Fire Incident Reporting Manual

DTIC Science & Technology

1984-02-01

Purpose 1-1 B. Scope 1-1 C. Procedures 1-1 D. Exclusions 1-3 E . Preparation 1-3 F. Information Requirements 1-4 CHAPTER 2 - INSTRUCTIONS FOR PREPARING DoD...Structure and Fire Data 2-16 4. Section D - Fire Protection Facilities (In Structures Only) 2-28 5. Section E - Losses 2-30 6. Section F - Times (24...Activities Program," February 21, 1976 ( e ) National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) Standard 901, "Uniform Coding for Fire Protection," 1976 (f) NFPA

Spinoff from a Mooncraft Technology

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1988-01-01

Avco Specialty Materials' Chartek III fireproofing provides longterm fire protection for structural steel in high risk industrial applications such as structural conduits, pipes and valves of offshore platforms, and storage tanks used in hydrocarbon processing industry. In the presence of fire, Chartek III fire-proofing provides two kinds of protection. One of them is ablation, technique used on Apollo involving dissipation of heat by burnoff. The other is called intumescence or swelling. Heat causes the Chartek coating to swell to a thickness six times greater than when it was applied forming a protective blanket of char that retards transfer of heat to the steel structure. Mesh reinforcement keeps the char intact and reduces metal fatigue. Chartek provides fire protection for as much as two or three hours depending on the type of fire and the thickness of the coating applied.

Design of structures against fire. Civil engineering/buildings, architecture

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Anchor, R.D.; Malhotra, H.L.; Purkiss, J.A.

1986-01-01

The book covers structural design criteria, along with background theory on fire protection methods for structures from a variety of materials, including timber, steel, and concrete. Research on the behavior of structural materials in the presence of fire is highlighted, and the need for fire-resistant materials is addressed.

33 CFR 149.641 - What are the structural fire protection requirements for accommodation spaces and modules?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... protection requirements for accommodation spaces and modules? 149.641 Section 149.641 Navigation and... the structural fire protection requirements for accommodation spaces and modules? (a) Accommodation spaces and modules must be designed, located, and constructed so as to minimize the effects of flame...

Nano-silica as the go material on heat resistant tunnel lining

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Omar, Faizah; Osman, S. A.; Mutalib, A.

2018-04-01

This paper is concerned with passive fire protection method of protective concrete mix that is made up of fly ash, polypropylene fibre, and nano-silica. Nano-silica is focused on as the innovative material to be used in the composition of the protective concrete mix. The previous experimental studies which analyse the performance of passive fire protection on tunnels are discussed. This paper also discusses passive fire protection. The fire protection materials and behaviour analyses of tunnel structure are also presented. At the end of the paper, the recommendation of the optimum composition concrete material with fly ash, polypropylene fibre and nano-silica as tunnel lining fire protective materials is proposed.

14 CFR 23.865 - Fire protection of flight controls, engine mounts, and other flight structure.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... controls, engine mounts, and other flight structure. Flight controls, engine mounts, and other flight... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Fire protection of flight controls, engine mounts, and other flight structure. 23.865 Section 23.865 Aeronautics and Space FEDERAL AVIATION...

14 CFR 23.865 - Fire protection of flight controls, engine mounts, and other flight structure.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... controls, engine mounts, and other flight structure. Flight controls, engine mounts, and other flight... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Fire protection of flight controls, engine mounts, and other flight structure. 23.865 Section 23.865 Aeronautics and Space FEDERAL AVIATION...

14 CFR 23.865 - Fire protection of flight controls, engine mounts, and other flight structure.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... controls, engine mounts, and other flight structure. Flight controls, engine mounts, and other flight... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Fire protection of flight controls, engine mounts, and other flight structure. 23.865 Section 23.865 Aeronautics and Space FEDERAL AVIATION...

14 CFR 23.865 - Fire protection of flight controls, engine mounts, and other flight structure.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... controls, engine mounts, and other flight structure. Flight controls, engine mounts, and other flight... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Fire protection of flight controls, engine mounts, and other flight structure. 23.865 Section 23.865 Aeronautics and Space FEDERAL AVIATION...

14 CFR 23.865 - Fire protection of flight controls, engine mounts, and other flight structure.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... controls, engine mounts, and other flight structure. Flight controls, engine mounts, and other flight... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Fire protection of flight controls, engine mounts, and other flight structure. 23.865 Section 23.865 Aeronautics and Space FEDERAL AVIATION...

10 CFR 50.48 - Fire protection.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... suppression systems; and (iii) The means to limit fire damage to structures, systems, or components important...) Standard 805, “Performance-Based Standard for Fire Protection for Light Water Reactor Electric Generating... pressurized-water reactors (PWRs) is not permitted. (iv) Uncertainty analysis. An uncertainty analysis...

10 CFR 50.48 - Fire protection.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... suppression systems; and (iii) The means to limit fire damage to structures, systems, or components important...) Standard 805, “Performance-Based Standard for Fire Protection for Light Water Reactor Electric Generating... pressurized-water reactors (PWRs) is not permitted. (iv) Uncertainty analysis. An uncertainty analysis...

Fire Protection Materials

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1980-01-01

Avco has drawn upon its heat shield experience to develop a number of widely-accepted commercial fire protection materials. Originating from NASA's space shuttle thermal protection system, one such material is Chartek 59 fireproofing, an intumescent epoxy coating specifically designed for outdoor use by industrial facilities dealing with highly flammable products such as oil refineries and chemical plants. The coating is applied usually by spray gun to exterior structural steel conduits, pipes and valves, offshore platforms and liquefied petroleum gas tanks. Fireproofing provides two types of protection: ablation or dissipation of heat by burn-off and "intumescence" or swelling; the coating swells to about five times its original size, forming a protective blanket of char which retards transfer of heat to the metal structure preventing loss of structural strength and possible collapse which would compound the fire fighting problem.

Fire and the Design of Educational Buildings. Building Bulletin 7. Sixth Edition.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Department of Education and Science, London (England).

This bulletin offers guidance on English school premises regulations applying to safety protection against fires in the following general areas: means of escape in case of fire; precautionary measures to prevent fire; fire warning systems and fire fighting; fire spreading speed; structures and materials resistant to fires; and damage control. It…

Fire resistance of wood members with directly applied protection

Treesearch

Robert H. White

2009-01-01

Fire-resistive wood construction is achieved either by having the structural elements be part of fire-rated assemblies or by using elements of sufficient size that the elements themselves have the required fire-resistance ratings. For exposed structural wood elements, the ratings in the United States are calculated using either the T.T. Lie method or the National...

Deformation and Heat Transfer on Three Sides Protected Beams under Fire Accident

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Imran, M.; Liew, M. S.; Garcia, E. M.; Nasif, M. S.; Yassin, A. Y. M.; Niazi, U. M.

2018-04-01

Fire accidents are common in oil and gas industry. The application of passive fire protection (PFP) is a costly solution. The PFP is applied only on critical structural members to optimise project cost. In some cases, beams cannot be protected from the top flange in order to accommodate for the placement of pipe supports and grating. It is important to understand the thermal and mechanical response of beam under such condition. This paper discusses the response of steel beam under ISO 834 fire protected, unprotected and three sides protected beams. The model validated against an experimental study. The experimental study has shown good agreement with FE model. The study revealed that the beams protected from three sides heat-up faster compare to fully protected beam showing different temperature gradient. However, the affects load carrying capacity are insignificant under ISO 834 fire.

Solution of Fire Protection in Historic Buildings

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Iringová, Agnes; Idunk, Róbert

2016-12-01

The paper introduces optimization of the functional use of renovated spaces in historic buildings in terms of fire risk. It brings assessment of fire protection in the folk house Habánsky Dvor, situated in the village of Veľké Leváre, whose function was changed into the museum. It goes into static analysis of existing load-bearing structures and assessment of their fire resistance according to Eurocodes.

The performance of lightweight plastic foams developed for fire safety

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Fish, R. H.

1971-01-01

The use of a low density, polyurethane based foam to suppress a fire and to provide protection for the structure of an aircraft or spacecraft is discussed. The mechanism by which foams provide protection from heat and create a nonflammable surface is described. Various materials and their application to specific types of structures are examined.

Fire Protection Specialist, Blocks IV and V, 17-3. Military Curriculum Materials for Vocational and Technical Education.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Ohio State Univ., Columbus. National Center for Research in Vocational Education.

This military-developed text contains the fourth and fifth blocks of a five-block course for use in training fire protection specialists. Covered in the individual volumes are the following topics: structural firefighting (operation and maintenance of hydrants, emergency response activities, structural pumpers, vehicle positioning and relay, hose…

Modeling potential structure ignitions from flame radiation exposure with implications for wildland/urban interface fire management

Treesearch

Jack D. Cohen; Bret W. Butler

1998-01-01

Residential losses associated with wildland fires have become a serious international fire protection problem. The radiant heat flux from burning vegetation adjacent to a structure is a principal ignition factor. A thermal radiation and ignition model estimated structure ignition potential using designated flame characteristics (inferred from various types and...

Fire Protection for Buildings

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Edmunds, Jane

1972-01-01

Reviews attack on fire safety in high rise buildings made by a group of experts representing the iron and steel industry at a recent conference. According to one expert, fire problems are people oriented, which calls for emphasis on fire prevention rather than reliance on fire suppression and for fire pretection to be built into a structure.…

Behaviour of tunnel lining material in road tunnel fire

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tomar, M.; Khurana, S.; Singh, R.

2018-04-01

The worldwide road tunnel linings are protected against possible fire scenarios to safeguard the structure and assist in occupant evacuation. There are various choices of active and passive protection available, passive protections includes calcium silicate boards, polypropylene fibers, vermiculite cement based sprays, and other intumescent materials. Tunnel fire is a complex phenomenon and researchers in the past has highlighted that there are various factors which affect the tunnel fires. The effect of passive protection techniques on tunnel fire is not well understood, especially for the insulation boards. It’s been understood from past research that for a heavy good vehicular (HGV) fire in the tunnel, the heat feedback effect is significant. Insulation boards may also affect the tunnel fires by altering the heat feedback effect in vehicular tunnels and hence this can affect the overall heat release rates and temperature profile inside a tunnel. This study focuses on studying the role of insulation boards in tunnel fires and evaluating its effect on overall heat release rate and tunnel temperatures.

Fires, ecological effects of

Treesearch

W. J. Bond; Robert Keane

2017-01-01

Fire is both a natural and anthropogenic disturbance influencing the distribution, structure, and functioning of terrestrial ecosystems around the world. Many plants and animals depend on fire for their continued existence. Others species, such as rainforest plants species, are extremely intolerant of burning and need protection from fire. The properties of a fire...

Fire Protection Jacket

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1991-01-01

NERAC, Inc., Tolland, CT, aided Paul Monroe Engineering, Orange, CA, in the development of their PC1200 Series Fire Protection Jacket that protects the oil conduit system on an offshore drilling platform from the intense hydrocarbon fires that cause buckling and could cause structural failure of the platform. The flame-proof jacketing, which can withstand temperatures of 2000 degrees Fahrenheit for four hours or more, was developed from a combination of ceramic cloth (similar to the ceramic in Space Shuttle tiles), and laminates used in space suits.

Comparing the performance of residential fire sprinklers with other life-safety technologies.

PubMed

Butry, David T

2012-09-01

Residential fire sprinklers have long proven themselves as life-safety technologies to the fire service community. Yet, about 1% of all one- and two-family dwelling fires occur in homes protected by sprinklers. It has been argued that measured sprinkler performance has ignored factors confounding the relationship between sprinkler use and performance. In this analysis, sprinkler performance is measured by comparing 'like' structure fires, while conditioning on smoke detection technology and neighborhood housing and socioeconomic conditions, using propensity score matching. Results show that residential fire sprinklers protect occupant and firefighter health and safety, and are comparable to other life-safety technologies. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Mechanised spraying device a novel technology for spraying fire protective coating material in the benches of opencast coal mines for preventing spontaneous combustion

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

R.V.K. Singh; V.K. Singh

2004-10-15

Spontaneous combustion in coal mines plays a vital role in occurrences of fire. Fire in coal, particularly in opencast mines, not only causes irreparable loss of national wealth but damages the surface structure and pollutes the environment. The problem of spontaneous combustion/fire in opencast coal benches is acute. Presently over 75% of the total production of coal in Indian mines is being carried out by opencast mining. Accordingly a mechanised spraying device has been developed for spraying the fire protective coating material for preventing spontaneous combustion in coal benches of opencast mines jointly by Central Mining Research Institute, Dhanbad andmore » M/s Signum Fire Protection (India) Pvt. Ltd., Nagpur under Science & Technology (S&T) project funded by Ministry of Coal, Govt. of India. The objective of this paper is to describe in detail about the mechanised spraying device and its application for spraying fire protective coating material in the benches of opencast coal mines for preventing spontaneous combustion/fire.« less

Fire propagation performance of intumescent fire protective coatings using eggshells as a novel biofiller.

PubMed

Yew, M C; Ramli Sulong, N H; Yew, M K; Amalina, M A; Johan, M R

2014-01-01

This paper aims to synthesize and characterize an effective intumescent fire protective coating that incorporates eggshell powder as a novel biofiller. The performances of thermal stability, char formation, fire propagation, water resistance, and adhesion strength of coatings have been evaluated. A few intumescent flame-retardant coatings based on these three ecofriendly fire retardant additives ammonium polyphosphate phase II, pentaerythritol and melamine mixed together with flame-retardant fillers, and acrylic binder have been prepared and designed for steel. The fire performance of the coatings has conducted employing BS 476: Part 6-Fire propagation test. The foam structures of the intumescent coatings have been observed using field emission scanning electron microscopy. On exposure, the coated specimens' B, C, and D had been certified to be Class 0 due to the fact that their fire propagation indexes were less than 12. Incorporation of ecofriendly eggshell, biofiller into formulation D led to excellent performance in fire stopping (index value, (I) = 4.3) and antioxidation of intumescent coating. The coating is also found to be quite effective in water repellency, uniform foam structure, and adhesion strength.

Fire Propagation Performance of Intumescent Fire Protective Coatings Using Eggshells as a Novel Biofiller

PubMed Central

Yew, M. C.; Ramli Sulong, N. H.; Yew, M. K.; Amalina, M. A.; Johan, M. R.

2014-01-01

This paper aims to synthesize and characterize an effective intumescent fire protective coating that incorporates eggshell powder as a novel biofiller. The performances of thermal stability, char formation, fire propagation, water resistance, and adhesion strength of coatings have been evaluated. A few intumescent flame-retardant coatings based on these three ecofriendly fire retardant additives ammonium polyphosphate phase II, pentaerythritol and melamine mixed together with flame-retardant fillers, and acrylic binder have been prepared and designed for steel. The fire performance of the coatings has conducted employing BS 476: Part 6-Fire propagation test. The foam structures of the intumescent coatings have been observed using field emission scanning electron microscopy. On exposure, the coated specimens' B, C, and D had been certified to be Class 0 due to the fact that their fire propagation indexes were less than 12. Incorporation of ecofriendly eggshell, biofiller into formulation D led to excellent performance in fire stopping (index value, (I) = 4.3) and antioxidation of intumescent coating. The coating is also found to be quite effective in water repellency, uniform foam structure, and adhesion strength. PMID:25136687

Costs of landscape silviculture for fire and habitat management.

Treesearch

S. Hummel; D.E. Calkin

2005-01-01

In forest reserves of the U.S. Pacific Northwest, management objectives include protecting late-semi habitat structure by reducing the threat of large-scale disturbances like wildfire. We simulated how altering within- and among-stand structure with silvicultural treatments of differing intensity affected late-seral forest (LSF) structure and fire threat (FT) reduction...

Community advisor - firewise

Treesearch

Richard D. Reitz

2003-01-01

The old model of individual homeowners and neighborhoods depending solely on government provided fire fighting resources is gone. Recent wildland fires have demonstrated that community firefighting resources are easily outpaced when multiple structures are burning simultaneously. The cure is to move most structure protection responsibility to the homeowner and...

Efficient Flame Detection and Early Warning Sensors on Combustible Materials Using Hierarchical Graphene Oxide/Silicone Coatings.

PubMed

Wu, Qian; Gong, Li-Xiu; Li, Yang; Cao, Cheng-Fei; Tang, Long-Cheng; Wu, Lianbin; Zhao, Li; Zhang, Guo-Dong; Li, Shi-Neng; Gao, Jiefeng; Li, Yongjin; Mai, Yiu-Wing

2018-01-23

Design and development of smart sensors for rapid flame detection in postcombustion and early fire warning in precombustion situations are critically needed to improve the fire safety of combustible materials in many applications. Herein, we describe the fabrication of hierarchical coatings created by assembling a multilayered graphene oxide (GO)/silicone structure onto different combustible substrate materials. The resulting coatings exhibit distinct temperature-responsive electrical resistance change as efficient early warning sensors for detecting abnormal high environmental temperature, thus enabling fire prevention below the ignition temperature of combustible materials. After encountering a flame attack, we demonstrate extremely rapid flame detection response in 2-3 s and excellent flame self-extinguishing retardancy for the multilayered GO/silicone structure that can be synergistically transformed to a multiscale graphene/nanosilica protection layer. The hierarchical coatings developed are promising for fire prevention and protection applications in various critical fire risk and related perilous circumstances.

Effects of weathering on performance of intumescent coatings for structure fire protection in the wildland-urban interface

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bahrani, Babak

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of weathering on the performance of intumescent fire-retardant coatings on wooden products. The weathering effects included primary (solar irradiation, moisture, and temperature) and secondary (environmental contaminants) parameters at various time intervals. Wildland urban interface (WUI) fires have been an increasing threat to lives and properties. Existing solutions to mitigate the damages caused by WUI fires include protecting the structures from ignition and minimizing the fire spread from one structure to another. These solutions can be divided into two general categories: active fire protection systems and passive fire protection systems. Passive systems are either using pre-applied wetting agents (water, gel, or foam) or adding an extra layer (composite wraps or coatings). Fire-retardant coating treatment methods can be divided into impregnated (penetrant) and intumescent categories. Intumescent coatings are easy to apply, economical, and have a better appearance in comparison to other passive fire protection methods, and are the main focus of this study. There have been limited studies conducted on the application of intumescent coatings on wooden structures and their performance after long-term weathering exposure. The main concerns of weathering effects are: 1) the reduction of ignition resistance of the coating layer after weathering; and 2) the fire properties of coatings after weathering since coatings might contribute as a combustible fuel and assist the fire growth after ignition. Three intumescent coatings were selected and exposed to natural weathering conditions in three different time intervals. Two types of tests were performed on the specimens: a combustibility test consisted of a bench-scale performance evaluation using a Cone Calorimeter, and a thermal decomposition test using Simultaneous Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) method (also known as SDT). For each coating type and weathering period, three different radiative heat flux levels were used in the combustibility tests. Data obtained from the tests, including flammability and thermal properties, were gathered, analyzed, and compared to non-weathered specimens. The results revealed visible effects of weathering on pre (and up to)-ignition flammability and intumescent properties, especially decreases in Time-to-Ignition (TTI), Time-to-Intumescence (tintu.), and (maximum) Intumescence Height (Hintu.) values in weathered specimens. These results showed that the ignition resistance of the coating layers decreased after weathering exposure. On the other hand, the obtained results from weathered specimens for the post-ignition flammability properties, especially Peak Heat Release Rate (PHRR) and Effective Heat of Combustion (EHC) did not show a significant difference in comparison to the non-weathered samples. These results demonstrated that the weathered coating layer would not likely to act as an additional combustible fuel to increase fire spread.

