initial reaction mixture that contained sodium hydride in excess of stoichiometric amount. As in the case of previously investigated LiH–AlCl 3 system, complete selectivity was achieved whereby formation of unwanted elemental aluminum was fully suppressed, and AlH 3 was obtained in quantitative yield. Reaction progress during each step was investigated by means of solid-state NMR and powder X-ray diffraction,more » which revealed that the overall reaction proceeds through a series of intermediate alanates that may be partially chlorinated. The NaH–AlCl 3 system presents some subtle differences compared to LiH–AlCl 3 system particularly with respect to optimal concentrations needed during one of the reaction stages. Based on the results, we postulate that high local concentrations of NaH may stabilize chlorine-containing derivatives and prevent decomposition into elemental aluminum with hydrogen evolution. As a result, complete conversion with quantitative yield of alane was confirmed by both SSNMR and hydrogen desorption analysis.« less

Crystal growth of YBCO coated conductors by TFA MOD method

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yoshizumi, M.; Nakanishi, T.; Matsuda, J.; Nakaoka, K.; Sutoh, Y.; Izumi, T.; Shiohara, Y.

2008-09-01

The crystal growth mechanism of TFA (trifluoroacetates)-MOD (metal organic deposition) derived YBa 2Cu 3O y has been investigated to understand the process for higher production rates of the conversion process. YBCO films were prepared by TFA-MOD on CeO 2/Gd 2Zr 2O 7/Hastelloy C276 substrates. The growth rates of YBCO derived from Y:Ba:Cu = 1:2:3 and 1:1.5:3 starting solutions were investigated by XRD and TEM analyses. YBCO growth proceeds in two steps of the epitaxial one from the substrate and solid state reaction. The overall growth rate estimated from the residual amounts of BaF 2 with time measured by XRD is proportional to a square root of P(H 2O). The trend was independent of the composition of starting solutions, however, the growth rate obtained from the 1:1.5:3 starting solutions was high as twice as that of 1:2:3, which could not be explained by the composition of BaF 2 included in the precursor films. On the other hand, the growth rate measured from the thickness of the YBCO quenched film at the same process time showed no difference between the samples of 1:2:3 and 1:1.5:3. The epitaxial growth rate of 1:1.5:3 was also the same as the overall growth rate of that, which means there was no solid state reaction to form YBCO after the epitaxial growth. The YBCO growth mechanism was found to be as follows; YBCO crystals nucleate at the surface of the substrate and epitaxially grow into the precursor by layer-by-layer by a manner with trapping unreacted particles. The amounts of YBCO and the unreacted particles trapped in the YBCO film are independent of the composition of the starting solution in this step. Unreacted particles react with each other to form YBCO and pores by solid state reaction as long as there is BaF 2 left in the film. The Ba-poor starting solution gives little BaF 2 left in the film and so the solid state reaction is completed within a short time, resulting in the fast overall growth rate.

Time-dependent deformation of gas shales - role of rock framework versus reservoir fluids

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hol, Sander; Zoback, Mark

2013-04-01

Hydraulic fracturing operations are generally performed to achieve a fast, drastic increase of permeability and production rates. Although modeling of the underlying short-term mechanical response has proven successful via conventional geomechanical approaches, predicting long-term behavior is still challenging as the formation interacts physically and chemically with the fluids present in-situ. Recent experimental work has shown that shale samples subjected to a change in effective stress deform in a time-dependent manner ("creep"). Although the magnitude and nature of this behavior is strongly related to the composition and texture of the sample, also the choice of fluid used in the experiments affects the total strain response - strongly adsorbing fluids result in more, recoverable creep. The processes underlying time-dependent deformation of shales under in-situ stresses, and the long-term impact on reservoir performance, are at present poorly understood. In this contribution, we report triaxial mechanical tests, and theoretical/thermodynamic modeling work with the aim to identify and describe the main mechanisms that control time-dependent deformation of gas shales. In particular, we focus on the role of the shale solid framework versus the type and pressure of the present pore fluid. Our experiments were mainly performed on Eagle Ford Shale samples. The samples were subjected to cycles of loading and unloading, first in the dry state, and then again after equilibrating them with (adsorbing) CO2 and (non-adsorbing) He at fluid pressures of 4 MPa. Stresses were chosen close to those persisting under in-situ conditions. The results of our tests demonstrate that likely two main types of deformation mechanisms operate that relate to a) the presence of microfractures as a dominating feature in the solid framework of the shale, and b) the adsorbing potential of fluids present in the nanoscale voids of the shale. To explain the role of adsorption in the observed compaction creep, we postulate a serial coupling between 1) stress-driven desorption of the fluid species, 2) diffusion of the desorbed species out of the solid, and 3) consequent shrinkage. We propose a model in which the total shrinkage of the solid (Step 3) that is measured as bulk compaction, is driven by a change in stress state (Step 1), and evolves in time controlled by the diffusion characteristics of the system (Step 2). Our experimental and modeling study shows that both the nature of the solid framework of the shale, as well as the type and pressure of pore fluids affect the long-term in-situ mechanical behavior of gas shale reservoirs.

Method of fabricating a homogeneous wire of inter-metallic alloy

DOEpatents

Ohriner, Evan Keith; Blue, Craig Alan

2001-01-01

A method for fabricating a homogeneous wire of inter-metallic alloy comprising the steps of providing a base-metal wire bundle comprising a metal, an alloy or a combination thereof; working the wire bundle through at least one die to obtain a desired dimension and to form a precursor wire; and, controllably heating the precursor wire such that a portion of the wire will become liquid while simultaneously maintaining its desired shape, whereby substantial homogenization of the wire occurs in the liquid state and additional homogenization occurs in the solid state resulting in a homogenous alloy product.

Site specific solubility improvement using solid dispersions of HPMC-AS/HPC SSL--mixtures.

PubMed

Zecevic, Damir Elmar; Meier, Robin; Daniels, Rolf; Wagner, Karl-Gerhard

2014-07-01

Many upcoming drug candidates are pH-dependent poorly soluble weak bases in the pH range of the gastrointestinal tract. This often leads to a high in vivo variability and bioavailability issues. Aiming to overcome these limitations, the design of solid dispersions for site specific dissolution improvement or maintenance of a potent supersaturation over the entire gastro-intestinal pH-range, is proposed to assure a reliable drug therapy. Solid dispersions containing different ratios of Dipyridamole (DPD) or Griseofulvin (GRI) and the enteric polymer hydroxypropylmethylcellulose-acetate succinate (HPMC-AS) and the water soluble low-viscosity hydroxypropylcellulose (HPC-SSL) were prepared by hot melt extrusion (HME). The solid dispersions were evaluated for their solid state, dissolution characteristics applying a three pH-step dissolution method following an acidic to neutral pH transition and stability. The use of HPMC-AS in binary mixtures with DPD and GRI facilitated increased solubility and supersaturation at pH-controlled release of the preserved amorphous state of the dispersed drug, which even inverted the pH-dependent solubility profile of the weakly basic model drug (Dipyridamole). I.e. a potent site specific delivery system was created. With ternary solid dispersions of API, HPMC-AS and HPC-SSL, tailored release profiles with superior supersaturation over the applied pH-range could be obtained. At the same time, binary and ternary mixtures showed favorable stability properties at a temperature difference between glass transition temperature and the applied storage temperature of down to 16°C. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Solid-phase organic synthesis of difluoroalkyl entities using a novel fluorinating cleavage strategy: part 2. Synthesis of three small gem-difluorinated compound libraries using a dithiane linker.

PubMed

Wiehn, Matthias S; Fürniss, Daniel; Bräse, Stefan

2009-01-01

Three small compound biaryl libraries featuring a novel fluorinating cleavage strategy for preparation of a difluoromethyl group were assembled on solid supports. The average reaction yield per step was up to 96% in a synthetic sequence over five to six steps. Key features were Suzuki coupling reactions, transesterification with potassium cyanide and amidation reaction with trimethyl aluminum on solid supports.

Reactive Desorption of CO Hydrogenation Products under Cold Pre-stellar Core Conditions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chuang, K.-J.; Fedoseev, G.; Qasim, D.; Ioppolo, S.; van Dishoeck, E. F.; Linnartz, H.

2018-02-01

The astronomical gas-phase detection of simple species and small organic molecules in cold pre-stellar cores, with abundances as high as ∼10‑8–10‑9 n H, contradicts the generally accepted idea that at 10 K, such species should be fully frozen out on grain surfaces. A physical or chemical mechanism that results in a net transfer from solid-state species into the gas phase offers a possible explanation. Reactive desorption, i.e., desorption following the exothermic formation of a species, is one of the options that has been proposed. In astronomical models, the fraction of molecules desorbed through this process is handled as a free parameter, as experimental studies quantifying the impact of exothermicity on desorption efficiencies are largely lacking. In this work, we present a detailed laboratory study with the goal of deriving an upper limit for the reactive desorption efficiency of species involved in the CO–H2CO–CH3OH solid-state hydrogenation reaction chain. The limit for the overall reactive desorption fraction is derived by precisely investigating the solid-state elemental carbon budget, using reflection absorption infrared spectroscopy and the calibrated solid-state band-strength values for CO, H2CO and CH3OH. We find that for temperatures in the range of 10 to 14 K, an upper limit of 0.24 ± 0.02 for the overall elemental carbon loss upon CO conversion into CH3OH. This corresponds with an effective reaction desorption fraction of ≤0.07 per hydrogenation step, or ≤0.02 per H-atom induced reaction, assuming that H-atom addition and abstraction reactions equally contribute to the overall reactive desorption fraction along the hydrogenation sequence. The astronomical relevance of this finding is discussed.

Preparation and measurement of three-qubit entanglement in a superconducting circuit.

PubMed

Dicarlo, L; Reed, M D; Sun, L; Johnson, B R; Chow, J M; Gambetta, J M; Frunzio, L; Girvin, S M; Devoret, M H; Schoelkopf, R J

2010-09-30

Traditionally, quantum entanglement has been central to foundational discussions of quantum mechanics. The measurement of correlations between entangled particles can have results at odds with classical behaviour. These discrepancies grow exponentially with the number of entangled particles. With the ample experimental confirmation of quantum mechanical predictions, entanglement has evolved from a philosophical conundrum into a key resource for technologies such as quantum communication and computation. Although entanglement in superconducting circuits has been limited so far to two qubits, the extension of entanglement to three, eight and ten qubits has been achieved among spins, ions and photons, respectively. A key question for solid-state quantum information processing is whether an engineered system could display the multi-qubit entanglement necessary for quantum error correction, which starts with tripartite entanglement. Here, using a circuit quantum electrodynamics architecture, we demonstrate deterministic production of three-qubit Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) states with fidelity of 88 per cent, measured with quantum state tomography. Several entanglement witnesses detect genuine three-qubit entanglement by violating biseparable bounds by 830 ± 80 per cent. We demonstrate the first step of basic quantum error correction, namely the encoding of a logical qubit into a manifold of GHZ-like states using a repetition code. The integration of this encoding with decoding and error-correcting steps in a feedback loop will be the next step for quantum computing with integrated circuits.

Photopolymer Electrolytes for Sustainable, Upscalable, Safe, and Ambient-Temperature Sodium-Ion Secondary Batteries.

PubMed

Bella, Federico; Colò, Francesca; Nair, Jijeesh R; Gerbaldi, Claudio

2015-11-01

The first example of a photopolymerized electrolyte for a sodium-ion battery is proposed herein. By means of a preparation process free of solvents, catalysts, purification steps, and separation steps, it is possible to obtain a three-dimensional polymeric network capable of efficient sodium-ion transport. The thermal properties of the resulting solid electrolyte separator, characterized by means of thermogravimetric and calorimetric techniques, are excellent for use in sustainable energy systems conceived for safe large-scale grid storage. The photopolymerized electrolyte shows a wide electrochemical stability window up to 4.8 V versus Na/Na(+) along with the highest ionic conductivity (5.1 mS cm(-1) at 20 °C) obtained in the field of Na-ion polymer batteries so far and stable long-term constant-current charge/discharge cycling. Moreover, the polymeric networks are also demonstrated for the in situ fabrication of electrode/electrolyte composites with excellent interfacial properties, which are ideal for all-solid-state, safe, and easily upscalable device assembly. © 2015 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Correlation between structural and semiconductor-metal changes and extreme conditions materials chemistry in Ge-Sn.

PubMed

Guillaume, Christophe L; Serghiou, George; Thomson, Andrew; Morniroli, Jean-Paul; Frost, Dan J; Odling, Nicholas; Jeffree, Chris E

2010-09-20

High pressure and temperature experiments on Ge-Sn mixtures to 24 GPa and 2000 K reveal segregation of Sn from Ge below 10 GPa whereas Ge-Sn agglomerates persist above 10 GPa regardless of heat treatment. At 10 GPa Ge reacts with Sn to form a tetragonal P4(3)2(1)2 Ge(0.9)Sn(0.1) solid solution on recovery, of interest for optoelectronic applications. Using electron diffraction and scanning electron microscopy measurements in conjunction with a series of tailored experiments promoting equilibrium and kinetically hindered synthetic conditions, we provide a step by step correlation between the semiconductor-metal and structural changes of the solid and liquid states of the two elements, and whether they segregate, mix or react upon compression. We identify depletion zones as an effective monitor for whether the process is moving toward reaction or segregation. This work hence also serves as a reference for interpretation of complex agglomerates and for developing successful synthesis conditions for new materials using extremes of pressure and temperature.

Simple synthetic route to manganese-containing nanowires with the spinel crystal structure

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Yu, Lei; Zhang, Yan; Hudak, Bethany M.

This report describes a new route to synthesize single-crystalline manganese-containing spinel nanowires (NWs) by a two-step hydrothermal and solid-state synthesis. Interestingly, a nanowire or nanorod morphology is maintained during conversion from MnO{sub 2}/MnOOH to CuMn{sub 2}O{sub 4}/Mg{sub 2}MnO{sub 4}, despite the massive structural rearrangement this must involve. Linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) curves of the products give preliminary demonstration that CuMn{sub 2}O{sub 4} NWs are catalytically active towards the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in alkaline solution, exhibiting five times the magnitude of current density found with pure carbon black. - Highlights: • Synthesis of single-crystalline manganese-containing spinel nanowires. • Binary oxidemore » nanowire converted to ternary oxide wire through solid state reaction. • Approach to structure conversion with shape retention could be generally applicable. • Copper and Manganese display multiple oxidation states with potential for catalysis. • CuMn{sub 2}O{sub 4} nanowires show promise as catalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction.« less

Three dimensional modelling of earthquake rupture cycles on frictional faults

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Simpson, Guy; May, Dave

2017-04-01

We are developing an efficient MPI-parallel numerical method to simulate earthquake sequences on preexisting faults embedding within a three dimensional viscoelastic half-space. We solve the velocity form of the elasto(visco)dynamic equations using a continuous Galerkin Finite Element Method on an unstructured pentahedral mesh, which thus permits local spatial refinement in the vicinity of the fault. Friction sliding is coupled to the viscoelastic solid via rate- and state-dependent friction laws using the split-node technique. Our coupled formulation employs a picard-type non-linear solver with a fully implicit, first order accurate time integrator that utilises an adaptive time step that efficiently evolves the system through multiple seismic cycles. The implementation leverages advanced parallel solvers, preconditioners and linear algebra from the Portable Extensible Toolkit for Scientific Computing (PETSc) library. The model can treat heterogeneous frictional properties and stress states on the fault and surrounding solid as well as non-planar fault geometries. Preliminary tests show that the model successfully reproduces dynamic rupture on a vertical strike-slip fault in a half-space governed by rate-state friction with the ageing law.

Impact of Extraction Parameters on the Recovery of Lipolytic Activity from Fermented Babassu Cake

PubMed Central

Silva, Jaqueline N.; Godoy, Mateus G.; Gutarra, Melissa L. E.; Freire, Denise M. G.

2014-01-01

Enzyme extraction from solid matrix is as important step in solid-state fermentation to obtain soluble enzymes for further immobilization and application in biocatalysis. A method for the recovery of a pool of lipases from Penicillium simplicissimum produced by solid-state fermentation was developed. For lipase recovery different extraction solution was used and phosphate buffer containing Tween 80 and NaCl showed the best results, yielding lipase activity of 85.7 U/g and 65.7 U/g, respectively. The parameters with great impacts on enzyme extraction detected by the Plackett-Burman analysis were studied by Central Composite Rotatable experimental designs where a quadratic model was built showing maximum predicted lipase activity (160 U/g) at 25°C, Tween 80 0.5% (w/v), pH 8.0 and extraction solution 7 mL/g, maintaining constant buffer molarity of 0.1 M and 200 rpm. After the optimization process a 2.5 fold increase in lipase activity in the crude extract was obtained, comparing the intial value (64 U/g) with the experimental design (160 U/g), thus improving the overall productivity of the process. PMID:25090644

A novel precursor system and its application to produce tin doped indium oxide.

PubMed

Veith, M; Bubel, C; Zimmer, M

2011-06-14

A new type of precursor has been developed by molecular design and synthesised to produce tin doped indium oxide (ITO). The precursor consists of a newly developed bimetallic indium tin alkoxide, Me(2)In(O(t)Bu)(3)Sn (Me = CH(3), O(t)Bu = OC(CH(3))(3)), which is in equilibrium with an excess of Me(2)In(O(t)Bu). This quasi single-source precursor is applied in a sol-gel process to produce powders and coatings of ITO using a one-step heat treatment process under an inert atmosphere. The main advantage of this system is the simple heat treatment that leads to the disproportionation of the bivalent Sn(II) precursor into Sn(IV) and metallic tin, resulting in an overall reduced state of the metal in the final tin doped indium oxide (ITO) material, hence avoiding the usually necessary reduction step. Solid state (119)Sn-NMR measurements of powder samples confirm the appearance of Sn(II) in an amorphous gel state and of metallic tin after annealing under nitrogen. The corresponding preparation of ITO coatings by spin coating on glass leads to transparent conductive layers with a high transmittance of visible light and a low electrical resistivity without the necessity of a reduction step.

Fast-Rate Capable Electrode Material with Higher Energy Density than LiFePO4: 4.2V LiVPO4F Synthesized by Scalable Single-Step Solid-State Reaction.

PubMed

Kim, Minkyung; Lee, Seongsu; Kang, Byoungwoo

2016-03-01

Use of compounds that contain fluorine (F) as electrode materials in lithium ion batteries has been considered, but synthesizing single-phase samples of these compounds is a difficult task. Here, it is demonstrated that a simple scalable single-step solid-state process with additional fluorine source can obtain highly pure LiVPO 4 F. The resulting material with submicron particles achieves very high rate capability ≈100 mAh g -1 at 60 C-rate (1-min discharge) and even at 200 C-rate (18 s discharge). It retains superior capacity, ≈120 mAh g -1 at 10 C charge/10 C discharge rate (6-min) for 500 cycles with >95% retention efficiency. Furthermore, LiVPO 4 F shows low polarization even at high rates leading to higher operating potential >3.45 V (≈3.6 V at 60 C-rate), so it achieves high energy density. It is demonstrated for the first time that highly pure LiVPO 4 F can achieve high power capability comparable to LiFePO 4 and much higher energy density (≈521 Wh g -1 at 20 C-rate) than LiFePO 4 even without nanostructured particles. LiVPO 4 F can be a real substitute of LiFePO 4.

Synthesis of acrylic polymer beads for solid-supported proline-derived organocatalysts.

PubMed

Kristensen, Tor E; Vestli, Kristian; Fredriksen, Kim A; Hansen, Finn K; Hansen, Tore

2009-07-16

A completely non-chromatographic and highly large-scale adaptable synthesis of acrylic polymer beads containing proline and prolineamides has been developed. Novel monomeric proline (meth)acrylates are prepared from hydroxyproline in only one step. Free-radical copolymerization then gives solid-supported proline organocatalysts directly in as little as two steps overall, without using any prefabricated solid supports, by using either droplet or dispersion polymerization. These affordable acrylic beads have highly favorable and adjustable swelling characteristics and are excellent reusable catalysts for organocatalytic reactions.

Spectroscopic and Thermal Behavior of Chromium Soaps

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mehrotra, K. N.; Jain, Mamta

1996-02-01

The physicochemical characteristics of chromium soaps (myristate and stearate) were investigated in the solid state (thermal, X-ray, and IR measurements) and in solutions (spectrophotometric measurements). The thermal measurements showed that the decomposition of chromium soaps is a two-step process. The soap decomposed into chromium oxycarboxylate, ketone, and carbon dioxide in the first step and the intermediate oxycarboxylate underwent further decomposition to chromium trioxide in the second step. The results showed that the second step is kinetically of zero order and the values of energy of activation for the first and second steps lie in the ranges 6-7 and 17-18 kcal mol-1, respectively. The X-ray diffraction results showed that these soaps possess double-layer structure with molecular axes slightly inclined to the basal plane. The infrared results revealed that the fatty acids exist with dimeric structure through hydrogen bonding between two molecules of fatty acids whereas the metal-to-oxygen bonds in chromium soaps are not purely ionic but possess considerable covalent character. The results of spectrophotometric measurements also confirmed the somewhat covalent nature of chromium soaps in solutions in dichloromethane.

Thermoelectric energy harvesting for a solid waste processing toilet

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Stokes, C. David; Baldasaro, Nicholas G.; Bulman, Gary E.; Stoner, Brian R.

2014-06-01

Over 2.5 billion people do not have access to safe and effective sanitation. Without a sanitary sewer infrastructure, self-contained modular systems can provide solutions for these people in the developing world and remote areas. Our team is building a better toilet that processes human waste into burnable fuel and disinfects the liquid waste. The toilet employs energy harvesting to produce electricity and does not require external electrical power or consumable materials. RTI has partnered with Colorado State University, Duke University, and Roca Sanitario under a Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation Reinvent the Toilet Challenge (RTTC) grant to develop an advanced stand-alone, self-sufficient toilet to effectively process solid and liquid waste. The system operates through the following steps: 1) Solid-liquid separation, 2) Solid waste drying and sizing, 3) Solid waste combustion, and 4) Liquid waste disinfection. Thermoelectric energy harvesting is a key component to the system and provides the electric power for autonomous operation. A portion of the exhaust heat is captured through finned heat-sinks and converted to electricity by thermoelectric (TE) devices to provide power for the electrochemical treatment of the liquid waste, pumps, blowers, combustion ignition, and controls.

Topotactic Reactions, Structural Studies, and Lithium Intercalation in Cation-Deficient Spinels with Formula Close to Li 2Mn 4O 9

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Palos, A. Ibarra; Anne, M.; Strobel, P.

2001-08-01

The composition Li2Mn4O9, reported as a spinel oxide containing vacancies on both tetrahedral and octahedral sites [A. de Kock et al., Mater. Res. Bull. 25, 657 (1990)], was approached using three different preparation routes: low-temperature solid state reaction (A), chemical delithiation (B), and electrochemical delithiation (C). Rietveld refinements from neutron diffraction data confirmed the double-vacancy scheme proposed previously for product A, but with more tetrahedral and fewer octahedral vacancies than in the ideal Li2Mn4O9 formula. Low-temperature solid state reactions systematically result in broad reflections. Sample B, which was obtained topotactically, exhibits much narrower reflections. But chemical analyses, thermogravimetry, and neutron diffraction show that the acid treatment introduces significant amounts of protons, resulting in a formula close to Li0.92HMn4O9. Samples A and B were cycled electrochemically in lithium cells at 3 V with better stability than LiMn2O4, probably due to their higher initial manganese oxidation state. No separate electrochemical step linked to the filling of vacancies is observed in A, whereas B gives an additional redox step ca. 200 mV above the main plateau. This feature is not observed on compounds A or C; it is reversible, and seems to be a specific property of this spinel with a low initial cell parameter (8.09 Å). Sample A2 with double cation vacancies is especially stable on cycling at 3 V, and shows a very small volume variation on lithium intercalation.

Review of Manganese Processing for Production of TRIP/TWIP Steels, Part 2: Reduction Studies

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Elliott, R.; Coley, K.; Mostaghel, S.; Barati, M.

2018-02-01

Production of ultrahigh-manganese steels is expected to result in significant increase in demand for low-carbon (LC) ferromanganese (FeMn) and silicomanganese (SiMn). Current manganese processing techniques are energy intensive and typically yield a high-carbon product. The present work therefore reviews available literature regarding carbothermic reduction of Mn oxides and ores, with the objective of identifying opportunities for future process development to mitigate the cost of LC FeMn and SiMn. In general, there is consensus that carbothermic reduction of Mn oxides and ores is limited by gasification of carbon. Conditions which enhance or bypass this step (e.g., by application of CH4) show higher rates of reduction at lower temperatures. This phenomenon has potential application in solid-state reduction of Mn ore. Other avenues for process development include optimization of the prereduction step in conventional FeMn production and metallothermic reduction as a secondary reduction step.

Surface grafting of cellulose nanocrystals with poly(ethylene oxide) in aqueous media.

PubMed

Kloser, Elisabeth; Gray, Derek G

2010-08-17

Aqueous suspensions of poly(ethylene oxide)-grafted nanocrystalline cellulose (PEO-grafted NCC) were prepared in order to achieve steric instead of electrostatic stabilization. A two-step process was employed: in the first step NCC suspensions prepared by sulfuric acid hydrolysis were desulfated with sodium hydroxide, and in the second step the surfaces of the crystals were functionalized with epoxy-terminated poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO epoxide) under alkaline conditions. The PEO-grafted samples were analyzed by conductometric titration, ATR-IR, solid-state NMR, MALDI-TOF MS, SEC MALLS, and AFM. The covalent nature of the linkage was confirmed by weight increase and MALDI-TOF analysis. The PEO-grafted cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) formed a stable colloidal suspension that remained well dispersed, while the desulfated nanoparticles aggregated and precipitated. Upon concentration of the PEO-grafted aqueous NCC suspension, a chiral nematic phase was observed.

Liquid fuels from food waste: An alternative process to co-digestion

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sim, Yoke-Leng; Ch'ng, Boon-Juok; Mok, Yau-Cheng; Goh, Sok-Yee; Hilaire, Dickens Saint; Pinnock, Travis; Adams, Shemlyn; Cassis, Islande; Ibrahim, Zainab; Johnson, Camille; Johnson, Chantel; Khatim, Fatima; McCormack, Andrece; Okotiuero, Mary; Owens, Charity; Place, Meoak; Remy, Cristine; Strothers, Joel; Waithe, Shannon; Blaszczak-Boxe, Christopher; Pratt, Lawrence M.

2017-04-01

Waste from uneaten, spoiled, or otherwise unusable food is an untapped source of material for biofuels. A process is described to recover the oil from mixed food waste, together with a solid residue. This process includes grinding the food waste to an aqueous slurry, skimming off the oil, a combined steam treatment of the remaining solids concurrent with extrusion through a porous cylinder to release the remaining oil, a second oil skimming step, and centrifuging the solids to obtain a moist solid cake for fermentation. The water, together with any resulting oil from the centrifuging step, is recycled back to the grinding step, and the cycle is repeated. The efficiency of oil extraction increases with the oil content of the waste, and greater than 90% of the oil was collected from waste containing at least 3% oil based on the wet mass. Fermentation was performed on the solid cake to obtain ethanol, and the dried solid fermentation residue was a nearly odorless material with potential uses of biochar, gasification, or compost production. This technology has the potential to enable large producers of food waste to comply with new laws which require this material to be diverted from landfills.

Molecular Chemistry and Engineering of Boron-Modified Polyorganosilazanes as New Processable and Functional SiBCN Precursors.

PubMed

Viard, Antoine; Fonblanc, Diane; Schmidt, Marion; Lale, Abhijeet; Salameh, Chrystelle; Soleilhavoup, Anne; Wynn, Mélanie; Champagne, Philippe; Cerneaux, Sophie; Babonneau, Florence; Chollon, Georges; Rossignol, Fabrice; Gervais, Christel; Bernard, Samuel

2017-07-06

A series of boron-modified polyorganosilazanes was synthesized from a poly(vinylmethyl-co-methyl)silazane and controlled amounts of borane dimethyl sulfide. The role of the chemistry behind their synthesis has been studied in detail by using solid-state NMR spectroscopy, FTIR spectroscopy, and elemental analysis. The intimate relationship between the chemistry and the processability of these polymers is discussed. Polymers with low boron contents displayed appropriate requirements for facile processing in solution, such as impregnation of host carbon materials, which resulted in the design of mesoporous monoliths with a high specific surface area after pyrolysis. Polymers with high boron content are more appropriate for solid-state processing to design mechanically robust monolith-type macroporous and dense structures after pyrolysis. Boron acts as a crosslinking element, which offers the possibility to extend the processability of polyorganosilazanes and suppress the distillation of oligomeric fragments in the low-temperature region of their thermal decomposition (i.e., pyrolysis) at 1000 °C under nitrogen. Polymers with controlled and high ceramic yields were generated. We provide a comprehensive mechanistic study of the two-step thermal decomposition based on a combination of thermogravimetric experiments coupled with elemental analysis, solid-state NMR spectroscopy, and FTIR spectroscopy. Selected characterization tools allowed the investigation of specific properties of the monolith-type SiBCN materials. © 2017 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

An aluminium nitride light-emitting diode with a wavelength of 210 nanometres.

PubMed

Taniyasu, Yoshitaka; Kasu, Makoto; Makimoto, Toshiki

2006-05-18

Compact high-efficiency ultraviolet solid-state light sources--such as light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and laser diodes--are of considerable technological interest as alternatives to large, toxic, low-efficiency gas lasers and mercury lamps. Microelectronic fabrication technologies and the environmental sciences both require light sources with shorter emission wavelengths: the former for improved resolution in photolithography and the latter for sensors that can detect minute hazardous particles. In addition, ultraviolet solid-state light sources are also attracting attention for potential applications in high-density optical data storage, biomedical research, water and air purification, and sterilization. Wide-bandgap materials, such as diamond and III-V nitride semiconductors (GaN, AlGaN and AlN; refs 3-10), are potential materials for ultraviolet LEDs and laser diodes, but suffer from difficulties in controlling electrical conduction. Here we report the successful control of both n-type and p-type doping in aluminium nitride (AlN), which has a very wide direct bandgap of 6 eV. This doping strategy allows us to develop an AlN PIN (p-type/intrinsic/n-type) homojunction LED with an emission wavelength of 210 nm, which is the shortest reported to date for any kind of LED. The emission is attributed to an exciton transition, and represents an important step towards achieving exciton-related light-emitting devices as well as replacing gas light sources with solid-state light sources.

New anti-angiogenic strategies in pediatric solid malignancies: agents and biomarkers of a near future.

PubMed

Taylor, Melissa; Rössler, Jochen; Geoerger, Birgit; Vassal, Gilles; Farace, Françoise

2010-07-01

Antiangiogenic strategies are affording considerable interest and have become a major milestone in therapeutics of various adult cancers. However, progress has been slow to expand such therapies to patients with pediatric solid malignancies. This review discusses the principal pathways for angiogenesis in pediatric solid malignancies and summarizes recent preclinical and clinical data on antiangiogenesis strategies in these tumors. The reader will gain state-of-the-art knowledge in the current advancements of antiangiogenic therapies in pediatric clinical trials in regard to supporting preclinical data, and in the status of potential biomarkers investigated for monitoring angiogenesis inhibitors. Mechanisms of resistance to antiangiogenic therapy will also be discussed. Finally, we describe our experience in the monitoring of circulating endothelial cells and progenitors and their potential role as biomarkers of metastatic disease and resistance to antiangiogenic therapies. Evaluation and development of antiangiogenesis protocols are starting and represent a crucial step in the management of pediatric solid malignancies today. Emphasis should be placed on the development of proper surrogate markers to monitor antiangiogenic activity and on the possible long-term effects of these therapies in a pediatric population.

Production, isolation, and purification of L-asparaginase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa 50071 using solid-state fermentation.

PubMed

El-Bessoumy, Ashraf A; Sarhan, Mohamed; Mansour, Jehan

2004-07-31

The L-asparaginase (E. C. 3. 5. 1. 1) enzyme was purified to homogeneity from Pseudomonas aeruginosa 50071 cells that were grown on solid-state fermentation. Different purification steps (including ammonium sulfate fractionation followed by separation on Sephadex G-100 gel filtration and CM-Sephadex C50) were applied to the crude culture filtrate to obtain a pure enzyme preparation. The enzyme was purified 106-fold and showed a final specific activity of 1900 IU/mg with a 43% yield. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) of the purified enzyme revealed it was one peptide chain with M(r) of 160 kDa. A Lineweaver-Burk analysis showed a K(m) value of 0.147 mM and V(max) of 35.7 IU. The enzyme showed maximum activity at pH 9 when incubated at 37 degrees C for 30 min. The amino acid composition of the purified enzyme was also determined.

In situ solid-state NMR and XRD studies of the ADOR process and the unusual structure of zeolite IPC-6

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Morris, Samuel A.; Bignami, Giulia P. M.; Tian, Yuyang; Navarro, Marta; Firth, Daniel S.; Čejka, Jiří; Wheatley, Paul S.; Dawson, Daniel M.; Slawinski, Wojciech A.; Wragg, David S.; Morris, Russell E.; Ashbrook, Sharon E.

2017-10-01

The assembly-disassembly-organization-reassembly (ADOR) mechanism is a recent method for preparing inorganic framework materials and, in particular, zeolites. This flexible approach has enabled the synthesis of isoreticular families of zeolites with unprecedented continuous control over porosity, and the design and preparation of materials that would have been difficult—or even impossible—to obtain using traditional hydrothermal techniques. Applying the ADOR process to a parent zeolite with the UTL framework topology, for example, has led to six previously unknown zeolites (named IPC-n, where n = 2, 4, 6, 7, 9 and 10). To realize the full potential of the ADOR method, however, a further understanding of the complex mechanism at play is needed. Here, we probe the disassembly, organization and reassembly steps of the ADOR process through a combination of in situ solid-state NMR spectroscopy and powder X-ray diffraction experiments. We further use the insight gained to explain the formation of the unusual structure of zeolite IPC-6.

A solid-state pH sensor for nonaqueous media including ionic liquids.

PubMed

Thompson, Brianna C; Winther-Jensen, Orawan; Winther-Jensen, Bjorn; MacFarlane, Douglas R

2013-04-02

We describe a solid state electrode structure based on a biologically derived proton-active redox center, riboflavin (RFN). The redox reaction of RFN is a pH-dependent process that requires no water. The electrode was fabricated using our previously described 'stuffing' method to entrap RFN into vapor phase polymerized poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene). The electrode is shown to be capable of measuring the proton activity in the form of an effective pH over a range of different water contents including nonaqueous systems and ionic liquids (ILs). This demonstrates that the entrapment of the redox center facilitates direct electron communication with the polymer. This work provides a miniaturizable system to determine pH (effective) in nonaqueous systems as well as in ionic liquids. The ability to measure pH (effective) is an important step toward the ability to customize ILs with suitable pH (effective) for catalytic reactions and biotechnology applications such as protein preservation.

Novel symmetrical coralloid Cu 3D superstructures: Solid-state synthesis from a Cu-carboxylate MOF and their in-situ thermal conversion

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chen, Lingyun; Shen, Yongming; Bai, Junfeng; Wang, Chunzhao

2009-08-01

We describe here a one-step solid-state process for the synthesis of metal three-dimensional (3D) superstructures from a metal-organic framework (MOF). Novel symmetrical coralloid Cu 3D superstructures with surface interspersed with clusters of Cu nanoparticles were successfully synthesized by thermolysis of the [Cu 3( btc) 2] ( btc=benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxylato) MOF in a one-end closed horizontal tube furnace (OCTF). The obtained products were characterized by TGA, FT-IR, XRD, EDX, SEM, TEM, HRTEM and SAED. Different reaction conditions were discussed. Furthermore, the synthesized Cu samples were converted into CuO microstructures by in-situ calcination in the air. In addition, the possible formation mechanism was also proposed. This method is a simple and facile route, which builds a direct linkage between metal-carboxylate MOF crystals and metal nano- or microstructures and also opens a new application field of MOFs.

Graphite Carbon-Supported Mo2C Nanocomposites by a Single-Step Solid State Reaction for Electrochemical Oxygen Reduction.

PubMed

Huang, K; Bi, K; Liang, C; Lin, S; Wang, W J; Yang, T Z; Liu, J; Zhang, R; Fan, D Y; Wang, Y G; Lei, M

2015-01-01

Novel graphite-molybdenum carbide nanocomposites (G-Mo2C) are synthesized by a typical solid state reaction with melamine and MoO3 as precursors under inert atmosphere. The characterization results indicate that G-Mo2C composites are composed of high crystallization and purity of Mo2C and few layers of graphite carbon. Mo2C nanoparticles with sizes ranging from 5 to 50 nm are uniformly supported by surrounding graphite layers. It is believed that Mo atom resulting from the reduction of MoO3 is beneficial to the immobilization of graphite carbon. Moreover, the electrocatalytic performances of G-Mo2C for ORR in alkaline medium are investigated by cyclic voltammetry (CV), rotating disk electrode (RDE) and chronoamperometry test with 3M methanol. The results show that G-Mo2C has a considerable catalytic activity and superior methanol tolerance performance for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) benefiting from the chemical interaction between the carbide nanoparticles and graphite carbon.

Fundamentals of Geophysics

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Frohlich, Cliff

Choosing an intermediate-level geophysics text is always problematic: What should we teach students after they have had introductory courses in geology, math, and physics, but little else? Fundamentals of Geophysics is aimed specifically at these intermediate-level students, and the author's stated approach is to construct a text “using abundant diagrams, a simplified mathematical treatment, and equations in which the student can follow each derivation step-by-step.” Moreover, for Lowrie, the Earth is round, not flat—the “fundamentals of geophysics” here are the essential properties of our Earth the planet, rather than useful techniques for finding oil and minerals. Thus this book is comparable in both level and approach to C. M. R. Fowler's The Solid Earth (Cambridge University Press, 1990).

A resolution recognizing the 50th anniversary of the date of enactment of the law that created real estate investment trusts (REITs) and gave millions of Americans new investment opportunities that helped them build a solid foundation for retirement and has contributed to the overall strength of the economy of the United States.

THOMAS, 112th Congress

Sen. Isakson, Johnny [R-GA

2011-02-17

Senate - 02/17/2011 Submitted in the Senate, considered, and agreed to without amendment and with a preamble by Unanimous Consent. (All Actions) Tracker: This bill has the status Agreed to in SenateHere are the steps for Status of Legislation:

Consequences of acid strength for isomerization and elimination catalysis on solid acids.

PubMed

Macht, Josef; Carr, Robert T; Iglesia, Enrique

2009-05-13

We address here the manner in which acid catalysis senses the strength of solid acids. Acid strengths for Keggin polyoxometalate (POM) clusters and zeolites, chosen because of their accurately known structures, are described rigorously by their deprotonation energies (DPE). Mechanistic interpretations of the measured dynamics of alkane isomerization and alkanol dehydration are used to obtain rate and equilibrium constants and energies for intermediates and transition states and to relate them to acid strength. n-Hexane isomerization rates were limited by isomerization of alkoxide intermediates on bifunctional metal-acid mixtures designed to maintain alkane-alkene equilibrium. Isomerization rate constants were normalized by the number of accessible protons, measured by titration with 2,6-di-tert-butylpyridine during catalysis. Equilibrium constants for alkoxides formed by protonation of n-hexene increased slightly with deprotonation energies (DPE), while isomerization rate constants decreased and activation barriers increased with increasing DPE, as also shown for alkanol dehydration reactions. These trends are consistent with thermochemical analyses of the transition states involved in isomerization and elimination steps. For all reactions, barriers increased by less than the concomitant increase in DPE upon changes in composition, because electrostatic stabilization of ion-pairs at the relevant transition states becomes more effective for weaker acids, as a result of their higher charge density at the anionic conjugate base. Alkoxide isomerization barriers were more sensitive to DPE than for elimination from H-bonded alkanols, the step that limits 2-butanol and 1-butanol dehydration rates; the latter two reactions showed similar DPE sensitivities, despite significant differences in their rates and activation barriers, indicating that slower reactions are not necessarily more sensitive to acid strength, but instead reflect the involvement of more unstable organic cations at their transition states. These compensating effects from electrostatic stabilization depend on how similar the charge density in these organic cations is to that in the proton removed. Cations with more localized charge favor strong electrostatic interactions with anions and form more stable ionic structures than do cations with more diffuse charges. Ion-pairs at elimination transition states contain cations with higher local charge density at the sp(2) carbon than for isomerization transition states; as a result, these ion-pairs recover a larger fraction of the deprotonation energy, and, consequently, their reactions become less sensitive to acid strength. These concepts lead us to conclude that the energetic difficulty of a catalytic reaction, imposed by gas-phase reactant proton affinities in transition state analogues, does not determine its sensitivity to the acid strength of solid catalysts.

Refined BCF-type boundary conditions for mesoscale surface step dynamics

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Zhao, Renjie; Ackerman, David M.; Evans, James W.

Deposition on a vicinal surface with alternating rough and smooth steps is described by a solid-on-solid model with anisotropic interactions. Kinetic Monte Carlo (KMC) simulations of the model reveal step pairing in the absence of any additional step attachment barriers. We explore the description of this behavior within an analytic Burton-Cabrera-Frank (BCF)-type step dynamics treatment. Without attachment barriers, conventional kinetic coefficients for the rough and smooth steps are identical, as are the predicted step velocities for a vicinal surface with equal terrace widths. However, we determine refined kinetic coefficients from a two-dimensional discrete deposition-diffusion equation formalism which accounts for stepmore » structure. These coefficients are generally higher for rough steps than for smooth steps, reflecting a higher propensity for capture of diffusing terrace adatoms due to a higher kink density. Such refined coefficients also depend on the local environment of the step and can even become negative (corresponding to net detachment despite an excess adatom density) for a smooth step in close proximity to a rough step. Incorporation of these refined kinetic coefficients into a BCF-type step dynamics treatment recovers quantitatively the mesoscale step-pairing behavior observed in the KMC simulations.« less

Refined BCF-type boundary conditions for mesoscale surface step dynamics

DOE PAGES

Zhao, Renjie; Ackerman, David M.; Evans, James W.

2015-06-24

Deposition on a vicinal surface with alternating rough and smooth steps is described by a solid-on-solid model with anisotropic interactions. Kinetic Monte Carlo (KMC) simulations of the model reveal step pairing in the absence of any additional step attachment barriers. We explore the description of this behavior within an analytic Burton-Cabrera-Frank (BCF)-type step dynamics treatment. Without attachment barriers, conventional kinetic coefficients for the rough and smooth steps are identical, as are the predicted step velocities for a vicinal surface with equal terrace widths. However, we determine refined kinetic coefficients from a two-dimensional discrete deposition-diffusion equation formalism which accounts for stepmore » structure. These coefficients are generally higher for rough steps than for smooth steps, reflecting a higher propensity for capture of diffusing terrace adatoms due to a higher kink density. Such refined coefficients also depend on the local environment of the step and can even become negative (corresponding to net detachment despite an excess adatom density) for a smooth step in close proximity to a rough step. Incorporation of these refined kinetic coefficients into a BCF-type step dynamics treatment recovers quantitatively the mesoscale step-pairing behavior observed in the KMC simulations.« less

Emerging applications of spark plasma sintering in all solid-state lithium-ion batteries and beyond

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhu, Hongzheng; Liu, Jian

2018-07-01

Solid-state batteries have received increasing attention due to their high safety aspect and high energy and power densities. However, the development of solid-state batteries is hindered by inferior solid-solid interfaces between the solid-state electrolyte and electrode, which cause high interfacial resistance, reduced Li-ion and electron transfer rate, and limited battery performance. Recently, spark plasma sintering (SPS) is emerging as a promising technique for fabricating solid-state electrolyte and electrode pellets with clean and intimate solid-solid interfaces. During the SPS process, the unique reaction mechanism through the combination of current, pressure and high heating rate allow the formation of desirable solid-solid interfaces between active material particles. Herein, this work focuses on the overview of the application of SPS for fabricating solid-state electrolyte and electrode in all solid-state Li-ion batteries, and beyond, such as solid-state Li-S and Na-ion batteries. The correlations among SPS parameters, interfacial resistance, and electrochemical properties of solid-state electrolytes and electrodes are discussed for different material systems. In the end, we point out future opportunities and challenges associated with SPS application in the hot area of solid-state batteries. It is expected that this timely review will stimulate more fundamental and applied research in the development of solid-state batteries by SPS.

Two-dimensional solid-phase extraction strategy for the selective enrichment of aminoglycosides in milk.

