Multiphase Oscillator Using Traveling Pulses Developed in a System of Transmission Lines with Regularly Spaced Resonant-tunneling Diodes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Narahara, Koichi

2017-06-01

A scheme is proposed for generating multiphase oscillatory signals in millimeter-wave frequencies based on the dynamics of a traveling pulse developed in a closed transmission line periodically loaded with resonant-tunneling diodes (RTDs) that is coupled with several straight RTD lines. When supplied with an appropriate voltage at the end of an RTD line, a pulse edge is shown to exhibit a spatially extended limit-cycle oscillation on the line. We consider the case where several RTD lines are connected halfway to a closed one at even intervals. In this case, the oscillatory edge developed in each straight RTD line is mutually synchronized such that a pulse-shaped rotary traveling wave develops on the closed RTD line. The oscillating edge on each straight line is also synchronized with the traveling pulse on the closed line, such that the leading edge of the traveling pulse on the closed line and the forward edge on the straight line pass the cross point simultaneously. As a result, when N L straight lines are connected to the closed line, the phase difference between two adjacent oscillatory edges becomes 2 π/ N L . On the other hand, the trailing edge of the traveling pulse at the cross point breaks the voltage wave on the straight line into two pieces, one of which travels forward to form a solitary wave and the other of which travels backward to reach the input end, where it is reflected and starts to travel forward and this forward moving edge is supposed to be synchronized with the leading edge of the traveling pulse. It means that a back-and-forth edge and a forward-moving solitary wave develop periodically on each straight line. Because the time required for the traveling pulse to go around the closed line must be coincident with the period of the edge oscillation on each straight line, a unique traveling pulse cannot synchronize with each oscillating edge when the cell size of the closed line becomes large, resulting in the development of multiple traveling pulses on the closed line. In this paper, the design criteria are discussed concerning the connecting point between the straight and closed lines, the number of straight lines, and the size of the closed line. In addition, we describe several measurement results that validate the essential properties of the traveling pulse and then show several results of full-wave analysis of a monolithically integrated RTD line.

The art and science of straight lines in radiology.

PubMed

Day, Cynthia M; Sodickson, Aaron

2011-02-01

The purpose of this article is to review the physical basis for straight radiographic lines, identify the possible components that may form a straight line interface in the body, provide illustrative examples across multiple organ systems and modalities, and explore how the detection of these interfaces can support specific diagnoses. Detection of a straight line interface can help the radiologist recognize otherwise difficult or subtle pathologic processes, and identification of its components can provide valuable clues to diagnosis.

Methods of Fitting a Straight Line to Data: Examples in Water Resources

USGS Publications Warehouse

Hirsch, Robert M.; Gilroy, Edward J.

1984-01-01

Three methods of fitting straight lines to data are described and their purposes are discussed and contrasted in terms of their applicability in various water resources contexts. The three methods are ordinary least squares (OLS), least normal squares (LNS), and the line of organic correlation (OC). In all three methods the parameters are based on moment statistics of the data. When estimation of an individual value is the objective, OLS is the most appropriate. When estimation of many values is the objective and one wants the set of estimates to have the appropriate variance, then OC is most appropriate. When one wishes to describe the relationship between two variables and measurement error is unimportant, then OC is most appropriate. Where the error is important in descriptive problems or in calibration problems, then structural analysis techniques may be most appropriate. Finally, if the problem is one of describing some geographic trajectory, then LNS is most appropriate.

The long-solved problem of the best-fit straight line: application to isotopic mixing lines

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wehr, Richard; Saleska, Scott R.

2017-01-01

It has been almost 50 years since York published an exact and general solution for the best-fit straight line to independent points with normally distributed errors in both x and y. York's solution is highly cited in the geophysical literature but almost unknown outside of it, so that there has been no ebb in the tide of books and papers wrestling with the problem. Much of the post-1969 literature on straight-line fitting has sown confusion not merely by its content but by its very existence. The optimal least-squares fit is already known; the problem is already solved. Here we introduce the non-specialist reader to York's solution and demonstrate its application in the interesting case of the isotopic mixing line, an analytical tool widely used to determine the isotopic signature of trace gas sources for the study of biogeochemical cycles. The most commonly known linear regression methods - ordinary least-squares regression (OLS), geometric mean regression (GMR), and orthogonal distance regression (ODR) - have each been recommended as the best method for fitting isotopic mixing lines. In fact, OLS, GMR, and ODR are all special cases of York's solution that are valid only under particular measurement conditions, and those conditions do not hold in general for isotopic mixing lines. Using Monte Carlo simulations, we quantify the biases in OLS, GMR, and ODR under various conditions and show that York's general - and convenient - solution is always the least biased.

Linear Titration Curves of Acids and Bases.

PubMed

Joseph, N R

1959-05-29

The Henderson-Hasselbalch equation, by a simple transformation, becomes pH - pK = pA - pB, where pA and pB are the negative logarithms of acid and base concentrations. Sigmoid titration curves then reduce to straight lines; titration curves of polyelectrolytes, to families of straight lines. The method is applied to the titration of the dipeptide glycyl aminotricarballylic acid, with four titrable groups. Results are expressed as Cartesian and d'Ocagne nomograms. The latter is of a general form applicable to polyelectrolytes of any degree of complexity.

Parallel Hough Transform-Based Straight Line Detection and Its FPGA Implementation in Embedded Vision

PubMed Central

Lu, Xiaofeng; Song, Li; Shen, Sumin; He, Kang; Yu, Songyu; Ling, Nam

2013-01-01

Hough Transform has been widely used for straight line detection in low-definition and still images, but it suffers from execution time and resource requirements. Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGA) provide a competitive alternative for hardware acceleration to reap tremendous computing performance. In this paper, we propose a novel parallel Hough Transform (PHT) and FPGA architecture-associated framework for real-time straight line detection in high-definition videos. A resource-optimized Canny edge detection method with enhanced non-maximum suppression conditions is presented to suppress most possible false edges and obtain more accurate candidate edge pixels for subsequent accelerated computation. Then, a novel PHT algorithm exploiting spatial angle-level parallelism is proposed to upgrade computational accuracy by improving the minimum computational step. Moreover, the FPGA based multi-level pipelined PHT architecture optimized by spatial parallelism ensures real-time computation for 1,024 × 768 resolution videos without any off-chip memory consumption. This framework is evaluated on ALTERA DE2-115 FPGA evaluation platform at a maximum frequency of 200 MHz, and it can calculate straight line parameters in 15.59 ms on the average for one frame. Qualitative and quantitative evaluation results have validated the system performance regarding data throughput, memory bandwidth, resource, speed and robustness. PMID:23867746

Parallel Hough Transform-based straight line detection and its FPGA implementation in embedded vision.

PubMed

Lu, Xiaofeng; Song, Li; Shen, Sumin; He, Kang; Yu, Songyu; Ling, Nam

2013-07-17

Hough Transform has been widely used for straight line detection in low-definition and still images, but it suffers from execution time and resource requirements. Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGA) provide a competitive alternative for hardware acceleration to reap tremendous computing performance. In this paper, we propose a novel parallel Hough Transform (PHT) and FPGA architecture-associated framework for real-time straight line detection in high-definition videos. A resource-optimized Canny edge detection method with enhanced non-maximum suppression conditions is presented to suppress most possible false edges and obtain more accurate candidate edge pixels for subsequent accelerated computation. Then, a novel PHT algorithm exploiting spatial angle-level parallelism is proposed to upgrade computational accuracy by improving the minimum computational step. Moreover, the FPGA based multi-level pipelined PHT architecture optimized by spatial parallelism ensures real-time computation for 1,024 × 768 resolution videos without any off-chip memory consumption. This framework is evaluated on ALTERA DE2-115 FPGA evaluation platform at a maximum frequency of 200 MHz, and it can calculate straight line parameters in 15.59 ms on the average for one frame. Qualitative and quantitative evaluation results have validated the system performance regarding data throughput, memory bandwidth, resource, speed and robustness.

Multidirectional Scanning Model, MUSCLE, to Vectorize Raster Images with Straight Lines

PubMed Central

Karas, Ismail Rakip; Bayram, Bulent; Batuk, Fatmagul; Akay, Abdullah Emin; Baz, Ibrahim

2008-01-01

This paper presents a new model, MUSCLE (Multidirectional Scanning for Line Extraction), for automatic vectorization of raster images with straight lines. The algorithm of the model implements the line thinning and the simple neighborhood methods to perform vectorization. The model allows users to define specified criteria which are crucial for acquiring the vectorization process. In this model, various raster images can be vectorized such as township plans, maps, architectural drawings, and machine plans. The algorithm of the model was developed by implementing an appropriate computer programming and tested on a basic application. Results, verified by using two well known vectorization programs (WinTopo and Scan2CAD), indicated that the model can successfully vectorize the specified raster data quickly and accurately. PMID:27879843

Multidirectional Scanning Model, MUSCLE, to Vectorize Raster Images with Straight Lines.

PubMed

Karas, Ismail Rakip; Bayram, Bulent; Batuk, Fatmagul; Akay, Abdullah Emin; Baz, Ibrahim

2008-04-15

This paper presents a new model, MUSCLE (Multidirectional Scanning for Line Extraction), for automatic vectorization of raster images with straight lines. The algorithm of the model implements the line thinning and the simple neighborhood methods to perform vectorization. The model allows users to define specified criteria which are crucial for acquiring the vectorization process. In this model, various raster images can be vectorized such as township plans, maps, architectural drawings, and machine plans. The algorithm of the model was developed by implementing an appropriate computer programming and tested on a basic application. Results, verified by using two well known vectorization programs (WinTopo and Scan2CAD), indicated that the model can successfully vectorize the specified raster data quickly and accurately.

26 CFR 7.57(d)-1 - Election with respect to straight line recovery of intangibles.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... Tax Reform Act of 1976. Under this election taxpayers may use cost depletion to compute straight line... wells to which the election applies, cost depletion to compute straight line recovery of intangibles for... whether or not the taxpayer uses cost depletion in computing taxable income. (5) The election is made by a...

Windstorm Impact Reduction Implementation Plan

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-01-01

wind events, including hurricanes, tornadoes and straight line winds from thunderstorms. This information is repeated in brief during severe weather...event documentation and damage analyses. Better understanding of atmospheric dynamics of straight - line winds Wind observing systems and...Developed techniques for improved extreme wind speed maps Investigation of straight - line winds Wind speed and direction analysis for input to

Perception of straightness and parallelism with minimal distance information.

PubMed

Rogers, Brian; Naumenko, Olga

2016-07-01

The ability of human observers to judge the straightness and parallelism of extended lines has been a neglected topic of study since von Helmholtz's initial observations 150 years ago. He showed that there were significant misperceptions of the straightness of extended lines seen in the peripheral visual field. The present study focused on the perception of extended lines (spanning 90° visual angle) that were directly fixated in the visual environment of a planetarium where there was only minimal information about the distance to the lines. Observers were asked to vary the curvature of 1 or more lines until they appeared to be straight and/or parallel, ignoring any perceived curvature in depth. When the horizon between the ground and the sky was visible, the results showed that observers' judgements of the straightness of a single line were significantly biased away from the veridical, great circle locations, and towards equal elevation settings. Similar biases can be seen in the jet trails of aircraft flying across the sky and in Rogers and Anstis's new moon illusion (Perception, 42(Abstract supplement) 18, 2013, 2016). The biasing effect of the horizon was much smaller when observers were asked to judge the straightness and parallelism of 2 or more extended lines. We interpret the results as showing that, in the absence of adequate distance information, observers tend to perceive the projected lines as lying on an approximately equidistant, hemispherical surface and that their judgements of straightness and parallelism are based on the perceived separation of the lines superimposed on that surface.

Bloodstain Pattern Analysis: implementation of a fluid dynamic model for position determination of victims

PubMed Central

Laan, Nick; de Bruin, Karla G.; Slenter, Denise; Wilhelm, Julie; Jermy, Mark; Bonn, Daniel

2015-01-01

Bloodstain Pattern Analysis is a forensic discipline in which, among others, the position of victims can be determined at crime scenes on which blood has been shed. To determine where the blood source was investigators use a straight-line approximation for the trajectory, ignoring effects of gravity and drag and thus overestimating the height of the source. We determined how accurately the location of the origin can be estimated when including gravity and drag into the trajectory reconstruction. We created eight bloodstain patterns at one meter distance from the wall. The origin’s location was determined for each pattern with: the straight-line approximation, our method including gravity, and our method including both gravity and drag. The latter two methods require the volume and impact velocity of each bloodstain, which we are able to determine with a 3D scanner and advanced fluid dynamics, respectively. We conclude that by including gravity and drag in the trajectory calculation, the origin’s location can be determined roughly four times more accurately than with the straight-line approximation. Our study enables investigators to determine if the victim was sitting or standing, or it might be possible to connect wounds on the body to specific patterns, which is important for crime scene reconstruction. PMID:26099070

Bloodstain Pattern Analysis: implementation of a fluid dynamic model for position determination of victims.

PubMed

Laan, Nick; de Bruin, Karla G; Slenter, Denise; Wilhelm, Julie; Jermy, Mark; Bonn, Daniel

2015-06-22

Bloodstain Pattern Analysis is a forensic discipline in which, among others, the position of victims can be determined at crime scenes on which blood has been shed. To determine where the blood source was investigators use a straight-line approximation for the trajectory, ignoring effects of gravity and drag and thus overestimating the height of the source. We determined how accurately the location of the origin can be estimated when including gravity and drag into the trajectory reconstruction. We created eight bloodstain patterns at one meter distance from the wall. The origin's location was determined for each pattern with: the straight-line approximation, our method including gravity, and our method including both gravity and drag. The latter two methods require the volume and impact velocity of each bloodstain, which we are able to determine with a 3D scanner and advanced fluid dynamics, respectively. We conclude that by including gravity and drag in the trajectory calculation, the origin's location can be determined roughly four times more accurately than with the straight-line approximation. Our study enables investigators to determine if the victim was sitting or standing, or it might be possible to connect wounds on the body to specific patterns, which is important for crime scene reconstruction.

Bloodstain Pattern Analysis: implementation of a fluid dynamic model for position determination of victims

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Laan, Nick; de Bruin, Karla G.; Slenter, Denise; Wilhelm, Julie; Jermy, Mark; Bonn, Daniel

2015-06-01

Bloodstain Pattern Analysis is a forensic discipline in which, among others, the position of victims can be determined at crime scenes on which blood has been shed. To determine where the blood source was investigators use a straight-line approximation for the trajectory, ignoring effects of gravity and drag and thus overestimating the height of the source. We determined how accurately the location of the origin can be estimated when including gravity and drag into the trajectory reconstruction. We created eight bloodstain patterns at one meter distance from the wall. The origin’s location was determined for each pattern with: the straight-line approximation, our method including gravity, and our method including both gravity and drag. The latter two methods require the volume and impact velocity of each bloodstain, which we are able to determine with a 3D scanner and advanced fluid dynamics, respectively. We conclude that by including gravity and drag in the trajectory calculation, the origin’s location can be determined roughly four times more accurately than with the straight-line approximation. Our study enables investigators to determine if the victim was sitting or standing, or it might be possible to connect wounds on the body to specific patterns, which is important for crime scene reconstruction.

27 CFR 9.46 - Livermore Valley.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... straight line approximately 4.2 miles, passing onto the Cedar Mtn. map, to BM 1878, 40 feet north of Mines..., R1E; then (18) Continue northwest in a straight line approximately 1.1 miles to an unnamed, 1,291-foot..., 840-foot peak, T3S, R2W; then (24) Proceed north-northeast in a straight line approximately 3.4 miles...

27 CFR 9.46 - Livermore Valley.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... straight line approximately 4.2 miles, passing onto the Cedar Mtn. map, to BM 1878, 40 feet north of Mines..., R1E; then (18) Continue northwest in a straight line approximately 1.1 miles to an unnamed, 1,291-foot..., 840-foot peak, T3S, R2W; then (24) Proceed north-northeast in a straight line approximately 3.4 miles...

27 CFR 9.46 - Livermore Valley.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... straight line approximately 4.2 miles, passing onto the Cedar Mtn. map, to BM 1878, 40 feet north of Mines..., R1E; then (18) Continue northwest in a straight line approximately 1.1 miles to an unnamed, 1,291-foot..., 840-foot peak, T3S, R2W; then (24) Proceed north-northeast in a straight line approximately 3.4 miles...

26 CFR 1.167(e)-1 - Change in method.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... percent of the straight line rate, or any change in the interest factor used in connection with a compound interest or sinking fund method, will constitute a change in method of depreciation. Any request for a...

The long-solved problem of the best-fit straight line: Application to isotopic mixing lines

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Wehr, Richard; Saleska, Scott R.

It has been almost 50 years since York published an exact and general solution for the best-fit straight line to independent points with normally distributed errors in both x and y. York's solution is highly cited in the geophysical literature but almost unknown outside of it, so that there has been no ebb in the tide of books and papers wrestling with the problem. Much of the post-1969 literature on straight-line fitting has sown confusion not merely by its content but by its very existence. The optimal least-squares fit is already known; the problem is already solved. Here we introducemore » the non-specialist reader to York's solution and demonstrate its application in the interesting case of the isotopic mixing line, an analytical tool widely used to determine the isotopic signature of trace gas sources for the study of biogeochemical cycles. The most commonly known linear regression methods – ordinary least-squares regression (OLS), geometric mean regression (GMR), and orthogonal distance regression (ODR) – have each been recommended as the best method for fitting isotopic mixing lines. In fact, OLS, GMR, and ODR are all special cases of York's solution that are valid only under particular measurement conditions, and those conditions do not hold in general for isotopic mixing lines. Here, using Monte Carlo simulations, we quantify the biases in OLS, GMR, and ODR under various conditions and show that York's general – and convenient – solution is always the least biased.« less

The long-solved problem of the best-fit straight line: Application to isotopic mixing lines

DOE PAGES

Wehr, Richard; Saleska, Scott R.

2017-01-03

It has been almost 50 years since York published an exact and general solution for the best-fit straight line to independent points with normally distributed errors in both x and y. York's solution is highly cited in the geophysical literature but almost unknown outside of it, so that there has been no ebb in the tide of books and papers wrestling with the problem. Much of the post-1969 literature on straight-line fitting has sown confusion not merely by its content but by its very existence. The optimal least-squares fit is already known; the problem is already solved. Here we introducemore » the non-specialist reader to York's solution and demonstrate its application in the interesting case of the isotopic mixing line, an analytical tool widely used to determine the isotopic signature of trace gas sources for the study of biogeochemical cycles. The most commonly known linear regression methods – ordinary least-squares regression (OLS), geometric mean regression (GMR), and orthogonal distance regression (ODR) – have each been recommended as the best method for fitting isotopic mixing lines. In fact, OLS, GMR, and ODR are all special cases of York's solution that are valid only under particular measurement conditions, and those conditions do not hold in general for isotopic mixing lines. Here, using Monte Carlo simulations, we quantify the biases in OLS, GMR, and ODR under various conditions and show that York's general – and convenient – solution is always the least biased.« less

STUDIES ON THE FORMATION AND IONIZATION OF THE COMPOUNDS OF CASEIN WITH ALKALI

PubMed Central

Greenberg, David M.; Schmidt, Carl L. A.

1924-01-01

1. The results of conductivity experiments with alkali caseinate solutions are given and a graphical method of extrapolation, which gives a straight line, is described. The results of the conductivity experiments are shown to be in accord with the results of the previous transference experiments. 2. The change of conductivity of the alkali caseinate solutions with temperature is shown to follow a straight line relationship. 3. The high value of the mobility which was obtained for the casein ion and the high temperature gradient are discussed in relation to McBain's theory of colloidal electrolytes. PMID:19872136

GPS/DR Error Estimation for Autonomous Vehicle Localization.

PubMed

Lee, Byung-Hyun; Song, Jong-Hwa; Im, Jun-Hyuck; Im, Sung-Hyuck; Heo, Moon-Beom; Jee, Gyu-In

2015-08-21

Autonomous vehicles require highly reliable navigation capabilities. For example, a lane-following method cannot be applied in an intersection without lanes, and since typical lane detection is performed using a straight-line model, errors can occur when the lateral distance is estimated in curved sections due to a model mismatch. Therefore, this paper proposes a localization method that uses GPS/DR error estimation based on a lane detection method with curved lane models, stop line detection, and curve matching in order to improve the performance during waypoint following procedures. The advantage of using the proposed method is that position information can be provided for autonomous driving through intersections, in sections with sharp curves, and in curved sections following a straight section. The proposed method was applied in autonomous vehicles at an experimental site to evaluate its performance, and the results indicate that the positioning achieved accuracy at the sub-meter level.

GPS/DR Error Estimation for Autonomous Vehicle Localization

PubMed Central

Lee, Byung-Hyun; Song, Jong-Hwa; Im, Jun-Hyuck; Im, Sung-Hyuck; Heo, Moon-Beom; Jee, Gyu-In

2015-01-01

Autonomous vehicles require highly reliable navigation capabilities. For example, a lane-following method cannot be applied in an intersection without lanes, and since typical lane detection is performed using a straight-line model, errors can occur when the lateral distance is estimated in curved sections due to a model mismatch. Therefore, this paper proposes a localization method that uses GPS/DR error estimation based on a lane detection method with curved lane models, stop line detection, and curve matching in order to improve the performance during waypoint following procedures. The advantage of using the proposed method is that position information can be provided for autonomous driving through intersections, in sections with sharp curves, and in curved sections following a straight section. The proposed method was applied in autonomous vehicles at an experimental site to evaluate its performance, and the results indicate that the positioning achieved accuracy at the sub-meter level. PMID:26307997

Feature-based registration of historical aerial images by Area Minimization

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Nagarajan, Sudhagar; Schenk, Toni

2016-06-01

The registration of historical images plays a significant role in assessing changes in land topography over time. By comparing historical aerial images with recent data, geometric changes that have taken place over the years can be quantified. However, the lack of ground control information and precise camera parameters has limited scientists' ability to reliably incorporate historical images into change detection studies. Other limitations include the methods of determining identical points between recent and historical images, which has proven to be a cumbersome task due to continuous land cover changes. Our research demonstrates a method of registering historical images using Time Invariant Line (TIL) features. TIL features are different representations of the same line features in multi-temporal data without explicit point-to-point or straight line-to-straight line correspondence. We successfully determined the exterior orientation of historical images by minimizing the area formed between corresponding TIL features in recent and historical images. We then tested the feasibility of the approach with synthetic and real data and analyzed the results. Based on our analysis, this method shows promise for long-term 3D change detection studies.

27 CFR 9.194 - San Antonio Valley.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... southeast in a straight line for approximately 5 miles across sections 24 and 25, T23S, R9E, and sections 30... Tierra Redonda Mountain map; then (3) Continue southeast in a straight line for approximately 3.25 miles... the Bradley map; then (4) Proceed straight south for approximately 2.5 miles along the eastern...

A Comparison of Best Fit Lines for Data with Outliers

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Glaister, P.

2005-01-01

Three techniques for determining a straight line fit to data are compared. The methods are applied to a range of datasets containing one or more outliers, and to a specific example from the field of chemistry. For the method which is the most resistant to the presence of outliers, a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet, as well as two Matlab routines, are…

Gaussian-Beam/Physical-Optics Design Of Beam Waveguide

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Veruttipong, Watt; Chen, Jacqueline C.; Bathker, Dan A.

1993-01-01

In iterative method of designing wideband beam-waveguide feed for paraboloidal-reflector antenna, Gaussian-beam approximation alternated with more nearly exact physical-optics analysis of diffraction. Includes curved and straight reflectors guiding radiation from feed horn to subreflector. For iterative design calculations, curved mirrors mathematically modeled as thin lenses. Each distance Li is combined length of two straight-line segments intersecting at one of flat mirrors. Method useful for designing beam-waveguide reflectors or mirrors required to have diameters approximately less than 30 wavelengths at one or more intended operating frequencies.

The new moon illusion and the role of perspective in the perception of straight and parallel lines.

PubMed

Rogers, Brian; Naumenko, Olga

2015-01-01

In the new moon illusion, the sun does not appear to be in a direction perpendicular to the boundary between the lit and dark sides of the moon, and aircraft jet trails appear to follow curved paths across the sky. In both cases, lines that are physically straight and parallel to the horizon appear to be curved. These observations prompted us to investigate the neglected question of how we are able to judge the straightness and parallelism of extended lines. To do this, we asked observers to judge the 2-D alignment of three artificial "stars" projected onto the dome of the Saint Petersburg Planetarium that varied in both their elevation and their separation in horizontal azimuth. The results showed that observers make substantial, systematic errors, biasing their judgments away from the veridical great-circle locations and toward equal-elevation settings. These findings further demonstrate that whenever information about the distance of extended lines or isolated points is insufficient, observers tend to assume equidistance, and as a consequence, their straightness judgments are biased toward the angular separation of straight and parallel lines.

27 CFR 9.179 - Southern Oregon.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... township line T22S-T23S; then (4) Proceed southeast approximately 8.5 miles along a straight line to the intersection of township line T23S-T24S with range line R7W-R8W; then south along the R7W-R8W range line... a straight line approximately 3.5 miles toward the intersection of township line T25S-T26S with...

27 CFR 9.179 - Southern Oregon.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... township line T22S-T23S; then (4) Proceed southeast approximately 8.5 miles along a straight line to the intersection of township line T23S-T24S with range line R7W-R8W; then south along the R7W-R8W range line... a straight line approximately 3.5 miles toward the intersection of township line T25S-T26S with...

Using Time-Series Regression to Predict Academic Library Circulations.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Brooks, Terrence A.

1984-01-01

Four methods were used to forecast monthly circulation totals in 15 midwestern academic libraries: dummy time-series regression, lagged time-series regression, simple average (straight-line forecasting), monthly average (naive forecasting). In tests of forecasting accuracy, dummy regression method and monthly mean method exhibited smallest average…

27 CFR 9.223 - Coombsville.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... for 0.4 mile to the intersection of the 1,400-foot elevation line and an unnamed intermittent creek... straight line for 0.45 mile to the intersection of the 1,380-foot elevation line and an unnamed, unimproved...; then (3) Proceed south-southeast in a straight line for 0.6 mile to the unnamed 1,804-foot elevation...

27 CFR 9.223 - Coombsville.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... for 0.4 mile to the intersection of the 1,400-foot elevation line and an unnamed intermittent creek... straight line for 0.45 mile to the intersection of the 1,380-foot elevation line and an unnamed, unimproved...; then (3) Proceed south-southeast in a straight line for 0.6 mile to the unnamed 1,804-foot elevation...

27 CFR 9.223 - Coombsville.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... for 0.4 mile to the intersection of the 1,400-foot elevation line and an unnamed intermittent creek... straight line for 0.45 mile to the intersection of the 1,380-foot elevation line and an unnamed, unimproved...; then (3) Proceed south-southeast in a straight line for 0.6 mile to the unnamed 1,804-foot elevation...

Finger vein recognition using local line binary pattern.

PubMed

Rosdi, Bakhtiar Affendi; Shing, Chai Wuh; Suandi, Shahrel Azmin

2011-01-01

In this paper, a personal verification method using finger vein is presented. Finger vein can be considered more secured compared to other hands based biometric traits such as fingerprint and palm print because the features are inside the human body. In the proposed method, a new texture descriptor called local line binary pattern (LLBP) is utilized as feature extraction technique. The neighbourhood shape in LLBP is a straight line, unlike in local binary pattern (LBP) which is a square shape. Experimental results show that the proposed method using LLBP has better performance than the previous methods using LBP and local derivative pattern (LDP).

Roadway data representation and application development : final report, December 2009.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2009-08-06

The Straight-line Diagrammer, a web-based application to produce Straight-line Diagrams (SLDs) automatically, was developed in this project to replace old application (AutoSLD) which has outdated structure and limited capabilities.

The awakening of Attneave's sleeping cat: identification of everyday objects on the basis of straight-line versions of outlines.

PubMed

De Winter, Joeri; Wagemans, Johan

2008-01-01

Attneave (1954 Psychological Review 61 183-193) demonstrated that a line drawing of a sleeping cat can still be identified when the smoothly curved contours are replaced by straight-line segments connecting the positive maxima and negative minima of contour curvature. Using the set of line drawings by Snodgrass and Vanderwart (1980 Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory 6 174-215) we made outline versions (with known curvature values along the contour) that can still be identified and that can be used to test Attneave's demonstration more systematically and more thoroughly. In five experiments (with 444 subjects in total), we tested identifiability of straight-line versions of 184 stimuli with different selections of points to be connected (using 24 to 28 subjects per stimulus per condition). Straight-line versions connecting curvature extrema were easier to identify than those based on inflections (where curvature changes sign), and those connecting salient points (determined by 161 independent subjects) were easier than those connecting midpoints. However, identification varied considerably between objects: some were almost always identifiable and others almost never, regardless of the selection criterion, whereas identifiability depended on the specific shape attributes preserved in the straight-line version of the outline in other objects. Results are discussed in relation to Attneave's original hypotheses as well as in the light of more recent theories on shape perception and object identification.

33 CFR 183.3 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... defined by a series of points of contact, with the boat structure, by straight lines at 45 degree angles... the line defined by a series of points of contact with the boat structure, by straight lines at 45 degree angles to the horizontal and contained in a vertical plane normal to the outside edge of the boat...

Naive vs. Sophisticated Methods of Forecasting Public Library Circulations.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Brooks, Terrence A.

1984-01-01

Two sophisticated--autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA), straight-line regression--and two naive--simple average, monthly average--forecasting techniques were used to forecast monthly circulation totals of 34 public libraries. Comparisons of forecasts and actual totals revealed that ARIMA and monthly average methods had smallest mean…

Normal probability plots with confidence.

PubMed

Chantarangsi, Wanpen; Liu, Wei; Bretz, Frank; Kiatsupaibul, Seksan; Hayter, Anthony J; Wan, Fang

2015-01-01

Normal probability plots are widely used as a statistical tool for assessing whether an observed simple random sample is drawn from a normally distributed population. The users, however, have to judge subjectively, if no objective rule is provided, whether the plotted points fall close to a straight line. In this paper, we focus on how a normal probability plot can be augmented by intervals for all the points so that, if the population distribution is normal, then all the points should fall into the corresponding intervals simultaneously with probability 1-α. These simultaneous 1-α probability intervals provide therefore an objective mean to judge whether the plotted points fall close to the straight line: the plotted points fall close to the straight line if and only if all the points fall into the corresponding intervals. The powers of several normal probability plot based (graphical) tests and the most popular nongraphical Anderson-Darling and Shapiro-Wilk tests are compared by simulation. Based on this comparison, recommendations are given in Section 3 on which graphical tests should be used in what circumstances. An example is provided to illustrate the methods. © 2014 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Nanoscale shift of the intensity distribution of dipole radiation.

PubMed

Shu, Jie; Li, Xin; Arnoldus, Henk F

2009-02-01

The energy flow lines (field lines of the Poynting vector) for radiation emitted by a dipole are in general curves, rather than straight lines. For a linear dipole the field lines are straight, but when the dipole moment of a source rotates, the field lines wind numerous times around an axis, which is perpendicular to the plane of rotation, before asymptotically approaching a straight line. We consider an elliptical dipole moment, representing the most general state of oscillation, and this includes the linear dipole as a special case. Due to the spiraling near the source, for the case of a rotating dipole moment, the field lines in the far field are displaced with respect to the outward radial direction, and this leads to a shift of the intensity distribution of the radiation in the far field. This shift is shown to be independent of the distance to the source and, although of nanoscale dimension, should be experimentally observable.

33 CFR 80.712 - Morris Island, SC to Hilton Head Island, SC.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... Edisto River Entrance to the shore of Botany Bay Island. (d) A line drawn from the microwave antenna..., SC to Hilton Head Island, SC. (a) A straight line drawn from the seaward tangent of Folly Island through across Stono River to the shoreline of Sandy Point. (b) A straight line drawn from the seaward...

33 CFR 80.712 - Morris Island, SC to Hilton Head Island, SC.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... Edisto River Entrance to the shore of Botany Bay Island. (d) A line drawn from the microwave antenna..., SC to Hilton Head Island, SC. (a) A straight line drawn from the seaward tangent of Folly Island through across Stono River to the shoreline of Sandy Point. (b) A straight line drawn from the seaward...

A comparison of techniques for inversion of radio-ray phase data in presence of ray bending

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Wallio, H. A.; Grossi, M. D.

1972-01-01

Derivations are presented of the straight-line Abel transform and the seismological Herglotz-Wiechert transform (which takes ray bending into account) that are used in the reconstruction of refractivity profiles from radio-wave phase data. Profile inversion utilizing these approaches, performed in computer-simulated experiments, are compared for cases of positive, zero, and negative ray bending. For thin atmospheres and ionospheres, such as the Martian atmosphere and ionosphere, radio wave signals are shown to be inverted accurately with both methods. For dense media, such as the solar corona or the lower Venus atmosphere, the refractive recovered by the seismological Herglotz-Wiechert transform provide a significant improvement compared with the straight-line Abel transform.

Straight line foraging in yellow-eyed penguins: new insights into cascading fisheries effects and orientation capabilities of marine predators.

PubMed

Mattern, Thomas; Ellenberg, Ursula; Houston, David M; Lamare, Miles; Davis, Lloyd S; van Heezik, Yolanda; Seddon, Philip J

2013-01-01

Free-ranging marine predators rarely search for prey along straight lines because dynamic ocean processes usually require complex search strategies. If linear movement patterns occur they are usually associated with travelling events or migratory behaviour. However, recent fine scale tracking of flying seabirds has revealed straight-line movements while birds followed fishing vessels. Unlike flying seabirds, penguins are not known to target and follow fishing vessels. Yet yellow-eyed penguins from New Zealand often exhibit directed movement patterns while searching for prey at the seafloor, a behaviour that seems to contradict common movement ecology theories. While deploying GPS dive loggers on yellow-eyed penguins from the Otago Peninsula we found that the birds frequently followed straight lines for several kilometres with little horizontal deviation. In several cases individuals swam up and down the same line, while some of the lines were followed by more than one individual. Using a remote operated vehicle (ROV) we found a highly visible furrow on the seafloor most likely caused by an otter board of a demersal fish trawl, which ran in a straight line exactly matching the trajectory of a recent line identified from penguin tracks. We noted high abundances of benthic scavengers associated with fisheries-related bottom disturbance. While our data demonstrate the acute way-finding capabilities of benthic foraging yellow-eyed penguins, they also highlight how hidden cascading effects of coastal fisheries may alter behaviour and potentially even population dynamics of marine predators, an often overlooked fact in the examination of fisheries' impacts.

Finger Vein Recognition Using Local Line Binary Pattern

PubMed Central

Rosdi, Bakhtiar Affendi; Shing, Chai Wuh; Suandi, Shahrel Azmin

2011-01-01

In this paper, a personal verification method using finger vein is presented. Finger vein can be considered more secured compared to other hands based biometric traits such as fingerprint and palm print because the features are inside the human body. In the proposed method, a new texture descriptor called local line binary pattern (LLBP) is utilized as feature extraction technique. The neighbourhood shape in LLBP is a straight line, unlike in local binary pattern (LBP) which is a square shape. Experimental results show that the proposed method using LLBP has better performance than the previous methods using LBP and local derivative pattern (LDP). PMID:22247670

Method of measuring cross-flow vortices by use of an array of hot-film sensors

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Agarwal, Aval K. (Inventor); Maddalon, Dal V. (Inventor); Mangalam, Siva M. (Inventor)

1993-01-01

The invention is a method for measuring the wavelength of cross-flow vortices of air flow having streamlines of flow traveling across a swept airfoil. The method comprises providing a plurality of hot-film sensors. Each hot-film sensor provides a signal which can be processed, and each hot-film sensor is spaced in a straight-line array such that the distance between successive hot-film sensors is less than the wavelength of the cross-flow vortices being measured. The method further comprises determining the direction of travel of the streamlines across the airfoil and positioning the straight-line array of hot film sensors perpendicular to the direction of travel of the streamlines, such that each sensor has a spanwise location. The method further comprises processing the signals provided by the sensors to provide root-mean-square values for each signal, plotting each root-mean-square value as a function of its spanwise location, and determining the wavelength of the cross-flow vortices by noting the distance between two maxima or two minima of root-mean-square values.

Not Out of Control: Analysis of the Federal Disaster Spending Trend

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-03-01

included heavy rain, excessive rainfall, tropical storms, hurricanes, flooding, coastal flooding, wind, straight line winds, high winds, tornadoes ...straight line winds, tornadoes , high winds, coastal flooding, soil saturation, and mud flow.174 Despite the high number of severe storm declarations over

26 CFR 1.57-0 - Scope.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... items of tax preference are: (a) Excess investment interest, (b) The excess of accelerated depreciation on section 1250 property over straight line depreciation, (c) The excess of accelerated depreciation on section 1245 property subject to a net lease over straight line depreciation, (d) The excess of...

Single-Camera-Based Method for Step Length Symmetry Measurement in Unconstrained Elderly Home Monitoring.

PubMed

Cai, Xi; Han, Guang; Song, Xin; Wang, Jinkuan

2017-11-01

single-camera-based gait monitoring is unobtrusive, inexpensive, and easy-to-use to monitor daily gait of seniors in their homes. However, most studies require subjects to walk perpendicularly to camera's optical axis or along some specified routes, which limits its application in elderly home monitoring. To build unconstrained monitoring environments, we propose a method to measure step length symmetry ratio (a useful gait parameter representing gait symmetry without significant relationship with age) from unconstrained straight walking using a single camera, without strict restrictions on walking directions or routes. according to projective geometry theory, we first develop a calculation formula of step length ratio for the case of unconstrained straight-line walking. Then, to adapt to general cases, we propose to modify noncollinear footprints, and accordingly provide general procedure for step length ratio extraction from unconstrained straight walking. Our method achieves a mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of 1.9547% for 15 subjects' normal and abnormal side-view gaits, and also obtains satisfactory MAPEs for non-side-view gaits (2.4026% for 45°-view gaits and 3.9721% for 30°-view gaits). The performance is much better than a well-established monocular gait measurement system suitable only for side-view gaits with a MAPE of 3.5538%. Independently of walking directions, our method can accurately estimate step length ratios from unconstrained straight walking. This demonstrates our method is applicable for elders' daily gait monitoring to provide valuable information for elderly health care, such as abnormal gait recognition, fall risk assessment, etc. single-camera-based gait monitoring is unobtrusive, inexpensive, and easy-to-use to monitor daily gait of seniors in their homes. However, most studies require subjects to walk perpendicularly to camera's optical axis or along some specified routes, which limits its application in elderly home monitoring. To build unconstrained monitoring environments, we propose a method to measure step length symmetry ratio (a useful gait parameter representing gait symmetry without significant relationship with age) from unconstrained straight walking using a single camera, without strict restrictions on walking directions or routes. according to projective geometry theory, we first develop a calculation formula of step length ratio for the case of unconstrained straight-line walking. Then, to adapt to general cases, we propose to modify noncollinear footprints, and accordingly provide general procedure for step length ratio extraction from unconstrained straight walking. Our method achieves a mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of 1.9547% for 15 subjects' normal and abnormal side-view gaits, and also obtains satisfactory MAPEs for non-side-view gaits (2.4026% for 45°-view gaits and 3.9721% for 30°-view gaits). The performance is much better than a well-established monocular gait measurement system suitable only for side-view gaits with a MAPE of 3.5538%. Independently of walking directions, our method can accurately estimate step length ratios from unconstrained straight walking. This demonstrates our method is applicable for elders' daily gait monitoring to provide valuable information for elderly health care, such as abnormal gait recognition, fall risk assessment, etc.

Automated detection of jet contrails using the AVHRR split window

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Engelstad, M.; Sengupta, S. K.; Lee, T.; Welch, R. M.

1992-01-01

This paper investigates the automated detection of jet contrails using data from the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer. A preliminary algorithm subtracts the 11.8-micron image from the 10.8-micron image, creating a difference image on which contrails are enhanced. Then a three-stage algorithm searches the difference image for the nearly-straight line segments which characterize contrails. First, the algorithm searches for elevated, linear patterns called 'ridges'. Second, it applies a Hough transform to the detected ridges to locate nearly-straight lines. Third, the algorithm determines which of the nearly-straight lines are likely to be contrails. The paper applies this technique to several test scenes.

International Boundary Study. Series A. Limits in the Seas. Number 42, Straight Baselines: Ecuador.

DTIC Science & Technology

1972-05-23

point a straight line to Puntilla de Santa Elena; (d) A straight line from Puntilla de Santa Elena in the direction of Cabo Blanco ( Peru ) to the...published by the U.S. Navy Oceanographic Office. 1. The seaward extension of the Colombia-Ecuador land boundary into Bahia Ancon de Sardinas is not...Comments 1-2 81 Closes Bahia Ancon de Sardinas, which is neither a historical nor juridical bay, by connecting Cabo Manglares, Colombia (1) and Punta Galera

Reconstruction of flux coordinates from discretized magnetic field maps

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Predebon, I.; Momo, B.; Suzuki, Y.; Auriemma, F.

2018-04-01

We provide a simple method to build a straight field-line coordinate system from discretized (Poincaré) magnetic field maps. The method is suitable for any plasma domain with nested flux surfaces, including magnetic islands. Illustrative examples are shown for tokamak, heliotron, and reversed-field-pinch plasmas with m = 1 islands.

40 CFR Appendix A to Subpart E of... - Cost-Effectiveness Analysis Guidelines

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... of the resources which are attributable to the waste treatment management system or to one of its... end of the planning period. In this case, salvage value shall be estimated using straight line..., commercial and institutional sources, shall be based upon one of the following methods: (a) Preferred method...

40 CFR Appendix A to Subpart E of... - Cost-Effectiveness Analysis Guidelines

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... of the resources which are attributable to the waste treatment management system or to one of its... end of the planning period. In this case, salvage value shall be estimated using straight line..., commercial and institutional sources, shall be based upon one of the following methods: (a) Preferred method...

40 CFR Appendix A to Subpart E of... - Cost-Effectiveness Analysis Guidelines

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... of the resources which are attributable to the waste treatment management system or to one of its... end of the planning period. In this case, salvage value shall be estimated using straight line..., commercial and institutional sources, shall be based upon one of the following methods: (a) Preferred method...

40 CFR Appendix A to Subpart E of... - Cost-Effectiveness Analysis Guidelines

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... of the resources which are attributable to the waste treatment management system or to one of its... end of the planning period. In this case, salvage value shall be estimated using straight line..., commercial and institutional sources, shall be based upon one of the following methods: (a) Preferred method...

40 CFR Appendix A to Subpart E of... - Cost-Effectiveness Analysis Guidelines

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... of the resources which are attributable to the waste treatment management system or to one of its... end of the planning period. In this case, salvage value shall be estimated using straight line..., commercial and institutional sources, shall be based upon one of the following methods: (a) Preferred method...