Evaluating potential trade-offs among fuel treatment strategies in mixed-conifer forests of the Sierra Nevada

Treesearch

Jens T. Stevens; Brandon M. Collins; Jonathan W. Long; Malcolm P. North; Susan J. Prichard; Leland W. Tarnay; Angela M. White

2016-01-01

Fuel treatments in fire-suppressed mixed-conifer forests are designed to moderate potential wildfire behavior and effects. However, the objectives for modifying potential fire effects can vary widely, from improving fire suppression efforts and protecting infrastructure, to reintroducing low-severity fire, to restoring and maintaining variable forest structure and...

Varied ecosystems need different fire protection

USGS Publications Warehouse

Gutsell, Sheri L.; Johnson, Edward A.; Miyanishi, Kiyoko; Keeley, Jon E.; Dickinson, Matthew; Bridge, Simon R. J.

2001-01-01

Covington states in his Commentary1 that the open ponderosa pine forests of the western United States are "in widespread collapse" because fire suppression by humans has eliminated the low-intensity surface fire regime that maintained the open, park-like structure of these forests. He fears this will lead to an "unprecedented" crown fire regime that will eliminate forests.

Management impacts on fire occurrence: A comparison of fire regimes of African and South American tropical savannas in different protected areas.

PubMed

Alvarado, Swanni T; Silva, Thiago Sanna Freire; Archibald, Sally

2018-07-15

Humans can alter fire dynamics in grassland systems by changing fire frequency, fire seasonality and fuel conditions. These changes have effects on vegetation structure and recovery, species composition, and ecosystem function. Understanding how human management can affect fire regimes is vital to detect potential changes in the resilience of plant communities, and to predict vegetation responses to human interventions. We evaluated the fire regimes of two recently protected areas in Madagascar (Ibity and Itremo NPA) and one in Brazil (Serra do Cipó NP) before and after livestock exclusion and fire suppression policies. We compare the pre- and post-management fire history in these areas and analyze differences in terms of total annual burned area, density of ignitions, burn scar size distribution, fire return period and seasonal fire distribution. More than 90% of total park areas were burned at least once during the studied period, for all parks. We observed a significant reduction in the number of ignitions for Ibity NPA and Serra do Cipó NP after livestock exclusion and active fire suppression, but no significant change in total burned area for each protected area. We also observed a seasonal shift in burning, with fires happening later in the fire season (October-November) after management intervention. However, the protected areas in Madagascar had shorter fire return intervals (3.23 and 1.82 years) than those in Brazil (7.91 years). Our results demonstrate that fire exclusion is unattainable, and probably unwarranted in tropical grassland conservation areas, but show how human intervention in fire and vegetation patterns can alter various aspects of the fire regimes. This information can help with formulating realistic and effective fire management policies in these valuable conservation areas. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Use of class a foams on structures and wildlands

Treesearch

Paul Schlobohm

1995-01-01

The increase of homes in wildlands indicates a significant change. The build-up of fuels around homes and in wildlands over time also indicates change. Resistance to change, however, remains the norm. Fires get worse, but plain water continues to be used for fire suppression and property protection. With Class A foam, the objectives of protection are to wet the...

The role of defensible space for residential structure protection during wildfires

USGS Publications Warehouse

Syphard, Alexandra D.; Brennan, Teresa J.; Keeley, Jon E.

2014-01-01

With the potential for worsening fire conditions, discussion is escalating over how to best reduce effects on urban communities. A widely supported strategy is the creation of defensible space immediately surrounding homes and other structures. Although state and local governments publish specific guidelines and requirements, there is little empirical evidence to suggest how much vegetation modification is needed to provide significant benefits. We analysed the role of defensible space by mapping and measuring a suite of variables on modern pre-fire aerial photography for 1000 destroyed and 1000 surviving structures for all fires where homes burned from 2001 to 2010 in San Diego County, CA, USA. Structures were more likely to survive a fire with defensible space immediately adjacent to them. The most effective treatment distance varied between 5 and 20 m (16–58 ft) from the structure, but distances larger than 30 m (100 ft) did not provide additional protection, even for structures located on steep slopes. The most effective actions were reducing woody cover up to 40% immediately adjacent to structures and ensuring that vegetation does not overhang or touch the structure. Multiple-regression models showed landscape-scale factors, including low housing density and distances to major roads, were more important in explaining structure destruction. The best long-term solution will involve a suite of prevention measures that include defensible space as well as building design approach, community education and proactive land use planning that limits exposure to fire.

Fire hazard analysis for Plutonium Finishing Plant complex

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

MCKINNIS, D.L.

1999-02-23

A fire hazards analysis (FHA) was performed for the Plutonium Finishing Plant (PFP) Complex at the Department of Energy (DOE) Hanford site. The scope of the FHA focuses on the nuclear facilities/structures in the Complex. The analysis was conducted in accordance with RLID 5480.7, [DOE Directive RLID 5480.7, 1/17/94] and DOE Order 5480.7A, ''Fire Protection'' [DOE Order 5480.7A, 2/17/93] and addresses each of the sixteen principle elements outlined in paragraph 9.a(3) of the Order. The elements are addressed in terms of the fire protection objectives stated in paragraph 4 of DOE 5480.7A. In addition, the FHA also complies with WHC-CM-4-41,more » Fire Protection Program Manual, Section 3.4 [1994] and WHC-SD-GN-FHA-30001, Rev. 0 [WHC, 1994]. Objectives of the FHA are to determine: (1) the fire hazards that expose the PFP facilities, or that are inherent in the building operations, (2) the adequacy of the fire safety features currently located in the PFP Complex, and (3) the degree of compliance of the facility with specific fire safety provisions in DOE orders, related engineering codes, and standards.« less

Foam composite structures. [for fire retardant airframe materials

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Delano, C. B.; Milligan, R. J.

1976-01-01

The need to include fire resistant foams into state of the art aircraft interior paneling to increase passenger safety in aircraft fires was studied. Present efforts were directed toward mechanical and fire testing of panels with foam inclusions. Skinned foam filled honeycomb and PBI structural foams were the two constructions investigated with attention being directed toward weight/performance/cost trade-off. All of the new panels demonstrated improved performance in fire and some were lighter weight but not as strong as the presently used paneling. Continued efforts should result in improved paneling for passenger safety. In particular the simple partial filling (fire side) of state-of-the-art honeycomb with fire resistant foams with little sacrifice in weight would result in panels with increased fire resistance. More important may be the retarded rate of toxic gas evolution in the fire due to the protection of the honeycomb by the foam.

Intumescent coatings with improved properties for high-rise construction

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ustinov, Andrey; Zybina, Olga; Tanklevsky, Leonid; Lebedev, Vasily; Andreev, Andrey

2018-03-01

The paper overviews the way of creating intumescent fire-protective compositions with improved properties by adding nano-and micro-sized supplements into them. Intumescent paints are inert at low temperatures, and at higher temperatures they expand and degrade to provide a charred layer of low conductivity materials. The modified intumescent paints are able to form a more stable charred layer than the classical paints. The stability of a charred layer is crucial if the fire safety in high-rise construction must be secured, because a weak charred layer will not provide a required fire endurance for steel bearing structures and they will break down in case of fire. The fire-protective properties of modified intumescent paints were estimated using an electrical furnace. Also the way of thermal decomposition of the paints was studied with thermogravimetric analysis. Results show that modified intumescent paints form a charred layer with improved fire-protective properties; it can serve as a thermal barrier for a longer period of time. Thermogravimetric analysis confirms this fact showing that the temperatures of full thermal decay in case of modified paints are higher than those of non-modified paints.

Behavior of Insulated Carbon-FRP-Strengthened RC Beams Exposed to Fire

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sayin, B.

2014-09-01

There are two main approaches to improving the fire resistance of fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) systems. While the most common method is to protect or insulate the FRP system, an other way is to use fibers and resins with a better fire performance. This paper presents a numerical investigation into the five protection behavior of insulated carbon-fiber-reinforced-polymer (CFRP)-strengthened reinforced concrete (RC) beams. The effects of external loading and thermal expansion of materials at elevated temperatures are taken into consideration in a finite-element model. The validity of the numerical model is demonstrated with results from an existing experimental study on insulated CFRP-strengthened RC beams. Conclusions of this investigation are employed to predict the structural behavior of CFRP-strengthened concrete structures.

Prescribed fire applications in Forest and Woodlands: Integration of models and field studies to guide fire use

Treesearch

Kevin C. Ryan; Eric Rigolot; Francisco C. Rego; Herminio Botelho; Jose A. Vega; Paulo M. Fernandes; Tatiana M. Sofronova

2010-01-01

Globally prescribed burning is widely used for agro-forestry, restoration, and conservation to modify species composition and stand structure. Commonly stated goals of prescribed burns include to reduce hazardous fuels, improve species’ habitat, reduce the potential for severe fires in the wildland urban interface or protect municipal watersheds. Treatments may focus...

Deconstructing the King Megafire.

PubMed

Coen, Janice L; Stavros, E Natasha; Fites-Kaufman, Josephine A

2018-05-24

Hypotheses that megafires - very large, high impact fires - are caused by either climate effects such as drought or fuel accumulation due to fire exclusion with accompanying changes to forest structure have long been alleged and guided policy but their physical basis remains untested. Here, unique airborne observations and microscale simulations using a coupled weather - wildland fire behavior model allowed a recent megafire, the King Fire, to be deconstructed and the relative impacts of forest structure, fuel load, weather, and drought on fire size, behavior, and duration to be separated. Simulations reproduced observed details including the arrival at an inclined canyon, a 25-km run, and later slower growth and features. Analysis revealed that fire-induced winds that equaled or exceeded ambient winds and fine-scale airflow undetected by surface weather networks were primarily responsible for the fire's rapid growth and size. Sensitivity tests varied fuel moisture and amount across wide ranges and showed that both drought and fuel accumulation effects were secondary, limited to sloped terrain where they compounded each other, and, in this case, unable to significantly impact the final extent. Compared to standard data, fuel models derived solely from remote sensing of vegetation type and forest structure improved simulated fire progression, notably in disturbed areas, and the distribution of burn severity. These results point to self-reinforcing internal dynamics rather than external forces as a means of generating this and possibly other outlier fire events. Hence, extreme fires need not arise from extreme fire environment conditions. Kinematic models used in operations do not capture fire-induced winds and dynamic feedbacks so can underestimate megafire events. The outcomes provided a nuanced view of weather, forest structure, fuel accumulation, and drought impacts on landscape-scale fire behavior - roles that can be misconstrued using correlational analyses between area burned and macroscale climate data or other exogenous factors. A practical outcome is that fuel treatments should be focused on sloped terrain, where factors multiply, for highest impact. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Test stand for Titan 34D SRM static firing

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Glozman, Vladimir; Shipway, George

1988-01-01

An existing liquid engine test stand at the AF Astronautics Laboratory was refurbished and extensively modified to accommodate the static firing of the Titan 34D solid rocket motor (SRM) in the vertical nozzle down orientation. The main load restraint structure was designed and built to secure the SRM from lifting off during the firing. In addition, the structure provided weather protection, temperature conditioning of the SRM, and positioning of the measurement and recording equipment. The structure was also used for stacking/de-stacking of SRM segments and other technological processes. The existing stand, its foundation and anchorage were thoroughly examined and reanalyzed. Necessary stand modifications were carried out to comply with the requirements of the Titan 34D SRM static firing.

14 CFR 23.859 - Combustion heater fire protection.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Combustion heater fire protection. 23.859... Construction Fire Protection § 23.859 Combustion heater fire protection. (a) Combustion heater fire regions. The following combustion heater fire regions must be protected from fire in accordance with the...

14 CFR 23.859 - Combustion heater fire protection.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Combustion heater fire protection. 23.859... Construction Fire Protection § 23.859 Combustion heater fire protection. (a) Combustion heater fire regions. The following combustion heater fire regions must be protected from fire in accordance with the...

14 CFR 23.859 - Combustion heater fire protection.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Combustion heater fire protection. 23.859... Construction Fire Protection § 23.859 Combustion heater fire protection. (a) Combustion heater fire regions. The following combustion heater fire regions must be protected from fire in accordance with the...

14 CFR 23.859 - Combustion heater fire protection.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Combustion heater fire protection. 23.859... Construction Fire Protection § 23.859 Combustion heater fire protection. (a) Combustion heater fire regions. The following combustion heater fire regions must be protected from fire in accordance with the...

14 CFR 23.859 - Combustion heater fire protection.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Combustion heater fire protection. 23.859... Construction Fire Protection § 23.859 Combustion heater fire protection. (a) Combustion heater fire regions. The following combustion heater fire regions must be protected from fire in accordance with the...

Experimental and Numerical Analysis of the Cooling Performance of Water Spraying Systems during a Fire

PubMed Central

Chen, YaoHan; Su, ChungHwei; Tseng, JoMing; Li, WunJie

2015-01-01

The water spray systems are effective protection systems in the confined or unconfined spaces to avoid the damage to building structures since the high temperature when fires occur. NFPA 15 and 502 have suggested respectively that the factories or vehicle tunnels install water spray systems to protect the machinery and structures. This study discussed the cooling effect of water spray systems in experimental and numerical analyses. The actual combustion of woods were compared with the numerical simulations. The results showed that although the flame continued, the cooling effects by water spraying process within 120 seconds were obvious. The results also indicated that the simulation results of the fifth version Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS) overestimated the space temperature before water spraying in the case of the same water spray system. PMID:25723519

Exploratory breath analyses for assessing toxic dermal exposure of firefighters during suppression of structural burns

EPA Science Inventory

Firefighters wear fireproof clothing and self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) during rescue and fire suppression activities to protect against acute effects from heat and toxic chemicals. Fire services are also concerned about long-term health outcomes from chemical exposure...

30 CFR 77.1100 - Fire protection; training and organization.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

....1100 Section 77.1100 Mineral Resources MINE SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF LABOR COAL MINE SAFETY AND HEALTH MANDATORY SAFETY STANDARDS, SURFACE COAL MINES AND SURFACE WORK AREAS OF... facilities and equipment shall be provided commensurate with the potential fire hazards at each structure...

Fire performance, microstructure and thermal degradation of an epoxy based nano intumescent fire retardant coating for structural applications

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Aziz, Hammad, E-mail: engr.hammad.aziz03@gmail.com; Ahmad, Faiz, E-mail: faizahmad@petronas.com.my; Yusoff, P. S. M. Megat

Intumescent fire retardant coating (IFRC) is a passive fire protection system which swells upon heating to form expanded multi-cellular char layer that protects the substrate from fire. In this research work, IFRC’s were developed using different flame retardants such as ammonium polyphosphate, expandable graphite, melamine and boric acid. These flame retardants were bound together with the help of epoxy binder and cured together using curing agent. IFRC was then reinforced with nano magnesium oxide and nano alumina as inorganic fillers to study their effect towards fire performance, microstructure and thermal degradation. Small scale fire test was conducted to investigate themore » thermal insulation of coating whereas fire performance was calculated using thermal margin value. Field emission scanning electron microscopy was used to examine the microstructure of char obtained after fire test. Thermogravimetric analysis was conducted to investigate the residual weight of coating. Results showed that the performance of the coating was enhanced by reinforcement with nano size fillers as compared to non-filler based coating. Comparing both nano size magnesium oxide and nano size alumina; nano size alumina gave better fire performance with improved microstructure of char and high residual weight.« less

Fire performance, microstructure and thermal degradation of an epoxy based nano intumescent fire retardant coating for structural applications

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Aziz, Hammad; Ahmad, Faiz; Yusoff, P. S. M. Megat; Zia-ul-Mustafa, M.

2015-07-01

Intumescent fire retardant coating (IFRC) is a passive fire protection system which swells upon heating to form expanded multi-cellular char layer that protects the substrate from fire. In this research work, IFRC's were developed using different flame retardants such as ammonium polyphosphate, expandable graphite, melamine and boric acid. These flame retardants were bound together with the help of epoxy binder and cured together using curing agent. IFRC was then reinforced with nano magnesium oxide and nano alumina as inorganic fillers to study their effect towards fire performance, microstructure and thermal degradation. Small scale fire test was conducted to investigate the thermal insulation of coating whereas fire performance was calculated using thermal margin value. Field emission scanning electron microscopy was used to examine the microstructure of char obtained after fire test. Thermogravimetric analysis was conducted to investigate the residual weight of coating. Results showed that the performance of the coating was enhanced by reinforcement with nano size fillers as compared to non-filler based coating. Comparing both nano size magnesium oxide and nano size alumina; nano size alumina gave better fire performance with improved microstructure of char and high residual weight.

Parametric Study of Fire Performance of Concrete Filled Hollow Steel Section Columns with Circular and Square Cross-Section

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Nurfaidhi Rizalman, Ahmad; Tahir, Ng Seong Yap Mahmood Md; Mohammad, Shahrin

2018-03-01

Concrete filled hollow steel section column have been widely accepted by structural engineers and designers for high rise construction due to the benefits of combining steel and concrete. The advantages of concrete filled hollow steel section column include higher strength, ductility, energy absorption capacity, and good structural fire resistance. In this paper, comparison on the fire performance between circular and square concrete filled hollow steel section column is established. A three-dimensional finite element package, ABAQUS, was used to develop the numerical model to study the temperature development, critical temperature, and fire resistance time of the selected composite columns. Based on the analysis and comparison of typical parameters, the effect of equal cross-sectional size for both steel and concrete, concrete types, and thickness of external protection on temperature distribution and structural fire behaviour of the columns are discussed. The result showed that concrete filled hollow steel section column with circular cross-section generally has higher fire resistance than the square section.

Factors Controlling Vegetation Fires in Protected and Non-Protected Areas of Myanmar

PubMed Central

Biswas, Sumalika; Vadrevu, Krishna Prasad; Lwin, Zin Mar; Lasko, Kristofer; Justice, Christopher O.

2015-01-01

Fire is an important disturbance agent in Myanmar impacting several ecosystems. In this study, we quantify the factors impacting vegetation fires in protected and non-protected areas of Myanmar. Satellite datasets in conjunction with biophysical and anthropogenic factors were used in a spatial framework to map the causative factors of fires. Specifically, we used the frequency ratio method to assess the contribution of each causative factor to overall fire susceptibility at a 1km scale. Results suggested the mean fire density in non-protected areas was two times higher than the protected areas. Fire-land cover partition analysis suggested dominant fire occurrences in the savannas (protected areas) and woody savannas (non-protected areas). The five major fire causative factors in protected areas in descending order include population density, land cover, tree cover percent, travel time from nearest city and temperature. In contrast, the causative factors in non-protected areas were population density, tree cover percent, travel time from nearest city, temperature and elevation. The fire susceptibility analysis showed distinct spatial patterns with central Myanmar as a hot spot of vegetation fires. Results from propensity score matching suggested that forests within protected areas have 11% less fires than non-protected areas. Overall, our results identify important causative factors of fire useful to address broad scale fire risk concerns at a landscape scale in Myanmar. PMID:25909632

Factors controlling vegetation fires in protected and non-protected areas of myanmar.