PubMed

Shen, Aijin; Wei, Jie; Yan, Jingyu; Jin, Gaowa; Ding, Junjie; Yang, Bingcheng; Guo, Zhimou; Zhang, Feifang; Liang, Xinmiao

2017-03-01

An orthogonal two-dimensional solid-phase extraction strategy was established for the selective enrichment of three aminoglycosides including spectinomycin, streptomycin, and dihydrostreptomycin in milk. A reversed-phase liquid chromatography material (C 18 ) and a weak cation-exchange material (TGA) were integrated in a single solid-phase extraction cartridge. The feasibility of two-dimensional clean-up procedure that experienced two-step adsorption, two-step rinsing, and two-step elution was systematically investigated. Based on the orthogonality of reversed-phase and weak cation-exchange procedures, the two-dimensional solid-phase extraction strategy could minimize the interference from the hydrophobic matrix existing in traditional reversed-phase solid-phase extraction. In addition, high ionic strength in the extracts could be effectively removed before the second dimension of weak cation-exchange solid-phase extraction. Combined with liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry, the optimized procedure was validated according to the European Union Commission directive 2002/657/EC. A good performance was achieved in terms of linearity, recovery, precision, decision limit, and detection capability in milk. Finally, the optimized two-dimensional clean-up procedure incorporated with liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry was successfully applied to the rapid monitoring of aminoglycoside residues in milk. © 2016 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Progress and prospect on failure mechanisms of solid-state lithium batteries

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ma, Jun; Chen, Bingbing; Wang, Longlong; Cui, Guanglei

2018-07-01

By replacing traditional liquid organic electrolyte with solid-state electrolyte, the solid-state lithium batteries powerfully come back to the energy storage field due to their eminent safety and energy density. In recent years, a variety of solid-state lithium batteries based on excellent solid-state electrolytes are developed. However, the performance degradation of solid-state lithium batteries during cycling and storing is still a serious challenge for practical application. Therefore, this review summarizes the research progress of solid-state lithium batteries from the perspectives of failure phenomena and failure mechanisms. Additionally, the development of methodologies on studying the failure mechanisms of solid-state lithium batteries is also reviewed. Moreover, some perspectives on the remaining questions for understanding the failure behaviors and achieving long cycle life, high safety and high energy density solid-state lithium batteries are presented. This review will help researchers to recognize the status of solid-state lithium batteries objectively and attract much more research interest in conquering the failure issues of solid-state lithium batteries.

Solid oxide fuel cells fueled with reducible oxides

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Chuang, Steven S.; Fan, Liang Shih

A direct-electrochemical-oxidation fuel cell for generating electrical energy includes a cathode provided with an electrochemical-reduction catalyst that promotes formation of oxygen ions from an oxygen-containing source at the cathode, a solid-state reduced metal, a solid-state anode provided with an electrochemical-oxidation catalyst that promotes direct electrochemical oxidation of the solid-state reduced metal in the presence of the oxygen ions to produce electrical energy, and an electrolyte disposed to transmit the oxygen ions from the cathode to the solid-state anode. A method of operating a solid oxide fuel cell includes providing a direct-electrochemical-oxidation fuel cell comprising a solid-state reduced metal, oxidizing themore » solid-state reduced metal in the presence of oxygen ions through direct-electrochemical-oxidation to obtain a solid-state reducible metal oxide, and reducing the solid-state reducible metal oxide to obtain the solid-state reduced metal.« less

Fast intersection detection algorithm for PC-based robot off-line programming

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fedrowitz, Christian H.

1994-11-01

This paper presents a method for fast and reliable collision detection in complex production cells. The algorithm is part of the PC-based robot off-line programming system of the University of Siegen (Ropsus). The method is based on a solid model which is managed by a simplified constructive solid geometry model (CSG-model). The collision detection problem is divided in two steps. In the first step the complexity of the problem is reduced in linear time. In the second step the remaining solids are tested for intersection. For this the Simplex algorithm, which is known from linear optimization, is used. It computes a point which is common to two convex polyhedra. The polyhedra intersect, if such a point exists. Regarding the simplified geometrical model of Ropsus the algorithm runs also in linear time. In conjunction with the first step a resultant collision detection algorithm is found which requires linear time in all. Moreover it computes the resultant intersection polyhedron using the dual transformation.

Some studies on a solid-state sulfur probe for coal gasification systems

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Jacob, K. T.; Rao, D. B.; Nelson, H. G.

1978-01-01

As a part of a program for the development of a sulfur probe for monitoring the sulfur potential in coal gasification reactors, an investigation was conducted regarding the efficiency of the solid electrolyte cell Ar+H2+H2S/CaS+CaF2+(Pt)//CaF2//Pt)+CaF2+CaS/H2S+H2+Ar. A demonstration is provided of the theory, design, and operation of a solid-state sulfur probe based on CaF2 electrolyte. It was found that the cell responds to changes in sulfur potential in a manner predicted by the Nernst equation. The response time of the cell at 1225 K, after a small change in temperature or gas composition, was 2.5 Hr, while at a lower temperature of 990 K the response time was approximately 9 hr. The cell emf was insensitive to a moderate increase in the flow rate of the test gas and/or the reference gas. The exact factors affecting the slow response time of galvanic cells based on a CaF2 electrolyte have not yet been determined. The rate-limiting steps may be either the kinetics of electrode reactions or the rate of transport through the electrolyte.

Myelography Iodinated Contrast Media. 2. Conformational Versatility of Iopamidol in the Solid State.

PubMed

Bellich, Barbara; Di Fonzo, Silvia; Tavagnacco, Letizia; Paolantoni, Marco; Masciovecchio, Claudio; Bertolotti, Federica; Giannini, Giovanna; De Zorzi, Rita; Geremia, Silvano; Maiocchi, Alessandro; Uggeri, Fulvio; Masciocchi, Norberto; Cesàro, Attilio

2017-02-06

The phenomenon of polymorphism is of great relevance in pharmaceutics, since different polymorphs have different physicochemical properties, e.g., solubility, hence, bioavailability. Coupling diffractometric and spectroscopic experiments with thermodynamic analysis and computational work opens to a methodological approach which provides information on both structure and dynamics in the solid as well as in solution. The present work reports on the conformational changes in crystalline iopamidol, which is characterized by atropisomerism, a phenomenon that influences both the solution properties and the distinct crystal phases. The conformation of iopamidol is discussed for three different crystal phases. In the anhydrous and monohydrate crystal forms, iopamidol molecules display a syn conformation of the long branches stemming out from the triiodobenzene ring, while in the pentahydrate phase the anti conformation is found. IR and Raman spectroscopic studies carried out on the three crystal forms, jointly with quantum chemical computations, revealed that the markedly different spectral features can be specifically attributed to the different molecular conformations. Our results on the conformational versatility of iopamidol in different crystalline phases, linking structural and spectroscopic evidence for the solution state and the solid forms, provide a definite protocol for grasping the signals that can be taken as conformational markers. This is the first step for understanding the crystallization mechanism occurring in supersaturated solution of iopamidol molecules.

Solid-phase materials for chelating metal ions and methods of making and using same

DOEpatents

Harrup, Mason K.; Wey, John E.; Peterson, Eric S.

2003-06-10

A solid material for recovering metal ions from aqueous streams, and methods of making and using the solid material, are disclosed. The solid material is made by covalently bonding a chelating agent to a silica-based solid, or in-situ condensing ceramic precursors along with the chelating agent to accomplish the covalent bonding. The chelating agent preferably comprises a oxime type chelating head, preferably a salicylaldoxime-type molecule, with an organic tail covalently bonded to the head. The hydrocarbon tail includes a carbon-carbon double bond, which is instrumental in the step of covalently bonding the tail to the silica-based solid or the in-situ condensation. The invented solid material may be contacted directly with aqueous streams containing metal ions, and is selective to ions such as copper (II) even in the presence of such ions as iron (III) and other materials that are present in earthen materials. The solid material with high selectivity to copper may be used to recover copper from mining and plating industry streams, to replace the costly and toxic solvent extraction steps of conventional copper processing.

Nonclassical nucleation pathways in protein crystallization

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhang, Fajun

2017-11-01

Classical nucleation theory (CNT), which was established about 90 years ago, has been very successful in many research fields, and continues to be the most commonly used theory in describing the nucleation process. For a fluid-to-solid phase transition, CNT states that the solute molecules in a supersaturated solution reversibly form small clusters. Once the cluster size reaches a critical value, it becomes thermodynamically stable and favored for further growth. One of the most important assumptions of CNT is that the nucleation process is described by one reaction coordinate and all order parameters proceed simultaneously. Recent studies in experiments, computer simulations and theory have revealed nonclassical features in the early stage of nucleation. In particular, the decoupling of order parameters involved during a fluid-to-solid transition leads to the so-called two-step nucleation mechanism, in which a metastable intermediate phase (MIP) exists between the initial supersaturated solution and the final crystals. Depending on the exact free energy landscapes, the MIPs can be a high density liquid phase, mesoscopic clusters, or a pre-ordered state. In this review, we focus on the studies of nonclassical pathways in protein crystallization and discuss the applications of the various scenarios of two-step nucleation theory. In particular, we focus on protein solutions in the presence of multivalent salts, which serve as a model protein system to study the nucleation pathways. We wish to point out the unique features of proteins as model systems for further studies.

Nonclassical nucleation pathways in protein crystallization.

PubMed

Zhang, Fajun

2017-11-08

Classical nucleation theory (CNT), which was established about 90 years ago, has been very successful in many research fields, and continues to be the most commonly used theory in describing the nucleation process. For a fluid-to-solid phase transition, CNT states that the solute molecules in a supersaturated solution reversibly form small clusters. Once the cluster size reaches a critical value, it becomes thermodynamically stable and favored for further growth. One of the most important assumptions of CNT is that the nucleation process is described by one reaction coordinate and all order parameters proceed simultaneously. Recent studies in experiments, computer simulations and theory have revealed nonclassical features in the early stage of nucleation. In particular, the decoupling of order parameters involved during a fluid-to-solid transition leads to the so-called two-step nucleation mechanism, in which a metastable intermediate phase (MIP) exists between the initial supersaturated solution and the final crystals. Depending on the exact free energy landscapes, the MIPs can be a high density liquid phase, mesoscopic clusters, or a pre-ordered state. In this review, we focus on the studies of nonclassical pathways in protein crystallization and discuss the applications of the various scenarios of two-step nucleation theory. In particular, we focus on protein solutions in the presence of multivalent salts, which serve as a model protein system to study the nucleation pathways. We wish to point out the unique features of proteins as model systems for further studies.

Remote quantum entanglement between two micromechanical oscillators.

PubMed

Riedinger, Ralf; Wallucks, Andreas; Marinković, Igor; Löschnauer, Clemens; Aspelmeyer, Markus; Hong, Sungkun; Gröblacher, Simon

2018-04-01

Entanglement, an essential feature of quantum theory that allows for inseparable quantum correlations to be shared between distant parties, is a crucial resource for quantum networks 1 . Of particular importance is the ability to distribute entanglement between remote objects that can also serve as quantum memories. This has been previously realized using systems such as warm 2,3 and cold atomic vapours 4,5 , individual atoms 6 and ions 7,8 , and defects in solid-state systems 9-11 . Practical communication applications require a combination of several advantageous features, such as a particular operating wavelength, high bandwidth and long memory lifetimes. Here we introduce a purely micromachined solid-state platform in the form of chip-based optomechanical resonators made of nanostructured silicon beams. We create and demonstrate entanglement between two micromechanical oscillators across two chips that are separated by 20 centimetres . The entangled quantum state is distributed by an optical field at a designed wavelength near 1,550 nanometres. Therefore, our system can be directly incorporated in a realistic fibre-optic quantum network operating in the conventional optical telecommunication band. Our results are an important step towards the development of large-area quantum networks based on silicon photonics.

A time step criterion for the stable numerical simulation of hydraulic fracturing

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Juan-Lien Ramirez, Alina; Löhnert, Stefan; Neuweiler, Insa

2017-04-01

The process of propagating or widening cracks in rock formations by means of fluid flow, known as hydraulic fracturing, has been gaining attention in the last couple of decades. There is growing interest in its numerical simulation to make predictions. Due to the complexity of the processes taking place, e.g. solid deformation, fluid flow in an open channel, fluid flow in a porous medium and crack propagation, this is a challenging task. Hydraulic fracturing has been numerically simulated for some years now [1] and new methods to take more of its processes into account (increasing accuracy) while modeling in an efficient way (lower computational effort) have been developed in recent years. An example is the use of the Extended Finite Element Method (XFEM), whose application originated within the framework of solid mechanics, but is now seen as an effective method for the simulation of discontinuities with no need for re-meshing [2]. While more focus has been put to the correct coupling of the processes mentioned above, less attention has been paid to the stability of the model. When using a quasi-static approach for the simulation of hydraulic fracturing, choosing an adequate time step is not trivial. This is in particular true if the equations are solved in a staggered way. The difficulty lies within the inconsistency between the static behavior of the solid and the dynamic behavior of the fluid. It has been shown that too small time steps may lead to instabilities early into the simulation time [3]. While the solid reaches a stationary state instantly, the fluid is not able to achieve equilibrium with its new surrounding immediately. This is why a time step criterion has been developed to quantify the instability of the model concerning the time step. The presented results were created with a 2D poroelastic model, using the XFEM for both the solid and the fluid phases. An embedded crack propagates following the energy release rate criteria when the fluid pressure within the crack rises. The fluid flow within the crack and in the porous medium are simulated using the mass balance for water and Darcy's law for flow. The equations for flow and deformation in the rock and that for flow in the fracture are solved in a staggered manner. The two sets of equations are coupled via Lagrange multipliers. We present a time step criterion for the stability of the scheme and illustrate this criterion with test examples of crack propagation. [1] T. Boone and A. Ingraffea. A numerical procedure for simulation of hydraulically-driven fracture propagation in poroelastic media. Int. J. Numer. Anal. Met. 14, 27-47, (1990) [2] T. Mohammadnejad and A. Khoei. An extended finite element method for hydraulic fracture propagation in deformable porous media with the cohesive crack model. Finite Elements in Analysis and Design. 73, 77-95, (2013) [3] E.W. Remij, J.J.C. Remmers, J.M. Huyghe, D.M.J. Smeulders. The enhanced local pressure model for the accurate analysis of fluid pressure driven fracture in porous materials. Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Engrg. 286, 293-312, (2015)

A new approach to phosphoserine and phosphothreonine analysis in peptides and proteins: chemical modification, enrichment via solid-phase reversible binding, and analysis by mass spectrometry.

PubMed

Thaler, Florian; Valsasina, Barbara; Baldi, Rosario; Xie, Jin; Stewart, Albert; Isacchi, Antonella; Kalisz, Henryk M; Rusconi, Luisa

2003-06-01

beta-Elimination of the phosphate group on phosphoserine and phosphothreonine residues and addition of an alkyldithiol is a useful tool for analysis of the phosphorylation states of proteins and peptides. We have explored the influence of several conditions on the efficiency of this PO(4)(3-) elimination reaction upon addition of propanedithiol. In addition to the described influence of different bases, the solvent composition was also found to have a major effect on the yield of the reaction. In particular, an increase in the percentage of DMSO enhances the conversion rate, whereas a higher amount of protic polar solvents, such as water or isopropanol, induces the opposite effect. We have also developed a protocol for enrichment of the modified peptides, which is based on solid-phase covalent capture/release with a dithiopyridino-resin. The procedure for beta-elimination and isolation of phosphorylated peptides by solid-phase capture/release was developed with commercially available alpha-casein. Enriched peptide fragments were characterized by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometric analysis before and after alkylation with iodoacetamide, which allowed rapid confirmation of the purposely introduced thiol moiety. Sensitivity studies, carried out in order to determine the detection limit, demonstrated that samples could be detected even in the low picomolar range by mass spectrometry. The developed solid-phase enrichment procedure based on reversible covalent binding of the modified peptides is more effective and significantly simpler than methods based on the interaction between biotin and avidin, which require additional steps such as tagging the modified peptides and work-up of the samples prior to the affinity capture step.

Development of solid-state NMR techniques for the characterisation of pharmaceutical compounds

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tatton, Andrew S.

Structural characterisation in the solid state is an important step in understanding the physical and chemical properties of a material. Solid-state NMR techniques applied to solid delivery forms are presented as an alternative to more established structural characterisation methods. The effect of homonuclear decoupling upon heteronuclear couplings is investigated using a combination of experimental and density-matrix simulation results acquired from a 13C-1H spinecho pulse sequence, modulated by scalar couplings. It is found that third-order cross terms under MAS and homonuclear decoupling contribute to strong dephasing effects in the NMR signal. Density-matrix simulations allow access to parameters currently unattainable in experiment, and demonstrate that higher homonuclear decoupling rf nutation frequencies reduce the magnitude of third-order cross terms. 15N-1H spinecho experiments were applied to pharmaceutically relevant samples to differentiate between the number of directly attached protons. Using this method, proton transfer in an acid-base reaction is proven in pharmaceutical salts. The indirect detection of 14N lineshapes via protons obtained using 2D 14N-1H HMQC experiments is presented, where coherence transfer is achieved via heteronuclear through-space dipolar couplings. The importance of fast MAS frequencies is demonstrated, and it is found that increasing the recoupling duration reveals longer range NH proximities. The 2D 14N-1H HMQC method is used to demonstrate the presence of specific hydrogen bonding interactions, and thus aid in identifying molecular association in a cocrystal and an amorphous dispersion. In addition, hydrogen bonding motifs were identified by observing the changes in the 14N quadrupolar parameters between individual molecular components relative to the respective solid delivery form. First-principles calculations of NMR chemical shifts and quadrupolar parameters using the GIPAW method were combined with 14N-1H experimental results to assist with spectral assignment and the identification of the hydrogen bonding interactions.

Technology Needs for Gamma Ray Astronomy

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Gehrels, Neil

2011-01-01

Gamma ray astronomy is currently in an exciting period of multiple missions and a wealth of data. Results from INTEGRAL, Fermi, AGILE, Suzaku and Swift are making large contributions to our knowledge of high energy processes in the universe. The advances are due to new detector and imaging technologies. The steps to date have been from scintillators to solid state detectors for sensors and from light buckets to coded aperture masks and pair telescopes for imagers. A key direction for the future is toward focusing telescopes pushing into the hard X-ray regime and Compton telescopes and pair telescopes with fine spatial resolution for medium and high energy gamma rays. These technologies will provide finer imaging of gamma-ray sources. Importantly, they will also enable large steps forward in sensitivity by reducing background.

Activation of boron and recrystallization in Ge preamorphization implant structure of ultra shallow junctions by microwave annealing

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tsai, Ming Han; Wu, Chi-Ting; Lee, Wen-His

2014-04-01

In this study, high-current and low-energy (400 eV) ion implantation and low-temperature microwave annealing were employed to achieve ultra shallow junctions. To use the characteristic of microwave annealing more effectively, two-step microwave annealing was also employed. In the first step annealing, a high-power (2400 W; ˜500 °C) microwave was used to achieve solid-state epitaxial regrowth (SPER) and enhance microwave absorption. In the second step of annealing, unlike in conventional thermal annealing, which requires a higher energy to activate the dopant, a 600 W (˜250 °C) microwave was used to achieve low sheet resistance. The device subjected to two-step microwave annealing at 2400 W for 300 s + 600 W for 600 s has the lowest Vth. It also has the lowest subthreshold swing (SS), which means that it has the highest cap ability to control sub threshold current. In these three devices, the largest Ion/Ioff ratio is 2.203 × 106, and the smallest Ion/Ioff ratio is 2.024 × 106.

The structure of poly(carbonsuboxide) on the atomic scale: a solid-state NMR study.

PubMed

Schmedt auf der Günne, Jörn; Beck, Johannes; Hoffbauer, Wilfried; Krieger-Beck, Petra

2005-07-18

In this contribution we present a study of the structure of amorphous poly(carbonsuboxide) (C3O2)x by 13C solid-state NMR spectroscopy supported by infrared spectroscopy and chemical analysis. Poly(carbonsuboxide) was obtained by polymerization of carbonsuboxide C3O2, which in turn was synthesized from malonic acid bis(trimethylsilylester). Two different 13C labeling schemes were applied to probe inter- and intramonomeric bonds in the polymer by dipolar solid-state NMR methods and also to allow quantitative 13C MAS NMR spectra. Four types of carbon environments can be distinguished in the NMR spectra. Double-quantum and triple-quantum 2D correlation experiments were used to assign the observed peaks using the through-space and through-bond dipolar coupling. In order to obtain distance constraints for the intermonomeric bonds, double-quantum constant-time experiments were performed. In these experiments an additional filter step was applied to suppress contributions from not directly bonded 13C,13C spin pairs. The 13C NMR intensities, chemical shifts, connectivities and distances gave constraints for both the polymerization mechanism and the short-range order of the polymer. The experimental results were complemented by bond lengths predicted by density functional theory methods for several previously suggested models. Based on the presented evidence we can unambiguously exclude models based on gamma-pyronic units and support models based on alpha-pyronic units. The possibility of planar ladder- and bracelet-like alpha-pyronic structures is discussed.

Spark Plasma Sintering As a Solid-State Recycling Technique: The Case of Aluminum Alloy Scrap Consolidation

PubMed Central

Paraskevas, Dimos; Vanmeensel, Kim; Vleugels, Jef; Dewulf, Wim; Deng, Yelin; Duflou, Joost R.

2014-01-01

Recently, “meltless” recycling techniques have been presented for the light metals category, targeting both energy and material savings by bypassing the final recycling step of remelting. In this context, the use of spark plasma sintering (SPS) is proposed in this paper as a novel solid-state recycling technique. The objective is two-fold: (I) to prove the technical feasibility of this approach; and (II) to characterize the recycled samples. Aluminum (Al) alloy scrap was selected to demonstrate the SPS effectiveness in producing fully-dense samples. For this purpose, Al alloy scrap in the form of machining chips was cold pre-compacted and sintered bellow the solidus temperature at 490 °C, under elevated pressure of 200 MPa. The dynamic scrap compaction, combined with electric current-based joule heating, achieved partial fracture of the stable surface oxides, desorption of the entrapped gases and activated the metallic surfaces, resulting in efficient solid-state chip welding eliminating residual porosity. The microhardness, the texture, the mechanical properties, the microstructure and the density of the recycled specimens have been investigated. An X-ray computed tomography (CT) analysis confirmed the density measurements, revealing a void-less bulk material with homogeneously distributed intermetallic compounds and oxides. The oxide content of the chips incorporated within the recycled material slightly increases its elastic properties. Finally, a thermal distribution simulation of the process in different segments illustrates the improved energy efficiency of this approach. PMID:28788153

A 70 kV solid-state high voltage pulse generator based on saturable pulse transformer.

PubMed

Fan, Xuliang; Liu, Jinliang

2014-02-01

High voltage pulse generators are widely applied in many fields. In recent years, solid-state and operating at repetitive mode are the most important developing trends of high voltage pulse generators. A solid-state high voltage pulse generator based on saturable pulse transformer is proposed in this paper. The proposed generator is consisted of three parts. They are charging system, triggering system, and the major loop. Saturable pulse transformer is the key component of the whole generator, which acts as a step-up transformer and main switch during working process of this generator. The circuit and working principles of the proposed pulse generator are introduced first in this paper, and the saturable pulse transformer used in this generator is introduced in detail. Circuit of the major loop is simulated to verify the design of the system. Demonstration experiments are carried out, and the results show that when the primary energy storage capacitor is charged to a high voltage, such as 2.5 kV, a voltage with amplitude of 86 kV can be achieved on the secondary winding. The magnetic core of saturable pulse transformer is saturated deeply and the saturable inductance of the secondary windings is very small. The switch function of the saturable pulse transformer can be realized ideally. Therefore, a 71 kV output voltage pulse is formed on the load. Moreover, the magnetic core of the saturable pulse transformer can be reset automatically.

Solid state recycling of aluminium alloys via a porthole die hot extrusion process: Scaling up to production

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Paraskevas, Dimos; Kellens, Karel; Deng, Yelin; Dewulf, Wim; Kampen, Carlos; Duflou, Joost R.

2017-10-01

Whereas industrial symbiosis has led to increased energy and resource efficiency in process industries, this concept has not yet been applied in discrete product manufacturing. Metal scrap is first conventionally recycled, for which substantial energy and resource efficiency losses have been reported. Recent research has however proven the feasibility of `meltless' recycling of light metal scrap, yielding a first glimpse of potential industrial symbiosis. Various solid state recycling techniques (such as recycling via hot extrusion or Spark Plasma Sintering) have been proposed for scrap consolidation directly into bulk products or semis by physical disruption and dispersion of the oxide surface film by imposing significant plastic and shear strain. Solid State Recycling (SSR) methods can omit substantial material losses as they bypass the metallurgical recycling step. In this context the case of direct production of bulk aluminium profiles via hot extrusion at industrial scale is demonstrated within this paper. The extrusion tests were performed directly into the production line, highlighting the scaling up potentials and the industrial relevance of this research. A significant amount of machining chips were collected, chemically cleaned and cold compacted into chip based billets with ˜80% relative density. Afterwards the scrap consolidation was achieved by imposing significant plastic and shear deformation into the material during hot extrusion through a modified 2-porthole extrusion die-set. The production process sequence along with microstructural investigations and mechanical properties comparison of the cast based profile used as reference versus the chip based profile are presented.

Spark Plasma Sintering As a Solid-State Recycling Technique: The Case of Aluminum Alloy Scrap Consolidation.

PubMed

Paraskevas, Dimos; Vanmeensel, Kim; Vleugels, Jef; Dewulf, Wim; Deng, Yelin; Duflou, Joost R

2014-08-06

Recently, "meltless" recycling techniques have been presented for the light metals category, targeting both energy and material savings by bypassing the final recycling step of remelting. In this context, the use of spark plasma sintering (SPS) is proposed in this paper as a novel solid-state recycling technique. The objective is two-fold: (I) to prove the technical feasibility of this approach; and (II) to characterize the recycled samples. Aluminum (Al) alloy scrap was selected to demonstrate the SPS effectiveness in producing fully-dense samples. For this purpose, Al alloy scrap in the form of machining chips was cold pre-compacted and sintered bellow the solidus temperature at 490 °C, under elevated pressure of 200 MPa. The dynamic scrap compaction, combined with electric current-based joule heating, achieved partial fracture of the stable surface oxides, desorption of the entrapped gases and activated the metallic surfaces, resulting in efficient solid-state chip welding eliminating residual porosity. The microhardness, the texture, the mechanical properties, the microstructure and the density of the recycled specimens have been investigated. An X-ray computed tomography (CT) analysis confirmed the density measurements, revealing a void-less bulk material with homogeneously distributed intermetallic compounds and oxides. The oxide content of the chips incorporated within the recycled material slightly increases its elastic properties. Finally, a thermal distribution simulation of the process in different segments illustrates the improved energy efficiency of this approach.

Fabrication and microstructure of cerium doped lutetium aluminum garnet (Ce:LuAG) transparent ceramics by solid-state reaction method

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Li, Junlang, E-mail: lijunlangx@163.com; Xu, Jian, E-mail: xu.jian.57z@st.kyoto-u.ac.jp; Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Division of Materials Function, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501

2014-07-01

Highlights: • We fabricate Ce doped lutetium aluminum garnet ceramics by solid-state method. • The raw materials include Lu{sub 2}O{sub 3} nanopowders synthesized by co-precipitation method. • The density of the transparent ceramics reach 99.7% of the theoretical value. • The optical transmittance of the bulk ceramic at 550 nm was 57.48%. • Some scattering centers decrease the optical characteristic of the ceramic. - Abstract: Polycrystalline Ce{sup 3+} doped lutetium aluminum garnet (Ce:LuAG) transparent ceramics fabricated by one step solid-state reaction method using synthetic nano-sized Lu{sub 2}O{sub 3}, commercial α-Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} and CeO{sub 2} powders were investigated in thismore » paper. The green compacts shaped by the mixed powders were successfully densified into Ce:LuAG transparent ceramics after vacuum sintering at 1750 °C for 10 h. The in-line optical transmittance of the Ce:LuAG ceramic made by home-made Lu{sub 2}O{sub 3} powders could reach 57.48% at 550 nm, which was higher than that of the ceramic made by commercial Lu{sub 2}O{sub 3} powders (22.96%). The microstructure observation showed that light scattering centers caused by micro-pores, aluminum segregation and refraction index inhomogeneities induced the decrease of optical transparency of the Ce:LuAG ceramics, which should be removed and optimized in the future work.« less

Implications of Chirality of Drugs and Excipients in Physical Pharmacy.

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Duddu, Sarma P.

1993-01-01

The interactions of enantiomers of a chiral drug with other chemical entities, which may lead to changes and stereoselective differences in the physicochemical properties of the drug, were investigated. The various interactions described below employed ephedrine, pseudoephedrine and some of their salts, and to a minor extent, propranolol hydrochloride. The interaction of ephedrinium or pseudoephedrinium with the achiral anion, salicylate, yielded crystalline salts with the notable exception of homochiral ephedrine. Racemic ephedrinium salicylate exists as a centrosymmetric crystal (P2_1/n) whereas racemic pseudoephedrinium salicylate is a mixture of homochiral crystals (P2 _1). The inability of ephedrinium to exist as a homochiral salicylate salt is attributed to a high energy conformation of the ephedrinium cation, following conformational analysis. Arising from conformationally favorable interactions, the crystallization of racemic ephedrinium salicylate from aqueous solutions was utilized to improve the enantiomeric purity of a partially resolved mixture of ephedrine from 60% to 82% in one crystallization step. Interaction of the opposite enantiomers of ephedrine and pseudoephedrine in the solid, liquid, solution and vapor state produced the respective racemic compounds. The formation of racemic ephedrine in the solid state as predominantly second order (k = 392 mol^{-1} hr^{-1}), probably mediated by the vapor phase. The formation of racemic pseudoephedrine was predominantly diffusion-controlled in the solid state via an intermediate non-crystalline phase. The interaction with traces of the opposite enantiomer during crystallization of (RS)-(-)-ephedrinium 2-naphthalenesulfonate and (SS)-(+)-pseudoephedrinium salicylate changed pharmaceutically important solid state properties, including dissolution rate. Uptake of the enantiomeric impurity was measured by a new, sensitive HPLC method. The enantiomeric impurity, at mole fractions <= 0.0027 greatly increased the lattice disorder, i.e. entropy, measured calorimetrically. The release of propranolol hydrochloride from a sustained-release matrix containing HPMC and racemic propranolol hydrochloride was stereoselective, though variable, suggesting a differential interaction of the two enantiomers with the hydrated chiral matrix. Thus, the interaction of a chiral drug with other chemical entities leads to significant, interpretable changes in the physicochemical properties of the drug, which may have important implications in the design and development of reliable and effective solid dosage forms.

Nano-Structured Solids and Heterogeneous Catalysts: Powerful Tools for the Reduction of CBRN Threats

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Guidotti, M.; Rossodivita, A.; Ranghieri, M. C.

In the field of non-conventional CBRN weapons, the recent rapid development of nanotechnology and catalysis over nanosized solids provides innovative tools for the detection, protection and decontamination against these threats. By improving the efficiency of the countermeasures and by minimizing the negative effects of a deliberate use of CBRN agents, the practical application of the new technologies will readily represent a step forward in lowering the vulnerability of the civilian populations and in preventing the use of mass destruction weapons by terrorist groups or by `rogue states' supporting terrorists' activity. In such scenario, some relevant examples of nanosystems applied to the defense from non-conventional warfare agents will be here presented and commented. The key role of nanotechnology and heterogeneous catalysis for a multidisciplinary approach in counteracting CBRN threats will be highlighted too.

Rational reduction of periodic propagators for off-period observations.

PubMed

Blanton, Wyndham B; Logan, John W; Pines, Alexander

2004-02-01

Many common solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance problems take advantage of the periodicity of the underlying Hamiltonian to simplify the computation of an observation. Most of the time-domain methods used, however, require the time step between observations to be some integer or reciprocal-integer multiple of the period, thereby restricting the observation bandwidth. Calculations of off-period observations are usually reduced to brute force direct methods resulting in many demanding matrix multiplications. For large spin systems, the matrix multiplication becomes the limiting step. A simple method that can dramatically reduce the number of matrix multiplications required to calculate the time evolution when the observation time step is some rational fraction of the period of the Hamiltonian is presented. The algorithm implements two different optimization routines. One uses pattern matching and additional memory storage, while the other recursively generates the propagators via time shifting. The net result is a significant speed improvement for some types of time-domain calculations.

A bill to ensure that methodologies and technologies used by the Bureau of Customs and Border Protection to screen for and detect the presence of chemical, nuclear, biological, and radiological weapons in municipal solid waste are as effective as the methodologies and technologies used by the Bureau to screen for those materials in other items of commerce entering the United States through commercial motor vehicle transport.

THOMAS, 112th Congress

Sen. Levin, Carl [D-MI

2011-04-14

Senate - 04/14/2011 Read twice and referred to the Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs. (All Actions) Tracker: This bill has the status IntroducedHere are the steps for Status of Legislation:

Probabilistic In Situ Stress Estimation and Forecasting using Sequential Data Assimilation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fichtner, A.; van Dinther, Y.; Kuensch, H. R.

2017-12-01

Our physical understanding and forecasting ability of earthquakes, and other solid Earth dynamic processes, is significantly hampered by limited indications on the evolving state of stress and strength on faults. Integrating observations and physics-based numerical modeling to quantitatively estimate this evolution of a fault's state is crucial. However, systematic attempts are limited and tenuous, especially in light of the scarcity and uncertainty of natural data and the difficulty of modelling the physics governing earthquakes. We adopt the statistical framework of sequential data assimilation - extensively developed for weather forecasting - to efficiently integrate observations and prior knowledge in a forward model, while acknowledging errors in both. To prove this concept we perform a perfect model test in a simplified subduction zone setup, where we assimilate synthetic noised data on velocities and stresses from a single location. Using an Ensemble Kalman Filter, these data and their errors are assimilated to update 150 ensemble members from a Partial Differential Equation-driven seismic cycle model. Probabilistic estimates of fault stress and dynamic strength evolution capture the truth exceptionally well. This is possible, because the sampled error covariance matrix contains prior information from the physics that relates velocities, stresses and pressure at the surface to those at the fault. During the analysis step, stress and strength distributions are thus reconstructed such that fault coupling can be updated to either inhibit or trigger events. In the subsequent forecast step the physical equations are solved to propagate the updated states forward in time and thus provide probabilistic information on the occurrence of the next event. At subsequent assimilation steps, the system's forecasting ability turns out to be significantly better than that of a periodic recurrence model (requiring an alarm 17% vs. 68% of the time). This thus provides distinct added value with respect to using observations or numerical models separately. Although several challenges for applications to a natural setting remain, these first results indicate the large potential of data assimilation techniques for probabilistic seismic hazard assessment and other challenges in dynamic solid earth systems.

Coordinated garbage collection for raid array of solid state disks

DOEpatents

Dillow, David A; Ki, Youngjae; Oral, Hakki S; Shipman, Galen M; Wang, Feiyi

2014-04-29

An optimized redundant array of solid state devices may include an array of one or more optimized solid-state devices and a controller coupled to the solid-state devices for managing the solid-state devices. The controller may be configured to globally coordinate the garbage collection activities of each of said optimized solid-state devices, for instance, to minimize the degraded performance time and increase the optimal performance time of the entire array of devices.

Spectroscopic characterization of zinc oxide nanorods synthesized by solid-state reaction

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Prasad, Virendra; D'Souza, Charlene; Yadav, Deepti; Shaikh, A. J.; Vigneshwaran, Nadanathangam

2006-09-01

Well-crystallized zinc oxide nanorods have been fabricated by single step solid-state reaction using zinc acetate and sodium hydroxide, at room temperature. The sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) stabilized zinc oxide nanorods were characterized by using X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy and photoluminescence spectroscopy. The X-ray diffraction revealed the wurtzite structure of zinc oxide. The size estimation by XRD and TEM confirmed that the ZnO nanorods are made of single crystals. The growth of zinc oxide crystals into rod shape was found to be closely related to its hexagonal nature. The mass ratio of SLS:ZnO in the nanorods was found to be 1:10 based on the thermogravimetric analysis. Blue shift of photoluminescence emission was noticed in the ZnO nanorods when compared to that of ZnO bulk. FT-IR analysis confirmed the binding of SLS with ZnO nanorods. Apart from ease of preparation, this method has the advantage of eco-friendliness since the solvent and other harmful chemicals were eliminated in the synthesis protocol.

Improving mechanical properties of carbon nanotube fibers through simultaneous solid-state cycloaddition and crosslinking

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Lu, Xinyi; Hiremath, Nitilaksha; Hong, Kunlun

Individual carbon nanotubes (CNTs) exhibit exceptional mechanical properties. However, difficulties remain in fully realizing these properties in CNT macro-assemblies, because the weak inter-tube forces result in the CNTs sliding past one another. Here in this study, a simple solid-state reaction is presented that enhances the mechanical properties of carbon nanotube fibers (CNTFs) through simultaneous covalent functionalization and crosslinking. This is the first chemical crosslinking proposed without the involvement of a catalyst or byproducts. The specific tensile strength of CNTFs obtained from the treatment employing a benzocyclobutene-based polymer is improved by 40%. Such improvement can be attributed to a reduced numbermore » of voids, impregnation of the polymer, and the formation of covalent crosslinks. This methodology is confirmed using both multiwalled nanotube (MWNT) powders and CNTFs. Thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy of the treated MWNT powders confirm the covalent functionalization and formation of inter-tube crosslinks. This simple one-step reaction can be applied to industrial-scale production of high-strength CNTFs.« less

Solid-state synthesis of ordered mesoporous carbon catalysts via a mechanochemical assembly through coordination cross-linking

PubMed Central

Zhang, Pengfei; Wang, Li; Yang, Shize; Schott, Jennifer A.; Liu, Xiaofei; Mahurin, Shannon M.; Huang, Caili; Zhang, Yu; Fulvio, Pasquale F.; Chisholm, Matthew F.; Dai, Sheng

2017-01-01

Ordered mesoporous carbons (OMCs) have demonstrated great potential in catalysis, and as supercapacitors and adsorbents. Since the introduction of the organic–organic self-assembly approach in 2004/2005 until now, the direct synthesis of OMCs is still limited to the wet processing of phenol-formaldehyde polycondensation, which involves soluble toxic precursors, and acid or alkali catalysts, and requires multiple synthesis steps, thus restricting the widespread application of OMCs. Herein, we report a simple, general, scalable and sustainable solid-state synthesis of OMCs and nickel OMCs with uniform and tunable mesopores (∼4–10 nm), large pore volumes (up to 0.96 cm3 g−1) and high-surface areas exceeding 1,000 m2 g−1, based on a mechanochemical assembly between polyphenol-metal complexes and triblock co-polymers. Nickel nanoparticles (∼5.40 nm) confined in the cylindrical nanochannels show great thermal stability at 600 °C. Moreover, the nickel OMCs offer exceptional activity in the hydrogenation of bulky molecules (∼2 nm). PMID:28452357

Utilization of agroindustrial residues for lipase production by solid-state fermentation

PubMed Central

Damaso, Mônica Caramez Triches; Passianoto, Moisés Augusto; de Freitas, Sidinéa Cordeiro; Freire, Denise Maria Guimarães; Lago, Regina Celi Araujo; Couri, Sonia

2008-01-01

The aim of this work was to produce lipases by solid-state fermentation (SSF) using, as substrate, agroindustrial residue supplemented with by-products from corn oil refining process or olive oil. For a group of ten fungi strains selected in the first steps, the lipase activity obtained by SSF varied from 7.7 to 58.6 U/g of dry substrate (gds). Among the evaluated strains, the Aspergillus niger mutant 11T53A14 was selected by presenting the best enzymatic production. For the fermentation tests, two substrates were also investigated: wheat bran and corn cob, both supplemented with olive oil. The best results were obtained with wheat bran. Additionally, three industrial by-products from corn oil refining (soapstock, stearin and fatty acids) were evaluated as substitutes to the olive oil in the function of lipases production inducer. Among them, soapstock and stearin were the best inducers, whereas fatty acids presented an inhibitor effect. The highest lipase activities using soapstock, stearin and fatty acids were 62.7 U/gds, 37.7 U/gds and 4.1 U/gds, respectively. PMID:24031288

Comparison of kinetic model for biogas production from corn cob

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Shitophyta, L. M.; Maryudi

2018-04-01

Energy demand increases every day, while the energy source especially fossil energy depletes increasingly. One of the solutions to overcome the energy depletion is to provide renewable energies such as biogas. Biogas can be generated by corn cob and food waste. In this study, biogas production was carried out by solid-state anaerobic digestion. The steps of biogas production were the preparation of feedstock, the solid-state anaerobic digestion, and the measurement of biogas volume. This study was conducted on TS content of 20%, 22%, and 24%. The aim of this research was to compare kinetic models of biogas production from corn cob and food waste as a co-digestion using the linear, exponential equation, and first-kinetic models. The result showed that the exponential equation had a better correlation than the linear equation on the ascending graph of biogas production. On the contrary, the linear equation had a better correlation than the exponential equation on the descending graph of biogas production. The correlation values on the first-kinetic model had the smallest value compared to the linear and exponential models.

Phase field crystal simulation of stress induced localized solid-state amorphization in nanocrystalline materials

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Xi, Wen; Song, Xiaoqing; Hu, Shi; Chen, Zheng

2017-11-01

In this work, the phase field crystal (PFC) method is used to study the localized solid-state amorphization (SSA) and its dynamic transformation process in polycrystalline materials under the uniaxial tensile deformation with different factors. The impacts of these factors, including strain rates, temperatures and grain sizes, are analyzed. Kinetically, the ultra-high strain rate causes the lattice to be seriously distorted and the grain to gradually collapse, so the dislocation density rises remarkably. Therefore, localized SSA occurs. Thermodynamically, as high temperature increases the activation energy, the atoms are active and prefer to leave the original position, which induce atom rearrangement. Furthermore, small grain size increases the percentage of grain boundary and the interface free energy of the system. As a result, Helmholtz free energy increases. The dislocations and Helmholtz free energy act as the seed and driving force for the process of the localized SSA. Also, the critical diffusion-time step and the percentage of amorphous region areas are calculated. Through this work, the PFC method is proved to be an effective means to study localized SSA under uniaxial tensile deformation.

Improving mechanical properties of carbon nanotube fibers through simultaneous solid-state cycloaddition and crosslinking

DOE PAGES

Lu, Xinyi; Hiremath, Nitilaksha; Hong, Kunlun; ...

2017-03-13

Individual carbon nanotubes (CNTs) exhibit exceptional mechanical properties. However, difficulties remain in fully realizing these properties in CNT macro-assemblies, because the weak inter-tube forces result in the CNTs sliding past one another. Here in this study, a simple solid-state reaction is presented that enhances the mechanical properties of carbon nanotube fibers (CNTFs) through simultaneous covalent functionalization and crosslinking. This is the first chemical crosslinking proposed without the involvement of a catalyst or byproducts. The specific tensile strength of CNTFs obtained from the treatment employing a benzocyclobutene-based polymer is improved by 40%. Such improvement can be attributed to a reduced numbermore » of voids, impregnation of the polymer, and the formation of covalent crosslinks. This methodology is confirmed using both multiwalled nanotube (MWNT) powders and CNTFs. Thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy of the treated MWNT powders confirm the covalent functionalization and formation of inter-tube crosslinks. This simple one-step reaction can be applied to industrial-scale production of high-strength CNTFs.« less

Enhancement in superconducting properties of Bi2Sr2Ca1Cu2O8+θ (Bi-2212) by means of boron oxide additive

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fallah-Arani, Hesam; Baghshahi, Saeid; Sedghi, Arman; Stornaiuolo, Daniela; Tafuri, Francesco; Riahi-Noori, Nastaran

2018-05-01

By using a solid state method, Bi2Sr2Ca1Cu2O8+θ (Bi-2212) polycrystalline samples were synthesized with the addition of boron oxide additive, with the aim of improving the performance of this compound for large scale applications. As the first step, the parameters for the solid state method, in particular sintering temperature, were optimized in order to obtain pure Bi-2212 samples with an optimal microstructure. Then, based on this optimization, the properties of the Bi2Sr2Ca1Cu2BxOy samples with x = 0.05, 0.1, and 0.2 were studied using several characterization techniques. It was found that the sample having x = 0.05 showed a magnetic hysteresis loop larger than that of the pure Bi-2212 sample and a critical current density value of 3.71 × 105 A/cm2, comparable to the best results found in the literature for Bi-2212, while preserving well-stacked and oriented grains.

Phase field crystal simulation of stress induced localized solid-state amorphization in nanocrystalline materials.

PubMed

Xi, Wen; Song, Xiaoqing; Hu, Shi; Chen, Zheng

2017-11-29

In this work, the phase field crystal (PFC) method is used to study the localized solid-state amorphization (SSA) and its dynamic transformation process in polycrystalline materials under the uniaxial tensile deformation with different factors. The impacts of these factors, including strain rates, temperatures and grain sizes, are analyzed. Kinetically, the ultra-high strain rate causes the lattice to be seriously distorted and the grain to gradually collapse, so the dislocation density rises remarkably. Therefore, localized SSA occurs. Thermodynamically, as high temperature increases the activation energy, the atoms are active and prefer to leave the original position, which induce atom rearrangement. Furthermore, small grain size increases the percentage of grain boundary and the interface free energy of the system. As a result, Helmholtz free energy increases. The dislocations and Helmholtz free energy act as the seed and driving force for the process of the localized SSA. Also, the critical diffusion-time step and the percentage of amorphous region areas are calculated. Through this work, the PFC method is proved to be an effective means to study localized SSA under uniaxial tensile deformation.

Synthesis, fluorescence, TGA and crystal structure of thiazolyl-pyrazolines derived from chalcones

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Suwunwong, T.; Chantrapromma, S.; Fun, H.-K.