Centaur feedline dynamics study using power spectral methods. [fundamental mode resonant frequencies of RL-10 oxygen and hydrogen feed lines

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Lorenzo, C. F.

1974-01-01

Tests were conducted to determine the dynamic characteristics of the Centaur/RL-10 oxygen and hydrogen feedlines. The fundamental-mode resonant frequencies were determined by applying power spectral methods to noise-generated data from hot firings of the RL-10 engine. The effect of net positive suction pressure of the main feed pumps on resonant frequency characteristics was determined to be a straight-line relation. Power spectral methods were also used to determine the dynamic characteristics of the boost pumps.

Raft cultivation area extraction from high resolution remote sensing imagery by fusing multi-scale region-line primitive association features

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, Min; Cui, Qi; Wang, Jie; Ming, Dongping; Lv, Guonian

2017-01-01

In this paper, we first propose several novel concepts for object-based image analysis, which include line-based shape regularity, line density, and scale-based best feature value (SBV), based on the region-line primitive association framework (RLPAF). We then propose a raft cultivation area (RCA) extraction method for high spatial resolution (HSR) remote sensing imagery based on multi-scale feature fusion and spatial rule induction. The proposed method includes the following steps: (1) Multi-scale region primitives (segments) are obtained by image segmentation method HBC-SEG, and line primitives (straight lines) are obtained by phase-based line detection method. (2) Association relationships between regions and lines are built based on RLPAF, and then multi-scale RLPAF features are extracted and SBVs are selected. (3) Several spatial rules are designed to extract RCAs within sea waters after land and water separation. Experiments show that the proposed method can successfully extract different-shaped RCAs from HR images with good performance.

Related Rates and the Speed of Light.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Althoen, S. C.; Weidner, J. F.

1985-01-01

Standard calculus textbooks often include a related rates problem involving light cast onto a straight line by a revolving light source. Mathematical aspects to these problems (both in the solution and in the method by which that solution is obtained) are examined. (JN)

27 CFR 9.97 - Sonoita.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... feet) in the Canelo Hills. (ii) From there in a straight line eastward for approximately 10 miles, to...-northwestward for approximately 21 miles in a straight line to the summit of Granite Peak (7,413 feet) in the... Mount Wrightson (9,543 feet) in the Santa Rita Mountains. (2) Boundary Description—(i) From the starting...

27 CFR 9.97 - Sonoita.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... feet) in the Canelo Hills. (ii) From there in a straight line eastward for approximately 10 miles, to...-northwestward for approximately 21 miles in a straight line to the summit of Granite Peak (7,413 feet) in the... Mount Wrightson (9,543 feet) in the Santa Rita Mountains. (2) Boundary Description—(i) From the starting...

27 CFR 9.134 - Oakville.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... Highway 29, then continuing in a straight line approximately .1 mile to the peak of the 320+ foot hill... direction in a straight line approximately 1.7 miles along Skellenger Lane, past its intersection with Conn... quadrangle map); (2) Then south along the center of the river bed approximately .4 miles to the point where...

27 CFR 9.97 - Sonoita.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... feet) in the Canelo Hills. (ii) From there in a straight line eastward for approximately 10 miles, to...-northwestward for approximately 21 miles in a straight line to the summit of Granite Peak (7,413 feet) in the... Mount Wrightson (9,543 feet) in the Santa Rita Mountains. (2) Boundary Description—(i) From the starting...

27 CFR 9.97 - Sonoita.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... feet) in the Canelo Hills. (ii) From there in a straight line eastward for approximately 10 miles, to...-northwestward for approximately 21 miles in a straight line to the summit of Granite Peak (7,413 feet) in the... Mount Wrightson (9,543 feet) in the Santa Rita Mountains. (2) Boundary Description—(i) From the starting...

27 CFR 9.97 - Sonoita.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... feet) in the Canelo Hills. (ii) From there in a straight line eastward for approximately 10 miles, to...-northwestward for approximately 21 miles in a straight line to the summit of Granite Peak (7,413 feet) in the... Mount Wrightson (9,543 feet) in the Santa Rita Mountains. (2) Boundary Description—(i) From the starting...

27 CFR 9.134 - Oakville.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... Highway 29, then continuing in a straight line approximately .1 mile to the peak of the 320+ foot hill... direction in a straight line approximately 1.7 miles along Skellenger Lane, past its intersection with Conn... quadrangle map); (2) Then south along the center of the river bed approximately .4 miles to the point where...

Pre-School Students' Informal Acquisitions Regarding the Concepts of Point and Straight Line

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Orbay, Keziban; Develi, Mehmet Hikmet

2015-01-01

This study aimed to investigate the informal cognitive structures regarding "point" and "straight line"--two basic and undefined terms of geometry--in children registered in preschool--the previous step before in-class formal education process. The study was conducted with the participation of 50 children enrolled in nursery,…

Optimal approaches for inline sampling of organisms in ballast water: L-shaped vs. Straight sample probes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wier, Timothy P.; Moser, Cameron S.; Grant, Jonathan F.; Riley, Scott C.; Robbins-Wamsley, Stephanie H.; First, Matthew R.; Drake, Lisa A.

2017-10-01

Both L-shaped ("L") and straight ("Straight") sample probes have been used to collect water samples from a main ballast line in land-based or shipboard verification testing of ballast water management systems (BWMS). A series of experiments was conducted to quantify and compare the sampling efficiencies of L and Straight sample probes. The findings from this research-that both L and Straight probes sample organisms with similar efficiencies-permit increased flexibility for positioning sample probes aboard ships.

The FFAG return loop for the CBETA Energy Recovery Linac

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Berg, J. S.

2017-04-28

The CBETA energy recovery linac uses a single xed eld alternating gradient (FFAG) beam line to return the beam for electron beams with four energies, ranging from 42 MeV to 150 MeV. To keep the beam line compact, the ends of the return line have a small radius of curvature, but the central part of the return line is straight. These are connected by transition lines that adiabatically change from one to the other. We rst describe the design or the arc cell. We then describe how a straight cell is created to be a good match to this arcmore » cell. We then describe the design of the transition line between them. The design process makes use of eld maps for the desired magnets. Because we switch magnet types as we move from the arc, through the transition, and into the straight, there are discrete jumps in the elds that degrade the adiabaticity of the transition, and we describe corrections to manage that.« less

Three Perspectives on Teaching Least Squares

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Scariano, Stephen M.; Calzada, Maria

2004-01-01

The method of Least Squares is the most widely used technique for fitting a straight line to data, and it is typically discussed in several undergraduate courses. This article focuses on three developmentally different approaches for solving the Least Squares problem that are suitable for classroom exposition.

Differences in apparent straightness of dot and line stimuli.

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Parlee, M. B.

1972-01-01

An investigation has been made of anisotropic responses to contoured and noncontoured stimuli to obtain an insight into the way these stimuli are processed. For this purpose, eight subjects judged the alignment of minimally contoured (3 dot) and contoured (line) stimuli. Stimuli, presented to each eye separately, vertically subtended either 8 or 32 deg visual angle and were located 10 deg left, center, or 10 deg right in the visual field. Location-dependent deviations from physical straightness were larger for dot stimuli than for lines. The results were the same for the two eyes. In a second experiment, subjects judged the alignment of stimuli composed of different densities of dots. Apparent straightness for these stimuli was the same as for lines. The results are discussed in terms of alternative mechanisms for analysis of contoured and minimally contoured stimuli.

Power in randomized group comparisons: the value of adding a single intermediate time point to a traditional pretest-posttest design.

PubMed

Venter, Anre; Maxwell, Scott E; Bolig, Erika

2002-06-01

Adding a pretest as a covariate to a randomized posttest-only design increases statistical power, as does the addition of intermediate time points to a randomized pretest-posttest design. Although typically 5 waves of data are required in this instance to produce meaningful gains in power, a 3-wave intensive design allows the evaluation of the straight-line growth model and may reduce the effect of missing data. The authors identify the statistically most powerful method of data analysis in the 3-wave intensive design. If straight-line growth is assumed, the pretest-posttest slope must assume fairly extreme values for the intermediate time point to increase power beyond the standard analysis of covariance on the posttest with the pretest as covariate, ignoring the intermediate time point.

27 CFR 9.56 - San Lucas.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... mile to the 630-foot promontory in section 32, T. 20 S., R. 9 E.; (1) Then east southeasterly in a straight line approximately 0.6 mile to the 499-foot promontory in the southwest corner of section 33, T. 20 S., R. 9 E.; (2) Then east southeasterly in a straight line approximately 1.3 miles to the 847...

27 CFR 9.30 - North Coast.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... Valley Ford; (2) Then southeast in a straight line for approximately 22.0 miles to the peak of Barnabe Mountain (elevation 1466 feet); (3) Then southeast in a straight line for approximately 10.0 miles to the... approximately 5.8 miles to the confluence of San Rafael Creek and San Rafael Bay in San Rafael; (5) Then north...

27 CFR 9.56 - San Lucas.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... mile to the 630-foot promontory in section 32, T. 20 S., R. 9 E.; (1) Then east southeasterly in a straight line approximately 0.6 mile to the 499-foot promontory in the southwest corner of section 33, T. 20 S., R. 9 E.; (2) Then east southeasterly in a straight line approximately 1.3 miles to the 847...

27 CFR 9.56 - San Lucas.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... mile to the 630-foot promontory in section 32, T. 20 S., R. 9 E.; (1) Then east southeasterly in a straight line approximately 0.6 mile to the 499-foot promontory in the southwest corner of section 33, T. 20 S., R. 9 E.; (2) Then east southeasterly in a straight line approximately 1.3 miles to the 847...

27 CFR 9.178 - Columbia Gorge.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... Columbia River. From this point, the boundary line— (1) Goes 1.5 miles straight north along the R9E-R10E line to the northwest corner of section 19, T3N, R10E (Hood River Quadrangle); (2) Continues 2 miles... Quadrangle); (3) Goes 4.1 miles straight north along the section line, crossing onto the Northwestern Lake...

27 CFR 9.178 - Columbia Gorge.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... Columbia River. From this point, the boundary line— (1) Goes 1.5 miles straight north along the R9E-R10E line to the northwest corner of section 19, T3N, R10E (Hood River Quadrangle); (2) Continues 2 miles... Quadrangle); (3) Goes 4.1 miles straight north along the section line, crossing onto the Northwestern Lake...

27 CFR 9.178 - Columbia Gorge.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... Columbia River. From this point, the boundary line— (1) Goes 1.5 miles straight north along the R9E-R10E line to the northwest corner of section 19, T3N, R10E (Hood River Quadrangle); (2) Continues 2 miles... Quadrangle); (3) Goes 4.1 miles straight north along the section line, crossing onto the Northwestern Lake...

27 CFR 9.30 - North Coast.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... Valley Ford; (2) Then southeast in a straight line for approximately 22.0 miles to the peak of Barnabe Mountain (elevation 1466 feet); (3) Then southeast in a straight line for approximately 10.0 miles to the... approximately 5.8 miles to the confluence of San Rafael Creek and San Rafael Bay in San Rafael; (5) Then north...

27 CFR 9.30 - North Coast.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... Valley Ford; (2) Then southeast in a straight line for approximately 22.0 miles to the peak of Barnabe Mountain (elevation 1466 feet); (3) Then southeast in a straight line for approximately 10.0 miles to the... approximately 5.8 miles to the confluence of San Rafael Creek and San Rafael Bay in San Rafael; (5) Then north...

27 CFR 9.178 - Columbia Gorge.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... Columbia River. From this point, the boundary line— (1) Goes 1.5 miles straight north along the R9E-R10E line to the northwest corner of section 19, T3N, R10E (Hood River Quadrangle); (2) Continues 2 miles... Quadrangle); (3) Goes 4.1 miles straight north along the section line, crossing onto the Northwestern Lake...

27 CFR 9.226 - Inwood Valley.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... east-northeasterly in a straight line approximately 4.1 miles, onto the Inwood map, to the 1,786-foot... 2.1 miles to the 2,086-foot elevation point, section 15, T31N/R1W; then (3) Proceed north-northeasterly in a straight line approximately 0.7 mile to the marked 1,648-foot elevation point (which should...

27 CFR 9.56 - San Lucas.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... mile to the 630-foot promontory in section 32, T. 20 S., R. 9 E.; (1) Then east southeasterly in a straight line approximately 0.6 mile to the 499-foot promontory in the southwest corner of section 33, T. 20 S., R. 9 E.; (2) Then east southeasterly in a straight line approximately 1.3 miles to the 847...

27 CFR 9.30 - North Coast.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... Valley Ford; (2) Then southeast in a straight line for approximately 22.0 miles to the peak of Barnabe Mountain (elevation 1466 feet); (3) Then southeast in a straight line for approximately 10.0 miles to the... approximately 5.8 miles to the confluence of San Rafael Creek and San Rafael Bay in San Rafael; (5) Then north...

27 CFR 9.56 - San Lucas.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... mile to the 630-foot promontory in section 32, T. 20 S., R. 9 E.; (1) Then east southeasterly in a straight line approximately 0.6 mile to the 499-foot promontory in the southwest corner of section 33, T. 20 S., R. 9 E.; (2) Then east southeasterly in a straight line approximately 1.3 miles to the 847...

27 CFR 9.30 - North Coast.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... Valley Ford; (2) Then southeast in a straight line for approximately 22.0 miles to the peak of Barnabe Mountain (elevation 1466 feet); (3) Then southeast in a straight line for approximately 10.0 miles to the... approximately 5.8 miles to the confluence of San Rafael Creek and San Rafael Bay in San Rafael; (5) Then north...

27 CFR 9.140 - Atlas Peak.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... straight line approximately one mile to an unnamed pass with an elevation of 1485 feet, located on Soda Canyon Road; (3) Then easterly in a straight line approximately 0.5 miles to an unnamed peak of 2135 feet... miles to the highest point of an unnamed peak of 1268 feet elevation in section 12, T. 6 N., R. 4 W. on...

27 CFR 9.226 - Inwood Valley.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... east-northeasterly in a straight line approximately 4.1 miles, onto the Inwood map, to the 1,786-foot... 2.1 miles to the 2,086-foot elevation point, section 15, T31N/R1W; then (3) Proceed north-northeasterly in a straight line approximately 0.7 mile to the marked 1,648-foot elevation point (which should...

27 CFR 9.140 - Atlas Peak.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... straight line approximately one mile to an unnamed pass with an elevation of 1485 feet, located on Soda Canyon Road; (3) Then easterly in a straight line approximately 0.5 miles to an unnamed peak of 2135 feet... miles to the highest point of an unnamed peak of 1268 feet elevation in section 12, T. 6 N., R. 4 W. on...

27 CFR 9.140 - Atlas Peak.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... straight line approximately one mile to an unnamed pass with an elevation of 1485 feet, located on Soda Canyon Road; (3) Then easterly in a straight line approximately 0.5 miles to an unnamed peak of 2135 feet... miles to the highest point of an unnamed peak of 1268 feet elevation in section 12, T. 6 N., R. 4 W. on...

27 CFR 9.140 - Atlas Peak.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... straight line approximately one mile to an unnamed pass with an elevation of 1485 feet, located on Soda Canyon Road; (3) Then easterly in a straight line approximately 0.5 miles to an unnamed peak of 2135 feet... miles to the highest point of an unnamed peak of 1268 feet elevation in section 12, T. 6 N., R. 4 W. on...

A real-time visual inspection method of fastening bolts in freight car operation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Nan, Guo; Yao, JunEn

2015-10-01

A real-time inspection of the key components is necessary for ensuring safe operation of freight car. While traditional inspection depends on the trained human inspectors, which is time-consuming and lower efficient. With the development of machine vision, vision-based inspection methods get more railway on-spot applications. The cross rod end fastening bolts are important components on both sides of the train body that fixing locking plates together with the freight car main structure. In our experiment, we get the images containing fastening bolt components, and accurately locate the locking plate position using a linear Support Vector Machine (SVM) locating model trained with Histograms of Oriented Gradients (HOG) features. Then we extract the straight line segment using the Line Segment Detector (LSD) and encoding them in a range, which constitute a straight line segment dataset. Lastly we determine the locking plate's working state by the linear pattern. The experiment result shows that the localization accurate rate is over 99%, the fault detection rate is over 95%, and the module implementation time is 2f/s. The overall performance can completely meet the practical railway safety assurance application.

Setting the Record Straight. The Truth About Fad Diets.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Wheat Foods Council, Parker, CO.

The Setting the Record Straight information packet presents facts to set the record straight about nutrition and debunk fad diets. The kit features materials designed to communicate the importance of balanced eating. Materials include: a time line of fad diets; four reproducible fad diet book review handouts that show the misleading claims rampant…

Methods and computer program documentation for determining anisotropic transmissivity tensor components of two-dimensional ground-water flow

USGS Publications Warehouse

Maslia, M.L.; Randolph, R.B.

1986-01-01

The theory of anisotropic aquifer hydraulic properties and a computer program, written in Fortran 77, developed to compute the components of the anisotropic transmissivity tensor of two-dimensional groundwater flow are described. To determine the tensor components using one pumping well and three observation wells, the type-curve and straight-line approximation methods are developed. These methods are based on the equation of drawdown developed for two-dimensional nonsteady flow in an infinite anisotropic aquifer. To determine tensor components using more than three observation wells, a weighted least squares optimization procedure is described for use with the type-curve and straight-line approximation methods. The computer program described in this report allows the type-curve, straight-line approximation, and weighted least squares optimization methods to be used in conjunction with data from observation and pumping wells. Three example applications using the computer program and field data gathered during geohydrologic investigations at a site near Dawsonville, Georgia , are provided to illustrate the use of the computer program. The example applications demonstrate the use of the type-curve method using three observation wells, the weighted least squares optimization method using eight observation wells and equal weighting, and the weighted least squares optimization method using eight observation wells and unequal weighting. Results obtained using the computer program indicate major transmissivity in the range of 347-296 sq ft/day, minor transmissivity in the range of 139-99 sq ft/day, aquifer anisotropy in the range of 3.54 to 2.14, principal direction of flow in the range of N. 45.9 degrees E. to N. 58.7 degrees E., and storage coefficient in the range of 0.0063 to 0.0037. The numerical results are in good agreement with field data gathered on the weathered crystalline rocks underlying the investigation site. Supplemental material provides definitions of variables, data requirements and corresponding formats, input data and output results for the example applications, and a listing of the Fortran 77 computer code. (Author 's abstract)

Gyrokinetic continuum simulation of turbulence in a straight open-field-line plasma

DOE PAGES

Shi, E. L.; Hammett, G. W.; Stoltzfus-Dueck, T.; ...

2017-05-29

Here, five-dimensional gyrokinetic continuum simulations of electrostatic plasma turbulence in a straight, open-field-line geometry have been performed using a full- discontinuous-Galerkin approach implemented in the Gkeyll code. While various simplifications have been used for now, such as long-wavelength approximations in the gyrokinetic Poisson equation and the Hamiltonian, these simulations include the basic elements of a fusion-device scrape-off layer: localised sources to model plasma outflow from the core, cross-field turbulent transport, parallel flow along magnetic field lines, and parallel losses at the limiter or divertor with sheath-model boundary conditions. The set of sheath-model boundary conditions used in the model allows currentsmore » to flow through the walls. In addition to details of the numerical approach, results from numerical simulations of turbulence in the Large Plasma Device, a linear device featuring straight magnetic field lines, are presented.« less

Optical device fabrication using femtosecond laser processing with glass-hologram

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Suzuki, Jun'ichi; Arima, Yasunori; Tanaka, Shuhei

2011-03-01

Using femtosecond laser processing with glass-hologram, fabrication of 1cm-long straight waveguide and X-coupler is reported in this paper. We design and fabricate 4-level glass-hologram which generates 1cm-long straight line intensity. We fabricate 1cm-long waveguides inside fused silica at one shot exposure with the glass-hologram. We investigate the waveguide performance of near field pattern and propagation loss at wavelength of 1550nm. The near field pattern is almost circular shape. The propagation loss at 1550nm is estimated to be < 1.0 dB/cm. As an example of an optical device consisting of straight waveguides, we fabricate X-coupler or 2x2 coupler using straight line waveguides, and observe the output power ratio depending on crossing angle.

Newton's Law: Not so Simple after All

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Robertson, William C.; Gallagher, Jeremiah; Miller, William

2004-01-01

One of the most basic concepts related to force and motion is Newton's first law, which essentially states, "An object at rest tends to remain at rest unless acted on by an unbalanced force. An object in motion in a straight line tends to remain in motion in a straight line unless acted upon by an unbalanced force." Judging by the time and space…

Collinear Points Problem

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Shultz, Harris S.; Shiflett, Ray C.

2008-01-01

Students were asked to find all possible values for A so that the points (1, 2), (5, A), and (A, 7) lie on a straight line. This problem suggests a generalization: Given (x, y), find all values of A so that the points (x, y), (5, A), and (A, 7) lie on a straight line. We find that this question about linear equations must be resolved using the…

Generation of straight-line shifting bright-dark soliton trains with a wide dip in the symmetric center or dark solitons in optical fibers

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhong, Xianqiong; Yao, Na; Sheng, Jia'nan; Cheng, Ke

2018-02-01

Nonlinear evolutions of dark soliton pulses with initially constant frequency chirps are investigated numerically for different soliton orders and chirp parameters in different dispersion regimes of optical fibers. The results show interestingly that, in the normal dispersion regime, the evolution properties remain unchanged apart from their straight-line shifts of the temporal trajectories compared with the chirp-free case. While in the anomalous dispersion regime, the dark solitons can evolve to bright-dark soliton trains with a wide black soliton in the symmetric center. The longer the distance, the more the pulse number. The larger the soliton order, the more the pulse number at the same distance. Similarly, straight-line shift of the temporal trajectory of the bright-dark soliton trains will also appear. The shifting amount and direction depend on the absolute value and the sign of the chirp parameter, respectively. This result inspires people to generate bright-dark soliton trains by using ordinary passive optical fibers instead of fiber lasers. Besides, this work also provides us an alternative approach to guide the formed solitons or soliton trains to move their temporal trajectories along straight lines.

The comparison of Missouri mathematics project and teams games tournament viewed from emotional quotient eight grade student of junior school

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Setyawan, Indra; Budiyono, Slamet, Isnandar

2017-08-01

This research was a quasi-experimental research with 2 × 3 factorial design. It aimed to determine the learning model between Missouri Mathematics Project (MMP) and Teams Games Tournament (TGT) that gave the best achievement on mathematics subject viewed from emotional quotient. The population of this research were all of Junior High School students at the 8th grade in Surakarta City, Central Java, Indonesia in academic year 2016/2017 which applied KTSP curriculum. The sample was taken by using stratified cluster random sampling. The data were collected by using methods of documentation, emotional quotient questionnaires, and mathematics achievement test. Data analysis technique used two ways analysis of variance (ANOVA) with unequal cell. According to the research findings, it could be concluded that: (1) students' mathematics achievement which were taught by using MMP is as good as emotional quotient achievement which were taught by using TGT in straight-line equation material, (2) mathematics achievement of students with high emotional quotient is better than students with medium and low emotional quotient, and mathematics achievement of students with medium emotional quotient is as good as students with low emotional quotient in straight-line equation material, (3) in each learning model, mathematics achievement of students with high emotional quotient is better than students with medium and low emotional quotient, and mathematics achievement of students with medium emotional quotient is as good as students with low emotional quotient in straight-line equation material (4) in each category of high and medium emotional quotient, student's mathematics achievement which were taught by using MMP is better than student's mathematics achievement which were taught by using TGT and in low emotional quotient student's mathematics achievement which were taught by using MMP is as good as student's mathematics achievement which were taught by using TGT in straight-line equation material.

Prism adaptation and neck muscle vibration in healthy individuals: are two methods better than one?

PubMed

Guinet, M; Michel, C

2013-12-19

Studies involving therapeutic combinations reveal an important benefit in the rehabilitation of neglect patients when compared to single therapies. In light of these observations our present work examines, in healthy individuals, sensorimotor and cognitive after-effects of prism adaptation and neck muscle vibration applied individually or simultaneously. We explored sensorimotor after-effects on visuo-manual open-loop pointing, visual and proprioceptive straight-ahead estimations. We assessed cognitive after-effects on the line bisection task. Fifty-four healthy participants were divided into six groups designated according to the exposure procedure used with each: 'Prism' (P) group; 'Vibration with a sensation of body rotation' (Vb) group; 'Vibration with a move illusion of the LED' (Vl) group; 'Association with a sensation of body rotation' (Ab) group; 'Association with a move illusion of the LED' (Al) group; and 'Control' (C) group. The main findings showed that prism adaptation applied alone or combined with vibration showed significant adaptation in visuo-manual open-loop pointing, visual straight-ahead and proprioceptive straight-ahead. Vibration alone produced significant after-effects on proprioceptive straight-ahead estimation in the Vl group. Furthermore all groups (except C group) showed a rightward neglect-like bias in line bisection following the training procedure. This is the first demonstration of cognitive after-effects following neck muscle vibration in healthy individuals. The simultaneous application of both methods did not produce significant greater after-effects than prism adaptation alone in both sensorimotor and cognitive tasks. These results are discussed in terms of transfer of sensorimotor plasticity to spatial cognition in healthy individuals. Copyright © 2013 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

48 CFR 9904.406-61 - Interpretation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... ACCOUNTING STANDARDS COST ACCOUNTING STANDARDS 9904.406-61 Interpretation. (a) Questions have arisen as to... categories of costs that have been included in the past and may be considered in the future as restructuring... restructuring costs shall not exceed five years. The straight-line method of amortization should normally be...

Semi Inextensional Post Buckling Analysis of Annular Plates,

DTIC Science & Technology

1981-09-01

too. These methods have their advantages in accuracy but suffer from the drawback of being difficult to use for overall design data or for the...The fact that the high postbuckling curve of the plate approaches a straight line was observed eperimentally [81, [10], where the use of the two

26 CFR 1.167(b)-1 - Straight line method.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... estimated useful life of the property. The allowance for depreciation for the taxable year is determined by... reasonable allowance for depreciation for any property which is subject to depreciation under section 167 and... or other basis less salaries Useful life (years) Depreciation allowable 1954 1955 1956 1954: Asset A...

40 CFR 85.2114 - Basis of certification.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... calculated using the least squares straight line method, in accordance with § 86.088-28(a). The deterioration... requirements of this paragraph for at least the part's useful life mileage interval. (i) If an original... the aftermarket parts that accumulated at least its useful life mileage during the aging process under...

40 CFR 85.2114 - Basis of certification.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... calculated using the least squares straight line method, in accordance with § 86.088-28(a). The deterioration... requirements of this paragraph for at least the part's useful life mileage interval. (i) If an original... the aftermarket parts that accumulated at least its useful life mileage during the aging process under...

40 CFR 85.2114 - Basis of certification.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... calculated using the least squares straight line method, in accordance with § 86.088-28(a). The deterioration... requirements of this paragraph for at least the part's useful life mileage interval. (i) If an original... the aftermarket parts that accumulated at least its useful life mileage during the aging process under...

40 CFR 85.2114 - Basis of certification.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... calculated using the least squares straight line method, in accordance with § 86.088-28(a). The deterioration... requirements of this paragraph for at least the part's useful life mileage interval. (i) If an original... the aftermarket parts that accumulated at least its useful life mileage during the aging process under...

Head and pelvic movement asymmetry during lungeing in horses with symmetrical movement on the straight.

PubMed

Rhodin, M; Roepstorff, L; French, A; Keegan, K G; Pfau, T; Egenvall, A

2016-05-01

Lungeing is commonly used as part of standard lameness examinations in horses. Knowledge of how lungeing influences motion symmetry in sound horses is needed. The aim of this study was to objectively evaluate the symmetry of vertical head and pelvic motion during lungeing in a large number of horses with symmetric motion during straight line evaluation. Cross-sectional prospective study. A pool of 201 riding horses, all functioning well and considered sound by their owners, were evaluated in trot on a straight line and during lungeing to the left and right. From this pool, horses with symmetric vertical head and pelvic movement during the straight line trot (n = 94) were retained for analysis. Vertical head and pelvic movements were measured with body mounted uniaxial accelerometers. Differences between vertical maximum and minimum head (HDmax, HDmin) and pelvic (PDmax, PDmin) heights between left and right forelimb and hindlimb stances were compared between straight line trot and lungeing in either direction. Vertical head and pelvic movements during lungeing were more asymmetric than during trot on a straight line. Common asymmetric patterns seen in the head were more upward movement during push-off of the outside forelimb and less downward movement during impact of the inside limb. Common asymmetric patterns seen in the pelvis were less upward movement during push-off of the outside hindlimb and less downward movement of the pelvis during impact of the inside hindlimb. Asymmetric patterns in one lunge direction were frequently not the same as in the opposite direction. Lungeing induces systematic asymmetries in vertical head and pelvic motion patterns in horses that may not be the same in both directions. These asymmetries may mask or mimic fore- or hindlimb lameness. © 2015 The Authors. Equine Veterinary Journal published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of EVJ Ltd.

Fluid Transient Analysis during Priming of Evacuated Line

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Bandyopadhyay, Alak; Majumdar, Alok K.; Holt, Kimberley

2017-01-01

Water hammer analysis in pipe lines, in particularly during priming into evacuated lines is important for the design of spacecraft and other in-space application. In the current study, a finite volume network flow analysis code is used for modeling three different geometrical configurations: the first two being straight pipe, one with atmospheric air and other with evacuated line, and the third case is a representation of a complex flow network system. The numerical results show very good agreement qualitatively and quantitatively with measured data available in the literature. The peak pressure and impact time in case of straight pipe priming in evacuated line shows excellent agreement.

Using Wannier functions to improve solid band gap predictions in density functional theory

DOE PAGES

Ma, Jie; Wang, Lin-Wang

2016-04-26

Enforcing a straight-line condition of the total energy upon removal/addition of fractional electrons on eigen states has been successfully applied to atoms and molecules for calculating ionization potentials and electron affinities, but fails for solids due to the extended nature of the eigen orbitals. Here we have extended the straight-line condition to the removal/addition of fractional electrons on Wannier functions constructed within the occupied/unoccupied subspaces. It removes the self-interaction energies of those Wannier functions, and yields accurate band gaps for solids compared to experiments. It does not have any adjustable parameters and the computational cost is at the DFT level.more » This method can also work for molecules, providing eigen energies in good agreement with experimental ionization potentials and electron affinities. Our approach can be viewed as an alternative approach of the standard LDA+U procedure.« less

An efficient method to compute microlensed light curves for point sources

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Witt, Hans J.

1993-01-01

We present a method to compute microlensed light curves for point sources. This method has the general advantage that all microimages contributing to the light curve are found. While a source moves along a straight line, all micro images are located either on the primary image track or on the secondary image tracks (loops). The primary image track extends from - infinity to + infinity and is made of many sequents which are continuously connected. All the secondary image tracks (loops) begin and end on the lensing point masses. The method can be applied to any microlensing situation with point masses in the deflector plane, even for the overcritical case and surface densities close to the critical. Furthermore, we present general rules to evaluate the light curve for a straight track arbitrary placed in the caustic network of a sample of many point masses.

Head and pelvic movement asymmetries at trot in riding horses in training and perceived as free from lameness by the owner

PubMed Central

Egenvall, Agneta; Haubro Andersen, Pia; Pfau, Thilo

2017-01-01

Recent studies evaluating horses in training and considered free from lameness by their owners have identified a large proportion of horses with motion asymmetries. However the prevalence, type and magnitude of asymmetries when trotting in a straight line or on the lunge have not been investigated. The aim of this study was to objectively investigate the presence of motion asymmetries in riding horses in training by identifying the side and quantifying the degree and type (impact, pushoff) of forelimb and hind limb asymmetries found during straight line trot and on the lunge. In a cross-sectional study, vertical head and pelvic movement symmetry was measured in 222 Warmblood type riding horses, all without perceived performance issues and considered free from lameness by their owners. Body-mounted uni-axial accelerometers were used and differences between maximum and minimum head (HDmax, HDmin) and pelvic (PDmax, PDmin) vertical displacement between left and right forelimb and hind limb stances were calculated during straight line trot and on the lunge. Previously reported symmetry thresholds were used. The thresholds for symmetry were exceeded in 161 horses for at least one variable while trotting in a straight line, HDmin (n = 58, mean 14.3 mm, SD 7.1), HDmax (n = 41, mean 12.7 mm, SD 5.5), PDmax (n = 87, mean 6.5 mm, SD 3.10), PDmin (n = 79, mean 5.7 mm, SD 2.1). Contralateral and ipsilateral concurrent forelimb and hind limb asymmetries were detected in 41 and 49 horses, respectively. There was a linear association between the straight line PDmin values and the values on the lunge with the lame limb to the inside of the circle. A large proportion (72.5%) of horses in training which were perceived as free from lameness by their owner showed movement asymmetries above previously reported asymmetry thresholds during straight line trot. It is not known to what extent these asymmetries are related to pain or to mechanical abnormalities. Therefore, one of the most important questions that must be addressed is how objective asymmetry scores can be translated into pain, orthopedic abnormality, or any type of unsoundness. PMID:28441406

Head and pelvic movement asymmetries at trot in riding horses in training and perceived as free from lameness by the owner.

PubMed

Rhodin, Marie; Egenvall, Agneta; Haubro Andersen, Pia; Pfau, Thilo

2017-01-01

Recent studies evaluating horses in training and considered free from lameness by their owners have identified a large proportion of horses with motion asymmetries. However the prevalence, type and magnitude of asymmetries when trotting in a straight line or on the lunge have not been investigated. The aim of this study was to objectively investigate the presence of motion asymmetries in riding horses in training by identifying the side and quantifying the degree and type (impact, pushoff) of forelimb and hind limb asymmetries found during straight line trot and on the lunge. In a cross-sectional study, vertical head and pelvic movement symmetry was measured in 222 Warmblood type riding horses, all without perceived performance issues and considered free from lameness by their owners. Body-mounted uni-axial accelerometers were used and differences between maximum and minimum head (HDmax, HDmin) and pelvic (PDmax, PDmin) vertical displacement between left and right forelimb and hind limb stances were calculated during straight line trot and on the lunge. Previously reported symmetry thresholds were used. The thresholds for symmetry were exceeded in 161 horses for at least one variable while trotting in a straight line, HDmin (n = 58, mean 14.3 mm, SD 7.1), HDmax (n = 41, mean 12.7 mm, SD 5.5), PDmax (n = 87, mean 6.5 mm, SD 3.10), PDmin (n = 79, mean 5.7 mm, SD 2.1). Contralateral and ipsilateral concurrent forelimb and hind limb asymmetries were detected in 41 and 49 horses, respectively. There was a linear association between the straight line PDmin values and the values on the lunge with the lame limb to the inside of the circle. A large proportion (72.5%) of horses in training which were perceived as free from lameness by their owner showed movement asymmetries above previously reported asymmetry thresholds during straight line trot. It is not known to what extent these asymmetries are related to pain or to mechanical abnormalities. Therefore, one of the most important questions that must be addressed is how objective asymmetry scores can be translated into pain, orthopedic abnormality, or any type of unsoundness.

Autonomous Kinematic Calibration of the Robot Manipulator with a Linear Laser-Vision Sensor

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kang, Hee-Jun; Jeong, Jeong-Woo; Shin, Sung-Weon; Suh, Young-Soo; Ro, Young-Schick

This paper presents a new autonomous kinematic calibration technique by using a laser-vision sensor called "Perceptron TriCam Contour". Because the sensor measures by capturing the image of a projected laser line on the surface of the object, we set up a long, straight line of a very fine string inside the robot workspace, and then allow the sensor mounted on a robot to measure the point intersection of the line of string and the projected laser line. The data collected by changing robot configuration and measuring the intersection points are constrained to on a single straght line such that the closed-loop calibration method can be applied. The obtained calibration method is simple and accurate and also suitable for on-site calibration in an industrial environment. The method is implemented using Hyundai VORG-35 for its effectiveness.

Straight scaling FFAG beam line

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lagrange, J.-B.; Planche, T.; Yamakawa, E.; Uesugi, T.; Ishi, Y.; Kuriyama, Y.; Qin, B.; Okabe, K.; Mori, Y.

2012-11-01

Fixed field alternating gradient (FFAG) accelerators are recently subject to a strong revival. They are usually designed in a circular shape; however, it would be an asset to guide particles with no overall bend in this type of accelerator. An analytical development of a straight FFAG cell which keeps zero-chromaticity is presented here. A magnetic field law is thus obtained, called "straight scaling law", and an experiment has been conducted to confirm this zero-chromatic law. A straight scaling FFAG prototype has been designed and manufactured, and horizontal phase advances of two different energies are measured. Results are analyzed to clarify the straight scaling law.

A new innovative spectrophotometric method for the simultaneous determination of sofosbuvir and ledipasvir

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mansour, Fotouh R.

2018-01-01

A new innovative spectrophotometric method is developed to determine the concentration ratios in binary mixtures by determining the zero crossing point in the first derivative of the gross curve. This relationship can be applied if the part of the UV spectrum of substance Y, that intersects with the overlaid spectra of substance X is straight. By plotting the intersection wavelength against the concentration ratio (Cx/Cy), a straight line was obtained with a co-efficient of determination equals 0.9999. As an application, simultaneous determination of sofosbuvir and ledipasvir in their binary mixtures was performed using two methods; a direct UV spectrophotometric method for determination of ledipasvir at 333 nm, and the new "wavelength-intersection ratio" method for determination of sofosbuvir. In the wavelength-intersection ratio method, different mixtures of sofosbuvir and ledipasvir containing different concentration ratios were prepared; the zero crossing point of the first derivative curve in the range 285 to 295 nm were determined for each mixture. An absorbance shift in the intersection was obtained with the change in the concentration ratio (sofosbuvir/ledipasvir). When the concentration ratio was plotted against the intersection wavelength, a straight line was obtained with a coefficient of determination of 0.9992. The direct method was linear in the range 3 to 18 μg/mL while the wavelength-intersection ratio method was linear in the range 11-110 μg/mL. The limits of detection were determined and found to be 0.5 and 3 μg/mL for ledipasvir and sofosbuvir, respectively. The accuracy and repeatability of the two methods were tested. The mean %recovery was found to be 100.19% and 100.75% for ledipasvir and sofosbuvir, respectively. The relative standard deviation was 0.57 for ledipasvir and 1.79 for sofosbuvir. The intermediate precision was also checked, the coefficients of variation for sofosbuvir and ledipasvir measurements between days did not exceed 1.88%.

An Investigation of the Quality of Earnings Concept as Applied to Defense Contractors

DTIC Science & Technology

1989-12-01

conservative a company’s reporting methods are within generally accepted accounting principles ( GAAP )-- that is, the more likely the company is to minimize...during periods of inflation. (2) Accelerated depreciation methods as compared to methods that depreciate assets less rapidly. (3) Amortization of...impact on earnings quality. When a company uses accelerated depreciation for tax purposes and straight- line depreciation for reporting, the "flow through

Quantifying and Reducing Curve-Fitting Uncertainty in Isc

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Campanelli, Mark; Duck, Benjamin; Emery, Keith

2015-06-14

Current-voltage (I-V) curve measurements of photovoltaic (PV) devices are used to determine performance parameters and to establish traceable calibration chains. Measurement standards specify localized curve fitting methods, e.g., straight-line interpolation/extrapolation of the I-V curve points near short-circuit current, Isc. By considering such fits as statistical linear regressions, uncertainties in the performance parameters are readily quantified. However, the legitimacy of such a computed uncertainty requires that the model be a valid (local) representation of the I-V curve and that the noise be sufficiently well characterized. Using more data points often has the advantage of lowering the uncertainty. However, more data pointsmore » can make the uncertainty in the fit arbitrarily small, and this fit uncertainty misses the dominant residual uncertainty due to so-called model discrepancy. Using objective Bayesian linear regression for straight-line fits for Isc, we investigate an evidence-based method to automatically choose data windows of I-V points with reduced model discrepancy. We also investigate noise effects. Uncertainties, aligned with the Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement (GUM), are quantified throughout.« less

Quantifying and Reducing Curve-Fitting Uncertainty in Isc: Preprint

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Campanelli, Mark; Duck, Benjamin; Emery, Keith

Current-voltage (I-V) curve measurements of photovoltaic (PV) devices are used to determine performance parameters and to establish traceable calibration chains. Measurement standards specify localized curve fitting methods, e.g., straight-line interpolation/extrapolation of the I-V curve points near short-circuit current, Isc. By considering such fits as statistical linear regressions, uncertainties in the performance parameters are readily quantified. However, the legitimacy of such a computed uncertainty requires that the model be a valid (local) representation of the I-V curve and that the noise be sufficiently well characterized. Using more data points often has the advantage of lowering the uncertainty. However, more data pointsmore » can make the uncertainty in the fit arbitrarily small, and this fit uncertainty misses the dominant residual uncertainty due to so-called model discrepancy. Using objective Bayesian linear regression for straight-line fits for Isc, we investigate an evidence-based method to automatically choose data windows of I-V points with reduced model discrepancy. We also investigate noise effects. Uncertainties, aligned with the Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement (GUM), are quantified throughout.« less

A power function profile of a ski jumping in-run hill.

PubMed

Zanevskyy, Ihor

2011-01-01

The aim of the research was to find a function of the curvilinear segment profile which could make possible to avoid an instantaneous increasing of a curvature and to replace a circle arc segment on the in-run of a ski jump without any correction of the angles of inclination and the length of the straight-line segments. The methods of analytical geometry and trigonometry were used to calculate an optimal in-run hill profile. There were two fundamental conditions of the model: smooth borders between a curvilinear segment and straight-line segments of an in-run hill and concave of the curvilinear segment. Within the framework of this model, the problem has been solved with a reasonable precision. Four functions of a curvilinear segment profile of the in-run hill were investigated: circle arc, inclined quadratic parabola, inclined cubic parabola, and power function. The application of a power function to the in-run profile satisfies equal conditions for replacing a circle arc segment. Geometrical parameters of 38 modern ski jumps were investigated using the methods proposed.

7 CFR 1786.153 - Discounted present value.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 2 1-year. 2 3 2-year. 3 4 3-year. 4 5 (1) 5 6 5-year. 6 7 (2) 7 8 7-year. 8 9 (3) 9 10 (3) 10 11 10... Maturities computed as above. 3 A straight line interpolated rate between the 7-year rate and the 10-year rate. (See formula below) 4 A straight line interpolated rate between the 10-year note and the 20-year...

7 CFR 1786.153 - Discounted present value.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 2 1-year. 2 3 2-year. 3 4 3-year. 4 5 (1) 5 6 5-year. 6 7 (2) 7 8 7-year. 8 9 (3) 9 10 (3) 10 11 10... Maturities computed as above. 3 A straight line interpolated rate between the 7-year rate and the 10-year rate. (See formula below) 4 A straight line interpolated rate between the 10-year note and the 20-year...