PubMed

Biswas, Sumalika; Vadrevu, Krishna Prasad; Lwin, Zin Mar; Lasko, Kristofer; Justice, Christopher O

2015-01-01

Fire is an important disturbance agent in Myanmar impacting several ecosystems. In this study, we quantify the factors impacting vegetation fires in protected and non-protected areas of Myanmar. Satellite datasets in conjunction with biophysical and anthropogenic factors were used in a spatial framework to map the causative factors of fires. Specifically, we used the frequency ratio method to assess the contribution of each causative factor to overall fire susceptibility at a 1km scale. Results suggested the mean fire density in non-protected areas was two times higher than the protected areas. Fire-land cover partition analysis suggested dominant fire occurrences in the savannas (protected areas) and woody savannas (non-protected areas). The five major fire causative factors in protected areas in descending order include population density, land cover, tree cover percent, travel time from nearest city and temperature. In contrast, the causative factors in non-protected areas were population density, tree cover percent, travel time from nearest city, temperature and elevation. The fire susceptibility analysis showed distinct spatial patterns with central Myanmar as a hot spot of vegetation fires. Results from propensity score matching suggested that forests within protected areas have 11% less fires than non-protected areas. Overall, our results identify important causative factors of fire useful to address broad scale fire risk concerns at a landscape scale in Myanmar.

46 CFR 177.410 - Structural fire protection.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... not considered high fire hazards areas (galleys) as long as they do not contain medium to high heat... must be located as far as practical from heat sources. Internal combustion engine exhausts, boiler and... be lined with noncombustible panels or insulation approved in accordance with § 164.009 in subchapter...

46 CFR 177.410 - Structural fire protection.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... considered high fire hazards areas (galleys) as long as they do not contain medium to high heat appliances... must be located as far as practical from heat sources. Internal combustion engine exhausts, boiler and... be lined with noncombustible panels or insulation approved in accordance with § 164.009 in subchapter...

46 CFR 177.410 - Structural fire protection.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... considered high fire hazards areas (galleys) as long as they do not contain medium to high heat appliances... must be located as far as practical from heat sources. Internal combustion engine exhausts, boiler and... be lined with noncombustible panels or insulation approved in accordance with § 164.009 in subchapter...

46 CFR 177.410 - Structural fire protection.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... considered high fire hazards areas (galleys) as long as they do not contain medium to high heat appliances... must be located as far as practical from heat sources. Internal combustion engine exhausts, boiler and... be lined with noncombustible panels or insulation approved in accordance with § 164.009 in subchapter...

46 CFR 177.410 - Structural fire protection.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... not considered high fire hazards areas (galleys) as long as they do not contain medium to high heat... must be located as far as practical from heat sources. Internal combustion engine exhausts, boiler and... be lined with noncombustible panels or insulation approved in accordance with § 164.009 in subchapter...

Fuels planning: science synthesis and integration; environmental consequences fact sheet 03: structure fires in the wildland-urban interface

Treesearch

Steve Sutherland

2004-01-01

National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) data indicate that wildfires destroyed approximately 9,000 homes between 1985 and 1994 in the United States. The loss of homes to wildfire has had a significant impact on Federal fire policy. This fact sheet discusses the causes of home ignitions in the wildland-urban interface, home ignition zones, how to reduce home...

Study of aircraft crashworthiness for fire protection

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Cominsky, A.

1981-01-01

Impact-survivable postcrash fire accidents were surveyed. The data base developed includes foreign and domestic accidents involving airlines and jet aircraft. The emphasis was placed on domestic accidents, airlines, and jet aircraft due principally to availability of information. Only transport category aircraft in commercial service designed under FAR Part 25 were considered. A matrix was prepared to show the relationships between the accident characteristics and the fire fatalities. Typical postcrash fire scenaries were identified. Safety concepts were developed for three engineering categories: cabin interiors - cabin subsystems; power plant - engines and fuel systems; and structural mechanics - primary and secondary structures. The parameters identified for concept evaluation are cost, effectiveness, and societal concerns. Three concepts were selected for design definition and cost and effectiveness analysis: improved fire-resistant seat materials; anti-misting kerosene; and additional cabin emergency exits.

Risk and Protective Factors for Fires, Burns, and Carbon Monoxide Poisoning in U.S. Households

PubMed Central

Runyan, Carol W.; Johnson, Renee M.; Yang, Jingzhen; Waller, Anna E.; Perkis, David; Marshall, Stephen W.; Coyne-Beasley, Tamera; McGee, Kara S.

2011-01-01

Background More needs to be known about the prevalence of risk and protective factors for fires, burns, and carbon monoxide poisoning in U.S. households. Methods A random-digit-dial survey was conducted about home safety with 1003 respondents representing households in the continental United States. Descriptive statistics assess the prevalence of risk and protective factors for fires, burns, and carbon monoxide overall, and by demographic characteristics, household structure, region, and residential tenure. The data were weighted to adjust for nonresponse and to reflect the U.S. population. Results Although most respondents reported having a smoke alarm (97%), and 80% reported having one on each level of their home, <20% reported checking the alarm at least every 3 months. Seventy-one percent reported having a fire extinguisher, 29% had a carbon monoxide detector, and 51% of those living with at least one other person had a fire escape plan. Few could report the temperature of their hot water at the tap (9%), or the setting on the hot water heater (25%). Only 6% had an antiscald device. Conclusions Results suggest that there is much room for improvement regarding adoption of measures to prevent fires, burns, and carbon monoxide poisoning. Further investigations of the efficacy of carbon monoxide detectors, fire extinguishers, and escape plans, as well as effectiveness studies of fire and burn-prevention efforts are needed. PMID:15626564

Risk and protective factors for fires, burns, and carbon monoxide poisoning in U.S. households.

PubMed

Runyan, Carol W; Johnson, Renee M; Yang, Jingzhen; Waller, Anna E; Perkis, David; Marshall, Stephen W; Coyne-Beasley, Tamera; McGee, Kara S

2005-01-01

More needs to be known about the prevalence of risk and protective factors for fires, burns, and carbon monoxide poisoning in U.S. households. A random-digit-dial survey was conducted about home safety with 1003 respondents representing households in the continental United States. Descriptive statistics assess the prevalence of risk and protective factors for fires, burns, and carbon monoxide overall, and by demographic characteristics, household structure, region, and residential tenure. The data were weighted to adjust for nonresponse and to reflect the U.S. population. Although most respondents reported having a smoke alarm (97%), and 80% reported having one on each level of their home, <20% reported checking the alarm at least every 3 months. Seventy-one percent reported having a fire extinguisher, 29% had a carbon monoxide detector, and 51% of those living with at least one other person had a fire escape plan. Few could report the temperature of their hot water at the tap (9%), or the setting on the hot water heater (25%). Only 6% had an antiscald device. Results suggest that there is much room for improvement regarding adoption of measures to prevent fires, burns, and carbon monoxide poisoning. Further investigations of the efficacy of carbon monoxide detectors, fire extinguishers, and escape plans, as well as effectiveness studies of fire and burn-prevention efforts are needed.

Behaviour of Passive Fire Protection K-Geopolymer under Successive Severe Fire Incidents.

PubMed

Sakkas, Konstantinos; Sofianos, Alexandros; Nomikos, Pavlos; Panias, Dimitrios

2015-09-11

The performance of a fire resistant coating for tunnel passive fire protection under successive severe thermal loading is presented. The material falls under the class of potassium based geopolymers (K-geopolymer) and was prepared by mixing ferronickel (FeNi) slag, doped with pure alumina, with a highly alkaline potassium hydroxide aqueous phase. Its performance was assessed by subjecting a concrete slab with a five cm thick K-geopolymer coating layer into successive RijksWaterStaat (RWS) fire incidents. During the first test, the maximum measured temperature in the K-geopolymer/concrete interface was 250 °C, which is 130 °C lower than the RWS test requirement, while, during the second fire test, the maximum temperature was almost 370 °C, which is still lower than the RWS requirement proving the effectiveness of the material as a thermal barrier. In addition, the material retained its structural integrity, during and after the two tests, without showing any mechanical or thermal damages.

Behaviour of Passive Fire Protection K-Geopolymer under Successive Severe Fire Incidents

PubMed Central

Sakkas, Konstantinos; Sofianos, Alexandros; Nomikos, Pavlos; Panias, Dimitrios

2015-01-01

The performance of a fire resistant coating for tunnel passive fire protection under successive severe thermal loading is presented. The material falls under the class of potassium based geopolymers (K-geopolymer) and was prepared by mixing ferronickel (FeNi) slag, doped with pure alumina, with a highly alkaline potassium hydroxide aqueous phase. Its performance was assessed by subjecting a concrete slab with a five cm thick K-geopolymer coating layer into successive RijksWaterStaat (RWS) fire incidents. During the first test, the maximum measured temperature in the K-geopolymer/concrete interface was 250 °C, which is 130 °C lower than the RWS test requirement, while, during the second fire test, the maximum temperature was almost 370 °C, which is still lower than the RWS requirement proving the effectiveness of the material as a thermal barrier. In addition, the material retained its structural integrity, during and after the two tests, without showing any mechanical or thermal damages. PMID:28793554

29 CFR Appendix C to Subpart L of... - Fire Protection References For Further Information

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... Protection Handbook, National Fire Protection Association, Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA 02269. B. Accident.... Private Fire Brigades, NFPA 27; National Fire Protection Association, Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA 02269..., Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA 02269 . 3. Fire Fighter Professional Qualifications, NFPA 1001; National Fire...

29 CFR Appendix C to Subpart L of... - Fire Protection References For Further Information

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... Protection Handbook, National Fire Protection Association, Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA 02269. B. Accident.... Private Fire Brigades, NFPA 27; National Fire Protection Association, Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA 02269..., Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA 02269 . 3. Fire Fighter Professional Qualifications, NFPA 1001; National Fire...

29 CFR Appendix C to Subpart L of... - Fire Protection References For Further Information

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... Protection Handbook, National Fire Protection Association, Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA 02269. B. Accident.... Private Fire Brigades, NFPA 27; National Fire Protection Association, Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA 02269..., Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA 02269 . 3. Fire Fighter Professional Qualifications, NFPA 1001; National Fire...

Oriented clay nanopaper from biobased components--mechanisms for superior fire protection properties.

PubMed

Carosio, F; Kochumalayil, J; Cuttica, F; Camino, G; Berglund, L

2015-03-18

The toxicity of the most efficient fire retardant additives is a major problem for polymeric materials. Cellulose nanofiber (CNF)/clay nanocomposites, with unique brick-and-mortar structure and prepared by simple filtration, are characterized from the morphological point of view by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. These nanocomposites have superior fire protection properties to other clay nanocomposites and fiber composites. The corresponding mechanisms are evaluated in terms of flammability (reaction to a flame) and cone calorimetry (exposure to heat flux). These two tests provide a wide spectrum characterization of fire protection properties in CNF/montmorrilonite (MTM) materials. The morphology of the collected residues after flammability testing is investigated. In addition, thermal and thermo-oxidative stability are evaluated by thermogravimetric analyses performed in inert (nitrogen) and oxidative (air) atmospheres. Physical and chemical mechanisms are identified and related to the unique nanostructure and its low thermal conductivity, high gas barrier properties and CNF/MTM interactions for char formation.

Airborne contaminants during controlled residential fires.

PubMed

Fent, Kenneth W; Evans, Douglas E; Babik, Kelsey; Striley, Cynthia; Bertke, Stephen; Kerber, Steve; Smith, Denise; Horn, Gavin P

2018-05-01

In this study, we characterize the area and personal air concentrations of combustion byproducts produced during controlled residential fires with furnishings common in 21 st century single family structures. Area air measurements were collected from the structure during active fire and overhaul (post suppression) and on the fireground where personnel were operating without any respiratory protection. Personal air measurements were collected from firefighters assigned to fire attack, victim search, overhaul, outside ventilation, and command/pump operator positions. Two different fire attack tactics were conducted for the fires (6 interior and 6 transitional) and exposures were compared between the tactics. For each of the 12 fires, firefighters were paired up to conduct each job assignment, except for overhaul that was conducted by 4 firefighters. Sampled compounds included polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), volatile organic compounds (VOCs, e.g., benzene), hydrogen cyanide (HCN), and particulate (area air sampling only). Median personal air concentrations for the attack and search firefighters were generally well above applicable short-term occupational exposure limits, with the exception of HCN measured from search firefighters. Area air concentrations of all measured compounds decreased after suppression. Personal air concentrations of total PAHs and benzene measured from some overhaul firefighters exceeded exposure limits. Median personal air concentrations of HCN (16,300 ppb) exceeded the exposure limit for outside vent firefighters, with maximum levels (72,900 ppb) higher than the immediately dangerous to life and health (IDLH) level. Median air concentrations on the fireground (including particle count) were above background levels and highest when collected downwind of the structure and when ground-level smoke was the heaviest. No statistically significant differences in personal air concentrations were found between the 2 attack tactics. The results underscore the importance of wearing self-contained breathing apparatus when conducting overhaul or outside ventilation activities. Firefighters should also try to establish command upwind of the structure fire, and if this cannot be done, respiratory protection should be considered.

78 FR 55765 - Compensatory and Alternative Regulatory Measures for Nuclear Power Plant Fire Protection (CARMEN...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-09-11

... Nuclear Power Plant Fire Protection (CARMEN-FIRE) AGENCY: Nuclear Regulatory Commission. ACTION: Draft..., ``Compensatory and Alternative Regulatory Measures for Nuclear Power Plant Fire Protection (CARMEN-FIRE).'' In... integral part of NRC-approved fire protection programs. However, compensatory measures are not expected to...

14 CFR 23.863 - Flammable fluid fire protection.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Flammable fluid fire protection. 23.863... Construction Fire Protection § 23.863 Flammable fluid fire protection. (a) In each area where flammable fluids... protective devices. (4) Means available for controlling or extinguishing a fire, such as stopping flow of...

Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory Wildland Fire Management Environmental Assessment - April 2003

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Irving, J.S.

DOE prepared an environmental assessment (EA)for wildland fire management activities on the Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory (INEEL) (DOE/EA-1372). The EA was developed to evaluate wildland fire management options for pre-fire, fire suppression, and post fire activities. Those activities have an important role in minimizing the conversion of the native sagebrush steppe ecosystem found on the INEEL to non-native weeds. Four alternative management approaches were analyzed: Alternative 1 - maximum fire protection; Alternative 2 - balanced fire protection; Alternative 2 - balanced fire protection; Alternative 3 - protect infrastructure and personnel; and Alternative 4 - no action/traditional fire protection.

Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory Wildland Fire Management Environmental Assessment

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Irving, John S

DOE prepared an environmental assessment (EA)for wildland fire management activities on the Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory (INEEL) (DOE/EA-1372). The EA was developed to evaluate wildland fire management options for pre-fire, fire suppression, and post fire activities. Those activities have an important role in minimizing the conversion of the native sagebrush steppe ecosystem found on the INEEL to non-native weeds. Four alternative management approaches were analyzed: Alternative 1 - maximum fire protection; Alternative 2 - balanced fire protection; Alternative 2 - balanced fire protection; Alternative 3 - protect infrastructure and personnel; and Alternative 4 - no action/traditional fire protection.

49 CFR 193.2801 - Fire protection.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Fire protection. 193.2801 Section 193.2801...: FEDERAL SAFETY STANDARDS Fire Protection § 193.2801 Fire protection. Each operator must provide and maintain fire protection at LNG plants according to sections 9.1 through 9.7 and section 9.9 of NFPA 59A...

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Schwager, K.; Green, T. M.

The DOE policy for managing wildland fires requires that all areas managed by DOE and/or Its various contractors which can sustain fire must have a FMP that details fire management guidelines for operational procedures associated with wildland fire, operational, and prescribed fires. FMPs provide guidance on fire preparedness, fire prevention, wildfire suppression, and the use of controlled ''prescribed'' fires and mechanical means to control the amount of available combustible material. Values reflected in the BNL Wildland FMP include protecting life and public safety; Lab properties, structures and improvements; cultural and historical sites; neighboring private and public properties; and endangered, threatened,more » and species of concern. Other values supported by the plan include the enhancement of fire-dependent ecosystems at BNL. The plan will be reviewed periodically to ensure fire program advances and will evolve with the missions of DOE and BNL.« less

Fire protection review revisit no. 2, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dobson, P. H.; Earley, M. W.; Mattern, L. J.

1985-05-01

A fire protection survey was conducted at Argonne National Laboratory on April 1-5, 8-12, and April 29-May 2, 1985. The purpose was to review the facility fire protection program and to make recommendations or identify areas according to criteria established by the Department of Energy. There has been a substantial improvement in fire protection at this laboratory since the 1977 audit. Numerous areas which were previously provided with detection systems only have since been provided with automatic sprinkler protection. The following basic fire protection features are not properly controlled: (1) resealing wall and floor penetrations between fire areas after installation of services; (2) cutting and welding; and (3) housekeeping. The present Fire Department manpower level appears adequate to control a route fire. Their ability to adequately handle a high-challenge fire, or one involving injuries to personnel, or fire spread beyond the initial fire area is doubtful.

29 CFR 1926.150 - Fire protection.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 29 Labor 8 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Fire protection. 1926.150 Section 1926.150 Labor... (CONTINUED) SAFETY AND HEALTH REGULATIONS FOR CONSTRUCTION Fire Protection and Prevention § 1926.150 Fire protection. (a) General requirements. (1) The employer shall be responsible for the development of a fire...

Incorporating Resource Protection Constraints in an Analysis of Landscape Fuel-Treatment Effectiveness in the Northern Sierra Nevada, CA, USA.

PubMed

Dow, Christopher B; Collins, Brandon M; Stephens, Scott L

2016-03-01

Finding novel ways to plan and implement landscape-level forest treatments that protect sensitive wildlife and other key ecosystem components, while also reducing the risk of large-scale, high-severity fires, can prove to be difficult. We examined alternative approaches to landscape-scale fuel-treatment design for the same landscape. These approaches included two different treatment scenarios generated from an optimization algorithm that reduces modeled fire spread across the landscape, one with resource-protection constrains and one without the same. We also included a treatment scenario that was the actual fuel-treatment network implemented, as well as a no-treatment scenario. For all the four scenarios, we modeled hazardous fire potential based on conditional burn probabilities, and projected fire emissions. Results demonstrate that in all the three active treatment scenarios, hazardous fire potential, fire area, and emissions were reduced by approximately 50 % relative to the untreated condition. Results depict that incorporation of constraints is more effective at reducing modeled fire outputs, possibly due to the greater aggregation of treatments, creating greater continuity of fuel-treatment blocks across the landscape. The implementation of fuel-treatment networks using different planning techniques that incorporate real-world constraints can reduce the risk of large problematic fires, allow for landscape-level heterogeneity that can provide necessary ecosystem services, create mixed forest stand structures on a landscape, and promote resilience in the uncertain future of climate change.