2015-04-01

Thiazolyl-pyrazolines 3a-3d were synthesized in a three step procedure using chalcones as starting materials and characterized by FT-IR, UV-Vis, and 1H NMR techniques. The crystal structure of compound 3a was also determined by X-ray diffraction analysis. Compound 3a crystallized out in the orthorhombic P212121 space group with the unit cell dimensions: a = 5.2106(2) Å, b = 12.4341(5) Å, c = 33.3254(13) Å, α = β = γ = 90°, V = 2159.12(15) Å3, Z = 4, D cald = 1.372 M gm-3 and F(000) = 928. Fluorescence of 3a-3d were studied in solid state and acetonitrile solution. It was found that, these compounds exhibit the green fluorescence light (506-508 nm) in both solid and solution states. The pH stability on fluorescence property and the thermal gravimetric analysis of compound 3a were specifically carried out. It was revealed that 3a shows high thermal stability up to around 250°C and presenting high stability in various pH ranges in the acetonitrilewater matrix.

Solid-state fractional capacitor using MWCNT-epoxy nanocomposite

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

John, Dina A.; Banerjee, Susanta; Bohannan, Gary W.; Biswas, Karabi

2017-04-01

Here, we propose the fabrication of a solid state fractional capacitor for which constant phase (CP) angles were attained in different frequency zones: 110 Hz-1.1 kHz, 10 kHz-118 kHz, and 230 kHz-20 MHz. The configuration makes use of epoxy resin as the matrix in which multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) are dispersed. Adhesive nature of the epoxy resin is utilized for binding the electrodes, which avoids the extra step for packaging. The fractional capacitive behavior is contributed by the distribution of time constants for the electron to travel from one electrode to the other. The distributive nature of the time constant is ensured by inserting a middle plate which is coated with a porous film of polymethyl-methacrylate in between the two electrodes. The phase angle trend for the configuration is studied in detail, and it is observed that as the % of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) loading increases, the CP angle increases from - 85 ° to - 45 ° in the frequency zones above 100 Hz. The developed device is compact and it can be easily integrated with the electronic circuits.

Second Wind: Handbook for Happy Retirement.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kelly, Philip J.

Reflecting 10 years of actual retirement experience, the author attempts to prove that older people can live interesting dynamic lives right to the last moment. The book, with its conversational, step-by-step style, has been written for anybody over 50. It presents retirement as a "stepping out" rather than a "stepping down"; the solid realities…

Scintillator high-gain avalanche rushing photoconductor active-matrix flat panel imager: Zero-spatial frequency x-ray imaging properties of the solid-state SHARP sensor structure

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Wronski, M.; Zhao, W.; Tanioka, K.

Purpose: The authors are investigating the feasibility of a new type of solid-state x-ray imaging sensor with programmable avalanche gain: scintillator high-gain avalanche rushing photoconductor active matrix flat panel imager (SHARP-AMFPI). The purpose of the present work is to investigate the inherent x-ray detection properties of SHARP and demonstrate its wide dynamic range through programmable gain. Methods: A distributed resistive layer (DRL) was developed to maintain stable avalanche gain operation in a solid-state HARP. The signal and noise properties of the HARP-DRL for optical photon detection were investigated as a function of avalanche gain both theoretically and experimentally, and themore » results were compared with HARP tube (with electron beam readout) used in previous investigations of zero spatial frequency performance of SHARP. For this new investigation, a solid-state SHARP x-ray image sensor was formed by direct optical coupling of the HARP-DRL with a structured cesium iodide (CsI) scintillator. The x-ray sensitivity of this sensor was measured as a function of avalanche gain and the results were compared with the sensitivity of HARP-DRL measured optically. The dynamic range of HARP-DRL with variable avalanche gain was investigated for the entire exposure range encountered in radiography/fluoroscopy (R/F) applications. Results: The signal from HARP-DRL as a function of electric field showed stable avalanche gain, and the noise associated with the avalanche process agrees well with theory and previous measurements from a HARP tube. This result indicates that when coupled with CsI for x-ray detection, the additional noise associated with avalanche gain in HARP-DRL is negligible. The x-ray sensitivity measurements using the SHARP sensor produced identical avalanche gain dependence on electric field as the optical measurements with HARP-DRL. Adjusting the avalanche multiplication gain in HARP-DRL enabled a very wide dynamic range which encompassed all clinically relevant medical x-ray exposures. Conclusions: This work demonstrates that the HARP-DRL sensor enables the practical implementation of a SHARP solid-state x-ray sensor capable of quantum noise limited operation throughout the entire range of clinically relevant x-ray exposures. This is an important step toward the realization of a SHARP-AMFPI x-ray flat-panel imager.« less

A review of lithium and non-lithium based solid state batteries

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kim, Joo Gon; Son, Byungrak; Mukherjee, Santanu; Schuppert, Nicholas; Bates, Alex; Kwon, Osung; Choi, Moon Jong; Chung, Hyun Yeol; Park, Sam

2015-05-01

Conventional lithium-ion liquid-electrolyte batteries are widely used in portable electronic equipment such as laptop computers, cell phones, and electric vehicles; however, they have several drawbacks, including expensive sealing agents and inherent hazards of fire and leakages. All solid state batteries utilize solid state electrolytes to overcome the safety issues of liquid electrolytes. Drawbacks for all-solid state lithium-ion batteries include high resistance at ambient temperatures and design intricacies. This paper is a comprehensive review of all aspects of solid state batteries: their design, the materials used, and a detailed literature review of various important advances made in research. The paper exhaustively studies lithium based solid state batteries, as they are the most prevalent, but also considers non-lithium based systems. Non-lithium based solid state batteries are attaining widespread commercial applications, as are also lithium based polymeric solid state electrolytes. Tabular representations and schematic diagrams are provided to underscore the unique characteristics of solid state batteries and their capacity to occupy a niche in the alternative energy sector.

Implementation of a process analytical technology system in a freeze-drying process using Raman spectroscopy for in-line process monitoring.

PubMed

De Beer, T R M; Allesø, M; Goethals, F; Coppens, A; Heyden, Y Vander; De Diego, H Lopez; Rantanen, J; Verpoort, F; Vervaet, C; Remon, J P; Baeyens, W R G

2007-11-01

The aim of the present study was to propose a strategy for the implementation of a Process Analytical Technology system in freeze-drying processes. Mannitol solutions, some of them supplied with NaCl, were used as models to freeze-dry. Noninvasive and in-line Raman measurements were continuously performed during lyophilization of the solutions to monitor real time the mannitol solid state, the end points of the different process steps (freezing, primary drying, secondary drying), and physical phenomena occurring during the process. At-line near-infrared (NIR) and X-ray powder diffractometry (XRPD) measurements were done to confirm the Raman conclusions and to find out additional information. The collected spectra during the processes were analyzed using principal component analysis and multivariate curve resolution. A two-level full factorial design was used to study the significant influence of process (freezing rate) and formulation variables (concentration of mannitol, concentration of NaCl, volume of freeze-dried sample) upon freeze-drying. Raman spectroscopy was able to monitor (i) the mannitol solid state (amorphous, alpha, beta, delta, and hemihydrate), (ii) several process step end points (end of mannitol crystallization during freezing, primary drying), and (iii) physical phenomena occurring during freeze-drying (onset of ice nucleation, onset of mannitol crystallization during the freezing step, onset of ice sublimation). NIR proved to be a more sensitive tool to monitor sublimation than Raman spectroscopy, while XRPD helped to unravel the mannitol hemihydrate in the samples. The experimental design results showed that several process and formulation variables significantly influence different aspects of lyophilization and that both are interrelated. Raman spectroscopy (in-line) and NIR spectroscopy and XRPD (at-line) not only allowed the real-time monitoring of mannitol freeze-drying processes but also helped (in combination with experimental design) us to understand the process.

Ceramic surfaces, interfaces and solid-state reactions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Heffelfinger, Jason Roy

Faceting, the decomposition of a surface into two or more surfaces of different orientation, is studied as a function of annealing time for ceramic surfaces. Single-crystals of Alsb2Osb3\\ (alpha-Alsb2Osb3 or corundum structure) are carefully prepared and characterized by atomic force microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The mechanisms by which the originally smooth vicinal surface transforms into either a hill-and-valley or a terrace-and-step structure have been characterized. The progression of faceting is found to have a series of stages: surface smoothing, nucleation and growth of individual facets, formation of facet domains, coalescence of individual and facet domains and facet coarsening. These stages provide a model for the mechanisms of how other ceramic surfaces may facet into hill-and-valley and terrace-and-step surface microstructures. The well characterized Alsb2Osb3 surfaces provide excellent substrates by which to study the effect of surface structure on thin-film growth. Pulsed-laser deposition was used to grow thin films of yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) and Ysb2Osb3 onto annealed Alsb2Osb3 substrates. The substrate surface structure, such as surface steps and terraces, was found to have several effects on thin-film growth. Thin-films grown onto single-crystal substrates serve as a model geometry for studying thin-film solid-state reactions. Here, the reaction sequence and orientation relationship between thin films of Ysb2Osb3 and an Alsb2Osb3 substrate were characterized for different reaction temperatures. In a system were multiple reaction phases can form, the yttria aluminum monoclinic phase (YAM) was found to form prior to formation of other phases in this system. In a second system, a titanium alloy was reacted with single crystal Alsb2Osb3 in order to study phase formation in an intermetallic system. Both Tisb3Al and TiAl were found to form as reaction products and their orientation relationships with the Alsb2Osb3 are discussed.

Engineering solid-state materials. Strategies for modeling and packing control of molecular assemblies into 3-D networks

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Videnova-Adrabinska, V.; Etter, M. C.; Ward, M. D.

1993-04-01

The crystal structure and properties of a number of urea cocrystals are studied with regard to symmetry of the hydrogen-bonded molecular assemblies. The logical consequences of hydrogen bonding interactions are followed step-by-step. The problems of aggregate formation, nucleation, and crystal growth are also elucidated. Endeavor is made to envisage the 2-D and 3-D hydrogen bond network in a manageable way by exploiting graph set short hand. Strategies of how to control the symmetry of molecular packing are still to be elaborated. In our strategy, the programmed self-assembly has been based on the principle of molecular recognition of self- and hetero-complementary functional groups. However, the main focus for pre-organizational control has been put on the two-fold axis estimator of the urea molecule.

Three Short Stories about Hexaarylbenzene-Porphyrin Scaffolds.

PubMed

Lungerich, Dominik; Hitzenberger, Jakob F; Donaubauer, Wolfgang; Drewello, Thomas; Jux, Norbert

2016-11-14

A feasible two-step synthesis and characterization of a full series of hexaarylbenzene (HAB) substituted porphyrins and tetrabenzoporphyrins is presented. Key steps represent the microwave-assisted porphyrin condensation and the statistical Diels-Alder reaction to the desired HAB-porphyrins. Regarding their applications, they proved to be easily accessible and effective high molecular mass calibrants for (MA)LDI mass spectrometry. The free-base and zinc(II) porphyrin systems, as well as the respective tetrabenzoporphyrins, demonstrate in solid state experiments strong red- and near-infrared-light emission and are potentially interesting for the application in "truly organic" light-emitting devices. Lastly, they represent facile precursors to large polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) substituted porphyrins. We prepared the first tetra-hexa-peri-hexabenzocoronene substituted porphyrin, which represents the largest prepared PAH-porphyrin conjugate to date. © 2016 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Immobilization and functional reconstitution of antibody Fab fragment by solid-phase refolding.

PubMed

Kumada, Yoichi; Hamasaki, Kyoto; Nakagawa, Aya; Sasaki, Eiju; Shirai, Tatsunori; Okumura, Masahiro; Inoue, Manami; Kishimoto, Michimasa

2013-12-31

In this study, we demonstrated the successful preparation of a Fab antibody-immobilized hydrophilic polystyrene (phi-PS) plate via one- and two-step solid-phase refolding methods. Both polystyrene-binding peptide (PS-tag)-fused Fd fragment of heavy chain (Fab H-PS) and full-length of light-chain (Fab L-PS) were individually produced in insoluble fractions of Escherichia coli cells, and they were highly purified in the presence of 8M of urea. Antigen-binding activities of Fab antibody immobilized were correctly recovered by the one-step solid-phase refolding method that a mixture of Fab H-PS and Fab L-PS was immobilized in the presence of 0.5-2M urea, followed by surface washing of the phi-PS plate with PBST. These results indicate that by genetic fusion of a PS-tag, a complex between Fab H and Fab L was efficiently immobilized on the surface of a phi-PS plate even in the presence of a low concentration of urea, and was then correctly refolded to retain its high antigen-binding activity via removal of the urea. A two-step solid-phase refolding method whereby Fab H-PS and Fab L-PS were successively refolded on the surface of a phi-PS plate also resulted in Fab antibody formation on the plate. Furthermore, both the binding affinity and the specificity of the Fab antibody produced by the two-step method were highly maintained, according to the results of sandwich ELISA and competitive ELISA using Fab antibody-immobilized plate via two-step solid-phase refolding. Thus, the solid-phase refolding method demonstrated in this study should be quite useful for the preparation of a Fab antibody-immobilized PS surface with high efficiency from individually produced Fab H-PS and Fab L-PS. This method will be applicable to the preparation of a large Fab antibody library on the surface of a PS plate for use in antibody screening. © 2013. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Coulomb engineering of the bandgap and excitons in two-dimensional materials

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Raja, Archana; Chaves, Andrey; Yu, Jaeeun

Here, the ability to control the size of the electronic bandgap is an integral part of solid-state technology. Atomically thin two-dimensional crystals offer a new approach for tuning the energies of the electronic states based on the unusual strength of the Coulomb interaction in these materials and its environmental sensitivity. Here, we show that by engineering the surrounding dielectric environment, one can tune the electronic bandgap and the exciton binding energy in monolayers of WS 2 and WSe 2 by hundreds of meV. We exploit this behaviour to present an in-plane dielectric heterostructure with a spatially dependent bandgap, as anmore » initial step towards the creation of diverse lateral junctions with nanoscale resolution.« less

Coulomb engineering of the bandgap and excitons in two-dimensional materials

DOE PAGES

Raja, Archana; Chaves, Andrey; Yu, Jaeeun; ...

2017-05-04

Here, the ability to control the size of the electronic bandgap is an integral part of solid-state technology. Atomically thin two-dimensional crystals offer a new approach for tuning the energies of the electronic states based on the unusual strength of the Coulomb interaction in these materials and its environmental sensitivity. Here, we show that by engineering the surrounding dielectric environment, one can tune the electronic bandgap and the exciton binding energy in monolayers of WS 2 and WSe 2 by hundreds of meV. We exploit this behaviour to present an in-plane dielectric heterostructure with a spatially dependent bandgap, as anmore » initial step towards the creation of diverse lateral junctions with nanoscale resolution.« less

Coulomb engineering of the bandgap and excitons in two-dimensional materials

PubMed Central

Raja, Archana; Chaves, Andrey; Yu, Jaeeun; Arefe, Ghidewon; Hill, Heather M.; Rigosi, Albert F.; Berkelbach, Timothy C.; Nagler, Philipp; Schüller, Christian; Korn, Tobias; Nuckolls, Colin; Hone, James; Brus, Louis E.; Heinz, Tony F.; Reichman, David R.; Chernikov, Alexey

2017-01-01

The ability to control the size of the electronic bandgap is an integral part of solid-state technology. Atomically thin two-dimensional crystals offer a new approach for tuning the energies of the electronic states based on the unusual strength of the Coulomb interaction in these materials and its environmental sensitivity. Here, we show that by engineering the surrounding dielectric environment, one can tune the electronic bandgap and the exciton binding energy in monolayers of WS2 and WSe2 by hundreds of meV. We exploit this behaviour to present an in-plane dielectric heterostructure with a spatially dependent bandgap, as an initial step towards the creation of diverse lateral junctions with nanoscale resolution. PMID:28469178

Ceramic Electrolyte Membrane Technology: Enabling Revolutionary Electrochemical Energy Storage

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-10-05

ion batteries . Solid-state Li- ion batteries could significantly improve safety and eliminate the need for complex...advancing ceramic electrolyte technology for use in solid-state Li- ion batteries . Solid-state Li- ion batteries could significantly improve safety and...technology for use in solid-state Li- ion batteries and high specific energy Li-S and Li- air batteries . Solid-state Li- ion batteries could

Assessment of occupational safety risks in Floridian solid waste systems using Bayesian analysis.

PubMed

Bastani, Mehrad; Celik, Nurcin

2015-10-01

Safety risks embedded within solid waste management systems continue to be a significant issue and are prevalent at every step in the solid waste management process. To recognise and address these occupational hazards, it is necessary to discover the potential safety concerns that cause them, as well as their direct and/or indirect impacts on the different types of solid waste workers. In this research, our goal is to statistically assess occupational safety risks to solid waste workers in the state of Florida. Here, we first review the related standard industrial codes to major solid waste management methods including recycling, incineration, landfilling, and composting. Then, a quantitative assessment of major risks is conducted based on the data collected using a Bayesian data analysis and predictive methods. The risks estimated in this study for the period of 2005-2012 are then compared with historical statistics (1993-1997) from previous assessment studies. The results have shown that the injury rates among refuse collectors in both musculoskeletal and dermal injuries have decreased from 88 and 15 to 16 and three injuries per 1000 workers, respectively. However, a contrasting trend is observed for the injury rates among recycling workers, for whom musculoskeletal and dermal injuries have increased from 13 and four injuries to 14 and six injuries per 1000 workers, respectively. Lastly, a linear regression model has been proposed to identify major elements of the high number of musculoskeletal and dermal injuries. © The Author(s) 2015.

Structural and material approaches to bone tissue engineering in powder-based three-dimensional printing.

PubMed

Butscher, A; Bohner, M; Hofmann, S; Gauckler, L; Müller, R

2011-03-01

This article reviews the current state of knowledge concerning the use of powder-based three-dimensional printing (3DP) for the synthesis of bone tissue engineering scaffolds. 3DP is a solid free-form fabrication (SFF) technique building up complex open porous 3D structures layer by layer (a bottom-up approach). In contrast to traditional fabrication techniques generally subtracting material step by step (a top-down approach), SFF approaches allow nearly unlimited designs and a large variety of materials to be used for scaffold engineering. Today's state of the art materials, as well as the mechanical and structural requirements for bone scaffolds, are summarized and discussed in relation to the technical feasibility of their use in 3DP. Advances in the field of 3DP are presented and compared with other SFF methods. Existing strategies on material and design control of scaffolds are reviewed. Finally, the possibilities and limiting factors are addressed and potential strategies to improve 3DP for scaffold engineering are proposed. Copyright © 2010 Acta Materialia Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Supramolecular self-assemblies of beta-cyclodextrins with aromatic tethers: factors governing the helical columnar versus linear channel superstructures.

PubMed

Liu, Yu; Fan, Zhi; Zhang, Heng-Yi; Yang, Ying-Wei; Ding, Fei; Liu, Shuang-Xi; Wu, Xue; Wada, Takehiko; Inoue, Yoshihisa

2003-10-31

A series of 6-O-(p-substituted phenyl)-modified beta-cyclodextrin derivatives, i.e., 6-O-(4-bromophenyl)-beta-CD (1), 6-O-(4-nitrophenyl)-beta-CD (2), 6-O-(4-formylphenyl)-beta-CD (3), 6-phenylselenyl-6-deoxy-beta-CD (4), and 6-O-(4-hydroxybenzoyl)-beta-CD (5), were synthesized, and their inclusion complexation behavior in aqueous solution and self-assembling behavior in the solid state were comparatively studied by NMR spectroscopy, microcalorimetry, crystallography, and scanning tunneling microscopy. Interestingly, (seleno)ethers 1-4 and ester 5 displayed distinctly different self-assembling behavior in the solid state, affording a successively threading head-to-tail polymeric helical structure for the (seleno)ethers or a mutually penetrating tail-to-tail dimeric columnar channel structure for the ester. Combining the present and previous structures reported for the relevant beta-CD derivatives, we further deduce that the pivot heteroatom, through which the aromatic substituent is tethered to beta-CD, plays a critical role in determining the helix structure, endowing the 2-fold and 4-fold axes to the N/O- and S/Se-pivoted beta-CD aggregates, respectively. This means that one can control the self-assembling orientation, alignment, and helicity in the solid state by finely tuning the pivot atom and the tether length. Further NMR and calorimetric studies on the self-assembling behavior in aqueous solution revealed that the dimerization step is the key to the formation of linear polymeric supramolecular architecture, which is driven by favorable entropic contributions.

Porous honeycomb structures formed from interconnected MnO2 sheets on CNT-coated substrates for flexible all-solid-state supercapacitors

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ko, Wen-Yin; Chen, You-Feng; Lu, Ke-Ming; Lin, Kuan-Jiuh

2016-01-01

The use of lightweight and easily-fabricated MnO2/carbon nanotube (CNT)-based flexible networks as binder-free electrodes and a polyvinyl alcohol/H2SO4 electrolyte for the formation of stretchable solid-state supercapacitors was examined. The active electrodes were fabricated from 3D honeycomb porous MnO2 assembled from cross-walled and interconnected sheet-architectural MnO2 on CNT-based plastic substrates (denoted as honeycomb MnO2/CNT textiles).These substrates were fabricated through a simple two-step procedure involving the coating of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) onto commercial textiles by a dipping-drying process and subsequent electrodeposition of the interconnected MnO2 sheets onto the MWCNT-coated textile. With such unique MnO2 architectures integrated onto CNT flexible films, good performance was achieved with a specific capacitance of 324 F/g at 0.5 A/g. A maximum energy density of 7.2 Wh/kg and a power density as high as 3.3 kW/kg were exhibited by the honeycomb MnO2/CNT network device, which is comparable to the performance of other carbon-based and metal oxide/carbon-based solid-state supercapacitor devices. Specifically, the long-term cycling stability of this material is excellent, with almost no loss of its initial capacitance and good Coulombic efficiency of 82% after 5000 cycles. These impressive results identify these materials as a promising candidate for use in environmentally friendly, low-cost, and high-performance flexible energy-storage devices.

Three-Dimensional Hierarchical Structure ZnO@C@NiO on Carbon Cloth for Asymmetric Supercapacitor with Enhanced Cycle Stability.

PubMed

Ouyang, Yu; Xia, Xifeng; Ye, Haitao; Wang, Liang; Jiao, Xinyan; Lei, Wu; Hao, Qingli

2018-01-31

In this work, we synthesized the hierarchical ZnO@C@NiO core-shell nanorods arrays (CSNAs) grown on a carbon cloth (CC) conductive substrate by a three-step method involving hydrothermal and chemical bath methods. The morphology and chemical structure of the hybrid nanoarrays were characterized in detail. The combination and formation mechanism was proposed. The conducting carbon layer between ZnO and NiO layers can efficiently enhance the electric conductivity of the integrated electrodes, and also protect the corrosion of ZnO in an alkaline solution. Compared with ZnO@NiO nanorods arrays (NAs), the NiO in CC/ZnO@C@NiO electrodes, which possess a unique multilevel core-shell nanostructure exhibits a higher specific capacity (677 C/g at 1.43 A/g) and an enhanced cycling stability (capacity remain 71% after 5000 cycles), on account of the protection of carbon layer derived from glucose. Additionally, a flexible all-solid-state supercapacitor is readily constructed by coating the PVA/KOH gel electrolyte between the ZnO@C@NiO CSNAs and commercial graphene. The energy density of this all-solid-state device decreases from 35.7 to 16.0 Wh/kg as the power density increases from 380.9 to 2704.2 W/kg with an excellent cycling stability (87.5% of the initial capacitance after 10000 cycles). Thereby, the CC/ ZnO@C@NiO CSNAs of three-dimensional hierarchical structure is promising electrode materials for flexible all-solid-state supercapacitors.

In situ dissolution analysis of pharmaceutical dosage forms using coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fussell, A. L.; Garbacik, E. T.; Löbmann, K.; Offerhaus, H. L.; Kleinebudde, P.; Strachan, C. J.

2014-02-01

A custom-built intrinsic flow-through dissolution setup was developed and incorporated into a home-built CARS microscope consisting of a synchronously pumped optical parametric oscillator (OPO) and an inverted microscope with a 20X/0.5NA objective. CARS dissolution images (512×512 pixels) were collected every 1.12s for the duration of the dissolution experiment. Hyperspectral CARS images were obtained pre- and postdissolution by rapidly imaging while sweeping the wavelength of the OPO in discrete steps so that each frame in the data stack corresponds to a vibrational frequency. An image-processing routine projects this hyperspectral data into a single image wherein each compound appears with a unique color. Dissolution was conducted using theophylline and cimetidine-naproxen co-amorphous mixture. After 15 minutes of theophylline dissolution, hyperspectral imaging showed a conversion of theophylline anhydrate to the monohydrate, confirmed by a peak shift in the CARS spectra. CARS dissolution images showed that monohydrate crystal growth began immediately and reached a maximum with complete surface coverage at about 300s. This result correlated with the UV dissolution data where surface crystal growth on theophylline compacts resulted in a rapidly reducing dissolution rate during the first 300s. Co-amorphous cimetidinenaproxen didn't appear to crystallize during dissolution. We observed solid-state conversions on the compact's surface in situ during dissolution. Hyperspectral CARS imaging allowed visual discrimination between the solid-state forms on the compact's surface. In the case of theophylline we were able to correlate the solid-state change with a change in dissolution rate.

Porous honeycomb structures formed from interconnected MnO2 sheets on CNT-coated substrates for flexible all-solid-state supercapacitors

PubMed Central

Ko, Wen-Yin; Chen, You-Feng; Lu, Ke-Ming; Lin, Kuan-Jiuh

2016-01-01

The use of lightweight and easily-fabricated MnO2/carbon nanotube (CNT)-based flexible networks as binder-free electrodes and a polyvinyl alcohol/H2SO4 electrolyte for the formation of stretchable solid-state supercapacitors was examined. The active electrodes were fabricated from 3D honeycomb porous MnO2 assembled from cross-walled and interconnected sheet-architectural MnO2 on CNT-based plastic substrates (denoted as honeycomb MnO2/CNT textiles).These substrates were fabricated through a simple two-step procedure involving the coating of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) onto commercial textiles by a dipping-drying process and subsequent electrodeposition of the interconnected MnO2 sheets onto the MWCNT-coated textile. With such unique MnO2 architectures integrated onto CNT flexible films, good performance was achieved with a specific capacitance of 324 F/g at 0.5 A/g. A maximum energy density of 7.2 Wh/kg and a power density as high as 3.3 kW/kg were exhibited by the honeycomb MnO2/CNT network device, which is comparable to the performance of other carbon-based and metal oxide/carbon-based solid-state supercapacitor devices. Specifically, the long-term cycling stability of this material is excellent, with almost no loss of its initial capacitance and good Coulombic efficiency of 82% after 5000 cycles. These impressive results identify these materials as a promising candidate for use in environmentally friendly, low-cost, and high-performance flexible energy-storage devices. PMID:26726724

Design of optimum solid oxide membrane electrolysis cells for metals production

DOE PAGES

Guan, Xiaofei; Pal, Uday B.

2015-12-24

Oxide to metal conversion is one of the most energy-intensive steps in the value chain for metals production. Solid oxide membrane (SOM) electrolysis process provides a general route for directly reducing various metal oxides to their respective metals, alloys, or intermetallics. Because of its lower energy use and ability to use inert anode resulting in zero carbon emission, SOM electrolysis process emerges as a promising technology that can replace the state-of-the-art metals production processes. In this paper, a careful study of the SOM electrolysis process using equivalent DC circuit modeling is performed and correlated to the experimental results. Finally, amore » discussion on relative importance of each resistive element in the circuit and on possible ways of lowering the rate-limiting resistive elements provides a generic guideline for designing optimum SOM electrolysis cells.« less

Hybrid Circuits with Nanofluidic Diodes and Load Capacitors

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ramirez, P.; Garcia-Morales, V.; Gomez, V.; Ali, M.; Nasir, S.; Ensinger, W.; Mafe, S.

2017-06-01

The chemical and physical input signals characteristic of micro- and nanofluidic devices operating in ionic solutions should eventually be translated into output electric currents and potentials that are monitored with solid-state components. This crucial step requires the design of hybrid circuits showing robust electrical coupling between ionic solutions and electronic elements. We study experimentally and theoretically the connectivity of the nanofluidic diodes in single-pore and multipore membranes with conventional capacitor systems for the cases of constant, periodic, and white-noise input potentials. The experiments demonstrate the reliable operation of these hybrid circuits over a wide range of membrane resistances, electrical capacitances, and solution p H values. The model simulations are based on empirical equations that have a solid physical basis and provide a convenient description of the electrical circuit operation. The results should contribute to advance signal transduction and processing using nanopore-based biosensors and bioelectronic interfaces.

3D Printing of Carbon Nanotubes-Based Microsupercapacitors.

PubMed

Yu, Wei; Zhou, Han; Li, Ben Q; Ding, Shujiang

2017-02-08

A novel 3D printing procedure is presented for fabricating carbon-nanotubes (CNTs)-based microsupercapacitors. The 3D printer uses a CNTs ink slurry with a moderate solid content and prints a stream of continuous droplets. Appropriate control of a heated base is applied to facilitate the solvent removal and adhesion between printed layers and to improve the structure integrity without structure delamination or distortion upon drying. The 3D-printed electrodes for microsupercapacitors are characterized by SEM, laser scanning confocal microscope, and step profiler. Effect of process parameters on 3D printing is also studied. The final solid-state microsupercapacitors are assembled with the printed multilayer CNTs structures and poly(vinyl alcohol)-H 3 PO 4 gel as the interdigitated microelectrodes and electrolyte. The electrochemical performance of 3D printed microsupercapacitors is also tested, showing a significant areal capacitance and excellent cycle stability.

An investigation of indomethacin-nicotinamide cocrystal formation induced by thermal stress in the solid or liquid state.

PubMed

Lin, Hong-Liang; Zhang, Gang-Chun; Huang, Yu-Ting; Lin, Shan-Yang

2014-08-01

The impact of thermal stress on indomethacin (IMC)-nicotinamide (NIC) cocrystal formation with or without neat cogrinding was investigated using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) microspectroscopy, and simultaneous DSC-FTIR microspectroscopy in the solid or liquid state. Different evaporation methods for preparing IMC-NIC cocrystals were also compared. The results indicated that even after cogrinding for 40 min, the FTIR spectra for all IMC-NIC ground mixtures were superimposable on the FTIR spectra of IMC and NIC components, suggesting there was no cocrystal formation between IMC and NIC after cogrinding. However, these IMC-NIC ground mixtures appear to easily undergo cocrystal formation after the application of DSC determination. Under thermal stress induced by DSC, the amount of cocrystal formation increased with increasing cogrinding time. Moreover, simultaneous DSC-FTIR microspectroscopy was a useful one-step technique to induce and clarify the thermal-induced stepwise mechanism of IMC-NIC cocrystal formation from the ground mixture in real time. Different solvent evaporation rates induced by thermal stress significantly influenced IMC-NIC cocrystal formation in the liquid state. In particular, microwave heating may promote IMC-NIC cocrystal formation in a short time. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. and the American Pharmacists Association.

Packaging of solid state devices

DOEpatents

Glidden, Steven C.; Sanders, Howard D.

2006-01-03

A package for one or more solid state devices in a single module that allows for operation at high voltage, high current, or both high voltage and high current. Low thermal resistance between the solid state devices and an exterior of the package and matched coefficient of thermal expansion between the solid state devices and the materials used in packaging enables high power operation. The solid state devices are soldered between two layers of ceramic with metal traces that interconnect the devices and external contacts. This approach provides a simple method for assembling and encapsulating high power solid state devices.

Photochemistry of monodentate and bidentate carbonato complexes of rhodium (3). [applications to spacecraft fuel cells

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Sheridan, P. S.

1980-01-01

A scheme for the photochemical fixation of water is proposed which involves a five-step reaction sequence; the first step involves the 2 electron reduction of a metal by a coordinated carbonate ligand, with corresponding oxidation of the carbonate to CO2 and O2. Ligand field photolysis of trans- (RH(en)2 H2O CO3) ClO4, and (Rh(en)2 CO3) CLO4 have been studied in the solid state and in aqueous solution at various pH values. Both salts are photoinert in the solid phase, but are quite photoreactive in aqueous solution. In solution, the monodentate ion undergoes efficient isomerization to a mixture of cis and trans - (Rh(en)2 H2O CO3)+, presumably with water exchange. A minor pH increase upon photolysis is evidence of inefficient carbonate (CO3 =) release, with formation of (Rh(en)2 (H2O)2)3+. In contrast, aqueous solutions of the bidentate carbonato complex undergo efficient pH decrease upon ligand field photolysis. Changes in the electronic spectrum (200-500 nm) and pH changes indicate that the desired redox is occurring. The pH increase is due to the aqueous behavior of CO2.

Solutions as solutions--synthesis and use of a liquid polyester excipient to dissolve lipophilic drugs and formulate sustained-release parenterals.

PubMed

Asmus, Lutz R; Gurny, Robert; Möller, Michael

2011-11-01

Solid poly(lactides) and poly(lactide-co-glycolides) are widely used polymers for sustained-release parenterals. However, they have some unfavorable properties regarding manufacturing of the formulations and administration to the patient due to their solid aggregate state. In contrast, hexyl-substituted poly(lactic acid) (hexPLA, poly(2-hydroxyoctanoic acid)) is a viscous degradable polyester. To date, a two-step ring-opening polymerization was used for its synthesis. Here, we investigated a novel one-pot one-step melt polycondensation method to prepare hexPLA for biomedical applications by a simple green chemistry process. No catalyst or solely pharmaceutically acceptable catalysts and environmentally friendly purification methods without organic solvents were used. The resulting hexPLA polymers are stable under dry heat sterilization conditions. Low molecular weight hexPLAs with less than 5000 g/mol are less viscous than high molecular weight polymers. HexPLA can dissolve lipophilic active substances, with generally high incorporation capacities in low molecular weight polymers. The incorporation of solid compounds increases the viscosity and glass transition temperature, whereas the addition of small amounts of plasticizers or sparse warming significantly decreases the viscosity. Loratadine is soluble in hexPLA up to 28%. This highly concentrated Loratadine-hexPLA formulation released the active compound entirely over 14 days without initial burst in a zero order kinetic, matching the clinical requirements for such a sustained-release formulation. This demonstrates the potential of hexPLA as an excipient for injectable sustained-release formulations. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Silver nanowires as the current collector for a flexible in-plane micro-supercapacitor via a one-step, mask-free patterning strategy

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Liu, Lang; Li, Han-Yu; Yu, Yao; Liu, Lin; Wu, Yue

2018-02-01

The fabrication of a current collector-contained in-plane micro-supercapacitor (MSC) usually requires the patterning of the current collector first and then subsequent patterning of the active material with the assistance of a photoresist and mask. However, this two-step patterning process is too complicated and the photoresist used is harmful to the properties of nanomaterials. Here, we demonstrate a one-step, mask-free strategy to pattern the current collector and the active material at the same time, for the fabrication of an all-solid-state flexible in-plane MSC. Silver nanowires (AgNWs) are used as the current collector. An atmospheric pressure pulsed cold micro-plasma-jet is used to realize the one-step, mask-free production of interdigitated multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT)/AgNW electrodes. Remarkably, the fabricated MWCNT/AgNW-based MSC shows good flexibility and excellent rate capability. Moreover, the performance of properties including cyclic stability, equivalent series resistance, relaxation time and energy/power densities of the MWCNT/AgNW-based MSC are significantly enhanced by the presence of the AgNW current collector.

Solid state recorders for airborne reconnaissance

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Klang, Mark R.

2003-08-01

Solid state recorders have become the recorder of choice for meeting airborne ruggedized requirements for reconnaissance and flight test. The cost of solid state recorders have decreased over the past few years that they are now less expense than the traditional high speed tape recorders. CALCULEX, Inc manufactures solid state recorders called MONSSTR (Modular Non-volatile Solid State Recorder). MONSSTR is being used on many different platforms such as F/A-22, Global Hawk, F-14, F-15, F-16, U-2, RF-4, and Tornado. This paper will discuss the advantages of using solid state recorders to meet the airborne reconnaissance requirement and the ability to record instrumentation data. The CALCULEX recorder has the ability to record sensor data and flight test data in the same chassis. This is an important feature because it eliminates additional boxes on the aircraft. The major advantages to using a solid state recorder include; reliability, small size, light weight, and power. Solid state recorders also have a larger storage capacity and higher bandwidth capability than other recording devices.

The solid-state terahertz spectrum of MDMA (Ecstasy) - A unique test for molecular modeling assignments

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Allis, Damian G.; Hakey, Patrick M.; Korter, Timothy M.

2008-10-01

The terahertz (THz, far-infrared) spectrum of 3,4-methylene-dioxymethamphetamine hydrochloride (Ecstasy) is simulated using solid-state density functional theory. While a previously reported isolated-molecule calculation is noteworthy for the precision of its solid-state THz reproduction, the solid-state calculation predicts that the isolated-molecule modes account for only half of the spectral features in the THz region, with the remaining structure arising from lattice vibrations that cannot be predicted without solid-state molecular modeling. The molecular origins of the internal mode contributions to the solid-state THz spectrum, as well as the proper consideration of the protonation state of the molecule, are also considered.

Evaluation of target efficiencies for solid-liquid separation steps in biofuels production.

PubMed

Kochergin, Vadim; Miller, Keith

2011-01-01

Development of liquid biofuels has entered a new phase of large scale pilot demonstration. A number of plants that are in operation or under construction face the task of addressing the engineering challenges of creating a viable plant design, scaling up and optimizing various unit operations. It is well-known that separation technologies account for 50-70% of both capital and operating cost. Additionally, reduction of environmental impact creates technological challenges that increase project cost without adding to the bottom line. Different technologies vary in terms of selection of unit operations; however, solid-liquid separations are likely to be a major contributor to the overall project cost. Despite the differences in pretreatment approaches, similar challenges arise for solid-liquid separation unit operations. A typical process for ethanol production from biomass includes several solid-liquid separation steps, depending on which particular stream is targeted for downstream processing. The nature of biomass-derived materials makes it either difficult or uneconomical to accomplish complete separation in a single step. Therefore, setting realistic efficiency targets for solid-liquid separations is an important task that influences overall process recovery and economics. Experimental data will be presented showing typical characteristics for pretreated cane bagasse at various stages of processing into cellulosic ethanol. Results of generic material balance calculations will be presented to illustrate the influence of separation target efficiencies on overall process recoveries and characteristics of waste streams.

Phase coherence and Andreev reflection in topological insulator devices

DOE PAGES

Finck, A. D. K.; Kurter, C.; Hor, Y. S.; ...

2014-11-04

Topological insulators (TIs) have attracted immense interest because they host helical surface states. Protected by time-reversal symmetry, they are robust to nonmagnetic disorder. When superconductivity is induced in these helical states, they are predicted to emulate p-wave pairing symmetry, with Majorana states bound to vortices. Majorana bound states possess non-Abelian exchange statistics that can be probed through interferometry. Here, we take a significant step towards Majorana interferometry by observing pronounced Fabry-Pérot oscillations in a TI sandwiched between a superconducting and a normal lead. For energies below the superconducting gap, we observe a doubling in the frequency of the oscillations, arisingmore » from an additional phase from Andreev reflection. When a magnetic field is applied perpendicular to the TI surface, a number of very sharp and gate-tunable conductance peaks appear at or near zero energy, which has consequences for interpreting spectroscopic probes of Majorana fermions. Our results show that TIs are a promising platform for exploring phase-coherent transport in a solid-state system.« less

Strong Correlation and Topological States in Orbital-Active Dirac Materials

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Xu, Shenglong; Wu, Congjun

Two dimensional Dirac materials, starting with graphene, have drawn tremendous research interests in the past decade. Instead of focusing on the pz orbital as in graphene, we go a step further and study its two orbitals counterpart, namely the px and py orbitals on a honeycomb lattice. The model applies to both optical lattices and several solid state systems including organic material, fluoridated tin film, BiX/SBX (X=H.F.CI.Br). In the band structure, besides the well known Dirac points in the graphene band structure, the orbital degrees of freedom give rise to flat bands as well as quadratic band touching points. These new features provide an even wider playground for searching exotic states of matter. With help of mean field theory and functional renormalization group (FRG) method, we explore the effects of interaction on the system and investigate the consequential interesting states such as ferromagnetism, Wigner crystallization, quantum anomalous Hall states and f-wave superconductivity.

A Geometry Based Infra-Structure for Computational Analysis and Design

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Haimes, Robert

1998-01-01

The computational steps traditionally taken for most engineering analysis suites (computational fluid dynamics (CFD), structural analysis, heat transfer and etc.) are: (1) Surface Generation -- usually by employing a Computer Assisted Design (CAD) system; (2) Grid Generation -- preparing the volume for the simulation; (3) Flow Solver -- producing the results at the specified operational point; (4) Post-processing Visualization -- interactively attempting to understand the results. For structural analysis, integrated systems can be obtained from a number of commercial vendors. These vendors couple directly to a number of CAD systems and are executed from within the CAD Graphical User Interface (GUI). It should be noted that the structural analysis problem is more tractable than CFD; there are fewer mesh topologies used and the grids are not as fine (this problem space does not have the length scaling issues of fluids). For CFD, these steps have worked well in the past for simple steady-state simulations at the expense of much user interaction. The data was transmitted between phases via files. In most cases, the output from a CAD system could go to Initial Graphics Exchange Specification (IGES) or Standard Exchange Program (STEP) files. The output from Grid Generators and Solvers do not really have standards though there are a couple of file formats that can be used for a subset of the gridding (i.e. PLOT3D data formats). The user would have to patch up the data or translate from one format to another to move to the next step. Sometimes this could take days. Specifically the problems with this procedure are:(1) File based -- Information flows from one step to the next via data files with formats specified for that procedure. File standards, when they exist, are wholly inadequate. For example, geometry from CAD systems (transmitted via IGES files) is defined as disjoint surfaces and curves (as well as masses of other information of no interest for the Grid Generator). This is particularly onerous for modern CAD systems based on solid modeling. The part was a proper solid and in the translation to IGES has lost this important characteristic. STEP is another standard for CAD data that exists and supports the concept of a solid. The problem with STEP is that a solid modeling geometry kernel is required to query and manipulate the data within this type of file. (2) 'Good' Geometry. A bottleneck in getting results from a solver is the construction of proper geometry to be fed to the grid generator. With 'good' geometry a grid can be constructed in tens of minutes (even with a complex configuration) using unstructured techniques. Adroit multi-block methods are not far behind. This means that a million node steady-state solution can be computed on the order of hours (using current high performance computers) starting from this 'good' geometry. Unfortunately, the geometry usually transmitted from the CAD system is not 'good' in the grid generator sense. The grid generator needs smooth closed solid geometry. It can take a week (or more) of interaction with the CAD output (sometimes by hand) before the process can begin. One way Communication. (3) One-way Communication -- All information travels on from one phase to the next. This makes procedures like node adaptation difficult when attempting to add or move nodes that sit on bounding surfaces (when the actual surface data has been lost after the grid generation phase). Until this process can be automated, more complex problems such as multi-disciplinary analysis or using the above procedure for design becomes prohibitive. There is also no way to easily deal with this system in a modular manner. One can only replace the grid generator, for example, if the software reads and writes the same files. Instead of the serial approach to analysis as described above, CAPRI takes a geometry centric approach. This makes the actual geometry (not a discretized version) accessible to all phases of the analysis. The connection to the geometry is made through an Application Programming Interface (API) and NOT a file system. This API isolates the top-level applications (grid generators, solvers and visualization components) from the geometry engine. Also this allows the replacement of one geometry kernel with another, without effecting these top-level applications. For example, if UniGraphics is used as the CAD package then Parasolid (UG's own geometry engine) can be used for all geometric queries so that no solid geometry information is lost in a translation. This is much better than STEP because when the data is queried, the same software is executed as used in the CAD system. Therefore, one analyzes the exact part that is in the CAD system. CAPRI uses the same idea as the commercial structural analysis codes but does not specify control. Software components of the CAD system are used, but the analysis suite, not the CAD operator, specifies the control of the software session. This also means that the license issues (may be) minimized and individuals need not have to know how to operate a CAD system in order to run the suite.

Highly versatile heteroditopic ligand scaffolds for accommodating group 8, 9 & 11 heterobimetallic complexes.

PubMed

Gatus, Mark R D; Bhadbhade, Mohan; Messerle, Barbara A

2017-10-24

Two highly versatile xanthene scaffolds containing pairs of heteroditopic ligands were found to be capable of accommodating a range of transition metal ions, including Au(i), Ir(i), Ir(iii), Rh(i), and Ru(ii) to generate an array of heterobimetallic complexes. The metal complexes were fully characterised and proved to be stable in the solid and solution state, with no observed metal-metal scrambling. Heterobimetallic complexes containing the Rh(i)/Ir(i) combinations were tested as catalysts for the two-step dihydroalkoxylation reaction of alkynediols and sequential hydroamination/hydrosilylation reaction of alkynamines.

The effects of lightning on digital flight control systems

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Plumer, J. A.; Malloy, W. A.; Craft, J. B.

1976-01-01

Present practices in lightning protection of aircraft deal primarily with the direct effects of lightning, such as structural damage and ignition of fuel vapors. There is increasing evidence of troublesome electromagnetic effects, however, in aircraft employing solid-state microelectronics in critical navigation, instrumentation and control functions. The potential impact of these indirect effects on critical systems such as digital fly by wire (DFBW) flight controls was studied. The results indicate a need for positive steps to be taken during the design of future fly by wire systems to minimize the possibility of hazardous effects from lightning.