A Closed-Form Error Model of Straight Lines for Improved Data Association and Sensor Fusing

PubMed Central

2018-01-01

Linear regression is a basic tool in mobile robotics, since it enables accurate estimation of straight lines from range-bearing scans or in digital images, which is a prerequisite for reliable data association and sensor fusing in the context of feature-based SLAM. This paper discusses, extends and compares existing algorithms for line fitting applicable also in the case of strong covariances between the coordinates at each single data point, which must not be neglected if range-bearing sensors are used. Besides, in particular, the determination of the covariance matrix is considered, which is required for stochastic modeling. The main contribution is a new error model of straight lines in closed form for calculating quickly and reliably the covariance matrix dependent on just a few comprehensible and easily-obtainable parameters. The model can be applied widely in any case when a line is fitted from a number of distinct points also without a priori knowledge of the specific measurement noise. By means of extensive simulations, the performance and robustness of the new model in comparison to existing approaches is shown. PMID:29673205

Applications of Advanced Experimental Methods to Visual Technology Research Simulator Studies: Supplemental Techniques.

DTIC Science & Technology

1981-01-01

straight line. Those that are larger than might be expected by chance will deviate i.oticeably from the line. Wilk and Gnanadesikan (1964; also see Roy... Gnanadesikan , and Srivasta, 1971, Chapter VIII; also see Simon, 1977a, pp 151-158 for a general description of the procedure) describe how to use a...by Wilk and Gnanadesikan is rather involved and is explained in matrix algebra terms, it is described b-low along with an example to facilitate its

Extrapolation of Functions of Many Variables by Means of Metric Analysis

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kryanev, Alexandr; Ivanov, Victor; Romanova, Anastasiya; Sevastianov, Leonid; Udumyan, David

2018-02-01

The paper considers a problem of extrapolating functions of several variables. It is assumed that the values of the function of m variables at a finite number of points in some domain D of the m-dimensional space are given. It is required to restore the value of the function at points outside the domain D. The paper proposes a fundamentally new method for functions of several variables extrapolation. In the presented paper, the method of extrapolating a function of many variables developed by us uses the interpolation scheme of metric analysis. To solve the extrapolation problem, a scheme based on metric analysis methods is proposed. This scheme consists of two stages. In the first stage, using the metric analysis, the function is interpolated to the points of the domain D belonging to the segment of the straight line connecting the center of the domain D with the point M, in which it is necessary to restore the value of the function. In the second stage, based on the auto regression model and metric analysis, the function values are predicted along the above straight-line segment beyond the domain D up to the point M. The presented numerical example demonstrates the efficiency of the method under consideration.

Dielectric constants of soils at microwave frequencies-2

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Wang, J.; Schmugge, T.; Williams, D.

1978-01-01

The dielectric constants of several soil samples were measured at frequencies of 5 and 19 GHz using the infinite transmission line method. The results of these measurements are presented and discussed with respect to soil types and texture structures. A comparison is made with other measurements at 1.4 GHz. At all three frequencies, the dependence of dielectric constant on soil moisture can be approximated by two straight lines. At low moisture, the slope is less than at high moisture level. The intersection of the two lines is believed to be a function of soil texture.

Wave Breaking Induced Surface Wakes and Jets Observed during a Bora Event

DTIC Science & Technology

2005-01-01

terrain contours (interval = 200 m) superposed. The approximate NCAR Electra and NOAA P-3 flight tracks are indicated by bold and dotted straight lines ...Hz data. The red curves correspond to the COAMPS simulated fields obtained by interpolating the 1-km grid data to the straight line through the...Alpine Experiment (ALPEX) in 1982 [Smith, 1987]. These studies suggested that the bora flow shares some common characteristics with downslope windstorms

26 CFR 1.704-4 - Distribution of contributed property.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

.... (ii) Property A is depreciated using the straight-line method over its remaining 10-year recovery period. The partnership has book depreciation of $3,000 per year (10 percent of the $30,000 book basis... depreciation of $3,000). The partnership has a tax depreciation deduction of $2,000 per year (10 percent of the...

Nanoscale patterning of colloidal quantum dots on transparent and metallic planar surfaces.

PubMed

Park, Yeonsang; Roh, Young-Geun; Kim, Un Jeong; Chung, Dae-Young; Suh, Hwansoo; Kim, Jineun; Cheon, Sangmo; Lee, Jaesoong; Kim, Tae-Ho; Cho, Kyung-Sang; Lee, Chang-Won

2012-09-07

The patterning of colloidal quantum dots with nanometer resolution is essential for their application in photonics and plasmonics. Several patterning approaches, such as the use of polymer composites, molecular lock-and-key methods, inkjet printing and microcontact printing of quantum dots have been recently developed. Herein, we present a simple method of patterning colloidal quantum dots for photonic nanostructures such as straight lines, rings and dot patterns either on transparent or metallic substrates. Sub-10 nm width of the patterned line could be achieved with a well-defined sidewall profile. Using this method, we demonstrate a surface plasmon launcher from a quantum dot cluster in the visible spectrum.

Beyond Line of Sight (BLOS) Command and Control (C2) Capability to Improve Disaster Response and Recovery

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-09-01

on the possible threat of an electromagnetic pulse (EMP) and its potential consequences following the destructive “ derecho ” that hit Washington, DC...in 2012.19 Spanish for the word “straight,” a derecho is a term used to describe a widespread, long- lived, straight-line windstorm that is...emergency communications system and raised concern for future response. Both Hurricane Katrina and the Washington, DC, area derecho have subsequently

Self-organization of developing embryo using scale-invariant approach

PubMed Central

2011-01-01

Background Self-organization is a fundamental feature of living organisms at all hierarchical levels from molecule to organ. It has also been documented in developing embryos. Methods In this study, a scale-invariant power law (SIPL) method has been used to study self-organization in developing embryos. The SIPL coefficient was calculated using a centro-axial skew symmetrical matrix (CSSM) generated by entering the components of the Cartesian coordinates; for each component, one CSSM was generated. A basic square matrix (BSM) was constructed and the determinant was calculated in order to estimate the SIPL coefficient. This was applied to developing C. elegans during early stages of embryogenesis. The power law property of the method was evaluated using the straight line and Koch curve and the results were consistent with fractal dimensions (fd). Diffusion-limited aggregation (DLA) was used to validate the SIPL method. Results and conclusion The fractal dimensions of both the straight line and Koch curve showed consistency with the SIPL coefficients, which indicated the power law behavior of the SIPL method. The results showed that the ABp sublineage had a higher SIPL coefficient than EMS, indicating that ABp is more organized than EMS. The fd determined using DLA was higher in ABp than in EMS and its value was consistent with type 1 cluster formation, while that in EMS was consistent with type 2. PMID:21635789

Scientific Notes from the Central Aero-Hydrodynamic Institute (Selected Articles).

DTIC Science & Technology

1978-08-14

Liquid in the Gavities of Rotation by the Method of Straight Lines, by I. V. Kolin, V. N. Sukhov .............................. 167 Bearing Capacity of...Theory of bluff bodies. Unlverslty of Maryland. T.c€- Note. 1957. 6. Batchelor G. K. A proposal concening laminar waces bepWdbluff bodies at large...distmckaqdss are obtaiaed by method cf chractoristics. Developed theory of the self-sivilar ectitj of aetho& of - - tip of the depeadoqce of the

Thinking in a straight line.

PubMed

Chambers, David W

2013-01-01

Rational human discourse is not as common as we imagine or as we would like it to be. Sometimes it is necessary to use fallacies and fabrication to get to the point we favor. This essay is an illustrated list of 33 handy tools for avoiding thinking straight.

Navy Nuclear Aircraft Carrier (CVN) Homeporting at Mayport: Background and Issues for Congress

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-12-09

Release No. 233-09 of April 10, 2009, entitled “Quadrennial Defense Review To Determine Aircraft Carrier Homeporting In Mayport,” available online at...is the straight-line distance between the two locations, as calculated by the “How Fair Is It?” online distance calculator available at http...straight-line distance between the two locations, as calculated by the “How Fair Is It?” online distance calculator available at http://www.indo.com/cgi

Comparison of geographic methods to assess travel patterns of persons diagnosed with HIV in Philadelphia: how close is close enough?

PubMed

Eberhart, Michael G; Share, Amanda M; Shpaner, Mark; Brady, Kathleen A

2015-02-01

Travel distance to medical care has been assessed using a variety of geographic methods. Network analyses are less common, but may generate more accurate estimates of travel costs. We compared straight-line distances and driving distance, as well as average drive time and travel time on a public transit network for 1789 persons diagnosed with HIV between 2010 and 2012 to identify differences overall, and by distinct geographic areas of Philadelphia. Paired t-tests were used to assess differences across methods, and analysis of variance was used to assess between-group differences. Driving distances were significantly longer than straight-line distances (p<0.001) and transit times were significantly longer than driving times (p<0.001). Persons living in the northeast section of the city traveled greater distances, and at greater cost of time and effort, than persons in all other areas of the city (p<0.001). Persons living in the northwest section of the city traveled farther and longer than all other areas except the northeast (p<0.0001). Network analyses that include public transit will likely produce a more realistic estimate of the travel costs, and may improve models to predict medical care outcomes. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Time-varying impedance of the human ankle in the sagittal and frontal planes during straight walk and turning steps.

PubMed

Ficanha, Evandro M; Ribeiro, Guilherme A; Knop, Lauren; Rastgaar, Mo

2017-07-01

This paper describes the methods and experiment protocols for estimation of the human ankle impedance during turning and straight line walking. The ankle impedance of two human subjects during the stance phase of walking in both dorsiflexion plantarflexion (DP) and inversion eversion (IE) were estimated. The impedance was estimated about 8 axes of rotations of the human ankle combining different amounts of DP and IE rotations, and differentiating among positive and negative rotations at 5 instants of the stance length (SL). Specifically, the impedance was estimated at 10%, 30%, 50%, 70% and 90% of the SL. The ankle impedance showed great variability across time, and across the axes of rotation, with consistent larger stiffness and damping in DP than IE. When comparing straight walking and turning, the main differences were in damping at 50%, 70%, and 90% of the SL with an increase in damping at all axes of rotation during turning.

Power spectrum weighted edge analysis for straight edge detection in images

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Karvir, Hrishikesh V.; Skipper, Julie A.

2007-04-01

Most man-made objects provide characteristic straight line edges and, therefore, edge extraction is a commonly used target detection tool. However, noisy images often yield broken edges that lead to missed detections, and extraneous edges that may contribute to false target detections. We present a sliding-block approach for target detection using weighted power spectral analysis. In general, straight line edges appearing at a given frequency are represented as a peak in the Fourier domain at a radius corresponding to that frequency, and a direction corresponding to the orientation of the edges in the spatial domain. Knowing the edge width and spacing between the edges, a band-pass filter is designed to extract the Fourier peaks corresponding to the target edges and suppress image noise. These peaks are then detected by amplitude thresholding. The frequency band width and the subsequent spatial filter mask size are variable parameters to facilitate detection of target objects of different sizes under known imaging geometries. Many military objects, such as trucks, tanks and missile launchers, produce definite signatures with parallel lines and the algorithm proves to be ideal for detecting such objects. Moreover, shadow-casting objects generally provide sharp edges and are readily detected. The block operation procedure offers advantages of significant reduction in noise influence, improved edge detection, faster processing speed and versatility to detect diverse objects of different sizes in the image. With Scud missile launcher replicas as target objects, the method has been successfully tested on terrain board test images under different backgrounds, illumination and imaging geometries with cameras of differing spatial resolution and bit-depth.

An Entertaining Method of Teaching Concepts of Linear Light Propagation, Reflection and Refraction Using a Simple Optical Mechanism

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Yurumezoglu, K.

2009-01-01

An activity has been designed for the purpose of teaching how light is dispersed in a straight line and about the interaction between matter and light as well as the related concepts of shadows, partial shadows, reflection, refraction, primary colours and complementary (secondary) colours, and differentiating the relationship between colours, all…

Improvements to Passive Acoustic Tracking Methods for Marine Mammal Monitoring

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-05-02

individual animals . 15. SUBJECT TERMS Marine mammal; Passive acoustic monitoring ; Localization; Tracking ; Multiple source ; Sparse array 16. SECURITY...al. 2004; Thode 2005; Nosal 2007] to localize animals in situations where straight-line propagation assumptions made by conventional marine mammal...Objective 1: Inveti for sound speed profiles. hydrophone position and hydrophone timing offset in addition to animal position Almost all marine mammal

Line segment extraction for large scale unorganized point clouds

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lin, Yangbin; Wang, Cheng; Cheng, Jun; Chen, Bili; Jia, Fukai; Chen, Zhonggui; Li, Jonathan

2015-04-01

Line segment detection in images is already a well-investigated topic, although it has received considerably less attention in 3D point clouds. Benefiting from current LiDAR devices, large-scale point clouds are becoming increasingly common. Most human-made objects have flat surfaces. Line segments that occur where pairs of planes intersect give important information regarding the geometric content of point clouds, which is especially useful for automatic building reconstruction and segmentation. This paper proposes a novel method that is capable of accurately extracting plane intersection line segments from large-scale raw scan points. The 3D line-support region, namely, a point set near a straight linear structure, is extracted simultaneously. The 3D line-support region is fitted by our Line-Segment-Half-Planes (LSHP) structure, which provides a geometric constraint for a line segment, making the line segment more reliable and accurate. We demonstrate our method on the point clouds of large-scale, complex, real-world scenes acquired by LiDAR devices. We also demonstrate the application of 3D line-support regions and their LSHP structures on urban scene abstraction.

Do residents’ perceptions of being well-placed and objective presence of local amenities match? A case study in West Central Scotland, UK

PubMed Central

2013-01-01

Background Recently there has been growing interest in how neighbourhood features, such as the provision of local facilities and amenities, influence residents’ health and well-being. Prior research has measured amenity provision through subjective measures (surveying residents’ perceptions) or objective (GIS mapping of distance) methods. The latter may provide a more accurate measure of physical access, but residents may not use local amenities if they do not perceive them as ‘local’. We believe both subjective and objective measures should be explored, and use West Central Scotland data to investigate correspondence between residents’ subjective assessments of how well-placed they are for everyday amenities (food stores, primary and secondary schools, libraries, pharmacies, public recreation), and objective GIS-modelled measures, and examine correspondence by various sub-groups. Methods ArcMap was used to map the postal locations of ‘Transport, Health and Well-being 2010 Study’ respondents (n = 1760), and the six amenities, and the presence/absence of each of them within various straight-line and network buffers around respondents’ homes was recorded. SPSS was used to investigate whether objective presence of an amenity within a specified buffer was perceived by a respondent as being well-placed for that amenity. Kappa statistics were used to test agreement between measures for all respondents, and by sex, age, social class, area deprivation, car ownership, dog ownership, walking in the local area, and years lived in current home. Results In general, there was poor agreement (Kappa <0.20) between perceptions of being well-placed for each facility and objective presence, within 800 m and 1000 m straight-line and network buffers, with the exception of pharmacies (at 1000 m straight-line) (Kappa: 0.21). Results varied between respondent sub-groups, with some showing better agreement than others. Amongst sub-groups, at 800 m straight-line buffers, the highest correspondence between subjective and objective measures was for pharmacies and primary schools, and at 1000 m, for pharmacies, primary schools and libraries. For road network buffers under 1000 m, agreement was generally poor. Conclusion Respondents did not necessarily regard themselves as well-placed for specific amenities when these amenities were present within specified boundaries around their homes, with some exceptions; the picture is not clear-cut with varying findings between different amenities, buffers, and sub-groups. PMID:23651734

Self-organization of developing embryo using scale-invariant approach.

PubMed

Tiraihi, Ali; Tiraihi, Mujtaba; Tiraihi, Taki

2011-06-03

Self-organization is a fundamental feature of living organisms at all hierarchical levels from molecule to organ. It has also been documented in developing embryos. In this study, a scale-invariant power law (SIPL) method has been used to study self-organization in developing embryos. The SIPL coefficient was calculated using a centro-axial skew symmetrical matrix (CSSM) generated by entering the components of the Cartesian coordinates; for each component, one CSSM was generated. A basic square matrix (BSM) was constructed and the determinant was calculated in order to estimate the SIPL coefficient. This was applied to developing C. elegans during early stages of embryogenesis. The power law property of the method was evaluated using the straight line and Koch curve and the results were consistent with fractal dimensions (fd). Diffusion-limited aggregation (DLA) was used to validate the SIPL method. The fractal dimensions of both the straight line and Koch curve showed consistency with the SIPL coefficients, which indicated the power law behavior of the SIPL method. The results showed that the ABp sublineage had a higher SIPL coefficient than EMS, indicating that ABp is more organized than EMS. The fd determined using DLA was higher in ABp than in EMS and its value was consistent with type 1 cluster formation, while that in EMS was consistent with type 2. © 2011 Tiraihi et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.

Measuring (subglacial) bedform orientation, length, and longitudinal asymmetry - Method assessment.

PubMed

Jorge, Marco G; Brennand, Tracy A

2017-01-01

Geospatial analysis software provides a range of tools that can be used to measure landform morphometry. Often, a metric can be computed with different techniques that may give different results. This study is an assessment of 5 different methods for measuring longitudinal, or streamlined, subglacial bedform morphometry: orientation, length and longitudinal asymmetry, all of which require defining a longitudinal axis. The methods use the standard deviational ellipse (not previously applied in this context), the longest straight line fitting inside the bedform footprint (2 approaches), the minimum-size footprint-bounding rectangle, and Euler's approximation. We assess how well these methods replicate morphometric data derived from a manually mapped (visually interpreted) longitudinal axis, which, though subjective, is the most typically used reference. A dataset of 100 subglacial bedforms covering the size and shape range of those in the Puget Lowland, Washington, USA is used. For bedforms with elongation > 5, deviations from the reference values are negligible for all methods but Euler's approximation (length). For bedforms with elongation < 5, most methods had small mean absolute error (MAE) and median absolute deviation (MAD) for all morphometrics and thus can be confidently used to characterize the central tendencies of their distributions. However, some methods are better than others. The least precise methods are the ones based on the longest straight line and Euler's approximation; using these for statistical dispersion analysis is discouraged. Because the standard deviational ellipse method is relatively shape invariant and closely replicates the reference values, it is the recommended method. Speculatively, this study may also apply to negative-relief, and fluvial and aeolian bedforms.

Technical design and system implementation of region-line primitive association framework

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, Min; Xing, Jinjin; Wang, Jie; Lv, Guonian

2017-08-01

Apart from regions, image edge lines are an important information source, and they deserve more attention in object-based image analysis (OBIA) than they currently receive. In the region-line primitive association framework (RLPAF), we promote straight-edge lines as line primitives to achieve powerful OBIAs. Along with regions, straight lines become basic units for subsequent extraction and analysis of OBIA features. This study develops a new software system called remote-sensing knowledge finder (RSFinder) to implement RLPAF for engineering application purposes. This paper introduces the extended technical framework, a comprehensively designed feature set, key technology, and software implementation. To our knowledge, RSFinder is the world's first OBIA system based on two types of primitives, namely, regions and lines. It is fundamentally different from other well-known region-only-based OBIA systems, such as eCogntion and ENVI feature extraction module. This paper has important reference values for the development of similarly structured OBIA systems and line-involved extraction algorithms of remote sensing information.

Shape indexes for semi-automated detection of windbreaks in thematic tree cover maps from the central United States

Treesearch

Greg C. Liknes; Dacia M. Meneguzzo; Todd A. Kellerman

2017-01-01

Windbreaks are an important ecological resource across the large expanse of agricultural land in the central United States and are often planted in straight-line or L-shaped configurations to serve specific functions. As high-resolution (i.e., <5 m) land cover datasets become more available for these areas, semi-or fully-automated methods for distinguishing...

BEAM TRANSPORT LINES FOR THE BSNS.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

WEI, J.

2006-06-26

This paper presents the design of two beam transport lines at the BSNS: one is the injection line from the Linac to the RCS and the other is the target line from the RCS to the target station. In the injection beam line, space charge effects, transverse halo collimation, momentum tail collimation and debunching are the main concerned topics. A new method of using triplet cells and stripping foils is used to collimate transverse halo. A long straight section is reserved for the future upgrading linac and debuncher. In the target beam line, large halo emittance, beam stability at themore » target due to kicker failures and beam jitters, shielding of back-scattering neutrons from the target are main concerned topics. Special bi-gap magnets will be used to reduce beam losses in the collimators in front of the target.« less

Navy Nuclear Aircraft Carrier (CVN) Homeporting at Mayport: Background and Issues for Congress

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-02-21

Pacific Ocean. The figure of about 32 nautical miles is the straight-line distance between the two locations, as calculated by the “How Far Is It?” online ...itself. 9 This is the straight-line distance between the two locations, as calculated by the “How Far Is It?” online distance calculator, available at...Authorization Act (S. 3001/P.L. 110- 417) Section 2207 of the FY2009 defense authorization bill as passed by the House (H.R. 5658; H.Rept. 110-652 of May

Straight A's: Public Education Policy and Progress. Volume 12, Number 5

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Amos, Jason, Ed.

2012-01-01

"Straight A's: Public Education Policy and Progress" is a biweekly newsletter that focuses on education news and events both in Washington, DC and around the country. The following articles are included in this issue: (1) House Committee Passes Education Reform Legislation: On Party-Line Votes, Committee Passes Accountability and Teacher…

Line drawing extraction from gray level images by feature integration

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yoo, Hoi J.; Crevier, Daniel; Lepage, Richard; Myler, Harley R.

1994-10-01

We describe procedures that extract line drawings from digitized gray level images, without use of domain knowledge, by modeling preattentive and perceptual organization functions of the human visual system. First, edge points are identified by standard low-level processing, based on the Canny edge operator. Edge points are then linked into single-pixel thick straight- line segments and circular arcs: this operation serves to both filter out isolated and highly irregular segments, and to lump the remaining points into a smaller number of structures for manipulation by later stages of processing. The next stages consist in linking the segments into a set of closed boundaries, which is the system's definition of a line drawing. According to the principles of Gestalt psychology, closure allows us to organize the world by filling in the gaps in a visual stimulation so as to perceive whole objects instead of disjoint parts. To achieve such closure, the system selects particular features or combinations of features by methods akin to those of preattentive processing in humans: features include gaps, pairs of straight or curved parallel lines, L- and T-junctions, pairs of symmetrical lines, and the orientation and length of single lines. These preattentive features are grouped into higher-level structures according to the principles of proximity, similarity, closure, symmetry, and feature conjunction. Achieving closure may require supplying missing segments linking contour concavities. Choices are made between competing structures on the basis of their overall compliance with the principles of closure and symmetry. Results include clean line drawings of curvilinear manufactured objects. The procedures described are part of a system called VITREO (viewpoint-independent 3-D recognition and extraction of objects).

Building Bridges One Line at a Time

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Grigsby, Cathy Murray

2012-01-01

In this article, first-grade students were taught the different kinds of lines that were part of the construction of various bridges--the curved lines of the arches of stone bridges, straight lines connecting the cables of a suspension bridge, vertical lines, horizontal lines, and so on. They gained practice in drawing structures and in fine brush…

Off-shell amplitudes as boundary integrals of analytically continued Wilson line slope

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kotko, P.; Serino, M.; Stasto, A. M.

2016-08-01

One of the methods to calculate tree-level multi-gluon scattering amplitudes is to use the Berends-Giele recursion relation involving off-shell currents or off-shell amplitudes, if working in the light cone gauge. As shown in recent works using the light-front perturbation theory, solutions to these recursions naturally collapse into gauge invariant and gauge-dependent components, at least for some helicity configurations. In this work, we show that such structure is helicity independent and emerges from analytic properties of matrix elements of Wilson line operators, where the slope of the straight gauge path is shifted in a certain complex direction. This is similar to the procedure leading to the Britto-Cachazo-Feng-Witten (BCFW) recursion, however we apply a complex shift to the Wilson line slope instead of the external momenta. While in the original BCFW procedure the boundary integrals over the complex shift vanish for certain deformations, here they are non-zero and are equal to the off-shell amplitudes. The main result can thus be summarized as follows: we derive a decomposition of a helicity-fixed off-shell current into gauge invariant component given by a matrix element of a straight Wilson line plus a reminder given by a sum of products of gauge invariant and gauge dependent quantities. We give several examples realizing this relation, including the five-point next-to-MHV helicity configuration.

Questa Baseline and Pre-Mining Ground-Water Quality Investigation. 24. Seismic Refraction Tomography for Volume Analysis of Saturated Alluvium in the Straight Creek Drainage and Its Confluence With Red River, Taos County, New Mexico

USGS Publications Warehouse

Powers, Michael H.; Burton, Bethany L.

2007-01-01

As part of a research effort directed by the New Mexico Environment Department to determine pre-mining water quality of the Red River at a molybdenum mining site in northern New Mexico, we used seismic refraction tomography to create subsurface compressional-wave velocity images along six lines that crossed the Straight Creek drainage and three that crossed the valley of Red River. Field work was performed in June 2002 (lines 1-4) and September 2003 (lines 5-9). We interpreted the images to determine depths to the water table and to the top of bedrock. Depths to water and bedrock in boreholes near the lines correlate well with our interpretations based on seismic data. In general, the images suggest that the alluvium in this area has a trapezoidal cross section. Using a U.S. Geological Survey digital elevation model grid of surface elevations of this region and the interpreted elevations to water table and bedrock obtained from the seismic data, we generated new models of the shape of the buried bedrock surface and the water table through surface interpolation and extrapolation. Then, using elevation differences between the two grids, we calculated volumes of dry and wet alluvium in the two drainages. The Red River alluvium is about 51 percent saturated, whereas the much smaller volume of alluvium in the tributary Straight Creek is only about 18 percent saturated. When combined with average ground-water velocity values, the information we present can be used to determine discharge of Straight Creek into Red River relative to the total discharge of Red River moving past Straight Creek. This information will contribute to more accurate models of ground-water flow, which are needed to determine the pre-mining water quality in the Red River.

In-line positioning of ultrasound images using wireless remote display system with tablet computer facilitates ultrasound-guided radial artery catheterization.

PubMed

Tsuchiya, Masahiko; Mizutani, Koh; Funai, Yusuke; Nakamoto, Tatsuo

2016-02-01

Ultrasound-guided procedures may be easier to perform when the operator's eye axis, needle puncture site, and ultrasound image display form a straight line in the puncture direction. However, such methods have not been well tested in clinical settings because that arrangement is often impossible due to limited space in the operating room. We developed a wireless remote display system for ultrasound devices using a tablet computer (iPad Mini), which allows easy display of images at nearly any location chosen by the operator. We hypothesized that the in-line layout of ultrasound images provided by this system would allow for secure and quick catheterization of the radial artery. We enrolled first-year medical interns (n = 20) who had no prior experience with ultrasound-guided radial artery catheterization to perform that using a short-axis out-of-plane approach with two different methods. With the conventional method, only the ultrasound machine placed at the side of the head of the patient across the targeted forearm was utilized. With the tablet method, the ultrasound images were displayed on an iPad Mini positioned on the arm in alignment with the operator's eye axis and needle puncture direction. The success rate and time required for catheterization were compared between the two methods. Success rate was significantly higher (100 vs. 70 %, P = 0.02) and catheterization time significantly shorter (28.5 ± 7.5 vs. 68.2 ± 14.3 s, P < 0.001) with the tablet method as compared to the conventional method. An ergonomic straight arrangement of the image display is crucial for successful and quick completion of ultrasound-guided arterial catheterization. The present remote display system is a practical method for providing such an arrangement.

Metabolic Power Requirement of Change of Direction Speed in Young Soccer Players: Not All Is What It Seems

PubMed Central

Mendez-Villanueva, Alberto; Palazzi, Dino; Ahmaidi, Saïd

2016-01-01

Purpose The aims of this study were to 1) compare the metabolic power demand of straight-line and change of direction (COD) sprints including 45° or 90°-turns, and 2) examine the relation between estimated metabolic demands and muscular activity throughout the 3 phases of COD-sprints. Methods Twelve highly-trained soccer players performed one 25-m and three 20-m sprints, either in straight-line or with one 45°- or 90°-COD. Sprints were monitored with 2 synchronized 100-Hz laser guns to assess players’ velocities before, during and after the COD. Acceleration and deceleration were derived from changes in speed over time. Metabolic power was estimated based on di Prampero’s approach (2005). Electromyography amplitude (RMS) of 2 lower limb muscles was measured. The expected energy expenditure during time-adjusted straight-line sprints (matching COD sprints time) was also calculated. Results Locomotor-dependant metabolic demand was largely lower with COD (90°, 142.1±13.5 J.kg-1) compared with time-adjusted (effect size, ES = -3.0; 193.2±18.6 J.kg-1) and non-adjusted straight-line sprints (ES = -1.7; 168.4±15.3 J.kg-1). Metabolic power requirement was angle-dependent, moderately lower for 90°-COD vs. 45°-COD sprint (ES = -1.0; 149.5±10.4 J.kg-1). Conversely, the RMS was slightly- (45°, ES = +0.5; +2.1%, 90% confidence limits (±3.6) for vastus lateralis muscle (VL)) to-largely (90°, ES = +1.6; +6.1 (3.3%) for VL) greater for COD-sprints. Metabolic power/RMS ratio was 2 to 4 times lower during deceleration than acceleration phases. Conclusion Present results show that COD-sprints are largely less metabolically demanding than linear sprints. This may be related to the very low metabolic demand associated with the deceleration phase during COD-sprints that may not be compensated by the increased requirement of the reacceleration phase. These results also highlight the dissociation between metabolic and muscle activity demands during COD-sprints, which questions the use of metabolic power as a single measure of running load in soccer. PMID:26930649

Efficient computation of coherent synchrotron radiation in a rectangular chamber

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Warnock, Robert L.; Bizzozero, David A.

2016-09-01

We study coherent synchrotron radiation (CSR) in a perfectly conducting vacuum chamber of rectangular cross section, in a formalism allowing an arbitrary sequence of bends and straight sections. We apply the paraxial method in the frequency domain, with a Fourier development in the vertical coordinate but with no other mode expansions. A line charge source is handled numerically by a new method that rids the equations of singularities through a change of dependent variable. The resulting algorithm is fast compared to earlier methods, works for short bunches with complicated structure, and yields all six field components at any space-time point. As an example we compute the tangential magnetic field at the walls. From that one can make a perturbative treatment of the Poynting flux to estimate the energy deposited in resistive walls. The calculation was motivated by a design issue for LCLS-II, the question of how much wall heating from CSR occurs in the last bend of a bunch compressor and the following straight section. Working with a realistic longitudinal bunch form of r.m.s. length 10.4 μ m and a charge of 100 pC we conclude that the radiated power is quite small (28 W at a 1 MHz repetition rate), and all radiated energy is absorbed in the walls within 7 m along the straight section.

Evaluation of effective energy for QA and QC: measurement of half-value layer using radiochromic film density.

PubMed

Gotanda, T; Katsuda, T; Gotanda, R; Tabuchi, A; Yamamoto, K; Kuwano, T; Yatake, H; Takeda, Y

2009-03-01

The effective energy of diagnostic X-rays is important for quality assurance (QA) and quality control (QC). However, the half-value layer (HVL), which is necessary to evaluate the effective energy, is not ubiquitously monitored because ionization-chamber dosimetry is time-consuming and complicated. To verify the applicability of GAFCHROMIC XR type R (GAF-R) film for HVL measurement as an alternative to monitoring with an ionization chamber, a single-strip method for measuring the HVL has been evaluated. Calibration curves of absorbed dose versus film density were generated using this single-strip method with GAF-R film, and the coefficient of determination (r2) of the straight-line approximation was evaluated. The HVLs (effective energies) estimated using the GAF-R film and an ionization chamber were compared. The coefficient of determination (r2) of the straight-line approximation obtained with the GAF-R film was more than 0.99. The effective energies (HVLs) evaluated using the GAF-R film and the ionization chamber were 43.25 keV (5.10 mm) and 39.86 keV (4.45 mm), respectively. The difference in the effective energies determined by the two methods was thus 8.5%. These results suggest that GAF-R might be used to evaluate the effective energy from the film-density growth without the need for ionization-chamber measurements.

3D measurement using circular gratings

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Harding, Kevin

2013-09-01

3D measurement using methods of structured light are well known in the industry. Most such systems use some variation of straight lines, either as simple lines or with some form of encoding. This geometry assumes the lines will be projected from one side and viewed from another to generate the profile information. But what about applications where a wide triangulation angle may not be practical, particularly at longer standoff distances. This paper explores the use of circular grating patterns projected from a center point to achieve 3D information. Originally suggested by John Caulfield around 1990, the method had some interesting potential, particularly if combined with alternate means of measurement from traditional triangulation including depth from focus methods. The possible advantages of a central reference point in the projected pattern may offer some different capabilities not as easily attained with a linear grating pattern. This paper will explore the pros and cons of the method and present some examples of possible applications.

49 CFR 179.201-3 - Lined tanks.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

...-Pressure Tank Car Tanks (Classes DOT-111AW and 115AW) § 179.201-3 Lined tanks. (a) Rubber-lined tanks. (1) Each tank or each compartment thereof must be lined with acid-resistant rubber or other approved rubber... double thickness. The rubber lining must overlap at least 11/2 inches at all edges which must be straight...

49 CFR 179.201-3 - Lined tanks.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

...-Pressure Tank Car Tanks (Classes DOT-111AW and 115AW) § 179.201-3 Lined tanks. (a) Rubber-lined tanks. (1) Each tank or each compartment thereof must be lined with acid-resistant rubber or other approved rubber... double thickness. The rubber lining must overlap at least 11/2 inches at all edges which must be straight...

49 CFR 179.201-3 - Lined tanks.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

...-Pressure Tank Car Tanks (Classes DOT-111AW and 115AW) § 179.201-3 Lined tanks. (a) Rubber-lined tanks. (1) Each tank or each compartment thereof must be lined with acid-resistant rubber or other approved rubber... double thickness. The rubber lining must overlap at least 11/2 inches at all edges which must be straight...

49 CFR 179.201-3 - Lined tanks.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

...-Pressure Tank Car Tanks (Classes DOT-111AW and 115AW) § 179.201-3 Lined tanks. (a) Rubber-lined tanks. (1) Each tank or each compartment thereof must be lined with acid-resistant rubber or other approved rubber... double thickness. The rubber lining must overlap at least 11/2 inches at all edges which must be straight...

Minimum-fuel turning climbout and descent guidance of transport jets

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Neuman, F.; Kreindler, E.

1983-01-01

The complete flightpath optimization problem for minimum fuel consumption from takeoff to landing including the initial and final turns from and to the runway heading is solved. However, only the initial and final segments which contain the turns are treated, since the straight-line climbout, cruise, and descent problems have already been solved. The paths are derived by generating fields of extremals, using the necessary conditions of optimal control together with singular arcs and state constraints. Results show that the speed profiles for straight flight and turning flight are essentially identical except for the final horizontal accelerating or decelerating turns. The optimal turns require no abrupt maneuvers, and an approximation of the optimal turns could be easily integrated with present straight-line climb-cruise-descent fuel-optimization algorithms. Climbout at the optimal IAS rather than the 250-knot terminal-area speed limit would save 36 lb of fuel for the 727-100 aircraft.

Failure of the straight-line DCS boundary when extrapolated to the hypobaric realm.

PubMed

Conkin, J; Van Liew, H D

1992-11-01

The lowest pressure (P2) to which a diver can ascend without developing decompression sickness (DCS) after becoming equilibrated at some higher pressure (P1) is described by a straight line with a negative y-intercept. We tested whether extrapolation of such a line also predicts safe decompression to altitude. We substituted tissue nitrogen pressure (P1N2) calculated for a compartment with a 360-min half-time for P1 values; this allows data from hypobaric exposures to be plotted on a P2 vs. P1N2 graph, even if the subject breathes oxygen before ascent. In literature sources, we found 40 reports of human exposures in hypobaric chambers that fell in the region of a P2 vs. P1N2 plot where the extrapolation from hyperbaric data predicted that the decompression should be free of DCS. Of 4,576 exposures, 785 persons suffered decompression sickness (17%), indicating that extrapolation of the diver line to altitude is not valid. Over the pressure range spanned by human hypobaric exposures and hyperbaric air exposures, the best separation between no DCS and DCS on a P2 vs. P1N2 plot seems to be a curve which approximates a straight line in the hyperbaric region but bends toward the origin in the hypobaric region.

27 CFR 9.185 - Texoma.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

...; and (2) Texarkana, Tex.; Ark.; Okla.; La., 1953, revised 1972. (c) Boundary. The Texoma viticultural... the Red River eastward along the Texas-Oklahoma State line, passes onto the Texarkana map, and... Texarkana map crosses the county line; then (4) Continues southwest in a straight line for approximately 13...

27 CFR 9.185 - Texoma.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

...; and (2) Texarkana, Tex.; Ark.; Okla.; La., 1953, revised 1972. (c) Boundary. The Texoma viticultural... the Red River eastward along the Texas-Oklahoma State line, passes onto the Texarkana map, and... Texarkana map crosses the county line; then (4) Continues southwest in a straight line for approximately 13...

27 CFR 9.185 - Texoma.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

...; and (2) Texarkana, Tex.; Ark.; Okla.; La., 1953, revised 1972. (c) Boundary. The Texoma viticultural... the Red River eastward along the Texas-Oklahoma State line, passes onto the Texarkana map, and... Texarkana map crosses the county line; then (4) Continues southwest in a straight line for approximately 13...

27 CFR 9.185 - Texoma.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

...; and (2) Texarkana, Tex.; Ark.; Okla.; La., 1953, revised 1972. (c) Boundary. The Texoma viticultural... the Red River eastward along the Texas-Oklahoma State line, passes onto the Texarkana map, and... Texarkana map crosses the county line; then (4) Continues southwest in a straight line for approximately 13...

27 CFR 9.185 - Texoma.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

...; and (2) Texarkana, Tex.; Ark.; Okla.; La., 1953, revised 1972. (c) Boundary. The Texoma viticultural... the Red River eastward along the Texas-Oklahoma State line, passes onto the Texarkana map, and... Texarkana map crosses the county line; then (4) Continues southwest in a straight line for approximately 13...

27 CFR 9.169 - Red Hills Lake County.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

...-foot contour line with the section 17 east boundary line, and continue for about 0.45 miles along the...-foot elevation line (Kelseyville Quadrangle); then (18) Proceed about 1.35 miles straight easterly to... 4, T12N, R7W, proceed approximately 0.1 miles due south along the common section line to its...

46 CFR Appendix A to Part 45 - Load Line Certificate Form

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... registry Type of Ship: TYPE “A” TYPE “B” TYPE “B” with increased freeboard freeboard from deck line Midsummer MS Summer S Intermediate I Winter W load line above S Upper edge of line through center of diamond... salt water of the St. Lawrence River west of a straight line from Cap de Rosiers to West Point...

System for line drawings interpretation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Boatto, L.; Consorti, Vincenzo; Del Buono, Monica; Eramo, Vincenzo; Esposito, Alessandra; Melcarne, F.; Meucci, Mario; Mosciatti, M.; Tucci, M.; Morelli, Arturo

1992-08-01

This paper describes an automatic system that extracts information from line drawings, in order to feed CAD or GIS systems. The line drawings that we analyze contain interconnected thin lines, dashed lines, text, and symbols. Characters and symbols may overlap with lines. Our approach is based on the properties of the run representation of a binary image that allow giving the image a graph structure. Using this graph structure, several algorithms have been designed to identify, directly in the raster image, straight segments, dashed lines, text, symbols, hatching lines, etc. Straight segments and dashed lines are converted into vectors, with high accuracy and good noise immunity. Characters and symbols are recognized by means of a recognizer, specifically developed for this application, designed to be insensitive to rotation and scaling. Subsequent processing steps include an `intelligent'' search through the graph in order to detect closed polygons, dashed lines, text strings, and other higher-level logical entities, followed by the identification of relationships (adjacency, inclusion, etc.) between them. Relationships are further translated into a formal description of the drawing. The output of the system can be used as input to a Geographic Information System package. The system is currently used by the Italian Land Register Authority to process cadastral maps.

Change Detection of High-Resolution Remote Sensing Images Based on Adaptive Fusion of Multiple Features

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, G. H.; Wang, H. B.; Fan, W. F.; Liu, Y.; Chen, C.

2018-04-01

In view of the traditional change detection algorithm mainly depends on the spectral information image spot, failed to effectively mining and fusion of multi-image feature detection advantage, the article borrows the ideas of object oriented analysis proposed a multi feature fusion of remote sensing image change detection algorithm. First by the multi-scale segmentation of image objects based; then calculate the various objects of color histogram and linear gradient histogram; utilizes the color distance and edge line feature distance between EMD statistical operator in different periods of the object, using the adaptive weighted method, the color feature distance and edge in a straight line distance of combination is constructed object heterogeneity. Finally, the curvature histogram analysis image spot change detection results. The experimental results show that the method can fully fuse the color and edge line features, thus improving the accuracy of the change detection.

Round Robin Test of Residual Resistance Ratio of Nb$$_3$$Sn Composite Superconductors

DOE PAGES

Matsushita, Teruo; Otabe, Edmund Soji; Kim, Dong Ho; ...

2017-12-07

A round robin test of residual resistance ratio (RRR) was performed for Nb 3Sn composite superconductors prepared by internal tin method by six institutes with the international standard test method described in IEC 61788-4. It was found that uncertainty mainly resulted from determination of the cryogenic resistance from the intersection of two straight lines drawn to fit the voltage vs. temperature curve around the resistive transition. As a result, the measurement clarified that RRR can be measured with expanded uncertainty not larger than 5% with the coverage factor 2 by using this test method.

Round Robin Test of Residual Resistance Ratio of Nb$$_3$$Sn Composite Superconductors

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Matsushita, Teruo; Otabe, Edmund Soji; Kim, Dong Ho

A round robin test of residual resistance ratio (RRR) was performed for Nb 3Sn composite superconductors prepared by internal tin method by six institutes with the international standard test method described in IEC 61788-4. It was found that uncertainty mainly resulted from determination of the cryogenic resistance from the intersection of two straight lines drawn to fit the voltage vs. temperature curve around the resistive transition. As a result, the measurement clarified that RRR can be measured with expanded uncertainty not larger than 5% with the coverage factor 2 by using this test method.

Thin oblique airfoils at supersonic speed

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Jone, Robert T

1946-01-01

The well-known methods of thin-airfoil theory have been extended to oblique or sweptback airfoils of finite aspect ratio moving at supersonic speeds. The cases considered thus far are symmetrical airfoils at zero lift having plan forms bounded by straight lines. Because of the conical form of the elementary flow fields, the results are comparable in simplicity to the results of the two-dimensional thin-airfoil theory for subsonic speeds. In the case of untapered airfoils swept back behind the Mach cone the pressure distribution at the center section is similar to that given by the Ackeret theory for a straight airfoil. With increasing distance from the center section the distribution approaches the form given by the subsonic-flow theory. The pressure drag is concentrated chiefly at the center section and for long wings a slight negative drag may appear on outboard sections. (author)

The Dung Beetle Dance: An Orientation Behaviour?