46 CFR 28.385 - Structural fire protection for vessels that operate with more than 49 individuals on board.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... SECURITY UNINSPECTED VESSELS REQUIREMENTS FOR COMMERCIAL FISHING INDUSTRY VESSELS Requirements for Vessels...) Construction. The hull, structural bulkheads, columns and stanchions must be composed of steel. Superstructures...

Special Report on Lessons Learned (1985-2011). Volume 2: Handbook of Recommended Design Practices (Fire Protection and Life Safety Design Guidelines for Special Purpose Underground Structures)

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-10-01

mounted pads (also called a raft, bed, platform or floating deck depending on the A & E company’s terminology preference). Combinations of each of...these are frequently employed which is most common where a shock mounted pad is installed. Shock mounting each piece of equipment is self...when a UGF uses shock mounted pads for its major equipment spaces, but does not put all fire protection equipment on the pad . A shock mounted pad

36 CFR 1234.12 - What are the fire safety requirements that apply to records storage facilities?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... structural elements and construction assemblies must be in accordance with ASTM E 119-98 (incorporated by... necessary, they must be protected by self-closing or automatic Class A fire doors, or equivalent doors that... such areas with 4-hour rated construction assemblies. (p) Equipment rows running perpendicular to the...

29 CFR 1915.507 - Land-side fire protection systems.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 29 Labor 7 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Land-side fire protection systems. 1915.507 Section 1915... Protection in Shipyard Employment § 1915.507 Land-side fire protection systems. (a) Employer responsibilities. The employer must ensure all fixed and portable fire protection systems needed to meet an OSHA...

29 CFR 1915.507 - Land-side fire protection systems.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 29 Labor 7 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Land-side fire protection systems. 1915.507 Section 1915... Protection in Shipyard Employment § 1915.507 Land-side fire protection systems. (a) Employer responsibilities. The employer must ensure all fixed and portable fire protection systems needed to meet an OSHA...

29 CFR 1915.507 - Land-side fire protection systems.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 29 Labor 7 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Land-side fire protection systems. 1915.507 Section 1915... Protection in Shipyard Employment § 1915.507 Land-side fire protection systems. (a) Employer responsibilities. The employer must ensure all fixed and portable fire protection systems needed to meet an OSHA...

29 CFR 1915.507 - Land-side fire protection systems.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 29 Labor 7 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Land-side fire protection systems. 1915.507 Section 1915... Protection in Shipyard Employment § 1915.507 Land-side fire protection systems. (a) Employer responsibilities. The employer must ensure all fixed and portable fire protection systems needed to meet an OSHA...

78 FR 45573 - Compensatory and Alternative Regulatory Measures for Nuclear Power Plant Fire Protection (CARMEN...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-07-29

... Nuclear Power Plant Fire Protection (CARMEN-FIRE) AGENCY: Nuclear Regulatory Commission. ACTION: Notice of... Nuclear Power Plant Fire Protection (CARMEN-FIRE), Draft Report for Comment.'' DATES: Comments on this... CONTACT: Felix Gonzalez, Fire Research Branch, Division of Risk Analysis, Office of Nuclear Regulatory...

Risks, designs, and research for fire safety in spacecraft

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Friedman, Robert; Sacksteder, Kurt R.; Urban, David

1991-01-01

Current fire protection for spacecraft relies mainly on fire prevention through the use of nonflammable materials and strict storage controls of other materials. The Shuttle also has smoke detectors and fire extinguishers, using technology similar to aircraft practices. While experience has shown that the current fire protection is adequate, future improvements in fire safety technology to meet the challenges of long duration space missions, such as the Space Station Freedom, are essential. All spacecraft fire protection systems, however, must deal with the unusual combustion characteristics and operational problems in the low gravity environment. The features of low gravity combustion that affect spacecraft fire safety, and the issues in fire protection for Freedom that must be addressed eventually to provide effective and conservative fire protection systems are discussed.

School Fire Protection: Contents Count

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

American School and University, 1976

1976-01-01

The heart of a fire protection system is the sprinkler system. National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) statistics show that automatic sprinklers dramatically reduce fire damage and loss of life. (Author)

Impacts: NIST Building and Fire Research Laboratory (technical and societal)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Raufaste, N. J.

1993-08-01

The Building and Fire Research Laboratory (BFRL) of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) is dedicated to the life cycle quality of constructed facilities. The report describes major effects of BFRL's program on building and fire research. Contents of the document include: structural reliability; nondestructive testing of concrete; structural failure investigations; seismic design and construction standards; rehabilitation codes and standards; alternative refrigerants research; HVAC simulation models; thermal insulation; residential equipment energy efficiency; residential plumbing standards; computer image evaluation of building materials; corrosion-protection for reinforcing steel; prediction of the service lives of building materials; quality of construction materials laboratory testing; roofing standards; simulating fires with computers; fire safety evaluation system; fire investigations; soot formation and evolution; cone calorimeter development; smoke detector standards; standard for the flammability of children's sleepwear; smoldering insulation fires; wood heating safety research; in-place testing of concrete; communication protocols for building automation and control systems; computer simulation of the properties of concrete and other porous materials; cigarette-induced furniture fires; carbon monoxide formation in enclosure fires; halon alternative fire extinguishing agents; turbulent mixing research; materials fire research; furniture flammability testing; standard for the cigarette ignition resistance of mattresses; support of navy firefighter trainer program; and using fire to clean up oil spills.

Overview of major hazards. Part 2: Source term; dispersion; combustion; blast, missiles, venting; fire; radiation; runaway reactions; toxic substances; dust explosions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Vilain, J.

Approaches to major hazard assessment and prediction are reviewed. Source term: (phenomenology/modeling of release, influence on early stages of dispersion); dispersion (atmospheric advection, diffusion and deposition, emphasis on dense/cold gases); combustion (flammable clouds and mists covering flash fires, deflagration, transition to detonation; mostly unconfined/partly confined situations); blast formation, propagation, interaction with structures; catastrophic fires (pool fires, torches and fireballs; highly reactive substances) runaway reactions; features of more general interest; toxic substances, excluding toxicology; and dust explosions (phenomenology and protective measures) are discussed.

76 FR 40777 - Interim Enforcement Policy for Certain Fire Protection Issues

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-07-12

... Certain Fire Protection Issues AGENCY: Nuclear Regulatory Commission. ACTION: Policy statement; revision... Enforcement Policy on enforcement discretion for certain fire protection issues to extend the enforcement... policy affects licensees that are transitioning to use the National Fire Protection Association Standard...

48 CFR 246.270-2 - Policy.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

...— (1) Fire protection; (2) Structural integrity; (3) Electrical systems; (4) Plumbing; (5) Water treatment; (6) Waste disposal; and (7) Telecommunications networks. (c) Existing host nation facilities...

48 CFR 246.270-2 - Policy.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

...— (1) Fire protection; (2) Structural integrity; (3) Electrical systems; (4) Plumbing; (5) Water treatment; (6) Waste disposal; and (7) Telecommunications networks. (c) Existing host nation facilities...

48 CFR 246.270-2 - Policy.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

...— (1) Fire protection; (2) Structural integrity; (3) Electrical systems; (4) Plumbing; (5) Water treatment; (6) Waste disposal; and (7) Telecommunications networks. (c) Existing host nation facilities...

48 CFR 246.270-2 - Policy.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

...— (1) Fire protection; (2) Structural integrity; (3) Electrical systems; (4) Plumbing; (5) Water treatment; (6) Waste disposal; and (7) Telecommunications networks. (c) Existing host nation facilities...

Fire-danger rating in the future.

Treesearch

James E. Hefner

1967-01-01

The forest resources of this country must be protected from wildfire. Protection does not eliminate fire but does reduce loss from fire. In recent years, more acres have been burned on the unprotected 3 percent of forest land than on the 97 percent under organized fire protection. Protection from fire has saved more than 100 million acres per year. This figure is based...

14 CFR 25.859 - Combustion heater fire protection.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Combustion heater fire protection. 25.859....859 Combustion heater fire protection. (a) Combustion heater fire zones. The following combustion... surrounds the combustion chamber. However, no fire extinguishment is required in cabin ventilating air...

14 CFR 25.859 - Combustion heater fire protection.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Combustion heater fire protection. 25.859....859 Combustion heater fire protection. (a) Combustion heater fire zones. The following combustion... surrounds the combustion chamber. However, no fire extinguishment is required in cabin ventilating air...

14 CFR 25.859 - Combustion heater fire protection.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Combustion heater fire protection. 25.859....859 Combustion heater fire protection. (a) Combustion heater fire zones. The following combustion... surrounds the combustion chamber. However, no fire extinguishment is required in cabin ventilating air...

14 CFR 25.859 - Combustion heater fire protection.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Combustion heater fire protection. 25.859....859 Combustion heater fire protection. (a) Combustion heater fire zones. The following combustion... surrounds the combustion chamber. However, no fire extinguishment is required in cabin ventilating air...

14 CFR 25.859 - Combustion heater fire protection.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Combustion heater fire protection. 25.859....859 Combustion heater fire protection. (a) Combustion heater fire zones. The following combustion... surrounds the combustion chamber. However, no fire extinguishment is required in cabin ventilating air...

Cost-benefit analysis of passive fire protections in road LPG transportation.

PubMed

Paltrinieri, Nicola; Bonvicini, Sarah; Spadoni, Gigliola; Cozzani, Valerio

2012-02-01

The cost-benefit evaluation of passive fire protection adoption in the road transport of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) was investigated. In a previous study, mathematical simulations of real scale fire scenarios proved the effectiveness of passive fire protections in preventing the "fired" boiling liquid expanding vapor explosion (BLEVE), thus providing a significant risk reduction. In the present study the economical aspects of the adoption of fire protections are analyzed and an approach to cost-benefit analysis (CBA) is proposed. The CBA model is based on the comparison of the risk reduction due to fire protections (expressed in monetary terms by the value of a statistical life) and the cost of the application of fire protections to a fleet of tankers. Different types of fire protections were considered, as well as the possibility to apply protections to the entire fleet or only to a part of it. The application of the proposed model to a real-life case study is presented and discussed. Results demonstrate that the adoption of passive fire protections on road tankers, though not compulsory in Europe, can be economically feasible, thus representing a concrete measure to achieve control of the "major hazard accidents" cited by the European legislation. © 2011 Society for Risk Analysis.

The influence of fire on the assemblage structure of foraging birds in grasslands of the Serra da Canastra National Park, Brazil.

PubMed

Reis, Matheus G; Fieker, Carolline Z; Dias, Manoel M

2016-05-13

Grasslands are the most threatened physiognomies of the Cerrado biome (Brazilian savanna), a biodiversity hotspot with conservation as a priority. The Serra da Canastra National Park protects the most important remnants of the Cerrado's southern grasslands, which are under strong anthropogenic pressure. The present study describes the structure of bird assemblages that directly use food resources in burned areas, comparing areas affected by natural fire to the areas where controlled fires were set (a management strategy to combat arson). The tested null hypothesis was that different bird assemblages are structured in a similar manner, regardless of the post-fire period or assessed area. Between December/2012 and January/2015, 92 species were recorded foraging in the study areas. The results indicate that both types of burnings triggered profound and immediate changes in bird assemblages, increasing the number of species and individuals. Natural fires exhibited a more significant influence on the structure (diversity and dominance) than prescribed burnings. Nevertheless, all the differences were no longer noticeable after a relatively short time interval of 2-3 months after prescribed burnings and 3-4 after natural fires. The findings may help the understanding of prescribed burnings as a management strategy for bird conservation in grasslands.

41 CFR 102-80.135 - Who is a qualified fire protection engineer?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... protection engineer? 102-80.135 Section 102-80.135 Public Contracts and Property Management Federal Property... qualified fire protection engineer? A qualified fire protection engineer is defined as an individual with a thorough knowledge and understanding of the principles of physics and chemistry governing fire growth...

14 CFR 23.863 - Flammable fluid fire protection.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Flammable fluid fire protection. 23.863... Construction Fire Protection § 23.863 Flammable fluid fire protection. (a) In each area where flammable fluids... fluids, shutting down equipment, fireproof containment, or use of extinguishing agents. (5) Ability of...

14 CFR 23.863 - Flammable fluid fire protection.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Flammable fluid fire protection. 23.863... Construction Fire Protection § 23.863 Flammable fluid fire protection. (a) In each area where flammable fluids... fluids, shutting down equipment, fireproof containment, or use of extinguishing agents. (5) Ability of...

14 CFR 23.863 - Flammable fluid fire protection.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Flammable fluid fire protection. 23.863... Construction Fire Protection § 23.863 Flammable fluid fire protection. (a) In each area where flammable fluids... fluids, shutting down equipment, fireproof containment, or use of extinguishing agents. (5) Ability of...

14 CFR 23.863 - Flammable fluid fire protection.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Flammable fluid fire protection. 23.863... Construction Fire Protection § 23.863 Flammable fluid fire protection. (a) In each area where flammable fluids... fluids, shutting down equipment, fireproof containment, or use of extinguishing agents. (5) Ability of...

76 FR 70413 - National Fire Protection Association (NFPA): Request for Comments on NFPA's Codes and Standards

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-11-14

... DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE National Institute of Standards and Technology National Fire Protection... (NIST) is publishing this notice on behalf of the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) to..., (301) 975-4019. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Since 1896, the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA...

46 CFR 176.810 - Fire protection.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 46 Shipping 7 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Fire protection. 176.810 Section 176.810 Shipping COAST...) INSPECTION AND CERTIFICATION Material Inspections § 176.810 Fire protection. (a) At each initial and... and have the vessel ready for inspection of its fire protection equipment, including the following: (1...

46 CFR 194.20-7 - Fire protection.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 46 Shipping 7 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Fire protection. 194.20-7 Section 194.20-7 Shipping... Fire protection. (a) Each chemical storeroom shall be protected by a fixed automatic carbon dioxide... fire extinguishers are required in accordance with Table 193.50-10(a) of this subchapter. ...

Evaluation of Materials and Concepts for Aircraft Fire Protection

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Anderson, R. A.; Price, J. O.; Mcclure, A. H.; Tustin, E. A.

1976-01-01

Woven fiberglass fluted-core simulated aircraft interior panels were flame tested and structurally evaluated against the Boeing 747 present baseline interior panels. The NASA-defined panels, though inferior on a strength-to-weight basis, showed better structural integrity after flame testing, due to the woven fiberglass structure.

Fire Protection in Educational Occupancies.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Gervais, Romeo P.

2000-01-01

Discusses the origins of school fires and the components of the fire protection code called the Life Safety Code (LSC). Three of the following LSC requirements are described: means of egress; protection from hazards; and fire suppression and alarm systems. Information on who starts fires is highlighted along with preventive measures. (GR)

14 CFR 33.17 - Fire protection.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Fire protection. 33.17 Section 33.17... STANDARDS: AIRCRAFT ENGINES Design and Construction; General § 33.17 Fire protection. (a) The design and... fire during normal operation and failure conditions, and must minimize the effect of such a fire. In...

Applications of Living Fire PRA models to Fire Protection Significance Determination Process in Taiwan

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

De-Cheng, Chen; Chung-Kung, Lo; Tsu-Jen, Lin

2004-07-01

The living fire probabilistic risk assessment (PRA) models for all three operating nuclear power plants (NPPs) in Taiwan had been established in December 2000. In that study, a scenario-based PRA approach was adopted to systematically evaluate the fire and smoke hazards and associated risks. Using these fire PRA models developed, a risk-informed application project had also been completed in December 2002 for the evaluation of cable-tray fire-barrier wrapping exemption. This paper presents a new application of the fire PRA models to fire protection issues using the fire protection significance determination process (FP SDP). The fire protection issues studied may involvemore » the selection of appropriate compensatory measures during the period when an automatic fire detection or suppression system in a safety-related fire zone becomes inoperable. The compensatory measure can either be a 24-hour fire watch or an hourly fire patrol. The living fire PRA models were used to estimate the increase in risk associated with the fire protection issue in terms of changes in core damage frequency (CDF) and large early release frequency (LERF). In compliance with SDP at-power and the acceptance guidelines specified in RG 1.174, the fire protection issues in question can be grouped into four categories; red, yellow, white and green, in accordance with the guidelines developed for FD SDP. A 24-hour fire watch is suggested only required for the yellow condition, while an hourly fire patrol may be adopted for the white condition. More limiting requirement is suggested for the red condition, but no special consideration is needed for the green condition. For the calculation of risk measures, risk impacts from any additional fire scenarios that may have been introduced, as well as more severe initiating events and fire damages that may accompany the fire protection issue should be considered carefully. Examples are presented in this paper to illustrate the evaluation process. (authors)« less

Small mammal abundance in Mediterranean post-fire habitats: a role for predators?

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Torre, I.; Díaz, M.

2004-05-01

We studied patterns of small mammal abundance and species richness in post-fire habitats by sampling 33 plots (225 m 2 each) representing different stages of vegetation recovery after fire. Small mammal abundance was estimated by live trapping during early spring 1999 and vegetation structure was sampled by visual estimation at the same plots. Recently-burnt areas were characterised by shrubby and herbaceous vegetation with low structural variability, and unburnt areas were characterised by well developed forest cover with high structural complexity. Small mammal abundance and species richness decreased with time elapsed since the last fire (from 5 to at least 50 years), and these differences were associated to the decreasing cover of short shrubs as the post-fire succession of plant communities advanced. However, relationships between vegetation structure and small mammals differed among areas burned in different times, with weak or negative relationship in recently burnt areas and positive and stronger relationship in unburnt areas. Furthermore, the abundance of small mammals was larger than expected from vegetation structure in plots burned recently whereas the contrary pattern was found in unburned areas. We hypothesised that the pattern observed could be related to the responses of small mammal predators to changes in vegetation and landscape structure promoted by fire. Fire-related fragmentation could have promoted the isolation of forest predators (owls and carnivores) in unburned forest patches, a fact that could have produced a higher predation pressure for small mammals. Conversely, small mammal populations would have been enhanced in early post-fire stages by lower predator numbers combined with better predator protection in areas covered by resprouting woody vegetation.