A phonon thermodynamics approach of gold nanofluids synthesized in solution plasma

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Heo, YongKang, E-mail: yk@rd.numse.nagoya-u.ac.jp; Aburaya, Daiki, E-mail: daiki@rd.numse.nagoya-u.ac.jp; Antoaneta Bratescu, Maria, E-mail: maria@rd.numse.nagoya-u.ac.jp

2014-03-17

The phonon thermodynamics theory for liquids was applied to explain the thermal characteristics of gold nanofluids synthesized by a simple, one-step, and chemical-free method using an electrical discharge in a liquid environment termed solution plasma process. The specific heat capacity of nanofluids was measured with a differential scanning calorimeter using the ratio between the differential heat flow rate and the heating rate. The decrease of the specific heat capacity with 10% of gold nanofluids relative to water was explained by the decrease of Frenkel relaxation time with 22%, considering a solid-like state model of liquids.

Effect of an aggressive medium on discontinuous deformation of aluminum-magnesium alloy AlMg6

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Shibkov, A. A.; Denisov, A. A.; Zolotov, A. E.; Kochegarov, S. S.

2017-01-01

It is experimentally shown that the molecular (chemical) process of surface etching of deformed aluminum-magnesium alloy AlMg6 causes the development of a macroscopic plastic strain step with an amplitude of a few percent. Using numerical simulation of the polycrystalline solid etching process, it is shown that the corrosion front morphology varies during etching from Euclid (flat) to fractal (rough). The results obtained show the key role of the surface state on the development of macroscopic mechanical instability of a material exhibiting the Portevin-Le Chatelier effect.

Memcomputing with membrane memcapacitive systems

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pershin, Y. V.; Traversa, F. L.; Di Ventra, M.

2015-06-01

We show theoretically that networks of membrane memcapacitive systems—capacitors with memory made out of membrane materials—can be used to perform a complete set of logic gates in a massively parallel way by simply changing the external input amplitudes, but not the topology of the network. This polymorphism is an important characteristic of memcomputing (computing with memories) that closely reproduces one of the main features of the brain. A practical realization of these membrane memcapacitive systems, using, e.g., graphene or other 2D materials, would be a step forward towards a solid-state realization of memcomputing with passive devices.

A time to search: finding the meaning of variable activation energy.

PubMed

Vyazovkin, Sergey

2016-07-28

This review deals with the phenomenon of variable activation energy frequently observed when studying the kinetics in the liquid or solid phase. This phenomenon commonly manifests itself through nonlinear Arrhenius plots or dependencies of the activation energy on conversion computed by isoconversional methods. Variable activation energy signifies a multi-step process and has a meaning of a collective parameter linked to the activation energies of individual steps. It is demonstrated that by using appropriate models of the processes, the link can be established in algebraic form. This allows one to analyze experimentally observed dependencies of the activation energy in a quantitative fashion and, as a result, to obtain activation energies of individual steps, to evaluate and predict other important parameters of the process, and generally to gain deeper kinetic and mechanistic insights. This review provides multiple examples of such analysis as applied to the processes of crosslinking polymerization, crystallization and melting of polymers, gelation, and solid-solid morphological and glass transitions. The use of appropriate computational techniques is discussed as well.

Solid state lighting devices and methods with rotary cooling structures

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Koplow, Jeffrey P.

Solid state lighting devices and methods for heat dissipation with rotary cooling structures are described. An example solid state lighting device includes a solid state light source, a rotating heat transfer structure in thermal contact with the solid state light source, and a mounting assembly having a stationary portion. The mounting assembly may be rotatably coupled to the heat transfer structure such that at least a portion of the mounting assembly remains stationary while the heat transfer structure is rotating. Examples of methods for dissipating heat from electrical devices, such as solid state lighting sources are also described. Heat dissipationmore » methods may include providing electrical power to a solid state light source mounted to and in thermal contact with a heat transfer structure, and rotating the heat transfer structure through a surrounding medium.« less

Design and fabrication of a novel self-powered solid-state neutron detector

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

LiCausi, Nicholas

There is a strong interest in intercepting special nuclear materials (SNM) at national and international borders and ports for homeland security applications. Detection of SNM such as U and Pu is often accomplished by sensing their natural or induced neutron emission. Such detector systems typically use thermal neutron detectors inside a plastic moderator. In order to achieve high detection efficiency gas filled detectors are often used; these detectors require high voltage bias for operation, which complicates the system when tens or hundreds of detectors are deployed. A better type of detector would be an inexpensive solid-state detector that can be mass-produced like any other computer chip. Research surrounding solid-state detectors has been underway since the late 1990's. A simple solid-state detector employs a planar solar-cell type p-n junction and a thin conversion material that converts incident thermal neutrons into detectable alpha-particles and 7Li ions. Existing work has typically used 6LiF or 10B as this conversion layer. Although a simple planar detector can act as a highly portable, low cost detector, it is limited to relatively low detection efficiency (˜10%). To increase the efficiency, 3D perforated p-i-n silicon devices were proposed. To get high efficiency, these detectors need to be biased, resulting in increased leakage current and hence detector noise. In this research, a new type of detector structure was proposed, designed and fabricated. Among several detector structures evaluated, a honeycomb-like silicon p-n structure was selected, which is filled with natural boron as the neutron converter. A silicon p+-n diode formed on the thin silicon wall of the honeycomb structure detects the energetic alpha-particles emitted from the boron conversion layer. The silicon detection layer is fabricated to be fully depleted with an integral step during the boron filling process. This novel feature results in a simplified fabrication process. Three key advantages of the novel devices are theoretical neutron detection efficiency of ˜48%, a self-passivating structure that reduces leakage current and detector operation with no bias resulting in extremely low device noise. Processes required to fabricate the 3D type detector were explored and developed in this thesis. The detector capacitance and processing steps have been simulated with MEDICI and TSuprem-4, respectively. Lithography masks were then designed using Cadence. The fabrication process development was conducted in line with standard CMOS grade integrated circuit processing to allow for simple integration with existing fabrication facilities. A number of new processes were developed including the low pressure chemical vapor deposition of conformal boron films using diborane on very high aspect-ratio trenches and holes. Development also included methods for "wet" chemical etching and "dry" reactive ion etching of the deposited boron films. Fabricated detectors were characterized with the transmission line method, 4-point probe, I-V measurements and C-V measurements. Finally the detector response to thermal neutrons was studied. Characterization has shown significant reduction in reverse leakage current density to ˜8x10-8 A/cm2 (nearly 4 orders of magnitude over the previously published data). Results show that the fabrication process developed is capable of producing efficient (˜22.5%) solid-state thermal neutron detectors.

Structure Evolution and Reactivity of the Sc(2- x)V xO3+δ (0 ≤ x ≤ 2.0) System.

PubMed

Lussier, Joey A; Simon, Fabian J; Whitfield, Pamela S; Singh, Kalpana; Thangadurai, Venkataraman; Bieringer, Mario

2018-05-07

Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) are solid-state electrochemical devices that directly convert chemical energy of fuels into electricity with high efficiency. Because of their fuel flexibility, low emissions, high conversion efficiency, no moving parts, and quiet operation, they are considered as a promising energy conversion technology for low carbon future needs. Solid-state oxide and proton conducting electrolytes play a crucial role in improving the performance and market acceptability of SOFCs. Defect fluorite phases are some of the most promising fast oxide ion conductors for use as electrolytes in SOFCs. We report the synthesis, structure, phase diagram, and high-temperature reactivity of the Sc (2- x) V x O 3+δ (0 ≤ x ≤ 2.00) oxide defect model system. For all Sc (2- x) V x O 3.0 phases with x ≤ 1.08 phase-pure bixbyite-type structures are found, whereas for x ≥ 1.68 phase-pure corundum structures are reported, with a miscibility gap found for 1.08 < x < 1.68. Structural details obtained from the simultaneous Rietveld refinements using powder neutron and X-ray diffraction data are reported for the bixbyite phases, demonstrating a slight V 3+ preference toward the 8b site. In situ X-ray diffraction experiments were used to explore the oxidation of the Sc (2- x) V x O 3.0 phases. In all cases ScVO 4 was found as a final product, accompanied by Sc 2 O 3 for x < 1.0 and V 2 O 5 when x > 1.0; however, the oxidative pathway varied greatly throughout the series. Comments are made on different synthesis strategies, including the effect on crystallinity, reaction times, rate-limiting steps, and reaction pathways. This work provides insight into the mechanisms of solid-state reactions and strategic guidelines for targeted materials synthesis.

Enhancing the anaerobic digestion potential of dairy waste activated sludge by two step sono-alkalization pretreatment.

PubMed

Rani, R Uma; Kumar, S Adish; Kaliappan, S; Yeom, Ick-Tae; Banu, J Rajesh

2014-05-01

High efficiency resource recovery from dairy waste activated sludge (WAS) has been a focus of attention. An investigation into the influence of two step sono-alkalization pretreatment (using different alkaline agents, pH and sonic reaction times) on sludge reduction potential in a semi-continuous anaerobic reactor was performed for the first time in literature. Firstly, effect of sludge pretreatment was evaluated by COD solubilization, suspended solids reduction and biogas production. At optimized condition (4172 kJ/kg TS of supplied energy for NaOH - pH 10), COD solubilization, suspended solids reduction and biogas production was 59%, 46% and 80% higher than control. In order to clearly describe the hydrolysis of waste activated sludge during sono-alkalization pretreatment by a two step process, concentrations of ribonucleic acid (RNA) and bound extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) were also measured. Secondly, semi-continuous process performance was studied in a lab-scale semi-continuous anaerobic reactor (5L), with 4 L working volume. With three operated SRTs, the SRT of 15 d was found to be most appropriate for economic operation of the reactor. Combining pretreatment with anaerobic digestion led to 58% and 62% of suspended solids and volatile solids reduction, respectively, with an improvement of 83% in biogas production. Thus, two step sono-alkalization pretreatment laid the basis in enhancing the anaerobic digestion potential of dairy WAS. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

A comparative study of heterostructured CuO/CuWO4 nanowires and thin films

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Polyakov, Boris; Kuzmin, Alexei; Vlassov, Sergei; Butanovs, Edgars; Zideluns, Janis; Butikova, Jelena; Kalendarev, Robert; Zubkins, Martins

2017-12-01

A comparative study of heterostructured CuO/CuWO4 core/shell nanowires and double-layer thin films was performed through X-ray diffraction, confocal micro-Raman spectroscopy and electron (SEM and TEM) microscopies. The heterostructures were produced using a two-step process, starting from a deposition of amorphous WO3 layer on top of CuO nanowires and thin films by reactive DC magnetron sputtering and followed by annealing at 650 °C in air. The second step induced a solid-state reaction between CuO and WO3 oxides through a thermal diffusion process, revealed by SEM-EDX analysis. Morphology evolution of core/shell nanowires and double-layer thin films upon heating was studied by electron (SEM and TEM) microscopies. A formation of CuWO4 phase was confirmed by X-ray diffraction and confocal micro-Raman spectroscopy.

A supramolecular approach to fabricate highly emissive smart materials

PubMed Central

Liu, Kai; Yao, Yuxing; Kang, Yuetong; Liu, Yu; Han, Yuchun; Wang, Yilin; Li, Zhibo; Zhang, Xi

2013-01-01

The aromatic chromophores, for example, perylene diimides (PDIs) are well known for their desirable absorption and emission properties. However, their stacking nature hinders the exploitation of these properties and further applications. To fabricate emissive aggregates or solid-state materials, it has been common practice to decrease the degree of stacking of PDIs by incorporating substituents into the parent aromatic ring. However, such practice often involves difficultorganic synthesis with multiple steps. A supramolecular approach is established here to fabricate highly fluorescent and responsive soft materials, which has greatly decreases the number of required synthetic steps and also allows for a system with switchable photophysical properties. The highly fluorescent smart material exhibits great adaptivity and can be used as a supramolecular sensor for the rapid detection of spermine with high sensitivity and selectivity, which is crucial for the early diagnosis of malignant tumors. PMID:23917964

Design, construction and test of RF solid state power amplifier for IRANCYC-10

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Azizi, H.; Dehghan, M.; Abbasi Davani, F.; Ghasemi, F.

2018-03-01

In this paper, design, simulation and construction of a high power amplifier to provide the required power of a cyclotron accelerator (IRANCYC-10) is presented step-by-step. The Push-Pull designed amplifier can generate 750 W at the operating frequency of 71 MHz continous wave (CW). In this study, achieving the best efficiency of the amplifier, as well as reducing overall volume using baluns, were two important goals. The new offered water-cooled heat sink was used for cooling the amplifier which increases the operating life of the transistor. The gain and PAE of the SSPA were obtained 20 dB and 77.7%, respectively. The simulated and measured RF results are in good agreement with each other. The results show that, using an RF transformer in matching impedance of matching networks, it causes a smaller size and also a better amplifier performance.

SEPARATION OF PLUTONIUM VALUES FROM URANIUM AND FISSION PRODUCT VALUES

DOEpatents

Maddock, A.G.; Booth, A.H.

1960-09-13

Separation of plutonium present in small amounts from neutron irradiated uranium by making use of the phenomenon of chemisorption is described. Plutonium in the tetravalent state is chemically absorbed on a fluoride in solid form. The steps for the separation comprise dissolving the irradiated uranium in nitric acid, oxidizing the plutonium in the resulting solution to the hexavalent state, adding to the solution a soluble calcium salt which by the common ion effect inhibits dissolution of the fluoride by the solution, passing the solution through a bed or column of subdivided calcium fluoride which has been sintered to about 8OO deg C to remove the chemisorbable fission products, reducing the plutonium in the solution thus obtained to the tetravalent state, and again passing the solution through a similar bed or column of calcium fluoride to selectively absorb the plutonium, which may then be recovered by treating the calcium fluoride with a solution of ammonium oxalate.

Crystal nucleation and metastable bcc phase in charged colloids: A molecular dynamics study

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ji, Xinqiang; Sun, Zhiwei; Ouyang, Wenze; Xu, Shenghua

2018-05-01

The dynamic process of homogenous nucleation in charged colloids is investigated by brute-force molecular dynamics simulation. To check if the liquid-solid transition will pass through metastable bcc, simulations are performed at the state points that definitely lie in the phase region of thermodynamically stable fcc. The simulation results confirm that, in all of these cases, the preordered precursors, acting as the seeds of nucleation, always have predominant bcc symmetry consistent with Ostwald's step rule and the Alexander-McTague mechanism. However, the polymorph selection is not straightforward because the crystal structures formed are not often determined by the symmetry of intermediate precursors but have different characters under different state points. The region of the state point where bcc crystal structures of large enough size are formed during crystallization is narrow, which gives a reasonable explanation as to why the metastable bcc phase in charged colloidal suspensions is rarely detected in macroscopic experiments.

Architecture and method for a burst buffer using flash technology

DOEpatents

Tzelnic, Percy; Faibish, Sorin; Gupta, Uday K.; Bent, John; Grider, Gary Alan; Chen, Hsing-bung

2016-03-15

A parallel supercomputing cluster includes compute nodes interconnected in a mesh of data links for executing an MPI job, and solid-state storage nodes each linked to a respective group of the compute nodes for receiving checkpoint data from the respective compute nodes, and magnetic disk storage linked to each of the solid-state storage nodes for asynchronous migration of the checkpoint data from the solid-state storage nodes to the magnetic disk storage. Each solid-state storage node presents a file system interface to the MPI job, and multiple MPI processes of the MPI job write the checkpoint data to a shared file in the solid-state storage in a strided fashion, and the solid-state storage node asynchronously migrates the checkpoint data from the shared file in the solid-state storage to the magnetic disk storage and writes the checkpoint data to the magnetic disk storage in a sequential fashion.

A simple model of hysteresis behavior using spreadsheet analysis

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ehrmann, A.; Blachowicz, T.

2015-01-01

Hysteresis loops occur in many scientific and technical problems, especially as field dependent magnetization of ferromagnetic materials, but also as stress-strain-curves of materials measured by tensile tests including thermal effects, liquid-solid phase transitions, in cell biology or economics. While several mathematical models exist which aim to calculate hysteresis energies and other parameters, here we offer a simple model for a general hysteretic system, showing different hysteresis loops depending on the defined parameters. The calculation which is based on basic spreadsheet analysis plus an easy macro code can be used by students to understand how these systems work and how the parameters influence the reactions of the system on an external field. Importantly, in the step-by-step mode, each change of the system state, compared to the last step, becomes visible. The simple program can be developed further by several changes and additions, enabling the building of a tool which is capable of answering real physical questions in the broad field of magnetism as well as in other scientific areas, in which similar hysteresis loops occur.

Advantages offered by high average power picosecond lasers

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Moorhouse, C.

2011-03-01

As electronic devices shrink in size to reduce material costs, device size and weight, thinner material thicknesses are also utilized. Feature sizes are also decreasing, which is pushing manufacturers towards single step laser direct write process as an attractive alternative to conventional, multiple step photolithography processes by eliminating process steps and the cost of chemicals. The fragile nature of these thin materials makes them difficult to machine either mechanically or with conventional nanosecond pulsewidth, Diode Pumped Solids State (DPSS) lasers. Picosecond laser pulses can cut materials with reduced damage regions and selectively remove thin films due to the reduced thermal effects of the shorter pulsewidth. Also, the high repetition rate allows high speed processing for industrial applications. Selective removal of thin films for OLED patterning, silicon solar cells and flat panel displays is discussed, as well as laser cutting of transparent materials with low melting point such as Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET). For many of these thin film applications, where low pulse energy and high repetition rate are required, throughput can be increased by the use of a novel technique to using multiple beams from a single laser source is outlined.

Investigating the Crystallization Propensity of Structurally Similar Organic Molecules From Amorphous State

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kalra, Arjun

Combinatorial chemistry and high-throughput screening approaches utilized during drug discovery have resulted in many potent pharmacologically active molecules with low aqueous solubility and consequently poor bioavailability. Enabling technologies, such as amorphous solid dispersions (ASD's), can obviate these challenges and provide an efficient route to formulate the drug as an oral solid dosage form. However, high-energy amorphous materials have an inherent tendency to crystallize and in doing so can negate the apparent solubility advantage achieved by using such formulations. Crystallization can occur during (1) cooling the drug molecule from the melt state (such as during hot melt extrusion); (2) during storage of an amorphous formulation; (3) during pharmaceutical processing unit operations such as compression, granulation etc. Current knowledge with regards to the relationship between crystallization propensity of an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) from the amorphous state (supercooled liquid and glass) and its thermodynamic, kinetic and molecular properties is limited. Furthermore, examining the mechanistic steps involved in crystallization of organic molecules under conditions of supercooling provides an opportunity to examine supramolecular aggregation events occurring during early stages of crystallization. Studying crystallization mechanism from amorphous state is important for pharmaceutical formulation development because a molecular-level understanding of the crystallization process would provide clues regarding the intermolecular interactions at the early stages of nucleation and help in rational selection of polymeric excipients to hinder such events. The primary goal of this research is to develop an understanding of phase transition from amorphous pharmaceuticals, specifically focusing on the role of thermodynamic, kinetic and molecular properties of a series of structurally similar compounds. It is hypothesized that the there exists a link between thermodynamics quantities, kinetic properties, molecular interactions and glass forming ability. Furthermore, it is hypothesized that the molecular heterogeneity in supercooled liquids and glassy state, manifested through intermolecular interactions and conformational flexibility impacts the observed crystallization behavior. Understanding the phase transition kinetics and mechanism of crystallization from amorphous pharmaceuticals is critical for development of stable formulations for drug delivery. The specific goals of this research include: (1) Investigating the link between thermodynamic and kinetic factors affecting the crystallization propensity of organic compounds from supercooled liquid state. (2) Evaluating the role of intermolecular interactions and conformational distribution on glass forming ability and stability. (3) Examining the relationship between supramolecular aggregates present in glassy state and polymorphic outcome. It is believed that successful completion of this research will provide a fundamental understanding of amorphous solid-state chemistry as well as provide useful tools for the implementation of ASD's as solid oral dosage forms.

Statistical optimization for improved production of cyclosporin a in solid-state fermentation.

PubMed

Survase, Shrikant A; Annapure, Uday S; Singhal, Rekha S

2009-11-01

This work evaluates the effect of different amino acids on production of CyA production in solid-state fermentation that was previously optimized for different fermentation parameters by one-factor-at-a-time for the maximum production of CyA by Tolypocladium inflatum MTCC 557. Based on the Plackett-Burman design, glycerol, ammonium sulfate, FeCl3, and inoculum size were selected for further optimization by response surface methodology (RSM). After identifying effective nutrients, RSM was used to develop mathematical model equations, study responses, and establish the optimum concentrations of the key nutrients for higher CyA production. It was observed that supplementation of medium containing (% w/w) glycerol, 1.53; ammonium sulfate, 0.95; FeCl3, 0.18; and inoculum size 6.4 ml/5g yielded a maximum of 7,106 mg/kg as compared with 6,480 mg CyA/kg substrate using one factor at a time. In the second step, the effect of amino acids on the production of CyA was studied. Addition of L-valine and L-leucine in combination after 20 h of fermentation resulted in maximum production of 8,166 mg/kg.

Solid state consolidation nanocrystalline copper-tungsten using cold spray

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Hall, Aaron Christopher; Sarobol, Pylin; Argibay, Nicolas

It is well known that nanostructured metals can exhibit significantly improved properties compared to metals with conventional grain size. Unfortunately, nanocrystalline metals typically are not thermodynamically stable and exhibit rapid grain growth at moderate temperatures. This severely limits their processing and use, making them impractical for most engineering applications. Recent work has shown that a number of thermodynamically stable nanocrystalline metal alloys exist. These alloys have been prepared as powders using severe plastic deformation (e.g. ball milling) processes. Consolidation of these powders without compromise of their nanocrystalline microstructure is a critical step to enabling their use as engineering materials. Wemore » demonstrate solid-state consolidation of ball milled copper-tantalum nanocrystalline metal powder using cold spray. Unfortunately, the nanocrystalline copper-tantalum powder that was consolidated did not contain the thermodynamically stable copper-tantalum nanostructure. Nevertheless, this does this demonstrates a pathway to preparation of bulk thermodynamically stable nanocrystalline copper-tantalum. Furthermore, it demonstrates a pathway to additive manufacturing (3D printing) of nanocrystalline copper-tantalum. Additive manufacturing of thermodynamically stable nanocrystalline metals is attractive because it enables maximum flexibility and efficiency in the use of these unique materials.« less

Atomic Scale Structural Studies of Macromolecular Assemblies by Solid-state Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy.

PubMed

Loquet, Antoine; Tolchard, James; Berbon, Melanie; Martinez, Denis; Habenstein, Birgit

2017-09-17

Supramolecular protein assemblies play fundamental roles in biological processes ranging from host-pathogen interaction, viral infection to the propagation of neurodegenerative disorders. Such assemblies consist in multiple protein subunits organized in a non-covalent way to form large macromolecular objects that can execute a variety of cellular functions or cause detrimental consequences. Atomic insights into the assembly mechanisms and the functioning of those macromolecular assemblies remain often scarce since their inherent insolubility and non-crystallinity often drastically reduces the quality of the data obtained from most techniques used in structural biology, such as X-ray crystallography and solution Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR). We here present magic-angle spinning solid-state NMR spectroscopy (SSNMR) as a powerful method to investigate structures of macromolecular assemblies at atomic resolution. SSNMR can reveal atomic details on the assembled complex without size and solubility limitations. The protocol presented here describes the essential steps from the production of 13 C/ 15 N isotope-labeled macromolecular protein assemblies to the acquisition of standard SSNMR spectra and their analysis and interpretation. As an example, we show the pipeline of a SSNMR structural analysis of a filamentous protein assembly.

Novel symmetrical coralloid Cu 3D superstructures: Solid-state synthesis from a Cu-carboxylate MOF and their in-situ thermal conversion

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Chen Lingyun, E-mail: lychen@cqu.edu.c; Shen Yongming; Bai Junfeng, E-mail: bjunfeng@nju.edu.c

2009-08-15

We describe here a one-step solid-state process for the synthesis of metal three-dimensional (3D) superstructures from a metal-organic framework (MOF). Novel symmetrical coralloid Cu 3D superstructures with surface interspersed with clusters of Cu nanoparticles were successfully synthesized by thermolysis of the [Cu{sub 3}(btc){sub 2}] (btc=benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxylato) MOF in a one-end closed horizontal tube furnace (OCTF). The obtained products were characterized by TGA, FT-IR, XRD, EDX, SEM, TEM, HRTEM and SAED. Different reaction conditions were discussed. Furthermore, the synthesized Cu samples were converted into CuO microstructures by in-situ calcination in the air. In addition, the possible formation mechanism was also proposed. Thismore » method is a simple and facile route, which builds a direct linkage between metal-carboxylate MOF crystals and metal nano- or microstructures and also opens a new application field of MOFs. - Graphical abstract: Novel symmetrical coralloid Cu 3D superstructures were synthesized by thermolysis of the [Cu{sub 3}(btc){sub 2}] (btc=benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxylato) MOF microcrystals in a one-end closed horizontal tube furnace (OCTF).« less

Quantum Optics with Near-Lifetime-Limited Quantum-Dot Transitions in a Nanophotonic Waveguide.

PubMed

Thyrrestrup, Henri; Kiršanskė, Gabija; Le Jeannic, Hanna; Pregnolato, Tommaso; Zhai, Liang; Raahauge, Laust; Midolo, Leonardo; Rotenberg, Nir; Javadi, Alisa; Schott, Rüdiger; Wieck, Andreas D; Ludwig, Arne; Löbl, Matthias C; Söllner, Immo; Warburton, Richard J; Lodahl, Peter

2018-03-14

Establishing a highly efficient photon-emitter interface where the intrinsic linewidth broadening is limited solely by spontaneous emission is a key step in quantum optics. It opens a pathway to coherent light-matter interaction for, e.g., the generation of highly indistinguishable photons, few-photon optical nonlinearities, and photon-emitter quantum gates. However, residual broadening mechanisms are ubiquitous and need to be combated. For solid-state emitters charge and nuclear spin noise are of importance, and the influence of photonic nanostructures on the broadening has not been clarified. We present near-lifetime-limited linewidths for quantum dots embedded in nanophotonic waveguides through a resonant transmission experiment. It is found that the scattering of single photons from the quantum dot can be obtained with an extinction of 66 ± 4%, which is limited by the coupling of the quantum dot to the nanostructure rather than the linewidth broadening. This is obtained by embedding the quantum dot in an electrically contacted nanophotonic membrane. A clear pathway to obtaining even larger single-photon extinction is laid out; i.e., the approach enables a fully deterministic and coherent photon-emitter interface in the solid state that is operated at optical frequencies.

Composite Polymer-Garnet Solid State Electrolytes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Villa, Andres; Oduncu, Muhammed R.; Scofield, Gregory D.; Marinero, Ernesto E.; Forbey, Scott

Solid-state electrolytes provide a potential solution to the safety and reliability issues of Li-ion batteries. We have synthesized cubic-phase Li7-xLa3Zr2-xBixO12 compounds utilizing inexpensive, scalable Sol-gel synthesis and obtained ionic conductivities 1.2 x 10-4 S/cm at RT in not-fully densified pellets. In this work we report on the fabrication of composite polymer-garnet ceramic particle electrolytes to produce flexible membranes that can be integrated with standard battery electrodes without the need for a separator. As a first step we incorporated the ceramic particles into polyethylene oxide polymers (PEO) to form flexible membranes. Early results are encouraging yielding ionic conductivity values 1.0 x 10-5 S/cm at RT. To increment the conductivity in the membranes, we are optimizing amongst other: the ceramic particle size distribution and weight load, the polymer molecular weight and chemical composition and the solvated Li-salt composition and content. Unhindered ion transport across interfaces between the composites and the battery electrode materials is paramount for battery performance. To this end, we are investigating the effect of interface morphology, its atomic composition and exploring novel electrode structures that facilitate ionic transport.

Determination of Structural Topology of a Membrane Protein in Lipid -Bilayers using Polarization Optimized Experiments (POE) for Static and MAS Solid State NMR Spectroscopy

PubMed Central

Mote, Kaustubh R.; Gopinath, T.; Veglia, Gianluigi

2013-01-01

The low sensitivity inherent to both the static and magic angle spinning techniques of solid-state NMR (ssNMR) spectroscopy has thus far limited the routine application of multidimensional experiments to determine the structure of membrane proteins in lipid bilayers. Here, we demonstrate the advantage of using a recently developed class of experiments, polarization optimized experiments (POE), for both static and MAS spectroscopy to achieve higher sensitivity and substantial time-savings for 2D and 3D experiments. We used sarcolipin, a single pass membrane protein, reconstituted in oriented bicelles (for oriented ssNMR) and multilamellar vesicles (for MAS ssNMR) as a benchmark. The restraints derived by these experiments are then combined into a hybrid energy function to allow simultaneous determination of structure and topology. The resulting structural ensemble converged to a helical conformation with a backbone RMSD ∼ 0.44 Å, a tilt angle of 24° ± 1°, and an azimuthal angle of 55° ± 6°. This work represents a crucial first step toward obtaining high-resolution structures of large membrane proteins using combined multidimensional O-ssNMR and MAS-ssNMR. PMID:23963722

Electric-Field-Induced Energy Tuning of On-Demand Entangled-Photon Emission from Self-Assembled Quantum Dots.

PubMed

Zhang, Jiaxiang; Zallo, Eugenio; Höfer, Bianca; Chen, Yan; Keil, Robert; Zopf, Michael; Böttner, Stefan; Ding, Fei; Schmidt, Oliver G

2017-01-11

We explore a method to achieve electrical control over the energy of on-demand entangled-photon emission from self-assembled quantum dots (QDs). The device used in our work consists of an electrically tunable diode-like membrane integrated onto a piezoactuator, which is capable of exerting a uniaxial stress on QDs. We theoretically reveal that, through application of the quantum-confined Stark effect to QDs by a vertical electric field, the critical uniaxial stress used to eliminate the fine structure splitting of QDs can be linearly tuned. This feature allows experimental realization of a triggered source of energy-tunable entangled-photon emission. Our demonstration represents an important step toward realization of a solid-state quantum repeater using indistinguishable entangled photons in Bell state measurements.

Carboxylate-based molecular magnet: One path toward achieving stable quantum correlations at room temperature

DOE PAGES

Cruz, C.; Soares-Pinto, D. O.; Brandão, P.; ...

2016-03-07

The control of quantum correlations in solid-state systems by means of material engineering is a broad avenue to be explored, since it makes possible steps toward the limits of quantum mechanics and the design of novel materials with applications on emerging quantum technologies. This letter explores the potential of molecular magnets to be prototypes of materials for quantum information technology in this context. More precisely, we engineered a material and from its geometric quantum discord we found significant quantum correlations up to 9540 K (even without entanglement); and, a pure singlet state occupied up to around 80 K (above liquidmore » nitrogen temperature), additionally. Our results could only be achieved due to the carboxylate group promoting a metal-to-metal huge magnetic interaction.« less

Dissolution-modulating mechanism of pH modifiers in solid dispersion containing weakly acidic or basic drugs with poor water solubility.

PubMed

Tran, Phuong Ha-Lien; Tran, Thao Truong-Dinh; Lee, Kyoung-Ho; Kim, Dong-Jin; Lee, Beom-Jin

2010-05-01

Although the solid dispersion method has been known to increase the dissolution rate of poorly water-soluble drugs by dispersing them in hydrophilic carriers, one obstacle of the solid dispersion method is its limited solubilization capacity, especially for pH-dependent soluble drugs. pH-modified solid dispersion, in which pH modifiers are incorporated, may be a useful method for increasing the dissolution rate of weakly acidic or basic drugs. Sufficient research, including the most recent reports, was undertaken in this review. How could the inclusion of the pH the pH modifiers in the solid dispersion system change drug structural behaviors, molecular interactions, microenvironmental pH, and/or release rate of pH modifiers, relating with the enhanced dissolution of weakly acidic or weakly basic drugs with poor water solubility? These questions have been investigated to determine the dissolution-modulating mechanism of pH modifiers in solid dispersion containing weakly acidic or basic drugs. It is believed that step-by-step mechanistic approaches could provide the ultimate solution for solubilizing several poorly water-soluble drugs with pH-dependent solubility from a solid dispersion system, as well as provide ideas for developing future dosage systems.

Simulation of dynamic processes when machining transition surfaces of stepped shafts

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Maksarov, V. V.; Krasnyy, V. A.; Viushin, R. V.

2018-03-01

The paper addresses the characteristics of stepped surfaces of parts categorized as "solids of revolution". It is noted that in the conditions of transition modes during the switch to end surface machining, there is cutting with varied load intensity in the section of the cut layer, which leads to change in cutting force, onset of vibrations, an increase in surface layer roughness, a decrease of size precision, and increased wear of a tool's cutting edge. This work proposes a method that consists in developing a CNC program output code that allows one to process complex forms of stepped shafts with only one machine setup. The authors developed and justified a mathematical model of a technological system for mechanical processing with consideration for the resolution of tool movement at the stages of transition processes to assess the dynamical stability of a system in the process of manufacturing stepped surfaces of parts of “solid of revolution” type.

Biochemistry and Cell Wall Changes Associated with Noni (Morinda citrifolia L.) Fruit Ripening.

PubMed

Cárdenas-Coronel, Wendy G; Carrillo-López, Armando; Vélez de la Rocha, Rosabel; Labavitch, John M; Báez-Sañudo, Manuel A; Heredia, José B; Zazueta-Morales, José J; Vega-García, Misael O; Sañudo-Barajas, J Adriana

2016-01-13

Quality and compositional changes were determined in noni fruit harvested at five ripening stages, from dark-green to thaslucent-grayish. Fruit ripening was accompanied by acidity and soluble solids accumulation but pH diminution, whereas the softening profile presented three differential steps named early (no significant softening), intermediate (significant softening), and final (dramatic softening). At early step the extensive depolymerization of hydrosoluble pectins and the significantly increment of pectinase activities did not correlate with the slight reduction in firmness. The intermediate step showed an increment of pectinases and hemicellulases activities. The final step was accompanied by the most significant reduction in the yield of alcohol-insoluble solids as well as in the composition of uronic acids and neutral sugars; pectinases increased their activity and depolymerization of hemicellulosic fractions occurred. Noni ripening is a process conducted by the coordinated action of pectinases and hemicellulases that promote the differential dissasembly of cell wall polymers.

Slurried solid media for simultaneous water purification and carbon dioxide removal from gas mixtures

DOEpatents

Aines, Roger D.; Bourcier, William L.; Viani, Brian

2013-01-29

A slurried solid media for simultaneous water purification and carbon dioxide removal from gas mixtures includes the steps of dissolving the gas mixture and carbon dioxide in water providing a gas, carbon dioxide, water mixture; adding a porous solid media to the gas, carbon dioxide, water mixture forming a slurry of gas, carbon dioxide, water, and porous solid media; heating the slurry of gas, carbon dioxide, water, and porous solid media producing steam; and cooling the steam to produce purified water and carbon dioxide.

Review—Practical Challenges Hindering the Development of Solid State Li Ion Batteries

DOE PAGES

Kerman, Kian; Luntz, Alan; Viswanathan, Venkatasubramanian; ...

2017-06-09

Solid state electrolyte systems boasting Li+ conductivity of >10 mS cm -1 at room temperature have opened the potential for developing a solid state battery with power and energy densities that are competitive with conventional liquid electrolyte systems. The primary focus of this review is twofold. First, differences in Li penetration resistance in solid state systems are discussed, and kinetic limitations of the solid state interface are highlighted. Second, technological challenges associated with processing such systems in relevant form factors are elucidated, and architectures needed for cell level devices in the context of product development are reviewed. Specific research vectorsmore » that provide high value to advancing solid state batteries are outlined and discussed.« less

Modern Microwave and Millimeter-Wave Power Electronics

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Barker, Robert J.; Luhmann, Neville C.; Booske, John H.; Nusinovich, Gregory S.

2005-04-01

A comprehensive study of microwave vacuum electronic devices and their current and future applications While both vacuum and solid-state electronics continue to evolve and provide unique solutions, emerging commercial and military applications that call for higher power and higher frequencies to accommodate massive volumes of transmitted data are the natural domain of vacuum electronics technology. Modern Microwave and Millimeter-Wave Power Electronics provides systems designers, engineers, and researchers-especially those with primarily solid-state training-with a thoroughly up-to-date survey of the rich field of microwave vacuum electronic device (MVED) technology. This book familiarizes the R&D and academic communities with the capabilities and limitations of MVED and highlights the exciting scientific breakthroughs of the past decade that are dramatically increasing the compactness, efficiency, cost-effectiveness, and reliability of this entire class of devices. This comprehensive text explores a wide range of topics: * Traveling-wave tubes, which form the backbone of satellite and airborne communications, as well as of military electronic countermeasures systems * Microfabricated MVEDs and advanced electron beam sources * Klystrons, gyro-amplifiers, and crossed-field devices * "Virtual prototyping" of MVEDs via advanced 3-D computational models * High-Power Microwave (HPM) sources * Next-generation microwave structures and circuits * How to achieve linear amplification * Advanced materials technologies for MVEDs * A Web site appendix providing a step-by-step walk-through of a typical MVED design process Concluding with an in-depth examination of emerging applications and future possibilities for MVEDs, Modern Microwave and Millimeter-Wave Power Electronics ensures that systems designers and engineers understand and utilize the significant potential of this mature, yet continually developing technology. SPECIAL NOTE: All of the editors' royalties realized from the sale of this book will fund the future research and publication activities of graduate students in the vacuum electronics field.

Solid-state flurbiprofen and methyl-β-cyclodextrin inclusion complexes prepared using a single-step, organic solvent-free supercritical fluid process.

PubMed

Rudrangi, Shashi Ravi Suman; Kaialy, Waseem; Ghori, Muhammad U; Trivedi, Vivek; Snowden, Martin J; Alexander, Bruce David

2016-07-01

The aim of this study was to enhance the apparent solubility and dissolution properties of flurbiprofen through inclusion complexation with cyclodextrins. Especially, the efficacy of supercritical fluid technology as a preparative technique for the preparation of flurbiprofen-methyl-β-cyclodextrin inclusion complexes was evaluated. The complexes were prepared by supercritical carbon dioxide processing and were evaluated by solubility, differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray powder diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, practical yield, drug content estimation and in vitro dissolution studies. Computational molecular docking studies were conducted to study the possibility of molecular arrangement of inclusion complexes between flurbiprofen and methyl-β-cyclodextrin. The studies support the formation of stable molecular inclusion complexes between the drug and cyclodextrin in a 1:1 stoichiometry. In vitro dissolution studies showed that the dissolution properties of flurbiprofen were significantly enhanced by the binary mixtures prepared by supercritical carbon dioxide processing. The amount of flurbiprofen dissolved into solution alone was very low with 1.11±0.09% dissolving at the end of 60min, while the binary mixtures processed by supercritical carbon dioxide at 45°C and 200bar released 99.39±2.34% of the drug at the end of 30min. All the binary mixtures processed by supercritical carbon dioxide at 45°C exhibited a drug release of more than 80% within the first 10min irrespective of the pressure employed. The study demonstrated the single step, organic solvent-free supercritical carbon dioxide process as a promising approach for the preparation of inclusion complexes between flurbiprofen and methyl-β-cyclodextrin in solid-state. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Saccharification of biomass using whole solid-state fermentation medium to avoid additional separation steps.

PubMed

Pirota, Rosangela D P B; Baleeiro, Flávio C F; Farinas, Cristiane S

2013-01-01

The enzymatic hydrolysis of steam-exploded sugarcane bagasse (SESB) was investigated using enzymatic extracts (EE) and whole fermentation media (WM), produced in-house, from Aspergillus niger 3T5B8 and Trichoderma reesei Rut-C30 cultivated on wheat bran under solid-state fermentation (SSF). A detailed and quantitative comparison of the different hydrolysis conditions tested was carried out using the Chrastil approach for modeling enzymatic reactions by fitting the experimental data of total reducing sugar (TRS) released according to hydrolysis time. Conversion of SESB using A. niger enzymatic complex were up to 3.2-fold higher (in terms of TRS) than T. reesei at similar enzyme loadings, which could be correlated to the higher β-glucosidase levels (up to 35-fold higher) of A. niger enzymatic complex. Conversion yields after 72 h exceeded 40% in terms of TRS when the WM was supplemented with a low dosage of a commercial enzyme preparation. When the combination of WM (from either T. reesei or A. niger) and commercial cellulase was used, the dosage of the commercial enzyme could be reduced by half, while still providing a hydrolysis that was up to 36% more efficient. Furthermore, SESB hydrolysis using either EE or WM resulted in similar yields, indicating that the enzyme extraction/filtration steps could be eliminated from the overall process. This procedure is highly advantageous in terms of reduced enzyme and process costs, and also avoids the generation of unnecessary effluent streams. Thus, the enzymatic conversion of SESB using the WM from SSF is cost-effective and compatible with the biorefinery concept. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers.

Poly(ferulic acid-co-tyrosine): Effect of the Regiochemistry on the Photophysical and Physical Properties en Route to Biomedical Applications

PubMed Central

2015-01-01

The photophysical and mechanical properties of novel poly(carbonate-amide)s derived from two biorenewable resources, ferulic acid (FA) and l-tyrosine ethyl ester, were evaluated in detail. From these two bio-based precursors, a series of four monomers were generated (having amide and/or carbonate coupling units with remaining functionalities to allow for carbonate formation) and transformed to a series of four poly(carbonate-amide)s. The simplest monomer, which was biphenolic and was obtained in a single amidation synthetic step, displayed bright, visible fluorescence that was twice brighter than FA. Multidimensional fluorescence spectroscopy of the polymers in solution highlighted the strong influence that regioselectivity and the degree of polymerization have on their photophysical properties. The regiochemistry of the system had little effect on the wettability, surface free energy, and Young’s modulus (ca. 2.5 GPa) in the solid state. Confocal imaging of solvent-cast films of each polymer revealed microscopically flat surfaces with fluorescent emission deep into the visible region. Fortuitously, one of the two regiorandom polymers (obtainable from the biphenolic monomer in only an overall two synthetic steps from FA and l-tyrosine ethyl ester) displayed the most promising fluorescent properties both in the solid state and in solution, allowing for the possibility of translating this system as a self-reporting or imaging agent in future applications. To further evaluate the potential of this polymer as a biodegradable material, hydrolytic degradation studies at different pH values and temperatures were investigated. Additionally, the antioxidant properties of the degradation products of this polymer were compared with its biphenolic monomer and FA. PMID:25364040

Solid state division progress report, period ending February 29, 1980

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Not Available

1980-09-01

Research is reported concerning theoretical solid state physics; surface and near-surface properties of solids; defects in solids; transport properties of solids; neutron scattering; crystal growth and characterization; and isotope research materials.

Multi-step approach to add value to corncob: Production of biomass-degrading enzymes, lignin and fermentable sugars.

PubMed

Michelin, Michele; Ruiz, Héctor A; Polizeli, Maria de Lourdes T M; Teixeira, José A

2018-01-01

This work presents an integrated and multi-step approach for the recovery and/or application of the lignocellulosic fractions from corncob in the production of high value added compounds as xylo-oligosaccharides, enzymes, fermentable sugars, and lignin in terms of biorefinery concept. For that, liquid hot water followed by enzymatic hydrolysis were used. Liquid hot water was performed using different residence times (10-50min) and holding temperature (180-200°C), corresponding to severities (log(R 0 )) of 3.36-4.64. The most severe conditions showed higher xylo-oligosaccharides extraction (maximum of 93%) into the hydrolysates and higher recovery of cellulose on pretreated solids (maximum of 65%). Subsequently, hydrolysates and solids were used in the production of xylanases and cellulases, respectively, as well as, pretreated solids were also subjected to enzymatic hydrolysis for the recovery of lignin and fermentable sugars from cellulose. Maximum glucose yield (100%) was achieved for solids pretreated at log(R 0 ) of 4.42 and 5% solid loading. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Isothermal Fourier transform infrared microspectrosopic studies on the stability kinetics of solid-state intramolecular cyclization of aspartame sweetener.

PubMed

Cheng, Y D; Lin, S Y

2000-03-01

A novel Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) microspectrophotometer equipped with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was used to investigate the kinetics of intramolecular cyclization of aspartame (APM) sweetener in the solid state under isothermal conditions. The thermal-dependent changes in the peak intensity of IR spectra at 1543, 1283, and 1259 cm(-1) were examined to explore the reaction. The results support that the intramolecular cyclization process in APM proceeded in three steps: the methoxyl group of ester was first thermolyzed to release methanol, then an acyl cation was attacked by the lone pair of electrons available on nitrogen by an S(N)1 pathway, and finally ring-closure occurred. The intramolecular cyclization of APM determined by this microscopic FT-IR/DSC system was found to follow zero-order kinetics after a brief induction period. The bond cleavage energy (259.38 kJ/mol) of thermolysis for the leaving group of -OCH(3), the bond conversion energy (328.88 kJ/mol) for the amide II NH band to DKP NH band, and the CN bond formation energy (326.93 kJ/mol) of cyclization for the DKP in the APM molecule were also calculated from the Arrhenius equation. The total activation energy of the DKP formation via intramolecular cyclization was 261.33 kJ/mol, calculated by the above summation of the bond energy of cleavage, conversion, and formation, which was near to the value determined by the DSC or TGA method. This indicates that the microscopic FT-IR/DSC system is useful as a potential tool not only to investigate the degradation mechanism of drugs in the solid state but also to directly predict the bond energy of the reaction.