PubMed Central

Baird, Emily; Byrne, Marcus J.; Smolka, Jochen; Warrant, Eric J.; Dacke, Marie

2012-01-01

An interesting feature of dung beetle behaviour is that once they have formed a piece of dung into a ball, they roll it along a straight path away from the dung pile. This straight-line orientation ensures that the beetles depart along the most direct route, guaranteeing that they will not return to the intense competition (from other beetles) that occurs near the dung pile. Before rolling a new ball away from the dung pile, dung beetles perform a characteristic “dance,” in which they climb on top of the ball and rotate about their vertical axis. This dance behaviour can also be observed during the beetles' straight-line departure from the dung pile. The aim of the present study is to investigate the purpose of the dung beetle dance. To do this, we explored the circumstances that elicit dance behaviour in the diurnal ball-rolling dung beetle, Scarabaeus (Kheper) nigroaeneus. Our results reveal that dances are elicited when the beetles lose control of their ball or lose contact with it altogether. We also find that dances can be elicited by both active and passive deviations of course and by changes in visual cues alone. In light of these results, we hypothesise that the dung beetle dance is a visually mediated mechanism that facilitates straight-line orientation in ball-rolling dung beetles by allowing them to 1) establish a roll bearing and 2) return to this chosen bearing after experiencing a disturbance to the roll path. PMID:22279572

Oculogravic illusion in response to straight-ahead acceleration of a CF-104 aircraft

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Graybiel, A.; Jennings, G. L.; Johnson, W. H.; Money, K. E.; Malcolm, R. E.

1979-01-01

Experimental subjects wore goggles that restricted monocular vision to a luminous line fixed relative to the head, and they were exposed on one occasion to a straight-ahead acceleration of an aircraft and on another occasion to a tilting chair. The magnitude of change of direction of the resultant acceleration was the same on both occasions, but the perceived movement of the luminous line from the two stimuli was very different. In response to the aircraft stimulus, the oculogravic illusion was experienced and the luminous line was perceived as tilting relative to the subject, in response to the tilting chair stimulus, the line was perceived as remaining fixed relative to the subject. It was concluded that the oculogravic illusion, as experienced in the aircraft (and previously in centrifuges), is a true illusion and not merely a fact of physics.

Spring Regimes

DTIC Science & Technology

2003-04-15

of Albuquerque, New Mexico. . Since the system has “bottomed out” one could project a straight line northeastward (with little eastward movement of...in determining if forecast model guidance is “on track.” 14. 14. Subject Terms: CLOUDS, COMMA CLOUD, DRY LINE , GULF STRATUS, HEIGHT FALL CENTERS...4-40 Warm Fronts, Squall Lines and Mesocyclones

27 CFR 9.169 - Red Hills Lake County.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

...-foot contour line with the section 17 east boundary line, and continue for about 0.45 miles along the... continue straight north 0.25 miles on Wilkinson Road to its intersection with the 1,600-foot elevation line...-foot elevation line, section 19, T13N, R8W (Kelseyville Quadrangle); then (20) Proceed about 3.0 miles...

27 CFR 9.169 - Red Hills Lake County.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

...-foot contour line with the section 17 east boundary line, and continue for about 0.45 miles along the... continue straight north 0.25 miles on Wilkinson Road to its intersection with the 1,600-foot elevation line...-foot elevation line, section 19, T13N, R8W (Kelseyville Quadrangle); then (20) Proceed about 3.0 miles...

27 CFR 9.131 - Mt. Harlan.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... beginning is the unnamed 3,063′ peak on the county line between San Benito and Monterey Counties in Township... Sections 32, 29, and 30 all in Township 14 S., Range 5 E., to the point at which the county line intersects the line between Sections 30 and 19 of said Township and Range. (3) Thence proceed in a straight line...

27 CFR 9.131 - Mt. Harlan.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... beginning is the unnamed 3,063′ peak on the county line between San Benito and Monterey Counties in Township... Sections 32, 29, and 30 all in Township 14 S., Range 5 E., to the point at which the county line intersects the line between Sections 30 and 19 of said Township and Range. (3) Thence proceed in a straight line...

Determining the refractive index and thickness of thin films from prism coupler measurements

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Kirsch, S. T.

1981-01-01

A simple method of determining thin film parameters from mode indices measured using a prism coupler is described. The problem is reduced to doing two least squares straight line fits through measured mode indices vs effective mode number. The slope and y intercept of the line are simply related to the thickness and refractive index of film, respectively. The approach takes into account the correlation between as well as the uncertainty in the individual measurements from all sources of error to give precise error tolerances on the best fit values. Due to the precision of the tolerances, anisotropic films can be identified and characterized.

Resonant behaviour of MHD waves on magnetic flux tubes. III - Effect of equilibrium flow

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Goossens, Marcel; Hollweg, Joseph V.; Sakurai, Takashi

1992-01-01

The Hollweg et al. (1990) analysis of MHD surface waves in a stationary equilibrium is extended. The conservation laws and jump conditions at Alfven and slow resonance points obtained by Sakurai et al. (1990) are generalized to include an equilibrium flow, and the assumption that the Eulerian perturbation of total pressure is constant is recovered as the special case of the conservation law for an equilibrium with straight magnetic field lines and flow along the magnetic field lines. It is shown that the conclusions formulated by Hollweg et al. are still valid for the straight cylindrical case. The effect of curvature is examined.

Trajectory planning and control of a 6 DOF manipulator with Stewart platform-based mechanism

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Nguyen, Charles C.; Antrazi, Sami

1990-01-01

The trajectory planning and control was studied of a robot manipulator that has 6 degrees of freedom and was designed based on the mechanism of the Stewart Platform. First the main components of the manipulator is described along with its operation. The solutions are briefly prescribed for the forward and inverse kinematics of the manipulator. After that, two trajectory planning schemes are developed using the manipulator inverse kinematics to track straight lines and circular paths. Finally experiments conducted to study the performance of the developed planning schemes in tracking a straight line and a circle are presented and discussed.

Analysis of Precipitation (Rain and Snow) Levels and Straight-line Wind Speeds in Support of the 10-year Natural Phenomena Hazards Review for Los Alamos National Laboratory

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Kelly, Elizabeth J.; Dewart, Jean Marie; Deola, Regina

This report provides site-specific return level analyses for rain, snow, and straight-line wind extreme events. These analyses are in support of the 10-year review plan for the assessment of meteorological natural phenomena hazards at Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL). These analyses follow guidance from Department of Energy, DOE Standard, Natural Phenomena Hazards Analysis and Design Criteria for DOE Facilities (DOE-STD-1020-2012), Nuclear Regulatory Commission Standard Review Plan (NUREG-0800, 2007) and ANSI/ ANS-2.3-2011, Estimating Tornado, Hurricane, and Extreme Straight-Line Wind Characteristics at Nuclear Facility Sites. LANL precipitation and snow level data have been collected since 1910, although not all years are complete.more » In this report the results from the more recent data (1990–2014) are compared to those of past analyses and a 2004 National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration report. Given the many differences in the data sets used in these different analyses, the lack of statistically significant differences in return level estimates increases confidence in the data and in the modeling and analysis approach.« less

Adaptive Control of Small Outboard-Powered Boats for Survey Applications

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

VanZwieten, T.S.; VanZwieten, J.H.; Fisher, A.D.

2009-01-01

Four autopilot controllers have been developed in this work that can both hold a desired heading and follow a straight line. These PID, adaptive PID, neuro-adaptive, and adaptive augmenting control algorithms have all been implemented into a numerical simulation of a 33-foot center console vessel with wind, waves, and current disturbances acting in the perpendicular (across-track) direction of the boat s desired trajectory. Each controller is tested for its ability to follow a desired heading in the presence of these disturbances and then to follow a straight line at two different throttle settings for the same disturbances. These controllers were tuned for an input thrust of 2000 N and all four controllers showed good performance with none of the controllers significantly outperforming the others when holding a constant heading and following a straight line at this engine thrust. Each controller was then tested for a reduced engine thrust of 1200 N per engine where each of the three adaptive controllers reduced heading error and across-track error by approximately 50% after a 300 second tuning period when compared to the fixed gain PID, showing that significant robustness to changes in throttle setting was gained by using an adaptive algorithm.

Tram Squealing Noise and Its Impact on Human Health

PubMed Central

Panulinová, Eva; Harabinová, Slávka; Argalášová, Lubica

2016-01-01

Introduction: Tramway has become a serious urban noise source in densely populated areas. The disturbance from squealing noise is significant. Curve squeal is the very loud, tonal noise emitted by tram operation in tight radius curves. Studies had reported a relationship between noise levels and health effects, such as annoyance, sleep disturbance, and elevated systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Materials and Methods: This study aimed to analyze the wheel squeal noise along the tramway line in Košice, Slovakia, review the effects on human health, and discuss its inclusion in the design method. To observe the influence of a track curve on noise emission, several measurement points were selected, and the noise emission was measured both in the curve and in the straight lines employing the same type of permanent way. Results: The results in the sections with the radius below 50 m were greatly affected by the presence of a squeal noise, while the resulting noise level in the sections with the radius above 50 m depended on their radius. The difference between the average values of LAeq with and without the squeal in the measurement points with the radius below 50 m was 9 dB. The difference between the measurements in the curve sections with the radius below 50 m and those in the straight line was 2.7 dB. Conclusion: The resulting noise level in general was influenced by the car velocity and the technical shape of the permanent way. These results can be used in noise prognoses and in the health effect predictions. PMID:27991464

Pareto-Lognormal Modeling of Known and Unknown Metal Resources. II. Method Refinement and Further Applications

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Agterberg, Frits, E-mail: agterber@nrcan.gc.ca

Pareto-lognormal modeling of worldwide metal deposit size–frequency distributions was proposed in an earlier paper (Agterberg in Nat Resour 26:3–20, 2017). In the current paper, the approach is applied to four metals (Cu, Zn, Au and Ag) and a number of model improvements are described and illustrated in detail for copper and gold. The new approach has become possible because of the very large inventory of worldwide metal deposit data recently published by Patiño Douce (Nat Resour 25:97–124, 2016c). Worldwide metal deposits for Cu, Zn and Ag follow basic lognormal size–frequency distributions that form straight lines on lognormal Q–Q plots. Aumore » deposits show a departure from the straight-line model in the vicinity of their median size. Both largest and smallest deposits for the four metals taken as examples exhibit hyperbolic size–frequency relations and their Pareto coefficients are determined by fitting straight lines on log rank–log size plots. As originally pointed out by Patiño Douce (Nat Resour Res 25:365–387, 2016d), the upper Pareto tail cannot be distinguished clearly from the tail of what would be a secondary lognormal distribution. The method previously used in Agterberg (2017) for fitting the bridge function separating the largest deposit size–frequency Pareto tail from the basic lognormal is significantly improved in this paper. A new method is presented for estimating the approximate deposit size value at which the upper tail Pareto comes into effect. Although a theoretical explanation of the proposed Pareto-lognormal distribution model is not a required condition for its applicability, it is shown that existing double Pareto-lognormal models based on Brownian motion generalizations of the multiplicative central limit theorem are not applicable to worldwide metal deposits. Neither are various upper tail frequency amplification models in their present form. Although a physicochemical explanation remains possible, it is argued that preferential mining of the largest and smallest orebodies can have economic historical reasons. The size–frequency distribution of uranium can be regarded as lognormal without Pareto tails. At the end of the paper, it is shown that original copper deposit size data can be used for forward projection of discovery trends toward the end of this century.« less

27 CFR 9.204 - Tracy Hills.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... and Lammers Ferry Road, along the western boundary line of section 6, T3S/R5E. From the beginning... Western Pacific Railway line along the southern boundary line of section 6, T3S/R5E (Tracy map); then (2) Proceed 5.6 miles straight east along the Western Pacific Railway line and then along Linne Road to the...

27 CFR 9.215 - Lake Chelan.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... section 10 for 0.3 mile to its intersection with the 2,520-foot contour line and a 90-degree turn in the... boundary line 0.3 mile to its intersection with the 2,600-foot contour line and a 90-degree turn in the WNF... Landing. From the beginning point, proceed straight east 1.6 miles along the northern boundary line of...

Extrinsic Calibration of Camera Networks Based on Pedestrians

PubMed Central

Guan, Junzhi; Deboeverie, Francis; Slembrouck, Maarten; Van Haerenborgh, Dirk; Van Cauwelaert, Dimitri; Veelaert, Peter; Philips, Wilfried

2016-01-01

In this paper, we propose a novel extrinsic calibration method for camera networks by analyzing tracks of pedestrians. First of all, we extract the center lines of walking persons by detecting their heads and feet in the camera images. We propose an easy and accurate method to estimate the 3D positions of the head and feet w.r.t. a local camera coordinate system from these center lines. We also propose a RANSAC-based orthogonal Procrustes approach to compute relative extrinsic parameters connecting the coordinate systems of cameras in a pairwise fashion. Finally, we refine the extrinsic calibration matrices using a method that minimizes the reprojection error. While existing state-of-the-art calibration methods explore epipolar geometry and use image positions directly, the proposed method first computes 3D positions per camera and then fuses the data. This results in simpler computations and a more flexible and accurate calibration method. Another advantage of our method is that it can also handle the case of persons walking along straight lines, which cannot be handled by most of the existing state-of-the-art calibration methods since all head and feet positions are co-planar. This situation often happens in real life. PMID:27171080

27 CFR 9.230 - Ballard Canyon.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... straight line approximately 1.25 miles, crossing onto the Zaca Creek map, to the marked “Ball” 801-foot....45 miles, crossing onto the Solvang map, to a marked, unnamed 775-foot peak, T6N/R31W; then (6... the 400-foot contour line approximately 1.5 miles, to the contour line's first intersection with...

Line intersect sampling: Ell-shaped transects and multiple intersections

Treesearch

Timothy G. Gregoire; Harry T. Valentine

2003-01-01

The probability of selecting a population element under line intersect sampling depends on the width of the particle in the direction perpendicular to the transect, as is well known. The consequence of this when using ell-shaped transects rather than straight-line transects are explicated, and modifications that preserve design-unbiasedness of Kaiser's (1983)...

Responsiveness of Nigerian Students to Pictorial Depth Cues.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Evans, G. S.; Seddon, G. M.

1978-01-01

Three groups of Nigerian high school and college students were tested for response to four pictorial depth cues. Students had more difficulty with cues concerning the relative size of objects and the foreshortening of straight lines than with cues involving overlap of lines and distortion of the angles between lines. (Author/JEG)

27 CFR 9.45 - Suisun Valley.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... township line “T5N/T4N”; (2) Thence in a straight line in a northeast direction to Bench Mark (BM) 19... just south of Section 34, Township 6 North, Range 2 West; (5) Thence due west along the Napa/Solano...

27 CFR 9.45 - Suisun Valley.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... township line “T5N/T4N”; (2) Thence in a straight line in a northeast direction to Bench Mark (BM) 19... just south of Section 34, Township 6 North, Range 2 West; (5) Thence due west along the Napa/Solano...

The Gaussian atmospheric transport model and its sensitivity to the joint frequency distribution and parametric variability.

PubMed

Hamby, D M

2002-01-01

Reconstructed meteorological data are often used in some form of long-term wind trajectory models for estimating the historical impacts of atmospheric emissions. Meteorological data for the straight-line Gaussian plume model are put into a joint frequency distribution, a three-dimensional array describing atmospheric wind direction, speed, and stability. Methods using the Gaussian model and joint frequency distribution inputs provide reasonable estimates of downwind concentration and have been shown to be accurate to within a factor of four. We have used multiple joint frequency distributions and probabilistic techniques to assess the Gaussian plume model and determine concentration-estimate uncertainty and model sensitivity. We examine the straight-line Gaussian model while calculating both sector-averaged and annual-averaged relative concentrations at various downwind distances. The sector-average concentration model was found to be most sensitive to wind speed, followed by horizontal dispersion (sigmaZ), the importance of which increases as stability increases. The Gaussian model is not sensitive to stack height uncertainty. Precision of the frequency data appears to be most important to meteorological inputs when calculations are made for near-field receptors, increasing as stack height increases.

Rapidity evolution of Wilson lines at the next-to-leading order

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Balitsky, Ian; Chirilli, Giovanni

2013-12-01

At high energies particles move very fast so the proper degrees of freedom for the fast gluons moving along the straight lines are Wilson-line operators - infinite gauge factors ordered along the line. In the framework of operator expansion in Wilson lines the energy dependence of the amplitudes is determined by the rapidity evolution of Wilson lines. We present the next-to-leading order hierarchy of the evolution equations for Wilson-line operators.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Shi, E. L.; Hammett, G. W.; Stoltzfus-Dueck, T.

Here, five-dimensional gyrokinetic continuum simulations of electrostatic plasma turbulence in a straight, open-field-line geometry have been performed using a full- discontinuous-Galerkin approach implemented in the Gkeyll code. While various simplifications have been used for now, such as long-wavelength approximations in the gyrokinetic Poisson equation and the Hamiltonian, these simulations include the basic elements of a fusion-device scrape-off layer: localised sources to model plasma outflow from the core, cross-field turbulent transport, parallel flow along magnetic field lines, and parallel losses at the limiter or divertor with sheath-model boundary conditions. The set of sheath-model boundary conditions used in the model allows currentsmore » to flow through the walls. In addition to details of the numerical approach, results from numerical simulations of turbulence in the Large Plasma Device, a linear device featuring straight magnetic field lines, are presented.« less

A1C Test and Diabetes

MedlinePlus

... per day (fasting or pre-breakfast, pre-lunch, pre-dinner, and bedtime). The straight black line shows an A1C measurement of 7.0 percent. The blue line shows an example of how blood glucose test results might look from self-monitoring four times ...

Relationships among the slopes of lines derived from various data analysis techniques and the associated correlation coefficient

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Cohen, S. C.

1980-01-01

A technique for fitting a straight line to a collection of data points is given. The relationships between the slopes and correlation coefficients, and between the corresponding standard deviations and correlation coefficient are given.

Movements of wolves at the northern extreme of the species' range, including during four months of darkness

USGS Publications Warehouse

Mech, L.D.; Cluff, H.D.

2011-01-01

Information about wolf (Canis lupus) movements anywhere near the northern extreme of the species' range in the High Arctic (<75??N latitude) are lacking. There, wolves prey primarily on muskoxen (Ovibos moschatus) and must survive 4 months of 24 hr/day winter darkness and temperatures reaching -53 C. The extent to which wolves remain active and prey on muskoxen during the dark period are unknown, for the closest area where information is available about winter wolf movements is >2,250 km south. We studied a pack of ???20 wolves on Ellesmere Island, Nunavut, Canada (80??N latitude) from July 2009 through mid-April 2010 by collaring a lead wolf with a Global Positioning System (GPS)/Argos radio collar. The collar recorded the wolf's precise locations at 6:00 a.m. and 6:00 p.m. daily and transmitted the locations by satellite to our email. Straight-line distances between consecutive 12-hr locations varied between 0 and 76 km. Mean (SE) linear distance between consecutive locations (n = 554) was 11 (0.5) km. Total minimum distance traveled was 5,979 km, and total area covered was 6,640 km2, the largest wolf range reported. The wolf and presumably his pack once made a 263-km (straight-line distance) foray to the southeast during 19-28 January 2010, returning 29 January to 1 February at an average of 41 km/day straight-line distances between 12-hr locations. This study produced the first detailed movement information about any large mammal in the High Arctic, and the average movements during the dark period did not differ from those afterwards. Wolf movements during the dark period in the highest latitudes match those of the other seasons and generally those of wolves in lower latitudes, and, at least with the gross movements measurable by our methods, the 4-month period without direct sunlight produced little change in movements. ?? 2011 Mech, Cluff.

Movements of wolves at the northern extreme of the species' range, including during four months of darkness

USGS Publications Warehouse

Mech, L. David; Cluff, H. Dean

2011-01-01

Information about wolf (Canis lupus) movements anywhere near the northern extreme of the species' range in the High Arctic (>75°N latitude) are lacking. There, wolves prey primarily on muskoxen (Ovibos moschatus) and must survive 4 months of 24 hr/day winter darkness and temperatures reaching -53 C. The extent to which wolves remain active and prey on muskoxen during the dark period are unknown, for the closest area where information is available about winter wolf movements is >2,250 km south. We studied a pack of ≥20 wolves on Ellesmere Island, Nunavut, Canada (80°N latitude) from July 2009 through mid-April 2010 by collaring a lead wolf with a Global Positioning System (GPS)/Argos radio collar. The collar recorded the wolf's precise locations at 6:00 a.m. and 6:00 p.m. daily and transmitted the locations by satellite to our email. Straight-line distances between consecutive 12-hr locations varied between 0 and 76 km. Mean (SE) linear distance between consecutive locations (n = 554) was 11 (0.5) km. Total minimum distance traveled was 5,979 km, and total area covered was 6,640 km2, the largest wolf range reported. The wolf and presumably his pack once made a 263-km (straight-line distance) foray to the southeast during 19–28 January 2010, returning 29 January to 1 February at an average of 41 km/day straight-line distances between 12-hr locations. This study produced the first detailed movement information about any large mammal in the High Arctic, and the average movements during the dark period did not differ from those afterwards. Wolf movements during the dark period in the highest latitudes match those of the other seasons and generally those of wolves in lower latitudes, and, at least with the gross movements measurable by our methods, the 4-month period without direct sunlight produced little change in movements.

Rater agreement of visual lameness assessment in horses during lungeing

PubMed Central

Hammarberg, M.; Egenvall, A.; Pfau, T.

2015-01-01

Summary Reasons for performing study Lungeing is an important part of lameness examinations as the circular path may accentuate low‐grade lameness. Movement asymmetries related to the circular path, to compensatory movements and to pain make the lameness evaluation complex. Scientific studies have shown high inter‐rater variation when assessing lameness during straight line movement. Objectives The aim was to estimate inter‐ and intra‐rater agreement of equine veterinarians evaluating lameness from videos of sound and lame horses during lungeing and to investigate the influence of veterinarians’ experience and the objective degree of movement asymmetry on rater agreement. Study design Cross‐sectional observational study. Methods Video recordings and quantitative gait analysis with inertial sensors were performed in 23 riding horses of various breeds. The horses were examined at trot on a straight line and during lungeing on soft or hard surfaces in both directions. One video sequence was recorded per condition and the horses were classified as forelimb lame, hindlimb lame or sound from objective straight line symmetry measurements. Equine veterinarians (n = 86), including 43 with >5 years of orthopaedic experience, participated in a web‐based survey and were asked to identify the lamest limb on 60 videos, including 10 repeats. The agreements between (inter‐rater) and within (intra‐rater) veterinarians were analysed with κ statistics (Fleiss, Cohen). Results Inter‐rater agreement κ was 0.31 (0.38/0.25 for experienced/less experienced) and higher for forelimb (0.33) than for hindlimb lameness (0.11) or soundness (0.08) evaluation. Median intra‐rater agreement κ was 0.57. Conclusions Inter‐rater agreement was poor for less experienced raters, and for all raters when evaluating hindlimb lameness. Since identification of the lame limb/limbs is a prerequisite for successful diagnosis, treatment and recovery, the high inter‐rater variation when evaluating lameness on the lunge is likely to influence the accuracy and repeatability of lameness examinations and, indirectly, the efficacy of treatment. PMID:25399722

An unexplained three-dimensional percept emerging from a bundle of lines.

PubMed

Altschuler, Eric L; Huang, Abigail E; Kim, Hee J; Battaglini, Luca; Roncato, Sergio

2017-10-01

Perceptual grouping has been extensively studied, but some areas are still unexplored-in particular, the figural organizations that emerge when bundles of intersecting lines are drawn. Here, we will describe some figural organizations that emerge after the superimposition of bundles of lines forming the profile of regular triangular waves. By manipulating the lines' jaggedness and junction geometry (regular or irregular X junction) we could generate the following organizations: (a) a grid, or a figural configuration in which both the lines and closed contours are perceived, (b) a figure-ground organization composed of figures separated by portions of the background, and (c) a corrugated surface appearing as a multifaceted polyhedral shell crossed by ridges and valleys. An experiment was conducted with the aim at testing the role of the good-continuation and closure Gestalt factors. Good continuation prevails when the lines are straight or close to straightness, but its role is questionable in the appearance of a corrugated surface. This perceptual organization occurs despite the violation of the good-continuation rule and consists of a structure of such complexity so as to challenge algorithms of computer vision and stimulate a deeper understanding of the perceptual interpretation of groups of lines.

DIAC object recognition system

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Buurman, Johannes

1992-03-01

This paper describes the object recognition system used in an intelligent robot cell. It is used to recognize and estimate pose and orientation of parts as they enter the cell. The parts are mostly metal and consist of polyhedral and cylindrical shapes. The system uses feature-based stereo vision to acquire a wireframe of the observed part. Features are defined as straight lines and ellipses, which lead to a wireframe of straight lines and circular arcs (the latter using a new algorithm). This wireframe is compared to a number of wire frame models obtained from the CAD database. Experimental results show that image processing hardware and parallelization may add considerably to the speed of the system.

33 CFR 80.712 - Morris Island, SC to Hilton Head Island, SC.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... Island. (d) A line drawn from the microwave antenna tower on Edisto Beach charted in approximate position..., SC to Hilton Head Island, SC. (a) A line drawn from the easternmost tip of Folley Island to the... Island. (b) A straight line drawn from the seaward tangent of Folly Island through Folly River Daybeacon...

33 CFR 80.712 - Morris Island, SC to Hilton Head Island, SC.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... Island. (d) A line drawn from the microwave antenna tower on Edisto Beach charted in approximate position..., SC to Hilton Head Island, SC. (a) A line drawn from the easternmost tip of Folley Island to the... Island. (b) A straight line drawn from the seaward tangent of Folly Island through Folly River Daybeacon...

50 CFR 660.399 - EFH Conservation Areas off the Coast of California.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

.... The boundary of the Harris Point EFH Conservation Area is defined by the mean high water line and... commercial and recreational take of living marine resources is allowed, exists between the mean high water... Scorpion EFH Conservation Area is defined by the mean high water line and a straight line connecting all of...

50 CFR 660.79 - EFH Conservation Areas off the Coast of California.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

.... The boundary of the Harris Point EFH Conservation Area is defined by the mean high water line and... commercial and recreational take of living marine resources is allowed, exists between the mean high water... Scorpion EFH Conservation Area is defined by the mean high water line and a straight line connecting all of...

Document localization algorithms based on feature points and straight lines

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Skoryukina, Natalya; Shemiakina, Julia; Arlazarov, Vladimir L.; Faradjev, Igor

2018-04-01

The important part of the system of a planar rectangular object analysis is the localization: the estimation of projective transform from template image of an object to its photograph. The system also includes such subsystems as the selection and recognition of text fields, the usage of contexts etc. In this paper three localization algorithms are described. All algorithms use feature points and two of them also analyze near-horizontal and near- vertical lines on the photograph. The algorithms and their combinations are tested on a dataset of real document photographs. Also the method of localization quality estimation is proposed that allows configuring the localization subsystem independently of the other subsystems quality.

27 CFR 9.222 - Naches Heights.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... the intersection of the Burlington Northern single-track rail line and the Congdon (Schuler) Canal... a straight line approximately 0.15 mile to the Congdon (Schuler) Canal, which closely parallels the... Congdon (Schuler) Canal, onto the Selah map, approximately 3.25 miles, returning to the beginning point...

27 CFR 9.222 - Naches Heights.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... the intersection of the Burlington Northern single-track rail line and the Congdon (Schuler) Canal... a straight line approximately 0.15 mile to the Congdon (Schuler) Canal, which closely parallels the... Congdon (Schuler) Canal, onto the Selah map, approximately 3.25 miles, returning to the beginning point...

27 CFR 9.222 - Naches Heights.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... the intersection of the Burlington Northern single-track rail line and the Congdon (Schuler) Canal... a straight line approximately 0.15 mile to the Congdon (Schuler) Canal, which closely parallels the... Congdon (Schuler) Canal, onto the Selah map, approximately 3.25 miles, returning to the beginning point...

Transport and Junction Physics of Semiconductor-Metal Eutectic Composites

DTIC Science & Technology

1988-06-01

eutectic junction and includes the method for making contacts as well as current-voltage (I-V), capacitance- voltage (C-V), and electron-beam-induced current...junction was performed with another RTA at 8000C to 9000C for 10 s. This technique also worked well to provide the necessary ohmic contact. The necessary...solid state diffusion of Ta and Si. The diode is well behaved, with an ideality factor n = 1.10 ± 0.05. Deviation from the straight line forward

Object-Based Dense Matching Method for Maintaining Structure Characteristics of Linear Buildings

PubMed Central

Yan, Yiming; Qiu, Mingjie; Zhao, Chunhui; Wang, Liguo

2018-01-01

In this paper, we proposed a novel object-based dense matching method specially for the high-precision disparity map of building objects in urban areas, which can maintain accurate object structure characteristics. The proposed framework mainly includes three stages. Firstly, an improved edge line extraction method is proposed for the edge segments to fit closely to building outlines. Secondly, a fusion method is proposed for the outlines under the constraint of straight lines, which can maintain the building structural attribute with parallel or vertical edges, which is very useful for the dense matching method. Finally, we proposed an edge constraint and outline compensation (ECAOC) dense matching method to maintain building object structural characteristics in the disparity map. In the proposed method, the improved edge lines are used to optimize matching search scope and matching template window, and the high-precision building outlines are used to compensate the shape feature of building objects. Our method can greatly increase the matching accuracy of building objects in urban areas, especially at building edges. For the outline extraction experiments, our fusion method verifies the superiority and robustness on panchromatic images of different satellites and different resolutions. For the dense matching experiments, our ECOAC method shows great advantages for matching accuracy of building objects in urban areas compared with three other methods. PMID:29596393

The challenge of global water access monitoring: evaluating straight-line distance versus self-reported travel time among rural households in Mozambique.

PubMed

Ho, Jeff C; Russel, Kory C; Davis, Jennifer

2014-03-01

Support is growing for the incorporation of fetching time and/or distance considerations in the definition of access to improved water supply used for global monitoring. Current efforts typically rely on self-reported distance and/or travel time data that have been shown to be unreliable. To date, however, there has been no head-to-head comparison of such indicators with other possible distance/time metrics. This study provides such a comparison. We examine the association between both straight-line distance and self-reported one-way travel time with measured route distances to water sources for 1,103 households in Nampula province, Mozambique. We find straight-line, or Euclidean, distance to be a good proxy for route distance (R(2) = 0.98), while self-reported travel time is a poor proxy (R(2) = 0.12). We also apply a variety of time- and distance-based indicators proposed in the literature to our sample data, finding that the share of households classified as having versus lacking access would differ by more than 70 percentage points depending on the particular indicator employed. This work highlights the importance of the ongoing debate regarding valid, reliable, and feasible strategies for monitoring progress in the provision of improved water supply services.

An apparatus to estimate the hydrodynamic coefficients of autonomous underwater vehicles using water tunnel testing.

PubMed

Nouri, N M; Mostafapour, K; Bahadori, R

2016-06-01

Hydrodynamic coefficients or hydrodynamic derivatives of autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) play an important role in their development and maneuverability. The most popular way of estimating their coefficients is to implement captive model tests such as straight line tests and planar motion mechanism (PMM) tests in the towing tanks. This paper aims to develop an apparatus based on planar experiments of water tunnel in order to estimate hydrodynamic derivatives due to AUVs' acceleration and velocity. The capability of implementing straight line tests and PMM ones using mechanical oscillators located in the downstream flow of the model is considered in the design procedure of the system. The hydrodynamic derivatives that resulted from the acceleration and velocity of the AUV model were estimated using the apparatus that we developed. Static and dynamics test results were compared for the similar derivatives. The findings showed that the system provided the basis for conducting static tests, i.e., straight-line and dynamic tests that included pure pitch and pure heave. By conducting such tests in a water tunnel, we were able to eliminate errors related to the time limitation of the tests and the effects of surface waves in the towing tank on AUVs with applications in the deep sea.

Utilizing the ratio and the summation of two spectral lines for estimation of optical depth: Focus on thick plasmas

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Rezaei, Fatemeh; Tavassoli, Seyed Hassan

2016-11-01

In this paper, a study is performed on the spectral lines of plasma radiations created from focusing of the Nd:YAG laser on Al standard alloys at atmospheric air pressure. A new theoretical method is presented to investigate the evolution of the optical depth of the plasma based on the radiative transfer equation, in LTE condition. This work relies on the Boltzmann distribution, lines broadening equations, and as well as the self-absorption relation. Then, an experimental set-up is devised to extract some of plasma parameters such as temperature from modified line ratio analysis, electron density from Stark broadening mechanism, line intensities of two spectral lines in the same order of ionization from similar species, and the plasma length from the shadowgraphy section. In this method, the summation and the ratio of two spectral lines are considered for evaluation of the temporal variations of the plasma parameters in a LIBS homogeneous plasma. The main advantage of this method is that it comprises the both of thin and thick laser induced plasmas without straight calculation of self-absorption coefficient. Moreover, the presented model can also be utilized for evaluation the transition of plasma from the thin condition to the thick one. The results illustrated that by measuring the line intensities of two spectral lines at different evolution times, the plasma cooling and the growth of the optical depth can be followed.

Revised procedure for the measurement of particulate matter in Naval JP5 aviation turbine fuel (F44; AVCAT) using the contaminated fuel detector (CFD)

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

McVea, G.G.; Power, A.J.

1995-04-01

USA Military Specification MIL-D-22612 provides a procedure for measurement of particulate levels in Naval aviation gas turbine engine JP5 fuel (F44; RAN AVCAT) using the contaminated fuel detector (CFD). Evaluation of this procedure within the specification has revealed significant shortcomings in the application of the theoretical principles upon which the method is based. CFD measurements have been compared to gravimetric results from ASTM D2276, which provides accurate determination of concentrations of particulate matter in JP5. Inaccuracies evident in the CFD readings have been found to relate to the high sensitivity of the CFD to variations in fuel particulate extinction coefficientsmore » (ECs) (relating to fuel sediment colour) and to an error in the application of light transmittance theory in the recommended method. This report demonstrates that accurate CFD determination of JP5 particulate concentrations depends on spectrophotometric measurement of a narrow range of ECs of particulate matter. A range of fuel sediments derived from Australian naval ship and shore fuel storages was studied. It was observed that the CFD plot, which is in light transmittance mode, in theory provides a curved line graph against the gravimetric test results, whereas MIL-D-22612 describes a straight line graph. It was concluded that this must be an approximation. However, conversion of light transmittance data derived from the CFD into the reciprocal logarithm to give light absorbance data was shown to give a straight line graph which corresponded well with the gravimetric results. This relationship depended on construction of the graph on the basis of a narrow range of known particulate ECs. The conversion to absorbance gave improved correlation for JP5 particulate measurements with gravimetric procedures, using the CFD.« less

Pentzien lays diagonal cross of Potomac for Columbia gas

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Klinger, O.

1976-05-01

One of the most unusual pipeline river crossings was completed last fall by Pentzien, Inc., for Columbia LNG Corp. on the Potomac River at Bryans Road, MD, 22 miles south of Washington, DC. Part of a line delivering regasified Algerian LNG to Virginia and Pennsylvania, this crossing would have been only 7896 ft straight across the river; however, to obtaining necessary country authorization without excessively delaying the project, the line was laid diagonally 19,500 ft across the river at a cost about two-thirds more than for a straight-line crossing. The concrete-coated 36-in.-diam pipe for the project was so heavy thatmore » each transport truck could handle only a single 40-ft length at a time. Laser beams on each side of the river were used to guide both the dredging and pipelaying operations.« less

Estimates of ocean wave heights and attenuation in sea ice using the SAR wave mode on Sentinel-1A

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ardhuin, Fabrice; Collard, Fabrice; Chapron, Bertrand; Girard-Ardhuin, Fanny; Guitton, Gilles; Mouche, Alexis; Stopa, Justin E.

2015-04-01

Swell evolution from the open ocean into sea ice is poorly understood, in particular the amplitude attenuation expected from scattering and dissipation. New synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data from Sentinel-1A wave mode reveal intriguing patterns of bright oscillating lines shaped like instant noodles. We investigate cases in which the oscillations are in the azimuth direction, around a straight line in the range direction. This observation is interpreted as the distortion by the SAR processing of crests from a first swell, due to the presence of a second swell. Since deviations from a straight line should be proportional to the orbital velocity toward the satellite, swell height can be estimated, from 1.5 to 5 m in the present case. The evolution of this 13 s period swell across the ice pack is consistent with an exponential attenuation on a length scale of 200 km.

Estimates of ocean wave heights and attenuation in sea ice using the SAR wave mode on Sentinel-1A

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ardhuin, Fabrice; Collard, Fabrice; Chapron, Bertrand; Girard-Ardhuin, Fanny; Guitton, Gilles; Mouche, Alexis; Stopa, Justin

2015-04-01

Swell evolution from the open ocean into sea ice is poorly understood, in particular the amplitude attenuation expected from scattering and dissipation. New synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data from Sentinel-1 wave mode reveal intriguing patterns of bright oscillating lines shaped like instant noodles. We investigate cases in which the oscillations are in the azimuth direction, around a straight line in the range direction. This observation is interpreted as the distortion by the SAR processing of crests from a first swell, due to the presence of a second swell. As deviations from a straight line should be proportional to the orbital velocity towards the satellite, swell height can be estimated, from 1.5 to 5 m in the present case. This evolution of this 13 s period swell across the ice pack is consistent with an exponential attenuation on a length scale of 200 km.

27 CFR 9.89 - Umpqua Valley.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... in Township 21 South (T21S), Range 4 West (R4W) on the “Roseburg” map. (1) From the beginning point... range line R8W/R9W approximately 3.5 miles to its intersection with township line T22S/T23S; (4) Thence southeast approximately 8.5 miles along a straight line to the intersection of township line T23S/T24S with...

27 CFR 9.89 - Umpqua Valley.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... in Township 21 South (T21S), Range 4 West (R4W) on the “Roseburg” map. (1) From the beginning point... range line R8W/R9W approximately 3.5 miles to its intersection with township line T22S/T23S; (4) Thence southeast approximately 8.5 miles along a straight line to the intersection of township line T23S/T24S with...

Efficient Lane Boundary Detection with Spatial-Temporal Knowledge Filtering

PubMed Central

Nan, Zhixiong; Wei, Ping; Xu, Linhai; Zheng, Nanning

2016-01-01

Lane boundary detection technology has progressed rapidly over the past few decades. However, many challenges that often lead to lane detection unavailability remain to be solved. In this paper, we propose a spatial-temporal knowledge filtering model to detect lane boundaries in videos. To address the challenges of structure variation, large noise and complex illumination, this model incorporates prior spatial-temporal knowledge with lane appearance features to jointly identify lane boundaries. The model first extracts line segments in video frames. Two novel filters—the Crossing Point Filter (CPF) and the Structure Triangle Filter (STF)—are proposed to filter out the noisy line segments. The two filters introduce spatial structure constraints and temporal location constraints into lane detection, which represent the spatial-temporal knowledge about lanes. A straight line or curve model determined by a state machine is used to fit the line segments to finally output the lane boundaries. We collected a challenging realistic traffic scene dataset. The experimental results on this dataset and other standard dataset demonstrate the strength of our method. The proposed method has been successfully applied to our autonomous experimental vehicle. PMID:27529248

Determining health-care facility catchment areas in Uganda using data on malaria-related visits

PubMed Central

Charland, Katia; Kigozi, Ruth; Dorsey, Grant; Kamya, Moses R; Buckeridge, David L

2014-01-01

Abstract Objective To illustrate the use of a new method for defining the catchment areas of health-care facilities based on their utilization. Methods The catchment areas of six health-care facilities in Uganda were determined using the cumulative case ratio: the ratio of the observed to expected utilization of a facility for a particular condition by patients from small administrative areas. The cumulative case ratio for malaria-related visits to these facilities was determined using data from the Uganda Malaria Surveillance Project. Catchment areas were also derived using various straight line and road network distances from the facility. Subsequently, the 1-year cumulative malaria case rate was calculated for each catchment area, as determined using the three methods. Findings The 1-year cumulative malaria case rate varied considerably with the method used to define the catchment areas. With the cumulative case ratio approach, the catchment area could include noncontiguous areas. With the distance approaches, the denominator increased substantially with distance, whereas the numerator increased only slightly. The largest cumulative case rate per 1000 population was for the Kamwezi facility: 234.9 (95% confidence interval, CI: 226.2–243.8) for a straight-line distance of 5 km, 193.1 (95% CI: 186.8–199.6) for the cumulative case ratio approach and 156.1 (95% CI: 150.9–161.4) for a road network distance of 5 km. Conclusion Use of the cumulative case ratio for malaria-related visits to determine health-care facility catchment areas was feasible. Moreover, this approach took into account patients’ actual addresses, whereas using distance from the facility did not. PMID:24700977

A stationary bulk planar ideal flow solution for the double shearing model

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lyamina, E. A.; Kalenova, N. V.; Date, P. P.

2018-04-01

This paper provides a general ideal flow solution for the double shearing model of pressure-dependent plasticity. This new solution is restricted to a special class of stationary planar flows. A distinguished feature of this class of solutions is that one family of characteristic lines is straight. The solution is analytic. The mapping between Cartesian and principal lines based coordinate systems is given in parametric form with characteristic coordinates being the parameters. A simple relation that connects the scale factor for one family of coordinate curves of the principal lines based coordinate system and the magnitude of velocity is derived. The original ideal flow theory is widely used as the basis for inverse methods for the preliminary design of metal forming processes driven by minimum plastic work. The new theory extends this area of application to granular materials.

The straight line hypothesis elaborated: case reference obesity, an argument for acidosis, oxidative stress, and disease conglomeration?

PubMed

Berkemeyer, Shoma

2010-07-01

Studies report on the association between obesity and oxidative stress, with and without additional diseases. Macrophages in adipocytes, and hypoxia in adipose tissue have been suggested to explain how obesity can relate to oxidative stress. The straight line hypothesis using the lactic acid trap construct has been put forward to explain how proton imbalance can relate to obesity. Proton imbalance has been also reported to associate with the production of reactive oxygen species by inhibition of mitochondrial energy production. This review brings together existing literature and concepts to explain how obesity can relate to oxidative stress via protons, uniquely for itself or, as often observed, in conglomeration of additional diseases. Copyright 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Collision-free motion of two robot arms in a common workspace

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Basta, Robert A.; Mehrotra, Rajiv; Varanasi, Murali R.

1987-01-01

Collision-free motion of two robot arms in a common workspace is investigated. A collision-free motion is obtained by detecting collisions along the preplanned trajectories using a sphere model for the wrist of each robot and then modifying the paths and/or trajectories of one or both robots to avoid the collision. Detecting and avoiding collisions are based on the premise that: preplanned trajectories of the robots follow a straight line; collisions are restricted to between the wrists of the two robots (which corresponds to the upper three links of PUMA manipulators); and collisions never occur between the beginning points or end points on the straight line paths. The collision detection algorithm is described and some approaches to collision avoidance are discussed.