Series of Wildfires in Northern California Continue Blazing

NASA Image and Video Library

2015-08-06

California has been hit hard the past few weeks with storms. Storms bring lightning and lightning strikes cause wildfires. Currently there are at least five fire complexes in the area including River, Fork, South, Route and Mad River. The Mad River complex is a series of seven lightning fires that started on July 30th, 2015 after a lightning storm moved through Northern California. After initial firefighters responded, 25 fires were reported and most of the fires were contained. Some additional fires might be detected from the original lightning storms in the upcoming days and will be attacked once they are found. Damage assessment is ongoing and crews will determine the extent of structures and equipment damaged or destroyed. The River Complex is managing a total of 5 fires due to fires merging together on the Shasta-Trinity and the Six Rivers National Forests. Winds from the west are expected to lift the inversion today resulting in active fire behavior. The Fork Complex consists of over 40 fires, all of which were ignited by lightning between July 29 and 31, 2015. These fires are still being identified, assessed, and prioritized. Updated acreage and information about specific fires will be published as it is known. Fire activity moderated throughout last night (8/4) with the smoke inversion layer remaining in place today. Hopefully this will create favorable conditions for fire crews to take direct fire attack on the fires edge, construct dozer line and scout for best firefighting locations on all fires in the complex. The South Complex consists of approximately nine known fires, five of which are currently over 100 acres. The fires are active and defense of structures and point protection are in progress. The weather is trapping smoke in the valley causing very poor air quality. As the smoke lifts the fire activity increases. Firefighters will continue to provide point protection on structures and to look for opportunities to build direct and indirect containment lines. The Route Complex currently stands at 12,164 acres from seven separate fires and is at 2% containment. The overall acreage has been reduced because the South Fire on the nearby South Complex is merging with the Johnson Fire in the Route Complex resulting in decreased and revised fire perimeter acreage. This natural-color satellite image collected by the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) aboard the Terra satellite shows smoke rising and drifting northwest from the various fire complexes. It was captured on August 04, 2015. Actively burning areas, detected by MODIS’s thermal bands, are outlined in red. NASA image courtesy Jeff Schmaltz, MODIS Rapid Response Team. NASA image use policy. NASA Goddard Space Flight Center enables NASA’s mission through four scientific endeavors: Earth Science, Heliophysics, Solar System Exploration, and Astrophysics. Goddard plays a leading role in NASA’s accomplishments by contributing compelling scientific knowledge to advance the Agency’s mission. Follow us on Twitter Like us on Facebook Find us on Instagram

14 CFR 29.1359 - Electrical system fire and smoke protection.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Electrical system fire and smoke protection... Equipment § 29.1359 Electrical system fire and smoke protection. (a) Components of the electrical system must meet the applicable fire and smoke protection provisions of §§ 29.831 and 29.863. (b) Electrical...

14 CFR 29.1359 - Electrical system fire and smoke protection.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Electrical system fire and smoke protection... Equipment § 29.1359 Electrical system fire and smoke protection. (a) Components of the electrical system must meet the applicable fire and smoke protection provisions of §§ 29.831 and 29.863. (b) Electrical...

14 CFR 29.1359 - Electrical system fire and smoke protection.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Electrical system fire and smoke protection... Equipment § 29.1359 Electrical system fire and smoke protection. (a) Components of the electrical system must meet the applicable fire and smoke protection provisions of §§ 29.831 and 29.863. (b) Electrical...

14 CFR 29.1359 - Electrical system fire and smoke protection.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Electrical system fire and smoke protection... Equipment § 29.1359 Electrical system fire and smoke protection. (a) Components of the electrical system must meet the applicable fire and smoke protection provisions of §§ 29.831 and 29.863. (b) Electrical...

14 CFR 23.1359 - Electrical system fire protection.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Electrical system fire protection. 23.1359... Electrical Systems and Equipment § 23.1359 Electrical system fire protection. (a) Each component of the electrical system must meet the applicable fire protection requirements of §§ 23.863 and 23.1182. (b...

14 CFR 23.1359 - Electrical system fire protection.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Electrical system fire protection. 23.1359... Electrical Systems and Equipment § 23.1359 Electrical system fire protection. (a) Each component of the electrical system must meet the applicable fire protection requirements of §§ 23.863 and 23.1182. (b...

14 CFR 23.1359 - Electrical system fire protection.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Electrical system fire protection. 23.1359... Electrical Systems and Equipment § 23.1359 Electrical system fire protection. (a) Each component of the electrical system must meet the applicable fire protection requirements of §§ 23.863 and 23.1182. (b...

14 CFR 23.1359 - Electrical system fire protection.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Electrical system fire protection. 23.1359... Electrical Systems and Equipment § 23.1359 Electrical system fire protection. (a) Each component of the electrical system must meet the applicable fire protection requirements of §§ 23.863 and 23.1182. (b...

14 CFR 23.1359 - Electrical system fire protection.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Electrical system fire protection. 23.1359... Electrical Systems and Equipment § 23.1359 Electrical system fire protection. (a) Each component of the electrical system must meet the applicable fire protection requirements of §§ 23.863 and 23.1182. (b...

36 CFR 1234.12 - What are the fire safety requirements that apply to records storage facilities?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... records storage facilities? (a) The fire detection and protection systems must be designed or reviewed by a licensed fire protection engineer. If the system was not designed by a licensed fire protection... engineer that describes the design intent of the fire detection and suppression system, detailing the...

36 CFR 1234.12 - What are the fire safety requirements that apply to records storage facilities?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... records storage facilities? (a) The fire detection and protection systems must be designed or reviewed by a licensed fire protection engineer. If the system was not designed by a licensed fire protection... engineer that describes the design intent of the fire detection and suppression system, detailing the...

Influence of the silicon carbide deposit on the thermal resistance of fire protection

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kim, K. A.; Lemeshev, D. O.

2018-04-01

The ceramics samples with structure of SiC-Al2O3-Fireclay having good thermal resistance were received. As materials were used: black α-SiC F-120, corundum α-Al2O3 F-1000 and Kudinovsky fire-clay. As a temporary technological bundle used polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). Thermal stability was determined by method of heat changes.

Fire Hazard Assessment in Supporting Fire Protection System Design of a Chemical Process Facility

DTIC Science & Technology

1996-08-01

CSDP/Studies/FireHaz –i– 3/28/97 FIRE HAZARD ASSESSMENT IN SUPPORTING FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM DESIGN OF A CHEMICAL PROCESS FACILITY Ali Pezeshk...Joseph Chang, Dwight Hunt, and Peter Jahn Parsons Infrastructure & Technology Group, Inc. Pasadena, California 91124 ABSTRACT Because fires in a chemical ...Assessment in Supporting Fire Protection System Design of a Chemical Process Facility 5a. CONTRACT NUMBER 5b. GRANT NUMBER 5c. PROGRAM ELEMENT NUMBER 6

Study of skin model and geometry effects on thermal performance of thermal protective fabrics

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhu, Fanglong; Ma, Suqin; Zhang, Weiyuan

2008-05-01

Thermal protective clothing has steadily improved over the years as new materials and improved designs have reached the market. A significant method that has brought these improvements to the fire service is the NFPA 1971 standard on structural fire fighters’ protective clothing. However, this testing often neglects the effects of cylindrical geometry on heat transmission in flame resistant fabrics. This paper deals with methods to develop cylindrical geometry testing apparatus incorporating novel skin bioheat transfer model to test flame resistant fabrics used in firefighting. Results show that fabrics which shrink during the test can have reduced thermal protective performance compared with the qualities measured with a planar geometry tester. Results of temperature differences between skin simulant sensors of planar and cylindrical tester are also compared. This test method provides a new technique to accurately and precisely characterize the thermal performance of thermal protective fabrics.

Fire Protection Specialist, Blocks I, II, & III, 17-2. Military Curriculum Materials for Vocational and Technical Education.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Ohio State Univ., Columbus. National Center for Research in Vocational Education.

This military-developed text contains the first three blocks of a five-block course for use in training fire protection specialists. Covered in the individual volumes are the following topics: fire protection objectives and responsibilities (fire protection and occupational safety, extinguishing agents, principles and theory of combustion, natural…

Forest Fire Occurrence in Southern Counties, 1966-1975

Treesearch

M.L. Doolittle

1977-01-01

Forest fire occurrence data for individual protection units generally are unavailable outside particular state organization. Number of fires, area protected and fire occurrence rate (fires per 1,000,000 acres) from 1966 to 1975, are presented in tables for the 993 counties under protection in 13 southern states. These data are compared with data for the preceeding...

36 CFR § 1234.12 - What are the fire safety requirements that apply to records storage facilities?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... records storage facilities? (a) The fire detection and protection systems must be designed or reviewed by a licensed fire protection engineer. If the system was not designed by a licensed fire protection... engineer that describes the design intent of the fire detection and suppression system, detailing the...

46 CFR 92.07-10 - Construction.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 46 Shipping 4 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Construction. 92.07-10 Section 92.07-10 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) CARGO AND MISCELLANEOUS VESSELS CONSTRUCTION AND ARRANGEMENT Structural Fire Protection § 92.07-10 Construction. (a) The hull, superstructure, structural...

Protecting residences from wildfires: a guide for homeowners, lawmakers, and planners

Treesearch

Howard E. Moore

1981-01-01

This guide, based on a literature review and personal contacts, offers recommendations and standards for procedures in reducing losses of residences from wildfires. Possible solutions to the problem of fire protection are discussed in the broad areas of land-use planning and zoning, property development, structural design and construction, landscaping, accessories,...

36 CFR 1234.22 - How does an agency request a waiver from a requirement in this part?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... and Security Management Division (NAS), National Archives and Records Administration, 8601 Adelphi Rd...) Supporting documentation that the alternative does not provide less protection for Federal records than that.... Documentation may take the form of certifications from a licensed fire protection engineer or a structural or...

36 CFR § 1234.22 - How does an agency request a waiver from a requirement in this part?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... and Security Management Division (NAS), National Archives and Records Administration, 8601 Adelphi Rd...) Supporting documentation that the alternative does not provide less protection for Federal records than that.... Documentation may take the form of certifications from a licensed fire protection engineer or a structural or...

36 CFR 1234.22 - How does an agency request a waiver from a requirement in this part?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... and Security Management Division (NAS), National Archives and Records Administration, 8601 Adelphi Rd...) Supporting documentation that the alternative does not provide less protection for Federal records than that.... Documentation may take the form of certifications from a licensed fire protection engineer or a structural or...

36 CFR 1234.22 - How does an agency request a waiver from a requirement in this part?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... and Security Management Division (NAS), National Archives and Records Administration, 8601 Adelphi Rd...) Supporting documentation that the alternative does not provide less protection for Federal records than that.... Documentation may take the form of certifications from a licensed fire protection engineer or a structural or...

36 CFR 1234.22 - How does an agency request a waiver from a requirement in this part?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... and Security Management Division (NAS), National Archives and Records Administration, 8601 Adelphi Rd...) Supporting documentation that the alternative does not provide less protection for Federal records than that.... Documentation may take the form of certifications from a licensed fire protection engineer or a structural or...

Maintenance Facilities for Ammunition, Explosives, and Toxics. Design Manual 28.3.

DTIC Science & Technology

1981-11-01

LOADING DOCK RAMP PROTECTION 28.3-2 8. FIRE PROTECTION 28.3-2 9. SECURITY 28.3-2 10. SAFETY 28.3-2 Section 2. GENERAL AMMUNITION MAINTENANCE SHOPS 28.3...protection in accordance with Section 3 1910.23c, Occupatioual Safety and Health Act Standards Manual. 5 8. FIRE PROTECTION. Fire protection for all...Volume 1, and Fire Protection Engineering, NAVFAC DM-8. 9. SECURITY. Maintenance facilities for ammunition, explosives, and I toxics shall be located so

Durability and shielding performance of borated Ceramicrete coatings in beta and gamma radiation fields

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Wagh, Arun S.; Sayenko, S. Yu.; Dovbnya, A. N.

2015-07-01

Ceramicrete™, a chemically bonded phosphate ceramic, was developed for nuclear waste immobilization and nuclear radiation shielding. Ceramicrete products are fabricated by an acid–base reaction between magnesium oxide and mono potassium phosphate. Fillers are used to impart desired properties to the product. Ceramicrete’s tailored compositions have resulted in several commercial structural products, including corrosion- and fire-protection coatings. Their borated version, called Borobond™, has been studied for its neutron shielding capabilities and is being used in structures built for storage of nuclear materials. This investigation assesses the durability and shielding performance of borated Ceramicrete coatings when exposed to gamma and beta radiationsmore » to predict the composition needed for optimal shielding performance in a realistic nuclear radiation field. Investigations were conducted using experimental data coupled with predictive Monte Carlo computer model. The results show that it is possible to produce products for simultaneous shielding of all three types of nuclear radiations, viz., neutrons, gamma-, and beta-rays. Additionally, because sprayable Ceramicrete coatings exhibit excellent corrosionand fire-protection characteristics on steel, this research also establishes an opportunity to produce thick coatings to enhance the shielding performance of corrosion and fire protection coatings for use in high radiation environment in nuclear industry.« less

29 CFR Appendix A to Subpart L of... - Fire Protection

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... the International Fire Service Training Association, the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA-1041), the International Society of Fire Service Instructors and other fire training sources be... planning, and safety practices. It is again suggested that fire service training sources be consulted for...

78 FR 58967 - Airworthiness Directives; ATR-GIE Avions de Transport Régional Airplanes

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-09-25

... extinction and allow fire propagation out of the nacelle fire protected area, resulting in damage to the... efficiency, delay the fire extinction and allow fire propagation out of the nacelle fire protected area... the decrease of the fire extinguishing agent efficiency, which could delay fire extinction and allow...

Stochastic representation of fire behavior in a wildland fire protection planning model for California.

Treesearch

J. Keith Gilless; Jeremy S. Fried

1998-01-01

A fire behavior module was developed for the California Fire Economics Simulator version 2 (CFES2), a stochastic simulation model of initial attack on wildland fire used by the California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection. Fire rate of spread (ROS) and fire dispatch level (FDL) for simulated fires "occurring" on the same day are determined by making...

The Effects of Thermophysical Properties and Environmental Conditions on Fire Performance of Intumescent Coatings on Glass Fibre-Reinforced Epoxy Composites

PubMed Central

Kandola, Baljinder K.; Luangtriratana, Piyanuch; Duquesne, Sophie; Bourbigot, Serge

2015-01-01

Intumescent coatings are commonly used as passive fire protection systems for steel structures. The purpose of this work is to explore whether these can also be used effectively on glass fibre-reinforced epoxy (GRE) composites, considering the flammability of the composites compared to non-flammable steel substrate. The thermal barrier and reaction-to-fire properties of three commercial intumescent coatings on GRE composites have been studied using a cone calorimeter. Their thermophysical properties in terms of heating rate and/or temperature dependent char expansion ratios and thermal conductivities have been measured and correlated. It has been suggested that these two parameters can be used to design coatings to protect composite laminates of defined thicknesses for specified periods of time. The durability of the coatings to water absorption, peeling, impact, and flexural loading were also studied. A strong adhesion between all types of coatings and the substrate was observed. Water soaking had a little effect on the fire performance of epoxy based coatings. All types of 1 mm thick coatings on GRE helped in retaining ~90% of the flexural property after 2 min exposure to 50 kW/m2 heat flux whereas the uncoated laminate underwent severe delamination and loss in structural integrity after 1 min. PMID:28793500

76 FR 29011 - Agency Information Collection Activities; Submission for OMB Review; Comment Request; Fire...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-05-19

... for OMB Review; Comment Request; Fire Protection in Shipyard Employment ACTION: Notice. SUMMARY: The... information collection request (ICR) titled, ``Fire Protection in Shipyard Employment,'' to the Office of... Fire Protection in Shipyard Employment Standard makes it mandatory for a covered employer to develop a...

14 CFR 29.859 - Combustion heater fire protection.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Combustion heater fire protection. 29.859... § 29.859 Combustion heater fire protection. (a) Combustion heater fire zones. The following combustion... any ventilating air passage that— (i) Surrounds the combustion chamber; and (ii) Would not contain...

14 CFR 29.859 - Combustion heater fire protection.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Combustion heater fire protection. 29.859... § 29.859 Combustion heater fire protection. (a) Combustion heater fire zones. The following combustion... any ventilating air passage that— (i) Surrounds the combustion chamber; and (ii) Would not contain...

14 CFR 29.859 - Combustion heater fire protection.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Combustion heater fire protection. 29.859... § 29.859 Combustion heater fire protection. (a) Combustion heater fire zones. The following combustion... any ventilating air passage that— (i) Surrounds the combustion chamber; and (ii) Would not contain...

14 CFR 29.859 - Combustion heater fire protection.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Combustion heater fire protection. 29.859... § 29.859 Combustion heater fire protection. (a) Combustion heater fire zones. The following combustion... any ventilating air passage that— (i) Surrounds the combustion chamber; and (ii) Would not contain...

14 CFR 29.859 - Combustion heater fire protection.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Combustion heater fire protection. 29.859... § 29.859 Combustion heater fire protection. (a) Combustion heater fire zones. The following combustion... any ventilating air passage that— (i) Surrounds the combustion chamber; and (ii) Would not contain...

46 CFR 161.002-1 - Incorporation by reference.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... Amendments to SOLAS 74), 1992—161.002-4(b). National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) National Fire Protection Association, 1 Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA 02269. NFPA 72, National Fire Alarm Code, 1993—161...: SPECIFICATIONS AND APPROVAL ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT Fire-Protective Systems § 161.002-1 Incorporation by reference...

46 CFR 161.002-1 - Incorporation by reference.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... Amendments to SOLAS 74), 1992—161.002-4(b). National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) National Fire Protection Association, 1 Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA 02269. NFPA 72, National Fire Alarm Code, 1993—161...: SPECIFICATIONS AND APPROVAL ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT Fire-Protective Systems § 161.002-1 Incorporation by reference...

49 CFR 193.2717 - Training: fire protection.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... under § 193.2801. (b) A written plan of continuing instruction, including plant fire drills, must be... 49 Transportation 3 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Training: fire protection. 193.2717 Section 193...: fire protection. (a) All personnel involved in maintenance and operations of an LNG plant, including...

49 CFR 193.2717 - Training: fire protection.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... under § 193.2801. (b) A written plan of continuing instruction, including plant fire drills, must be... 49 Transportation 3 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Training: fire protection. 193.2717 Section 193...: fire protection. (a) All personnel involved in maintenance and operations of an LNG plant, including...

49 CFR 193.2717 - Training: fire protection.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... under § 193.2801. (b) A written plan of continuing instruction, including plant fire drills, must be... 49 Transportation 3 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Training: fire protection. 193.2717 Section 193...: fire protection. (a) All personnel involved in maintenance and operations of an LNG plant, including...

49 CFR 193.2717 - Training: fire protection.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... under § 193.2801. (b) A written plan of continuing instruction, including plant fire drills, must be... 49 Transportation 3 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Training: fire protection. 193.2717 Section 193...: fire protection. (a) All personnel involved in maintenance and operations of an LNG plant, including...

48 CFR 2052.235-71 - Safety, health, and fire protection.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

....235-71 Safety, health, and fire protection. As prescribed in 2035.70(a)(2), the contracting officer... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 6 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Safety, health, and fire..., Health, and Fire Protection (JAN 1993) The contractor shall take all reasonable precautions in the...

48 CFR 2052.235-71 - Safety, health, and fire protection.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

....235-71 Safety, health, and fire protection. As prescribed in 2035.70(a)(2), the contracting officer... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 6 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Safety, health, and fire..., Health, and Fire Protection (JAN 1993) The contractor shall take all reasonable precautions in the...

48 CFR 2052.235-71 - Safety, health, and fire protection.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

....235-71 Safety, health, and fire protection. As prescribed in 2035.70(a)(2), the contracting officer... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 6 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Safety, health, and fire..., Health, and Fire Protection (JAN 1993) The contractor shall take all reasonable precautions in the...