Printable Solid-State Lithium-Ion Batteries: A New Route toward Shape-Conformable Power Sources with Aesthetic Versatility for Flexible Electronics.

PubMed

Kim, Se-Hee; Choi, Keun-Ho; Cho, Sung-Ju; Choi, Sinho; Park, Soojin; Lee, Sang-Young

2015-08-12

Forthcoming flexible/wearable electronic devices with shape diversity and mobile usability garner a great deal of attention as an innovative technology to bring unprecedented changes in our daily lives. From the power source point of view, conventional rechargeable batteries (one representative example is a lithium-ion battery) with fixed shapes and sizes have intrinsic limitations in fulfilling design/performance requirements for the flexible/wearable electronics. Here, as a facile and efficient strategy to address this formidable challenge, we demonstrate a new class of printable solid-state batteries (referred to as "PRISS batteries"). Through simple stencil printing process (followed by ultraviolet (UV) cross-linking), solid-state composite electrolyte (SCE) layer and SCE matrix-embedded electrodes are consecutively printed on arbitrary objects of complex geometries, eventually leading to fully integrated, multilayer-structured PRISS batteries with various form factors far beyond those achievable by conventional battery technologies. Tuning rheological properties of SCE paste and electrode slurry toward thixotropic fluid characteristics, along with well-tailored core elements including UV-cured triacrylate polymer and high boiling point electrolyte, is a key-enabling technology for the realization of PRISS batteries. This process/material uniqueness allows us to remove extra processing steps (related to solvent drying and liquid-electrolyte injection) and also conventional microporous separator membranes, thereupon enabling the seamless integration of shape-conformable PRISS batteries (including letters-shaped ones) into complex-shaped objects. Electrochemical behavior of PRISS batteries is elucidated via an in-depth analysis of cell impedance, which provides a theoretical basis to enable sustainable improvement of cell performance. We envision that PRISS batteries hold great promise as a reliable and scalable platform technology to open a new concept of cell architecture and fabrication route toward flexible power sources with exceptional shape conformability and aesthetic versatility.

Differentiation between solid-ankle cushioned heel and energy storage and return prosthetic foot based on step-to-step transition cost.

PubMed

Wezenberg, Daphne; Cutti, Andrea G; Bruno, Antonino; Houdijk, Han

2014-01-01

Decreased push-off power by the prosthetic foot and inadequate roll-over shape of the foot have been shown to increase the energy dissipated during the step-to-step transition in human walking. The aim of this study was to determine whether energy storage and return (ESAR) feet are able to reduce the mechanical energy dissipated during the step-to-step transition. Fifteen males with a unilateral lower-limb amputation walked with their prescribed ESAR foot (Vari-Flex, Ossur; Reykjavik, Iceland) and with a solid-ankle cushioned heel foot (SACH) (1D10, Ottobock; Duderstadt, Germany), while ground reaction forces and kinematics were recorded. The positive mechanical work on the center of mass performed by the trailing prosthetic limb was larger (33%, p = 0.01) and the negative work performed by the leading intact limb was lower (13%, p = 0.04) when walking with the ESAR foot compared with the SACH foot. The reduced step-to-step transition cost coincided with a higher mechanical push-off power generated by the ESAR foot and an extended forward progression of the center of pressure under the prosthetic ESAR foot. Results can explain the proposed improvement in walking economy with this kind of energy storing and return prosthetic foot.

Hydrolysis of ferric chloride in solution

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Lussiez, G.; Beckstead, L.

1996-11-01

The Detox{trademark} process uses concentrated ferric chloride and small amounts of catalysts to oxidize organic compounds. It is under consideration for oxidizing transuranic organic wastes. Although the solution is reused extensively, at some point it will reach the acceptable limit of radioactivity or maximum solubility of the radioisotopes. This solution could be cemented, but the volume would be increased substantially because of the poor compatibility of chlorides and cement. A process has been developed that recovers the chloride ions as HCl and either minimizes the volume of radioactive waste or permits recycling of the radioactive chlorides. The process involves amore » two-step hydrolysis at atmospheric pressure, or preferably under a slight vacuum, and relatively low temperature, about 200{degrees}C. During the first step of the process, hydrolysis occurs according to the reaction below: FeCl{sub 3 liquid} + H{sub 2}O {r_arrow} FeOCl{sub solid} + 2 HCl{sub gas} During the second step, the hot, solid, iron oxychloride is sprayed with water or placed in contact with steam, and hydrolysis proceeds to the iron oxide according to the following reaction: 2 FeOCl{sub solid} + H{sub 2}O {r_arrow} Fe{sub 2}O{sub 3 solid} + 2 HCl{sub gas}. The iron oxide, which contains radioisotopes, can then be disposed of by cementation or encapsulation. Alternately, these chlorides can be washed off of the solids and can then either be recycled or disposed of in some other way.« less

Solid-state modeling of the terahertz spectrum of the high explosive HMX.

PubMed

Allis, Damian G; Prokhorova, Darya A; Korter, Timothy M

2006-02-09

The experimental solid-state terahertz (THz) spectrum (3-120 cm(-1)) of the beta-crystal form of the high explosive octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX) has been analyzed using solid-state density functional theory calculations. Various density functionals (both generalized gradient approximation and local density approximation) are compared in terms of their abilities to reproduce the experimentally observed solid-state structure and low-frequency vibrational motions. Good-to-excellent agreement between solid-state theory and experiment can be achieved in the THz region where isolated-molecule calculations fail to reproduce the observed spectral features, demonstrating a clear limitation of using isolated-molecule calculations for the assignment of THz frequency motions in molecular solids. The deficiency of isolated-molecule calculations is traced to modification of the molecular structure in the solid state through crystal packing effects and the formation of weak C-H...O hydrogen bonds.

Optofluidic devices with integrated solid-state nanopores

PubMed Central

Hawkins, Aaron R.; Schmidt, Holger

2016-01-01

This review (with 90 refs.) covers the state of the art in optofluidic devices with integrated solid-state nanopores for use in detection and sensing. Following an introduction into principles of optofluidics and solid-state nanopore technology, we discuss features of solid-state nanopore based assays using optofluidics. This includes the incorporation of solid-state nanopores into optofluidic platforms based on liquid-core anti-resonant reflecting optical waveguides (ARROWs), methods for their fabrication, aspects of single particle detection and particle manipulation. We then describe the new functionalities provided by solid-state nanopores integrated into optofluidic chips, in particular acting as smart gates for correlated electro-optical detection and discrimination of nanoparticles. This enables the identification of viruses and λ-DNA, particle trajectory simulations, enhancing sensitivity by tuning the shape of nanopores. The review concludes with a summary and an outlook. PMID:27046940

Selective extraction and separation of oxymatrine from Sophora flavescens Ait. extract by silica-confined ionic liquid.

PubMed

Bi, Wentao; Tian, Minglei; Row, Kyung Ho

2012-01-01

This study highlighted the application of a two-stepped extraction method for extraction and separation of oxymatrine from Sophora flavescens Ait. extract by utilizing silica-confined ionic liquids as sorbent. The optimized silica-confined ionic liquid was firstly mixed with plant extract to adsorb oxymatrine. Simultaneously, some interference, such as matrine, was removed. The obtained suspension was then added to a cartridge for solid phase extraction. Through these two steps, target compound was adequately separated from interferences with 93.4% recovery. In comparison with traditional solid phase extraction, this method accelerates loading and reduces the use of organic solvents during washing. Moreover, the optimization of loading volume was simplified as optimization of solid/liquid ratio. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Dissolution Processes at Step Edges of Calcite in Water Investigated by High-Speed Frequency Modulation Atomic Force Microscopy and Simulation.

PubMed

Miyata, Kazuki; Tracey, John; Miyazawa, Keisuke; Haapasilta, Ville; Spijker, Peter; Kawagoe, Yuta; Foster, Adam S; Tsukamoto, Katsuo; Fukuma, Takeshi

2017-07-12

The microscopic understanding of the crystal growth and dissolution processes have been greatly advanced by the direct imaging of nanoscale step flows by atomic force microscopy (AFM), optical interferometry, and X-ray microscopy. However, one of the most fundamental events that govern their kinetics, namely, atomistic events at the step edges, have not been well understood. In this study, we have developed high-speed frequency modulation AFM (FM-AFM) and enabled true atomic-resolution imaging in liquid at ∼1 s/frame, which is ∼50 times faster than the conventional FM-AFM. With the developed AFM, we have directly imaged subnanometer-scale surface structures around the moving step edges of calcite during its dissolution in water. The obtained images reveal that the transition region with typical width of a few nanometers is formed along the step edges. Building upon insight in previous studies, our simulations suggest that the transition region is most likely to be a Ca(OH) 2 monolayer formed as an intermediate state in the dissolution process. On the basis of this finding, we improve our understanding of the atomistic dissolution model of calcite in water. These results open up a wide range of future applications of the high-speed FM-AFM to the studies on various dynamic processes at solid-liquid interfaces with true atomic resolution.

Hydrothermal alkali metal recovery process

DOEpatents

Wolfs, Denise Y.; Clavenna, Le Roy R.; Eakman, James M.; Kalina, Theodore

1980-01-01

In a coal gasification operation or similar conversion process carried out in the presence of an alkali metal-containing catalyst wherein solid particles containing alkali metal residues are produced, alkali metal constituents are recovered from the particles by treating them with a calcium or magnesium-containing compound in the presence of water at a temperature between about 250.degree. F. and about 700.degree. F. and in the presence of an added base to establish a pH during the treatment step that is higher than would otherwise be possible without the addition of the base. During the treating process the relatively high pH facilitates the conversion of water-insoluble alkali metal compounds in the alkali metal residues into water-soluble alkali metal constituents. The resultant aqueous solution containing water-soluble alkali metal constituents is then separated from the residue solids, which consist of the treated particles and any insoluble materials formed during the treatment step, and recycled to the gasification process where the alkali metal constituents serve as at least a portion of the alkali metal constituents which comprise the alkali metal-containing catalyst. Preferably, the base that is added during the treatment step is an alkali metal hydroxide obtained by water washing the residue solids produced during the treatment step.

Utilization of Zn-containing electric arc furnace dust for multi-metal doped ferrite with enhanced magnetic property: From hazardous solid waste to green product.

PubMed

Wang, Hui-Gang; Zhang, Mei; Guo, Min

2017-10-05

One-step solid state reaction method was proposed for the first time to realize the transformation of the Zn-containing EAFD from hazardous solid waste to multi-metal doped ferrite with enhanced magnetic property. The effect of Zn-containing EAFD to NiCl 2 ·6H 2 O mass ratio (R ZE/N , g·g -1 ) on the phases transformation was investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Raman spectroscopy. The as-synthesized samples were treated by toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP). It is shown that the TCPL played a key role in determining both the purity and toxicity of the obtained ferrites. The pure metal doped Ni-Zn ferrite with higher saturation magnetization (Ms, 56.8 emu·g -1 ) and lower coercivity (Hc, 58.5Oe) was gained under the optimum conditions. And the pure ferrite was a green product according to the TCLP and EN12457 standards. Moreover, the evaluation of environmental impact and the recovery ratio of the dust were also discussed. Copyright © 2017. Published by Elsevier B.V.

Impact of pharmaceutical cocrystals: the effects on drug pharmacokinetics.

PubMed

Shan, Ning; Perry, Miranda L; Weyna, David R; Zaworotko, Michael J

2014-09-01

Pharmaceutical cocrystallization has emerged in the past decade as a new strategy to enhance the clinical performance of orally administered drugs. A pharmaceutical cocrystal is a multi-component crystalline material in which the active pharmaceutical ingredient is in a stoichiometric ratio with a second compound that is generally a solid under ambient conditions. The resulting cocrystal exhibits different solid-state thermodynamics, leading to changes in physicochemical properties that offer the potential to significantly modify drug pharmacokinetics. The impact of cocrystallization upon drug pharmacokinetics has not yet been well delineated. Herein, we compile previously published data to address two salient questions: what effect does cocrystallization impart upon physicochemical properties of a drug substance and to what degree can those effects impact its pharmacokinetics. Cocrystals can impact various aspects of drug pharmacokinetics, including, but not limited to, drug absorption. The diversity of solid forms offered through cocrystallization can facilitate drastic changes in solubility and pharmacokinetics. Therefore, it is unsurprising that cocrystal screening is now a routine step in early-stage drug development. With the increasing recognition of pharmaceutical cocrystals from clinical, regulatory and legal perspectives, the systematic commercialization of cocrystal containing drug products is just a matter of time.

First principles study on electrochemical and chemical stability of solid electrolyte–electrode interfaces in all-solid-state Li-ion batteries

DOE PAGES

Zhu, Yizhou; He, Xingfeng; Mo, Yifei

2015-12-11

All-solid-state Li-ion batteries based on ceramic solid electrolyte materials are a promising next-generation energy storage technology with high energy density and enhanced cycle life. The poor interfacial conductance is one of the key limitations in enabling all-solid-state Li-ion batteries. However, the origin of this poor conductance has not been understood, and there is limited knowledge about the solid electrolyte–electrode interfaces in all-solid-state Li-ion batteries. In this paper, we performed first principles calculations to evaluate the thermodynamics of the interfaces between solid electrolyte and electrode materials and to identify the chemical and electrochemical stabilities of these interfaces. Our computation results revealmore » that many solid electrolyte–electrode interfaces have limited chemical and electrochemical stability, and that the formation of interphase layers is thermodynamically favorable at these interfaces. These formed interphase layers with different properties significantly affect the electrochemical performance of all-solid-state Li-ion batteries. The mechanisms of applying interfacial coating layers to stabilize the interface and to reduce interfacial resistance are illustrated by our computation. This study demonstrates a computational scheme to evaluate the chemical and electrochemical stability of heterogeneous solid interfaces. Finally, the enhanced understanding of the interfacial phenomena provides the strategies of interface engineering to improve performances of all-solid-state Li-ion batteries.« less

Continuous process to produce lithium-polymer batteries

DOEpatents

Chern, Terry Song-Hsing; Keller, David Gerard; MacFadden, Kenneth Orville

1998-01-01

Solid polymer electrolytes are extruded with active electrode material in a continuous, one-step process to form composite electrolyte-electrodes ready for assembly into battery cells. The composite electrolyte-electrode sheets are extruded onto current collectors to form electrodes. The composite electrodes, as extruded, are electronically and ionically conductive. The composite electrodes can be overcoated with a solid polymer electrolyte, which acts as a separator upon battery assembly. The interface between the solid polymer electrolyte composite electrodes and the solid polymer electrolyte separator has low resistance.

Simulations of solid-fluid coupling with application to crystal entrainment in vigorous convection

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Suckale, J.; Elkins-Tanton, L. T.; Sethian, J.; Yu, J.

2009-12-01

Many problems in computational geophysics require the accurate coupling of a solid body to viscous flow. Examples range from understanding the role of highly crystalline magma for the dynamic of volcanic eruptions to crystal entrainment in magmatic flow and the emplacement of xenoliths. In this paper, we present and validate a numerical method for solid-fluid coupling. The algorithm relies on a two-step projection scheme: In the first step, we solve the multiple-phase Navier-Stokes or Stokes equation in both domains. In the second step, we project the velocity field in the solid domain onto a rigid-body motion by enforcing that the deformation tensor in the respective domain is zero. This procedure is also used to enforce the no-slip boundary condition on the solid-fluid interface. We perform several benchmark computations to validate our computations. More precisely, we investigate the formation of a wake behind both fixed and mobile cylinders and cuboids with and without imposed velocity fields in the fluid. These preliminary tests indicate that our code is able to simulate solid-fluid coupling for Reynolds numbers of up to 1000. Finally, we apply our method to the problem of crystal entrainment in vigorous convection. The interplay between sedimentation and re-entrainment of crystals in convective flow is of fundamental importance for understanding the compositional evolution of magmatic reservoirs of various sizes from small lava ponds to magma oceans at the planetary scale. Previous studies of this problem have focused primarily on laboratory experiments, often with conflicting conclusions. Our work is complementary to these prior studies as we model the competing processes of gravitational sedimentation and entrainment of crystals at the length scale of the size of the crystals.

An extrapolation scheme for solid-state NMR chemical shift calculations

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Nakajima, Takahito

2017-06-01

Conventional quantum chemical and solid-state physical approaches include several problems to accurately calculate solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) properties. We propose a reliable computational scheme for solid-state NMR chemical shifts using an extrapolation scheme that retains the advantages of these approaches but reduces their disadvantages. Our scheme can satisfactorily yield solid-state NMR magnetic shielding constants. The estimated values have only a small dependence on the low-level density functional theory calculation with the extrapolation scheme. Thus, our approach is efficient because the rough calculation can be performed in the extrapolation scheme.

Grafted functional groups on expanded tetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE) support for fuel cell and water transport membranes

DOEpatents

Fuller, Timothy J.; Jiang, Ruichun

2017-01-24

A method for forming a modified solid polymer includes a step of contacting a solid fluorinated polymer with a sodium sodium-naphthalenide solution to form a treated fluorinated solid polymer. The treated fluorinated solid polymer is contacted with carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, or sulfur trioxide to form a solid grafted fluorinated polymer. Characteristically, the grafted fluorinated polymer includes appended CO.sub.2H or SO.sub.2H or SO.sub.3H groups. The solid grafted fluorinated polymer is advantageously incorporated into a fuel cell as part of the ion-conducting membrane or a water transport membrane in a humidifier.

Reviving lithium cobalt oxide-based lithium secondary batteries-toward a higher energy density.

PubMed

Wang, Longlong; Chen, Bingbing; Ma, Jun; Cui, Guanglei; Chen, Liquan

2018-06-29

By breaking through the energy density limits step-by-step, the use of lithium cobalt oxide-based Li-ion batteries (LCO-based LIBs) has led to the unprecedented success of consumer electronics over the past 27 years. Recently, strong demands for the quick renewal of the properties of electronic products every so often have resulted in smarter, larger screened, more lightweight devices with longer standby times that have pushed the energy density of LCO-based LIBs nearly to their limit. As a result, with the aim of achieving a higher energy density and lifting the upper cut-off voltage of LCO above 4.45 V (vs. Li/Li+), the development of LCO-based all-solid-state lithium batteries (ASSLBs) with a Li metal anode and LCO-based full cells with high-performance anodes have become urgent scientific and technological requirements. This review summarizes the key challenges of synthesizing LCO-based LBs with a higher energy density from the perspectives of structure and interface stability, and gives an account of effective modification strategies in view of the electrodes, liquid electrolytes, binders, separators, solid electrolytes and LCO-based full cells. The improvement mechanisms of these modification strategies and the controversy over them are also analyzed critically. Moreover, some perspectives regarding the remaining challenges for LCO-based LBs towards a higher energy density and possible future research focuses are also presented.

Model anodes and anode models for understanding the mechanism of hydrogen oxidation in solid oxide fuel cells.

PubMed

Bessler, Wolfgang G; Vogler, Marcel; Störmer, Heike; Gerthsen, Dagmar; Utz, Annika; Weber, André; Ivers-Tiffée, Ellen

2010-11-14

This article presents a literature review and new results on experimental and theoretical investigations of the electrochemistry of solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) model anodes, focusing on the nickel/yttria-stabilized zirconia (Ni/YSZ) materials system with operation under H(2)/H(2)O atmospheres. Micropatterned model anodes were used for electrochemical characterization under well-defined operating conditions. Structural and chemical integrity was confirmed by ex situ pre-test and post-test microstructural and chemical analysis. Elementary kinetic models of reaction and transport processes were used to assess reaction pathways and rate-determining steps. The comparison of experimental and simulated electrochemical behaviors of pattern anodes shows quantitative agreement over a wide range of operating conditions (p(H(2)) = 8×10(2) - 9×10(4) Pa, p(H(2)O) = 2×10(1) - 6×10(4) Pa, T = 400-800 °C). Previously published experimental data on model anodes show a strong scatter in electrochemical performance. Furthermore, model anodes exhibit a pronounced dynamics on multiple time scales which is not reproduced in state-of-the-art models and which is also not observed in technical cermet anodes. Potential origin of these effects as well as consequences for further steps in model anode and anode model studies are discussed.

Solid-state rechargeable magnesium battery

DOEpatents

Shao, Yuyan; Liu, Jun; Liu, Tianbiao; Li, Guosheng

2016-09-06

Embodiments of a solid-state electrolyte comprising magnesium borohydride, polyethylene oxide, and optionally a Group IIA or transition metal oxide are disclosed. The solid-state electrolyte may be a thin film comprising a dispersion of magnesium borohydride and magnesium oxide nanoparticles in polyethylene oxide. Rechargeable magnesium batteries including the disclosed solid-state electrolyte may have a coulombic efficiency .gtoreq.95% and exhibit cycling stability for at least 50 cycles.

Solid State Research, 1980:1.

DTIC Science & Technology

1980-02-15

ESD-TR-79-325 H 1 Solid State Research 1980 Prepared under Electronic Systems Division Contract FI%28-80-C-0002 by Lincoln Laboratory MASSkCHIISETTS...it is no longer needed. MASSACHUSETTS IN*STITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY LINCOLN LABORATORY V SOLID STATE RESEARCH QUARTERLY TECHNICAL SUMMARY REPORT I NOVEMBER...January 1990. The topics covered a-e Solid State Device Research , Quantum Electronics, Materials Rese.rch, Microelec- tronics, and Analog Device

Integrated Interface Strategy toward Room Temperature Solid-State Lithium Batteries.

PubMed

Ju, Jiangwei; Wang, Yantao; Chen, Bingbing; Ma, Jun; Dong, Shanmu; Chai, Jingchao; Qu, Hongtao; Cui, Longfei; Wu, Xiuxiu; Cui, Guanglei

2018-04-25

Solid-state lithium batteries have drawn wide attention to address the safety issues of power batteries. However, the development of solid-state lithium batteries is substantially limited by the poor electrochemical performances originating from the rigid interface between solid electrodes and solid-state electrolytes. In this work, a composite of poly(vinyl carbonate) and Li 10 SnP 2 S 12 solid-state electrolyte is fabricated successfully via in situ polymerization to improve the rigid interface issues. The composite electrolyte presents a considerable room temperature conductivity of 0.2 mS cm -1 , an electrochemical window exceeding 4.5 V, and a Li + transport number of 0.6. It is demonstrated that solid-state lithium metal battery of LiFe 0.2 Mn 0.8 PO 4 (LFMP)/composite electrolyte/Li can deliver a high capacity of 130 mA h g -1 with considerable capacity retention of 88% and Coulombic efficiency of exceeding 99% after 140 cycles at the rate of 0.5 C at room temperature. The superior electrochemical performance can be ascribed to the good compatibility of the composite electrolyte with Li metal and the integrated compatible interface between solid electrodes and the composite electrolyte engineered by in situ polymerization, which leads to a significant interfacial impedance decrease from 1292 to 213 Ω cm 2 in solid-state Li-Li symmetrical cells. This work provides vital reference for improving the interface compatibility for room temperature solid-state lithium batteries.

Immobilization of organic radioactive and non-radioactive liquid waste in a composite matrix

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Galkin, Anatoliy; Gelis, Artem V.; Castiglioni, Andrew J.

A method for immobilizing liquid radioactive waste is provided, the method having the steps of mixing waste with polymer to form a non-liquid waste; contacting the non-liquid waste with a solidifying agent to create a mixture, heating the mixture to cause the polymer, waste, and filler to irreversibly bind in a solid phase, and compressing the solid phase into a monolith. The invention also provides a method for immobilizing liquid radioactive waste containing tritium, the method having the steps of mixing liquid waste with polymer to convert the liquid waste to a non-liquid waste, contacting the non-liquid waste with amore » solidifying agent to create a mixture, heating the mixture to form homogeneous, chemically stable solid phase, and compressing the chemically stable solid phase into a final waste form, wherein the polymer comprises approximately a 9:1 weight ratio mixture of styrene block co-polymers and cross linked co-polymers of acrylamides.« less

Modified Reference SPS with Solid State Transmitting Antenna

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Woodcock, G. R.; Sperber, B. R.

1980-01-01

The development of solid state microwave power amplifiers for a solar power satellite transmitting antenna is discussed. State-of-the-art power-added efficiency, gain, and single device power of various microwave solid state devices are compared. The GaAs field effect transistors and the Si-bipolar transistors appear potentially feasible for solar power satellite use. The integration of solid state devices into antenna array elements is examined and issues concerning antenna integration and consequent satellite configurations are examined.

Selective detection of trace nitroaromatic, nitramine, and nitrate ester explosive residues using a three-step fluorimetric sensing process: a tandem turn-off, turn-on sensor.

PubMed

Sanchez, Jason C; Toal, Sarah J; Wang, Zheng; Dugan, Regina E; Trogler, William C

2007-11-01

Detection of trace quantities of explosive residues plays a key role in military, civilian, and counter-terrorism applications. To advance explosives sensor technology, current methods will need to become cheaper and portable while maintaining sensitivity and selectivity. The detection of common explosives including trinitrotoluene (TNT), cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine, cyclotetramethylene-tetranitramine, pentaerythritol tetranitrate, 2,4,6-trinitrophenyl-N-methylnitramine, and trinitroglycerin may be carried out using a three-step process combining "turn-off" and "turn-on" fluorimetric sensing. This process first detects nitroaromatic explosives by their quenching of green luminescence of polymetalloles (lambda em approximately 400-510 nm). The second step places down a thin film of 2,3-diaminonaphthalene (DAN) while "erasing" the polymetallole luminescence. The final step completes the reaction of the nitramines and/or nitrate esters with DAN resulting in the formation of a blue luminescent traizole complex (lambda(em) = 450 nm) providing a "turn-on" response for nitramine and nitrate ester-based explosives. Detection limits as low as 2 ng are observed. Solid-state detection of production line explosives demonstrates the applicability of this method to real world situations. This method offers a sensitive and selective detection process for a diverse group of the most common high explosives used in military and terrorist applications today.

Toward quantum plasmonic networks

DOE PAGES

Holtfrerich, M. W.; Dowran, M.; Davidson, R.; ...

2016-08-30

Here, we demonstrate the transduction of macroscopic quantum entanglement by independent, distant plasmonic structures embedded in separate thin silver films. In particular, we show that the plasmon-mediated transmission through each film conserves spatially dependent, entangled quantum images, opening the door for the implementation of parallel quantum protocols, super-resolution imaging, and quantum plasmonic sensing geometries at the nanoscale level. The conservation of quantum information by the transduction process shows that continuous variable multi-mode entanglement is momentarily transferred from entangled beams of light to the space-like separated, completely independent plasmonic structures, thus providing a first important step toward establishing a multichannel quantummore » network across separate solid-state substrates.« less

Optimized multi-step NMR-crystallography approach for structural characterization of a stable quercetin solvate.

PubMed

Filip, Xenia; Miclaus, Maria; Martin, Flavia; Filip, Claudiu; Grosu, Ioana Georgeta

2017-05-10

Herein we report the preparation and solid state structural investigation of the 1,4-dioxane-quercetin solvate. NMR crystallography methods were employed for crystal structure determination of the solvate from microcrystalline powder. The stability of the compound relative to other reported quercetin solvates is discussed and found to be in perfect agreement with the hydrogen bonding networks/supra-molecular architectures formed in each case. It is also clearly shown that NMR crystallography represents an ideal analytical tool in such cases when hydrogen-bonding networks are required to be constrained at a high accuracy level. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Surface studies relevant to silicon carbide chemical vapor deposition

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Stinespring, C. D.; Wormhoudt, J. C.

1989-01-01

Reactions of C2H4, C3H8, and CH4 on the Si(111) surface and C2H4 on the Si(100) surface were investigated for surface temperatures in the range of 1062-1495 K. Results led to the identification of the reaction products, a characterization of the solid-state transport process, a determination of the nucleation mechanism and growth kinetics, and an assessment of orientation effects. Based on these results and on the modeling studies of Stinespring and Wormhoudt (1988) on the associated gas phase chemistry, a physical model for the two-step beta-SiC CVD process is proposed.

Friction stir weld tools having fine grain structure

DOEpatents

Grant, Glenn J.; Frye, John G.; Kim, Jin Yong; Lavender, Curt A.; Weil, Kenneth Scott

2016-03-15

Tools for friction stir welding can be made with fewer process steps, lower cost techniques, and/or lower cost ingredients than other state-of-the-art processes by utilizing improved compositions and processes of fabrication. Furthermore, the tools resulting from the improved compositions and processes of fabrication can exhibit better distribution and homogeneity of chemical constituents, greater strength, and/or increased durability. In one example, a friction stir weld tool includes tungsten and rhenium and is characterized by carbide and oxide dispersoids, by carbide particulates, and by grains that comprise a solid solution of the tungsten and rhenium. The grains do not exceed 10 micrometers in diameter.

Method of measuring metal coating adhesion

DOEpatents

Roper, J.R.

A method for measuring metal coating adhesion to a substrate material comprising the steps of preparing a test coupon of substrate material having the metal coating applied to one surface thereof, applying a second metal coating of gold or silver to opposite surfaces of the test coupon by hot hollow cathode process, applying a coating to one end of each of two pulling rod members, joining the coated ends of the pulling rod members to said opposite coated surfaces of the test coupon by a solid state bonding technique and finally applying instrumented static tensile loading to the pulling rod members until fracture of the metal coating adhesion to the substrate material occurs.

Method of measuring metal coating adhesion

DOEpatents

Roper, John R.

1985-01-01

A method for measuring metal coating adhesion to a substrate material comprising the steps of preparing a test coupon of substrate material having the metal coating applied to one surface thereof, applying a second metal coating of gold or silver to opposite surfaces of the test coupon by hot hollow cathode process, applying a coating to one end of each of two pulling rod members, joining the coated ends of the pulling rod members to said opposite coated surfaces of the test coupon by a solid state bonding technique and finally applying instrumented static tensile loading to the pulling rod members until fracture of the metal coating adhesion to the substrate material occurs.

A solid state video recorder as a direct replacement of a mechanically driven disc recording device in a security system

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Terry, P.L.

1989-01-01

Whether upgrading or developing a security system, investing in a solid state video recorder may prove to be quite prudent. Even though the initial cost of a solid state recorder may be more expensive, when comparing it to a disc recorder it is practically maintenance free. Thus, the cost effectiveness of a solid state video recorder over an extended period of time more than justifies the initial expense. This document illustrates the use of a solid state video recorder as a direct replacement. It replaces a mechanically driven disc recorder that existed in a synchronized video recording system. The originalmore » system was called the Universal Video Disc Recorder System. The modified system will now be referred to as the Solid State Video Recording System. 5 figs.« less

Mechanism and microstructures in Ga2O3 pseudomartensitic solid phase transition.

PubMed

Zhu, Sheng-Cai; Guan, Shu-Hui; Liu, Zhi-Pan

2016-07-21

Solid-to-solid phase transition, although widely exploited in making new materials, challenges persistently our current theory for predicting its complex kinetics and rich microstructures in transition. The Ga2O3α-β phase transformation represents such a common but complex reaction with marked change in cation coordination and crystal density, which was known to yield either amorphous or crystalline products under different synthetic conditions. Here we, via recently developed stochastic surface walking (SSW) method, resolve for the first time the atomistic mechanism of Ga2O3α-β phase transformation, the pathway of which turns out to be the first reaction pathway ever determined for a new type of diffusionless solid phase transition, namely, pseudomartensitic phase transition. We demonstrate that the sensitivity of product crystallinity is caused by its multi-step, multi-type reaction pathway, which bypasses seven intermediate phases and involves all types of elementary solid phase transition steps, i.e. the shearing of O layers (martensitic type), the local diffusion of Ga atoms (reconstructive type) and the significant lattice dilation (dilation type). While the migration of Ga atoms across the close-packed O layers is the rate-determining step and yields "amorphous-like" high energy intermediates, the shearing of O layers contributes to the formation of coherent biphase junctions and the presence of a crystallographic orientation relation, (001)α//(201[combining macron])β + [120]α//[13[combining macron]2]β. Our experiment using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy further confirms the theoretical predictions on the atomic structure of biphase junction and the formation of (201[combining macron])β twin, and also discovers the late occurrence of lattice expansion in the nascent β phase that grows out from the parent α phase. By distinguishing pseudomartensitic transition from other types of mechanisms, we propose general rules to predict the product crystallinity of solid phase transition. The new knowledge on the kinetics of pseudomartensitic transition complements the theory of diffusionless solid phase transition.

Lipid immiscibility and biophysical properties: Molecular order within and among unit cell volumes

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Saturated and unsaturated fatty acids clearly have a discrete chemical structure in the solid state. In a saturated solution, the solid state and solution state are in chemical equilibrium. The lipid stearic acid packs in unit cell volumes in the liquid state as well as in the solid state. Normal...

Solid-state optical refrigeration to sub-100 Kelvin regime

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Melgaard, Seth D.; Albrecht, Alexander R.; Hehlen, Markus P.

We report that since the first demonstration of net cooling twenty years ago, optical refrigeration of solids has progressed to outperform all other solid-state cooling processes. It has become the first and only solid-state refrigerator capable of reaching cryogenic temperatures, and now the first solid-state cooling below 100 K. Such substantial progress required a multi-disciplinary approach of pump laser absorption enhancement, material characterization and purification, and thermal management. Here we present the culmination of two decades of progress, the record cooling to ≈91K from room temperature.

Solid-state optical refrigeration to sub-100 Kelvin regime

DOE PAGES

Melgaard, Seth D.; Albrecht, Alexander R.; Hehlen, Markus P.; ...

2016-02-05

We report that since the first demonstration of net cooling twenty years ago, optical refrigeration of solids has progressed to outperform all other solid-state cooling processes. It has become the first and only solid-state refrigerator capable of reaching cryogenic temperatures, and now the first solid-state cooling below 100 K. Such substantial progress required a multi-disciplinary approach of pump laser absorption enhancement, material characterization and purification, and thermal management. Here we present the culmination of two decades of progress, the record cooling to ≈91K from room temperature.

Solid-state optical refrigeration to sub-100 Kelvin regime

PubMed Central

Melgaard, Seth D.; Albrecht, Alexander R.; Hehlen, Markus P.; Sheik-Bahae, Mansoor

2016-01-01

Since the first demonstration of net cooling twenty years ago, optical refrigeration of solids has progressed to outperform all other solid-state cooling processes. It has become the first and only solid-state refrigerator capable of reaching cryogenic temperatures, and now the first solid-state cooling below 100 K. Such substantial progress required a multi-disciplinary approach of pump laser absorption enhancement, material characterization and purification, and thermal management. Here we present the culmination of two decades of progress, the record cooling to ≈ 91 K from room temperature. PMID:26847703

Design and development of solid carbide step drill K34 for machining of CFRP and GFRP composite laminates

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Rangaswamy, T.; Nagaraja, R.

2018-04-01

The Study focused on design and development of solid carbide step drill K34 to drill holes on composite materials such as Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastic (CFRP) and Glass Fiber Reinforced Plastic (GFRP). The step drill K34 replaces step wise drilling of diameter 6.5mm and 9 mm holes that reduces the setup time, cutting speed, feed rate cost, delamination and increase the production rate. Several researchers have analyzed the effect of drilling process on various fiber reinforced plastic composites by carrying out using conventional tools and machinery. However, this process operation can lead to different kind of damages such as delamination, fiber pullout, and local cracks. To avoid the problems encountered at the time of drilling, suitable tool material and geometry is essential. This paper deals with the design and development of K34 Carbide step drill used to drill holes on CFRP and GFRP laminates. An Experimental study carried out to investigate the tool geometry, feed rate and cutting speed that avoids delamination and fiber breakage.

Comparison of solid-state and submerged-state fermentation for the bioprocessing of switchgrass to ethanol and acetate by Clostridium phytofermentans.

PubMed

Jain, Abhiney; Morlok, Charles K; Henson, J Michael

2013-01-01

The conversion of sustainable energy crops using microbiological fermentation to biofuels and bioproducts typically uses submerged-state processes. Alternatively, solid-state fermentation processes have several advantages when compared to the typical submerged-state processes. This study compares the use of solid-state versus submerged-state fermentation using the mesophilic anaerobic bacterium Clostridium phytofermentans in the conversion of switchgrass to the end products of ethanol, acetate, and hydrogen. A shift in the ratio of metabolic products towards more acetate and hydrogen production than ethanol production was observed when C. phytofermentans was grown under solid-state conditions as compared to submerged-state conditions. Results indicated that the end product concentrations (in millimolar) obtained using solid-state fermentation were higher than using submerged-state fermentation. In contrast, the total fermentation products (in weight of product per weight of carbohydrates consumed) and switchgrass conversion were higher for submerged-state fermentation. The conversion of xylan was greater than glucan conversion under both fermentation conditions. An initial pH of 7 and moisture content of 80 % resulted in maximum end products formation. Scanning electron microscopy study showed the presence of biofilm formed by C. phytofermentans growing on switchgrass under submerged-state fermentation whereas bacterial cells attached to surface and no apparent biofilm was observed when grown under solid-state fermentation. To our knowledge, this is the first study reporting consolidated bioprocessing of a lignocellulosic substrate by a mesophilic anaerobic bacterium under solid-state fermentation conditions.

Superior Blends Solid Polymer Electrolyte with Integrated Hierarchical Architectures for All-Solid-State Lithium-Ion Batteries.

PubMed

Zhang, Dechao; Zhang, Long; Yang, Kun; Wang, Hongqiang; Yu, Chuang; Xu, Di; Xu, Bo; Wang, Li-Min

2017-10-25

Exploration of advanced solid electrolytes with good interfacial stability toward electrodes is a highly relevant research topic for all-solid-state batteries. Here, we report PCL/SN blends integrating with PAN-skeleton as solid polymer electrolyte prepared by a facile method. This polymer electrolyte with hierarchical architectures exhibits high ionic conductivity, large electrochemical windows, high degree flexibility, good flame-retardance ability, and thermal stability (workable at 80 °C). Additionally, it demonstrates superior compatibility and electrochemical stability toward metallic Li as well as LiFePO 4 cathode. The electrolyte/electrode interfaces are very stable even subjected to 4.5 V at charging state for long time. The LiFePO 4 /Li all-solid-state cells based on this electrolyte deliver high capacity, outstanding cycling stability, and superior rate capability better than those based on liquid electrolyte. This solid polymer electrolyte is eligible for next generation high energy density all-solid-state batteries.

Shape-dependent guidance of active Janus particles by chemically patterned surfaces

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Uspal, W. E.; Popescu, M. N.; Tasinkevych, M.; Dietrich, S.

2018-01-01

Self-phoretic chemically active Janus particles move by inducing—via non-equilibrium chemical reactions occurring on their surfaces—changes in the chemical composition of the solution in which they are immersed. This process leads to gradients in chemical composition along the surface of the particle, as well as along any nearby boundaries, including solid walls. Chemical gradients along a wall can give rise to chemi-osmosis, i.e., the gradients drive surface flows which, in turn, drive flow in the volume of the solution. This bulk flow couples back to the particle, and thus contributes to its self-motility. Since chemi-osmosis strongly depends on the molecular interactions between the diffusing molecular species and the wall, the response flow induced and experienced by a particle encodes information about any chemical patterning of the wall. Here, we extend previous studies on self-phoresis of a sphere near a chemically patterned wall to the case of particles with rod-like, elongated shape. We focus our analysis on the new phenomenology potentially emerging from the coupling—which is inoperative for a spherical shape—of the elongated particle to the strain rate tensor of the chemi-osmotic flow. Via detailed numerical calculations, we show that the dynamics of a rod-like particle exhibits a novel ‘edge-following’ steady state: the particle translates along the edge of a chemical step at a steady distance from the step and with a steady orientation. Moreover, within a certain range of system parameters, the edge-following state co-exists with a ‘docking’ state (the particle stops at the step, oriented perpendicular to the step edge), i.e., a bistable dynamics occurs. These findings are rationalized as a consequence of the competition between the fluid vorticity and the rate of strain by using analytical theory based on the point-particle approximation which captures quasi-quantitatively the dynamics of the system.

Hallmarks of mechanochemistry: from nanoparticles to technology.

PubMed

Baláž, Peter; Achimovičová, Marcela; Baláž, Matej; Billik, Peter; Cherkezova-Zheleva, Zara; Criado, José Manuel; Delogu, Francesco; Dutková, Erika; Gaffet, Eric; Gotor, Francisco José; Kumar, Rakesh; Mitov, Ivan; Rojac, Tadej; Senna, Mamoru; Streletskii, Andrey; Wieczorek-Ciurowa, Krystyna

2013-09-21

The aim of this review article on recent developments of mechanochemistry (nowadays established as a part of chemistry) is to provide a comprehensive overview of advances achieved in the field of atomistic processes, phase transformations, simple and multicomponent nanosystems and peculiarities of mechanochemical reactions. Industrial aspects with successful penetration into fields like materials engineering, heterogeneous catalysis and extractive metallurgy are also reviewed. The hallmarks of mechanochemistry include influencing reactivity of solids by the presence of solid-state defects, interphases and relaxation phenomena, enabling processes to take place under non-equilibrium conditions, creating a well-crystallized core of nanoparticles with disordered near-surface shell regions and performing simple dry time-convenient one-step syntheses. Underlying these hallmarks are technological consequences like preparing new nanomaterials with the desired properties or producing these materials in a reproducible way with high yield and under simple and easy operating conditions. The last but not least hallmark is enabling work under environmentally friendly and essentially waste-free conditions (822 references).

First-Principles Modeling of Mn(II) Migration above and Dissolution from Li x Mn 2 O 4 (001) Surfaces

DOE PAGES

Leung, Kevin

2016-12-10

The density functional theory and ab initio molecular dynamics simulations are applied to investigate the migration of Mn(II) ions to above-surface sites on spinel Li xMn 2O 4 (001) surfaces, the subsequent Mn dissolution into the organic liquid electrolyte, and the detrimental effects on graphite anode solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) passivating films after Mn(II) ions diffuse through the separator. The dissolution mechanism proves complex; the much-quoted Hunter disproportionation of Mn(III) to form Mn(II) is far from sufficient. Key steps that facilitate Mn(II) loss include concerted liquid/solid-state motions; proton-induced weakening of Mn–O bonds forming mobile OH – surface groups; and chemicalmore » reactions of adsorbed decomposed organic fragments. Mn(II) lodged between the inorganic Li 2CO 3 and organic lithium ethylene dicarbonate (LEDC) anode SEI components facilitate electrochemical reduction and decomposition of LEDC. Our findings help inform future design of protective coatings, electrolytes, additives, and interfaces.« less

Induction of a global stress response during the first step of Escherichia coli plate growth.

PubMed

Cuny, Caroline; Lesbats, Maïalène; Dukan, Sam

2007-02-01

We have investigated the first events that occur when exponentially grown cells are transferred from a liquid medium (Luria-Bertani [LB]) to a solid medium (LB agar [LBA]). We observed an initial lag phase of 180 min for the wild type MG1655 without any apparent growth. This lack of growth was independent of the bacterial physiological state (either the stationary or the exponential phase), the solid medium composition, or the number of cells on the plate, but it was dependent on the bacterial genotype. Using lacZ-reporter fusions and two-dimensional electrophoresis analysis, we observed that when cells from exponential-phase cultures were plated on LBA, several global regulons, like heat shock regulons (RpoH, RpoE, CpxAR) and oxidative-stress regulons (SoxRS, OxyR, Fur), were immediately induced. Our results indicate that in order to grow on plates, bacteria must not only adapt to new conditions but also perceive a real stress.

Application of ethyl cellulose, microcrystalline cellulose and octadecanol for wax based floating solid dispersion pellets.

PubMed

Yan, Hong-Xiang; Zhang, Shuang-Shuang; He, Jian-Hua; Liu, Jian-Ping

2016-09-05

The present study aimed to develop and optimize the wax based floating sustained-release dispersion pellets for a weakly acidic hydrophilic drug protocatechuic acid to achieve prolonged gastric residence time and improved bioavailability. This low-density drug delivery system consisted of octadecanol/microcrystalline cellulose mixture matrix pellet cores prepared by extrusion-spheronization technique, coated with drug/ethyl cellulose 100cp solid dispersion using single-step fluid-bed coating method. The formulation-optimized pellets could maintain excellent floating state without lag time and sustain the drug release efficiently for 12h based on non-Fickian transport mechanism. Observed by SEM, the optimized pellet was the dispersion-layered spherical structure containing a compact inner core. DSC, XRD and FTIR analysis revealed drug was uniformly dispersed in the amorphous molecule form and had no significant physicochemical interactions with the polymer dispersion carrier. The stability study of the resultant pellets further proved the rationality and integrity of the developed formulation. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Atomic Source of Single Photons in the Telecom Band

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dibos, A. M.; Raha, M.; Phenicie, C. M.; Thompson, J. D.

2018-06-01

Single atoms and atomlike defects in solids are ideal quantum light sources and memories for quantum networks. However, most atomic transitions are in the ultraviolet-visible portion of the electromagnetic spectrum, where propagation losses in optical fibers are prohibitively large. Here, we observe for the first time the emission of single photons from a single Er3 + ion in a solid-state host, whose optical transition at 1.5 μ m is in the telecom band, allowing for low-loss propagation in optical fiber. This is enabled by integrating Er3 + ions with silicon nanophotonic structures, which results in an enhancement of the photon emission rate by a factor of more than 650. Dozens of distinct ions can be addressed in a single device, and the splitting of the lines in a magnetic field confirms that the optical transitions are coupled to the electronic spin of the Er3 + ions. These results are a significant step towards long-distance quantum networks and deterministic quantum logic for photons based on a scalable silicon nanophotonics architecture.