Straight talk new approaches in healthcare. The outpatient market: protect important market share.

PubMed

Broermann, Robert A; Kerner, Donald J; Walters, H Patrick; Hickman, Brett M

2003-10-27

Hospitals are facing competition from myriad freestanding players in the outpatient market. It's a fight hospitals can't afford to lose because they often use outpatient profits to cover losses in other service lines. Indeed about 60% of the average hospital's operating margin depends on outpatient revenues. In this session of Straight Talk, we examine how hospitals can build and finance outpatient services with physicians, increasing their competitiveness in increasingly competitive markets.

33 CFR 80.1142 - San Francisco Harbor, CA.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 1 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false San Francisco Harbor, CA. 80.1142 Section 80.1142 Navigation and Navigable Waters COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY INTERNATIONAL NAVIGATION RULES COLREGS DEMARCATION LINES Pacific Coast § 80.1142 San Francisco Harbor, CA. A straight line...

33 CFR 80.1142 - San Francisco Harbor, CA.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 1 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false San Francisco Harbor, CA. 80.1142 Section 80.1142 Navigation and Navigable Waters COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY INTERNATIONAL NAVIGATION RULES COLREGS DEMARCATION LINES Pacific Coast § 80.1142 San Francisco Harbor, CA. A straight line...

33 CFR 80.1142 - San Francisco Harbor, CA.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 1 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false San Francisco Harbor, CA. 80.1142 Section 80.1142 Navigation and Navigable Waters COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY INTERNATIONAL NAVIGATION RULES COLREGS DEMARCATION LINES Pacific Coast § 80.1142 San Francisco Harbor, CA. A straight line...

33 CFR 80.1142 - San Francisco Harbor, CA.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 1 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false San Francisco Harbor, CA. 80.1142 Section 80.1142 Navigation and Navigable Waters COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY INTERNATIONAL NAVIGATION RULES COLREGS DEMARCATION LINES Pacific Coast § 80.1142 San Francisco Harbor, CA. A straight line...

33 CFR 80.1142 - San Francisco Harbor, CA.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 1 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false San Francisco Harbor, CA. 80.1142 Section 80.1142 Navigation and Navigable Waters COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY INTERNATIONAL NAVIGATION RULES COLREGS DEMARCATION LINES Pacific Coast § 80.1142 San Francisco Harbor, CA. A straight line...

Pattern Recognition by Retina-Like Devices.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Weiman, Carl F. R.; Rothstein, Jerome

This study has investigated some pattern recognition capabilities of devices consisting of arrays of cooperating elements acting in parallel. The problem of recognizing straight lines in general position on the quadratic lattice has been completely solved by applying parallel acting algorithms to a special code for lines on the lattice. The…

33 CFR 80.1430 - Kaneohe Bay, Oahu, HI.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 1 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Kaneohe Bay, Oahu, HI. 80.1430 Section 80.1430 Navigation and Navigable Waters COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY INTERNATIONAL NAVIGATION RULES COLREGS DEMARCATION LINES Pacific Islands § 80.1430 Kaneohe Bay, Oahu, HI. A straight line...

Photovoltaic panel extraction from very high-resolution aerial imagery using region-line primitive association analysis and template matching

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, Min; Cui, Qi; Sun, Yujie; Wang, Qiao

2018-07-01

In object-based image analysis (OBIA), object classification performance is jointly determined by image segmentation, sample or rule setting, and classifiers. Typically, as a crucial step to obtain object primitives, image segmentation quality significantly influences subsequent feature extraction and analyses. By contrast, template matching extracts specific objects from images and prevents shape defects caused by image segmentation. However, creating or editing templates is tedious and sometimes results in incomplete or inaccurate templates. In this study, we combine OBIA and template matching techniques to address these problems and aim for accurate photovoltaic panel (PVP) extraction from very high-resolution (VHR) aerial imagery. The proposed method is based on the previously proposed region-line primitive association framework, in which complementary information between region (segment) and line (straight line) primitives is utilized to achieve a more powerful performance than routine OBIA. Several novel concepts, including the mutual fitting ratio and best-fitting template based on region-line primitive association analyses, are proposed. Automatic template generation and matching method for PVP extraction from VHR imagery are designed for concept and model validation. Results show that the proposed method can successfully extract PVPs without any user-specified matching template or training sample. High user independency and accuracy are the main characteristics of the proposed method in comparison with routine OBIA and template matching techniques.

Perceived relative attractiveness of facial profiles with varying degrees of skeletal anomalies.

PubMed

Hönn, Mirjam; Dietz, Klaus; Godt, Arnim; Göz, Gernot

2005-05-01

The objective of this study was to answer the following questions: Are profiles of Class I patients perceived as more attractive than profiles of Class II or Class III patients in Germany today? How pronounced must a skeletal malocclusion be to be perceived as less attractive? Are there differences in perception between dentists and laypersons? For the present study we examined seven patients with skeletal Class I, orthognathic maxillae and mandibles, and straight average faces (ideal biometric face as defined by A. M. Schwarz). Using the Onyx Ceph software, their profile lines were modified to reflect three different Class II profile variants and three different Class III profile variants. The 49 profiles thus obtained were assigned to two groups. Group 1 comprised the seven straight average faces and the first part of the retrognathic and prognathic profile variants. Group 2 comprised the same seven straight average faces and the remaining retrognathic and prognathic profile variants. Both groups of faces were scored by 130 laypersons and 126 dentists. Both groups of observers perceived the seven straight average faces similarly both in the first and second (subsequent) scoring rounds. The straight average face was perceived as most attractive by laypersons (mean, 5.48; 95% confidence interval (CI:) 5.33-5.60) and dentists (mean, 5.44; 95% CI, 5.28-5.50) alike, followed by the mildest variant of the retrognathic face (laypersons, mean, 4.85; 95% CI, 4.68-5.01; dentists, mean, 4.98; 95% CI, 4.81-5.10). Dentists differentiated more clearly by degree of skeletal malocclusion than did laypersons. Both groups alike perceived the extreme variant of the prognathic and retrognathic profile lines as the least attractive. Grouping the subjects by gender yielded only minor differences in perception. The straight average face is perceived as most attractive by representative German populations today. Dentists make clearer gradual distinctions in their perceptions than do laypersons.

Flow analysis for efficient design of wavy structured microchannel mixing devices

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kanchan, Mithun; Maniyeri, Ranjith

2018-04-01

Microfluidics is a rapidly growing field of applied research which is strongly driven by demands of bio-technology and medical innovation. Lab-on-chip (LOC) is one such application which deals with integrating bio-laboratory on micro-channel based single fluidic chip. Since fluid flow in such devices is restricted to laminar regime, designing an efficient passive modulator to induce chaotic mixing for such diffusion based flow is a major challenge. In the present work two-dimensional numerical simulation of viscous incompressible flow is carried out using immersed boundary method (IBM) to obtain an efficient design for wavy structured micro-channel mixing devices. The continuity and Navier-Stokes equations governing the flow are solved by fractional step based finite volume method on a staggered Cartesian grid system. IBM uses Eulerian co-ordinates to describe fluid flow and Lagrangian co-ordinates to describe solid boundary. Dirac delta function is used to couple both these co-ordinate variables. A tether forcing term is used to impose the no-slip boundary condition on the wavy structure and fluid interface. Fluid flow analysis by varying Reynolds number is carried out for four wavy structure models and one straight line model. By analyzing fluid accumulation zones and flow velocities, it can be concluded that straight line structure performs better mixing for low Reynolds number and Model 2 for higher Reynolds number. Thus wavy structures can be incorporated in micro-channels to improve mixing efficiency.

76 FR 38718 - Indiana Disaster #IN-00037

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-07-01

.../23/2011. Incident: Severe Storms, Tornadoes, Straight-line Winds, and Flooding. Incident Period: 04..., Spencer, Starke, Sullivan, Switzerland, Vanderburgh, Warrick, Washington. The Interest Rates are: Percent...

Methods to measure potential spatial access to delivery care in low- and middle-income countries: a case study in rural Ghana.

PubMed

Nesbitt, Robin C; Gabrysch, Sabine; Laub, Alexandra; Soremekun, Seyi; Manu, Alexander; Kirkwood, Betty R; Amenga-Etego, Seeba; Wiru, Kenneth; Höfle, Bernhard; Grundy, Chris

2014-06-26

Access to skilled attendance at childbirth is crucial to reduce maternal and newborn mortality. Several different measures of geographic access are used concurrently in public health research, with the assumption that sophisticated methods are generally better. Most of the evidence for this assumption comes from methodological comparisons in high-income countries. We compare different measures of travel impedance in a case study in Ghana's Brong Ahafo region to determine if straight-line distance can be an adequate proxy for access to delivery care in certain low- and middle-income country (LMIC) settings. We created a geospatial database, mapping population location in both compounds and village centroids, service locations for all health facilities offering delivery care, land-cover and a detailed road network. Six different measures were used to calculate travel impedance to health facilities (straight-line distance, network distance, network travel time and raster travel time, the latter two both mechanized and non-mechanized). The measures were compared using Spearman rank correlation coefficients, absolute differences, and the percentage of the same facilities identified as closest. We used logistic regression with robust standard errors to model the association of the different measures with health facility use for delivery in 9,306 births. Non-mechanized measures were highly correlated with each other, and identified the same facilities as closest for approximately 80% of villages. Measures calculated from compounds identified the same closest facility as measures from village centroids for over 85% of births. For 90% of births, the aggregation error from using village centroids instead of compound locations was less than 35 minutes and less than 1.12 km. All non-mechanized measures showed an inverse association with facility use of similar magnitude, an approximately 67% reduction in odds of facility delivery per standard deviation increase in each measure (OR = 0.33). Different data models and population locations produced comparable results in our case study, thus demonstrating that straight-line distance can be reasonably used as a proxy for potential spatial access in certain LMIC settings. The cost of obtaining individually geocoded population location and sophisticated measures of travel impedance should be weighed against the gain in accuracy.

The Video Collaborative Localization of a Miner's Lamp Based on Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks for Underground Coal Mines.

PubMed

You, Kaiming; Yang, Wei; Han, Ruisong

2015-09-29

Based on wireless multimedia sensor networks (WMSNs) deployed in an underground coal mine, a miner's lamp video collaborative localization algorithm was proposed to locate miners in the scene of insufficient illumination and bifurcated structures of underground tunnels. In bifurcation area, several camera nodes are deployed along the longitudinal direction of tunnels, forming a collaborative cluster in wireless way to monitor and locate miners in underground tunnels. Cap-lamps are regarded as the feature of miners in the scene of insufficient illumination of underground tunnels, which means that miners can be identified by detecting their cap-lamps. A miner's lamp will project mapping points on the imaging plane of collaborative cameras and the coordinates of mapping points are calculated by collaborative cameras. Then, multiple straight lines between the positions of collaborative cameras and their corresponding mapping points are established. To find the three-dimension (3D) coordinate location of the miner's lamp a least square method is proposed to get the optimal intersection of the multiple straight lines. Tests were carried out both in a corridor and a realistic scenario of underground tunnel, which show that the proposed miner's lamp video collaborative localization algorithm has good effectiveness, robustness and localization accuracy in real world conditions of underground tunnels.

Numerical Predictions of Sonic Boom Signatures for a Straight Line Segmented Leading Edge Model

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Elmiligui, Alaa A.; Wilcox, Floyd J.; Cliff, Susan; Thomas, Scott

2012-01-01

A sonic boom wind tunnel test was conducted on a straight-line segmented leading edge (SLSLE) model in the NASA Langley 4- by 4- Foot Unitary Plan Wind Tunnel (UPWT). The purpose of the test was to determine whether accurate sonic boom measurements could be obtained while continuously moving the SLSLE model past a conical pressure probe. Sonic boom signatures were also obtained using the conventional move-pause data acquisition method for comparison. The continuous data acquisition approach allows for accurate signatures approximately 15 times faster than a move-pause technique. These successful results provide an incentive for future testing with greatly increased efficiency using the continuous model translation technique with the single probe to measure sonic boom signatures. Two widely used NASA codes, USM3D (Navier-Stokes) and CART3D-AERO (Euler, adjoint-based adaptive mesh), were used to compute off-body sonic boom pressure signatures of the SLSLE model at several different altitudes below the model at Mach 2.0. The computed pressure signatures compared well with wind tunnel data. The effect of the different altitude for signature extraction was evaluated by extrapolating the near field signatures to the ground and comparing pressure signatures and sonic boom loudness levels.

27 CFR 9.213 - Snipes Mountain.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... beginning point, proceed south along the eastern boundary of section 34 for less than 0.1 mile to its intersection with the 750-foot elevation line, T10N, R22E; then (2) Proceed along the 750-foot elevation line... boundary of section 27, T10N, R21E; then (4) Proceed north in a straight line for less than 0.1 mile to the...

27 CFR 9.213 - Snipes Mountain.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... beginning point, proceed south along the eastern boundary of section 34 for less than 0.1 mile to its intersection with the 750-foot elevation line, T10N, R22E; then (2) Proceed along the 750-foot elevation line... boundary of section 27, T10N, R21E; then (4) Proceed north in a straight line for less than 0.1 mile to the...

27 CFR 9.213 - Snipes Mountain.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... beginning point, proceed south along the eastern boundary of section 34 for less than 0.1 mile to its intersection with the 750-foot elevation line, T10N, R22E; then (2) Proceed along the 750-foot elevation line... boundary of section 27, T10N, R21E; then (4) Proceed north in a straight line for less than 0.1 mile to the...

27 CFR 9.213 - Snipes Mountain.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... beginning point, proceed south along the eastern boundary of section 34 for less than 0.1 mile to its intersection with the 750-foot elevation line, T10N, R22E; then (2) Proceed along the 750-foot elevation line... boundary of section 27, T10N, R21E; then (4) Proceed north in a straight line for less than 0.1 mile to the...

27 CFR 9.213 - Snipes Mountain.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... beginning point, proceed south along the eastern boundary of section 34 for less than 0.1 mile to its intersection with the 750-foot elevation line, T10N, R22E; then (2) Proceed along the 750-foot elevation line... boundary of section 27, T10N, R21E; then (4) Proceed north in a straight line for less than 0.1 mile to the...

75 FR 45679 - Oklahoma Disaster #OK-00043

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-08-03

.../26/2010. Incident: Severe Storms, Tornadoes, Straight-line Winds, and Flooding. Incident Period: 06...: Primary Counties: Beaver, Cimarron, Lincoln, Logan, Major, Oklahoma, Texas. The Interest Rates are...

A fractal concentration area method for assigning a color palette for image representation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Cheng, Qiuming; Li, Qingmou

2002-05-01

Displaying the remotely sensed image with a proper color palette is the first task in any kind of image processing and pattern recognition in GIS and image processing environments. The purpose of displaying the image should be not only to provide a visual representation of the variance of the image, although this has been the primary objective of most conventional methods, but also the color palette should reflect real-world features on the ground which must be the primary objective of employing remotely sensed data. Although most conventional methods focus only on the first purpose of image representation, the concentration-area ( C- A plot) fractal method proposed in this paper aims to meet both purposes on the basis of pixel values and pixel value frequency distribution as well as spatial and geometrical properties of image patterns. The C- A method can be used to establish power-law relationships between the area A(⩾ s) with the pixel values greater than s and the pixel value s itself after plotting these values on log-log paper. A number of straight-line segments can be manually or automatically fitted to the points on the log-log paper, each representing a power-law relationship between the area A and the cutoff pixel value for s in a particular range. These straight-line segments can yield a group of cutoff values on the basis of which the image can be classified into discrete classes or zones. These zones usually correspond to the real-world features on the ground. A Windows program has been prepared in ActiveX format for implementing the C- A method and integrating it into other GIS and image processing systems. A case study of Landsat TM band 5 has been used to demonstrate the application of the method and the flexibility of the computer program.

METHOD AND MEANS FOR RECOGNIZING COMPLEX PATTERNS

DOEpatents

Hough, P.V.C.

1962-12-18

This patent relates to a method and means for recognizing a complex pattern in a picture. The picture is divided into framelets, each framelet being sized so that any segment of the complex pattern therewithin is essentially a straight line. Each framelet is scanned to produce an electrical pulse for each point scanned on the segment therewithin. Each of the electrical pulses of each segment is then transformed into a separate strnight line to form a plane transform in a pictorial display. Each line in the plane transform of a segment is positioned laterally so that a point on the line midway between the top and the bottom of the pictorial display occurs at a distance from the left edge of the pictorial display equal to the distance of the generating point in the segment from the left edge of the framelet. Each line in the plane transform of a segment is inclined in the pictorial display at an angle to the vertical whose tangent is proportional to the vertical displacement of the generating point in the segment from the center of the framelet. The coordinate position of the point of intersection of the lines in the pictorial display for each segment is determined and recorded. The sum total of said recorded coordinate positions being representative of the complex pattern. (AEC)

Seeing a straight line on a curved surface: decoupling of patterns from surfaces by single IT neurons

PubMed Central

Ratan Murty, N. Apurva

2016-01-01

We have no difficulty seeing a straight line drawn on a paper even when the paper is bent, but this inference is in fact nontrivial. Doing so requires either matching local features or representing the pattern after factoring out the surface shape. Here we show that single neurons in the monkey inferior temporal (IT) cortex show invariant responses to patterns across rigid and nonrigid changes of surfaces. We recorded neuronal responses to stimuli in which the pattern and the surrounding surface were varied independently. In a subset of neurons, we found pattern-surface interactions that produced similar responses to stimuli across congruent pattern and surface transformations. These interactions produced systematic shifts in curvature tuning of patterns when overlaid on convex and flat surfaces. Our results show that surfaces are factored out of patterns by single neurons, thereby enabling complex perceptual inferences. NEW & NOTEWORTHY We have no difficulty seeing a straight line on a curved piece of paper, but in fact, doing so requires decoupling the shape of the surface from the pattern itself. Here we report a novel form of invariance in the visual cortex: single neurons in monkey inferior temporal cortex respond similarly to congruent transformations of patterns and surfaces, in effect decoupling patterns from the surface on which they are overlaid. PMID:27733595

Realization of compact tractor beams using acoustic delay-lines

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Marzo, A.; Ghobrial, A.; Cox, L.; Caleap, M.; Croxford, A.; Drinkwater, B. W.

2017-01-01

A method for generating stable ultrasonic levitation of physical matter in air using single beams (also known as tractor beams) is demonstrated. The method encodes the required phase modulation in passive unit cells into which the ultrasonic sources are mounted. These unit cells use waveguides such as straight and coiled tubes to act as delay-lines. It is shown that a static tractor beam can be generated using a single electrical driving signal, and a tractor beam with one-dimensional movement along the propagation direction can be created with two signals. Acoustic tractor beams capable of holding millimeter-sized polymer particles of density 1.25 g/cm3 and fruit-flies (Drosophila) are demonstrated. Based on these design concepts, we show that portable tractor beams can be constructed with simple components that are readily available and easily assembled, enabling applications in industrial contactless manipulation and biophysics.

A new measuring method for motion accuracy of 3-axis NC equipments based on composite trajectory of circle and non-circle

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yang, Fan; Du, Zhengchun; Yang, Jiangguo; Hong, Maisheng

2011-12-01

Geometric motion error measurement has been considered as an important task for accuracy enhancement and quality assurance of NC machine tools and CMMs. In consideration of the disadvantages of traditional measuring methods,a new measuring method for motion accuracy of 3-axis NC equipments based on composite trajectory including circle and non-circle(straight line and/or polygonal line) is proposed. The principles and techniques of the new measuring method are discussed in detail. 8 feasible measuring strategies based on different measuring groupings are summarized and optimized. The experiment of the most preferable strategy is carried out on the 3-axis CNC vertical machining center Cincinnati 750 Arrow by using cross grid encoder. The whole measuring time of 21 error components of the new method is cut down to 1-2 h because of easy installation, adjustment, operation and the characteristics of non-contact measurement. Result shows that the new method is suitable for `on machine" measurement and has good prospects of wide application.

27 CFR 9.204 - Tracy Hills.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... miles generally northwest along the meandering 500-foot elevation line to section 18, T4S/R6E, where the... point, proceed 0.4 mile generally southeast along the Delta-Mendota Canal to its intersection with the...) Proceed 5.6 miles straight east along the Western Pacific Railway line and then along Linne Road to the...

27 CFR 9.204 - Tracy Hills.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... miles generally northwest along the meandering 500-foot elevation line to section 18, T4S/R6E, where the... point, proceed 0.4 mile generally southeast along the Delta-Mendota Canal to its intersection with the...) Proceed 5.6 miles straight east along the Western Pacific Railway line and then along Linne Road to the...

27 CFR 9.204 - Tracy Hills.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... miles generally northwest along the meandering 500-foot elevation line to section 18, T4S/R6E, where the... point, proceed 0.4 mile generally southeast along the Delta-Mendota Canal to its intersection with the...) Proceed 5.6 miles straight east along the Western Pacific Railway line and then along Linne Road to the...

27 CFR 9.204 - Tracy Hills.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... miles generally northwest along the meandering 500-foot elevation line to section 18, T4S/R6E, where the... point, proceed 0.4 mile generally southeast along the Delta-Mendota Canal to its intersection with the...) Proceed 5.6 miles straight east along the Western Pacific Railway line and then along Linne Road to the...

Controller Requirements for Uncoupled Aircraft Motion. Volume 1

DTIC Science & Technology

1984-09-01

the nose down to the run-in line, followed by roll- out into a straight line dive. Well learned precognitive maneuvers do not nvolve much psychomotor...This is initially a precognitive transient track- ing maneuver, fo’llowed by maintaining a constant, safe g level until a desired ra e of climb- is

27 CFR 9.38 - Cienega Valley.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... southeast portion of Section 21, Township 14 South, Range 6 East. (1) From the beginning point, the boundary... Township 14 South, Range 6 East, Section 21; (2) Thence in a straight line to the southwest portion of Section 28, Township 14 South, Range 6 East, where the 1400-foot contour line intersects the south border...

27 CFR 9.38 - Cienega Valley.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... southeast portion of Section 21, Township 14 South, Range 6 East. (1) From the beginning point, the boundary... Township 14 South, Range 6 East, Section 21; (2) Thence in a straight line to the southwest portion of Section 28, Township 14 South, Range 6 East, where the 1400-foot contour line intersects the south border...

Trajectory control of robot manipulators with closed-kinematic chain mechanism

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Nguyen, Charles C.; Pooran, Farhad J.; Premack, Timothy

1987-01-01

The problem of Cartesian trajectory control of a closed-kinematic chain mechanism robot manipulator, recently built at CAIR to study the assembly of NASA hardware for the future Space Station, is considered. The study is performed by both computer simulation and experimentation for tracking of three different paths: a straight line, a sinusoid, and a circle. Linearization and pole placement methods are employed to design controller gains. Results show that the controllers are robust and there are good agreements between simulation and experimentation. The results also show excellent tracking quality and small overshoots.

Geometric Lie algebra in matter, arts and mathematics with incubation of the periodic systems of the elements

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Trell, Erik; Edeagu, Samuel; Animalu, Alexander

2017-01-01

From a brief recapitulation of the foundational works of Marius Sophus Lie and Herrmann Günther Grassmann, and including missing African links, a rhapsodic survey is made of the straight line of extension and existence that runs as the very fibre of generation and creation throughout Nature's all utterances, which must therefore ultimately be the web of Reality itself of which the Arts and Sciences are interpreters on equal explorer terms. Assuming their direct approach, the straight line and its archaic and algebraic and artistic bearings and convolutions have been followed towards their inner reaches, which earlier resulted in a retrieval of the baryon and meson elementary particles and now equally straightforward the electron geodesics and the organic build of the periodic system of the elements.

Spatial accessibility to vaccination sites in a campaign against rabies in São Paulo city, Brazil.

PubMed

Polo, Gina; Acosta, Carlos Mera; Dias, Ricardo Augusto

2013-08-01

It is estimated that the city of São Paulo has over 2.5 million dogs and 560 thousand cats. These populations are irregularly distributed throughout the territory, making it difficult to appropriately allocate health services focused on these species. To reasonably allocate vaccination sites, it is necessary to identify social groups and their access to the referred service. Rabies in dogs and cats has been an important zoonotic health issue in São Paulo and the key component of rabies control is vaccination. The present study aims to introduce an approach to quantify the potential spatial accessibility to the vaccination sites of the 2009 campaign against rabies in the city of São Paulo and solve the overestimation associated with the classic methodology that applies buffer zones around vaccination sites based on Euclidean (straight-line) distance. To achieve this, a Gaussian-based two-step floating catchment area method with a travel-friction coefficient was adapted in a geographic information system environment, using distances along a street network based on Dijkstra's algorithm (short path method). The choice of the distance calculation method affected the results in terms of the population covered. In general, areas with low accessibility for both dogs and cats were observed, especially in densely populated areas. The eastern zone of the city had higher accessibility values compared with peripheral and central zones. The Gaussian-based two-step floating catchment method with a travel-friction coefficient was used to assess the overestimation of the straight-line distance method, which is the most widely used method for coverage analysis. We conclude that this approach has the potential to improve the efficiency of resource use when planning rabies control programs in large urban environments such as São Paulo. The findings emphasize the need for surveillance and intervention in isolated areas. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Method for targetless tracking subpixel in-plane movements.

PubMed

Espinosa, Julian; Perez, Jorge; Ferrer, Belen; Mas, David

2015-09-01

We present a targetless motion tracking method for detecting planar movements with subpixel accuracy. This method is based on the computation and tracking of the intersection of two nonparallel straight-line segments in the image of a moving object in a scene. The method is simple and easy to implement because no complex structures have to be detected. It has been tested and validated using a lab experiment consisting of a vibrating object that was recorded with a high-speed camera working at 1000 fps. We managed to track displacements with an accuracy of hundredths of pixel or even of thousandths of pixel in the case of tracking harmonic vibrations. The method is widely applicable because it can be used for distance measuring amplitude and frequency of vibrations with a vision system.

Spatially and temporally resolved diagnostics of dense sprays using gated, femtosecond, digital holography

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Trolinger, James D.; Dioumaev, Andrei K.; Ziaee, Ali; Minniti, Marco; Dunn-Rankin, Derek

2017-08-01

This paper describes research that demonstrated gated, femtosecond, digital holography, enabling 3D microscopic viewing inside dense, almost opaque sprays, and providing a new and powerful diagnostics capability for viewing fuel atomization processes never seen before. The method works by exploiting the extremely short coherence and pulse length (approximately 30 micrometers in this implementation) provided by a femtosecond laser combined with digital holography to eliminate multiple and wide angle scattered light from particles surrounding the injection region, which normally obscures the image of interest. Photons that follow a path that differs in length by more than 30 micrometers from a straight path through the field to the sensor do not contribute to the holographic recording of photons that travel in a near straight path (ballistic and "snake" photons). To further enhance the method, off-axis digital holography was incorporated to enhance signal to noise ratio and image processing capability in reconstructed images by separating the conjugate images, which overlap and interfere in conventional in-line holography. This also enables digital holographic interferometry. Fundamental relationships and limitations were also examined. The project is a continuing collaboration between MetroLaser and the University of California, Irvine.

Activity Demands During Multi-Directional Team Sports: A Systematic Review.

PubMed

Taylor, Jeffrey B; Wright, Alexis A; Dischiavi, Steven L; Townsend, M Allison; Marmon, Adam R

2017-12-01

Late-stage rehabilitation programs often incorporate 'sport-specific' demands, but may not optimally simulate the in-game volume or intensity of such activities as sprinting, cutting, jumping, and lateral movement. The aim of this review was to characterize, quantify, and compare straight-line running and multi-directional demands during sport competition. A systematic review of PubMed, CINAHL, SPORTDiscus, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials databases was conducted. Studies that reported time-motion analysis data on straight-line running, accelerations/decelerations, activity changes, jumping, cutting, or lateral movement over the course of an entire competition in a multi-directional sport (soccer, basketball, lacrosse, handball, field hockey, futsal, volleyball) were included. Data was organized based on sport, age level, and sex and descriptive statistics of the frequency, intensity, time, and volume of the characteristics of running and multi-directional demands were extracted from each study. Eighty-one studies were included in the review (n = 47 soccer, n = 11 basketball, n = 9 handball, n = 7 field hockey, n = 3 futsal, n = 4 volleyball). Variability of sport demand data was found across sports, sexes, and age levels. Specifically, soccer and field hockey demanded the most volume of running, while basketball required the highest ratio of high-intensity running to sprinting. Athletes change activity between 500 and 3000 times over the course of a competition, or once every 2-4 s. Studies of soccer reported the most frequent cutting (up to 800 per game), while studies of basketball reported the highest frequency of lateral movement (up to 450 per game). Basketball (42-56 per game), handball (up to 90 per game), and volleyball (up to 35 per game) were found to require the most jumping. These data may provide an incomplete view of an athlete's straight-line running load, considering that only competition and not practice data was provided. Considerable variability exists in the demands of straight-line running and multi-directional demands across sports, competition levels, and sexes, indicating the need for sports medicine clinicians to design future rehabilitation programs with improved specificity (including the type of activity and dosage) to these demands.

Two-dimensional compressible flow in centrifugal compressors with straight blades

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Stanitz, John D; Ellis, Gaylord O

1950-01-01

Six numerical examples are presented for steady, two-dimensional, compressible, nonviscous flow in centrifugal compressors with thin straight blades, the center lines of which generate the surface of a right circular cone when rotated about the axis of the compressor. A seventh example is presented for incompressible flow. The solutions were obtained in a region of the compressors, including the impeller tip, that was considered to be unaffected by the diffuser vanes or by the impeller-inlet configuration. Each solution applies to radial and mixed flow compressors with various cone angles but with the same angle between blades on the conic flow surface. The solution also apply to radial and mixed flow turbines with the rotation and the flow direction reversed. The effects of variations in the following parameters were investigated: (1) flow rate, (2) impeller-tip speed, (3) variation of passage height with radius, and (4) angle between blades on conic flow surface. The numerical results are presented in plots of the streamlines and constant Mach number lines. Correlation equations are developed whereby the flow conditions in any impeller with straight blades can be determined (in the region investigated by this analysis) for all operating conditions.

Performance back-deduction from a loading to flow coefficient map: Application to radial turbine

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Carbonneau, Xavier; Binder, Nicolas

2012-12-01

Radial turbine stages are often used for applications requiring off-design operation, as turbocharging for instance. The off-design ability of such stages is commonly analyzed through the traditional turbine map, plotting the reduced mass-flow against the pressure-ratio, for reduced-speed lines. However, some alternatives are possible, such as the flow-coefficient ( Ψ) to loading-coefficient ( φ) diagram where the pressure-ratio lines are actually straight lines, very convenient property to perform prediction. A robust method re-creating this map from a predicted Ψ-φ diagram is needed. Recent work has shown that this back-deduction quality, without the use of any loss models, depends on the knowledge of an intermediate pressure-ratio. A modelization of this parameter is then proposed. The comparison with both experimental and CFD results is presented, with quite good agreement for mass flow rate and rotational speed, and for the intermediate pressure ratio. The last part of the paper is dedicated to the application of the intermediate pressure-ratio knowledge to the improvement of the deduction of the pressure ratio lines in the Ψ-φ diagram. Beside this improvement, the back-deduction method of the classical map is structured, applied and evaluated.

Preliminary test results from a telescope of Hughes pixel arrays at FNAL

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Jernigan, J.G.; Arens, J.; Vezie, D.

1992-09-01

In December of 1991 three silicon hybrid pixel detectors each having 2.56 [times] 2.56 pixels 30 [mu]m square, made by the Hughes Aircraft Company, were placed in a high energy muon beam at the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory. Straight tracks were recorded in these detectors at angles to the normal to the plane of the silicon ranging from 0 to 45[degrees]. In this note, preliminary results are presented on the straight through tracks, i.e., those passing through the telescope at normal incidence. Pulse height data, signal-to-noise data, and preliminary straight line fits to the data resulting in residual distributions aremore » presented. Preliminary calculations show spatial resolution of less than 5 [mu]m in two dimensions.« less

Preliminary test results from a telescope of Hughes pixel arrays at FNAL

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Jernigan, J.G.; Arens, J.; Vezie, D.

1992-09-01

In December of 1991 three silicon hybrid pixel detectors each having 2.56 {times} 2.56 pixels 30 {mu}m square, made by the Hughes Aircraft Company, were placed in a high energy muon beam at the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory. Straight tracks were recorded in these detectors at angles to the normal to the plane of the silicon ranging from 0 to 45{degrees}. In this note, preliminary results are presented on the straight through tracks, i.e., those passing through the telescope at normal incidence. Pulse height data, signal-to-noise data, and preliminary straight line fits to the data resulting in residual distributions aremore » presented. Preliminary calculations show spatial resolution of less than 5 {mu}m in two dimensions.« less

27 CFR 9.186 - Niagara Escarpment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... Road, then north on Kayner Road 0.65 mile to its junction with the 600-foot contour line; then (12...) Proceed north along the east bank of the Niagara River about 0.6 mile to the northern boundary of the... about 0.8 mile to the park's northeast corner, and continue east in a straight line a short distance to...

27 CFR 9.178 - Columbia Gorge.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... Quadrangle, Washington—Oregon, 1994; (6) Brown Creek Quadrangle, Oregon, 1994; (7) Ketchum Reservoir... straight south on the R12E-R13E line, crossing onto the Brown Creek map, to its intersection with the T1N-T1S Base Line at the southeast corner of section 36 (Brown Creek Quadrangle); (19) Continues 6.1 miles...

Modeling the size-density relationship in direct-seeded slash pine stands

Treesearch

Quang V. Cao; Thomas J. Dean; V. Clark Baldwin

2000-01-01

The relationship between quadratic mean diameter and tree density appeared curvilinear on a log–log scale, based on data from direct-seeded slash pine (Pinus elliotti var. elliotti Engelm.) stands. The self-thinning trajectory followed a straight line for high tree density levels and then turned away from this line as tree density...

Methods of reconstruction of multi-particle events in the new coordinate-tracking setup

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Vorobyev, V. S.; Shutenko, V. V.; Zadeba, E. A.

2018-01-01

At the Unique Scientific Facility NEVOD (MEPhI), a large coordinate-tracking detector based on drift chambers for investigations of muon bundles generated by ultrahigh energy primary cosmic rays is being developed. One of the main characteristics of the bundle is muon multiplicity. Three methods of reconstruction of multiple events were investigated: the sequential search method, method of finding the straight line and method of histograms. The last method determines the number of tracks with the same zenith angle in the event. It is most suitable for the determination of muon multiplicity: because of a large distance to the point of generation of muons, their trajectories are quasiparallel. The paper presents results of application of three reconstruction methods to data from the experiment, and also first results of the detector operation.

75 FR 45648 - Oklahoma; Major Disaster and Related Determinations

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-08-03

... areas of the State of Oklahoma resulting from severe storms, tornadoes, straight-line winds, and..., Logan, Major, Oklahoma, and Texas Counties for Public Assistance. All counties within the State of...

Reading the Rover Tracks

NASA Image and Video Library

2012-08-29

The straight lines in Curiosity zigzag track marks are Morse code for JPL. The footprint is an important reference mark that the rover can use to drive more precisely via a system called visual odometry.

76 FR 44028 - Indiana; Major Disaster and Related Determinations

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-07-22

..., and straight line winds occurring on April 19, 2011, and April 22 to May 2, 2011, and flooding..., Starke, Sullivan, Switzerland, Vanderburgh, Warrick, and Washington Counties for Public Assistance. All...

Three-dimensional finite-element analysis of chevron-notched fracture specimens

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Raju, I. S.; Newman, J. C., Jr.

1984-01-01

Stress-intensity factors and load-line displacements were calculated for chevron-notched bar and rod fracture specimens using a three-dimensional finite-element analysis. Both specimens were subjected to simulated wedge loading (either uniform applied displacement or uniform applied load). The chevron-notch sides and crack front were assumed to be straight. Crack-length-to-specimen width ratios (a/w) ranged from 0.4 to 0.7. The width-to-thickness ratio (w/B) was 1.45 or 2. The bar specimens had a height-to-width ratio of 0.435 or 0.5. Finite-element models were composed of singularity elements around the crack front and 8-noded isoparametric elements elsewhere. The models had about 11,000 degrees of freedom. Stress-intensity factors were calculated by using a nodal-force method for distribution along the crack front and by using a compliance method for average values. The stress intensity factors and load-line displacements are presented and compared with experimental solutions from the literature. The stress intensity factors and load-line displacements were about 2.5 and 5 percent lower than the reported experimental values, respectively.

Blending Velocities In Task Space In Computing Robot Motions

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Volpe, Richard A.

1995-01-01

Blending of linear and angular velocities between sequential specified points in task space constitutes theoretical basis of improved method of computing trajectories followed by robotic manipulators. In method, generalized velocity-vector-blending technique provides relatively simple, common conceptual framework for blending linear, angular, and other parametric velocities. Velocity vectors originate from straight-line segments connecting specified task-space points, called "via frames" and represent specified robot poses. Linear-velocity-blending functions chosen from among first-order, third-order-polynomial, and cycloidal options. Angular velocities blended by use of first-order approximation of previous orientation-matrix-blending formulation. Angular-velocity approximation yields small residual error, quantified and corrected. Method offers both relative simplicity and speed needed for generation of robot-manipulator trajectories in real time.

Optimal placement of a brachioplasty scar: a survey evaluation.

PubMed

Samra, Salem; Samra, Fares; Liu, Yuen-Jong; Sawh-Martinez, Rajendra; Persing, John

2013-10-01

Brachioplasty has become a popular procedure to rejuvenate the upper arm, with its frequency increasing proportionately to the popularity of surgical weight loss procedures. The major complication of the procedure is undesirable, visible scarring. An ongoing, unresolved debate in the brachioplasty literature is the optimal placement of the brachioplasty scar. Some authors advocate a medially based incision along the bicipital groove, whereas others prefer to leave the scar posteriorly in the brachial sulcus. In addition, some advocate a sinusoidal scar over a straight-line closure. This study attempts to resolve the question of where and how to place the scar based on population surveys. Photographs were taken of a model with her arm progressively abducted at the shoulder to a level of 90 degrees, with the elbow progressively flexed to 90 degrees and the arm externally rotated. Anterior and posterior views were included. Using Photoshop, a brachioplasty scar was digitally created and placed on the arm first medially in the bicipital groove, then posteriorly in the brachial sulcus. Straight-line scars and sinusoidal scars were also compared in each position. Before creating a computer-generated image of the scars, the scar lines were marked with a marking pen to ensure they could be followed with movement of the model's arm. An online survey was then created and distributed and included multiple variables: position of the scar, length of scar vs residual deformity, and acceptability based on phase of scar in time (early vs late result). The scale was numerical from 1 to 5, with 1 being a very objectionable scar and 5 being a very acceptable scar. The survey was disseminated among the general public, plastic surgeons, and patients in the Yale Cosmetic Surgery Resident Clinic who were either seen in consultation for brachioplasty or who underwent the procedure. Electronic surveys were distributed to and completed by the general public (n = 117), local plastic surgery residents and attendings (n = 10), and patients who had undergone or were seen in consultation for brachioplasty (n = 9). Among all participants, in the chronic phase, a medial straight scar received an average rating of 4.00, a posterior straight scar received an average rating of 3.14, a posterior sinusoidal scar received an average rating of 2.61, and a medial sinusoidal scar received an average rating of 2.03. Across age groups, gender, plastic surgeons, and patients, the medially based straight brachioplasty scar is more acceptable than the posteriorly based straight scar (4.00 vs 3.14, P < 0.001). If the scar shape is made sinusoidal, a posteriorly based scar is favored over a medial one (2.61 vs 2.03, P < 0.001), yet this is still not as aesthetically pleasing as a medial straight scar (4.00 vs 2.61, P < 0.001). Furthermore, survey participants accepted a longer scar over a residual deformity (58.8% vs 41.2%). Based on the preferences of the populations surveyed, we conclude that the medially based straight scar is the most aesthetically acceptable option when performing a brachioplasty.

27 CFR 9.214 - Haw River Valley.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... significance. (b) Approved maps. The two United States Geological Survey 1:100,000-scale metric topographic... boundary line with Lynch Creek, southeast of Corbett and the Corbett Ridge, and then proceed in a straight...

27 CFR 9.138 - Benmore Valley.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

....” (b) Approved Maps. The appropriate maps for determining the boundaries of the Benmore Valley... northeast in a straight line to the easternmost peak of an unnamed ridge with four peaks in the center of...

27 CFR 9.138 - Benmore Valley.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

....” (b) Approved Maps. The appropriate maps for determining the boundaries of the Benmore Valley... northeast in a straight line to the easternmost peak of an unnamed ridge with four peaks in the center of...

27 CFR 9.78 - Ohio River Valley.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... Valley.” (b) Approved maps. The approved maps for determining the boundary of the Ohio River Valley... boundary proceeds in a straight line westerly to the town of Dry Ridge in Grant County, Kentucky...

76 FR 33805 - Tennessee Disaster Number TN-00055

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-06-09

... State of Tennessee (FEMA-1979-DR), dated 05/09/2011. Incident: Severe Storms, Tornadoes, Straight-line, Winds, and Flooding. Incident Period: 04/19/2011 and continuing. Effective Date: 06/01/2011. Physical...

76 FR 72020 - Missouri Disaster #MO-00051

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-11-21

... Administrative declaration of a disaster for the State of Missouri dated 11/09/2011. Incident: Severe storms, straight line winds, tornadoes and flooding. Incident Period: 06/26/2011 through 06/27/2011. Effective Date...

76 FR 32983 - Tennessee; Major Disaster and Related Determinations

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-06-07

... areas of the State of Tennessee resulting from severe storms, tornadoes, straight line winds, and... program in the designated areas, Hazard Mitigation throughout the State, and any other forms of assistance...

76 FR 32984 - Mississippi; Major Disaster and Related Determinations

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-06-07

... certain areas of the State of Mississippi resulting from severe storms, tornadoes, straight- line winds..., and any other forms of assistance under the Stafford Act that you deem appropriate subject to...

Straight-run vs. sex separate rearing for two broiler genetic lines Part 2: Economic analysis and processing advantages.