48 CFR 2052.235-71 - Safety, health, and fire protection.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

....235-71 Safety, health, and fire protection. As prescribed in 2035.70(a)(2), the contracting officer... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 6 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Safety, health, and fire..., Health, and Fire Protection (JAN 1993) The contractor shall take all reasonable precautions in the...

Fire protection for a Martian colony

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Beattie, Robert M., Jr.

The fire prevention failures that occurred in Apollo 1 and Challenger accidents are reviewed and used to discuss fire protection measures that should be taken in a Martian colony. Fire detection systems, classes of fire, and suppression agents are described. The organization of fire fighting personnel appropriate for Mars is addressed.

Fire Protection for Rural Communities.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hagevig, William A.

Fire protection in rural Alaskan communities depends on individual home fire prevention and protection rather than on the services offered by a centralized fire department. Even when help is summoned to extinguish a blaze, aid does not come in the form of a cadre of highly trained firefighters; it comes instead from whomever happens to be in the…

76 FR 70414 - National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) Proposes To Revise Codes and Standards

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-11-14

... DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE National Institute of Standards and Technology National Fire Protection... publishing this notice on behalf of the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) to announce the NFPA's proposal to revise some of its fire safety codes and standards and requests proposals from the public to...

14 CFR 23.1451 - Fire protection for oxygen equipment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Fire protection for oxygen equipment. 23... Equipment Miscellaneous Equipment § 23.1451 Fire protection for oxygen equipment. Oxygen equipment and lines... in, or escape from, any designated fire zone. (c) Be installed so that escaping oxygen cannot come in...

14 CFR 23.1451 - Fire protection for oxygen equipment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Fire protection for oxygen equipment. 23... Equipment Miscellaneous Equipment § 23.1451 Fire protection for oxygen equipment. Oxygen equipment and lines... in, or escape from, any designated fire zone. (c) Be installed so that escaping oxygen cannot come in...

14 CFR 23.1451 - Fire protection for oxygen equipment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Fire protection for oxygen equipment. 23... Equipment Miscellaneous Equipment § 23.1451 Fire protection for oxygen equipment. Oxygen equipment and lines... in, or escape from, any designated fire zone. (c) Be installed so that escaping oxygen cannot come in...

14 CFR 23.1451 - Fire protection for oxygen equipment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Fire protection for oxygen equipment. 23... Equipment Miscellaneous Equipment § 23.1451 Fire protection for oxygen equipment. Oxygen equipment and lines... in, or escape from, any designated fire zone. (c) Be installed so that escaping oxygen cannot come in...

14 CFR 23.1451 - Fire protection for oxygen equipment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Fire protection for oxygen equipment. 23... Equipment Miscellaneous Equipment § 23.1451 Fire protection for oxygen equipment. Oxygen equipment and lines... in, or escape from, any designated fire zone. (c) Be installed so that escaping oxygen cannot come in...

10 CFR 36.27 - Fire protection.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 10 Energy 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Fire protection. 36.27 Section 36.27 Energy NUCLEAR... Requirements for Irradiators § 36.27 Fire protection. (a) The radiation room at a panoramic irradiator must... become fully shielded if a fire is detected. (b) The radiation room at a panoramic irradiator must be...

Application of Graph Theory to Cost-Effective Fire Protection of Chemical Plants During Domino Effects.

PubMed

Khakzad, Nima; Landucci, Gabriele; Reniers, Genserik

2017-09-01

In the present study, we have introduced a methodology based on graph theory and multicriteria decision analysis for cost-effective fire protection of chemical plants subject to fire-induced domino effects. By modeling domino effects in chemical plants as a directed graph, the graph centrality measures such as out-closeness and betweenness scores can be used to identify the installations playing a key role in initiating and propagating potential domino effects. It is demonstrated that active fire protection of installations with the highest out-closeness score and passive fire protection of installations with the highest betweenness score are the most effective strategies for reducing the vulnerability of chemical plants to fire-induced domino effects. We have employed a dynamic graph analysis to investigate the impact of both the availability and the degradation of fire protection measures over time on the vulnerability of chemical plants. The results obtained from the graph analysis can further be prioritized using multicriteria decision analysis techniques such as the method of reference point to find the most cost-effective fire protection strategy. © 2016 Society for Risk Analysis.

33 CFR 149.419 - Can the water supply for the helicopter deck fire protection system be part of a fire water system?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 2 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Can the water supply for the... § 149.419 Can the water supply for the helicopter deck fire protection system be part of a fire water system? (a) The water supply for the helicopter deck fire protection system required under § 149.420 or...

Protecting the Library and Its Resources. A Guide to Physical Protection and Insurance.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Johnson, Edward M., Ed.

The first part of this manual contains information about providing physical protection for libraries and is organized into the following chapters--(1) types of physical losses, (2) the prevention of losses, (3) fire defense measures, (4) fire protection equipment, and (5) fire protection in library planning. The second part is concerned with…

46 CFR 181.320 - Fire hoses and nozzles.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 46 Shipping 7 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Fire hoses and nozzles. 181.320 Section 181.320 Shipping...) FIRE PROTECTION EQUIPMENT Fire Main System § 181.320 Fire hoses and nozzles. (a) A fire hose with a... cargo decks, where no protection is provided, hoses may be temporarily removed during heavy weather or...

46 CFR 181.320 - Fire hoses and nozzles.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 46 Shipping 7 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Fire hoses and nozzles. 181.320 Section 181.320 Shipping...) FIRE PROTECTION EQUIPMENT Fire Main System § 181.320 Fire hoses and nozzles. (a) A fire hose with a... cargo decks, where no protection is provided, hoses may be temporarily removed during heavy weather or...

46 CFR 181.320 - Fire hoses and nozzles.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 46 Shipping 7 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Fire hoses and nozzles. 181.320 Section 181.320 Shipping...) FIRE PROTECTION EQUIPMENT Fire Main System § 181.320 Fire hoses and nozzles. (a) A fire hose with a... cargo decks, where no protection is provided, hoses may be temporarily removed during heavy weather or...

46 CFR 181.320 - Fire hoses and nozzles.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 46 Shipping 7 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Fire hoses and nozzles. 181.320 Section 181.320 Shipping...) FIRE PROTECTION EQUIPMENT Fire Main System § 181.320 Fire hoses and nozzles. (a) A fire hose with a... cargo decks, where no protection is provided, hoses may be temporarily removed during heavy weather or...

41 CFR 102-80.135 - Who is a qualified fire protection engineer?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... protection engineer? 102-80.135 Section 102-80.135 Public Contracts and Property Management Federal Property... qualified fire protection engineer? A qualified fire protection engineer is defined as an individual with a..., spread, and suppression, meeting one of the following criteria: (a) An engineer having an undergraduate...

41 CFR 102-80.135 - Who is a qualified fire protection engineer?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... protection engineer? 102-80.135 Section 102-80.135 Public Contracts and Property Management Federal Property... qualified fire protection engineer? A qualified fire protection engineer is defined as an individual with a..., spread, and suppression, meeting one of the following criteria: (a) An engineer having an undergraduate...

41 CFR 102-80.135 - Who is a qualified fire protection engineer?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... protection engineer? 102-80.135 Section 102-80.135 Public Contracts and Property Management Federal Property... qualified fire protection engineer? A qualified fire protection engineer is defined as an individual with a..., spread, and suppression, meeting one of the following criteria: (a) An engineer having an undergraduate...

41 CFR 102-80.135 - Who is a qualified fire protection engineer?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... protection engineer? 102-80.135 Section 102-80.135 Public Contracts and Property Management Federal Property... qualified fire protection engineer? A qualified fire protection engineer is defined as an individual with a..., spread, and suppression, meeting one of the following criteria: (a) An engineer having an undergraduate...

46 CFR 28.155 - Excess fire detection and protection equipment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 46 Shipping 1 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Excess fire detection and protection equipment. 28.155... protection equipment. Installation of fire detection and protection equipment in excess of that required by the regulations in this subchapter is permitted provided that the excess equipment does not endanger...

29 CFR 1915.507 - Land-side fire protection systems.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... specific recommendations in NFPA 14-2003 Standard for the Installation of Standpipe and Hose Systems... 29 Labor 7 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Land-side fire protection systems. 1915.507 Section 1915... Protection in Shipyard Employment § 1915.507 Land-side fire protection systems. (a) Employer responsibilities...

Fire Safety Technician

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Moore, Pam

2007-01-01

Fire protection is one of the most important considerations in the construction and operation of industrial plants and commercial buildings. Fire insurance rates are determined by fire probability factors, such as the type of construction, ease of transporting personnel, and the quality and quantity of fire protection equipment available. Because…

Social Networks and Adaptation to Environmental Change: The Case of Central Oregon's Fire-Prone Forest Landscape

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fischer, A.

2012-12-01

Social networks are the patterned interactions among individuals and organizations through which people refine their beliefs and values, negotiate meanings for things and develop behavioral intentions. The structure of social networks has bearing on how people communicate information, generate and retain knowledge, make decisions and act collectively. Thus, social network structure is important for how people perceive, shape and adapt to the environment. We investigated the relationship between social network structure and human adaptation to wildfire risk in the fire-prone forested landscape of Central Oregon. We conducted descriptive and non-parametric social network analysis on data gathered through interviews to 1) characterize the structure of the network of organizations involved in forest and wildfire issues and 2) determine whether network structure is associated with organizations' beliefs, values and behaviors regarding fire and forest management. Preliminary findings indicate that fire protection and forest-related organizations do not frequently communicate or cooperate, suggesting that opportunities for joint problem-solving, innovation and collective action are limited. Preliminary findings also suggest that organizations with diverse partners are more likely to hold adaptive beliefs about wildfire and work cooperatively. We discuss the implications of social network structure for adaptation to changing environmental conditions such as wildfire risk.

40 CFR Appendix E to Part 75 - Optional NOX Emissions Estimation Protocol for Gas-Fired Peaking Units and Oil-Fired Peaking Units

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 17 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Optional NOX Emissions Estimation Protocol for Gas-Fired Peaking Units and Oil-Fired Peaking Units E Appendix E to Part 75 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) CONTINUOUS EMISSION...

40 CFR Appendix E to Part 75 - Optional NOX Emissions Estimation Protocol for Gas-Fired Peaking Units and Oil-Fired Peaking Units

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 17 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Optional NOX Emissions Estimation Protocol for Gas-Fired Peaking Units and Oil-Fired Peaking Units E Appendix E to Part 75 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) CONTINUOUS EMISSION...

Effects of fire on ash thickness in a Lithuanian grassland and short-term spatio-temporal changes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pereira, P.; Cerdà, A.; Úbeda, X.; Mataix-Solera, J.; Martin, D.; Jordán, A.; Burguet, M.

2012-12-01

Ash thickness is a key variable in the protection of soil against erosion agents after planned and unplanned fires. Thicker ash provides better protection against raindrop impact and reduces the runoff response by retaining water and promoting water infiltration although little is known about the distribution and the evolution of the ash layer after the fires. Ash thickness measurements were conducted along two transects (flat and sloping areas) following a a grid experimental design. Both transects extended from the burned area into an adjacent unburned area. We analysed ash thickness evolution according to time and fire severity. In order to interpolate data with accuracy and identify the techniques with the least bias, several interpolation methods were tested in the grid plot. Overall, the fire had a low severity. The fire significantly reduced the ground cover, especially on sloping areas owing to the higher fire severity and/or less biomass previous to the fire. Ash thickness depends on fire severity and is thin where fire severity was higher and thicker in lower fire severity sites. The ash thickness decreased with time after the fire. Between 4 and 16 days after the fire, ash was transported by wind. The major reduction took place between 16 and 34 days after the fire as a result of rainfall, and was more efficient where fire severity was higher. Between 34 and 45 days after the fire no significant differences in ash thickness were identified among ash colours and only traces of the ash layer remained. The omni-directional experimental variograms shown that variable structure did not change importantly with the time, however, the most accurate interpolation methods were different highlighting the slight different patterns of ash thickness distribution with the time. The ash spatial variability increased with the time, particularly on the slope, as a result of water erosion.

5 CFR 551.215 - Fire protection activities and 7(k) coverage for FLSA pay and exemption determinations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... similar employees involved in fire protection research or in the design and development of fire protection... Protection and Prevention series, including any qualified firefighter who is assigned to perform support... considerations; (ii) Employees in positions properly classified in other series, such as Forestry Technician, for...

5 CFR 551.215 - Fire protection activities and 7(k) coverage for FLSA pay and exemption determinations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... similar employees involved in fire protection research or in the design and development of fire protection... Protection and Prevention series, including any qualified firefighter who is assigned to perform support... considerations; (ii) Employees in positions properly classified in other series, such as Forestry Technician, for...

5 CFR 551.215 - Fire protection activities and 7(k) coverage for FLSA pay and exemption determinations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... similar employees involved in fire protection research or in the design and development of fire protection... Protection and Prevention series, including any qualified firefighter who is assigned to perform support... considerations; (ii) Employees in positions properly classified in other series, such as Forestry Technician, for...

New Technology for the Fire Attire

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1982-01-01

Although little can be done to reduce the risks of firefighting, something can be done to curb the injuries and fatalities. This is the goal of Project FIRES, a program jointly sponsored by NASA and the Federal Emergency Management Agency's U.S. Fire Administration with technical management provided by Marshall Space Flight Center. Project FIRES (Firefighter's Integrated Response Equipment System) involves applications of advanced materials and design concepts, derived from Apollo to update existing gear which does not adequately protect against many of the hazards encountered in fire suppression activities. A major focus of the effort involves application to the FIRES ensemble of lightweight, fire-resistant, heat-protective materials originally developed for use in astronauts' space suits or in spacecraft components which require thermal protection. Data from the fourteen municipal fire departments participating in the field evaluation will form a basis for development of new nationwide protective ensemble students.

Emergency Response Capability Baseline Needs Assessment - Requirements Document

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Sharry, John A.

This document was prepared by John A. Sharry, LLNL Fire Marshal and LLNL Division Leader for Fire Protection and reviewed by LLNL Emergency Management Department Head James Colson. The document follows and expands upon the format and contents of the DOE Model Fire Protection Baseline Capabilities Assessment document contained on the DOE Fire Protection Web Site, but only addresses emergency response.

10 CFR Appendix R to Part 50 - Fire Protection Program for Nuclear Power Facilities Operating Prior to January 1, 1979

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... could occur in a nuclear power plant. These sessions shall provide brigade members with experience in... A. Fire protection program. A fire protection program shall be established at each nuclear power... fires that could occur in the plant and in using the types of equipment available in the nuclear power...

DEVELOPMENT OF ALTERNATIVE, NON-HALOGEN FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM

EPA Science Inventory

With the phaseout of halon production, two alternative technologies - water misting and low-residue particulates - have come to the fire protection forefront. These technologies use water or dry chemicals in reduced quantities to provide acceptable fire protection. A review and a...

41 CFR 102-80.90 - Is the Fire Administration Authorization Act of 1992 (Public Law 102-522) relevant to fire...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 41 Public Contracts and Property Management 3 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Is the Fire Administration Authorization Act of 1992 (Public Law 102-522) relevant to fire protection engineering? 102-80.90... Authorization Act of 1992 (Public Law 102-522) relevant to fire protection engineering? Yes, the Fire...

41 CFR 102-80.90 - Is the Fire Administration Authorization Act of 1992 (Public Law 102-522) relevant to fire...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 41 Public Contracts and Property Management 3 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Is the Fire Administration Authorization Act of 1992 (Public Law 102-522) relevant to fire protection engineering? 102-80.90... Authorization Act of 1992 (Public Law 102-522) relevant to fire protection engineering? Yes, the Fire...

41 CFR 102-80.90 - Is the Fire Administration Authorization Act of 1992 (Public Law 102-522) relevant to fire...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 41 Public Contracts and Property Management 3 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Is the Fire Administration Authorization Act of 1992 (Public Law 102-522) relevant to fire protection engineering? 102-80.90... Authorization Act of 1992 (Public Law 102-522) relevant to fire protection engineering? Yes, the Fire...

41 CFR 102-80.90 - Is the Fire Administration Authorization Act of 1992 (Public Law 102-522) relevant to fire...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 41 Public Contracts and Property Management 3 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Is the Fire Administration Authorization Act of 1992 (Public Law 102-522) relevant to fire protection engineering? 102-80.90... Authorization Act of 1992 (Public Law 102-522) relevant to fire protection engineering? Yes, the Fire...

41 CFR 102-80.90 - Is the Fire Administration Authorization Act of 1992 (Public Law 102-522) relevant to fire...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 41 Public Contracts and Property Management 3 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Is the Fire Administration Authorization Act of 1992 (Public Law 102-522) relevant to fire protection engineering? 102-80.90... Authorization Act of 1992 (Public Law 102-522) relevant to fire protection engineering? Yes, the Fire...

[Hospital under fire--take home message from one war].

PubMed

Shasha, Shaul M

2010-07-01

Future conflicts in our region will no longer be limited to clashes between opposing armies. Unlike past wars, which by and large did not target places of worship and hospitals, such structures will not be immune from attack in the "total wars" of the future, nor will the civilian population be spared. Hospitals may be hit by enemy fire and must, therefore, be ready to work under adverse conditions and emergency situations. This article describes the accumulated experience of our hospital as a confrontation Line medical facility for over 30 years, sustaining direct hits with injuries to people and damage to buildings. Lessons from those confrontations, particularly the second Lebanon war, are discussed and recommendations to other hospitals formulated, essentially highlighting the following: The need to protect the hospital's physical structures in order to guarantee the safety of patients, staff and visitors in the event of conventionaL or non-conventional war. The provision of protected transportation for the staff and in-hospitaL day-camps and dormitories for their children in order to bolster the presence of the staff on board and enable them to work unperturbed. Preparation of the hospital for work under fire, drafting emergency procedures that are custom-tailored to the needs of the hospital, particularly the evacuation of patients from vulnerable wards to protected areas, and drilling the entire staff regularly and methodically.

Linking management effectiveness indicators to observed effects of protected areas on fire occurrence in the Amazon rainforest.

PubMed

Nolte, Christoph; Agrawal, Arun

2013-02-01

Management-effectiveness scores are used widely by donors and implementers of conservation projects to prioritize, track, and evaluate investments in protected areas. However, there is little evidence that these scores actually reflect the capacity of protected areas to deliver conservation outcomes. We examined the relation between indicators of management effectiveness in protected areas and the effectiveness of protected areas in reducing fire occurrence in the Amazon rainforest. We used data collected with the Management Effectiveness Tracking Tool (METT) scorecard, adopted by some of the world's largest conservation organizations to track management characteristics believed to be crucial for protected-area effectiveness. We used the occurrence of forest fires from 2000 through 2010 as a measure of the effect of protected areas on undesired land-cover change in the Amazon basin. We used matching to compare the estimated effect of protected areas with low versus high METT scores on fire occurrence. We also estimated effects of individual protected areas on fire occurrence and explored the relation between these effects and METT scores. The relations between METT scores and effects of protected areas on fire occurrence were weak. Protected areas with higher METT scores in 2005 did not seem to have performed better than protected areas with lower METT scores at reducing fire occurrence over the last 10 years. Further research into the relations between management-effectiveness indicators and conservation outcomes in protected areas seems necessary, and our results show that the careful application of matching methods can be a suitable method for that purpose. ©2012 Society for Conservation Biology.