Synthesis of azines in solid state: reactivity of solid hydrazine with aldehydes and ketones.

PubMed

Lee, Byeongno; Lee, Kyu Hyung; Cho, Jaeheung; Nam, Wonwoo; Hur, Nam Hwi

2011-12-16

Highly conjugated azines were prepared by solid state grinding of solid hydrazine and carbonyl compounds such as aldehydes and ketones, using a mortar and a pestle. Complete conversion to the azine product is generally achieved at room temperature within 24 h, without using solvents or additives. The solid-state reactions afford azines as the sole products with greater than 97% yield, producing only water and carbon dioxide as waste.

40 CFR 256.23 - Requirements for closing or upgrading open dumps.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

...) SOLID WASTES GUIDELINES FOR DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION OF STATE SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PLANS Solid... classification of existing solid waste disposal facilities according to the criteria. This classification shall... solid waste disposal facility; (2) The availability of State regulatory and enforcement powers; and (3...

40 CFR 256.23 - Requirements for closing or upgrading open dumps.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

...) SOLID WASTES GUIDELINES FOR DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION OF STATE SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PLANS Solid... classification of existing solid waste disposal facilities according to the criteria. This classification shall... solid waste disposal facility; (2) The availability of State regulatory and enforcement powers; and (3...

Small-scale collisions with big-scale effects: Direct numerical simulations of crystal interactions in dense suspensions and ramifications for magmatic differentiation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sethian, J.; Suckale, J.; Yu, J.; Elkins-Tanton, L. T.

2011-12-01

Numerous problems in the Earth sciences involve the dynamic interaction between solid bodies and viscous flow. The goal of this contribution is to develop and validate a computational methodology for modeling complex solid-fluid interactions with minimal simplifying assumptions. The approach we develop is general enough to be applicable in a wide range of geophysical systems ranging from crystal-bearing lava flows to sediment-rich rivers and aerosol transport. Our algorithm relies on a two-step projection scheme: In the first step, we solve the multiple-phase Navier-Stokes or Stokes equation, respectively, in both domains. In the second step, we project the velocity field in the solid domain onto a rigid-body motion by enforcing that the deformation tensor in the respective domain is zero. An important component of the numerical scheme is the accurate treatment of collisions between an arbitrary number of suspended solid bodies based on the impact Stokes number and the elasticity parameters of the solid phase. We perform several benchmark computations to validate our computations including wake formation behind fixed and mobile cylinders and cuboids, the settling speed of particles, and laboratory experiments of collision modes. Finally, we apply our method to investigate the competing effect of entrainment and fractionation in crystalline suspensions - an important question in the context of magma differentiation processes in magma chambers and magma oceans. We find that the properties and volume fraction of the crystalline phase play an important role for evaluating differentiation efficiency.

Atomistic Simulation of Interfaces in Materials of Solid State Ionics

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ivanov-Schitz, A. K.; Mazo, G. N.

2018-01-01

The possibilities of describing correctly interfaces of different types in solids within a computer experiment using molecular statics simulation, molecular dynamics simulation, and quantum chemical calculations are discussed. Heterophase boundaries of various types, including grain boundaries and solid electrolyte‒solid electrolyte and ionic conductor‒electrode material interfaces, are considered. Specific microstructural features and mechanisms of the ion transport in real heterophase structures (cationic conductor‒metal anode and anionic conductor‒cathode) existing in solid state ionics devices (such as solid-state batteries and fuel cells) are discussed.

Tunable solid state lasers for remote sensing; Proceedings of the Conference, Stanford University, CA, October 1-3, 1984

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Byer, R. L. (Editor); Trebino, R. (Editor); Gustafson, E. K. (Editor)

1985-01-01

Papers are presented on solid-state lasers for remote sensing, diode-pumped Nd:YAG lasers, and tunable solid-state-laser systems. Topics discussed include titanium-sapphire tunable laser systems, the performance of slab geometry, and the development of slab lasers. Consideration is given to garnet host solid-state lasers, the growth of lasers and nonlinear materials, and nonlinear frequency conversion and tunable sources.

Nanowire membrane-based nanothermite: towards processable and tunable interfacial diffusion for solid state reactions.

PubMed

Yang, Yong; Wang, Peng-peng; Zhang, Zhi-cheng; Liu, Hui-ling; Zhang, Jingchao; Zhuang, Jing; Wang, Xun

2013-01-01

Interfacial diffusion is of great importance in determining the performance of solid-state reactions. For nanometer sized particles, some solid-state reactions can be triggered accidently by mechanical stress owing to their large surface-to-volume ratio compared with the bulk ones. Therefore, a great challenge is the control of interfacial diffusion for solid state reactions, especially for energetic materials. Here we demonstrate, through the example of nanowire-based thermite membrane, that the thermite solid-state reaction can be easily tuned via the introduction of low-surface-energy coating layer. Moreover, this silicon-coated thermite membrane exhibit controlled wetting behavior ranging from superhydrophilic to superhydrophobic and, simultaneously, to significantly reduce the friction sensitivity of thermite membrane. This effect enables to increase interfacial resistance by increasing the amount of coating material. Indeed, our results described here make it possible to tune the solid-state reactions through the manipulation of interfacial diffusion between the reactants.

Nanowire Membrane-based Nanothermite: towards Processable and Tunable Interfacial Diffusion for Solid State Reactions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yang, Yong; Wang, Peng-Peng; Zhang, Zhi-Cheng; Liu, Hui-Ling; Zhang, Jingchao; Zhuang, Jing; Wang, Xun

2013-04-01

Interfacial diffusion is of great importance in determining the performance of solid-state reactions. For nanometer sized particles, some solid-state reactions can be triggered accidently by mechanical stress owing to their large surface-to-volume ratio compared with the bulk ones. Therefore, a great challenge is the control of interfacial diffusion for solid state reactions, especially for energetic materials. Here we demonstrate, through the example of nanowire-based thermite membrane, that the thermite solid-state reaction can be easily tuned via the introduction of low-surface-energy coating layer. Moreover, this silicon-coated thermite membrane exhibit controlled wetting behavior ranging from superhydrophilic to superhydrophobic and, simultaneously, to significantly reduce the friction sensitivity of thermite membrane. This effect enables to increase interfacial resistance by increasing the amount of coating material. Indeed, our results described here make it possible to tune the solid-state reactions through the manipulation of interfacial diffusion between the reactants.

76 FR 58496 - Agency Information Collection Activities; Proposed Collection; Comment Request; State Program...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-09-21

... Activities; Proposed Collection; Comment Request; State Program Adequacy Determination: Municipal Solid Waste... States. Title: State Program Adequacy Determination: Municipal Solid Waste Landfills (MSWLFs) and Non... 4004(a) and Section 1008(a)(3). Section 4005(c) of RCRA, as amended by the Hazardous Solid Waste...

Mechanical and Combustion Performance of Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes as an Additive to Paraffin-Based Solid Fuels for Hybrid Rockets

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Larson, Daniel B.; Boyer, Eric; Wachs, Trevor; Kuo, Kenneth, K.; Koo, Joseph H.; Story, George

2012-01-01

Paraffin-based solid fuels for hybrid rocket motor applications are recognized as a fastburning alternative to other fuel binders such as HTPB, but efforts to further improve the burning rate and mechanical properties of paraffin are still necessary. One approach that is considered in this study is to use multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNT) as an additive to paraffin wax. Carbon nanotubes provide increased electrical and thermal conductivity to the solid-fuel grains to which they are added, which can improve the mass burning rate. Furthermore, the addition of ultra-fine aluminum particles to the paraffin/MWNT fuel grains can enhance regression rate of the solid fuel and the density impulse of the hybrid rocket. The multi-walled carbon nanotubes also present the possibility of greatly improving the mechanical properties (e.g., tensile strength) of the paraffin-based solid-fuel grains. For casting these solid-fuel grains, various percentages of MWNT and aluminum particles will be added to the paraffin wax. Previous work has been published about the dispersion and mixing of carbon nanotubes.1 Another manufacturing method has been used for mixing the MWNT with a phenolic resin for ablative applications, and the manufacturing and mixing processes are well-documented in the literature.2 The cost of MWNT is a small fraction of single-walled nanotubes. This is a scale-up advantage as future applications and projects will require low cost additives to maintain cost effectiveness. Testing of the solid-fuel grains will be conducted in several steps. Dog bone samples will be cast and prepared for tensile testing. The fuel samples will also be analyzed using thermogravimetric analysis and a high-resolution scanning electron microscope (SEM). The SEM will allow for examination of the solid fuel grain for uniformity and consistency. The paraffin-based fuel grains will also be tested using two hybrid rocket test motors located at the Pennsylvania State University s High Pressure Combustion Lab.

Solid state phase change materials for thermal energy storage in passive solar heated buildings

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Benson, D. K.; Christensen, C.

1983-11-01

A set of solid state phase change materials was evaluated for possible use in passive solar thermal energy storage systems. The most promising materials are organic solid solutions of pentaerythritol, pentaglycerine and neopentyl glycol. Solid solution mixtures of these compounds can be tailored so that they exhibit solid-to-solid phase transformations at any desired temperature within the range from less than 25 deg to 188 deg. Thermophysical properties such as thermal conductivity, density and volumetric expansion were measured. Computer simulations were used to predict the performance of various Trombe wall designs incorporating solid state phase change materials. Optimum performance was found to be sensitive to the choice of phase change temperatures and to the thermal conductivity of the phase change material. A molecular mechanism of the solid state phase transition is proposed and supported by infrared spectroscopic evidence.

Microwave-Assisted Hydantoins Synthesis on Solid Support

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Coursindel, Thibault; Martinez, Jean; Parrot, Isabelle

2010-01-01

In this laboratory activity, students are introduced to a three-step synthesis of hydantoin (imidazolidine-2,4-dione), a moiety that is found in many biologically active compounds. Using a microwave oven and solid-support technology, this synthetic experiment is designed for masters-degree candidates working in organic chemistry or upper-level…

Method of fabricating a monolithic solid oxide fuel cell

DOEpatents

Minh, N.Q.; Horne, C.R.

1994-03-01

In a two-step densifying process of making a monolithic solid oxide fuel cell, a limited number of anode-electrolyte-cathode cells separated by an interconnect layer are formed and partially densified. Subsequently, the partially densified cells are stacked and further densified to form a monolithic array. 10 figures.

Method of fabricating a monolithic solid oxide fuel cell

DOEpatents

Minh, Nguyen Q.; Horne, Craig R.

1994-01-01

In a two-step densifying process of making a monolithic solid oxide fuel cell, a limited number of anode-electrolyte-cathode cells separated by an interconnect layer are formed and partially densified. Subsequently, the partially densified cells are stacked and further densified to form a monolithic array.

Solid-State Cloud Radar System (CRS) Upgrade and Deployment

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

McLinden, Matt; Heymsfield, Gerald; Li, Lihua; Racette, Paul; Coon, Michael; Venkatesh, Vijay

2015-01-01

The recent decade has brought rapid development in solid-state power amplifier (SSPA) technology. This has enabled the use of solid-state precipitation radar in place of high-power and high-voltage systems such as those that use Klystron or Magnetron transmitters. The NASA Goddard Space Flight Center has recently completed a comprehensive redesign of the 94 gigahertz Cloud Radar System (CRS) to incorporate a solid-state transmitter. It is the first cloud radar to achieve sensitivity comparable to that of a high-voltage transmitter using solid-state. The NASA Goddard Space Flight Center's Cloud Radar System (CRS) is a 94 gigahertz Doppler radar that flies on the NASA ER-2 high-altitude aircraft. The upgraded CRS system utilizes a state-of-the-art solid-state 94 gigahertz power amplifier with a peak transmit power of 30 watts. The modernized CRS system is detailed here with data results from its deployment during the 2014 Integrated Precipitation and Hydrology Experiment (IPHEX).

Continuous process to produce lithium-polymer batteries

DOEpatents

Chern, T.S.H.; Keller, D.G.; MacFadden, K.O.

1998-05-12

Solid polymer electrolytes are extruded with active electrode material in a continuous, one-step process to form composite electrolyte-electrodes ready for assembly into battery cells. The composite electrolyte electrode sheets are extruded onto current collectors to form electrodes. The composite electrodes, as extruded, are electronically and ionically conductive. The composite electrodes can be over coated with a solid polymer electrolyte, which acts as a separator upon battery assembly. The interface between the solid polymer electrolyte composite electrodes and the solid polymer electrolyte separator has low resistance. 1 fig.

Glass for Solid State Devices

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Bailey, R. F.

1982-01-01

Glass film has low intrinsic compressive stress for isolating active layers of magnetic-bubble and other solid-state devices. Solid-state device structure incorporates low-stress glasses as barrier and spacer layers. Glass layers mechanically isolate substrate, conductor, and nickel/iron layers.

Current status of solid-state lithium batteries employing solid redox polymerization cathodes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Visco, S. J.; Doeff, M. M.; Dejonghe, L. C.

1991-03-01

The rapidly growing demand for secondary batteries having high specific energy and power has naturally led to increased efforts in lithium battery technology. Still, the increased safety risks associated with high energy density systems has tempered the enthusiasm of proponents of such systems for use in the consumer marketplace. The inherent advantages of all-solid-state batteries in regards to safety and reliability are strong factors in advocating their introduction to the marketplace. However, the low ionic conductivity of solid electrolytes relative to nonaqueous liquid electrolytes implies low power densities for solid state systems operating at ambient temperatures. Recent advances in polymer electrolytes have led to the introduction of solid electrolytes having conductivities in the range of 10(exp -4)/ohm cm at room temperature; this is still two orders of magnitude lower than liquid electrolytes. Although these improved ambient conductivities put solid state batteries in the realm of practical devices, it is clear that solid state batteries using such polymeric separators will be thin film devices. Fortunately, thin film fabrication techniques are well established in the plastics and paper industry, and present the possibility of continuous web-form manufacturing. This style of battery manufacture should make solid polymer batteries very cost-competitive with conventional secondary cells. In addition, the greater geometric flexibility of thin film solid state cells should provide benefits in terms of the end-use form factor in device design. This work discusses the status of solid redox polymerization cathodes.

A model for trace metal sorption processes at the calcite surface: Adsorption of Cd2+ and subsequent solid solution formation

USGS Publications Warehouse

Davis, J.A.; Fuller, C.C.; Cook, A.D.

1987-01-01

The rate of Cd2+ sorption by calcite was determined as a function of pH and Mg2+ in aqueous solutions saturated with respect to calcite but undersaturated with respect to CdCO3. The sorption is characterized by two reaction steps, with the first reaching completion within 24 hours. The second step proceeded at a slow and nearly constant rate for at least 7 days. The rate of calcite recrystallization was also studied, using a Ca2+ isotopic exchange technique. Both the recrystallization rate of calcite and the rate of slow Cd2+ sorption decrease with increasing pH or with increasing Mg2+. The recrystallization rate could be predicted from the number of moles of Ca present in the hydrated surface layer. A model is presented which is consistent with the rates of Cd2+ sorption and Ca2+ isotopic exchange. In the model, the first step in Cd2+ sorption involves a fast adsorption reaction that is followed by diffusion of Cd2+ into a surface layer of hydrated CaCO3 that overlies crystalline calcite. Desorption of Cd2+ from the hydrated layer is slow. The second step is solid solution formation in new crystalline material, which grows from the disordered mixture of Cd and Ca carbonate in the hydrated surface layer. Calculated distribution coefficients for solid solutions formed at the surface are slightly greater than the ratio of equilibrium constants for dissolution of calcite and CdCO3, which is the value that would be expected for an ideal solid solution in equilibrium with the aqueous solution. ?? 1987.

Effects of Drying Process on an IgG1 Monoclonal Antibody Using Solid-State Hydrogen Deuterium Exchange with Mass Spectrometric Analysis (ssHDX-MS).

PubMed

Moussa, Ehab M; Wilson, Nathan E; Zhou, Qi Tony; Singh, Satish K; Nema, Sandeep; Topp, Elizabeth M

2018-01-03

Lyophilization and spray drying are widely used to manufacture solid forms of therapeutic proteins. Lyophilization is used to stabilize proteins vulnerable to degradation in solution, whereas spray drying is mainly used to prepare inhalation powders or as an alternative to freezing for storing bulk drug substance. Both processes impose stresses that may adversely affect protein structure, stability and bioactivity. Here, we compared lyophilization with and without controlled ice nucleation, and spray drying for their effects on the solid-state conformation and matrix interactions of a model IgG1 monoclonal antibody (mAb). Solid-state conformation and matrix interactions of the mAb were probed using solid-state hydrogen-deuterium exchange with mass spectrometric analysis (ssHDX-MS), and solid-state Fourier transform infrared (ssFTIR) and solid-state fluorescence spectroscopies. mAb conformation and/or matrix interactions were most perturbed in mannitol-containing samples and the distribution of states was more heterogeneous in sucrose and trehalose samples that were spray dried. The findings demonstrate the sensitivity of ssHDX-MS to changes weakly indicated by spectroscopic methods, and support the broader use of ssHDX-MS to probe formulation and process effects on proteins in solid samples.

Process for treating effluent from a supercritical water oxidation reactor

DOEpatents

Barnes, Charles M.; Shapiro, Carolyn

1997-01-01

A method for treating a gaseous effluent from a supercritical water oxidation reactor containing entrained solids is provided comprising the steps of expanding the gas/solids effluent from a first to a second lower pressure at a temperature at which no liquid condenses; separating the solids from the gas effluent; neutralizing the effluent to remove any acid gases; condensing the effluent; and retaining the purified effluent to the supercritical water oxidation reactor.

Removal of arsenic compounds from petroliferous liquids

DOEpatents

Fish, R.H.

1984-04-06

The present invention in one aspect comprises a process for removing arsenic from petroliferous-derived liquids by contacting said liquid with a divinylbenzene-crosslinked polystyrene polymer (i.e. PS-DVB) having catechol ligands anchored to said polymer, said contacting being at an elevated temperature. In another aspect, the invention is a process for regenerating spent catecholated polystyrene polymer by removal of the arsenic bound to it from contacting petroliferous liquid in accordance with the aspect described above which regenerating process comprises: (a) treating said spent catecholated polystyrene polymer with an aqueous solution of at least one member selected from the group consisting of carbonates and bicarbonates of ammonium, alkali metals, and alkaline earth metals, said solution having a pH between about 8 and 10, and said treating being at a temperature in the range of about 20/sup 0/ to 100/sup 0/C; (b) separating the solids and liquids from each other. In a preferred embodiment the regeneration treatment is in two steps wherein step: (a) is carried out with an aqueous alcoholic carbonate solution which includes at least one lower alkyl alcohol, and, steps (c) and (d) are added. Steps (c) and (d) comprise: (c) treating the solids with an aqueous alcoholic solution of at least one ammonium, alkali or alkaline earth metal bicarbonate at a temperature in the range of about 20 to 100/sup 0/C; and (d) separating the solids from the liquids.

Physical stability and recrystallization kinetics of amorphous ibipinabant drug product by fourier transform raman spectroscopy.

PubMed

Sinclair, Wayne; Leane, Michael; Clarke, Graham; Dennis, Andrew; Tobyn, Mike; Timmins, Peter

2011-11-01

The solid-state physical stability and recrystallization kinetics during storage stability are described for an amorphous solid dispersed drug substance, ibipinabant, at a low concentration (1.0%, w/w) in a solid oral dosage form (tablet). The recrystallization behavior of the amorphous ibipinabant-polyvinylpyrrolidone solid dispersion in the tablet product was characterized by Fourier transform (FT) Raman spectroscopy. A partial least-square analysis used for multivariate calibration based on Raman spectra was developed and validated to detect less than 5% (w/w) of the crystalline form (equivalent to less than 0.05% of the total mass of the tablet). The method provided reliable and highly accurate predictive crystallinity assessments after exposure to a variety of stability storage conditions. It was determined that exposure to moisture had a significant impact on the crystallinity of amorphous ibipinabant. The information provided by the method has potential utility for predictive physical stability assessments. Dissolution testing demonstrated that the predicted crystallinity had a direct correlation with this physical property of the drug product. Recrystallization kinetics was measured using FT Raman spectroscopy for the solid dispersion from the tablet product stored at controlled temperature and relative humidity. The measurements were evaluated by application of the Johnson-Mehl-Avrami (JMA) kinetic model to determine recrystallization rate constants and Avrami exponent (n = 2). The analysis showed that the JMA equation could describe the process very well, and indicated that the recrystallization kinetics observed was a two-step process with an induction period (nucleation) followed by rod-like crystal growth. Copyright © 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Environmental Benign Process for Production of Molybdenum Metal from Sulphide Based Minerals

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Rajput, Priyanka; Janakiram, Vangada; Jayasankar, Kalidoss; Angadi, Shivakumar; Bhoi, Bhagyadhar; Mukherjee, Partha Sarathi

2017-10-01

Molybdenum is a strategic and high temperature refractory metal which is not found in nature in free state, it is predominantly found in earth's crust in the form of MoO3/MoS2. The main disadvantage of the industrial treatment of Mo concentrate is that the process contains many stages and requires very high temperature. Almost in every step many gaseous, liquid, solid chemical substances are formed which require further treatment. To overcome the above drawback, a new alternative one step novel process is developed for the treatment of sulphide and trioxide molybdenum concentrates. This paper presents the results of the investigations on molybdenite dissociation (MoS2) using microwave assisted plasma unit as well as transferred arc thermal plasma torch. It is a single step process for the preparation of pure molybdenum metal from MoS2 by hydrogen reduction in thermal plasma. Process variable such as H2 gas, Ar gas, input current, voltage and time have been examined to prepare molybdenum metal. Molybdenum recovery of the order of 95% was achieved. The XRD results confirm the phases of molybdenum metal and the chemical analysis of the end product indicate the formation of metallic molybdenum (Mo 98%).

Effect of pH on simultaneous saccharification and isomerization by glucoamylase and glucose isomerase.

PubMed

Mishra, Abha; Debnath Das, Meera

2002-01-01

pH and temperature play critical roles in multistep enzymatic conversions. In such conversions, the optimal pH for individual steps differs greatly. In this article, we describe the production of glucoamylase (from Aspergillus oryzae MTCC152 in solid-state fermentation) and glucose isomerase (from Streptomyces griseus NCIM2020 in submerged fermentation), used in industries for producing high-fructose syrup. Optimum pH for glucoamylase was found to be 5.0. For glucose isomerase, the optimum pH ranged between 7.0 and 8.5, depending on the type of buffer used. Optimum temperature for glucoamylase and glucose isomerase was 50 and 60 degrees C, respectively. When both the enzymatic conversions were performed simultaneously at a compromised pH of 6.5, both the enzymes showed lowered activity. We also studied the kinetics at different pHs, which allows the two-step reaction to take place simultaneously. This was done by separating two steps by a thin layer of urease. Ammonia generated by the hydrolysis of urea consumed the hydrogen ions, thereby allowing optimal activity of glucose isomerase at an acidic pH of 5.0.

Solid-State Diffusional Behaviors of Functional Metal Oxides at Atomic Scale.

PubMed

Chen, Jui-Yuan; Huang, Chun-Wei; Wu, Wen-Wei

2018-02-01

Metal/metal oxides have attracted extensive research interest because of their combination of functional properties and compatibility with industry. Diffusion and thermal reliability have become essential issues that require detailed study to develop atomic-scaled functional devices. In this work, the diffusional reaction behavior that transforms piezoelectric ZnO into magnetic Fe 3 O 4 is investigated at the atomic scale. The growth kinetics of metal oxides are systematically studied through macro- and microanalyses. The growth rates are evaluated by morphology changes, which determine whether the growth behavior was a diffusion- or reaction-controlled process. Furthermore, atom attachment on the kink step is observed at the atomic scale, which has important implications for the thermodynamics of functional metal oxides. Faster growth planes simultaneously decrease, which result in the predominance of low surface energy planes. These results directly reveal the atomic formation process of metal oxide via solid-state diffusion. In addition, the nanofabricated method provides a novel approach to investigate metal oxide evolution and sheds light on diffusional reaction behavior. More importantly, the results and phenomena of this study provide considerable inspiration to enhance the material stability and reliability of metal/oxide-based devices. © 2017 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Controlling the hydrogenolysis of silica-supported tungsten pentamethyl leads to a class of highly electron deficient partially alkylated metal hydrides

DOE PAGES

Maity, Niladri; Barman, Samir; Callens, Emmanuel; ...

2015-11-30

The well-defined single-site silica-supported tungsten complex [(Si–O–)W(Me) 5], 1, is an excellent precatalyst for alkane metathesis. The unique structure of 1 allows the synthesis of unprecedented tungsten hydrido methyl surface complexes via a controlled hydrogenolysis. Specifically, in the presence of molecular hydrogen, 1 is quickly transformed at -78 °C into a partially alkylated tungsten hydride, 4, as characterized by 1H solid-state NMR and IR spectroscopies. Species 4, upon warming to 150 °C, displays the highest catalytic activity for propane metathesis yet reported. DFT calculations using model systems support the formation of [(Si–O–)WH 3(Me) 2], as the predominant species at -78more » °C following several elementary steps of hydrogen addition (by σ-bond metathesis or α-hydrogen transfer). Rearrangement of 4 occuring between -78 °C and room temperature leads to the formation of an unique methylidene tungsten hydride [(Si–O–)WH 3(CH 2)], as determined by solid-state 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopies and supported by DFT. Thus for the first time, a coordination sphere that incorporates both carbene and hydride functionalities has been observed.« less

Resonance ionization spectroscopy of sodium Rydberg levels using difference frequency generation of high-repetition-rate pulsed Ti:sapphire lasers

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Naubereit, P.; Marín-Sáez, J.; Schneider, F.; Hakimi, A.; Franzmann, M.; Kron, T.; Richter, S.; Wendt, K.

2016-05-01

The generation of tunable laser light in the green to orange spectral range has generally been a deficiency of solid-state lasers. Hence, the formalisms of difference frequency generation (DFG) and optical parametric processes are well known, but the DFG of pulsed solid-state lasers was rarely efficient enough for its use in resonance ionization spectroscopy. Difference frequency generation of high-repetition-rate Ti:sapphire lasers was demonstrated for resonance ionization of sodium by efficiently exciting the well-known D1 and D2 lines in the orange spectral range (both ≈589 nm). In order to prove the applicability of the laser system for its use at resonance ionization laser ion sources of radioactive ion beam facilities, the first ionization potential of Na was remeasured by three-step resonance ionization into Rydberg levels and investigating Rydberg convergences. A result of EIP=41449.455 (6) stat(7) syscm-1 was obtained, which is in perfect agreement with the literature value of EIPlit =41449.451(2)cm-1 . A total of 41 level positions for the odd-parity Rydberg series n f 2F5/2,7/2o for principal quantum numbers of 10 ≤n ≤60 were determined experimentally.

Optical Fluorescence Microscopy for Spatially Characterizing Electron Transfer across a Solid-Liquid Interface on Heterogeneous Electrodes.

PubMed

Choudhary, Eric; Velmurugan, Jeyavel; Marr, James M; Liddle, James A; Szalai, Veronika

2016-01-01

Heterogeneous catalytic materials and electrodes are used for (electro)chemical transformations, including those important for energy storage and utilization. 1, 2 Due to the heterogeneous nature of these materials, activity measurements with sufficient spatial resolution are needed to obtain structure/activity correlations across the different surface features (exposed facets, step edges, lattice defects, grain boundaries, etc.). These measurements will help lead to an understanding of the underlying reaction mechanisms and enable engineering of more active materials. Because (electro)catalytic surfaces restructure with changing environments, 1 it is important to perform measurements in operando . Sub-diffraction fluorescence microscopy is well suited for these requirements because it can operate in solution with resolution down to a few nm. We have applied sub-diffraction fluorescence microscopy to a thin cell containing an electrocatalyst and a solution containing the redox sensitive dye p-aminophenyl fluorescein to characterize reaction at the solid-liquid interface. Our chosen dye switches between a nonfluorescent reduced state and a one-electron oxidized bright state, a process that occurs at the electrode surface. This scheme is used to investigate the activity differences on the surface of polycrystalline Pt, in particular to differentiate reactivity at grain faces and grain boundaries. Ultimately, this method will be extended to study other dye systems and electrode materials.

Experimental and Theoretical Investigation of the Function of 4- tert-Butyl Pyridine for Interface Energy Level Adjustment in Efficient Solid-State Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells.

PubMed

Yang, Lei; Lindblad, Rebecka; Gabrielsson, Erik; Boschloo, Gerrit; Rensmo, Håkan; Sun, Licheng; Hagfeldt, Anders; Edvinsson, Tomas; Johansson, Erik M J

2018-04-11

4- tert-Butylpyridine ( t-BP) is commonly used in solid state dye-sensitized solar cells (ssDSSCs) to increase the photovoltaic performance. In this report, the mechanism how t-BP functions as a favorable additive is investigated comprehensively. ssDSSCs were prepared with different concentrations of t-BP, and a clear increase in efficiency was observed up to a maximum concentration and for higher concentrations the efficiency thereafter decreases. The energy level alignment in the complete devices was measured using hard X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (HAXPES). The results show that the energy levels of titanium dioxide are shifted further away from the energy levels of spiro-OMeTAD as the t-BP concentration is increased. This explains the higher photovoltage obtained in the devices with higher t-BP concentration. In addition, the electron lifetime was measured for the devices and the electron lifetime was increased when adding t-BP, which can be explained by the recombination blocking effect at the surface of TiO 2 . The results from the HAXPES measurements agree with those obtained from density functional theory calculations and give an understanding of the mechanism for the improvement, which is an important step for the future development of solar cells including t-BP.

The Nobel Prize in Medicine for Magnetic Resonance Imaging

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fry, Charles G.

2004-07-01

A review is given of the crucial work performed by Paul C. Lauterbur and Peter Mansfield that lead to their being awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine in 2003. Lauterbur first expounded the idea of mapping spatial information from spectral data in nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) through the application of magnetic field gradients (P. C. Lauterbur, Nature 1973 , 242, 190-191). One year later Mansfield and co-workers introduced the idea of selective excitation to NMR imaging (A. N. Garroway, P. K. Grannell, and P. Mansfield. J. Phys. C: Solid State Physics 1974 , 7, L457-L462). A major step in making the technique useful for clinical imaging came with Mansfield's publication of the method known as echo planar imaging (P. Mansfield, J. Phys. C: Solid State Physics 1977, 10 (3) , L55-L58). Lauterbur's and Mansfield's work captured the essence of scientific discovery, collaboration, and concerted effort to overcome significant technical issues, and were key to the development of the technique of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Examples of how MRI technology can be extended to chemical research are given, and limitations of the technique in this regard are discussed. Discussion of how to use commonly available NMR spectrometers for chemical imaging is also provided.

Complete solid state lighting (SSL) line at CEA LETI

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Robin, I. C.; Ferret, P.; Dussaigne, A.; Bougerol, C.; Salomon, D.; Chen, X. J.; Charles, M.; Tchoulfian, P.; Gasse, A.; Lagrange, A.; Consonni, M.; Bono, H.; Levy, F.; Desieres, Y.; Aitmani, A.; Makram-Matta, S.; Bialic, E.; Gorrochategui, P.; Mendizabal, L.

2014-09-01

With a long experience in optoelectronics, CEA-LETI has focused on Light Emitting Diode (LED) lighting since 2006. Today, all the technical challenges in the implementation of GaN LED based solid state lighting (SSL) are addressed at CEA-LETI who is now an RandD player throughout the entire value chain of LED lighting. The SSL Line at CEA-LETI first deals with the simulation of the active structures and LED devices. Then the growth is addressed in particular 2D growth on 200 mm silicon substrates. Then, technological steps are developed for the fabrication of LED dies with innovative architectures. For instance, Versatile LED Array Devices are currently being developed with a dedicated μLED technology. The objective in this case is to achieve monolithical LED arrays reported and interconnected through a silicon submount. In addition to the required bonding and 3D integration technologies, new solutions for LED chip packaging, thermal management of LED lamps and luminaires are also addressed. LETI is also active in Smart Lighting concepts which offer the possibility of new application fields for SSL technologies. An example is the recent development at CEA LETI of Visible Light Communication Technology also called LiFi. With this technology, we demonstrated a transmission rate up to 10 Mb/s and real time HD-Video transmission.

Catalysis and chemical mechanisms of calcite dissolution in seawater.

PubMed

Subhas, Adam V; Adkins, Jess F; Rollins, Nick E; Naviaux, John; Erez, Jonathan; Berelson, William M

2017-07-18

Near-equilibrium calcite dissolution in seawater contributes significantly to the regulation of atmospheric [Formula: see text] on 1,000-y timescales. Despite many studies on far-from-equilibrium dissolution, little is known about the detailed mechanisms responsible for calcite dissolution in seawater. In this paper, we dissolve 13 C-labeled calcites in natural seawater. We show that the time-evolving enrichment of [Formula: see text] in solution is a direct measure of both dissolution and precipitation reactions across a large range of saturation states. Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometer profiles into the 13 C-labeled solids confirm the presence of precipitated material even in undersaturated conditions. The close balance of precipitation and dissolution near equilibrium can alter the chemical composition of calcite deeper than one monolayer into the crystal. This balance of dissolution-precipitation shifts significantly toward a dissolution-dominated mechanism below about [Formula: see text] Finally, we show that the enzyme carbonic anhydrase (CA) increases the dissolution rate across all saturation states, and the effect is most pronounced close to equilibrium. This finding suggests that the rate of hydration of [Formula: see text] is a rate-limiting step for calcite dissolution in seawater. We then interpret our dissolution data in a framework that incorporates both solution chemistry and geometric constraints on the calcite solid. Near equilibrium, this framework demonstrates a lowered free energy barrier at the solid-solution interface in the presence of CA. This framework also indicates a significant change in dissolution mechanism at [Formula: see text], which we interpret as the onset of homogeneous etch pit nucleation.

State of the art of environmentally friendly sample preparation approaches for determination of PBDEs and metabolites in environmental and biological samples: A critical review.

PubMed

Berton, Paula; Lana, Nerina B; Ríos, Juan M; García-Reyes, Juan F; Altamirano, Jorgelina C

2016-01-28

Green chemistry principles for developing methodologies have gained attention in analytical chemistry in recent decades. A growing number of analytical techniques have been proposed for determination of organic persistent pollutants in environmental and biological samples. In this light, the current review aims to present state-of-the-art sample preparation approaches based on green analytical principles proposed for the determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and metabolites (OH-PBDEs and MeO-PBDEs) in environmental and biological samples. Approaches to lower the solvent consumption and accelerate the extraction, such as pressurized liquid extraction, microwave-assisted extraction, and ultrasound-assisted extraction, are discussed in this review. Special attention is paid to miniaturized sample preparation methodologies and strategies proposed to reduce organic solvent consumption. Additionally, extraction techniques based on alternative solvents (surfactants, supercritical fluids, or ionic liquids) are also commented in this work, even though these are scarcely used for determination of PBDEs. In addition to liquid-based extraction techniques, solid-based analytical techniques are also addressed. The development of greener, faster and simpler sample preparation approaches has increased in recent years (2003-2013). Among green extraction techniques, those based on the liquid phase predominate over those based on the solid phase (71% vs. 29%, respectively). For solid samples, solvent assisted extraction techniques are preferred for leaching of PBDEs, and liquid phase microextraction techniques are mostly used for liquid samples. Likewise, green characteristics of the instrumental analysis used after the extraction and clean-up steps are briefly discussed. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Step-by-step thermal transformations of a new porous coordination polymer [(H{sub 2}O){sub 5}CuBa(Me{sub 2}mal){sub 2}]{sub n} (Me{sub 2}mal{sup 2-}=dimethylmalonate): Thermal degradation to barium cuprate

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Zauzolkova, Natalya, E-mail: zauzolkova@igic.ras.ru; Dobrokhotova, Zhanna; Lermontov, Anatoly

The reactions of CuSO{sub 4}{center_dot}5H{sub 2}O, dimethylmalonic acid and Ba(OH){sub 2}{center_dot}H{sub 2}O (Cu: H{sub 2}Me{sub 2}mal: Ba=1: 2: 2) in aqueous and aqueous-ethanol solutions (H{sub 2}O: EtOH=1: 1) resulted in formation of 3D-porous coordination polymers [(H{sub 2}O){sub 3}({mu}-H{sub 2}O){sub 2}CuBa({mu}{sub 3}-Me{sub 2}mal)(Me{sub 2}mal)]{sub n} (1) and [({mu}-H{sub 2}O)CuBa({mu}{sub 3}-Me{sub 2}mal)({mu}{sub 4}-Me{sub 2}mal)]{sub n} (2), respectively. It has been shown that compound 2 was an intermediate in the thermal degradation of compound 1. Thorough studies of solid-state thermolysis of 1 and 2 allowed to detect formation of coordination polymer [CuBa({mu}{sub 4}-Me{sub 2}mal)({mu}{sub 5}-Me{sub 2}mal)]{sub n} (3), structure of which was determinedmore » by X-ray powder diffraction. It has been found that the channels in polymer 3 were accessible for guest molecules (MeOH). Theoretical estimation of methanol diffusion barrier was carried out. Complete solid-phase thermolysis of 1 and 2 leads to a mixture of BaCuO{sub 2}, BaCO{sub 3}, and CuO. Special conditions for obtaining of a crystalline phase of pure cubic BaCuO{sub 2} were determined. - Graphical abstract: Step-by-step transformation of new coordination polymer [(H{sub 2}O){sub 5}CuBa(Me{sub 2}mal){sub 2}]{sub n} to [(H{sub 2}O)CuBa(Me{sub 2}mal){sub 2}]{sub n} and [CuBa(Me{sub 2}mal){sub 2}]{sub n} were performed. Dehydration of initial compound leads to structural changes of 12-membered ring fragment. All compounds have porous structure. The final product of thermal decomposition is crystalline phase of individual cubic BaCuO{sub 2}. Highlights: Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer New 3D-polymers [(H{sub 2}O){sub 5}CuBa(Me{sub 2}mal){sub 2}]{sub n} and [(H{sub 2}O)CuBa(Me{sub 2}mal){sub 2}]{sub n} were synthesized. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Thermal analysis showed step-by-step transformations of [(H{sub 2}O){sub 5}CuBa(Me{sub 2}mal){sub 2}]{sub n}. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Crystalline phase of pure cubic BaCuO{sub 2} is the product solid-phase thermolysis.« less

Rational coating of Li7P3S11 solid electrolyte on MoS2 electrode for all-solid-state lithium ion batteries

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Xu, R. C.; Wang, X. L.; Zhang, S. Z.; Xia, Y.; Xia, X. H.; Wu, J. B.; Tu, J. P.

2018-01-01

Large interfacial resistance between electrode and electrolyte limits the development of high-performance all-solid-state batteries. Herein we report a uniform coating of Li7P3S11 solid electrolyte on MoS2 to form a MoS2/Li7P3S11 composite electrode for all-solid-state lithium ion batteries. The as-synthesized Li7P3S11 processes a high ionic of 2.0 mS cm-1 at room temperature. Due to homogeneous union and reduced interfacial resistance, the assembled all-solid-state batteries with the MoS2/Li7P3S11 composite electrode exhibit higher reversible capacity of 547.1 mAh g-1 at 0.1 C and better cycling stability than the counterpart based on untreated MoS2. Our study provides a new reference for design/fabrication of advanced electrode materials for high-performance all-solid-state batteries.

Advanced solid-state NMR spectroscopy of natural organic matter

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Solid-state NMR is essential for the characterization of natural organic matter (NOM) and is gaining importance in geosciences and environmental sciences. This review is intended to highlight advanced solid-state NMR techniques, especially the systematic approach to NOM characterization, and their ...

Quantitative secondary electron detection

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Agrawal, Jyoti; Joy, David C.; Nayak, Subuhadarshi

Quantitative Secondary Electron Detection (QSED) using the array of solid state devices (SSD) based electron-counters enable critical dimension metrology measurements in materials such as semiconductors, nanomaterials, and biological samples (FIG. 3). Methods and devices effect a quantitative detection of secondary electrons with the array of solid state detectors comprising a number of solid state detectors. An array senses the number of secondary electrons with a plurality of solid state detectors, counting the number of secondary electrons with a time to digital converter circuit in counter mode.

40 CFR Table Jj-3 to Subpart Jj of... - State-Specific Volatile Solids (VS) and Nitrogen (N) Excretion Rates for Cattle

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 21 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false State-Specific Volatile Solids (VS) and Nitrogen (N) Excretion Rates for Cattle JJ Table JJ-3 to Subpart JJ of Part 98 Protection of... Volatile Solids (VS) and Nitrogen (N) Excretion Rates for Cattle State Volatile solids excretion rate (kg...

The critical main-chain length for helix formation in water: determined in a peptide series with alternating Aib and Ala residues exclusively and detected with ECD spectroscopy.

PubMed

Longo, Edoardo; Moretto, Alessandro; Formaggio, Fernando; Toniolo, Claudio

2011-10-01

Critical main-chain length for peptide helix formation in the crystal (solid) state and in organic solvents has been already reported. In this short communication, we describe our results aiming at assessing the aforementioned parameter in water solution. To this goal, we synthesized step-by-step by solution procedures a complete series of N-terminally acetylated, C-terminally methoxylated oligopeptides, characterized only by alternating Aib and Ala residues, from the dimer to the nonamer level. All these compounds were investigated by electronic circular dichroism in the far-UV region in water solution as a function of chemical structure, namely presence/absence of an ester moiety or a negative charge at the C-terminus, and temperature. We find that the critical main-chain lengths for 3(10)- and α-helices, although still formed to a limited extent, in aqueous solution are six and eight residues, respectively. © 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Special features of large-size resistors for high-voltage pulsed installations

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Minakova, N. N.; Ushakov, V. Ya.

2017-12-01

Many structural materials in pulsed power engineering operate under extreme conditions. For example, in high-voltage electrophysical installations among which there are multistage high-voltage pulse generators (HVPG), rigid requirements are imposed on characteristics of solid-state resistors that are more promising in comparison with widely used liquid resistors. Materials of such resistors shall be able to withstand strong electric fields, operate at elevated temperatures, in transformer oil, etc. Effective charge of high-voltage capacitors distributed over the HVPG steps (levels) requires uniform voltage distribution along the steps of the installation that can be obtained using large-size resistors. For such applications, polymer composite materials are considered rather promising. They can work in transformer oil and have small mass in comparison with bulky resistors on inorganic basis. This allows technical solutions already developed and implemented in HVPG with liquid resistors to be employed. This paper is devoted to the solution of some tasks related to the application of filled polymers in high-voltage engineering.

Chiroplasmonic magnetic gold nanocomposites produced by one-step aqueous method using κ-carrageenan.

PubMed

Lesnichaya, Marina V; Sukhov, Boris G; Aleksandrova, Galina P; Gasilova, Ekaterina R; Vakul'skaya, Tamara I; Khutsishvili, Spartak S; Sapozhnikov, Anatoliy N; Klimenkov, Igor V; Trofimov, Boris A

2017-11-01

Novel water-soluble chiroplasmonic nanobiocomposites with directly varied gold content were synthesized by a one-step redox method in water using a biocompatible polysaccharide κ-carrageenan (industrial product from algae) as both reducing and stabilizing matrix. The influence of the reactants ratio, temperature, and pH on the reaction was studied and the optimal reaction parameters were found. The structure and the properties of composite nanomaterials were examined in solid state and aqueous solutions by using complementary physical-chemical methods X-ray diffraction analysis, transmission electron microscopy, spectroscopy of electron paramagnetic resonance, atomic absorption and optical spectroscopy, polarimetry including optical rotatory dispersion with registration of interphase-crossbred Cotton effect of a chiral polysaccharide matrix on plasmonic chromophore of gold nanoparticles, dynamic and static light scattering. The new perspective multi-purpose nanocomposites demonstrate a complex of chiroplasmonic and magnetic properties, imparted by both nanoparticles and radicals enriched chiral polysaccharide matrix. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

The GSAM software: A global search algorithm of minima exploration for the investigation of low lying isomers of clusters

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Marchal, Rémi; Carbonnière, Philippe; Pouchan, Claude

2015-01-22

The study of atomic clusters has become an increasingly active area of research in the recent years because of the fundamental interest in studying a completely new area that can bridge the gap between atomic and solid state physics. Due to their specific properties, such compounds are of great interest in the field of nanotechnology [1,2]. Here, we would present our GSAM algorithm based on a DFT exploration of the PES to find the low lying isomers of such compounds. This algorithm includes the generation of an intial set of structure from which the most relevant are selected. Moreover, anmore » optimization process, called raking optimization, able to discard step by step all the non physically reasonnable configurations have been implemented to reduce the computational cost of this algorithm. Structural properties of Ga{sub n}Asm clusters will be presented as an illustration of the method.« less

Plasmonic hot carrier dynamics in solid-state and chemical systems for energy conversion

DOE PAGES

Narang, Prineha; Sundararaman, Ravishankar; Atwater, Harry A.

2016-06-11

Surface plasmons provide a pathway to efficiently absorb and confine light in metallic nanostructures, thereby bridging photonics to the nano scale. The decay of surface plasmons generates energetic ‘hot’ carriers, which can drive chemical reactions or be injected into semiconductors for nano-scale photochemical or photovoltaic energy conversion. Novel plasmonic hot carrier devices and architectures continue to be demonstrated, but the complexity of the underlying processes make a complete microscopic understanding of all the mechanisms and design considerations for such devices extremely challenging.Here,we review the theoretical and computational efforts to understand and model plasmonic hot carrier devices.We split the problem intomore » three steps: hot carrier generation, transport and collection, and review theoretical approaches with the appropriate level of detail for each step along with their predictions. As a result, we identify the key advances necessary to complete the microscopic mechanistic picture and facilitate the design of the next generation of devices and materials for plasmonic energy conversion.« less

One-step synthesis of nitrogen, boron co-doped fluorescent carbon nanoparticles for glucose detection.