PubMed

Da Costa, M J; Colson, G; Frost, T J; Halley, J; Pesti, G M

2017-07-01

The objective of this analysis was to evaluate the effects of raising broilers under sex separate and straight-run conditions for 2 broiler genetic lines. One-day-old Ross 308 and Ross 708 chicks (n = 1,344) were sex separated and placed in 48 pens according to rearing type: sex separate (28 males or 28 females) or straight-run (14 males + 14 females). There were 3 dietary phases: starter (zero to 17 d), grower (17 to 32 d), and finisher (32 to 48 d). Bird individual BW and group feed intakes were measured at 12, 17, 25, 32, 42, and 48 d to evaluate performance. At 33, 43, and 49 d 4 birds per pen (straight-run pens 2 males + 2 females) were sampled for carcass yield evaluation. Data were analyzed using linear and non-linear regression in order to estimate feed intake and cut-up weights at 3 separate market weights (1,700, 2,700, and 3,700 g). Returns over feed cost were estimated for a 1.8 million broiler complex for each rearing system and under 9 feed/meat price scenarios. Overall, rearing birds that were sex separated resulted in extra income that ranged from ${\\$}$48,824 to ${\\$}$330,300 per week, depending on the market targeted and feed and meat price scenarios. Sex separation was shown to be especially important in disadvantageous scenarios in which feed prices were high. Gains from sex separation were markedly higher for the Ross 708 than for the Ross 308 broilers. Bird variability also was evaluated at the 3 separate market ages under narrow ranges of BW that were targeted. Straight-run birds decreased the number of birds present in the desired range. Depending on market weight, straight-run rearing resulted in 9.1 to 16.6% fewer birds than sex separate rearing to meet marketing goals. It was concluded that sex separation can result in increased company profitability and have possible beneficial effects at the processing plant due to increased bird uniformity. © 2017 Poultry Science Association Inc.

[Procedural analysis of acid-base balance disorder: case serials in 4 patents].

PubMed

Ma, Chunyuan; Wang, Guijie

2017-05-01

To establish the standardization process of acid-base balance analysis, analyze cases of acid-base balance disorder with the aid of acid-base balance coordinate graph. The acid-base balance theory were reviewed systematically on recent research progress, and the important concepts, definitions, formulas, parameters, regularity and inference in the analysis of acid-base balance were studied. The analysis of acid-base balance disordered processes and steps were figured. The application of acid-base balance coordinate graph in the cases was introduced. The method of "four parameters-four steps" analysis was put forward to analyze the acid-base balance disorders completely. "Four parameters" included pH, arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO 2 ), HCO 3 - and anion gap (AG). "Four steps" were outlined by following aspects: (1) according to the pH, PaCO 2 and HCO 3 - , the primary or main types of acid-base balance disorder was determined; (2) primary or main types of acid-base disorder were used to choose the appropriate compensation formula and to determine the presence of double mixed acid-base balance disorder; (3) the primary acid-base balance disorders were divided into two parts: respiratory acidosis or respiratory alkalosis, at the same time, the potential HCO 3 - should be calculated, the measured HCO 3 - should be replaced with potential HCO 3 - , to determine whether there were three mixed acid-base disorders; (4) based on the above analysis the data judged as the simple AG increased-metabolic acidosis was needed to be further analyzed. The ratio of ΔAG↑/ΔHCO 3 - ↓ was also needed to be calculated, to determine whether there was normal AG metabolic acidosis or metabolic alkalosis. In the clinical practice, PaCO 2 (as the abscissa) and HCO 3 - (as the ordinate) were used to establish a rectangular coordinate system, through origin (0, 0) and coordinate point (40, 24) could be a straight line, and all points on the straight line pH were equal to 7.40. The acid-base balance coordinate graph could be divided into seven areas by three straight lines [namely pH = 7.40 isoline, PaCO 2 = 40 mmHg (1 mmHg = 0.133 kPa) line and HCO 3 - = 24 mmol/L line]: main respiratory alkalosis area, main metabolic alkalosis area, respiratory + metabolic alkalosis area, main respiratory acidosis area, main metabolic acidosis area, respiratory + metabolic acidosis area and normal area. It was easier to determine the type of acid-base balance disorders by identifying the location of the (PaCO 2 , HCO 3 - ) or (PaCO 2 , potential HCO 3 - ) point on the acid-base balance coordinate graph. "Four parameters-four steps" method is systematic and comprehensive. At the same time, by using the acid-base balance coordinate graph, it is simpler to estimate the types of acid-base balance disorders. It is worthy of popularizing and generalizing.

The Video Collaborative Localization of a Miner’s Lamp Based on Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks for Underground Coal Mines

PubMed Central

You, Kaiming; Yang, Wei; Han, Ruisong

2015-01-01

Based on wireless multimedia sensor networks (WMSNs) deployed in an underground coal mine, a miner’s lamp video collaborative localization algorithm was proposed to locate miners in the scene of insufficient illumination and bifurcated structures of underground tunnels. In bifurcation area, several camera nodes are deployed along the longitudinal direction of tunnels, forming a collaborative cluster in wireless way to monitor and locate miners in underground tunnels. Cap-lamps are regarded as the feature of miners in the scene of insufficient illumination of underground tunnels, which means that miners can be identified by detecting their cap-lamps. A miner’s lamp will project mapping points on the imaging plane of collaborative cameras and the coordinates of mapping points are calculated by collaborative cameras. Then, multiple straight lines between the positions of collaborative cameras and their corresponding mapping points are established. To find the three-dimension (3D) coordinate location of the miner’s lamp a least square method is proposed to get the optimal intersection of the multiple straight lines. Tests were carried out both in a corridor and a realistic scenario of underground tunnel, which show that the proposed miner’s lamp video collaborative localization algorithm has good effectiveness, robustness and localization accuracy in real world conditions of underground tunnels. PMID:26426023

Genetic dissection of a regionally differentiated network for exploratory behavior in Drosophila larvae.

PubMed

Berni, Jimena

2015-05-18

An efficient strategy to explore the environment for available resources involves the execution of random walks where straight line locomotion alternates with changes of direction. This strategy is highly conserved in the animal kingdom, from zooplankton to human hunter-gatherers. Drosophila larvae execute a routine of this kind, performing straight line crawling interrupted at intervals by pause turns that halt crawling and redirect the trajectory of movement. The execution of this routine depends solely on the activity of networks located in the thoracic and abdominal segments of the nervous system, while descending input from the brain serves to modify it in a context-dependent fashion. I used a genetic method to investigate the location and function of the circuitry required for the different elements of exploratory crawling. By using the Slit-Robo axon guidance pathway to target neuronal midline crossing defects selectively to particular regions of the thoracic and abdominal networks, it has been possible to define at least three functions required for the performance of the exploratory routine: (1) symmetrical outputs in thoracic and abdominal segments that generate the crawls; (2) asymmetrical output that is uniquely initiated in the thoracic segments and generates the turns; and (3) an intermittent interruption to crawling that determines the time-dependent transition between crawls and turns. Copyright © 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.

Genetic Dissection of a Regionally Differentiated Network for Exploratory Behavior in Drosophila Larvae

PubMed Central

Berni, Jimena

2015-01-01

Summary An efficient strategy to explore the environment for available resources involves the execution of random walks where straight line locomotion alternates with changes of direction. This strategy is highly conserved in the animal kingdom, from zooplankton to human hunter-gatherers [1–8]. Drosophila larvae execute a routine of this kind, performing straight line crawling interrupted at intervals by pause turns that halt crawling and redirect the trajectory of movement [9–11]. The execution of this routine depends solely on the activity of networks located in the thoracic and abdominal segments of the nervous system, while descending input from the brain serves to modify it in a context-dependent fashion [9]. I used a genetic method to investigate the location and function of the circuitry required for the different elements of exploratory crawling. By using the Slit-Robo axon guidance pathway to target neuronal midline crossing defects selectively to particular regions of the thoracic and abdominal networks, it has been possible to define at least three functions required for the performance of the exploratory routine: (1) symmetrical outputs in thoracic and abdominal segments that generate the crawls; (2) asymmetrical output that is uniquely initiated in the thoracic segments and generates the turns; and (3) an intermittent interruption to crawling that determines the time-dependent transition between crawls and turns. PMID:25959962

Veterinary student competence in equine lameness recognition and assessment: a mixed methods study.

PubMed

Starke, Sandra D; May, Stephen A

2017-08-12

The development of perceptual skills is an important aspect of veterinary education. The authors investigated veterinary student competency in lameness evaluation at two stages, before (third year) and during (fourth/fifth year) clinical rotations. Students evaluated horses in videos, where horses were presented during trot on a straight line and in circles. Eye-tracking data were recorded during assessment on the straight line to follow student gaze. On completing the task, students filled in a structured questionnaire. Results showed that the experienced students outperformed inexperienced students, although even experienced students may classify one in four horses incorrectly. Mistakes largely arose from classifying an incorrect limb as lame. The correct detection of sound horses was at chance level. While the experienced student cohort primarily looked at upper body movement (head and sacrum) during lameness assessment, the inexperienced cohort focused on limb movement. Student self-assessment of performance was realistic, and task difficulty was most commonly rated between 3 and 4 out of 5. The inexperienced students named a considerably greater number of visual lameness features than the experienced students. Future dedicated training based on the findings presented here may help students to develop more reliable lameness assessment skills. © British Veterinary Association (unless otherwise stated in the text of the article) 2017. All rights reserved. No commercial use is permitted unless otherwise expressly granted.

On the barn owl's visual pre-attack behavior: I. Structure of head movements and motion patterns.

PubMed

Ohayon, Shay; van der Willigen, Robert F; Wagner, Hermann; Katsman, Igor; Rivlin, Ehud

2006-09-01

Barn owls exhibit a rich repertoire of head movements before taking off for prey capture. These movements occur mainly at light levels that allow for the visual detection of prey. To investigate these movements and their functional relevance, we filmed the pre-attack behavior of barn owls. Off-line image analysis enabled reconstruction of all six degrees of freedom of head movements. Three categories of head movements were observed: fixations, head translations and head rotations. The observed rotations contained a translational component. Head rotations did not follow Listing's law, but could be well described by a second-order surface, which indicated that they are in close agreement with Donder's law. Head translations did not contain any significant rotational components. Translations were further segmented into straight-line and curved paths. Translations along an axis perpendicular to the line of sight were similar to peering movements observed in other animals. We suggest that these basic motion elements (fixations, head rotations, translations along a straight line, and translation along a curved trajectory) may be combined to form longer and more complex behavior. We speculate that these head movements mainly underlie estimation of distance during prey capture.

78 FR 72919 - Illinois; Major Disaster and Related Determinations

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-12-04

..., straight-line winds, and tornadoes on November 17, 2013, is of sufficient severity and magnitude to warrant... Needs Assistance will be limited to 75 percent of the total eligible costs. Further, you are authorized...

77 FR 60003 - New Jersey Disaster #NJ-00031

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-10-01

... Administrative declaration of a disaster for the State of New Jersey dated 09/21/2012. Incident: Severe Storms and significant Straight-line Winds. Incident Period: 06/30/2012. Effective Date: 09/21/2012. Physical...

76 FR 32982 - Alabama; Major Disaster and Related Determinations

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-06-07

... certain areas of the State of Alabama resulting from severe storms, tornadoes, straight-line winds, and... throughout the State, and any other forms of assistance under the Stafford Act that you deem appropriate...

76 FR 32985 - Georgia; Major Disaster and Related Determinations

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-06-07

... certain areas of the State of Georgia resulting from severe storms, tornadoes, straight line winds, and... State, and any other forms of assistance under the Stafford Act that you deem appropriate subject to...

76 FR 78342 - Proposed Collection; Comment Request for Notice 2011-65

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-12-16

... housing relief needed as a result of the devastation caused by severe storms, tornadoes, straight-line... information on respondents, including through the use of automated collection techniques or other forms of...

75 FR 68848 - North Carolina Disaster Number NC-00030

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-11-09

...), dated 10/14/2010. Incident: Severe Storms, Flooding, and Straight-line Winds associated with remnants of Tropical Storm Nicole. Incident Period: 09/27/2010 through 10/01/2010. DATES: Effective Date: 11/01/2010...

40 CFR 86.125-94 - Methane analyzer calibration.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

.... Additional calibration points may be generated. For each range calibrated, if the deviation from a least-squares best-fit straight line is 2 percent or less of the value at each data point, concentration values...

40 CFR 86.125-94 - Methane analyzer calibration.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

.... Additional calibration points may be generated. For each range calibrated, if the deviation from a least-squares best-fit straight line is 2 percent or less of the value at each data point, concentration values...

40 CFR 86.125-94 - Methane analyzer calibration.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

.... Additional calibration points may be generated. For each range calibrated, if the deviation from a least-squares best-fit straight line is 2 percent or less of the value at each data point, concentration values...

Improved methods for dewarping images in convex mirrors in fine art: applications to van Eyck and Parmigianino

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Usami, Yumi; Stork, David G.; Fujiki, Jun; Hino, Hideitsu; Akaho, Shotaro; Murata, Noboru

2011-03-01

We derive and demonstrate new methods for dewarping images depicted in convex mirrors in artwork and for estimating the three-dimensional shapes of the mirrors themselves. Previous methods were based on the assumption that mirrors were spherical or paraboloidal, an assumption unlikely to hold for hand-blown glass spheres used in early Renaissance art, such as Johannes van Eyck's Portrait of Giovanni (?) Arnolfini and his wife (1434) and Robert Campin's Portrait of St. John the Baptist and Heinrich von Werl (1438). Our methods are more general than such previous methods in that we assume merely that the mirror is radially symmetric and that there are straight lines (or colinear points) in the actual source scene. We express the mirror's shape as a mathematical series and pose the image dewarping task as that of estimating the coefficients in the series expansion. Central to our method is the plumbline principle: that the optimal coefficients are those that dewarp the mirror image so as to straighten lines that correspond to straight lines in the source scene. We solve for these coefficients algebraically through principal component analysis, PCA. Our method relies on a global figure of merit to balance warping errors throughout the image and it thereby reduces a reliance on the somewhat subjective criterion used in earlier methods. Our estimation can be applied to separate image annuli, which is appropriate if the mirror shape is irregular. Once we have found the optimal image dewarping, we compute the mirror shape by solving a differential equation based on the estimated dewarping function. We demonstrate our methods on the Arnolfini mirror and reveal a dewarped image superior to those found in prior work|an image noticeably more rectilinear throughout and having a more coherent geometrical perspective and vanishing points. Moreover, we find the mirror deviated from spherical and paraboloidal shape; this implies that it would have been useless as a concave projection mirror, as has been claimed. Our dewarped image can be compared to the geometry in the full Arnolfini painting; the geometrical agreement strongly suggests that van Eyck worked from an actual room, not, as has been suggested by some art historians, a "fictive" room of his imagination. We apply our method to other mirrors depicted in art, such as Parmigianino's Self-portrait in a convex mirror and compare our results to those from earlier computer graphics simulations.

Paver automation for road surfacing

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tihonov, A.; Velichkin, V.

2017-10-01

The paper discusses factors that bear on the quality of motor road pavement as access roads and highways are built and used. A block diagram is proposed to organize elements of the automatic control system to control the asphalt paver’s mechanisms; the system is based on a microprocessor onboard controller to maintain preset elevation of the finishing plate; description of its operation principle is offered. The paper names primary converters to control the finishing plate elevation. A new control method is described to control the machine’s straight-line movement with GLONASS Satellite Positioning System (SPS) during operation.

Statistical Methods in Physical Oceanography: Proceedings of ’Aha Huliko’a Hawaiian Winter Workshop Held in Manoa, Hawaii on January 12-15, 1993

DTIC Science & Technology

1993-11-01

field X(t) at time 1. Ti. is the set of all times when both pi and pi have been observed and ni. is the number of elements in T Definition Eq. (22) is...termed contour analysis, for melding of oceanic data and for space-time interpolation of gappy frontal data sets . The key elements of contour analysis...plane and let fl(1) be the set of all straight lines intersecting F. Directly measuring the number of intersections between a random element W E 11(F) and

Analytical and numerical solutions of the equation for the beam propagation in a photovoltaic-photorefractive media

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lin, Ji; Wang, Hou

2013-07-01

We use the classical Lie-group method to study the evolution equation describing a photovoltaic-photorefractive media with the effects of diffusion process and the external electric field. We reduce it to some similarity equations firstly, and then obtain some analytically exact solutions including the soliton solution, the exponential solution and the oscillatory solution. We also obtain the numeric solitons from these similarity equations. Moreover, We show theoretically that these solutions have two types of trajectories. One type is a straight line. The other is a parabolic curve, which indicates these solitons have self-deflection.

Assessment of the Old Red Rock Indian Line Sycamore Tree, Lake Red Rock, Marion County, Iowa

DTIC Science & Technology

1992-01-01

miles, when reduced to a straight line , from the junction of the White Breast and Des Moines (Stiles 1911:4). George W. Harrison was instructed to...AD-A255 372 Assessment of the Old Red Rock Indian Line Sycamore Tree, Lake Red Rock, Marion County, Iowa DACW25-92-M-0414 by Leah D. Rogers Project...portion of tree 22 9. Map showing location of Red Rock line within treaty cession area of 23 1842 10. Portion of 1844 map showing incorrect placement of

Aorta modeling with the element-based zero-stress state and isogeometric discretization

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Takizawa, Kenji; Tezduyar, Tayfun E.; Sasaki, Takafumi

2017-02-01

Patient-specific arterial fluid-structure interaction computations, including aorta computations, require an estimation of the zero-stress state (ZSS), because the image-based arterial geometries do not come from a ZSS. We have earlier introduced a method for estimation of the element-based ZSS (EBZSS) in the context of finite element discretization of the arterial wall. The method has three main components. 1. An iterative method, which starts with a calculated initial guess, is used for computing the EBZSS such that when a given pressure load is applied, the image-based target shape is matched. 2. A method for straight-tube segments is used for computing the EBZSS so that we match the given diameter and longitudinal stretch in the target configuration and the "opening angle." 3. An element-based mapping between the artery and straight-tube is extracted from the mapping between the artery and straight-tube segments. This provides the mapping from the arterial configuration to the straight-tube configuration, and from the estimated EBZSS of the straight-tube configuration back to the arterial configuration, to be used as the initial guess for the iterative method that matches the image-based target shape. Here we present the version of the EBZSS estimation method with isogeometric wall discretization. With isogeometric discretization, we can obtain the element-based mapping directly, instead of extracting it from the mapping between the artery and straight-tube segments. That is because all we need for the element-based mapping, including the curvatures, can be obtained within an element. With NURBS basis functions, we may be able to achieve a similar level of accuracy as with the linear basis functions, but using larger-size and much fewer elements. Higher-order NURBS basis functions allow representation of more complex shapes within an element. To show how the new EBZSS estimation method performs, we first present 2D test computations with straight-tube configurations. Then we show how the method can be used in a 3D computation where the target geometry is coming from medical image of a human aorta.

[Evaluating the accuracy of three-dimensional reconstruction of the intercuspal position for dentition casts aided by a mechanical appliance].

PubMed

Hu, Z W; Li, W W; Zhang, X Y; Fan, B L; Wang, Y; Sun, Y C

2016-08-01

To develop a aided mechanical appliance for rapid reconstruction of three-dimensional(3D)relationship of dentition model after scanning and evaluation of its accuracy. The appliance was designed by forward engineering software and fabricated by a high precision computer numerical control(CNC)system. It contained upper and lower body, magnetic pedestal and three pillars. Nine 3 mm diameter hemispheres were distributed equally on the axial surface of each pedestal. Faro Edge 1.8m was used to directly obtain center of each hemisphere(contact method), defined as known center. A pair of die-stone standard dentition model were fixed in intercuspal position and then fixed on the magnetic pedestals with low expansion ratio plaster. Activity 880 dental scanner was used to scan casts after the plaster was completely set. In Geomagic 2012, the centers of each hemisphere were fitted and defined as scanning centers. Scanning centers were aligned to known centers by reference point system to finish the 3D reconstruction of the intercuspal occlusion for the dentition casts. An observation coordinate system was interactively established. The straight-line distances in the X(coronal), Y(saggital), and Z(vertical)between the remaining 6 pairs of center points derived from contact method and fitting method were measured respectively and analyzed using a paired t-test. The differences of the straight-line distances of the remaining 6 pairs of center points between the two methods were X:(-0.05±0.10)mm, Y:(0.02±0.06)mm, and Z:(0.01 ± 0.05)mm. The results of paired t-test showed no significant differences(P>0.05). The mechanical appliance can help to reconstruct 3D jaw relation by scanning single upper and lower dentition model with usual commercial available dental cast scanning system.

New well testing applications of the pressure derivative

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Onur, M.

1989-01-01

This work presents new derivative type curves based on a new derivative group which is equal to the dimensionless pressure group divided by its logarithmic derivative with respect to dimensionless time group. One major advantage of these type curves is that the type-curve match of field pressure/pressure-derivative data with the new derivative type curves is accomplished by moving the field data plot in only the horizontal direction. This type-curve match fixes time match-point values. The pressure change versus time data is then matched with the dimensionless pressure solution to determine match-point values. Well/reservoir parameters can then be estimated in themore » standard way. This two step type-curve matching procedure increases the likelihood of obtaining a unique match. Moreover, the unique correspondence between the ordinate of the field data plot and the new derivative type curves should prove useful in determining whether given field data actually represents the well/reservoir model assumed by a selected type curve solution. It is also shown that the basic idea used in construction the type curves can be used to ensure that proper semilog straight lines are chosen when analyzing pressure data by semilog methods. Analysis of both drawdown and buildup data is considered and actual field cases are analyzed using the new derivative type curves and the semilog identification method. This work also presents new methods based on the pressure derivative to analyze buildup data obtained at a well (fracture or unfractured) produced to pseudosteady-state prior to shut-in. By using a method of analysis based on the pressure derivative, it is shown that a well's drainage area at the instant of shut-in and the flow capacity can be computed directly from buildup data even in cases where conventional semilog straight lines are not well-defined.« less

NJDOT Transportation Data User Survey

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2010-02-01

The New Jersey Straight Line Diagrams (SLD) is the main reference for the State's centerline roadway inventory. SLD was initially designed as a planning tool, but it has become a standard information platform for many other purposes within and outsid...

77 FR 64033 - Establishment of the Ancient Lakes of Columbia Valley Viticultural Area

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-10-18

...., Washington--Grant County, 1965; (10) Vantage, Washington, 1965, photorevised 1978; (11) Ginkgo, Washington...) Proceed west in a straight line along the section boundaries for approximately 7.9 miles, onto the Vantage...

Mobile robot motion estimation using Hough transform

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Aldoshkin, D. N.; Yamskikh, T. N.; Tsarev, R. Yu

2018-05-01

This paper proposes an algorithm for estimation of mobile robot motion. The geometry of surrounding space is described with range scans (samples of distance measurements) taken by the mobile robot’s range sensors. A similar sample of space geometry in any arbitrary preceding moment of time or the environment map can be used as a reference. The suggested algorithm is invariant to isotropic scaling of samples or map that allows using samples measured in different units and maps made at different scales. The algorithm is based on Hough transform: it maps from measurement space to a straight-line parameters space. In the straight-line parameters, space the problems of estimating rotation, scaling and translation are solved separately breaking down a problem of estimating mobile robot localization into three smaller independent problems. The specific feature of the algorithm presented is its robustness to noise and outliers inherited from Hough transform. The prototype of the system of mobile robot orientation is described.

Global solutions to the electrodynamic two-body problem on a straight line

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bauer, G.; Deckert, D.-A.; Dürr, D.; Hinrichs, G.

2017-06-01

The classical electrodynamic two-body problem has been a long standing open problem in mathematics. For motion constrained to the straight line, the interaction is similar to that of the two-body problem of classical gravitation. The additional complication is the presence of unbounded state-dependent delays in the Coulomb forces due to the finiteness of the speed of light. This circumstance renders the notion of local solutions meaningless, and therefore, straightforward ODE techniques cannot be applied. Here, we study the time-symmetric case, i.e., the Fokker-Schwarzschild-Tetrode (FST) equations, comprising both advanced and retarded delays. We extend the technique developed in Deckert and Hinrichs (J Differ Equ 260:6900-6929, 2016), where existence of FST solutions was proven on the half line, to ensure global existence—a result that had been obtained by Bauer (Ein Existenzsatz für die Wheeler-Feynman-Elektrodynamik, Herbert Utz Verlag, München, 1997). Due to the novel technique, the presented proof is shorter and more transparent but also relies on the idea to employ asymptotic data to characterize solutions.

Observation and parametrization of wave attenuation through the MIZ

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ardhuin, F.; Stopa, J.; Dumont, D.; Sévigny, C.; Collard, F.; Boutin, G.

2016-02-01

Swell evolution from the open ocean into sea ice is poorly understood, in particular the amplitude attenuation expected from scattering and dissipation. New synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data from Sentinel-1 wave mode reveal intriguing patterns of bright oscillating lines shaped like instant noodles. We investigate cases in which the oscillations are in the azimuth direction, around a straight line in the range direction. This observation is interpreted as the distortion by the SAR processing of crests from a first swell, due to the presence of a second swell. Since deviations from a straight line should be proportional to the orbital velocity towards the satellite, swell height can be estimated. The intensity of the backscatter modulation with a single swell can also be used to retrieve swell height as it is found that the constructive velocity bunching is very sensitive to wave height. Using a novel algorithm to invert the wave directional spectrum, we investigate several cases of attenuation in the Arctic and southern ocean. On this basis we have adjusted an empirical wave-ice dissipation source term in the WAVEWATCH III model.

Carbide Derived Carbon Super Capacitor Application

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Appelgate, James; Bauer, Dave; Quirin, James; Lofland, S. E.; Hettinger, J. D.; Heon, M.; Gogotsi, Y.

2010-02-01

Supercapacitors can be applied into many different fields from nano-robots to high density energy storage. Growing TiC films from a know recipe and removing the transition metal element, Titanium, by chlorination leaves a carbon film that can then be applied as an electrode in a super capacitor. The problem is when the Titanium is removed from the film the stress induced by this process causes the films to fracture into isolated islands. The islands allow electrons to travel across them every easily, but there is no transfer of electrons from island to island. We present results of an investigation of a technique control the location of the fractures and use them to our benefit. Ideally, we want to create them to fracture in parallel lines. To force these fractures into straight lines we will purchase substrates with thermal SiO2 created on the surface of Si. Using an etching process we will removed a channel of SiO2 the same as the thickness of the TiC film we plan on growing. These channels will allow the fractures to form in a correlated way creating a straight line. )

Effects of the Use of Millimeter Waves on the Statistics of Writer-to-Reader Delays in Military Communications Systems,

DTIC Science & Technology

1980-12-01

distributions of Figs. 3 and 4 may be fitted quit, accurately by broken straight lines. If we had plotted the differential distributions directly...collection process. These fluctuations are smoothed by replacing the actual differential distribution by the derivative of the fitted broken-line lognormal...for each interval T. The constants in the distribution for each broken section of the lognormal approximations are found by fitting lines to the curve

Barriers and dispersal surfaces in minimum-time interception. [for optimizing aircraft flight paths

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Rajan, N.; Ardema, M. D.

1984-01-01

A method is proposed for mapping the barrier, dispersal, and control-level surfaces for a class of minimum-time interception and pursuit-evasion problems. Minimum-time interception of a target moving in a horizontal plane is formulated in a coordinate system whose origin is at the interceptor's terminal position and whose x-axis is along the terminal line of sight. This approach makes it possible to discuss the nature of the interceptor's extremals, using its extremal trajectory maps (ETMs), independently of target motion. The game surfaces are constructed by drawing sections of the isochrones, or constant minimum-time loci, from the interceptor and target ETMs. In this way, feedback solutions for the optimal controls are obtained. An example involving the interception of a target moving in a straight line at constant speed is presented.

Evaluation of power system security and development of transmission pricing method

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kim, Hyungchul

The electric power utility industry is presently undergoing a change towards the deregulated environment. This has resulted in unbundling of generation, transmission and distribution services. The introduction of competition into unbundled electricity services may lead system operation closer to its security boundaries resulting in smaller operating safety margins. The competitive environment is expected to lead to lower price rates for customers and higher efficiency for power suppliers in the long run. Under this deregulated environment, security assessment and pricing of transmission services have become important issues in power systems. This dissertation provides new methods for power system security assessment and transmission pricing. In power system security assessment, the following issues are discussed (1) The description of probabilistic methods for power system security assessment; (2) The computation time of simulation methods; (3) on-line security assessment for operation. A probabilistic method using Monte-Carlo simulation is proposed for power system security assessment. This method takes into account dynamic and static effects corresponding to contingencies. Two different Kohonen networks, Self-Organizing Maps and Learning Vector Quantization, are employed to speed up the probabilistic method. The combination of Kohonen networks and Monte-Carlo simulation can reduce computation time in comparison with straight Monte-Carlo simulation. A technique for security assessment employing Bayes classifier is also proposed. This method can be useful for system operators to make security decisions during on-line power system operation. This dissertation also suggests an approach for allocating transmission transaction costs based on reliability benefits in transmission services. The proposed method shows the transmission transaction cost of reliability benefits when transmission line capacities are considered. The ratio between allocation by transmission line capacity-use and allocation by reliability benefits is computed using the probability of system failure.

Efficient road geometry identification from digital vector data

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Andrášik, Richard; Bíl, Michal

2016-07-01

A new method for the automatic identification of road geometry from digital vector data is presented. The method is capable of efficiently identifying circular curves with their radii and tangents (straight sections). The average error of identification ranged from 0.01 to 1.30 % for precisely drawn data and 4.81 % in the case of actual road data with noise in the location of vertices. The results demonstrate that the proposed method is faster and more precise than commonly used techniques. This approach can be used by road administrators to complete their databases with information concerning the geometry of roads. It can also be utilized by transport engineers or traffic safety analysts to investigate the possible dependence of traffic accidents on road geometries. The method presented is applicable as well to railroads and rivers or other line features.

Application of the cohesive zone model for the evaluation of stiffness losses in a rotor with a transverse breathing crack

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Toni Liong, Rugerri; Proppe, Carsten

2013-04-01

The breathing mechanism of a transversely cracked rotor and its influence on a rotor system that appears due to shaft weight and inertia forces is studied. A method is proposed for the evaluation of the stiffness losses in the cross-section that contains the crack. This method is based on a cohesive zone model (CZM) instead of linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM). The CZM is developed for mode-I plane strain conditions and accounts explicitly for triaxiality of the stress state by using constitutive relations. The breathing crack is modelled by a parabolic shape. As long as the relative crack depth is small, a crack closure straight line model may be used, while the crack closure parabolic line should be used in the case of a deep crack. The CZM is also implemented in a one-dimensional continuum rotor model by means of finite element (FE) discretisation in order to predict and to analyse the dynamic behavior of a cracked rotor. The proposed method provides a useful tool for the analysis of rotor systems containing cracks.

Crop Row Detection in Maize Fields Inspired on the Human Visual Perception

PubMed Central

Romeo, J.; Pajares, G.; Montalvo, M.; Guerrero, J. M.; Guijarro, M.; Ribeiro, A.

2012-01-01

This paper proposes a new method, oriented to image real-time processing, for identifying crop rows in maize fields in the images. The vision system is designed to be installed onboard a mobile agricultural vehicle, that is, submitted to gyros, vibrations, and undesired movements. The images are captured under image perspective, being affected by the above undesired effects. The image processing consists of two main processes: image segmentation and crop row detection. The first one applies a threshold to separate green plants or pixels (crops and weeds) from the rest (soil, stones, and others). It is based on a fuzzy clustering process, which allows obtaining the threshold to be applied during the normal operation process. The crop row detection applies a method based on image perspective projection that searches for maximum accumulation of segmented green pixels along straight alignments. They determine the expected crop lines in the images. The method is robust enough to work under the above-mentioned undesired effects. It is favorably compared against the well-tested Hough transformation for line detection. PMID:22623899

Macular Degeneration

MedlinePlus

... happens when the light-sensitive cells in the macula slowly break down. Your gradually lose your central vision. A common early symptom is that straight lines appear crooked. Regular comprehensive eye exams can detect macular degeneration before the disease causes vision loss. Treatment can ...

27 CFR 9.138 - Benmore Valley.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... 1960, (photoinspected 1975); and (2) “Purdys Gardens, CA,” 7.5 Minute Series, edition of 1958.... 11 W., on the “Purdys Gardens, CA” U.S.G.S. map: (1) Then southwest in a straight line to the point...

27 CFR 9.138 - Benmore Valley.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... 1960, (photoinspected 1975); and (2) “Purdys Gardens, CA,” 7.5 Minute Series, edition of 1958.... 11 W., on the “Purdys Gardens, CA” U.S.G.S. map: (1) Then southwest in a straight line to the point...

27 CFR 9.138 - Benmore Valley.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... 1960, (photoinspected 1975); and (2) “Purdys Gardens, CA,” 7.5 Minute Series, edition of 1958.... 11 W., on the “Purdys Gardens, CA” U.S.G.S. map: (1) Then southwest in a straight line to the point...

Centripetal Force on an Overhead Projector.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Rheam, Harry

1995-01-01

Describes two simple demonstrations of an object moving in a straight line tangent to the circle if centripetal force is removed. Demonstrations use a pie plate and petri dish with ball bearings to illustrate the phenomena on an overhead projector. (LZ)

5 CFR 532.241 - Analysis of usable wage survey data.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... the straight-line, least squares regression formula: Y=a+bx, where Y is the hourly rate, x is grade, a... least 10 unweighed matches and for each nonappropriated fund job having at least 5 unweighed matches...

5 CFR 532.241 - Analysis of usable wage survey data.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... the straight-line, least squares regression formula: Y=a+bx, where Y is the hourly rate, x is grade, a... least 10 unweighed matches and for each nonappropriated fund job having at least 5 unweighed matches...

5 CFR 532.241 - Analysis of usable wage survey data.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... the straight-line, least squares regression formula: Y=a+bx, where Y is the hourly rate, x is grade, a... least 10 unweighed matches and for each nonappropriated fund job having at least 5 unweighed matches...

5 CFR 532.241 - Analysis of usable wage survey data.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... the straight-line, least squares regression formula: Y=a+bx, where Y is the hourly rate, x is grade, a... least 10 unweighed matches and for each nonappropriated fund job having at least 5 unweighed matches...

Reliability of Achilles Tendon Moment Arm Measured In Vivo Using Freehand Three-Dimensional Ultrasound.

PubMed

Obst, Steven J; Barber, Lee; Miller, Ashton; Barrett, Rod S

2017-08-01

This study investigated reliability of freehand three-dimensional ultrasound (3DUS) measurement of in vivo human Achilles tendon (AT) moment arm. Sixteen healthy adults were scanned on 2 separate occasions by a single investigator. 3DUS scans were performed over the free AT, medial malleolus, and lateral malleolus with the ankle passively positioned in maximal dorsiflexion, mid dorsiflexion, neutral, mid plantar flexion and maximal plantar flexion. 3D reconstructions of the AT, medial malleolus, and lateral malleolus were created from manual segmentation of the ultrasound images and used to geometrically determine the AT moment arm using both a straight (straight AT MA ) and curved (curved AT MA ) tendon line-of-action. Both methods were reliable within- and between-session (intra-class correlation coefficients > 0.92; coefficient of variation < 2.5 %) and revealed that AT moment arm increased by ∼ 7 mm from maximal dorsiflexion (∼ 41mm) to maximal plantar flexion (∼ 48 mm). Failing to account for tendon curvature led to a small overestimation (< 2 mm) of AT moment arm that was most pronounced in ankle plantar flexion, but was less than the minimal detectable change of the method and could be disregarded.

Map Projection Induced Variations in Locations of Polygon Geofence Edges

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Neeley, Paula; Narkawicz, Anthony

2017-01-01

This Paper under-estimates answers to the following question under various constraints: If a geofencing algorithm uses a map projection to determine whether a position is inside/outside a polygon region, how far outside/inside the polygon can the point be and the algorithm determine that it is inside/outside (the opposite and therefore incorrect answer)? Geofencing systems for unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) often model stay-in and stay-out regions using 2D polygons with minimum and maximum altitudes. The vertices of the polygons are typically input as latitude-longitude pairs, and the edges as paths between adjacent vertices. There are numerous ways to generate these paths, resulting in numerous potential locations for the edges of stay-in and stay-out regions. These paths may be geodesics on a spherical model of the earth or geodesics on the WGS84 reference ellipsoid. In geofencing applications that use map projections, these paths are inverse images of straight lines in the projected plane. This projected plane may be a projection of a spherical earth model onto a tangent plane, called an orthographic projection. Alternatively, it may be a projection where the straight lines in the projected plane correspond to straight lines in the latitudelongitude coordinate system, also called a Plate Carr´ee projection. This paper estimates distances between different edge paths and an oracle path, which is a geodesic on either the spherical earth or the WGS84 ellipsoidal earth. This paper therefore estimates how far apart different edge paths can be rather than comparing their path lengths, which are not considered. Rather, the comparision is between the actual locations of the edges between vertices. For edges drawn using orthographic projections, this maximum distance increases as the distance from the polygon vertices to the projection point increases. For edges drawn using Plate Carr´ee projections, this maximum distance increases as the vertices become further from the equator. Distances between geodesics on a spherical earth and a WGS84 ellipsoidal earth are also analyzed, using the WGS84 ellipsoid as the oracle. Bounds on the 2D distance between a straight line and a great circle path, in an orthographically projected plane rather than on the surface of the earth, have been formally verified in the PVS theorem prover, meaning that they are mathematically correct in the absence of floating point errors.

Analysis of high-aspect-ratio jet-flap wings of arbitrary geometry

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Lissaman, P. B. S.

1973-01-01

An analytical technique to compute the performance of an arbitrary jet-flapped wing is developed. The solution technique is based on the method of Maskell and Spence in which the well-known lifting-line approach is coupled with an auxiliary equation providing the extra function needed in jet-flap theory. The present method is generalized to handle straight, uncambered wings of arbitrary planform, twist, and blowing (including unsymmetrical cases). An analytical procedure is developed for continuous variations in the above geometric data with special functions to exactly treat discontinuities in any of the geometric and blowing data. A rational theory for the effect of finite wing thickness is introduced as well as simplified concepts of effective aspect ratio for rapid estimation of performance.

Focusators for laser-branding

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Doskolovich, L. L.; Kazanskiy, N. L.; Kharitonov, S. I.; Uspleniev, G. V.

A new method is investigated for synthesis of computer-generated optical elements: focusators that are able to focus the radial-symmetrical laser beam into complex focal contours, in particular into alphanumeric symbols. The method is based on decomposition of the focal contour into segments of straight lines and semi-circles, following corresponding spacing out of the focusator on elementary segments (concentric rings or sectors) and solution of the inverse task of focusing from focusator segments into corresponding elements of the focal contour. The results of numerical computing of the field from synthesized focusators into the letters are presented. The theoretical efficiency of the focusators discussed is no less than 85%. The amplitude masks and the results of operational studies of synthesized focusators are presented.

Gliding flight: drag and torque of a hawk and a falcon with straight and turned heads, and a lower value for the parasite drag coefficient.

PubMed

Tucker, V A

2000-12-01

Raptors - falcons, hawks and eagles in this study - such as peregrine falcons (Falco peregrinus) that attack distant prey from high-speed dives face a paradox. Anatomical and behavioral measurements show that raptors of many species must turn their heads approximately 40 degrees to one side to see the prey straight ahead with maximum visual acuity, yet turning the head would presumably slow their diving speed by increasing aerodynamic drag. This paper investigates the aerodynamic drag part of this paradox by measuring the drag and torque on wingless model bodies of a peregrine falcon and a red-tailed hawk (Buteo jamaicensis) with straight and turned heads in a wind tunnel at a speed of 11.7 m s(-)(1). With a turned head, drag increased more than 50 %, and torque developed that tended to yaw the model towards the direction in which the head pointed. Mathematical models for the drag required to prevent yawing showed that the total drag could plausibly more than double with head-turning. Thus, the presumption about increased drag in the paradox is correct. The relationships between drag, head angle and torque developed here are prerequisites to the explanation of how a raptor could avoid the paradox by holding its head straight and flying along a spiral path that keeps its line of sight for maximum acuity pointed sideways at the prey. Although the spiral path to the prey is longer than the straight path, the raptor's higher speed can theoretically compensate for the difference in distances; and wild peregrines do indeed approach prey by flying along curved paths that resemble spirals. In addition to providing data that explain the paradox, this paper reports the lowest drag coefficients yet measured for raptor bodies (0.11 for the peregrine and 0.12 for the red-tailed hawk) when the body models with straight heads were set to pitch and yaw angles for minimum drag. These values are markedly lower than value of the parasite drag coefficient (C(D,par)) of 0.18 previously used for calculating the gliding performance of a peregrine. The accuracy with which drag coefficients measured on wingless bird bodies in a wind tunnel represent the C(D,par) of a living bird is unknown. Another method for determining C(D,par) selects values that improve the fit between speeds predicted by mathematical models and those observed in living birds. This method yields lower values for C(D,par) (0.05-0.07) than wind tunnel measurements, and the present study suggests a value of 0.1 for raptors as a compromise.

Approaches to the Treatment of Equilibrium Perturbations

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Canagaratna, Sebastian G.

2003-10-01

Perturbations from equilibrium are treated in the textbooks by a combination of Le Châtelier's principle, the comparison of the equilibrium constant K with the reaction quotient Q,and the kinetic approach. Each of these methods is briefly reviewed. This is followed by derivations of the variation of the equilibrium value of the extent of reaction, ξeq, with various parameters on which it depends. Near equilibrium this relationship can be represented by a straight line. The equilibrium system can be regarded as moving on this line as the parameter is varied. The slope of the line depends on quantities like enthalpy of reaction, volume of reaction and so forth. The derivation shows that these quantities pertain to the equilibrium system, not the standard state. Also, the derivation makes clear what kind of assumptions underlie our conclusions. The derivation of these relations involves knowledge of thermodynamics that is well within the grasp of junior level physical chemistry students. The conclusions that follow from the derived relations are given as subsidiary rules in the form of the slope of ξeq, with T, p, et cetera. The rules are used to develop a visual way of predicting the direction of shift of a perturbed system. This method can be used to supplement one of the other methods even at the introductory level.

"Not Going Away": Approaches Used by Students, Faculty, and Staff Members to Create Gay-Straight Alliances at Three Religiously Affiliated Universities

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

McEntarfer, Heather Killelea

2011-01-01

This qualitative study examines the processes of forming gay-straight alliances at three religiously affiliated institutions of higher education. Using the lens of Social Movement Theory (SMT), this paper presents the methods and approaches used when advocates of gay-straight alliances at these institutions encountered resistance from…

Stress Intensity Factors of Semi-Circular Bend Specimens with Straight-Through and Chevron Notches

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ayatollahi, M. R.; Mahdavi, E.; Alborzi, M. J.; Obara, Y.

2016-04-01

Semi-circular bend specimen is one of the useful test specimens for determining fracture toughness of rock and geo-materials. Generally, in rock test specimens, initial cracks are produced in two shapes: straight-edge cracks and chevron notches. In this study, the minimum dimensionless stress intensity factors of semi-circular bend specimen (SCB) with straight-through and chevron notches are calculated. First, using finite element analysis, a suitable relation for the dimensionless stress intensity factor of SCB with straight-through crack is presented based on the normalized crack length and half-distance between supports. For evaluating the validity and accuracy of this relation, the obtained results are then compared with numerical and experimental results reported in the literature. Subsequently, by performing some experiments and also finite element analysis of the SCB specimen with chevron notch, the minimum dimensionless stress intensity factor of this specimen is obtained. Using the new equation for the dimensionless stress intensity factor of SCB with straight-through crack and an analytical method, i.e., Bluhm's slice synthesis method, the minimum (critical) dimensionless stress intensity factor of chevron notched semi-circular bend specimens is calculated. Good agreement is observed between the results of two mentioned methods.