Integrated Personal Protective Equipment Standards Support Model

DTIC Science & Technology

2008-04-01

traditional SCBA showed that the distribution of the weight is important as well. Twelve firefighters performed simulated fire -fighting and rescue exercises...respiratory equipment standards and five National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) protective suit, clothing, and respirator standards. The...respirators. The clothing standards were for protective ensembles for urban search and rescue operations, open circuit SCBA for fire and emergency

Methods and devices used in the wildfire localization for the protection of forest ecosystems

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kasymov, D. P.; Fateyev, V. N.; Zima, V. P.

2017-11-01

The development of devices for localization and extinguishing of wildland fires based on knowledge of the flame structure, including the drying zone, heating, pyrolysis, mixing with oxygen in the air, using relatively small energy disturbances (shock waves), which minimizes the damage caused to the environment have been represented. Using of the considered technical solutions leading to increase the effectiveness and efficiency of activities to combat wildland fires has been shown.

14 CFR 25.854 - Lavatory fire protection.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... AIRWORTHINESS STANDARDS: TRANSPORT CATEGORY AIRPLANES Design and Construction Fire Protection § 25.854 Lavatory fire protection. For airplanes with a passenger capacity of 20 or more: (a) Each lavatory must be... disposal receptacle for towels, paper, or waste, located within the lavatory. The extinguisher must be...

Sprinkler System Installer. Occupational Analyses Series.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Chinien, Chris; Boutin, France

This analysis covers tasks performed by a sprinkler system installer, an occupational title some provinces and territories of Canada have also identified as pipefitter--fire protection mechanic specialty; sprinkler and fire protection installer; sprinkler and fire protection systems installer; and sprinkler fitter. A guide to analysis discusses…

Fire modeling in a nonventilated corridor

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lulea, Marius Dorin; Iordache, Vlad; Năstase, Ilinca

2018-02-01

The main objective of this study was to determine the effect of fire in a nonventilated corridor. A real-scale model of a corridor has been modeled in Fire Dynamics Simulator(F.D.S.) in order to determine the evolution of indoor temperatures, the visibility and the oxygen quantities during a fire. The start time of a sprinkler has also been determined. The use of sprinklers in buildings has become a necessity and a requirement imposed by technical norms. The provision of this type of installation has become a common feature in buildings with a high fire risk, with two main effects: fire extinction and protection of structural and partition elements from high temperatures[15]. The ultimate goal is to ensure optimal conditions for saving the building users, intervention teams and maintaining the stability of the building. Low temperatures and good visibility on the escape routes during a fire are the basic conditions to ensure the optimal evacuation of users.

A cut-cell immersed boundary technique for fire dynamics simulation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Vanella, Marcos; McDermott, Randall; Forney, Glenn

2015-11-01

Fire simulation around complex geometry is gaining increasing attention in performance based design of fire protection systems, fire-structure interaction and pollutant transport in complex terrains, among others. This presentation will focus on our present effort in improving the capability of FDS (Fire Dynamics Simulator, developed at the Fire Research Division, NIST. https://github.com/firemodels/fds-smv) to represent fire scenarios around complex bodies. Velocities in the vicinity of the bodies are reconstructed using a classical immersed boundary scheme (Fadlun and co-workers, J. Comput. Phys., 161:35-60, 2000). Also, a conservative treatment of scalar transport equations (i.e. for chemical species) will be presented. In our method, discrete conservation and no penetration of species across solid boundaries are enforced using a cut-cell finite volume scheme. The small cell problem inherent to the method is tackled using explicit-implicit domain decomposition for scalar, within the FDS time integration scheme. Some details on the derivation, implementation and numerical tests of this numerical scheme will be discussed.

48 CFR 252.246-7004 - Safety of Facilities, Infrastructure, and Equipment for Military Operations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

..., Infrastructure, and Equipment for Military Operations. As prescribed in 246.270-4, use the following clause... contract comply with Unified Facilities Criteria (UFC) 1-200-01 for— (1) Fire protection; (2) Structural...

48 CFR 252.246-7004 - Safety of Facilities, Infrastructure, and Equipment for Military Operations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

..., Infrastructure, and Equipment for Military Operations. As prescribed in 246.270-4, use the following clause... contract comply with Unified Facilities Criteria (UFC) 1-200-01 for— (1) Fire protection; (2) Structural...

48 CFR 252.246-7004 - Safety of Facilities, Infrastructure, and Equipment for Military Operations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

..., Infrastructure, and Equipment for Military Operations. As prescribed in 246.270-4, use the following clause... contract comply with Unified Facilities Criteria (UFC) 1-200-01 for— (1) Fire protection; (2) Structural...

History of Fire Events in the U.S. Commercial Nuclear Industry

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Bijan Najafi; Joglar-Biloch, Francisco; Kassawara, Robert P.

2002-07-01

Over the past decade, interest in performance-based fire protection has increased within the nuclear industry. In support of this growing interest, in 1997 the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) developed a long-range plan to develop/improve data and tools needed to support Risk-Informed/Performance-Based fire protection. This plan calls for continued improvement in collection and use of information obtained from fire events at nuclear plants. The data collection process has the objectives of improving the insights gained from such data and reducing the uncertainty in fire risk and fire modeling methods in order to make them a more reliable basis for performancemore » based fire protection programs. In keeping with these objectives, EPRI continues to collect, review and analyze fire events in support of the nuclear industry. EPRI collects these records in cooperation with the Nuclear Electric Insurance Limited (NEIL), by compiling public fire event reports and by direct solicitation of U.S. nuclear facilities. EPRI fire data collection project is based on the principle that the understanding of history is one of the cornerstones of improving fire protection technology and practice. Therefore, the goal has been to develop and maintain a comprehensive database of fire events with flexibility to support various aspects of fire protection engineering. With more than 1850 fire records over a period of three decades and 2400 reactor years, this is the most comprehensive database of nuclear power industry fire events in existence today. In general, the frequency of fires in the U.S. commercial nuclear industry remains constant. In few cases, e.g., transient fires and fires in BWR offgas/recombiner systems, where either increasing or decreasing trends are observed, these trends tend to slow after 1980. The key issues in improving quality of the data remain to be consistency of the recording and reporting of fire events and difficulties in collection of records. EPRI has made significant progress towards improving the quality of the fire events data through use of multiple collection methods as well as its review and verification. To date EPRI has used this data to develop a generic fire ignition frequency model for U.S. nuclear power industry (Ref. 1, 4 and 5) as well as to support other models in support of EPRI Fire Risk Methods such as a cable fire manual suppression model. EPRI will continue its effort to collect and analyze operating data to support risk informed/performance based fire safety engineering, including collection and analysis of impairment data for fire protection systems and features. This paper provides details on the collection and application of fire events to risk informed/performance based fire protection. The paper also provides valuable insights into improving both collection and use of fire events data. (authors)« less

14 CFR 29.1359 - Electrical system fire and smoke protection.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... TRANSPORTATION AIRCRAFT AIRWORTHINESS STANDARDS: TRANSPORT CATEGORY ROTORCRAFT Equipment Electrical Systems and Equipment § 29.1359 Electrical system fire and smoke protection. (a) Components of the electrical system... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Electrical system fire and smoke protection...

Thermal Response of UHMWPE Materials in a Flash Flame Test Environment

DTIC Science & Technology

2014-11-13

Evaluation of Flame Resistant Clothing for Protection Against Fire Simulations Using an Instrumented Manikin. Several UHMWPE fabrics were tested underneath...PROTECTIVE CLOTHING COTTON FLASH FLAMES UNDERGARMENTS TEST AND EVALUATION FABRICS FLAME TESTING FIRE ...PROTECTION FIRE RESISTANT TEXTILES UHMWPE(ULTRA HIGH MOLECULAR WEIGHT POLYETHYLENE

Safety survey report EBR-II safety survey, ANL-west health protection, industrial safety and fire protection survey

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Dunbar, K.A.

1972-01-10

A safety survey covering the disciplines of Reactor Safety, Nuclear Criticality Safety, Health Protection and Industrial Safety and Fire Protection was conducted at the ANL-West EBR-II FEF Complex during the period January 10-18, 1972. In addition, the entire ANL-West site was surveyed for Health Protection and Industrial Safety and Fire Protection. The survey was conducted by members of the AEC Chicago Operations Office, a member of RDT-HQ and a member of the RDT-ID site office. Eighteen recommendations resulted from the survey, eleven in the area of Industrial Safety and Fire Protection, five in the area of Reactor Safety and twomore » in the area of Nuclear Criticality Safety.« less

40 CFR Appendix D to Part 75 - Optional SO2 Emissions Data Protocol for Gas-Fired and Oil-Fired Units

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 17 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Optional SO2 Emissions Data Protocol for Gas-Fired and Oil-Fired Units D Appendix D to Part 75 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) CONTINUOUS EMISSION MONITORING Pt. 75, App. D Appendix D to Part 75—Optional SO2 Emissions Data...

CFES--California Fire Economics Simulator: A Computerized System for Wildland Fire Protection Planning

Treesearch

Jeremy S. Fried; J. Keith Gilless; Robert E. Martin

1987-01-01

The University of California's Department of Forestry and Resource Management, under contract with the California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection, has developed and released the first version of the California Fire Economics Simulator (CFES). The current release is adapted from the Initial Action Assessment component of the USFS's National Fire...

29 CFR Appendix A to Subpart P to... - Model Fire Safety Plan (Non-Mandatory)

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... Subpart P to Part 1915 Labor Regulations Relating to Labor (Continued) OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH... Fire Protection in Shipyard Employment Pt. 1915, Subpt. P, App. A Appendix A to Subpart P to Part 1915... fire. D. Potential ignition sources for fires and how to control them. E. Types of fire protection...

29 CFR Appendix A to Subpart P to... - Model Fire Safety Plan (Non-Mandatory)

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Subpart P to Part 1915 Labor Regulations Relating to Labor (Continued) OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH... Fire Protection in Shipyard Employment Pt. 1915, Subpt. P, App. A Appendix A to Subpart P to Part 1915... fire. D. Potential ignition sources for fires and how to control them. E. Types of fire protection...

Quality control of fireproof coatings for reinforced concrete structures

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gravit, Marina; Dmitriev, Ivan; Ishkov, Alexander

2017-10-01

The article analyzes methods of quality inspection of fireproof coatings (work flow, measuring, laboratory, etc.). In modern construction there is a problem of lack of distinct monitoring for the fire protection testing. There is a description of this testing for reinforced concrete structures. The article shows the results of calculation quality control of hatches as an example of fireproof coating for reinforced concrete structures.

Manual Fire Suppression Methods on Typical Machinery Space Spray Fires

DTIC Science & Technology

1990-07-31

Aqueous Film Forming Foam Manuscnpt approved April 25, 1990. ( AFFF ), has been incorporated in machinery space fire protection systems to...distribution unlimited. 13. ABSTRACT (Maximum 200 words) A series of tests was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of Aqueous Film Forming Foami ( AFFF ...machinery space fire protection systems to control running fuel and fuel spray fires (PKP side of TAFES), and bilge fires ( aqueous film forming foam

33 CFR 127.1507 - Water systems for fire protection.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 2 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Water systems for fire protection... HAZARDOUS GAS Waterfront Facilities Handling Liquefied Hazardous Gas Firefighting Equipment § 127.1507 Water systems for fire protection. (a) Each waterfront facility handling LHG must have a supply of water and a...

14 CFR 25.863 - Flammable fluid fire protection.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Flammable fluid fire protection. 25.863....863 Flammable fluid fire protection. (a) In each area where flammable fluids or vapors might escape by..., fireproof containment, or use of extinguishing agents. (5) Ability of airplane components that are critical...

14 CFR 27.863 - Flammable fluid fire protection.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Flammable fluid fire protection. 27.863....863 Flammable fluid fire protection. (a) In each area where flammable fluids or vapors might escape by..., fireproof containment, or use of extinguishing agents. (5) Ability of rotorcraft components that are...

14 CFR 27.863 - Flammable fluid fire protection.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Flammable fluid fire protection. 27.863....863 Flammable fluid fire protection. (a) In each area where flammable fluids or vapors might escape by..., fireproof containment, or use of extinguishing agents. (5) Ability of rotorcraft components that are...

14 CFR 29.863 - Flammable fluid fire protection.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Flammable fluid fire protection. 29.863... § 29.863 Flammable fluid fire protection. (a) In each area where flammable fluids or vapors might..., shutting down equipment, fireproof containment, or use of extinguishing agents. (5) Ability of rotorcraft...

14 CFR 29.863 - Flammable fluid fire protection.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Flammable fluid fire protection. 29.863... § 29.863 Flammable fluid fire protection. (a) In each area where flammable fluids or vapors might..., shutting down equipment, fireproof containment, or use of extinguishing agents. (5) Ability of rotorcraft...

14 CFR 25.863 - Flammable fluid fire protection.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Flammable fluid fire protection. 25.863....863 Flammable fluid fire protection. (a) In each area where flammable fluids or vapors might escape by..., fireproof containment, or use of extinguishing agents. (5) Ability of airplane components that are critical...

14 CFR 29.863 - Flammable fluid fire protection.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Flammable fluid fire protection. 29.863... § 29.863 Flammable fluid fire protection. (a) In each area where flammable fluids or vapors might..., shutting down equipment, fireproof containment, or use of extinguishing agents. (5) Ability of rotorcraft...

14 CFR 29.863 - Flammable fluid fire protection.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Flammable fluid fire protection. 29.863... § 29.863 Flammable fluid fire protection. (a) In each area where flammable fluids or vapors might..., shutting down equipment, fireproof containment, or use of extinguishing agents. (5) Ability of rotorcraft...

14 CFR 25.863 - Flammable fluid fire protection.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Flammable fluid fire protection. 25.863....863 Flammable fluid fire protection. (a) In each area where flammable fluids or vapors might escape by..., fireproof containment, or use of extinguishing agents. (5) Ability of airplane components that are critical...

14 CFR 27.863 - Flammable fluid fire protection.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Flammable fluid fire protection. 27.863....863 Flammable fluid fire protection. (a) In each area where flammable fluids or vapors might escape by..., fireproof containment, or use of extinguishing agents. (5) Ability of rotorcraft components that are...

14 CFR 25.863 - Flammable fluid fire protection.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Flammable fluid fire protection. 25.863....863 Flammable fluid fire protection. (a) In each area where flammable fluids or vapors might escape by..., fireproof containment, or use of extinguishing agents. (5) Ability of airplane components that are critical...

14 CFR 27.863 - Flammable fluid fire protection.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Flammable fluid fire protection. 27.863....863 Flammable fluid fire protection. (a) In each area where flammable fluids or vapors might escape by..., fireproof containment, or use of extinguishing agents. (5) Ability of rotorcraft components that are...

14 CFR 27.863 - Flammable fluid fire protection.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Flammable fluid fire protection. 27.863....863 Flammable fluid fire protection. (a) In each area where flammable fluids or vapors might escape by..., fireproof containment, or use of extinguishing agents. (5) Ability of rotorcraft components that are...

Safe Passage

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Razwick, Jeff

2007-01-01

Many schools are almost entirely reliant on alarms and sprinklers for their fire protection. As these devices need to be triggered and supplied with power or water to work properly, they are vulnerable to errors. To provide adequate safety, a good fire-protection program must have three primary elements: fire protection and suppression, and…

Protection against fire in the mountainous forests of Greece case study: forest complex of W. Nestos

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Drosos, Vasileios C.; Giannoulas, Vasileios J.; Stergiadou, Anastasia; Karagiannis, Evaggelos; Doukas, Aristotelis-Kosmas G.

2014-08-01

Forest fires are an ancient phenomenon. Appear, however, with devastating frequency and intensity over the last 30 years. In our country, the climatic conditions in combination with the intense relief, favor their rapid spread. Considering the fact that environmental conditions provided for decades even worse (increased temperature, drought and vegetation), then the problem of forest fires in our country, is expected to become more intense. The work focuses on the optimization model of the opening up of the forest mountain areas taking into account the prevention and suppression of forest fires. Research area is the mountain forest complex of W. Nestos of Drama Prefecture. The percentage of forest protection area is examined under the light whether the total hose length corresponds to the actual operational capacity to reach a fire source. For this reason are decided to present a three case study concerning area of the forest being protected by fire extinguishing vehicles. The first one corresponds to a fire suppression bandwidth (buffer zone) with a capacity radius of 150m uphill and 250m downhill from the origin point where the fire extinguishing vehicle stands. The second one corresponds to a fire suppression capacity of 200m uphill and 400m downhill and the third one corresponds to a fire suppression capacity of 300m uphill and 500m downhill. The most important forest technical infrastructures to prevent fire are roads network (opening up) for fire protection and buffer zones. Patrols of small and agile 4 × 4 appropriately equipped (pipe length of 500 meters and putting pressure on uphill to 300 meters) for the first attack of the fire in the summer months coupled with early warning of fire observatories adequately cover the forest protection of W. Nestos complex. But spatial distribution needed improvements to a road density of the optimum economic Dec, both forest protection and for better management (skidding) of woody capital.

The usage of phase change materials in fire fighter protective clothing: its effect on thermal protection

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhao, Mengmeng

2017-12-01

The thermal protective performance of the fire fighter protective clothing is of vital importance for fire fighters. In the study fabrics treated by phase change materials (PCMs) were applied in the multi-layered fabrics of the fire fighter protective clothing ensemble. The PCM fabrics were placed at the different layers of the clothing and their thermal protective performance were measured by a TPP tester. Results show that with the application of the PCM fabrics the thermal protection of the multi-layered fabrics was greatly increased. The time to reach a second degree burn was largely reduced. The location of the PCM fabrics at the different layers did not affect much on the thermal protective performance. The higher amount of the PCM adds on, the higher thermal protection was brought. The fabrics with PCMs of a higher melting temperature could contribute to higher thermal protection.

PYRONES: pyro-modeling and evacuation simulation system

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kanellos, Tassos; Doulgerakis, Adam; Georgiou, Eftichia; Kountouriotis, Vassilios I.; Paterakis, Manolis; Thomopoulos, Stelios C. A.; Pappou, Theodora; Vrahliotis, Socrates I.; Rekouniotis, Thrasos; Protopsaltis, Byron; Rozenberg, Ofir; Livneh, Ofer

2016-05-01

Structural fires continue to pose a great threat towards human life and property. Due to the complexity and non-deterministic characteristics of a building fire disaster, it is not a straightforward task to assess the effectiveness of fire protection measures embedded in the building design, planned evacuation strategies and potential modes of response for mitigating the fire's consequences. Additionally, there is a lack of means that realistically and accurately recreate the conditions of building fire disasters for the purpose of training personnel in order to be sufficiently prepared when vis-a-vis with such an environment. The propagation of fire within a building, the diffusion of its volatile products, the behavior of the occupants and the sustained injuries not only exhibit non-linear behaviors as individual phenomena, but are also intertwined in a web of co-dependencies. The PYRONES system has been developed to address all these aspects through a comprehensive approach that relies on accurate and realistic computer simulations of the individual phenomena and their interactions. PYRONES offers innovative tools and services to strategically targeted niches in two market domains. In the domain of building design and engineering, PYRONES is seamlessly integrated within existing engineering Building Information Modelling (BIM) workflows and serves as a building performance assessment platform, able to evaluate fire protection systems. On another front, PYRONES penetrates the building security management market, serving as a holistic training platform for specialists in evacuation strategy planning, firefighters and first responders, both at a Command and Control and at an individual trainee level.