PubMed

Liang, Meijuan; Ren, Yi; Zhang, Haijuan; Ma, Yunxia; Niu, Xiaoying; Chen, Xingguo

2017-09-01

Heteroatom-doped carbon nanoparticles (CNPs) have attracted considerable attention due to an effective improvement in their intrinsic properties. Here, a facile and simple synthesis of nitrogen, boron co-doped carbon nanoparticles (NB-CNPs) from a sole precursor, 3-aminophenylboronic acid, was performed via a one-step solid-phase approach. Because of the presence of boronic acid, NB-CNPs can be used directly as a fluorescent probe for glucose. Based on a boronic acid-triggered specific reaction, we developed a simple NB-CNP probe without surface modification for the detection of glucose. When glucose was introduced, the fluorescence of NB-CNPs was suppressed through a surface-quenching states mechanism. Obvious fluorescence quenching allowed the highly sensitive determination of glucose with a limit of detection of 1.8 μM. Moreover, the proposed method has been successfully used to detect glucose in urine from people with diabetes, suggesting potential application in sensing glucose. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

A survey of current solid state star tracker technology

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Armstrong, R. W.; Staley, D. A.

1985-12-01

This paper is a survey of the current state of the art in design of star trackers for spacecraft attitude determination systems. Specific areas discussed are sensor technology, including the current state-of-the-art solid state sensors and techniques of mounting and cooling the sensor, analog image preprocessing electronics performance, and digital processing hardware and software. Three examples of area array solid state star tracker development are presented - ASTROS, developed by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, the Retroreflector Field Tracker (RFT) by Ball Aerospace, and TRW's MADAN. Finally, a discussion of solid state line arrays explores the possibilities for one-dimensional imagers which offer simplified scan control electronics.

Tunable ion-photon entanglement in an optical cavity.

PubMed

Stute, A; Casabone, B; Schindler, P; Monz, T; Schmidt, P O; Brandstätter, B; Northup, T E; Blatt, R

2012-05-23

Proposed quantum networks require both a quantum interface between light and matter and the coherent control of quantum states. A quantum interface can be realized by entangling the state of a single photon with the state of an atomic or solid-state quantum memory, as demonstrated in recent experiments with trapped ions, neutral atoms, atomic ensembles and nitrogen-vacancy spins. The entangling interaction couples an initial quantum memory state to two possible light-matter states, and the atomic level structure of the memory determines the available coupling paths. In previous work, the transition parameters of these paths determined the phase and amplitude of the final entangled state, unless the memory was initially prepared in a superposition state (a step that requires coherent control). Here we report fully tunable entanglement between a single (40)Ca(+) ion and the polarization state of a single photon within an optical resonator. Our method, based on a bichromatic, cavity-mediated Raman transition, allows us to select two coupling paths and adjust their relative phase and amplitude. The cavity setting enables intrinsically deterministic, high-fidelity generation of any two-qubit entangled state. This approach is applicable to a broad range of candidate systems and thus is a promising method for distributing information within quantum networks.

Development of a Robust and Cost-Effective Friction Stir Welding Process for Use in Advanced Military Vehicles

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Grujicic, M.; Arakere, G.; Pandurangan, B.; Hariharan, A.; Yen, C.-F.; Cheeseman, B. A.

2011-02-01

To respond to the advent of more lethal threats, recently designed aluminum-armor-based military-vehicle systems have resorted to an increasing use of higher strength aluminum alloys (with superior ballistic resistance against armor piercing (AP) threats and with high vehicle-light weighing potential). Unfortunately, these alloys are not very amenable to conventional fusion-based welding technologies and in-order to obtain high-quality welds, solid-state joining technologies such as Friction stir welding (FSW) have to be employed. However, since FSW is a relatively new and fairly complex joining technology, its introduction into advanced military vehicle structures is not straight forward and entails a comprehensive multi-step approach. One such (three-step) approach is developed in the present work. Within the first step, experimental and computational techniques are utilized to determine the optimal tool design and the optimal FSW process parameters which result in maximal productivity of the joining process and the highest quality of the weld. Within the second step, techniques are developed for the identification and qualification of the optimal weld joint designs in different sections of a prototypical military vehicle structure. In the third step, problems associated with the fabrication of a sub-scale military vehicle test structure and the blast survivability of the structure are assessed. The results obtained and the lessons learned are used to judge the potential of the current approach in shortening the development time and in enhancing reliability and blast survivability of military vehicle structures.

Synthesis of POSS-based ionic conductors with low glass transition temperatures for efficient solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells.

PubMed

Zhang, Wei; Wang, Zhong-Sheng

2014-07-09

Replacing liquid-state electrolytes with solid-state electrolytes has been proven to be an effective way to improve the durability of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). We report herein the synthesis of amorphous ionic conductors based on polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) with low glass transition temperatures for solid-state DSSCs. As the ionic conductor is amorphous and in the elastomeric state at the operating temperature of DSSCs, good pore filling in the TiO2 film and good interfacial contact between the solid-state electrolyte and the TiO2 film can be guaranteed. When the POSS-based ionic conductor containing an allyl group is doped with only iodine as the solid-state electrolyte without any other additives, power conversion efficiency of 6.29% has been achieved with good long-term stability under one-sun soaking for 1000 h.

One-step electrolytic preparation of Si-Fe alloys as anodes for lithium ion batteries

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, Hailong; Sun, Diankun; Song, Qiqi; Xie, Wenqi; Jiang, Xu; Zhang, Bo

2016-06-01

One-step electrolytic formation of uniform crystalline Si-Fe alloy particles was successfully demonstrated in direct electro-reduction of solid mixed oxides of SiO2 and Fe2O3 in molten CaCl2 at 900∘C. Upon constant voltage electrolysis of solid mixed oxides at 2.8V between solid oxide cathode and graphite anode for 5h, electrolytic Si-Fe with the same Si/Fe stoichimetry of the precursory oxides was generated. The firstly generated Fe could function as depolarizers to enhance reduction rate of SiO2, resulting in the enhanced reduction kinetics to the electrolysis of individual SiO2. When evaluated as anode for lithium ion batteries, the prepared SiFe electrode showed a reversible lithium storage capacity as high as 470mAh g-1 after 100 cycles at 200mA g-1, promising application in high-performance lithium ion batteries.

Modeling solid-state transformations occurring in dissolution testing.

PubMed

Laaksonen, Timo; Aaltonen, Jaakko

2013-04-15

Changes in the solid-state form can occur during dissolution testing of drugs. This can often complicate interpretation of results. Additionally, there can be several mechanisms through which such a change proceeds, e.g. solvent-mediated transformation or crystal growth within the drug material itself. Here, a mathematical model was constructed to study the dissolution testing of a material, which undergoes such changes. The model consisted of two processes: the recrystallization of the drug from a supersaturated liquid state caused by the dissolution of the more soluble solid form and the crystal growth of the stable solid form at the surface of the drug formulation. Comparison to experimental data on theophylline dissolution showed that the results obtained with the model matched real solid-state changes and that it was able to distinguish between cases where the transformation was controlled either by solvent-mediated crystallization or solid-state crystal growth. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

40 CFR 256.22 - Recommendations for State regulatory powers.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 25 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Recommendations for State regulatory powers. 256.22 Section 256.22 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) SOLID WASTES GUIDELINES FOR DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION OF STATE SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PLANS Solid Waste...

40 CFR 256.22 - Recommendations for State regulatory powers.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 26 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Recommendations for State regulatory powers. 256.22 Section 256.22 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) SOLID WASTES GUIDELINES FOR DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION OF STATE SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PLANS Solid Waste...

40 CFR 256.21 - Requirements for State regulatory powers.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 26 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Requirements for State regulatory powers. 256.21 Section 256.21 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) SOLID WASTES GUIDELINES FOR DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION OF STATE SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PLANS Solid Waste...

40 CFR 256.21 - Requirements for State regulatory powers.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 26 2012-07-01 2011-07-01 true Requirements for State regulatory powers. 256.21 Section 256.21 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) SOLID WASTES GUIDELINES FOR DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION OF STATE SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PLANS Solid Waste...

40 CFR 256.20 - Requirements for State legal authority.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 26 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Requirements for State legal authority. 256.20 Section 256.20 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) SOLID WASTES GUIDELINES FOR DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION OF STATE SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PLANS Solid Waste...

40 CFR 256.20 - Requirements for State legal authority.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 26 2012-07-01 2011-07-01 true Requirements for State legal authority. 256.20 Section 256.20 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) SOLID WASTES GUIDELINES FOR DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION OF STATE SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PLANS Solid Waste...

40 CFR 256.21 - Requirements for State regulatory powers.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 25 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Requirements for State regulatory powers. 256.21 Section 256.21 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) SOLID WASTES GUIDELINES FOR DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION OF STATE SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PLANS Solid Waste...

40 CFR 256.20 - Requirements for State legal authority.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 25 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Requirements for State legal authority. 256.20 Section 256.20 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) SOLID WASTES GUIDELINES FOR DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION OF STATE SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PLANS Solid Waste...

40 CFR 256.22 - Recommendations for State regulatory powers.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 26 2012-07-01 2011-07-01 true Recommendations for State regulatory powers. 256.22 Section 256.22 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) SOLID WASTES GUIDELINES FOR DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION OF STATE SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PLANS Solid Waste...

40 CFR 256.20 - Requirements for State legal authority.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 25 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Requirements for State legal authority. 256.20 Section 256.20 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) SOLID WASTES GUIDELINES FOR DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION OF STATE SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PLANS Solid Waste...

40 CFR 256.20 - Requirements for State legal authority.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 24 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Requirements for State legal authority. 256.20 Section 256.20 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) SOLID WASTES GUIDELINES FOR DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION OF STATE SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PLANS Solid Waste...

A zwitterionic gel electrolyte for efficient solid-state supercapacitors

PubMed Central

Peng, Xu; Liu, Huili; Yin, Qin; Wu, Junchi; Chen, Pengzuo; Zhang, Guangzhao; Liu, Guangming; Wu, Changzheng; Xie, Yi

2016-01-01

Gel electrolytes have attracted increasing attention for solid-state supercapacitors. An ideal gel electrolyte usually requires a combination of advantages of high ion migration rate, reasonable mechanical strength and robust water retention ability at the solid state for ensuring excellent work durability. Here we report a zwitterionic gel electrolyte that successfully brings the synergic advantages of robust water retention ability and ion migration channels, manifesting in superior electrochemical performance. When applying the zwitterionic gel electrolyte, our graphene-based solid-state supercapacitor reaches a volume capacitance of 300.8 F cm−3 at 0.8 A cm−3 with a rate capacity of only 14.9% capacitance loss as the current density increases from 0.8 to 20 A cm−3, representing the best value among the previously reported graphene-based solid-state supercapacitors, to the best of our knowledge. We anticipate that zwitterionic gel electrolyte may be developed as a gel electrolyte in solid-state supercapacitors. PMID:27225484

Graphene/activated carbon supercapacitors with sulfonated-polyetheretherketone as solid-state electrolyte and multifunctional binder

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chen, Y.-R.; Chiu, K.-F.; Lin, H. C.; Chen, C.-L.; Hsieh, C. Y.; Tsai, C. B.; Chu, B. T. T.

2014-11-01

Sulfonated polyetheretherketone (SPEEK) has been synthesised by sulphonation process and used as the solid-state electrolyte, binder and surfactant for supercapacitors. Reduced graphene dispersed by SPEEK is used as a high-efficiency conducting additive in solid-state supercapacitors. It is found that SPEEK can improve the stability of the reduced graphene dispersion significantly, and therefore, the solid-state supercapacitors show a large decrease in IR drop and charge-transfer resistance (Rct), resulting in a higher rate capability. The solid-state supercapacitors with the activated carbon/reduced graphene/SPEEK/electrode can be operated from 1 to 8 A/g and exhibit capacity retention of 93%. The noteworthy is more than twice higher value for capacity retention by comparison with the solid-state supercapacitors using activated carbon/reduced graphene/PVDF electrode (capacity retention is 36%). The cell of reduced graphene with SPEEK can be cycled over 5000 times at 5 A/g with no capacitance fading.

Cryogenic terahertz spectrum of (+)-methamphetamine hydrochloride and assignment using solid-state density functional theory.

PubMed

Hakey, Patrick M; Allis, Damian G; Ouellette, Wayne; Korter, Timothy M

2009-04-30

The cryogenic terahertz spectrum of (+)-methamphetamine hydrochloride from 10.0 to 100.0 cm(-1) is presented, as is the complete structural analysis and vibrational assignment of the compound using solid-state density functional theory. This cryogenic investigation reveals multiple spectral features that were not previously reported in room-temperature terahertz studies of the title compound. Modeling of the compound employed eight density functionals utilizing both solid-state and isolated-molecule methods. The results clearly indicate the necessity of solid-state simulations for the accurate assignment of solid-state THz spectra. Assignment of the observed spectral features to specific atomic motions is based on the BP density functional, which provided the best-fit solid-state simulation of the experimental spectrum. The seven experimental spectral features are the result of thirteen infrared-active vibrational modes predicted at a BP/DNP level of theory with more than 90% of the total spectral intensity associated with external crystal vibrations.

Nanowire Membrane-based Nanothermite: towards Processable and Tunable Interfacial Diffusion for Solid State Reactions

PubMed Central

Yang, Yong; Wang, Peng-peng; Zhang, Zhi-cheng; Liu, Hui-ling; Zhang, Jingchao; Zhuang, Jing; Wang, Xun

2013-01-01

Interfacial diffusion is of great importance in determining the performance of solid-state reactions. For nanometer sized particles, some solid-state reactions can be triggered accidently by mechanical stress owing to their large surface-to-volume ratio compared with the bulk ones. Therefore, a great challenge is the control of interfacial diffusion for solid state reactions, especially for energetic materials. Here we demonstrate, through the example of nanowire-based thermite membrane, that the thermite solid-state reaction can be easily tuned via the introduction of low-surface-energy coating layer. Moreover, this silicon-coated thermite membrane exhibit controlled wetting behavior ranging from superhydrophilic to superhydrophobic and, simultaneously, to significantly reduce the friction sensitivity of thermite membrane. This effect enables to increase interfacial resistance by increasing the amount of coating material. Indeed, our results described here make it possible to tune the solid-state reactions through the manipulation of interfacial diffusion between the reactants. PMID:23603809

Discipline and Responsibility: Building Solid Foundations To Prevent and Resolve Family Conflict.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Franklin, Diane, Ed.; Bankston, Karen, Ed.

This guide contains suggestions for building a solid foundation of discipline and responsibility to contribute to positive relationships between parents and children. Three important steps are to: (1) model appropriate behavior; (2) provide age-appropriate choices to help children build decision-making skills and self-esteem; and (3) set…

Experimental evaluation of coal conversion solid waste residuals. Progress report, August 1-October 31, 1979

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Neufeld, R. D.; Bern, J.; Erdogan, H.

1979-11-15

Activities are underway to investigate basic phenomena that would assist demonstration and commercial sized coal conversion facilities in the environmentally acceptable disposal of process solid waste residuals. The approach taken is to consider only those residuals coming from the conversion technology itself, i.e. from gasification, liquefaction, and hot-clean-up steps as well as residuals from the wastewater treatment train. Residuals from the coal mining and coal grinding steps will not be considered in detail since those materials are being handled in some manner in the private sector. Laboratory evalations have been conducted on solid waste samples of fly ash from anmore » existing Capman gasifier. ASTM-A and EPA-EP leaching procedures have been completed on sieved size fractions of the above wastes. Data indicate that smaller size fractions pose greater contamination potential than do larger size particles with a transition zone occurring at particle sizes of about 0.05 inches in diameter. Ames testing of such residuals is reported. Similar studies are under way with samples of H-Coal solid waste residuals.« less

Flowfield predictions for multiple body launch vehicles

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Deese, Jerry E.; Pavish, D. L.; Johnson, Jerry G.; Agarwal, Ramesh K.; Soni, Bharat K.

1992-01-01

A method is developed for simulating inviscid and viscous flow around multicomponent launch vehicles. Grids are generated by the GENIE general-purpose grid-generation code, and the flow solver is a finite-volume Runge-Kutta time-stepping method. Turbulence effects are simulated using Baldwin and Lomax (1978) turbulence model. Calculations are presented for three multibody launch vehicle configurations: one with two small-diameter solid motors, one with nine small-diameter solid motors, and one with three large-diameter solid motors.

Process for treating effluent from a supercritical water oxidation reactor

DOEpatents

Barnes, C.M.; Shapiro, C.

1997-11-25

A method for treating a gaseous effluent from a supercritical water oxidation reactor containing entrained solids is provided comprising the steps of expanding the gas/solids effluent from a first to a second lower pressure at a temperature at which no liquid condenses; separating the solids from the gas effluent; neutralizing the effluent to remove any acid gases; condensing the effluent; and retaining the purified effluent to the supercritical water oxidation reactor. 6 figs.

Exploiting periodic first-principles calculations in NMR spectroscopy of disordered solids.

PubMed

Ashbrook, Sharon E; Dawson, Daniel M

2013-09-17

Much of the information contained within solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra remains unexploited because of the challenges in obtaining high-resolution spectra and the difficulty in assigning those spectra. Recent advances that enable researchers to accurately and efficiently determine NMR parameters in periodic systems have revolutionized the application of density functional theory (DFT) calculations in solid-state NMR spectroscopy. These advances are particularly useful for experimentalists. The use of first-principles calculations aids in both the interpretation and assignment of the complex spectral line shapes observed for solids. Furthermore, calculations provide a method for evaluating potential structural models against experimental data for materials with poorly characterized structures. Determining the structure of well-ordered, periodic crystalline solids can be straightforward using methods that exploit Bragg diffraction. However, the deviations from periodicity, such as compositional, positional, or temporal disorder, often produce the physical properties (such as ferroelectricity or ionic conductivity) that may be of commercial interest. With its sensitivity to the atomic-scale environment, NMR provides a potentially useful tool for studying disordered materials, and the combination of experiment with first-principles calculations offers a particularly attractive approach. In this Account, we discuss some of the issues associated with the practical implementation of first-principles calculations of NMR parameters in solids. We then use two key examples to illustrate the structural insights that researchers can obtain when applying such calculations to disordered inorganic materials. First, we describe an investigation of cation disorder in Y2Ti(2-x)Sn(x)O7 pyrochlore ceramics using (89)Y and (119)Sn NMR. Researchers have proposed that these materials could serve as host phases for the encapsulation of lanthanide- and actinide-bearing radioactive waste. In a second example, we discuss how (17)O NMR can be used to probe the dynamic disorder of H in hydroxyl-humite minerals (nMg2SiO4·Mg(OH)2), and how (19)F NMR can be used to understand F substitution in these systems. The combination of first-principles calculations and multinuclear NMR spectroscopy facilitates the investigation of local structure, disorder, and dynamics in solids. We expect that applications will undoubtedly become more widespread with further advances in computational and experimental methods. Insight into the atomic-scale environment is a crucial first step in understanding the structure-property relationships in solids, and it enables the efficient design of future materials for a range of end uses.

Theory of amorphous ices.

PubMed

Limmer, David T; Chandler, David

2014-07-01

We derive a phase diagram for amorphous solids and liquid supercooled water and explain why the amorphous solids of water exist in several different forms. Application of large-deviation theory allows us to prepare such phases in computer simulations. Along with nonequilibrium transitions between the ergodic liquid and two distinct amorphous solids, we establish coexistence between these two amorphous solids. The phase diagram we predict includes a nonequilibrium triple point where two amorphous phases and the liquid coexist. Whereas the amorphous solids are long-lived and slowly aging glasses, their melting can lead quickly to the formation of crystalline ice. Further, melting of the higher density amorphous solid at low pressures takes place in steps, transitioning to the lower-density glass before accessing a nonequilibrium liquid from which ice coarsens.

Delay dynamics of neuromorphic optoelectronic nanoscale resonators: Perspectives and applications

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Romeira, Bruno; Figueiredo, José M. L.; Javaloyes, Julien

2017-11-01

With the recent exponential growth of applications using artificial intelligence (AI), the development of efficient and ultrafast brain-like (neuromorphic) systems is crucial for future information and communication technologies. While the implementation of AI systems using computer algorithms of neural networks is emerging rapidly, scientists are just taking the very first steps in the development of the hardware elements of an artificial brain, specifically neuromorphic microchips. In this review article, we present the current state of the art of neuromorphic photonic circuits based on solid-state optoelectronic oscillators formed by nanoscale double barrier quantum well resonant tunneling diodes. We address, both experimentally and theoretically, the key dynamic properties of recently developed artificial solid-state neuron microchips with delayed perturbations and describe their role in the study of neural activity and regenerative memory. This review covers our recent research work on excitable and delay dynamic characteristics of both single and autaptic (delayed) artificial neurons including all-or-none response, spike-based data encoding, storage, signal regeneration and signal healing. Furthermore, the neural responses of these neuromorphic microchips display all the signatures of extended spatio-temporal localized structures (LSs) of light, which are reviewed here in detail. By taking advantage of the dissipative nature of LSs, we demonstrate potential applications in optical data reconfiguration and clock and timing at high-speeds and with short transients. The results reviewed in this article are a key enabler for the development of high-performance optoelectronic devices in future high-speed brain-inspired optical memories and neuromorphic computing.

Delay dynamics of neuromorphic optoelectronic nanoscale resonators: Perspectives and applications.

PubMed

Romeira, Bruno; Figueiredo, José M L; Javaloyes, Julien

2017-11-01

With the recent exponential growth of applications using artificial intelligence (AI), the development of efficient and ultrafast brain-like (neuromorphic) systems is crucial for future information and communication technologies. While the implementation of AI systems using computer algorithms of neural networks is emerging rapidly, scientists are just taking the very first steps in the development of the hardware elements of an artificial brain, specifically neuromorphic microchips. In this review article, we present the current state of the art of neuromorphic photonic circuits based on solid-state optoelectronic oscillators formed by nanoscale double barrier quantum well resonant tunneling diodes. We address, both experimentally and theoretically, the key dynamic properties of recently developed artificial solid-state neuron microchips with delayed perturbations and describe their role in the study of neural activity and regenerative memory. This review covers our recent research work on excitable and delay dynamic characteristics of both single and autaptic (delayed) artificial neurons including all-or-none response, spike-based data encoding, storage, signal regeneration and signal healing. Furthermore, the neural responses of these neuromorphic microchips display all the signatures of extended spatio-temporal localized structures (LSs) of light, which are reviewed here in detail. By taking advantage of the dissipative nature of LSs, we demonstrate potential applications in optical data reconfiguration and clock and timing at high-speeds and with short transients. The results reviewed in this article are a key enabler for the development of high-performance optoelectronic devices in future high-speed brain-inspired optical memories and neuromorphic computing.

Experimental design for extraction and quantification of phenolic compounds and organic acids in white "Vinho Verde" grapes.

PubMed

Dopico-García, M S; Valentão, P; Guerra, L; Andrade, P B; Seabra, R M

2007-01-30

An experimental design was applied for the optimization of extraction and clean-up processes of phenolic compounds and organic acids from white "Vinho Verde" grapes. The developed analytical method consisted in two steps: first a solid-liquid extraction of both phenolic compounds and organic acids and then a clean-up step using solid-phase extraction (SPE). Afterwards, phenolic compounds and organic acids were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled to a diode array detector (DAD) and HPLC-UV, respectively. Plackett-Burman design was carried out to select the significant experimental parameters affecting both the extraction and the clean-up steps. The identified and quantified phenolic compounds were: quercetin-3-O-glucoside, quercetin-3-O-rutinoside, kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside, isorhamnetin-3-O-glucoside, quercetin, kaempferol and epicatechin. The determined organic acids were oxalic, citric, tartaric, malic, shikimic and fumaric acids. The obtained results showed that the most important variables were the temperature (40 degrees C) and the solvent (acid water at pH 2 with 5% methanol) for the extraction step and the type of sorbent (C18 non end-capped) for the clean-up step.

High temperature solid state storage cell

DOEpatents

Rea, Jesse R.; Kallianidis, Milton; Kelsey, G. Stephen

1983-01-01

A completely solid state high temperature storage cell comprised of a solid rechargeable cathode such as TiS.sub.2, a solid electrolyte which remains solid at the high temperature operating conditions of the cell and which exhibits high ionic conductivity at such elevated temperatures such as an electrolyte comprised of lithium iodide, and a solid lithium or other alkali metal alloy anode (such as a lithium-silicon alloy) with 5-50% by weight of said anode being comprised of said solid electrolyte.

Structural and low temperature dielectric studies on Pb0.8Bi0.2Fe0.6Nb0.4O3 multiferroic solid solution

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dadami, Sunanda T.; Matteppanvar, Shidaling; Shivaraja, I.; Rayaprol, Sudhindra; Deshapande, S. K.; Angadi, Basavaraj

2018-05-01

In this paper the structural and low temperature dielectric properties of Pb0.8Bi0.2Fe0.6Nb0.4O3 (PBFNO) multiferroic solid solution were reported. PBFNO multiferroic was synthesized by single step solid state reaction method. Calcination was carried out at 700 °/2hr with different sintering temperature (800 °C, 850 °C, 900 °C, 950 °C, 1000 °C and 1050 °C for 1 hr) and time duration (800 °C for 1 to 5 hr). Single phase was confirmed through room temperature (RT) X-ray Diffraction (XRD). It was found that sintering carried out at 800°C/3 hr gives single phase. Rietveld refined lattice parameters using monoclinic structure are: a = 5.6663(1) Å, b = 5.6694(1) Å, c = 4.0112(1) Å and β = 90.038(1)° with the average grain size as 2.987 µm. The dielectric properties studied over a wide range of frequency (100 Hz - 5 MHz) and temperature (133 K - 293 K). Dielectric constant and loss tangent exhibits frequency dispersion nature at low frequency region. AC conductivity increases with increase in temperature corresponds to negative temperature coefficient of resistance (NTCR) behaviour.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Wong, J.; Larson, E.M.; Holt, J.B.

Real-time synchrotron diffraction has been used to monitor the phase transformations of highly exothermic, fast self-propagating solid combustion reactions on a subsecond time scale down to 100 milliseconds and in some instances to 10 milliseconds. Three systems were investigated: Ti + C {yields} TiC; Ti + C + xNi {yields} TiC + Ni-Ti alloy; and Al + Ni {yields} AlNi. In all three reactions, the first step was the melting of the metal reactants. Formation of TiC in the first two reactions was completed within 400 milliseconds of the melting of the Ti metal, indicating that the formation of TiCmore » took place during the passage of the combustion wave front. In the Al + Ni reaction, however, passage of the wave front was followed by the appearance and disappearance of at least one intermediate in the afterburn region. The final AlNi was formed some 5 seconds later and exhibited a delayed appearance of the (210) reflection, which tends to support a phase transformation from a disordered AlNi phase at high temperature to an ordered CsCl structure some 20 seconds later. This new experimental approach can be used to study the chemical dynamics of high-temperature solid-state phenomena and to provide the needed database to test various models for solid combustion. 28 refs., 4 figs.« less

Solid-state reaction kinetics of neodymium doped magnesium hydrogen phosphate system

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gupta, Rashmi; Slathia, Goldy; Bamzai, K. K.

2018-05-01

Neodymium doped magnesium hydrogen phosphate (NdMHP) crystals were grown by using gel encapsulation technique. Structural characterization of the grown crystals has been carried out by single crystal X-ray diffraction (XRD) and it revealed that NdMHP crystals crystallize in orthorhombic crystal system with space group Pbca. Kinetics of the decomposition of the grown crystals has been studied by non-isothermal analysis. The estimation of decomposition temperatures and weight loss has been made from the thermogravimetric/differential thermo analytical (TG/DTA) in conjuncture with DSC studies. The various steps involved in the thermal decomposition of the material have been analysed using Horowitz-Metzger, Coats-Redfern and Piloyan-Novikova equations for evaluating various kinetic parameters.

High power solid state laser modulator

DOEpatents

Birx, Daniel L.; Ball, Don G.; Cook, Edward G.

2004-04-27

A multi-stage magnetic modulator provides a pulse train of .+-.40 kV electrical pulses at a 5-7 kHz repetition rate to a metal vapor laser. A fractional turn transformer steps up the voltage by a factor of 80 to 1 and magnetic pulse compression is used to reduce the pulse width of the pulse train. The transformer is fabricated utilizing a rod and plate stack type of construction to achieve a high packing factor. The pulses are controlled by an SCR stack where a plurality of SCRs are electrically connected in parallel, each SCR electrically connected to a saturable inductor, all saturable inductors being wound on the same core of magnetic material for enhanced power handling characteristics.

Kinetics of Hydrogen Diffusion in LaNi(sub 5-x)Sn(sub x) Alloys

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Ratnakumar, B. V.; Hightower, A.; Witham, C.; Bowman, R. C.; Fultz, B.

1996-01-01

Solid-state diffusion of hydrogen in metal hydride (MH) alloys is recognized as the rate determining step in the discharge of MH alloys in alkaline Ni-MH rechargeable cells. In our pursuit of new ternary solutes in LaNi(sub 5) for extended cycle lifetimes, we have observed noticeable improvement in the cycle life with small substitutions of Sn and Ge for Ni. Furthermore, these substituents also facilitate enhanced charge transfer kinetics for hydriding-dehydriding process. In this paper, we report our studies on the kinetics of hydrogen diffusion in LaNi(sub 5-x) Sn(sub x) alloys by electrochemical pulse techniques, chronoamperometry and chronocoulometry.

Solvent exchange in a metal–organic framework single crystal monitored by dynamic in situ X-ray diffraction

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Cox, Jordan M.; Walton, Ian M.; Bateman, Gage

2017-07-25

Understanding the processes by which porous solid-state materials adsorb and release guest molecules would represent a significant step towards developing rational design principles for functional porous materials. To elucidate the process of liquid exchange in these materials, dynamicin situX-ray diffraction techniques have been developed which utilize liquid-phase chemical stimuli. Using these time-resolved diffraction techniques, the ethanol solvation process in a flexible metal–organic framework [Co(AIP)(bpy) 0.5(H 2O)]·2H 2O was examined. The measurements provide important insight into the nature of the chemical transformation in this system including the presence of a previously unreported neat ethanol solvate structure.

Preliminary map of the conterminous United States showing depth to and quality of shallowest ground water containing more than 1,000 parts per million dissolved solids

USGS Publications Warehouse

Feth, John Henry Frederick

1965-01-01

This atlas was prepared to meet needs for information on the distribution and availability of mineralized water as expressed by Government agencies, private industries, and consultants. The maps are one step in providing an inventory of mineralized water of the Nation and will serve as a planning guide for further investigations and for development. They are necessarily generalized in many places owing to the complexity of the occurrence of the mineralized water, lack of detailed information for parts of the nation, and the difficulties inherent in attempts to put three-dimensional information on maps.

40 CFR 256.22 - Recommendations for State regulatory powers.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... WASTES GUIDELINES FOR DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION OF STATE SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PLANS Solid Waste... prohibit new open dumps and close or upgrade all existing open dumps. (a) Solid waste disposal standards... solid waste disposal facility. These procedures should include identification of future land use or the...

40 CFR 256.22 - Recommendations for State regulatory powers.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... WASTES GUIDELINES FOR DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION OF STATE SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PLANS Solid Waste... prohibit new open dumps and close or upgrade all existing open dumps. (a) Solid waste disposal standards... solid waste disposal facility. These procedures should include identification of future land use or the...

40 CFR 256.21 - Requirements for State regulatory powers.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... WASTES GUIDELINES FOR DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION OF STATE SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PLANS Solid Waste... be adequate to enforce solid waste disposal standards which are equivalent to or more stringent than the criteria for classification of solid waste disposal facilities (40 CFR part 257). Such authority...

40 CFR 256.21 - Requirements for State regulatory powers.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... WASTES GUIDELINES FOR DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION OF STATE SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PLANS Solid Waste... be adequate to enforce solid waste disposal standards which are equivalent to or more stringent than the criteria for classification of solid waste disposal facilities (40 CFR part 257). Such authority...

Molecular dynamics simulation of nanobubble nucleation on rough surfaces

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Liu, Yawei; Zhang, Xianren

2017-04-01

Here, we study how nanobubbles nucleate on rough hydrophobic surfaces, using long-time standard simulations to directly observe the kinetic pathways and using constrained simulations combined with the thermodynamic integration approach to quantitatively evaluate the corresponding free energy changes. Both methods demonstrate that a two-step nucleation route involving the formation of an intermediate state is thermodynamically favorable: at first, the system transforms from the Wenzel state (liquid being in full contact with the solid surface) to the Cassie state (liquid being in contact with the peaks of the rough surface) after gas cavities occur in the grooves (i.e., the Wenzel-to-Cassie transition); then, the gas cavities coalesce and form a stable surface nanobubble with pinned contact lines (i.e., the Cassie-to-nanobubble transition). Additionally, the free energy barriers for the two transitions show opposing dependencies on the degree of surface roughness, indicating that the surfaces with moderate roughness are favorable for forming stable surface nanobubbles. Moreover, the simulation results also reveal the coexistence and transition between the Wenzel, Cassie, and nanobubble states on rough surfaces.

Controlling the orientation of spin-correlated radical pairs by covalent linkage to nanoporous anodic aluminum oxide membranes.

PubMed

Chen, Hsiao-Fan; Gardner, Daniel M; Carmieli, Raanan; Wasielewski, Michael R

2013-10-07

Ordered multi-spin assemblies are required for developing solid-state molecule-based spintronics. A linear donor-chromophore-acceptor (D-C-A) molecule was covalently attached inside the 150 nm diam. nanopores of an anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) membrane. Photoexcitation of D-C-A in a 343 mT magnetic field results in sub-nanosecond, two-step electron transfer to yield the spin-correlated radical ion pair (SCRP) (1)(D(+)˙-C-A(-)˙), which then undergoes radical pair intersystem crossing (RP-ISC) to yield (3)(D(+)˙-C-A(-)˙). RP-ISC results in S-T0 mixing to selectively populate the coherent superposition states |S'> and |T'>. Microwave-induced transitions between these states and the unpopulated |T(+1)> and |T(-1)> states result in spin-polarized time-resolved EPR (TREPR) spectra. The dependence of the electron spin polarization (ESP) phase of the TREPR spectra on the orientation of the AAO membrane pores relative to the externally applied magnetic field is used to determine the overall orientation of the SCRPs within the pores at room temperature.

Optimizing a dynamical decoupling protocol for solid-state electronic spin ensembles in diamond

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Farfurnik, D.; Jarmola, A.; Pham, L. M.

2015-08-24

In this study, we demonstrate significant improvements of the spin coherence time of a dense ensemble of nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond through optimized dynamical decoupling (DD). Cooling the sample down to 77 K suppresses longitudinal spin relaxation T 1 effects and DD microwave pulses are used to increase the transverse coherence time T 2 from ~0.7ms up to ~30ms. Furthermore, we extend previous work of single-axis (Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill) DD towards the preservation of arbitrary spin states. Following a theoretical and experimental characterization of pulse and detuning errors, we compare the performance of various DD protocols. We also identify that themore » optimal control scheme for preserving an arbitrary spin state is a recursive protocol, the concatenated version of the XY8 pulse sequence. The improved spin coherence might have an immediate impact on improvements of the sensitivities of ac magnetometry. Moreover, the protocol can be used on denser diamond samples to increase coherence times up to NV-NV interaction time scales, a major step towards the creation of quantum collective NV spin states.« less

Invertibility of retarded response functions for Laplace transformable potentials: Application to one-body reduced density matrix functional theory.

PubMed

Giesbertz, K J H

2015-08-07

A theorem for the invertibility of arbitrary response functions is presented under the following conditions: the time dependence of the potentials should be Laplace transformable and the initial state should be a ground state, though it might be degenerate. This theorem provides a rigorous foundation for all density-functional-like theories in the time-dependent linear response regime. Especially for time-dependent one-body reduced density matrix (1RDM) functional theory, this is an important step forward, since a solid foundation has currently been lacking. The theorem is equally valid for static response functions in the non-degenerate case, so can be used to characterize the uniqueness of the potential in the ground state version of the corresponding density-functional-like theory. Such a classification of the uniqueness of the non-local potential in ground state 1RDM functional theory has been lacking for decades. With the aid of presented invertibility theorem presented here, a complete classification of the non-uniqueness of the non-local potential in 1RDM functional theory can be given for the first time.

Semiconductor-inspired design principles for superconducting quantum computing.

PubMed

Shim, Yun-Pil; Tahan, Charles

2016-03-17

Superconducting circuits offer tremendous design flexibility in the quantum regime culminating most recently in the demonstration of few qubit systems supposedly approaching the threshold for fault-tolerant quantum information processing. Competition in the solid-state comes from semiconductor qubits, where nature has bestowed some very useful properties which can be utilized for spin qubit-based quantum computing. Here we begin to explore how selective design principles deduced from spin-based systems could be used to advance superconducting qubit science. We take an initial step along this path proposing an encoded qubit approach realizable with state-of-the-art tunable Josephson junction qubits. Our results show that this design philosophy holds promise, enables microwave-free control, and offers a pathway to future qubit designs with new capabilities such as with higher fidelity or, perhaps, operation at higher temperature. The approach is also especially suited to qubits on the basis of variable super-semi junctions.

Quantum computing with defects.

PubMed

Weber, J R; Koehl, W F; Varley, J B; Janotti, A; Buckley, B B; Van de Walle, C G; Awschalom, D D

2010-05-11

Identifying and designing physical systems for use as qubits, the basic units of quantum information, are critical steps in the development of a quantum computer. Among the possibilities in the solid state, a defect in diamond known as the nitrogen-vacancy (NV(-1)) center stands out for its robustness--its quantum state can be initialized, manipulated, and measured with high fidelity at room temperature. Here we describe how to systematically identify other deep center defects with similar quantum-mechanical properties. We present a list of physical criteria that these centers and their hosts should meet and explain how these requirements can be used in conjunction with electronic structure theory to intelligently sort through candidate defect systems. To illustrate these points in detail, we compare electronic structure calculations of the NV(-1) center in diamond with those of several deep centers in 4H silicon carbide (SiC). We then discuss the proposed criteria for similar defects in other tetrahedrally coordinated semiconductors.

Experiments with Lasers and Frequency Doublers

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Bachor, H.-A.; Taubman, M.; White, A. G.; Ralph, T.; McClelland, D. E.

1996-01-01

Solid state laser sources, such as diode-pumped Nd:YAG lasers, have given us CW laser light of high power with unprecedented stability and low noise performance. In these lasers most of the technical sources of noise can be eliminated allowing them to be operated close to the theoretical noise limit set by the quantum properties of light. The next step of reducing the noise below the standard limit is known as squeezing. We present experimental progress in generating reliably squeezed light using the process of frequency doubling. We emphasize the long term stability that makes this a truly practical source of squeezed light. Our experimental results match noise spectra calculated with our recently developed models of coupled systems which include the noise generated inside the laser and its interaction with the frequency doubler. We conclude with some observations on evaluating quadrature squeezed states of light.

Multi-dimensional single-spin nano-optomechanics with a levitated nanodiamond

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Neukirch, Levi P.; von Haartman, Eva; Rosenholm, Jessica M.; Nick Vamivakas, A.

2015-10-01

Considerable advances made in the development of nanomechanical and nano-optomechanical devices have enabled the observation of quantum effects, improved sensitivity to minute forces, and provided avenues to probe fundamental physics at the nanoscale. Concurrently, solid-state quantum emitters with optically accessible spin degrees of freedom have been pursued in applications ranging from quantum information science to nanoscale sensing. Here, we demonstrate a hybrid nano-optomechanical system composed of a nanodiamond (containing a single nitrogen-vacancy centre) that is levitated in an optical dipole trap. The mechanical state of the diamond is controlled by modulation of the optical trapping potential. We demonstrate the ability to imprint the multi-dimensional mechanical motion of the cavity-free mechanical oscillator into the nitrogen-vacancy centre fluorescence and manipulate the mechanical system's intrinsic spin. This result represents the first step towards a hybrid quantum system based on levitating nanoparticles that simultaneously engages optical, phononic and spin degrees of freedom.

Nonlinear effects in thermal stress analysis of a solid propellant rocket motor

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Francis, E. C.; Peeters, R. L.; Murch, S. A.

1976-01-01

Direct characterization procedures were used to determine the relaxation modulus as a function of time, temperature, and state of strain. Using the quasi-elastic method of linearviscoelasticity, these properties were employed in a finite element computer code to analyze a thick-walled, nonlinear viscoelastic cylinder in the state of plane strain bonded to a thin (but stiff) elastic casing and subjected to slow thermal cooling. The viscoelastic solution is then expressed as a sequence of elastic finite element solutions. The strain-dependent character of the relaxation modulus is included by replacing the single relaxation curve used in the linear viscoelastic theory by a family of relaxation functions obtained at various strain levels. These functions may be regarded as a collection of stress histories or responses to specific loads (in this case, step strains) with which the cooldown solution is made to agree by iterations on the modulus and strain level.

Corrigendum to: "Crystal growth and magnetic characterization of a tetragonal polymorph of NiNb2O6" [J. Solid State Chem. 236 (2016) 19-23

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Munsie, T. J. S.; Millington, A.; Dube, P. A.; Dabkowska, H. A.; Britten, J.; Luke, G. M.; Greedan, J. E.

2016-07-01

We have become aware of an error in this published manuscript. In it we stated that the space group of NiNb2O6, P42/n, is not a subgroup of the tri-rutile space group, P42/mnm. This is not correct. While the two space groups are not directly related, i.e. by a single step, they are connected via the intermediate symmetry P42/m, as shown below and which can be determined from a careful perusal of the International Tables for Crystallography (Vol. A) and of course the Bilbao Server. P42/m (#86) is a maximal non-isomorphic subgroup of P42/mnm (#186) and a minimal non-isomorphic supergroup of P42/n (#84). We thank Prof. J.M. Perez-Mato for guiding our understanding of these relationships.

Effects of K-Doping on Thermoelectric Properties of Bi1- x K x CuOTe

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

An, Tae-Ho; Lim, Young Soo; Seo, Won-Seon; Park, Cheol-Hee; Yoo, Mi Duk; Park, Chan; Lee, Chang Hoon; Shim, Ji Hoon

2017-05-01

The effects of K-doping on the thermoelectric properties of Bi1- x K x CuOTe ( x = 0 to 0.08) have been investigated. The compounds were synthesized by a one-step solid-state reaction method and consolidated by a spark plasma sintering process. As the amount of K-doping was increased, the electrical and thermal conductivities increased while the Seebeck coefficient decreased due to increasing hole concentration. A ZT value of 0.69 was obtained for the compound K0.01Bi0.99CuOTe at 700 K, to the best of our knowledge the highest value reported for this material system. The origin of this enhanced ZT is discussed in terms of the density of states effective mass estimated by a single parabolic band model and electronic structures calculated based on density functional theory.

Crystallographic structure refinement with quadrupolar nuclei: a combined solid-state NMR and GIPAW DFT example using MgBr(2).

PubMed

Widdifield, Cory M; Bryce, David L

2009-09-07

Solid-state NMR spectroscopy and GIPAW DFT calculations reveal the pronounced sensitivity of (79/81)Br and (25)Mg quadrupolar coupling constants to subtle aspects of solid state structure which were not previously detected by pXRD methods.

Method and system for making integrated solid-state fire-sets and detonators

DOEpatents

O'Brien, Dennis W.; Druce, Robert L.; Johnson, Gary W.; Vogtlin, George E.; Barbee, Jr., Troy W.; Lee, Ronald S.

1998-01-01

A slapper detonator comprises a solid-state high-voltage capacitor, a low-jitter dielectric breakdown switch and trigger circuitry, a detonator transmission line, an exploding foil bridge, and a flier material. All these components are fabricated in a single solid-state device using thin film deposition techniques.

Solid state oxygen anion and electron mediating membrane and catalytic membrane reactors containing them

DOEpatents

Schwartz, Michael; White, James H.; Sammells, Anthony F.

2005-09-27

This invention relates to gas-impermeable, solid state materials fabricated into membranes for use in catalytic membrane reactors. This invention particularly relates to solid state oxygen anion- and electron-mediating membranes for use in catalytic membrane reactors for promoting partial or full oxidation of different chemical species, for decomposition of oxygen-containing species, and for separation of oxygen from other gases. Solid state materials for use in the membranes of this invention include mixed metal oxide compounds having the brownmillerite crystal structure.

Solid state oxygen anion and electron mediating membrane and catalytic membrane reactors containing them

DOEpatents

Schwartz, Michael; White, James H.; Sammels, Anthony F.

2000-01-01

This invention relates to gas-impermeable, solid state materials fabricated into membranes for use in catalytic membrane reactors. This invention particularly relates to solid state oxygen anion- and electron-mediating membranes for use in catalytic membrane reactors for promoting partial or full oxidation of different chemical species, for decomposition of oxygen-containing species, and for separation of oxygen from other gases. Solid state materials for use in the membranes of this invention include mixed metal oxide compounds having the brownmillerite crystal structure.