Non-hoop winding effect on bonding temperature of laser assisted tape winding process

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zaami, Amin; Baran, Ismet; Akkerman, Remko

2018-05-01

One of the advanced methods for production of thermoplastic composite methods is laser assisted tape winding (LATW). Predicting the temperature in LATW process is very important since the temperature at nip-point (bonding line through width) plays a pivotal role in a proper bonding and hence the mechanical performance. Despite the hoop-winding where the nip-point is the straight line, non-hoop winding includes a curved nip-point line. Hence, the non-hoop winding causes somewhat a different power input through laser-rays and-reflections and consequently generates unknown complex temperature profile on the curved nip-point line. Investigating the temperature at the nip-point line is the point of interest in this study. In order to understand this effect, a numerical model is proposed to capture the effect of laser-rays and their reflections on the nip-point temperature. To this end, a 3D optical model considering the objects in LATW process is considered. Then, the power distribution (absorption and reflection) from the optical analysis is used as an input (heat flux distribution) for the thermal analysis. The thermal analysis employs a fully-implicit advection-diffusion model to calculate the temperature on the surfaces. The results are examined to demonstrate the effect of winding direction on the curved nip-point line (tape width) which has not been considered in literature up to now. Furthermore, the results can be used for designing a better and more efficient setup in the LATW process.

Physics Notes.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

School Science Review, 1982

1982-01-01

Discusses dice model of exponential radionuclide decay; glancing and collinear perfectly elastic collisions; digital capacitance meter; use of top pan balance in physics; microcomputer calculation of gradient of straight line (includes complete Commodore PET computer program); Fresnel lenses; low-voltage radiant heater; Wheatssone's bridge used as…

Increasing the stability of the articulated lorry at braking by locking the fifth wheel coupling

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Skotnikov, G. I.; Jileykin, M. M.; Komissarov, A. I.

2018-02-01

The jackknifing of the articulated lorry is determined by the loss of stability with respect to the vertical axis of the fifth wheel coupling, which can be caused by the failure of the brake system, the displacement of the center of mass of the semitrailer or tractor from the longitudinal axis of the vehicle, the road parameters (longitudinal and transverse slopes), the difference in the friction coefficients under the sides of the articulated lorry. In this regard, the issue of creating devices that prevent the jackknifing, and their control systems is important. A method is proposed for maintaining the stability of the movement of articulated lorry when braking both on a straight line and in a turn by blocking the relative rotation of the tractor and the trailer. Blocking occurs due to the creation of a stabilizing moment in the direction opposite to the angular rate of folding. To test the developed algorithm for locking the fifth wheel coupling, a mathematical model of the spatial motion of the articulated lorry was developed, including the models of interaction of an elastic tire with a rigid terrain, suspension systems, transmission, steering, fifth-wheel coupling. The efficiency and effectiveness of the coupling locking control system is proved by comparing the results of the simulation of a straight-line braking and braking in turn. It is shown that the application of the control system significantly increases the stability of the road train.

Analysis of microstrip dipoles and slots transversely coupled to a microstrip line using the FDTD method

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Tulintseff, A. N.

1993-01-01

Printed dipole elements and their complement, linear slots, are elementary radiators that have found use in low-profile antenna arrays. Low-profile antenna arrays, in addition to their small size and low weight characteristics, offer the potential advantage of low-cost, high-volume production with easy integration with active integrated circuit components. The design of such arrays requires that the radiation and impedance characteristics of the radiating elements be known. The FDTD (Finite-Difference Time-Domain) method is a general, straight-forward implementation of Maxwell's equations and offers a relatively simple way of analyzing both printed dipole and slot elements. Investigated in this work is the application of the FDTD method to the analysis of printed dipole and slot elements transversely coupled to an infinite transmission line in a multilayered configuration. Such dipole and slot elements may be used in dipole and slot series-fed-type linear arrays, where element offsets and interelement line lengths are used to obtain the desired amplitude distribution and beam direction, respectively. The design of such arrays is achieved using transmission line theory with equivalent circuit models for the radiating elements. In an equivalent circuit model, the dipole represents a shunt impedance to the transmission line, where the impedance is a function of dipole offset, length, and width. Similarly, the slot represents a series impedance to the transmission line. The FDTD method is applied to single dipole and slot elements transversely coupled to an infinite microstrip line using a fixed rectangular grid with Mur's second order absorbing boundary conditions. Frequency-dependent circuit and scattering parameters are obtained by saving desired time-domain quantities and using the Fourier transform. A Gaussian pulse excitation is applied to the microstrip transmission line, where the resulting reflected signal due to the presence of the radiating element is used to determine the equivalent element impedance.

A Comparison of pical Root Resorption in Incisors after Fixed Orthodontic Treatment with Standard Edgewise and Straight Wire (MBT) Method

PubMed Central

Zahed Zahedani, SM; Oshagh, M; Momeni Danaei, Sh; Roeinpeikar, SMM

2013-01-01

Statement of Problem: One of the major outcomes of orthodontic treatment is the apical root resorption of teeth moved during the treatment. Identifying the possible risk factors, are necessary for every orthodontist. Purpose: The aim of this study was to compare the rate of apical root resorption after fixed orthodontic treatment with standard edgewise and straight wire (MBT) method, and also to evaluate other factors effecting the rate of root resorption in orthodontic treatments. Materials and Method: In this study, parallel periapical radiographs of 127 patients imaging a total of 737 individual teeth, were collected. A total of 76 patients were treated by standard edgewise and 51 patients by straight wire method. The periapical radiographs were scanned and then the percentage of root resorption was calculated by Photoshop software. The data were analyzed by Paired-Samples t-test and the Generalized Linear Model adopting the SPSS 15.0. Results: In patients treated with straight wire method (MBT), mean root resorption was 18.26% compared to 14.82% in patients treated with standard edgewise technique (p< .05). Male patients had higher rate of root resorption,statistically significant (p< .05). Age at onset of treatment, duration of treatment, type of dental occlusion, premolar extractions and the use of intermaxillary elastics had no significant effect on the root resorption in this study. Conclusion: Having more root resorption in the straight wire method and less in the standard edgewise technique can be attributed to more root movement in pre-adjusted MBT technique due to the brackets employed in this method. PMID:24724131

Reconstruction for proton computed tomography by tracing proton trajectories: A Monte Carlo study

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Li Tianfang; Liang Zhengrong; Singanallur, Jayalakshmi V.

Proton computed tomography (pCT) has been explored in the past decades because of its unique imaging characteristics, low radiation dose, and its possible use for treatment planning and on-line target localization in proton therapy. However, reconstruction of pCT images is challenging because the proton path within the object to be imaged is statistically affected by multiple Coulomb scattering. In this paper, we employ GEANT4-based Monte Carlo simulations of the two-dimensional pCT reconstruction of an elliptical phantom to investigate the possible use of the algebraic reconstruction technique (ART) with three different path-estimation methods for pCT reconstruction. The first method assumes amore » straight-line path (SLP) connecting the proton entry and exit positions, the second method adapts the most-likely path (MLP) theoretically determined for a uniform medium, and the third method employs a cubic spline path (CSP). The ART reconstructions showed progressive improvement of spatial resolution when going from the SLP [2 line pairs (lp) cm{sup -1}] to the curved CSP and MLP path estimates (5 lp cm{sup -1}). The MLP-based ART algorithm had the fastest convergence and smallest residual error of all three estimates. This work demonstrates the advantage of tracking curved proton paths in conjunction with the ART algorithm and curved path estimates.« less

Advantages of Direct Insertion of a Straight Probe Without a Guide Tube During Anterior Odontoid Screw Fixation of Odontoid Fractures.

PubMed

Park, Jin Hoon; Kang, Dong-Ho; Lee, Moon Kyu; Yoo, Byoungwoo; Jung, Sang Ku; Hwang, Soo-Hyun; Kim, Jeoung Hee; Oh, Sunkyu; Lee, Eun Jung; Jeon, Sang Ryong; Roh, Sung Woo; Rhim, Seung Chul

2016-05-01

A retrospective cohort study. The aim of this study was to compare the anterior odontoid screw fixation (AOSF) with a guide tube or with a straight probe. AOSF associates with several complications, including malpositioning, fixation loss, and screw breakage. Screw pull-out from the C2 body is the most common complication. All consecutive patients with type II or rostral shallow type III odontoid fractures who underwent AOSFs during the study period were enrolled retrospectively. The guide-tube AOSF method followed the standard published method except C3 body and C2-3 disc annulus rimming was omitted to prevent disc injury; instead, the guide tube was anchored at the anterior inferior C2 vertebra corner. After 2 screw pull-outs, the guide-tube cohort was analyzed to identify the cause of instrument failure. Thereafter, the straight-probe method was developed. A guide tube was not used. A small pilot hole was made on the most anterior side of the inferior endplate, followed by insertion of a 2.5 mm straight probe through the C2 body. Non-union and instrument failure rates and screw-direction angles of the guide-tube and straight-probe groups were recorded. The guide-tube group (n = 13) had 2 screw pull-outs and 1 non-union. The straight-probe group (n = 8) had no complications and significantly larger screw-direction angles than the guide-tube group (60.5 ± 4.63 vs. 54.8 ± 3.82 degrees; P = 0.047). Straight-probe AOSF yielded larger direction angles without injuring bone and disc. Complications were absent. The procedure was easier than guide-tube AOSF and assured sufficient engagement, even in horizontal fracture orientation cases. 3.

Straight-run vs. sex separate rearing for 2 broiler genetic lines Part 1: Live production parameters, carcass yield, and feeding behavior.

PubMed

Da Costa, M J; Zaragoza-Santacruz, S; Frost, T J; Halley, J; Pesti, G M

2017-08-01

The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effects of raising broilers under sex separate and straight-run conditions for 2 broiler strains. Day-old Ross 308 and Ross 708 chicks (n = 1,344) were separated by sex and placed in 48 pens according to the rearing type: sex separate (28 males or 28 females) or straight-run (14 males + 14 females). There were 3 dietary phases: starter (zero to 17 d), grower (17 to 32 d), and finisher (32 to 48 d). Birds' individual BW and feed intakes were measured at 12, 17, 25, 32, 42, and 48 d to evaluate performance. At 33, 43, and 49 d, 4 birds per pen were sampled for carcass yield evaluation. Additionally, from 06:00 to 06:30, 13:00 to 13:30, and 22:00 to 22:30, video records were taken to assess behavior at 45 days. Data were analyzed as CRD with a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement of treatments over time. Throughout the experiment Ross 308 were heavier than the 708, and after 17 d, male pens had the heavier birds, followed by straight-run and then females. Straight-run pens had higher BW CV in comparison with sex separate pens. Sex separate male BW was negatively impacted from 17 to 32 days. On the other hand, females raised sex separate were heavier than females raised straight-run with lower CV from 25 to 41 days. Post 25 d, FCR was the lowest in male pens whereas feed intake was the highest for these pens after 17 days. Overall, males had total carcass cut-up weights higher than straight-run and females at the 3 processing times. The Ross 708 had higher white meat yields, whereas 308 had higher yields for dark meat. Feeding behavior results were not consistent over time. However, from 13:00 to 13:30, birds in female pens spent more time eating, followed by straight-run and then males. In conclusion, raising females in a straight-run system negatively impacted performance and CV, whereas males benefited from straight-run rearing, with the differences being possibly related to feeder space competition. © 2017 Poultry Science Association Inc.

Microelectromechanical ratcheting apparatus

DOEpatents

Barnes, Stephen M.; Miller, Samuel L.; Jensen, Brian D.; Rodgers, M. Steven; Burg, Michael S.

2001-01-01

A microelectromechanical (MEM) ratcheting apparatus is disclosed which includes an electrostatic or thermal actuator that drives a moveable member in the form of a ring gear, stage, or rack. Motion is effected by one or more reciprocating pawls driven by the actuator in a direction that is parallel to, in line with, or tangential to the path. The reciprocating pawls engage indexing elements (e.g. teeth or pins) on the moveable member to incrementally move the member along a curved or straight path with the ability to precisely control and determine the position of the moveable member. The MEM apparatus can be formed on a silicon substrate by conventional surface micromachining methods.

Supersonic minimum length nozzle design for dense gases

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Aldo, Andrew C.; Argrow, Brian M.

1993-01-01

Recently, dense gases have been investigated for many engineering applications such as for turbomachinery and wind tunnels. Supersonic nozzle design for these gases is complicated by their nonclassical behavior in the transonic flow regime. In this paper a method of characteristics (MOC) is developed for two-dimensional (planar) and, primarily, axisymmetric flow of a van der Waals gas. Using a straight aortic line assumption, a centered expansion is used to generate an inviscid wall contour of minimum length. The van der Waals results are compared to previous perfect gas results to show the real gas effects on the flow properties and inviscid wall contours.

Measuring geographical accessibility to palliative and end of life (PEoLC) related facilities: a comparative study in an area with well-developed specialist palliative care (SPC) provision.

PubMed

Pearson, Clare; Verne, Julia; Wells, Claudia; Polato, Giovanna M; Higginson, Irene J; Gao, Wei

2017-01-26

Geographical accessibility is important in accessing healthcare services. Measuring it has evolved alongside technological and data analysis advances. High correlations between different methods have been detected, but no comparisons exist in the context of palliative and end of life care (PEoLC) studies. To assess how geographical accessibility can affect PEoLC, selection of an appropriate method to capture it is crucial. We therefore aimed to compare methods of measuring geographical accessibility of decedents to PEoLC-related facilities in South London, an area with well-developed SPC provision. Individual-level death registration data in 2012 (n = 18,165), from the Office for National Statistics (ONS) were linked to area-level PEoLC-related facilities from various sources. Simple and more complex measures of geographical accessibility were calculated using the residential postcodes of the decedents and postcodes of the nearest hospital, care home and hospice. Distance measures (straight-line, travel network) and travel times along the road network were compared using geographic information system (GIS) mapping and correlation analysis (Spearman rho). Borough-level maps demonstrate similarities in geographical accessibility measures. Strong positive correlation exist between straight-line and travel distances to the nearest hospital (rho = 0.97), care home (rho = 0.94) and hospice (rho = 0.99). Travel times were also highly correlated with distance measures to the nearest hospital (rho range = 0.84-0.88), care home (rho = 0.88-0.95) and hospice (rho = 0.93-0.95). All correlations were significant at p < 0.001 level. Distance-based and travel-time measures of geographical accessibility to PEoLC-related facilities in South London are similar, suggesting the choice of measure can be based on the ease of calculation.

Force Tests of the Boeing XB-47 Full-Scale Empennage in the Ames 40- by 80-Foot Wind Tunnel

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Hunton, Lynn W.

1947-01-01

A wind-tunnel investigation of the Boeing XB-47 full-scale empennage was conducted to provide, prior to flight tests, data required on the effectiveness of the elevator and rudder. The XB-47 airplane is a jet-propelled medium bomber having wing and tail surfaces swept back 35 degrees. The investigation included tests of the effectiveness of the elevator with normal straight sides, with a buldged trailing edge, and with a modified hinge-line gap and tests of the effectiveness of the rudder with a normal straight-sided tab and with a bulged tab.

DISTANT GOAL ORIENTATION IN BIRDS.

DTIC Science & Technology

homing to a Bowling Green , Ohio loft. Pigeons with one eye surgically removed were able to home. Helicopter tracking is suitable and efficient for...the observation of pigeon navigation behavior. The homeward path varies considerably from the straight line path, sudden attitude changes occur, very

Effect of prostatic fluid on the quality of fresh and frozen-thawed canine epididymal spermatozoa.

PubMed

Korochkina, E; Johannisson, A; Goodla, Lavanya; Morrell, J M; Axner, E

2014-12-01

Canine epididymal spermatozoa have a low freeze-tolerance ability compared with ejaculated spermatozoa, which could arise from the absence of prostatic fluid (PF). Therefore, the purpose of this work was to elucidate the influence of PF on the quality of canine epididymal sperm before and after freezing. Caudae epididymides were retrieved from eight dogs after routine castration. Spermatozoa were released by slicing the tissue and were extended in either Tris solution or PF before freezing. Frozen sperm samples were thawed at 70 °C for 8 seconds in a waterbath. Sperm concentration, motility using computer-assisted sperm analysis, morphology, plasma membrane, acrosome and chromatin integrity were assessed in the fresh sperm samples (after 20 minutes incubation) and at 0 and 4 hours after thawing. Progressive motility, distance straight line, distance average path, average path velocity, curvilinear velocity, straight line velocity, straightness, linearity, wobble, and beat cross frequency were significantly increased after extraction into PF. There was a higher proportion of spermatozoa with DNA damage in the PF treatment group at 4 hours after thawing than in the Tris treatment group (15.8% vs. 6.7%, P < 0.05). These results suggest that the addition of PF to canine spermatozoa activates sperm motility in fresh spermatozoa but has a negative effect on chromatin integrity after freezing-thawing. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

A computer program (MACPUMP) for interactive aquifer-test analysis

USGS Publications Warehouse

Day-Lewis, F. D.; Person, M.A.; Konikow, Leonard F.

1995-01-01

This report introduces MACPUMP (Version 1.0), an aquifer-test-analysis package for use with Macintosh4 computers. The report outlines the input- data format, describes the solutions encoded in the program, explains the menu-items, and offers a tutorial illustrating the use of the program. The package reads list-directed aquifer-test data from a file, plots the data to the screen, generates and plots type curves for several different test conditions, and allows mouse-controlled curve matching. MACPUMP features pull-down menus, a simple text viewer for displaying data-files, and optional on-line help windows. This version includes the analytical solutions for nonleaky and leaky confined aquifers, using both type curves and straight-line methods, and for the analysis of single-well slug tests using type curves. An executable version of the code and sample input data sets are included on an accompanying floppy disk.

Laser shock microforming of aluminum foil with fs laser

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ye, Yunxia; Feng, Yayun; Xuan, Ting; Hua, Xijun; Hua, Yinqun

2014-12-01

Laser shock microforming of Aluminum(Al) foil through fs laser has been researched in this paper. The influences of confining layer, clamping method and impact times on induced dent depths were investigated experimentally. Microstructure of fs laser shock forming Al foil was observed through Transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Under the condition of tightly clamping, the dent depths increase with impact times and finally tend to saturating. Another new confining layer, the main component of which is polypropylene, was applied and the confining effect of it is better because of its higher impedance. TEM results show that dislocation is one of the main deformation mechanisms of fs laser shock forming Al foil. Specially, most of dislocations exist in the form of short and discrete dislocation lines. Parallel straight dislocation slip line also were observed. We analyzed that these unique dislocation arrangements are due to fs laser-induced ultra high strain rate.

A Comparison of pical Root Resorption in Incisors after Fixed Orthodontic Treatment with Standard Edgewise and Straight Wire (MBT) Method.

PubMed

Zahed Zahedani, Sm; Oshagh, M; Momeni Danaei, Sh; Roeinpeikar, Smm

2013-09-01

One of the major outcomes of orthodontic treatment is the apical root resorption of teeth moved during the treatment. Identifying the possible risk factors, are necessary for every orthodontist. The aim of this study was to compare the rate of apical root resorption after fixed orthodontic treatment with standard edgewise and straight wire (MBT) method, and also to evaluate other factors effecting the rate of root resorption in orthodontic treatments. In this study, parallel periapical radiographs of 127 patients imaging a total of 737 individual teeth, were collected. A total of 76 patients were treated by standard edgewise and 51 patients by straight wire method. The periapical radiographs were scanned and then the percentage of root resorption was calculated by Photoshop software. The data were analyzed by Paired-Samples t-test and the Generalized Linear Model adopting the SPSS 15.0. In patients treated with straight wire method (MBT), mean root resorption was 18.26% compared to 14.82% in patients treated with standard edgewise technique (p< .05). Male patients had higher rate of root resorption,statistically significant (p< .05). Age at onset of treatment, duration of treatment, type of dental occlusion, premolar extractions and the use of intermaxillary elastics had no significant effect on the root resorption in this study. Having more root resorption in the straight wire method and less in the standard edgewise technique can be attributed to more root movement in pre-adjusted MBT technique due to the brackets employed in this method.

Use of a Multiwavelength Pyrometer in Several Elevated Temperature Aerospace Applications

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Ng, Daniel; Fralick, Gustave

2001-01-01

A multiwavelength pyrometer was developed for applications unique to aerospace environments. It was shown to be a useful and versatile technique for measuring temperature, even when the emissivity is unknown. It has also been used to measure the surface temperatures of ceramic zircomia thermal barrier coatings and alumina. The close agreement between pyrometer and thin film thermocouple temperatures provided an independent check. Other applications of the multiwavelength pyrometer are simultaneous surface and bulk temperature measurements of a transparent material, and combustion gas temperature measurement using a special probe interfaced to the multiwavelength pyrometer via an optical fiber. The multiwavelength pyrometer determined temperature by transforming the radiation spectrum in a broad wavelength region to produce a straight line (in a certain spectral region), whose intercept in the vertical axis gives the temperature. Implicit in a two-color pyrometer is the assumption of wavelength independent emissivity. Though the two data points of a two-color pyrometer similarly processed would result immediately in a similar straight line to give the unknown temperature, the two-color pyrometer lacks the greater data redundancy of the multiwavelength pyrometer, which enables it to do so with improved accuracy. It also confirms that emissivity is indeed wavelength independent, as evidenced by a multitude of the data lying on a simple straight line. The multiwavelength pyrometer was also used to study the optical transmission properties of a nanostructured material from which a quadratic exponential functional frequency dependence of its spectral transmission was determined. Finally, by operating the multiwavelength pyrometer in a very wide field of view mode, the surface temperature distribution of a large hot surface was obtained through measurement of just a single radiation spectrum.

Validation of travel times to hospital estimated by GIS.

PubMed

Haynes, Robin; Jones, Andrew P; Sauerzapf, Violet; Zhao, Hongxin

2006-09-19

An increasing number of studies use GIS estimates of car travel times to health services, without presenting any evidence that the estimates are representative of real travel times. This investigation compared GIS estimates of travel times with the actual times reported by a sample of 475 cancer patients who had travelled by car to attend clinics at eight hospitals in the North of England. Car travel times were estimated by GIS using the shortest road route between home address and hospital and average speed assumptions. These estimates were compared with reported journey times and straight line distances using graphical, correlation and regression techniques. There was a moderately strong association between reported times and estimated travel times (r = 0.856). Reported travel times were similarly related to straight line distances. Altogether, 50% of travel time estimates were within five minutes of the time reported by respondents, 77% were within ten minutes and 90% were within fifteen minutes. The distribution of over- and under-estimates was symmetrical, but estimated times tended to be longer than reported times with increasing distance from hospital. Almost all respondents rounded their travel time to the nearest five or ten minutes. The reason for many cases of reported journey times exceeding the estimated times was confirmed by respondents' comments as traffic congestion. GIS estimates of car travel times were moderately close approximations to reported times. GIS travel time estimates may be superior to reported travel times for modelling purposes because reported times contain errors and can reflect unusual circumstances. Comparison with reported times did not suggest that estimated times were a more sensitive measure than straight line distance.

Activity Profiles and Physiological Responses of Representative Tag Football Players in Relation to Playing Position and Physical Fitness

PubMed Central

2015-01-01

This study determined the physical fitness, match-activity profiles and physiological responses of representative tag football players and examined the relationship between physical fitness and the match-activity profile. Microtechnology devices and heart rate (HR) chest straps were used to determine the match-activity profiles of sixteen tag football players for five matches during the 2014 Australian National Championships. The relationships between lower body muscular power, straight line running speed and Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test level 2 (Yo-Yo IR2) and the match-activity profile were examined using Pearson’s correlation coefficients. Outside players had greater lower body muscular power (ES = 0.98) and straight line running speed (ES = 1.03–1.18) than inside players, and also covered greater very high-speed running (VHSR) distance/min (ES = 0.67) and reached higher peak running speeds (ES = 0.95) during matches. Inside and outside players performed a similar number of repeated high-intensity effort (RHIE) bouts and reported similar mean and maximum efforts per RHIE bout. However, there were differences between playing positions for mean and maximal RHIE effort durations (ES = 0.69–1.15) and mean RHIE bout recovery (ES = 0.56). Inside and outside players also reported small to moderate differences (ES = 0.43–0.80) for times spent in each HR zone. There were a number of moderate to very large correlations between physical fitness measures and match-activity profile variables. This study found lower body muscular power, straight line running speed and Yo-Yo IR2 to be related to the match-activities of representative tag football players, although differences between inside and outside players suggest that athlete testing and training practices should be modified for different playing positions. PMID:26642320

The effects of prosthetic foot stiffness on transtibial amputee walking mechanics and balance control during turning.

PubMed

Shell, Courtney E; Segal, Ava D; Klute, Glenn K; Neptune, Richard R

2017-11-01

Little evidence exists regarding how prosthesis design characteristics affect performance in tasks that challenge mediolateral balance such as turning. This study assesses the influence of prosthetic foot stiffness on amputee walking mechanics and balance control during a continuous turning task. Three-dimensional kinematic and kinetic data were collected from eight unilateral transtibial amputees as they walked overground at self-selected speed clockwise and counterclockwise around a 1-meter circle and along a straight line. Subjects performed the walking tasks wearing three different ankle-foot prostheses that spanned a range of sagittal- and coronal-plane stiffness levels. A decrease in stiffness increased residual ankle dorsiflexion (10-13°), caused smaller adaptations (<5°) in proximal joint angles, decreased residual and increased intact limb body support, increased residual limb propulsion and increased intact limb braking for all tasks. While changes in sagittal-plane joint work due to decreased stiffness were generally consistent across tasks, effects on coronal-plane hip work were task-dependent. When the residual limb was on the inside of the turn and during straight-line walking, coronal-plane hip work increased and coronal-plane peak-to-peak range of whole-body angular momentum decreased with decreased stiffness. Changes in sagittal-plane kinematics and kinetics were similar to those previously observed in straight-line walking. Mediolateral balance improved with decreased stiffness, but adaptations in coronal-plane angles, work and ground reaction force impulses were less systematic than those in sagittal-plane measures. Effects of stiffness varied with the residual limb inside versus outside the turn, which suggests that actively adjusting stiffness to turn direction may be beneficial. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

THz and sub-THz (MMW)-over-Fiber Data Links and Radar Technology

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-12-05

propagation loss in free-space or transmission line, and their inherent straight-line path of propagation affects connections and synchronization between the...effort is to realize photonic-network compatible wireless data link at data rate up to 100 Gbit/s, and to explore a real-time MMW radar imaging system...global village at terabit rate, hopefully wirelessly. Unfortunately, such high-volume data transmission over air consumes radio bandwidth—lots of it

THz and sub THz (MMW)-over-Fiber Data Links and Radar Technology

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-11-30

propagation loss in free-space or transmission line, and their inherent straight-line path of propagation affects connections and synchronization between the...effort is to realize photonic-network compatible wireless data link at data rate up to 100 Gbit/s, and to explore a real-time MMW radar imaging system...global village at terabit rate, hopefully wirelessly. Unfortunately, such high-volume data transmission over air consumes radio bandwidth—lots of it

Custom-Made Pyramids.

DTIC Science & Technology

1986-11-01

V2 + V 2 2 We can formulate the general weighted resampling formulas by giving an inter - polation formula and a sampling formula. Specifically...tessellation grids. 4.1. One-dimensional Adaptive Pyramid We suggest an interest operator based on the local " busyness " of the data. It has been observed...that in human perception a line with higher " busyness " seems longer than a straight line segment [6], as in Figure 7. Here, we will use a smoothed

47 CFR 15.31 - Measurement standards.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

..., such as perimeter protection systems, carrier current systems, and systems employing a “leaky” coaxial cable as an antenna, measurements for verification or for obtaining a grant of equipment authorization... interconnecting cables as determined by the boundary defined by an imaginary straight line periphery describing a...

Adjustable knife cuts honeycomb material to specified depth

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Rauschl, J. A.

1966-01-01

Calibrated, adjustable knife cuts aluminum honeycomb or other soft materials to a desired depth. The frame of the device accommodates standard commercial blades. Since the blade is always visible to the operator, the device can be used on any straight or irregular layout line.

78 FR 45283 - Missouri Disaster #MO-00066

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-07-26

... 07/18/2013. Incident: Severe Storms, Straight-line Winds, Tornadoes, and Flooding. Incident Period: 05/29/2013 through 06/10/2013. Effective Date: 07/18/2013. Physical Loan Application Deadline Date: 09/16/2013. Economic Injury (EIDL) Loan Application Deadline Date: 04/18/2014. ADDRESSES: Submit...

Theoretical limit of spatial resolution in diffuse optical tomography using a perturbation model

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Konovalov, A B; Vlasov, V V

2014-03-28

We have assessed the limit of spatial resolution of timedomain diffuse optical tomography (DOT) based on a perturbation reconstruction model. From the viewpoint of the structure reconstruction accuracy, three different approaches to solving the inverse DOT problem are compared. The first approach involves reconstruction of diffuse tomograms from straight lines, the second – from average curvilinear trajectories of photons and the third – from total banana-shaped distributions of photon trajectories. In order to obtain estimates of resolution, we have derived analytical expressions for the point spread function and modulation transfer function, as well as have performed a numerical experiment onmore » reconstruction of rectangular scattering objects with circular absorbing inhomogeneities. It is shown that in passing from reconstruction from straight lines to reconstruction using distributions of photon trajectories we can improve resolution by almost an order of magnitude and exceed the accuracy of reconstruction of multi-step algorithms used in DOT. (optical tomography)« less

Period Variation in BW Vulpeculae (Abstract)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Cowall, D. E.; Odell, A. P.

2018-06-01

(Abstract only) BW Vulpeculae (BW Vul) has the largest amplitude of the beta Cephei stars. An observing campaign on this star using the AAVSOnetís Bright Star Monitor (BSM) telescopes was begun in December of 2015 and has yielded 66 nights of observations to date. A period analysis will be presented using the BSM data set in combination with unpublished data from the Lowell Observatory. Over almost 80 years of observations, BW Vul has closely followed a parabolic ephemeris (period increasing by 2.4 seconds/century) plus a light-travel-time effect. This parabola with excursions on either side also could be viewed as a sequence of straight lines (constant period) with abrupt period increases. The first paradigm predicted a necessary change in slope around 2004, which did not occur. Instead, the period decreased abruptly in 2009. That maximum occurred 250 minutes early compared to the first paradigm, and about 25 minutes early compared to the straight-line paradigm from 1982ñ2009.

Calibrating Reach Distance to Visual Targets

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Mon-Williams, Mark; Bingham, Geoffrey P.

2007-01-01

The authors investigated the calibration of reach distance by gradually distorting the haptic feedback obtained when participants grasped visible target objects. The authors found that the modified relationship between visually specified distance and reach distance could be captured by a straight-line mapping function. Thus, the relation could be…

EXAMINATION - ASTRONAUT CARPENTER - SCHOOL OF AVIATION MEDICINE - PENSACOLA, FL

NASA Image and Video Library

1961-12-07

S61-04571 (1961) --- Astronaut M. Scott Carpenter's balance mechanism performance is tested as he walks a straight line by putting one foot directly in front of the other. He is performing this test at the School of Aviation Medicine, Pensicola, Florida. Photo credit: NASA

40 CFR 89.320 - Carbon monoxide analyzer calibration.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... introduction into service and annually thereafter, the NDIR carbon monoxide analyzer shall be checked for... to its introduction into service, after any maintenance which could alter calibration, and every two... engineering practice. For each range calibrated, if the deviation from a least-squares best-fit straight line...

Explorations in Statistics: Correlation

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Curran-Everett, Douglas

2010-01-01

Learning about statistics is a lot like learning about science: the learning is more meaningful if you can actively explore. This sixth installment of "Explorations in Statistics" explores correlation, a familiar technique that estimates the magnitude of a straight-line relationship between two variables. Correlation is meaningful only when the…

Optical monitor for observing turbulent flow

DOEpatents

Albrecht, Georg F.; Moore, Thomas R.

1992-01-01

The present invention provides an apparatus and method for non-invasively monitoring turbulent fluid flows including anisotropic flows. The present invention uses an optical technique to filter out the rays travelling in a straight line, while transmitting rays with turbulence induced fluctuations in time. The output is two dimensional, and can provide data regarding the spectral intensity distribution, or a view of the turbulence in real time. The optical monitor of the present invention comprises a laser that produces a coherent output beam that is directed through a fluid flow, which phase-modulates the beam. The beam is applied to a temporal filter that filters out the rays in the beam that are straight, while substantially transmitting the fluctuating, turbulence-induced rays. The temporal filter includes a lens and a photorefractive crystal such as BaTiO.sub.3 that is positioned in the converging section of the beam near the focal plane. An imaging system is used to observe the filtered beam. The imaging system may take a photograph, or it may include a real time camera that is connected to a computer. The present invention may be used for many purposes including research and design in aeronautics, hydrodynamics, and combustion.

Estimating the coordinates of pillars and posts in the parking lots for intelligent parking assist system

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Choi, Jae Hyung; Kuk, Jung Gap; Kim, Young Il; Cho, Nam Ik

2012-01-01

This paper proposes an algorithm for the detection of pillars or posts in the video captured by a single camera implemented on the fore side of a room mirror in a car. The main purpose of this algorithm is to complement the weakness of current ultrasonic parking assist system, which does not well find the exact position of pillars or does not recognize narrow posts. The proposed algorithm is consisted of three steps: straight line detection, line tracking, and the estimation of 3D position of pillars. In the first step, the strong lines are found by the Hough transform. Second step is the combination of detection and tracking, and the third is the calculation of 3D position of the line by the analysis of trajectory of relative positions and the parameters of camera. Experiments on synthetic and real images show that the proposed method successfully locates and tracks the position of pillars, which helps the ultrasonic system to correctly locate the edges of pillars. It is believed that the proposed algorithm can also be employed as a basic element for vision based autonomous driving system.

Stability analysis of flexible wind turbine blades using finite element method

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Kamoulakos, A.

1982-01-01

Static vibration and flutter analysis of a straight elastic axis blade was performed based on a finite element method solution. The total potential energy functional was formulated according to linear beam theory. The inertia and aerodynamic loads were formulated according to the blade absolute acceleration and absolute velocity vectors. In vibration analysis, the direction of motion of the blade during the first out-of-lane and first in-plane modes was examined; numerical results involve NASA/DOE Mod-0, McCauley propeller, north wind turbine and flat plate behavior. In flutter analysis, comparison cases were examined involving several references. Vibration analysis of a nonstraight elastic axis blade based on a finite element method solution was performed in a similar manner with the straight elastic axis blade, since it was recognized that a curved blade can be approximated by an assembly of a sufficient number of straight blade elements at different inclinations with respect to common system of axes. Numerical results involve comparison between the behavior of a straight and a curved cantilever beam during the lowest two in-plane and out-of-plane modes.

METAL SPRAYER FOR USE IN VACUUM OR INERT ATMOSPHERE

DOEpatents

Monroe, R.E.

1958-10-14

A metal sprayer is described for use in a vacuum or inert atmosphere with a straight line wire feed and variable electrode contact angle. This apparatus comprises two wires which are fed through straight tubes of two mechanisms positioned on opposite sides of a central tube to which an inert gas is fed. The two mechanisms and the wires being fed constitute electrodes to which electrical current is supplied so that the wires are melted by the electric are formed at their contacting region and sprayed by the gas supplied by the central tube. This apparatus is designed specifically to apply a zirconium coating to uranium in an inert atmosphere and without the use of an oxidizing flame.

Investigation into the limitations of straightness interferometers using a multisensor-based error separation method

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Weichert, Christoph; Köchert, Paul; Schötka, Eugen; Flügge, Jens; Manske, Eberhard

2018-06-01

The uncertainty of a straightness interferometer is independent of the component used to introduce the divergence angle between the two probing beams, and is limited by three main error sources, which are linked to each other: their resolution, the influence of refractive index gradients and the topography of the straightness reflector. To identify the configuration with minimal uncertainties under laboratory conditions, a fully fibre-coupled heterodyne interferometer was successively equipped with three different wedge prisms, resulting in three different divergence angles (4°, 8° and 20°). To separate the error sources an independent reference with a smaller reproducibility is needed. Therefore, the straightness measurement capability of the Nanometer Comparator, based on a multisensor error separation method, was improved to provide measurements with a reproducibility of 0.2 nm. The comparison results revealed that the influence of the refractive index gradients of air did not increase with interspaces between the probing beams of more than 11.3 mm. Therefore, over a movement range of 220 mm, the lowest uncertainty was achieved with the largest divergence angle. The dominant uncertainty contribution arose from the mirror topography, which was additionally determined with a Fizeau interferometer. The measured topography agreed within  ±1.3 nm with the systematic deviations revealed in the straightness comparison, resulting in an uncertainty contribution of 2.6 nm for the straightness interferometer.

Determination of the Wave Parameters from the Statistical Characteristics of the Image of a Linear Test Object

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Weber, V. L.

2018-03-01

We statistically analyze the images of the objects of the "light-line" and "half-plane" types which are observed through a randomly irregular air-water interface. The expressions for the correlation function of fluctuations of the image of an object given in the form of a luminous half-plane are found. The possibility of determining the spatial and temporal correlation functions of the slopes of a rough water surface from these relationships is shown. The problem of the probability of intersection of a small arbitrarily oriented line segment by the contour image of a luminous straight line is solved. Using the results of solving this problem, we show the possibility of determining the values of the curvature variances of a rough water surface. A practical method for obtaining an image of a rectilinear luminous object in the light rays reflected from the rough surface is proposed. It is theoretically shown that such an object can be synthesized by temporal accumulation of the image of a point source of light rapidly moving in the horizontal plane with respect to the water surface.

Improved line-end foreshortening and corner-rounding control in optical proximity correction using radius of curvature method

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mukherjee, Maharaj; Phan, Vinhthuy

2002-07-01

We describe how to generate better Optical Proximity Corrections (OPC) for line-ends and corners by using rounded anchors and serifs. These rounded serifs and anchors can be made smaller in size and shape than the traditional rectilinear anchors and serifs. The smaller size of the serifs tend to have less problems in satisfying mask-rule constraints. They also have less adverse effects on the printability of neighboring shapes. We refer to these rounded anchors and serifs as Mouse-Ears. The rounding is done by circles which are regular octagons with Ortho-45 straight lines. The main idea of this paper stems from the physical description of the lithographic process, which can be conceptualized as a low-pass filter. The low-pass filter eliminates the sharp corners of the feature which are made of high spatial-frequency components and retains the low spatial-frequency components. Since the rounded anchors and serifs have fewer high-frequency components than their rectilinear counterparts they get less deformed in the lithographic process.

Intersection of three-dimensional geometric surfaces

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Crisp, V. K.; Rehder, J. J.; Schwing, J. L.

1985-01-01

Calculating the line of intersection between two three-dimensional objects and using the information to generate a third object is a key element in a geometry development system. Techniques are presented for the generation of three-dimensional objects, the calculation of a line of intersection between two objects, and the construction of a resultant third object. The objects are closed surfaces consisting of adjacent bicubic parametric patches using Bezier basis functions. The intersection determination involves subdividing the patches that make up the objects until they are approximately planar and then calculating the intersection between planes. The resulting straight-line segments are connected to form the curve of intersection. The polygons in the neighborhood of the intersection are reconstructed and put back into the Bezier representation. A third object can be generated using various combinations of the original two. Several examples are presented. Special cases and problems were encountered, and the method for handling them is discussed. The special cases and problems included intersection of patch edges, gaps between adjacent patches because of unequal subdivision, holes, or islands within patches, and computer round-off error.

Flight-path estimation in passive low-altitude flight by visual cues

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Grunwald, Arthur J.; Kohn, S.

1993-01-01

A series of experiments was conducted, in which subjects had to estimate the flight path while passively being flown in straight or in curved motion over several types of nominally flat, textured terrain. Three computer-generated terrain types were investigated: (1) a random 'pole' field, (2) a flat field consisting of random rectangular patches, and (3) a field of random parallelepipeds. Experimental parameters were the velocity-to-height (V/h) ratio, the viewing distance, and the terrain type. Furthermore, the effect of obscuring parts of the visual field was investigated. Assumptions were made about the basic visual-field information by analyzing the pattern of line-of-sight (LOS) rate vectors in the visual field. The experimental results support these assumptions and show that, for both a straight as well as a curved flight path, the estimation accuracy and estimation times improve with the V/h ratio. Error scores for the curved flight path are found to be about 3 deg in visual angle higher than for the straight flight path, and the sensitivity to the V/h ratio is found to be considerably larger. For the straight motion, the flight path could be estimated successfully from local areas in the far field. Curved flight-path estimates have to rely on the entire LOS rate pattern.

Trajectories of Listeria-type motility in two dimensions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wen, Fu-Lai; Leung, Kwan-tai; Chen, Hsuan-Yi

2012-12-01

Force generated by actin polymerization is essential in cell motility and the locomotion of organelles or bacteria such as Listeria monocytogenes. Both in vivo and in vitro experiments on actin-based motility have observed geometrical trajectories including straight lines, circles, S-shaped curves, and translating figure eights. This paper reports a phenomenological model of an actin-propelled disk in two dimensions that generates geometrical trajectories. Our model shows that when the evolutions of actin density and force per filament on the disk are strongly coupled to the disk self-rotation, it is possible for a straight trajectory to lose its stability. When the instability is due to a pitchfork bifurcation, the resulting trajectory is a circle; a straight trajectory can also lose stability through a Hopf bifurcation, and the resulting trajectory is an S-shaped curve. We also show that a half-coated disk, which mimics the distribution of functionalized proteins in Listeria, also undergoes similar symmetry-breaking bifurcations when the straight trajectory loses stability. For both a fully coated disk and a half-coated disk, when the trajectory is an S-shaped curve, the angular frequency of the disk self-rotation is different from that of the disk trajectory. However, for circular trajectories, these angular frequencies are different for a fully coated disk but the same for a half-coated disk.

Office Skills: What Are the Effects of a Composition Emphasis during Two Semesters of Typewriting?

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Gades, Robert E.; Dougal, Barbara

1979-01-01

A study which compared the composition approach of typewriting instruction with the traditional approach found no significant difference in typewriting speed after one year of instruction. Students trained with the composition approach showed significantly fewer errors on straight-line timings. (LRA)

46 CFR 382.3 - Determination of fair and reasonable rate.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... capitalized improvements, shall be depreciated on a straight-line basis over a 20-year economic life, except... equal installments over the economic life of the vessels as determined in accordance with paragraph (b... that the vessel's constructed net book value, less outstanding constructed principal, is equity. The...

46 CFR 382.3 - Determination of fair and reasonable rate.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... capitalized improvements, shall be depreciated on a straight-line basis over a 20-year economic life, except... equal installments over the economic life of the vessels as determined in accordance with paragraph (b... that the vessel's constructed net book value, less outstanding constructed principal, is equity. The...

27 CFR 9.133 - Rutherford.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... proceeds in a southwesterly direction in a straight line approximately 1.7 miles along Skellenger Lane... miles to the point where an unnamed stream drains into the Napa River from the west; (3) Then along the... Southern Pacific Railroad Track; (4) Then southeasterly along said railroad track 1,650 feet to a point...

49 CFR 572.7 - Neck.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... paragraph (c) of this section, the head shall rotate in reference to the pendulum's longitudinal centerline... the straight line distance between (1) the position relative to the pendulum arm of the head center of gravity at time zero, and (2) the position relative to the pendulum arm of the head center of gravity at...

49 CFR 572.7 - Neck.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... paragraph (c) of this section, the head shall rotate in reference to the pendulum's longitudinal centerline... the straight line distance between (1) the position relative to the pendulum arm of the head center of gravity at time zero, and (2) the position relative to the pendulum arm of the head center of gravity at...

49 CFR 572.7 - Neck.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... paragraph (c) of this section, the head shall rotate in reference to the pendulum's longitudinal centerline... the straight line distance between (1) the position relative to the pendulum arm of the head center of gravity at time zero, and (2) the position relative to the pendulum arm of the head center of gravity at...

49 CFR 572.7 - Neck.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... paragraph (c) of this section, the head shall rotate in reference to the pendulum's longitudinal centerline... the straight line distance between (1) the position relative to the pendulum arm of the head center of gravity at time zero, and (2) the position relative to the pendulum arm of the head center of gravity at...

49 CFR 572.7 - Neck.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... paragraph (c) of this section, the head shall rotate in reference to the pendulum's longitudinal centerline... the straight line distance between (1) the position relative to the pendulum arm of the head center of gravity at time zero, and (2) the position relative to the pendulum arm of the head center of gravity at...

Multiple Teaching Approaches, Teaching Sequence and Concept Retention in High School Physics Education

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Fogarty, Ian; Geelan, David

2013-01-01

Students in 4 Canadian high school physics classes completed instructional sequences in two key physics topics related to motion--Straight Line Motion and Newton's First Law. Different sequences of laboratory investigation, teacher explanation (lecture) and the use of computer-based scientific visualizations (animations and simulations) were…

50 CFR 665.931 - Boundaries.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

..., Baker, Howland, and Jarvis Islands, Johnston Atoll, Kingman Reef, and Palmyra Atoll, is defined as...″ 0°28′39″ N. (d) Johnston Atoll. The Johnston Atoll unit of the Monument includes the waters and submerged and emergent lands around Johnston Atoll within an area defined by straight lines connecting the...

50 CFR 665.931 - Boundaries.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

..., Baker, Howland, and Jarvis Islands, Johnston Atoll, Kingman Reef, and Palmyra Atoll, is defined as...″ 0°28′39″ N. (d) Johnston Atoll. The Johnston Atoll unit of the Monument includes the waters and submerged and emergent lands around Johnston Atoll within an area defined by straight lines connecting the...

27 CFR 9.210 - Lehigh Valley.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... Lehigh River in the city of Jim Thorpe; then (8) Proceed east-northeasterly in a straight line to the... along Interstate 80 through Stroudsburg to the west bank of the Delaware River; then (15) Proceed south (downstream) along the west bank of the Delaware River, and, crossing onto the Northampton County map...

47 CFR 80.769 - Shadow loss.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... average terrain elevation at the coast station antenna to the water level at the ship location. If average... antenna site elevation, the obstruction elevation and the height of the ship station on rectangular... the horizontal scale. Then draw a straight line between the antenna and the ship. (c) If a hill...

47 CFR 80.769 - Shadow loss.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... average terrain elevation at the coast station antenna to the water level at the ship location. If average... antenna site elevation, the obstruction elevation and the height of the ship station on rectangular... the horizontal scale. Then draw a straight line between the antenna and the ship. (c) If a hill...

47 CFR 80.769 - Shadow loss.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... average terrain elevation at the coast station antenna to the water level at the ship location. If average... antenna site elevation, the obstruction elevation and the height of the ship station on rectangular... the horizontal scale. Then draw a straight line between the antenna and the ship. (c) If a hill...

47 CFR 80.769 - Shadow loss.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... average terrain elevation at the coast station antenna to the water level at the ship location. If average... antenna site elevation, the obstruction elevation and the height of the ship station on rectangular... the horizontal scale. Then draw a straight line between the antenna and the ship. (c) If a hill...

40 CFR 89.322 - Carbon dioxide analyzer calibration.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Test Equipment Provisions § 89.322 Carbon dioxide analyzer calibration. (a) Prior to its introduction... requirements of paragraph (a)(3) of this section. Proceed as follows: (1) Follow good engineering practices for... engineering practice. For each range calibrated, if the deviation from a least-squares best-fit straight line...

86. Round Meadow Creek Viaduct. This steel girder bridge, built ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

86. Round Meadow Creek Viaduct. This steel girder bridge, built in 1939, has a reinforced concrete deck and piers. It is an example of a major in-line, or straight, viaduct over a deep ravine. - Blue Ridge Parkway, Between Shenandoah National Park & Great Smoky Mountains, Asheville, Buncombe County, NC

40 CFR 89.319 - Hydrocarbon analyzer calibration.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... each range calibrated, if the deviation from a least-squares best-fit straight line is 2 percent or... ±0.3 percent of full scale on the zero, the best-fit non-linear equation which represents the data to within these limits shall be used to determine concentration. (d) Oxygen interference optimization...

40 CFR 89.319 - Hydrocarbon analyzer calibration.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... each range calibrated, if the deviation from a least-squares best-fit straight line is 2 percent or... ±0.3 percent of full scale on the zero, the best-fit non-linear equation which represents the data to within these limits shall be used to determine concentration. (d) Oxygen interference optimization...

40 CFR 89.319 - Hydrocarbon analyzer calibration.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... each range calibrated, if the deviation from a least-squares best-fit straight line is 2 percent or... ±0.3 percent of full scale on the zero, the best-fit non-linear equation which represents the data to within these limits shall be used to determine concentration. (d) Oxygen interference optimization...

40 CFR 89.320 - Carbon monoxide analyzer calibration.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... monoxide as described in this section. (b) Initial and periodic interference check. Prior to its... engineering practice. For each range calibrated, if the deviation from a least-squares best-fit straight line... range. If the deviation exceeds these limits, the best-fit non-linear equation which represents the data...

40 CFR 89.320 - Carbon monoxide analyzer calibration.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... monoxide as described in this section. (b) Initial and periodic interference check. Prior to its... engineering practice. For each range calibrated, if the deviation from a least-squares best-fit straight line... range. If the deviation exceeds these limits, the best-fit non-linear equation which represents the data...

40 CFR 89.320 - Carbon monoxide analyzer calibration.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... monoxide as described in this section. (b) Initial and periodic interference check. Prior to its... engineering practice. For each range calibrated, if the deviation from a least-squares best-fit straight line... range. If the deviation exceeds these limits, the best-fit non-linear equation which represents the data...

40 CFR 89.320 - Carbon monoxide analyzer calibration.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... monoxide as described in this section. (b) Initial and periodic interference check. Prior to its... engineering practice. For each range calibrated, if the deviation from a least-squares best-fit straight line... range. If the deviation exceeds these limits, the best-fit non-linear equation which represents the data...

75 FR 25815 - Disadvantaged Business Enterprise: Program Improvements

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-05-10

... extent, the purpose of the three-year goal submission interval. We anticipate that this approach would be... approaches to making inflationary adjustments. The Department seeks comment on whether the straight-line CPI approach used in the NPRM is appropriate, or whether there are other approaches or techniques that would be...

The Shoemaker's Knife

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Thomson, Ian

2010-01-01

Archimedes, the famous Greek mathematician, lived from 287 BCE until approximately 212 BCE. He thought that the figure of two semi-circles on a straight line enclosed by a larger semi-circle resembled a shoemaker's knife. Archimedes called this figure an "arbelos" since arbelos is the Greek word for a shoemaker's knife. The author describes the…

46 CFR 115.900 - Applicability.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... International Convention for Safety of Life at Sea, 1974, as Amended (SOLAS) § 115.900 Applicability. (a) Except... applicable requirements of the International Convention for Safety of Life at Sea, 1974, as Amended (SOLAS... solely navigating the Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence River as far east as a straight line drawn from...

46 CFR 115.900 - Applicability.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... International Convention for Safety of Life at Sea, 1974, as Amended (SOLAS) § 115.900 Applicability. (a) Except... applicable requirements of the International Convention for Safety of Life at Sea, 1974, as Amended (SOLAS... solely navigating the Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence River as far east as a straight line drawn from...

46 CFR 115.900 - Applicability.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... International Convention for Safety of Life at Sea, 1974, as Amended (SOLAS) § 115.900 Applicability. (a) Except... applicable requirements of the International Convention for Safety of Life at Sea, 1974, as Amended (SOLAS... solely navigating the Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence River as far east as a straight line drawn from...

46 CFR 115.900 - Applicability.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... International Convention for Safety of Life at Sea, 1974, as Amended (SOLAS) § 115.900 Applicability. (a) Except... applicable requirements of the International Convention for Safety of Life at Sea, 1974, as Amended (SOLAS... solely navigating the Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence River as far east as a straight line drawn from...

Food Service: How and What to Plan.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Buchanan, Robert D.

1962-01-01

The effectiveness of food service facilities will be greatly enhanced by--(1) developing operating policies early in the design stage, (2) translating menus and recipes into space, time, amounts, and equipment, (3) arranging kitchen functions and work centers into straight line flow, and (4) evaluation. Operating policies and procedures must be…

Microwave focusators

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Vinogradov, E. A.; Gridin, S. A.; Golovanov, V. I.; Danilenko, A. A.; Bulatov, E. D.

1989-01-01

A system capable of focusing monochromatic microwave radiation with a spherical or planar wavefront into a straight line segment is designed. The system consists of zone elements made with numerically controlled machine tools. The study of the image obtained revealed that the width of the formed local segment is close to the diffraction limit.

Electromagnetic scattering by a straight thin wire

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Shamansky, Harry T.; Dominek, Allen K.; Peters, Leon, Jr.

1989-01-01

The traveling-wave energy, which multiply diffracts on a straight thin wire, is represented as a sum of terms, each with a distinct physical meaning, that can be individually examined in the time domain. Expressions for each scattering mechanism on a straight thin wire are cast in the form of four basic electromagnetic wave concepts: diffraction, attachment, launch, and reflection. Using the basic mechanisms from P. Ya. Ufimtsev (1962), each of the scattering mechanisms is included into the total scattered field for the straight thin wire. Scattering as a function of angle and frequency is then compared to the moment-method solution. These analytic expressions are then extended to a lossy wire with a simple approximate modification using the propagation velocity on the wire as derived from the Sommerfeld wave on a straight lossy wire. Both the perfectly conducting and lossy wire solutions are compared to moment-method results, and excellent agreement is found. As is common with asymptotic solutions, when the electrical length of wire is smaller than 0.2 lambda the results lose accuracy. The expressions modified to approximate the scattering for the lossy thin wire yield excellent agreement even for lossy wires where the wire radius is on the order of skin depth.

Path planning algorithms for assembly sequence planning. [in robot kinematics

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Krishnan, S. S.; Sanderson, Arthur C.

1991-01-01

Planning for manipulation in complex environments often requires reasoning about the geometric and mechanical constraints which are posed by the task. In planning assembly operations, the automatic generation of operations sequences depends on the geometric feasibility of paths which permit parts to be joined into subassemblies. Feasible locations and collision-free paths must be present for part motions, robot and grasping motions, and fixtures. This paper describes an approach to reasoning about the feasibility of straight-line paths among three-dimensional polyhedral parts using an algebra of polyhedral cones. A second method recasts the feasibility conditions as constraints in a nonlinear optimization framework. Both algorithms have been implemented and results are presented.

Using quasars as standard clocks for measuring cosmological redshift.

PubMed

Dai, De-Chang; Starkman, Glenn D; Stojkovic, Branislav; Stojkovic, Dejan; Weltman, Amanda

2012-06-08

We report hitherto unnoticed patterns in quasar light curves. We characterize segments of the quasar's light curves with the slopes of the straight lines fit through them. These slopes appear to be directly related to the quasars' redshifts. Alternatively, using only global shifts in time and flux, we are able to find significant overlaps between the light curves of different pairs of quasars by fitting the ratio of their redshifts. We are then able to reliably determine the redshift of one quasar from another. This implies that one can use quasars as standard clocks, as we explicitly demonstrate by constructing two independent methods of finding the redshift of a quasar from its light curve.

Condylar guidance: correlation between protrusive interocclusal record and panoramic radiographic image: a pilot study.

PubMed

Tannamala, Pavan Kumar; Pulagam, Mahesh; Pottem, Srinivas R; Swapna, B

2012-04-01

The purpose of this study was to compare the sagittal condylar angles set in the Hanau articulator by use of a method of obtaining an intraoral protrusive record to those angles found using a panoramic radiographic image. Ten patients, free of signs and symptoms of temporomandibular disorder and with intact dentition were selected. The dental stone casts of the subjects were mounted on a Hanau articulator with a springbow and poly(vinyl siloxane) interocclusal records. For all patients, the protrusive records were obtained when the mandible moved forward by approximately 6 mm. All procedures for recording, mounting, and setting were done in the same session. The condylar guidance angles obtained were tabulated. A panoramic radiographic image of each patient was made with the Frankfurt horizontal plane parallel to the floor of the mouth. Tracings of the radiographic images were made. The horizontal reference line was marked by joining the orbitale and porion. The most superior and most inferior points of the curvatures were identified. These two lines were connected by a straight line representing the mean curvature line. Angles made by the intersection of the mean curvature line and the horizontal reference line were measured. The results were subjected to statistical analysis with a significance level of p < 0.05. The radiographic values were on average 4° greater than the values obtained by protrusive interocclusal record method. The mean condylar guidance angle between the right and left side by both the methods was not statistically significant. The comparison of mean condylar guidance angles between the right side of the protrusive record method and the right side of the panoramic radiographic method and the left side of the protrusive record method and the left side of the panoramic radiographic method (p= 0.071 and p= 0.057, respectively) were not statistically significant. Within the limitations of this study, it was concluded that the protrusive condylar guidance angles obtained by panoramic radiograph may be used in programming semi-adjustable articulators. © 2012 by the American College of Prosthodontists.

Autonomous Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Rendezvous for Automated Aerial Refueling

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-03-01

represents a straight line segment. It can be seen that there are ten possible combinations of arcs and line segments (RSR, RSL, LSR, LSL, LRL, RLR , SLR...SRL, RLS, and LRS). However, L. E. Dubins proved that only these six sequences are possibly optimal: RSR, RSL, LSR, LSL, LRL, and RLR [Dubins 1957...From Figure 2-5 and Figure 2-6, it can be seen that the last two cases, RLR and LRL can only be optimal when the initial point and the terminal

Flood Plain Information Brandywine Creek, New Castle County, Delaware.

DTIC Science & Technology

1973-07-01

The Brandywine’s course through Delaware is fairly straight and cuts through a valley of rugged terrain. The adjacent land slopes that comprise its...varies sharply in 3 distinct reaches. The upper reach from the State Line to Rockland Road falls 15.5 feet at a slope of 4.9 feet per mile. The middle...Mileage Above Drainage Area Location Mouth Tributary Total sq. Mi. sq. mi. Pennsy lvania-Del aware State Line 10.55 ... 299.9 Confluence with Beaver

TRISTEN/FRAM II Cruise Report, East Arctic, April 1980.

DTIC Science & Technology

1981-04-13

is not readily accessible by air from Alaska. The Eurasia Basin contains the Arctic Midoceanic Ridge, which extends in a straight line for 2000 km...13 6 Bottom Refraction - Shot- Lines Overlain on FRAM II Positions 14 7 Waterfall Display of Successive Spectral Estimates of Single...Northeast leg of the array was oriented 341T and the NW leg 304 ’T. After a windstorm and flow break-up on 16 April, hydrophones 11 and 12 and 21-24 were

Symbolic Image Understanding

DTIC Science & Technology

1991-11-01

publication. APPROVED: a LEE A. UVANNI Project Engineer FOR THE COMMANDER: GARRY W. BARRINGER Technical Director Intelligence & Reconnaissance...f Od1cAtl nd ir-’bm a UNl tofU~rtaw ."t Pu’ o scrxr± ing twra fa revrl r Jt,= seagrg d un zla souLces gahwtW" r T , iUm rm , rruk4 c adiwvctws coa w...1990j matches straight lines extracted from an image with model lines r projected to the image plane using an assumed location of the camera. This

Lungeing on hard and soft surfaces: Movement symmetry of trotting horses considered sound by their owners.

PubMed

Pfau, T; Jennings, C; Mitchell, H; Olsen, E; Walker, A; Egenvall, A; Tröster, S; Weller, R; Rhodin, M

2016-01-01

Lungeing is often part of the clinical lameness examination. The difference in movement symmetry, which is a commonly employed lameness measure, has not been quantified between surfaces. To compare head and pelvic movement symmetry between surfaces and reins during lungeing. Quantitative gait analysis in 23 horses considered sound by their owners. Twenty-three horses were assessed in-hand and on the lunge on both reins on hard and soft surfaces with inertial sensors. Seven movement symmetry parameters were quantified and used to establish 2 groups, namely symmetrical (n = 9) and forelimb-lame horses (n = 14), based on values from straight-line assessment. Movement symmetry values for left rein measurements were side corrected to allow comparison of the amount of movement symmetry between reins. A mixed model (P<0.05) was used to study effects on movement symmetry of surface (hard/soft) and rein (inside/outside with respect to movement symmetry on the straight). In forelimb-lame horses, surface and rein were identified as significantly affecting all head movement symmetry measures (rein, all P<0.0001; surface, all P<0.042). In the symmetrical group, no significant influence of surface or rein was identified for head movement symmetry (rein, all P>0.245; surface, all P>0.073). No significant influence of surface or rein was identified for any of the pelvic movement symmetry measures in either group. While more symmetrical horses showed a consistent amount of movement symmetry across surfaces/reins, horses objectively quantified as lame on the straight showed decreased movement symmetry during lungeing, in particular with the lame limb on the inside of a hard circle. The variation within group questions straight-line movement symmetry as a sole measure of lameness without quantification of movement symmetry on the lunge, ideally on hard and soft surfaces to evaluate differences between reins and surfaces. In future, thresholds for lungeing need to be determined using simultaneous visual and objective assessment. © 2014 EVJ Ltd.

Incidents between Straight-ahead Cyclists and Right-turning Motor Vehicles at Signalised Junctions.

PubMed

Buch, Thomas Skallebæk; Jensen, Søren Underlien

2017-08-01

Accidents between right-turning motor vehicles and straight-ahead cyclists are one of the most common accident types leading to cyclist injuries at signalised junctions in Denmark. A before-after safety evaluation of applying staggered stop lines in 189 arms at 123 signalised junctions is presented. The evaluation accounts for long-term accident trends and changes in motor vehicle traffic volumes. Applying staggered stop lines gives no decline in accidents between right-turning motor vehicles and straight-ahead cyclists. However, there is a statistical tendency to a decline of these right-turn accidents involving heavy vehicles. There are several questions about factors leading to right-turn accidents that cannot be answered by recorded accident data. A study of conflicting behaviour focuses on factors leading to conflicts. Video observations have been carried out in 10 arms at signalised junctions. A total of 45 situations with conflicting behaviour between right-turning motor vehicles and straight-ahead cyclists have been investigated and compared to a reference group of simultaneous arrivals. The relative risk is lowest when both parties stop on red before entering the junction. Upon simultaneous arrival of both parties at a green light, the relative risk is highest. Cyclists tend to have a higher relative risk of being involved in conflicts if they; a) ride through on yellow, b) have a time distance of at least 2seconds to other cyclists, c) wear a black jacket, and/or d) arrive at the junction at a speed of at least 25km/h. Much less can be said about the motor vehicles or their drivers on the basis of these video observations, but motor vehicles stopping in the cycle crossing in order to yield to pedestrians or cyclists have a higher relative risk of being involved in conflicts. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

A Floating Potential Method for Determining Ion Density

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Evans, John D.; Chen, Francis F.

2001-10-01

The density n in partially ionized discharges is often found from the saturation ion current Ii of a cylindrical Langmuir probe. Collisionless probe theories, however, disagree with measured I - V curves probably because of collisions^1. We use a heuristic method that yields n from probe data agreeing with microwave interferometry. Probe current I is raised to the 4/3 power and fitted to a straight line on an I^4/3-V plot. The line is extrapolated to the floating potential V_f, thus approximating I_i(V_f). The sheath thickness d_sh for V = Vf is calculated from the Child-Langmuir (CL) law, and applying the Bohm sheath criterion to the surface at r_sh = Rp + d_sh yields n when Ii = I_i(V_f). This method works, but it cannot be justified by theory. Neglected are (a) cylindrical convergence of the ion charge, (b) finite ion energy at r = r_sh, (c) ions orbiting the probe, and (d) escape of ions axially. The Allen-Boyd-Reynolds theory, which treats (a) and (b) and neglects (c) and (d), gives too low n's. Apparently the errors self-cancel, and the simple Vf method gives the right result. ^1 F.F. Chen, Phys. Plasmas 8, 3029 (2001).

Lunar-edge based on-orbit modulation transfer function (MTF) measurement

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Cheng, Ying; Yi, Hongwei; Liu, Xinlong

2017-10-01

Modulation transfer function (MTF) is an important parameter for image quality evaluation of on-orbit optical image systems. Various methods have been proposed to determine the MTF of an imaging system which are based on images containing point, pulse and edge features. In this paper, the edge of the moon can be used as a high contrast target to measure on-orbit MTF of image systems based on knife-edge methods. The proposed method is an extension of the ISO 12233 Slanted-edge Spatial Frequency Response test, except that the shape of the edge is a circular arc instead of a straight line. In order to get more accurate edge locations and then obtain a more authentic edge spread function (ESF), we choose circular fitting method based on least square to fit lunar edge in sub-pixel edge detection process. At last, simulation results show that the MTF value at Nyquist frequency calculated using our lunar edge method is reliable and accurate with error less than 2% comparing with theoretical MTF value.

Optical Observation, Image-processing, and Detection of Space Debris in Geosynchronous Earth Orbit

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Oda, H.; Yanagisawa, T.; Kurosaki, H.; Tagawa, M.

2014-09-01

We report on optical observations and an efficient detection method of space debris in the geosynchronous Earth orbit (GEO). We operate our new Australia Remote Observatory (ARO) where an 18 cm optical telescope with a charged-coupled device (CCD) camera covering a 3.14-degree field of view is used for GEO debris survey, and analyse datasets of successive CCD images using the line detection method (Yanagisawa and Nakajima 2005). In our operation, the exposure time of each CCD image is set to be 3 seconds (or 5 seconds), and the time interval of CCD shutter open is about 4.7 seconds (or 6.7 seconds). In the line detection method, a sufficient number of sample objects are taken from each image based on their shape and intensity, which includes not only faint signals but also background noise (we take 500 sample objects from each image in this paper). Then we search a sequence of sample objects aligning in a straight line in the successive images to exclude the noise sample. We succeed in detecting faint signals (down to about 1.8 sigma of background noise) by applying the line detection method to 18 CCD images. As a result, we detected about 300 GEO objects up to magnitude of 15.5 among 5 nights data. We also calculate orbits of objects detected using the Simplified General Perturbations Satellite Orbit Model 4(SGP4), and identify the objects listed in the two-line-element (TLE) data catalogue publicly provided by the U.S. Strategic Command (USSTRATCOM). We found that a certain amount of our detections are new objects that are not contained in the catalogue. We conclude that our ARO and detection method posse a high efficiency detection of GEO objects despite the use of comparatively-inexpensive observation and analysis system. We also describe the image-processing specialized for the detection of GEO objects (not for usual astronomical objects like stars) in this paper.

Performance of a superconducting magnet system operated in the Super Omega Muon beam line at J-PARC

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Makida, Yasuhiro; Ikedo, Yutaka; Ogitsu, Toru

A superconducting magnet system, which is composed of an 8 m long solenoid for transportation and 12 short solenoids for focusing, has been developed for Muon Science Establishment facility of J-PARC. The transport solenoid is composed of a 6 m straight section connected to a 45 degree curved section at each end. Muons of various momenta and of both electric charges are transported through the solenoid inner bore with an effective diameter of 0.3 m, where 2 T magnetic field is induced. There are 12 focusing solenoids with an effective bore diameter of 0.6 m and a length of 0.35more » m arranged on a straight line at suitable intervals. The maximum central field of each focusing solenoid is 0.66 T. All solenoid coils are cooled by GM cryocoolers through their own conductions. The magnet system has been installed into the beam line in the summer of 2012, and its performance has been checked. Beam commissioning has been carried out since October 2012. During beam operation, temperature rise over 6 K in the transport solenoid due to a nuclear heating from the muon production target is observed at beam intensity of about 300 kW.« less

Modeling and experimental characterization of electromigration in interconnect trees

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Thompson, C. V.; Hau-Riege, S. P.; Andleigh, V. K.

1999-11-01

Most modeling and experimental characterization of interconnect reliability is focussed on simple straight lines terminating at pads or vias. However, laid-out integrated circuits often have interconnects with junctions and wide-to-narrow transitions. In carrying out circuit-level reliability assessments it is important to be able to assess the reliability of these more complex shapes, generally referred to as `trees.' An interconnect tree consists of continuously connected high-conductivity metal within one layer of metallization. Trees terminate at diffusion barriers at vias and contacts, and, in the general case, can have more than one terminating branch when they include junctions. We have extended the understanding of `immortality' demonstrated and analyzed for straight stud-to-stud lines, to trees of arbitrary complexity. This leads to a hierarchical approach for identifying immortal trees for specific circuit layouts and models for operation. To complete a circuit-level-reliability analysis, it is also necessary to estimate the lifetimes of the mortal trees. We have developed simulation tools that allow modeling of stress evolution and failure in arbitrarily complex trees. We are testing our models and simulations through comparisons with experiments on simple trees, such as lines broken into two segments with different currents in each segment. Models, simulations and early experimental results on the reliability of interconnect trees are shown to be consistent.

Determination of Stress Intensity Factor Distributions for "Interface" Cracks in Incompressible, Dissimilar Materials

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Smith, C. W.

1997-01-01

The present study was undertaken in order to develop test methods and procedures for measuring the variation of the stress intensity factor through the thickness in bimaterial specimens containing cracks within and parallel to the bond line using the frozen stress photoelastic method. Since stress freezing materials are incompressible above critical temperature, and since thick plates are to be employed which tend to produce a state of plane strain near the crack tip, the interface near tip fracture equations reduce to the classic form for homogeneous materials. Moreover, zero thickness interfaces do not exist when materials are bonded together. It was decided early on that it would be important to insure a uniform straight and accurate crack tip region through the thickness of the body to reduce scatter in the SIF distribution through the thickness. It was also observed that rubberlike materials which were desired to be modeled exhibited significant tip blunting prior to crack extension and that some blunting of the tip would provide a more realistic model. It should be noted that, in normal stress freezing photoelastic work, it is considered good practice to avoid utilizing data near bond lines in photoelastic models due to the bond line stresses which inevitably develop when two parts are bonded together. Thus, the present study involves certain exploratory aspects in deviating from standard practice in stress freezing work. With the above ideas in mind, several different test methods were investigated and are described in the following sections and appendices. The geometry selected for the program was a thick, edge cracked specimen containing a bond line.

Turboprop and rotary-wing aircraft flight parameter estimation using both narrow-band and broadband passive acoustic signal-processing methods.

PubMed

Ferguson, B G; Lo, K W

2000-10-01

Flight parameter estimation methods for an airborne acoustic source can be divided into two categories, depending on whether the narrow-band lines or the broadband component of the received signal spectrum is processed to estimate the flight parameters. This paper provides a common framework for the formulation and test of two flight parameter estimation methods: one narrow band, the other broadband. The performances of the two methods are evaluated by applying them to the same acoustic data set, which is recorded by a planar array of passive acoustic sensors during multiple transits of a turboprop fixed-wing aircraft and two types of rotary-wing aircraft. The narrow-band method, which is based on a kinematic model that assumes the source travels in a straight line at constant speed and altitude, requires time-frequency analysis of the acoustic signal received by a single sensor during each aircraft transit. The broadband method is based on the same kinematic model, but requires observing the temporal variation of the differential time of arrival of the acoustic signal at each pair of sensors that comprises the planar array. Generalized cross correlation of each pair of sensor outputs using a cross-spectral phase transform prefilter provides instantaneous estimates of the differential times of arrival of the signal as the acoustic wavefront traverses the array.

An in-situ measuring method for planar straightness error

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chen, Xi; Fu, Luhua; Yang, Tongyu; Sun, Changku; Wang, Zhong; Zhao, Yan; Liu, Changjie

2018-01-01

According to some current problems in the course of measuring the plane shape error of workpiece, an in-situ measuring method based on laser triangulation is presented in this paper. The method avoids the inefficiency of traditional methods like knife straightedge as well as the time and cost requirements of coordinate measuring machine(CMM). A laser-based measuring head is designed and installed on the spindle of a numerical control(NC) machine. The measuring head moves in the path planning to measure measuring points. The spatial coordinates of the measuring points are obtained by the combination of the laser triangulation displacement sensor and the coordinate system of the NC machine, which could make the indicators of measurement come true. The method to evaluate planar straightness error adopts particle swarm optimization(PSO). To verify the feasibility and accuracy of the measuring method, simulation experiments were implemented with a CMM. Comparing the measurement results of measuring head with the corresponding measured values obtained by composite measuring machine, it is verified that the method can realize high-precise and automatic measurement of the planar straightness error of the workpiece.

Simplified method for creating a density-absorbed dose calibration curve for the low dose range from Gafchromic EBT3 film.

PubMed

Gotanda, Tatsuhiro; Katsuda, Toshizo; Gotanda, Rumi; Kuwano, Tadao; Akagawa, Takuya; Tanki, Nobuyoshi; Tabuchi, Akihiko; Shimono, Tetsunori; Kawaji, Yasuyuki

2016-01-01

Radiochromic film dosimeters have a disadvantage in comparison with an ionization chamber in that the dosimetry process is time-consuming for creating a density-absorbed dose calibration curve. The purpose of this study was the development of a simplified method of creating a density-absorbed dose calibration curve from radiochromic film within a short time. This simplified method was performed using Gafchromic EBT3 film with a low energy dependence and step-shaped Al filter. The simplified method was compared with the standard method. The density-absorbed dose calibration curves created using the simplified and standard methods exhibited approximately similar straight lines, and the gradients of the density-absorbed dose calibration curves were -32.336 and -33.746, respectively. The simplified method can obtain calibration curves within a much shorter time compared to the standard method. It is considered that the simplified method for EBT3 film offers a more time-efficient means of determining the density-absorbed dose calibration curve within a low absorbed dose range such as the diagnostic range.

Simplified method for creating a density-absorbed dose calibration curve for the low dose range from Gafchromic EBT3 film

PubMed Central

Gotanda, Tatsuhiro; Katsuda, Toshizo; Gotanda, Rumi; Kuwano, Tadao; Akagawa, Takuya; Tanki, Nobuyoshi; Tabuchi, Akihiko; Shimono, Tetsunori; Kawaji, Yasuyuki

2016-01-01

Radiochromic film dosimeters have a disadvantage in comparison with an ionization chamber in that the dosimetry process is time-consuming for creating a density-absorbed dose calibration curve. The purpose of this study was the development of a simplified method of creating a density-absorbed dose calibration curve from radiochromic film within a short time. This simplified method was performed using Gafchromic EBT3 film with a low energy dependence and step-shaped Al filter. The simplified method was compared with the standard method. The density-absorbed dose calibration curves created using the simplified and standard methods exhibited approximately similar straight lines, and the gradients of the density-absorbed dose calibration curves were −32.336 and −33.746, respectively. The simplified method can obtain calibration curves within a much shorter time compared to the standard method. It is considered that the simplified method for EBT3 film offers a more time-efficient means of determining the density-absorbed dose calibration curve within a low absorbed dose range such as the diagnostic range. PMID:28144120

Astronaut Scott Carpenter tests balance mechanism performance

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1961-01-01

Astronaut M. Scott Carpenter's balance mechanism performance is tested by his walking on a narrow board in his bare feet. He is performing this test at the School of Aviation Medicine, Pensicola, Florida (04570); Carpenter walks a straight line by putting one foot directly in front of the other to test his balance (04571).

Construction of Mathematical Definitions: An Epistemological and Didactical Study

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Ouvrier-Buffet, Cecile

2004-01-01

The definition-construction process is central to mathematics. The aim of this paper is to propose a few Situations of Definition-Construction (called SDC) and to study them. Our main objectives are to describe the definition-construction process and to design SDC for classroom. A SDC on "discrete straight line" and its mathematical and…

Calculus, Radio Dials and the Straight-Line Frequency Variable Capacitor

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Boyadzhiev, Khristo N.

2010-01-01

Most often radio dials of analogue radios are not uniformly graded; the frequencies are cramped on the left side or on the right side. This makes tuning more difficult. Why are dials made this way? We shall see here that simple calculus can help understand this problem and solve it. (Contains 7 figures.)

78 FR 59045 - Missouri; Major Disaster and Related Determinations

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-09-25

..., straight-line winds, and flooding during the period of August 2-14, 2013, is of sufficient severity and... limited to 75 percent of the total eligible costs. Federal funds provided under the Stafford Act for Public Assistance also will be limited to 75 percent of the total eligible costs, with the exception of...

78 FR 67383 - Kansas; Major Disaster and Related Determinations

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-11-12

..., straight-line winds, tornadoes, and flooding during the period of July 22 to August 16, 2013, is of... Hazard Mitigation will be limited to 75 percent of the total eligible costs. Federal funds provided under the Stafford Act for Public Assistance also will be limited to 75 percent of the total eligible costs...

75 FR 51837 - Tennessee; Amendment No. 11 to Notice of a Major Disaster Declaration

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-08-23

... Supplemental Appropriations Act, 2010, Public Law 111-212, FEMA is amending the cost-sharing arrangement... of Tennessee due to the damage resulting from severe storms, flooding, straight-line winds, and... declaration are authorized at 90 percent of total eligible costs. (The following Catalog of Federal Domestic...

50 CFR 223.207 - Approved TEDs.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... wet or dry. Any such measurement will be of the stretched mesh size. (a) Hard TEDs. Hard TEDs are TEDs.... The resultant escape opening with a webbing flap must have a stretched mesh circumference of no less... used when making the side cuts. The sum of the straight-line base measurement and the stretched...

50 CFR 223.207 - Approved TEDs.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... wet or dry. Any such measurement will be of the stretched mesh size. (a) Hard TEDs. Hard TEDs are TEDs.... The resultant escape opening with a webbing flap must have a stretched mesh circumference of no less... used when making the side cuts. The sum of the straight-line base measurement and the stretched...

50 CFR 223.207 - Approved TEDs.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... wet or dry. Any such measurement will be of the stretched mesh size. (a) Hard TEDs. Hard TEDs are TEDs.... The resultant escape opening with a webbing flap must have a stretched mesh circumference of no less... used when making the side cuts. The sum of the straight-line base measurement and the stretched...

John Dewey on Listening and Friendship in School and Society

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Waks, Leonard J.

2011-01-01

In this essay, Leonard Waks examines John Dewey's account of listening, drawing on Dewey's writings to establish a direct connection in his work between listening and democracy. Waks devotes the first part of the essay to explaining Dewey's distinction between one-way or straight-line listening and transactional listening-in-conversation, and to…

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Reister, D.B.

This paper uses the Pontryagin maximum principle to find time optimal paths for a constant speed unicycle. The time optimal paths consist of sequences of arcs of circles and straight lines. The maximum principle introduced concepts (dual variables, bang-bang solutions, singular solutions, and transversality conditions) that provide important insight into the nature of the time optimal paths. 10 refs., 6 figs.

Linearization: Students Forget the Operating Point

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Roubal, J.; Husek, P.; Stecha, J.

2010-01-01

Linearization is a standard part of modeling and control design theory for a class of nonlinear dynamical systems taught in basic undergraduate courses. Although linearization is a straight-line methodology, it is not applied correctly by many students since they often forget to keep the operating point in mind. This paper explains the topic and…

40 CFR 89.324 - Calibration of other equipment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... and operation. Adjust the analyzer to optimize performance. (2) Zero the methane analyzer with zero...-fit straight line is 2 percent or less of the value at each non-zero data point and within ± 0.3 percent of full scale on the zero, concentration values may be calculated by use of a single calibration...

40 CFR 89.324 - Calibration of other equipment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... and operation. Adjust the analyzer to optimize performance. (2) Zero the methane analyzer with zero...-fit straight line is 2 percent or less of the value at each non-zero data point and within ± 0.3 percent of full scale on the zero, concentration values may be calculated by use of a single calibration...

40 CFR 89.324 - Calibration of other equipment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... and operation. Adjust the analyzer to optimize performance. (2) Zero the methane analyzer with zero...-fit straight line is 2 percent or less of the value at each non-zero data point and within ± 0.3 percent of full scale on the zero, concentration values may be calculated by use of a single calibration...

40 CFR 89.324 - Calibration of other equipment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... and operation. Adjust the analyzer to optimize performance. (2) Zero the methane analyzer with zero...-fit straight line is 2 percent or less of the value at each non-zero data point and within ± 0.3 percent of full scale on the zero, concentration values may be calculated by use of a single calibration...

Comprehension for What? Preparing Students for Their Meaningful Future

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Conley, Mark W.; Wise, Antoinette

2011-01-01

Researchers, policymakers, and educators face a daunting task these days concerning literacy education for the here and now and literacy for the future. Even though one clings to the romantic notion that education provides the building blocks in a straight line to a meaningful future, the reality is that mixed goals and instructional messages…

40 CFR 86.1324-84 - Carbon dioxide analyzer calibration.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... calibrated, if the deviation from a least-squares best-fit straight line is within ±2 percent or less of the... exceeds these limits, then the best-fit non-linear equation which represents the data within these limits shall be used to determine concentration values. (d) The initial and periodic interference, system check...

40 CFR 91.316 - Hydrocarbon analyzer calibration.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... deviation from a least-squares best-fit straight line is two percent or less of the value at each data point... exceeds two percent at any point, use the best-fit non-linear equation which represents the data to within two percent of each test point to determine concentration. (d) Oxygen interference optimization...

40 CFR 89.322 - Carbon dioxide analyzer calibration.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... engineering practice. For each range calibrated, if the deviation from a least-squares best-fit straight line... range. If the deviation exceeds these limits, the best-fit non-linear equation which represents the data... interference, system check, and calibration test procedures specified in 40 CFR part 1065 may be used in lieu...

40 CFR 90.316 - Hydrocarbon analyzer calibration.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... from a least-squares best-fit straight line is two percent or less of the value at each data point... exceeds two percent at any point, use the best-fit non-linear equation which represents the data to within two percent of each test point to determine concentration. (d) Oxygen interference optimization. Prior...

40 CFR 86.123-78 - Oxides of nitrogen analyzer calibration.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

...-squares best-fit straight line is 2 percent or less of the value at each data point, concentration values... percent at any point, the best-fit non-linear equation which represents the data to within 2 percent of... may be necessary to clean the analyzer frequently to prevent interference with NOX measurements (see...

40 CFR 86.123-78 - Oxides of nitrogen analyzer calibration.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

...-squares best-fit straight line is 2 percent or less of the value at each data point, concentration values... percent at any point, the best-fit non-linear equation which represents the data to within 2 percent of... may be necessary to clean the analyzer frequently to prevent interference with NOX measurements (see...

40 CFR 86.123-78 - Oxides of nitrogen analyzer calibration.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

...-squares best-fit straight line is 2 percent or less of the value at each data point, concentration values... percent at any point, the best-fit non-linear equation which represents the data to within 2 percent of... may be necessary to clean the analyzer frequently to prevent interference with NOX measurements (see...

40 CFR 86.1324-84 - Carbon dioxide analyzer calibration.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... calibrated, if the deviation from a least-squares best-fit straight line is within ±2 percent or less of the... exceeds these limits, then the best-fit non-linear equation which represents the data within these limits shall be used to determine concentration values. (d) The initial and periodic interference, system check...

40 CFR 90.316 - Hydrocarbon analyzer calibration.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... from a least-squares best-fit straight line is two percent or less of the value at each data point... exceeds two percent at any point, use the best-fit non-linear equation which represents the data to within two percent of each test point to determine concentration. (d) Oxygen interference optimization. Prior...

40 CFR 90.316 - Hydrocarbon analyzer calibration.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... from a least-squares best-fit straight line is two percent or less of the value at each data point... exceeds two percent at any point, use the best-fit non-linear equation which represents the data to within two percent of each test point to determine concentration. (d) Oxygen interference optimization. Prior...

40 CFR 86.1324-84 - Carbon dioxide analyzer calibration.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... calibrated, if the deviation from a least-squares best-fit straight line is within ±2 percent or less of the... exceeds these limits, then the best-fit non-linear equation which represents the data within these limits shall be used to determine concentration values. (d) The initial and periodic interference, system check...

40 CFR 89.322 - Carbon dioxide analyzer calibration.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... engineering practice. For each range calibrated, if the deviation from a least-squares best-fit straight line... range. If the deviation exceeds these limits, the best-fit non-linear equation which represents the data... interference, system check, and calibration test procedures specified in 40 CFR part 1065 may be used in lieu...

40 CFR 91.316 - Hydrocarbon analyzer calibration.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... deviation from a least-squares best-fit straight line is two percent or less of the value at each data point... exceeds two percent at any point, use the best-fit non-linear equation which represents the data to within two percent of each test point to determine concentration. (d) Oxygen interference optimization...

40 CFR 90.318 - Oxides of nitrogen analyzer calibration.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... chemiluminescent oxides of nitrogen analyzer as described in this section. (b) Initial and Periodic Interference...-squares best-fit straight line is two percent or less of the value at each data point, calculate... at any point, use the best-fit non-linear equation which represents the data to within two percent of...

40 CFR 91.318 - Oxides of nitrogen analyzer calibration.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... nitrogen analyzer as described in this section. (b) Initial and periodic interference. Prior to its...-squares best-fit straight line is two percent or less of the value at each data point, concentration... two percent at any point, use the best-fit non-linear equation which represents the data to within two...

40 CFR 90.318 - Oxides of nitrogen analyzer calibration.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... chemiluminescent oxides of nitrogen analyzer as described in this section. (b) Initial and Periodic Interference...-squares best-fit straight line is two percent or less of the value at each data point, calculate... at any point, use the best-fit non-linear equation which represents the data to within two percent of...