What's in a Name Change?

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Martin, Joseph D.

2015-03-01

When solid state physics emerged in the 1940s, its name was controversial. By the 1970s, some physicists came to prefer "condensed matter" as a way to identify the discipline of physics examining complex matter. Physicists and historians often gloss this transition as a simple rebranding of a problematically named field, but attention to the motives behind these names reveals telling nuances. "Solid state physics" and "condensed matter physics"—along with "materials science," which also emerged during the Cold War—were named in accordance with ideological commitments about the identity of physics. Historians, therefore, can profitably understand solid state and condensed matter physics as distinct disciplines. Condensed matter, rather than being continuous with solid state physics, should be considered alongside materials science as an outlet for specific frustrations with the way solid state was organized.

Solid-State Powered X-band Accelerator

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Othman, Mohamed A.K.; Nann, Emilio A.; Dolgashev, Valery A.

2017-03-06

In this report we disseminate the hot test results of an X-band 100-W solid state amplifier chain for linear accelerator (linac) applications. Solid state power amplifiers have become increasingly attractive solutions for achieving high power in radar and maritime applications. Here the performance of solid state amplifiers when driving an RF cavity is investigated. Commercially available, matched and fully-packaged GaN on SiC HEMTs are utilized, comprising a wideband driver stage and two power stages. The amplifier chain has a high poweradded- efficiency and is able to supply up to ~1.2 MV/m field gradient at 9.2 GHz in a simple testmore » cavity, with a peak power exceeding 100 W. These findings set forth the enabling technology for solid-state powered linacs.« less

Novel Nanostructured Solid Materials for Modulating Oral Drug Delivery from Solid-State Lipid-Based Drug Delivery Systems.

PubMed

Dening, Tahnee J; Rao, Shasha; Thomas, Nicky; Prestidge, Clive A

2016-01-01

Lipid-based drug delivery systems (LBDDS) have gained significant attention in recent times, owing to their ability to overcome the challenges limiting the oral delivery of poorly water-soluble drugs. Despite the successful commercialization of several LBDDS products over the years, a large discrepancy exists between the number of poorly water-soluble drugs displaying suboptimal in vivo performances and the application of LBDDS to mitigate their various delivery challenges. Conventional LBDDS, including lipid solutions and suspensions, emulsions, and self-emulsifying formulations, suffer from various drawbacks limiting their widespread use and commercialization. Accordingly, solid-state LBDDS, fabricated by adsorbing LBDDS onto a chemically inert solid carrier material, have attracted substantial interest as a viable means of stabilizing LBDDS whilst eliminating some of the various limitations. This review describes the impact of solid carrier choice on LBDDS performance and highlights the importance of appropriate solid carrier material selection when designing hybrid solid-state LBDDS. Specifically, emphasis is placed on discussing the ability of the specific solid carrier to modulate drug release, control lipase action and lipid digestion, and enhance biopharmaceutical performance above the original liquid-state LBDDS. To encourage the interested reader to consider their solid carrier choice on a higher level, various novel materials with the potential for future use as solid carriers for LBDDS are described. This review is highly significant in guiding future research directions in the solid-state LBDDS field and fostering the translation of these delivery systems to the pharmaceutical marketplace.

Effect of the corn breaking method on oil distribution between stillage phases of dry-grind corn ethanol production.

PubMed

Wang, H; Wang, T; Johnson, L A; Pometto, A L

2008-11-12

The majority of fuel ethanol in the United States is produced by using the dry-grind corn ethanol process. The corn oil that is contained in the coproduct, distillers' dried grains with solubles (DDGS), can be recovered for use as a biodiesel feedstock. Oil removal will also improve the feed quality of DDGS. The most economical way to remove oil is considered to be at the centrifugation step for separating thin stillage (liquid) from coarse solids after distilling the ethanol. The more oil there is in the liquid, the more it can be recovered by centrifugation. Therefore, we studied the effects of corn preparation and grinding methods on oil distribution between liquid and solid phases. Grinding the corn to three different particle sizes, flaking, flaking and grinding, and flaking and extruding were used to break up the corn kernel before fermentation, and their effects on oil distribution between the liquid and solid phases were examined by simulating an industrial decanter centrifuge. Total oil contents were measured in the liquid and solids after centrifugation. Dry matter yield and oil partitioning in the thin stillage were highly positively correlated. Flaking slightly reduced bound fat. The flaked and then extruded corn meal released the highest amount of free oil, about 25% compared to 7% for the average of the other treatments. The freed oil from flaking, however, became nonextractable after the flaked corn was ground. Fine grinding alone had little effect on oil partitioning.

Comparative overview of primary sedimentation-based mechanical stage in some Romanian wastewater treatment systems

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zaharia, C.

2017-08-01

Nowadays, wastewater (WW) treatment facilities are considered significant exposure pathways for solid particles, and also significant concerns of any quality conscious manufacturer. Most solid particles have some forms of organic coating either used as active material or to suspend and/or stabilize different present solid materials, having increase in toxicity that must be reduced, or sometimes even totally eliminated, especially if effluent is either discharged directly to surface water, or distributed through industrial water supplies. Representatives providing innovative technologies, comprehensive supports and expertise in wastewater and sludge treatment field are known, each one using modern treatment technology and facilities. Mechanical treatment is indispensable in primary treatment steps of both municipal and industrial WW applications, its main goal being separation of floating, settling and suspended materials (especially into a primary sedimentation-based treatment step). The aim of this work is to present comparatively the performance in solids removal of conventional mechanical WW treatment stages, especially those based on primary sedimentation, or sedimentation-like operations applied for Romanian urban WW treatment plants (serving two towns with ca 18,000 inhabitants), industrial WW treatment plants (deserving industries of vegetal food processing and organic chemicals’ manufacturing) and additional information on valorisation of separated solid material and improvement possibilities.

Low Stretch Solid-Fuel Flame Transient Response to a Step Change in Gravity

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Armstrong, J. B.; Olson, S. L.; T'ien, J. S.

2003-01-01

The effect of a step change in gravity level on the stability of low stretch diffusion flames over a solid fuel is studied both numerically and experimentally. Drop tower experiments have been conducted in NASA Glenn Research Center's 5.2 Zero Gravity Facility. In the experiments burning PMMA cylinders, a dynamic transition is observed when the steadily burning 1g flame is dropped and becomes a 0g flame. To understand the physics behind this dynamic transition, a transient stagnation point model has been developed which includes gas-phase radiation and solid phase coupling to describe this dynamic process. In this paper, the experimental results are compared with the model predictions. Both model and experiment show that the interior of the solid phase does not have time to change significantly in the few seconds of drop time, so the experimental results are pseudo-steady in the gas-phase, but the solid is inherently unsteady over long time scales. The model is also used to examine the importance of fractional heat losses on extinction, which clearly demonstrates that as the feedback from the flame decreases, the importance of the ongoing heat losses becomes greater, and extinction is observed when these losses represent 80% or more of the flame feedback.

Solid-state and solution /sup 13/C NMR in the conformational analysis of methadone-hydrochloride and related narcotic analgesics

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Sumner, S.C.J.

1986-01-01

Solid state and solution /sup 13/C NMR have been used to study the conformations of the racemic mixtures and single enantiomers of methadone hydrochloride, alpha and beta methadol hydrochloride, and alpha and beta acetylmethadol hydrochloride. The NMR spectra acquired for the compounds as solids, and in polar and nonpolar solvents are compared, in order to determine the conformation of the molecules in solution. To determine the reliability of assigning solution conformations by comparing solution and solid state chemical shift data, three bond coupling constants measured in solution are compared with those calculated from X-ray data. The conformations of the racemicmore » mixture and plus enantiomer of methadone hydrochloride have been shown to be very similar in the solid state, where minor differences in conformation can be seen by comparing NMR spectra obtained for the solids. Also shown is that the molecules of methadone hydrochloride have conformations in polar and in nonpolar solvents which are very similar to the conformation of the molecules in the solid state.« less

Solid State Division annual progress report for period ending December 31, 1975

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Wilkinson, M.K.; Young, F.W. Jr.

1976-05-01

Research activities are reported in programs on theoretical solid state physics, physical properties of solids, radiation effects in metals, neutron scattering, research materials, and isotope research materials. (JRD)

Elementary reaction modeling of reversible CO/CO2 electrochemical conversion on patterned nickel electrodes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Luo, Yu; Shi, Yixiang; Li, Wenying; Cai, Ningsheng

2018-03-01

CO/CO2 are the major gas reactant/product in the fuel electrode of reversible solid oxide cells (RSOC). This study proposes a two-charge-transfer-step mechanism to describe the reaction and transfer processes of CO-CO2 electrochemical conversion on a patterned Ni electrode of RSOC. An elementary reaction model is developed to couple two charge transfer reactions, C(Ni)+O2-(YSZ) ↔ CO(Ni)+(YSZ) +2e- and CO(Ni)+O2-(YSZ) ↔ CO2(Ni)+(YSZ)+2e-, with adsorption/desorption, surface chemical reactions and surface diffusion. This model well validates in both solid oxide electrolysis cell (SOEC) and solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) modes by the experimental data from a patterned Ni electrode with 10 μm stripe width at different pCO (0-0.25 atm), pCO2 (0-0.35 atm) and operating temperature (600-700 °C). This model indicates SOEC mode is dominated by charge transfer step C(Ni)+O2-(YSZ)↔CO(Ni)+(YSZ) +2e-, while SOFC mode by CO(Ni)+ O2-(YSZ)↔CO2(Ni)+(YSZ)+2e- on the patterned Ni electrode. The sensitivity analysis shows charge transfer step is the major rate-determining step for RSOC, besides, surface diffusion of CO and CO2 as well as CO2 adsorption also plays a significant role in the electrochemical reaction of SOEC while surface diffusion of CO and CO2 desorption could be co-limiting in SOFC.

Development of a coupled level set and immersed boundary method for predicting dam break flows

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yu, C. H.; Sheu, Tony W. H.

2017-12-01

Dam-break flow over an immersed stationary object is investigated using a coupled level set (LS)/immersed boundary (IB) method developed in Cartesian grids. This approach adopts an improved interface preserving level set method which includes three solution steps and the differential-based interpolation immersed boundary method to treat fluid-fluid and solid-fluid interfaces, respectively. In the first step of this level set method, the level set function ϕ is advected by a pure advection equation. The intermediate step is performed to obtain a new level set value through a new smoothed Heaviside function. In the final solution step, a mass correction term is added to the re-initialization equation to ensure the new level set is a distance function and to conserve the mass bounded by the interface. For accurately calculating the level set value, the four-point upwinding combined compact difference (UCCD) scheme with three-point boundary combined compact difference scheme is applied to approximate the first-order derivative term shown in the level set equation. For the immersed boundary method, application of the artificial momentum forcing term at points in cells consisting of both fluid and solid allows an imposition of velocity condition to account for the presence of solid object. The incompressible Navier-Stokes solutions are calculated using the projection method. Numerical results show that the coupled LS/IB method can not only predict interface accurately but also preserve the mass conservation excellently for the dam-break flow.

Combinatorial Solid-Phase Synthesis of Aromatic Oligoamides: A Research-Based Laboratory Module for Undergraduate Organic Chemistry

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Fuller, Amelia A.

2016-01-01

A five-week, research-based experiment suitable for second-semester introductory organic laboratory students is described. Each student designs, prepares, and analyzes a combinatorial array of six aromatic oligoamides. Molecules are prepared on solid phase via a six-step synthetic sequence, and purities and identities are determined by analysis of…

A Guide for Developing Standard Operating Job Procedures for the Primary Sedimentation Process Wastewater Treatment Facility. SOJP No. 4.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Charles County Community Coll., La Plata, MD.

This guide describes standard operating job procedures for the primary sedimentation process of wastewater treatment plants. The primary sedimentation process involves removing settleable and suspended solids, in part, from wastewater by gravitational forces, and scum and other floatable solids from wastewater by mechanical means. Step-by-step…

Tribological properties of surfaces

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Buckley, D. H.

1978-01-01

The real area of contact between two solid surfaces is only a small portion of the apparent area. Deformation of these areas can result in solid state contact through surface films. For clean solid to solid contact strong adhesive bonding occurs across the interface. Under these conditions many properties of the solid such as the metallurgical and chemical nature of metals can influence adhesion, friction, and wear behavior. The presence of gases, liquids, and solid films on the surface of solids alter markedly tribological characteristics. These surface films can also considerably change the mechanical effects of solid state contact on bulk material behavior.

Characterization of Pharmaceutical Cocrystals and Salts by Dynamic Nuclear Polarization-Enhanced Solid-State NMR Spectroscopy

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Zhao, Li; Hanrahan, Michael P.; Chakravarty, Paroma

Multicomponent solids such as cocrystals have emerged as a way to control and engineer the stability, solubility and manufacturability of solid active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). Cocrystals are typically formed by solution- or solid-phase reactions of APIs with suitable cocrystal coformers, which are often weak acids. One key structural question about a given multicomponent solid is whether it should be classified as a salt, where the basic API is protonated by the acid, or as a cocrystal, where the API and coformer remain neutral and engage in hydrogen bonding interactions. It has previously been demonstrated that solid-state NMR spectroscopy is amore » powerful probe of structure in cocrystals and salts of APIs, however, the poor sensitivity of solid-state NMR spectroscopy usually restricts the types of experiments that can be performed. Here relayed dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) was applied to reduce solid-state NMR experiments by one to two orders of magnitude for salts and cocrystals of a complex API. The large sensitivity gains from DNP facilitates rapid acquisition of natural isotopic abundance 13C and 15N solid-state NMR spectra. Critically, DNP enables double resonance 1H-15N solid-state NMR experiments such as 2D 1H-15N HETCOR, 1H-15N CP-build up, 15N{1H} J-resolved/attached proton tests, 1H-15N DIPSHIFT and 1H-15N PRESTO. The latter two experiments allow 1H-15N dipolar coupling constants and H-N bond lengths to be accurately measured, providing an unambiguous assignment of nitrogen protonation state and definitive classification of the multi-component solids as cocrystals or salts. In conclusion, these types of measurements should also be extremely useful in the context of polymorph discrimination, NMR crystallography structure determination and for probing hydrogen bonding in a variety of organic materials.« less

Characterization of Pharmaceutical Cocrystals and Salts by Dynamic Nuclear Polarization-Enhanced Solid-State NMR Spectroscopy

DOE PAGES

Zhao, Li; Hanrahan, Michael P.; Chakravarty, Paroma; ...

2018-02-15

Multicomponent solids such as cocrystals have emerged as a way to control and engineer the stability, solubility and manufacturability of solid active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). Cocrystals are typically formed by solution- or solid-phase reactions of APIs with suitable cocrystal coformers, which are often weak acids. One key structural question about a given multicomponent solid is whether it should be classified as a salt, where the basic API is protonated by the acid, or as a cocrystal, where the API and coformer remain neutral and engage in hydrogen bonding interactions. It has previously been demonstrated that solid-state NMR spectroscopy is amore » powerful probe of structure in cocrystals and salts of APIs, however, the poor sensitivity of solid-state NMR spectroscopy usually restricts the types of experiments that can be performed. Here relayed dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) was applied to reduce solid-state NMR experiments by one to two orders of magnitude for salts and cocrystals of a complex API. The large sensitivity gains from DNP facilitates rapid acquisition of natural isotopic abundance 13C and 15N solid-state NMR spectra. Critically, DNP enables double resonance 1H-15N solid-state NMR experiments such as 2D 1H-15N HETCOR, 1H-15N CP-build up, 15N{1H} J-resolved/attached proton tests, 1H-15N DIPSHIFT and 1H-15N PRESTO. The latter two experiments allow 1H-15N dipolar coupling constants and H-N bond lengths to be accurately measured, providing an unambiguous assignment of nitrogen protonation state and definitive classification of the multi-component solids as cocrystals or salts. In conclusion, these types of measurements should also be extremely useful in the context of polymorph discrimination, NMR crystallography structure determination and for probing hydrogen bonding in a variety of organic materials.« less

Application of Solid-State NMR Relaxometry for Characterization and Formulation Optimization of Grinding-Induced Drug Nanoparticle.

PubMed

Ueda, Keisuke; Higashi, Kenjirou; Moribe, Kunikazu

2016-03-07

The formation mechanism of drug nanoparticles was investigated using solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques for the efficient discovery of an optimized nanoparticle formulation. The cogrinding of nifedipine (NIF) with polymers, including hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) was performed to prepare the NIF nanoparticle formulations. Then, solid-state NMR relaxometry was used for the nanometer-order characterization of NIF in the polymer matrix. Solid-state NMR measurements revealed that the crystal size of NIF was reduced to several tens of nanometers with amorphization of NIF by cogrinding with HPMC and SDS for 100 min. Similarly, the size of the NIF crystal was reduced to less than 90 nm in the 40 min ground mixture of NIF/PVP/SDS. Furthermore, 100 min grinding of NIF/PVP/SDS induced amorphization of almost all the NIF crystals followed by nanosizing. The hydrogen bond between NIF and PVP led to the efficient amorphization of NIF in the NIF/PVP/SDS system compared with NIF/HPMC/SDS system. The efficient nanosizing of the NIF crystal in the solid state, revealed by the solid-state NMR relaxation time measurements, enabled the formation of large amounts of NIF nanoparticles in water followed by the polymer dissolution. In contrast, excess amorphization of the NIF crystals failed to efficiently prepare the NIF nanoparticles. The solid-state characterization of the crystalline NIF revealed good correlation with the NIF nanoparticles formation during aqueous dispersion. Furthermore, the solid-state NMR measurements including relaxometry successfully elucidated the nanometer-order dispersion state of NIF in polymer matrix, leading to the discovery of optimized conditions for the preparation of suitable drug nanoparticles.

Mobile magnetic particles as solid-supports for rapid surface-based bioanalysis in continuous flow.

PubMed

Peyman, Sally A; Iles, Alexander; Pamme, Nicole

2009-11-07

An extremely versatile microfluidic device is demonstrated in which multi-step (bio)chemical procedures can be performed in continuous flow. The system operates by generating several co-laminar flow streams, which contain reagents for specific (bio)reactions across a rectangular reaction chamber. Functionalized magnetic microparticles are employed as mobile solid-supports and are pulled from one side of the reaction chamber to the other by use of an external magnetic field. As the particles traverse the co-laminar reagent streams, binding and washing steps are performed on their surface in one operation in continuous flow. The applicability of the platform was first demonstrated by performing a proof-of-principle binding assay between streptavidin coated magnetic particles and biotin in free solution with a limit of detection of 20 ng mL(-1) of free biotin. The system was then applied to a mouse IgG sandwich immunoassay as a first example of a process involving two binding steps and two washing steps, all performed within 60 s, a fraction of the time required for conventional testing.

Method and system for making integrated solid-state fire-sets and detonators

DOEpatents

O`Brien, D.W.; Druce, R.L.; Johnson, G.W.; Vogtlin, G.E.; Barbee, T.W. Jr.; Lee, R.S.

1998-03-24

A slapper detonator comprises a solid-state high-voltage capacitor, a low-jitter dielectric breakdown switch and trigger circuitry, a detonator transmission line, an exploding foil bridge, and a flier material. All these components are fabricated in a single solid-state device using thin film deposition techniques. 13 figs.

CO2-Doped Diamond: A Potential Solid-State CO2 Laser Material?

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Tratt, D.

1994-01-01

This paper describes a novel concept for a solid-state CO subscript 2 laser medium which, by eschewing the gas-phase approach, may offer prospects for a compact, robust 9 - 11 (micro)m coherent source, coupled with the potentially superior frequency stability characteristics afforded by monolithic solid-state construction.

40 CFR 256.02 - Scope of the State solid waste management plan.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

..., General Requirements, Definitions § 256.02 Scope of the State solid waste management plan. (a)(1) The... 40 Protection of Environment 25 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Scope of the State solid waste management plan. 256.02 Section 256.02 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED...

40 CFR 256.02 - Scope of the State solid waste management plan.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

..., General Requirements, Definitions § 256.02 Scope of the State solid waste management plan. (a)(1) The... 40 Protection of Environment 26 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Scope of the State solid waste management plan. 256.02 Section 256.02 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED...

40 CFR 256.02 - Scope of the State solid waste management plan.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

..., General Requirements, Definitions § 256.02 Scope of the State solid waste management plan. (a)(1) The... 40 Protection of Environment 25 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Scope of the State solid waste management plan. 256.02 Section 256.02 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED...

40 CFR 256.02 - Scope of the State solid waste management plan.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

..., General Requirements, Definitions § 256.02 Scope of the State solid waste management plan. (a)(1) The... 40 Protection of Environment 24 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Scope of the State solid waste management plan. 256.02 Section 256.02 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED...

40 CFR 256.02 - Scope of the State solid waste management plan.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

..., General Requirements, Definitions § 256.02 Scope of the State solid waste management plan. (a)(1) The... 40 Protection of Environment 26 2012-07-01 2011-07-01 true Scope of the State solid waste management plan. 256.02 Section 256.02 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED...

Polyaniline-Modified Oriented Graphene Hydrogel Film as the Free-Standing Electrode for Flexible Solid-State Supercapacitors.

PubMed

Du, Pengcheng; Liu, Huckleberry C; Yi, Chao; Wang, Kai; Gong, Xiong

2015-11-04

In this study, we report polyaniline (PANI)-modified oriented graphene hydrogel (OGH) films as the free-standing electrode for flexible solid-state supercapacitors (SCs). The OGH films are prepared by a facile filtration method using chemically converted graphene sheets and then introduced to PANI on the surface of OGH films by in situ chemical polymerization. The PANI-modified OGH films possess high flexibility, high electrical conductivity, and mechanical robustness. The flexible solid-state SCs based on the PANI-modified OGH films exhibit a specific capacitance of 530 F/g, keeping 80% of its original value up to 10 000 charge-discharge cycles at the current density of 10 A/g. Remarkably, the flexible solid-state SCs maintain ∼100% capacitance retention bent at 180° for 250 cycles. Moreover, the flexible solid-state SCs are further demonstrated to be able to light up a red-light-emitting diode. These results indicate that the flexible solid-state SCs based on PANI-modified OGH films as the free-standing electrode have potential applications as energy-storage devices.

Modular nonvolatile solid state recorder (MONSSTR) update

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Klang, Mark R.; Small, Martin B.; Beams, Tom

2001-12-01

Solid state recorders have begun replacing traditional tape recorders in fulfilling the requirement to record images on airborne platforms. With the advances in electro-optical, IR, SAR, Multi and Hyper-spectral sensors and video recording requirements, solid state recorders have become the recorder of choice. Solid state recorders provide the additional storage, higher sustained bandwidth, less power, less weight and smaller footprint to meet the current and future recording requirements. CALCULEX, Inc., manufactures a non-volatile flash memory solid state recorder called the MONSSTR (Modular Non-volatile Solid State Recorder). MONSSTR is being used to record images from many different digital sensors on high performance aircraft such as the RF- 4, F-16 and the Royal Air Force Tornado. MONSSTR, with its internal multiplexer, is also used to record instrumentation data. This includes multiple streams of PCM and multiple channels of 1553 data. Instrumentation data is being recorded by MONSSTR systems in a range of platforms including F-22, F-15, F-16, Comanche Helicopter and US Navy torpedos. MONSSTR can also be used as a cockpit video recorder. This paper will provide an update of the MONSSTR.

KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, FLA. - Workers in KSC's Vertical Processing Facility prepare a solid state recorder for installation in a protective enclosure as part of the prelaunch preparations for STS-82, the second Hubble Space Telescope servicing mission. The digital solid state recorder will replace one of three engineering/science tape recorders on Hubble. The solid state recorder has no moving parts to wear out. It also is more flexible than a reel-to-reel recorder and can store 10 times as much data. Liftoff aboard Discovery is targeted Feb. 11 with a crew of seven.

NASA Image and Video Library

1997-01-16

KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, FLA. - Workers in KSC's Vertical Processing Facility prepare a solid state recorder for installation in a protective enclosure as part of the prelaunch preparations for STS-82, the second Hubble Space Telescope servicing mission. The digital solid state recorder will replace one of three engineering/science tape recorders on Hubble. The solid state recorder has no moving parts to wear out. It also is more flexible than a reel-to-reel recorder and can store 10 times as much data. Liftoff aboard Discovery is targeted Feb. 11 with a crew of seven.

KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, FLA. - Workers in KSC's Vertical Processing Facility install a solid state recorder into a transport assembly in its protective enclosure as part of the prelaunch preparations for STS-82, the second Hubble Space Telescope servicing mission. The digital solid state recorder will replace one of three engineering/science tape recorders on Hubble. The solid state recorder has no moving parts to wear out. It also is more flexible than a reel-to-reel recorder and can store 10 times as much data. Liftoff aboard Discovery is targeted Feb. 11 with a crew of seven.

NASA Image and Video Library

1997-01-16

KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, FLA. - Workers in KSC's Vertical Processing Facility install a solid state recorder into a transport assembly in its protective enclosure as part of the prelaunch preparations for STS-82, the second Hubble Space Telescope servicing mission. The digital solid state recorder will replace one of three engineering/science tape recorders on Hubble. The solid state recorder has no moving parts to wear out. It also is more flexible than a reel-to-reel recorder and can store 10 times as much data. Liftoff aboard Discovery is targeted Feb. 11 with a crew of seven.

Fabrication, testing and simulation of all solid state three dimensional Li-ion batteries

DOE PAGES

Talin, Albert Alec; Ruzmetov, Dmitry; Kolmakov, Andrei; ...

2016-11-10

Realization of safe, long cycle life and simple to package solid-state rechargeable batteries with high energy and power density has been a long-standing goal of the energy storage community. [1,2] Much of the research activity has been focused on developing new solid electrolytes with high Li ionic conductivity. In addition, LiPON, the only solid electrolyte currently used in commercial thin film solid state Li-ion batteris (SSLIBs), has a conductivity of ~10 -6 S/cm, compared to ~0.01 S/cm typically observed for liquid organic electrolytes [3].

Charge transport in strongly coupled quantum dot solids

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kagan, Cherie R.; Murray, Christopher B.

2015-12-01

The emergence of high-mobility, colloidal semiconductor quantum dot (QD) solids has triggered fundamental studies that map the evolution from carrier hopping through localized quantum-confined states to band-like charge transport in delocalized and hybridized states of strongly coupled QD solids, in analogy with the construction of solids from atoms. Increased coupling in QD solids has led to record-breaking performance in QD devices, such as electronic transistors and circuitry, optoelectronic light-emitting diodes, photovoltaic devices and photodetectors, and thermoelectric devices. Here, we review the advances in synthesis, assembly, ligand treatments and doping that have enabled high-mobility QD solids, as well as the experiments and theory that depict band-like transport in the QD solid state. We also present recent QD devices and discuss future prospects for QD materials and device design.

Charge transport in strongly coupled quantum dot solids.

PubMed

Kagan, Cherie R; Murray, Christopher B

2015-12-01

The emergence of high-mobility, colloidal semiconductor quantum dot (QD) solids has triggered fundamental studies that map the evolution from carrier hopping through localized quantum-confined states to band-like charge transport in delocalized and hybridized states of strongly coupled QD solids, in analogy with the construction of solids from atoms. Increased coupling in QD solids has led to record-breaking performance in QD devices, such as electronic transistors and circuitry, optoelectronic light-emitting diodes, photovoltaic devices and photodetectors, and thermoelectric devices. Here, we review the advances in synthesis, assembly, ligand treatments and doping that have enabled high-mobility QD solids, as well as the experiments and theory that depict band-like transport in the QD solid state. We also present recent QD devices and discuss future prospects for QD materials and device design.

Recent Developments of All-Solid-State Lithium Secondary Batteries with Sulfide Inorganic Electrolytes.

PubMed

Xu, Ruochen; Zhang, Shengzhao; Wang, Xiuli; Xia, Yan; Xia, Xinhui; Wu, Jianbo; Gu, Changdong; Tu, Jiangping

2018-04-20

Due to the increasing demand of security and energy density, all-solid-state lithium ion batteries have become the promising next-generation energy storage devices to replace the traditional liquid batteries with flammable organic electrolytes. In this Minireview, we focus on the recent developments of sulfide inorganic electrolytes for all-solid-state batteries. The challenges of assembling bulk-type all-solid-state batteries for industrialization are discussed, including low ionic conductivity of the present sulfide electrolytes, high interfacial resistance and poor compatibility between electrolytes and electrodes. Many efforts have been focused on the solutions for these issues. Although some progresses have been achieved, it is still far away from practical application. The perspectives for future research on all-solid-state lithium ion batteries are presented. © 2018 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Microfluidic multiplexing of solid-state nanopores

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jain, Tarun; Rasera, Benjamin C.; Guerrero, Ricardo Jose S.; Lim, Jong-Min; Karnik, Rohit

2017-12-01

Although solid-state nanopores enable electronic analysis of many clinically and biologically relevant molecular structures, there are few existing device architectures that enable high-throughput measurement of solid-state nanopores. Herein, we report a method for microfluidic integration of multiple solid-state nanopores at a high density of one nanopore per (35 µm2). By configuring microfluidic devices with microfluidic valves, the nanopores can be rinsed from a single fluid input while retaining compatibility for multichannel electrical measurements. The microfluidic valves serve the dual purpose of fluidic switching and electric switching, enabling serial multiplexing of the eight nanopores with a single pair of electrodes. Furthermore, the device architecture exhibits low noise and is compatible with electroporation-based in situ nanopore fabrication, providing a scalable platform for automated electronic measurement of a large number of integrated solid-state nanopores.

40 CFR 256.63 - Requirements for public participation in the permitting of facilities.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) SOLID WASTES GUIDELINES FOR DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION OF STATE SOLID WASTE... solid waste disposal facility the State shall hold a public hearing to solicit public reaction and...

Bio-inspired surfactant assisted nano-catalyst impregnation of Solid-Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) electrodes

DOE PAGES

Ozmen, Ozcan; Zondlo, John W.; Lee, Shiwoo; ...

2015-11-02

A bio-inspired surfactant was utilized to assist in the efficient impregnation of a nano-CeO₂ catalyst throughout both porous Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFC’s) electrodes simultaneously. The process included the initial modification of electrode pore walls with a polydopamine film. The cell was then submersed into a cerium salt solution. The amount of nano-CeO₂ deposited per impregnation step increased by 3.5 times by utilizing this two-step protocol in comparison to a conventional drip impregnation method. The impregnated cells exhibited a 20% higher power density than a baseline cell without the nano-catalyst at 750°C (using humid H₂ fuel).

Surface Breakdown Characteristics of Silicone Oil for Electric Power Apparatus

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wada, Junichi; Nakajima, Akitoshi; Miyahara, Hideyuki; Takuma, Tadasu; Okabe, Shigemitu; Kohtoh, Masanori; Yanabu, Satoru

This paper describes the surface breakdown characteristics of the silicone oil which has the possibility of the application to innovative switchgear as an insulating medium. At the first step, we have experimentally studied on the impulse breakdown characteristics of the configuration with a triple-junction where a solid insulator is in contact with the electrode. The test configurations consist of solid material (Nomex and pressboard) and liquid insulation oil (silicone and mineral oil). We have discussed the experimental results based on the maximal electric field at a triple-junction. As the second step, we have studied the configuration which may improve the surface breakdown characteristics by lowering the electric field near the triple-junction.

Theory of amorphous ices

PubMed Central

Limmer, David T.; Chandler, David

2014-01-01

We derive a phase diagram for amorphous solids and liquid supercooled water and explain why the amorphous solids of water exist in several different forms. Application of large-deviation theory allows us to prepare such phases in computer simulations. Along with nonequilibrium transitions between the ergodic liquid and two distinct amorphous solids, we establish coexistence between these two amorphous solids. The phase diagram we predict includes a nonequilibrium triple point where two amorphous phases and the liquid coexist. Whereas the amorphous solids are long-lived and slowly aging glasses, their melting can lead quickly to the formation of crystalline ice. Further, melting of the higher density amorphous solid at low pressures takes place in steps, transitioning to the lower-density glass before accessing a nonequilibrium liquid from which ice coarsens. PMID:24858957

Mechanism-based selection of stabilization strategy for amorphous formulations: Insights into crystallization pathways.

PubMed

Edueng, Khadijah; Mahlin, Denny; Larsson, Per; Bergström, Christel A S

2017-06-28

We developed a step-by-step experimental protocol using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), dynamic vapour sorption (DVS), polarized light microscopy (PLM) and a small-scale dissolution apparatus (μDISS Profiler) to investigate the mechanism (solid-to-solid or solution-mediated) by which crystallization of amorphous drugs occurs upon dissolution. This protocol then guided how to stabilize the amorphous formulation. Indapamide, metolazone, glibenclamide and glipizide were selected as model drugs and HPMC (Pharmacoat 606) and PVP (K30) as stabilizing polymers. Spray-dried amorphous indapamide, metolazone and glibenclamide crystallized via solution-mediated nucleation while glipizide suffered from solid-to-solid crystallization. The addition of 0.001%-0.01% (w/v) HPMC into the dissolution medium successfully prevented the crystallization of supersaturated solutions of indapamide and metolazone whereas it only reduced the crystallization rate for glibenclamide. Amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) formulation of glipizide and PVP K30, at a ratio of 50:50% (w/w) reduced but did not completely eliminate the solid-to-solid crystallization of glipizide even though the overall dissolution rate was enhanced both in the absence and presence of HPMC. Raman spectroscopy indicated the formation of a glipizide polymorph in the dissolution medium with higher solubility than the stable polymorph. As a complementary technique, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of indapamide and glibenclamide with HPMC was performed. It was revealed that hydrogen bonding patterns of the two drugs with HPMC differed significantly, suggesting that hydrogen bonding may play a role in the greater stabilizing effect on supersaturation of indapamide, compared to glibenclamide. Copyright © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

3D-Printing Electrolytes for Solid-State Batteries.

PubMed

McOwen, Dennis W; Xu, Shaomao; Gong, Yunhui; Wen, Yang; Godbey, Griffin L; Gritton, Jack E; Hamann, Tanner R; Dai, Jiaqi; Hitz, Gregory T; Hu, Liangbing; Wachsman, Eric D

2018-05-01

Solid-state batteries have many enticing advantages in terms of safety and stability, but the solid electrolytes upon which these batteries are based typically lead to high cell resistance. Both components of the resistance (interfacial, due to poor contact with electrolytes, and bulk, due to a thick electrolyte) are a result of the rudimentary manufacturing capabilities that exist for solid-state electrolytes. In general, solid electrolytes are studied as flat pellets with planar interfaces, which minimizes interfacial contact area. Here, multiple ink formulations are developed that enable 3D printing of unique solid electrolyte microstructures with varying properties. These inks are used to 3D-print a variety of patterns, which are then sintered to reveal thin, nonplanar, intricate architectures composed only of Li 7 La 3 Zr 2 O 12 solid electrolyte. Using these 3D-printing ink formulations to further study and optimize electrolyte structure could lead to solid-state batteries with dramatically lower full cell resistance and higher energy and power density. In addition, the reported ink compositions could be used as a model recipe for other solid electrolyte or ceramic inks, perhaps enabling 3D printing in related fields. © 2018 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Dendritic copper phthalocyanine with aggregation induced blue emission and solid-state fluorescence

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, Jiayi; Pan, Lin; Zhou, Xuefei; Jia, Kun; Liu, Xiaobo

2016-09-01

In this work, dendritic copper phthalocyanine (CuPc) showing obvious aggregation induced emission (AIE) and strong solid-state fluorescence was synthesized. It was found that synthesized CuPc can be easily solubilized in polar aprotic solvent, where no fluorescence signal was detected. Interestingly, both the CuPc aggregates in solution and solid-state powder exhibited strong fluorescence emission around 480 nm, which should be attributed to the restriction of intramolecular rotation as rationalized in aggregation induced emission framework. Meanwhile the obvious crystalline enhanced solid-state fluorescent emission is observed for CuPc powder.

Solar Power Satellite (SPS) solid-state antenna power combiner

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1980-01-01

A low loss power-combining microstrip antenna suitable for solid state solar power satellite (SPS) application was developed. A unique approach for performing both the combining and radiating function in a single cavity-type circuit was verified, representing substantial refinements over previous demonstration models in terms of detailed geometry to obtain good matching and adequate bandwidth at the design frequency. The combiner circuit was designed, built, and tested and the overall results support the view that the solid state power-combining antenna approach is a viable candidate for a solid state SPS antenna building block.

NASA satellite communications application research. Phase 2: Efficient high power, solid state amplifier for EFH communications

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Benet, James

1993-01-01

The final report describes the work performed from 9 Jun. 1992 to 31 Jul. 1993 on the NASA Satellite Communications Application Research (SCAR) Phase 2 program, Efficient High Power, Solid State Amplifier for EHF Communications. The purpose of the program was to demonstrate the feasibility of high-efficiency, high-power, EHF solid state amplifiers that are smaller, lighter, more efficient, and less costly than existing traveling wave tube (TWT) amplifiers by combining the output power from up to several hundred solid state amplifiers using a unique orthomode spatial power combiner (OSPC).

[The design of all solid-state tunable pulsed Ti:sapphire laser system].

PubMed

Chen, Zhe; Ku, Geng; Wan, Junchao; Wang, Wei; Zhou, Chuanqing

2013-05-01

This paper presented a design of broadly all solid-state tunable pulsed Ti:sapphire laser with high power and stable performance. The laser was pumped by custom-made Nd:YAG laser which had water cooling system and amplified by two stage amplifier. The method accomplished tunable output of all solid-state tunable pulsed Ti:sapphire laser by modifying the reflection angle of the back mirror. We investigated the relationship between the power of the pumping laser and the all solid-state tunable pulsed Ti: sapphire laser by changing the power of the pumping source.

A compact 300 kV solid-state high-voltage nanosecond generator for dielectric wall accelerator

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Shen, Yi; Wang, Wei; Liu, Yi

2015-05-15

Compact solid-state system is the main development trend in pulsed power technologies. A compact solid-state high-voltage nanosecond pulse generator with output voltage of 300 kV amplitude, 10 ns duration (FWHM), and 3 ns rise-time was designed for a dielectric wall accelerator. The generator is stacked by 15 planar-plate Blumlein pulse forming lines (PFL). Each Blumlein PFL consists of two solid-state planar transmission lines, a GaAs photoconductive semiconductor switch, and a laser diode trigger. The key components of the generator and the experimental results are reported in this paper.

Solid State Division progress report for period ending September 30, 1984

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Green, P.H.; Watson, D.M.

1985-03-01

During the reporting period, relatively minor changes have occurred in the research areas of interest to the Division. Nearly all the research of the Division can be classified broadly as mission-oriented basic research. Topics covered include: theoretical solid state physics; surface and near-surface properties of solids; defects in solids; transport properties of solids; neutron scattering; and preparation and characterization of research materials. (GHT)

Solid state electrochemical current source

DOEpatents

Potanin, Alexander Arkadyevich; Vedeneev, Nikolai Ivanovich

2002-04-30

A cathode and a solid state electrochemical cell comprising said cathode, a solid anode and solid fluoride ion conducting electrolyte. The cathode comprises a metal oxide and a compound fluoride containing at least two metals with different valences. Representative compound fluorides include solid solutions of bismuth fluoride and potassium fluoride; and lead fluoride and potassium fluoride. Representative metal oxides include copper oxide, lead oxide, manganese oxide, vanadium oxide and silver oxide.

Addressing the Interface Issues in All-Solid-State Bulk-Type Lithium Ion Battery via an All-Composite Approach.

PubMed

Chen, Ru-Jun; Zhang, Yi-Bo; Liu, Ting; Xu, Bing-Qing; Lin, Yuan-Hua; Nan, Ce-Wen; Shen, Yang

2017-03-22

All-solid-state bulk-type lithium ion batteries (LIBs) are considered ultimate solutions to the safety issues associated with conventional LIBs using flammable liquid electrolyte. The development of bulk-type all-solid-state LIBs has been hindered by the low loading of active cathode materials, hence low specific surface capacity, and by the high interface resistance, which results in low rate and cyclic performance. In this contribution, we propose and demonstrate a synergistic all-composite approach to fabricating flexible all-solid-state LIBs. PEO-based composite cathode layers (filled with LiFePO 4 particles) of ∼300 μm in thickness and composite electrolyte layers (filled with Al-LLZTO particles) are stacked layer-by-layer with lithium foils as negative layer and hot-pressed into a monolithic all-solid-state LIB. The flexible LIB delivers a high specific discharge capacity of 155 mAh/g, which corresponds to an ultrahigh surface capacity of 10.8 mAh/cm 2 , exhibits excellent capacity retention up to at least 10 cycles and could work properly under harsh operating conditions such as bending or being sectioned into pieces. The all-composite approach is favorable for improving both mesoscopic and microscopic interfaces inside the all-solid-state LIB and may provide a new toolbox for design and fabrication of all-solid-state LIBs.

Atomic-like high-harmonic generation from two-dimensional materials.

PubMed

Tancogne-Dejean, Nicolas; Rubio, Angel

2018-02-01

The generation of high-order harmonics from atomic and molecular gases enables the production of high-energy photons and ultrashort isolated pulses. Obtaining efficiently similar photon energy from solid-state systems could lead, for instance, to more compact extreme ultraviolet and soft x-ray sources. We demonstrate from ab initio simulations that it is possible to generate high-order harmonics from free-standing monolayer materials, with an energy cutoff similar to that of atomic and molecular gases. In the limit in which electrons are driven by the pump laser perpendicularly to the monolayer, they behave qualitatively the same as the electrons responsible for high-harmonic generation (HHG) in atoms, where their trajectories are described by the widely used semiclassical model, and exhibit real-space trajectories similar to those of the atomic case. Despite the similarities, the first and last steps of the well-established three-step model for atomic HHG are remarkably different in the two-dimensional materials from gases. Moreover, we show that the electron-electron interaction plays an important role in harmonic generation from monolayer materials because of strong local-field effects, which modify how the material is ionized. The recombination of the accelerated electron wave packet is also found to be modified because of the infinite extension of the material in the monolayer plane, thus leading to a more favorable wavelength scaling of the harmonic yield than in atomic HHG. Our results establish a novel and efficient way of generating high-order harmonics based on a solid-state device, with an energy cutoff and a more favorable wavelength scaling of the harmonic yield similar to those of atomic and molecular gases. Two-dimensional materials offer a unique platform where both bulk and atomic HHG can be investigated, depending on the angle of incidence. Devices based on two-dimensional materials can extend the limit of existing sources.

Down- and up-conversion luminescent carbon dot fluid: inkjet printing and gel glass fabrication

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, Fu; Xie, Zheng; Zhang, Bing; Liu, Yun; Yang, Wendong; Liu, Chun-Yan

2014-03-01

Room temperature liquid-like nanoparticles have emerged as an exciting new research and development area, because their properties could be tailored over a broad range by manipulating geometric and chemical characteristics of the inorganic core and organic canopy. However, related applications are rarely reported due to the multi-step synthesis process and potential toxicity of cadmium based nanomaterials. In this study, we prepared inexpensive and eco-friendly carbon dot fluid by the direct thermal decomposition method. The carbon dot fluid can be excited from UV to near infrared light, and can be prepared as highly concentrated luminescent ink or incorporated into sol-gel derived organically modified silicate glass, suggesting that it has great application potential in the field of printable electronics, solid state lighting and so on.Room temperature liquid-like nanoparticles have emerged as an exciting new research and development area, because their properties could be tailored over a broad range by manipulating geometric and chemical characteristics of the inorganic core and organic canopy. However, related applications are rarely reported due to the multi-step synthesis process and potential toxicity of cadmium based nanomaterials. In this study, we prepared inexpensive and eco-friendly carbon dot fluid by the direct thermal decomposition method. The carbon dot fluid can be excited from UV to near infrared light, and can be prepared as highly concentrated luminescent ink or incorporated into sol-gel derived organically modified silicate glass, suggesting that it has great application potential in the field of printable electronics, solid state lighting and so on. Electronic supplementary information (ESI) available: Details of FTIR, XRD and DLS of CDF, optical properties of CDF, TEM images of other obtained products, luminescent spectra of CDF at different temperatures, and the optical photographs of CDF inks and silica glasses with different concentrations under normal, UV and 800 nm light. See DOI: 10.1039/c3nr05869g

40 CFR 256.10 - Requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) SOLID WASTES GUIDELINES FOR DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION OF STATE SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PLANS Identification of Responsibilities... guidelines for identification of regions and agencies for solid waste management (40 CFR part 255), the State...

40 CFR 256.10 - Requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) SOLID WASTES GUIDELINES FOR DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION OF STATE SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PLANS Identification of Responsibilities... guidelines for identification of regions and agencies for solid waste management (40 CFR part 255), the State...

40 CFR 256.10 - Requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) SOLID WASTES GUIDELINES FOR DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION OF STATE SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PLANS Identification of Responsibilities... guidelines for identification of regions and agencies for solid waste management (40 CFR part 255), the State...

40 CFR 256.10 - Requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) SOLID WASTES GUIDELINES FOR DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION OF STATE SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PLANS Identification of Responsibilities... guidelines for identification of regions and agencies for solid waste management (40 CFR part 255), the State...

40 CFR 256.10 - Requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) SOLID WASTES GUIDELINES FOR DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION OF STATE SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PLANS Identification of Responsibilities... guidelines for identification of regions and agencies for solid waste management (40 CFR part 255), the State...