Allocating fuel breaks to optimally protect structures in the wildland-urban interface

Treesearch

Avi Bar-Massada; Volker C. Radeloff; Susan I. Stewart

2011-01-01

Wildland fire is a major concern in the wildland-urban interface (WUI), where human structures intermingle with wildland vegetation. Reducing wildfire risk in the WUI is more complicated than in wildland areas, owing to interactions between spatial patterns of housing and wildland fuels. Fuel treatments are commonly applied in wildlands surrounding WUI communities....

Experimental Study on the Fire Performance of Tubular Steel Columns with Membrane Protections for Prefabricated and Modular Steel Construction

PubMed Central

Zhang, Xin; Peng, Lei; Ni, Zhao-peng; Ni, Tian-xiao; Huang, Yi-liang; Zhou, Yang

2018-01-01

Experimental research was conducted to study the fire resistance of steel tubular columns used in prefabricated and modular construction. In order to achieve high-efficient prefabrication and fast on-site installation, membrane protections using board products and thermal insulation blankets are adopted as the favorable protection method. Three protected tubular columns were tested in a full-scale column furnace with axial load applied. The study variables were different membranes, including fiber reinforced calcium silicate (FRCS) boards, rock wool and aluminum silica (Fiberfrax) insulations. The results suggest that one layer of 12 mm FRCS board with rock wool insulation has insufficient fire protection. However, steel columns protected with two layers of 12 mm FRCS boards with insulation appeared to have good fire resistances and could achieve a fire resistance rating as high as 2.5~3.0 h. PMID:29547574

Modeling heat and moisture transport in firefighter protective clothing during flash fire exposure

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chitrphiromsri, Patirop; Kuznetsov, Andrey V.

2005-01-01

In this paper, a model of heat and moisture transport in firefighter protective clothing during a flash fire exposure is presented. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of coupled heat and moisture transport on the protective performance of the garment. Computational results show the distribution of temperature and moisture content in the fabric during the exposure to the flash fire as well as during the cool-down period. Moreover, the duration of the exposure during which the garment protects the firefighter from getting second and third degree burns from the flash fire exposure is numerically predicted. A complete model for the fire-fabric-air gap-skin system is presented.

77 FR 31325 - National Fire Codes: Request for Comments on NFPA Technical Committee Reports

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-05-25

... DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE National Institute of Standards and Technology National Fire Codes: Request... publishing this notice on behalf of the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) to announce the... National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) has accomplished its mission by advocating scientifically based...

77 FR 74381 - Protection of Stratospheric Ozone: Listing of Substitutes for Ozone Depleting Substances-Fire...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-12-14

... Protection of Stratospheric Ozone: Listing of Substitutes for Ozone Depleting Substances--Fire Suppression... a companion proposed rule issuing listings for three fire suppressants under EPA's Significant New... companion proposed rule issuing listings for three fire suppressants under EPA's Significant New...

48 CFR 36.102 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... CONTRACTING CONSTRUCTION AND ARCHITECT-ENGINEER CONTRACTS General 36.102 Definitions. As used in this part— Contract is intended to refer to a contract for construction or a contract for architect-engineer services..., structural, electrical, mechanical, and fire protection), producing the technical specifications and drawings...

48 CFR 36.102 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... CONTRACTING CONSTRUCTION AND ARCHITECT-ENGINEER CONTRACTS General 36.102 Definitions. As used in this part— Contract is intended to refer to a contract for construction or a contract for architect-engineer services..., structural, electrical, mechanical, and fire protection), producing the technical specifications and drawings...

48 CFR 36.102 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... CONTRACTING CONSTRUCTION AND ARCHITECT-ENGINEER CONTRACTS General 36.102 Definitions. As used in this part— Contract is intended to refer to a contract for construction or a contract for architect-engineer services..., structural, electrical, mechanical, and fire protection), producing the technical specifications and drawings...

48 CFR 36.102 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... CONTRACTING CONSTRUCTION AND ARCHITECT-ENGINEER CONTRACTS General 36.102 Definitions. As used in this part— Contract is intended to refer to a contract for construction or a contract for architect-engineer services..., structural, electrical, mechanical, and fire protection), producing the technical specifications and drawings...

48 CFR 36.102 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... CONTRACTING CONSTRUCTION AND ARCHITECT-ENGINEER CONTRACTS General 36.102 Definitions. As used in this part— Contract is intended to refer to a contract for construction or a contract for architect-engineer services..., structural, electrical, mechanical, and fire protection), producing the technical specifications and drawings...

In situ thermal condensation of glucose-diammonium phosphate in wood for fire and fungal decay protection

Treesearch

George Chen

2009-01-01

Thermal condensation of glucose-diammonium phosphate in wood at 160 and 190[degrees]C will protect wood against fire and decay in one treatment using an aqueous system. For fire protection, treatments at 160 or 190[degrees]C led to low flammability as evidenced by fire-tube tests. For nonleached wood, weight losses were 1.9, 2.0, and 2.0% with chemical retentions of 56...

Forest fire laboratory at Riverside and fire research in California: past, present, and future

Treesearch

Carl C. Wilson; James B. Davis

1988-01-01

The need for protection from uncontrolled fire in California was identified by Abbott Kinney, Chairman of the State Board of Forestry, more than 75 years before the construction of the Riverside Forest Fire Laboratory. With the organization of the USDA Forest Service the need for an effective fire protection organization became apparent. In response, a...

14 CFR 29.863 - Flammable fluid fire protection.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... AIRCRAFT AIRWORTHINESS STANDARDS: TRANSPORT CATEGORY ROTORCRAFT Design and Construction Fire Protection... sources, including electrical faults, overheating of equipment, and malfunctioning of protective devices...

30 CFR 77.1916 - Welding, cutting, and soldering; fire protection.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 1 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Welding, cutting, and soldering; fire... OF UNDERGROUND COAL MINES Slope and Shaft Sinking § 77.1916 Welding, cutting, and soldering; fire protection. (a) One portable fire extinguisher shall be provided where welding, cutting, or soldering with...

New fire retardant foams and intumescents

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Parker, J. A.

1972-01-01

The development of fire retardant foams and intumescent paints for protection of commercial aircraft passengers in the event of fire is discussed. Recommended materials and methods for evaluating the effectiveness of the materials are presented. Typical problems resulting from aircraft fires and the basic protective mechanisms to cope with these problems are examined.

77 FR 67628 - National Fire Codes: Request for Public Input for Revision of Codes and Standards

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-11-13

... DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE National Institute of Standards and Technology National Fire Codes: Request... Technology, Commerce. ACTION: Notice. SUMMARY: This notice contains the list of National Fire Protection... the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) to announce the NFPA's proposal to revise some of its...

78 FR 24729 - National Fire Codes: Request for Comments on NFPA's Codes and Standards

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-04-26

... DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE National Institute of Standards and Technology National Fire Codes: Request... this notice on behalf of the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) to announce the availability...: Since 1896, the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) has accomplished its mission by advocating...

78 FR 24725 - National Fire Codes: Request for Public Input for Revision of Codes and Standards

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-04-26

... DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE National Institute of Standards and Technology National Fire Codes: Request... Technology, Commerce. ACTION: Notice. SUMMARY: This notice contains the list of National Fire Protection... the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) to announce the NFPA's proposal to revise some of its...

76 FR 22381 - National Fire Codes: Request for Comments on NFPA Technical Committee Reports

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-04-21

... DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE National Institute of Standards and Technology National Fire Codes: Request... publishing this notice on behalf of the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) to announce the..., Massachusetts 02169-7471, (617) 770-3000. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Since 1896, the National Fire Protection...

Managing the Library Fire Risk.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Morris, John

A discussion of fire risks, causes, prevention, and salvage in libraries is presented in text and photographs. A description of some historic library fires demonstrates the value of adequate protection and preparedness programs to minimize loss and damage. The need for fire retardant construction and protection from valdalism and arson are…

30 CFR 77.1916 - Welding, cutting, and soldering; fire protection.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 1 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Welding, cutting, and soldering; fire... OF UNDERGROUND COAL MINES Slope and Shaft Sinking § 77.1916 Welding, cutting, and soldering; fire protection. (a) One portable fire extinguisher shall be provided where welding, cutting, or soldering with...

30 CFR 77.1916 - Welding, cutting, and soldering; fire protection.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 1 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Welding, cutting, and soldering; fire... OF UNDERGROUND COAL MINES Slope and Shaft Sinking § 77.1916 Welding, cutting, and soldering; fire protection. (a) One portable fire extinguisher shall be provided where welding, cutting, or soldering with...

30 CFR 77.1916 - Welding, cutting, and soldering; fire protection.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 1 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Welding, cutting, and soldering; fire... OF UNDERGROUND COAL MINES Slope and Shaft Sinking § 77.1916 Welding, cutting, and soldering; fire protection. (a) One portable fire extinguisher shall be provided where welding, cutting, or soldering with...

30 CFR 77.1916 - Welding, cutting, and soldering; fire protection.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 1 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Welding, cutting, and soldering; fire... OF UNDERGROUND COAL MINES Slope and Shaft Sinking § 77.1916 Welding, cutting, and soldering; fire protection. (a) One portable fire extinguisher shall be provided where welding, cutting, or soldering with...

Monitoring of fire incidences in vegetation types and Protected Areas of India: Implications on carbon emissions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Reddy, C. Sudhakar; Padma Alekhya, V. V. L.; Saranya, K. R. L.; Athira, K.; Jha, C. S.; Diwakar, P. G.; Dadhwal, V. K.

2017-02-01

Carbon emissions released from forest fires have been identified as an environmental issue in the context of global warming. This study provides data on spatial and temporal patterns of fire incidences, burnt area and carbon emissions covering natural vegetation types (forest, scrub and grassland) and Protected Areas of India. The total area affected by fire in the forest, scrub and grasslands have been estimated as 48765.45, 6540.97 and 1821.33 km 2, respectively, in 2014 using Resourcesat-2 AWiFS data. The total CO 2 emissions from fires of these vegetation types in India were estimated to be 98.11 Tg during 2014. The highest emissions were caused by dry deciduous forests, followed by moist deciduous forests. The fire season typically occurs in February, March, April and May in different parts of India. Monthly CO 2 emissions from fires for different vegetation types have been calculated for February, March, April and May and estimated as 2.26, 33.53, 32.15 and 30.17 Tg, respectively. Protected Areas represent 11.46% of the total natural vegetation cover of India. Analysis of fire occurrences over a 10-year period with two types of sensor data, i.e., AWiFS and MODIS, have found fires in 281 (out of 614) Protected Areas of India. About 16.78 Tg of CO 2 emissions were estimated in Protected Areas in 2014. The natural vegetation types of Protected Areas have contributed for burnt area of 17.3% and CO 2 emissions of 17.1% as compared to total natural vegetation burnt area and emissions in India in 2014. 9.4% of the total vegetation in the Protected Areas was burnt in 2014. Our results suggest that Protected Areas have to be considered for strict fire management as an effective strategy for mitigating climate change and biodiversity conservation.

Reserves Protect against Deforestation Fires in the Amazon

PubMed Central

Adeney, J. Marion; Christensen, Norman L.; Pimm, Stuart L.

2009-01-01

Background Reserves are the principal means to conserve forests and biodiversity, but the question of whether reserves work is still debated. In the Amazon, fires are closely linked to deforestation, and thus can be used as a proxy for reserve effectiveness in protecting forest cover. We ask whether reserves in the Brazilian Amazon provide effective protection against deforestation and consequently fires, whether that protection is because of their location or their legal status, and whether some reserve types are more effective than others. Methodology/Principal Findings Previous work has shown that most Amazonian fires occur close to roads and are more frequent in El Niño years. We quantified these relationships for reserves and unprotected areas by examining satellite-detected hot pixels regressed against road distance across the entire Brazilian Amazon and for a decade with 2 El Niño-related droughts. Deforestation fires, as measured by hot pixels, declined exponentially with increasing distance from roads in all areas. Fewer deforestation fires occurred within protected areas than outside and the difference between protected and unprotected areas was greatest near roads. Thus, reserves were especially effective at preventing these fires where they are known to be most likely to burn; but they did not provide absolute protection. Even within reserves, at a given distance from roads, there were more deforestation fires in regions with high human impact than in those with low impact. The effect of El Niño on deforestation fires was greatest outside of reserves and near roads. Indigenous reserves, limited-use reserves, and fully protected reserves all had fewer fires than outside areas and did not appear to differ in their effectiveness. Conclusions/Significance Taking time, regional factors, and climate into account, our results show that reserves are an effective tool for curbing destructive burning in the Amazon. PMID:19352423

33 CFR 149.418 - What fire protection system must a helicopter fueling facility have?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... a helicopter fueling facility have? 149.418 Section 149.418 Navigation and Navigable Waters COAST... protection system must a helicopter fueling facility have? In addition to the portable fire extinguishers required under table 149.409, each helicopter fueling facility must have a fire protection system complying...

33 CFR 149.418 - What fire protection system must a helicopter fueling facility have?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... a helicopter fueling facility have? 149.418 Section 149.418 Navigation and Navigable Waters COAST... protection system must a helicopter fueling facility have? In addition to the portable fire extinguishers required under table 149.409, each helicopter fueling facility must have a fire protection system complying...

33 CFR 149.418 - What fire protection system must a helicopter fueling facility have?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... a helicopter fueling facility have? 149.418 Section 149.418 Navigation and Navigable Waters COAST... protection system must a helicopter fueling facility have? In addition to the portable fire extinguishers required under Table 149.409 of this part, each helicopter fueling facility must have a fire protection...

33 CFR 149.418 - What fire protection system must a helicopter fueling facility have?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... a helicopter fueling facility have? 149.418 Section 149.418 Navigation and Navigable Waters COAST... protection system must a helicopter fueling facility have? In addition to the portable fire extinguishers required under Table 149.409 of this part, each helicopter fueling facility must have a fire protection...

33 CFR 149.418 - What fire protection system must a helicopter fueling facility have?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... a helicopter fueling facility have? 149.418 Section 149.418 Navigation and Navigable Waters COAST... protection system must a helicopter fueling facility have? In addition to the portable fire extinguishers required under table 149.409, each helicopter fueling facility must have a fire protection system complying...

46 CFR 28.825 - Excess fire detection and protection equipment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 46 Shipping 1 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Excess fire detection and protection equipment. 28.825... equipment. Instead of meeting the requirements of § 28.155, each vessel to which this subpart applies must meet the following requirements: (a) Installation of fire detection and protection equipment in excess...

Exploratory breath analyses for assessing toxic dermal exposures of firefighters during suppression of structural burns.

PubMed

Pleil, Joachim D; Stiegel, Matthew A; Fent, Kenneth W

2014-09-01

Firefighters wear fireproof clothing and self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) during rescue and fire suppression activities to protect against acute effects from heat and toxic chemicals. Fire services are also concerned about long-term health outcomes from chemical exposures over a working lifetime, in particular about low-level exposures that might serve as initiating events for adverse outcome pathways (AOP) leading to cancer. As part of a larger US National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) study of dermal exposure protection from safety gear used by the City of Chicago firefighters, we collected pre- and post-fire fighting breath samples and analyzed for single-ring and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons as bioindicators of occupational exposure to gas-phase toxicants. Under the assumption that SCBA protects completely against inhalation exposures, any changes in the exhaled profile of combustion products were attributed to dermal exposures from gas and particle penetration through the protective clothing. Two separate rounds of firefighting activity were performed each with 15 firefighters per round. Exhaled breath samples were collected onto adsorbent tubes and analyzed with gas-chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) with a targeted approach using selective ion monitoring. We found that single ring aromatics and some PAHs were statistically elevated in post-firefighting samples of some individuals, suggesting that fire protective gear may allow for dermal exposures to airborne contaminants. However, in comparison to a previous occupational study of Air Force maintenance personnel where similar compounds were measured, these exposures are much lower suggesting that firefighters' gear is very effective. This study suggests that exhaled breath sampling and analysis for specific targeted compounds is a suitable method for assessing systemic dermal exposure in a simple and non-invasive manner.

Rx fire laws: tools to protect fire: the `ecological imperative?

Treesearch

Dale Wade; Steven Miller; Johnny Stowe; James Brenner

2006-01-01

The South is the birthplace of statutes and ordinances that both advocate and protect the cultural heritage of woods burning, which has been practiced in this region uninterrupted for more than 10,000 years. We present a brief overview of fire use in the South and discuss why most southern states recognized early on that periodic fire was necessary to sustain fire...

30 CFR 75.1107-8 - Fire suppression devices; extinguishant supply systems.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... Protection Fire Suppression Devices and Fire-Resistant Hydraulic Fluids on Underground Equipment § 75.1107-8... liquid chemical to protect attended equipment shall: (1) Be maintained at a pressure consistent with the...

30 CFR 75.1107-8 - Fire suppression devices; extinguishant supply systems.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... Protection Fire Suppression Devices and Fire-Resistant Hydraulic Fluids on Underground Equipment § 75.1107-8... liquid chemical to protect attended equipment shall: (1) Be maintained at a pressure consistent with the...

14 CFR 25.863 - Flammable fluid fire protection.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... AIRCRAFT AIRWORTHINESS STANDARDS: TRANSPORT CATEGORY AIRPLANES Design and Construction Fire Protection § 25..., including electrical faults, overheating of equipment, and malfunctioning of protective devices. (4) Means...

Fire-Resistant Reinforcement Makes Steel Structures Sturdier

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

2006-01-01

Built and designed by Avco Corporation, the Apollo heat shield was coated with an ablative material whose purpose was to burn and, thus, dissipate energy. The material charred to form a protective coating which blocked heat penetration beyond the outer surface. Avco Corporation subsequently entered into a contract with Ames Research Center to develop spinoff applications of the heat shield in the arena of fire protection, specifically for the development of fire-retardant paints and foams for aircraft. This experience led to the production of Chartek 59, manufactured by Avco Specialty Materials (a subsidiary of Avco Corporation eventually acquired by Textron, Inc.) and marketed as the world s first intumescent epoxy material. As an intumescent coating, Chartek 59 expanded in volume when exposed to heat or flames and acted as an insulating barrier. It also retained its space-age ablative properties and dissipated heat through burn-off. Further applications were discovered, and the fireproofing formulation found its way into oil refineries, chemical plants, and other industrial facilities working with highly flammable products.

78 FR 6133 - Agency Information Collection Activities; Submission for OMB Review; Comment Request; Fire...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-01-29

... for OMB Review; Comment Request; Fire Protection in Underground Coal Mines ACTION: Notice. SUMMARY... information collection request (ICR) revision titled, ``Fire Protection in Underground Coal Mines,'' to the... sections of part 75 require fire drills to be conducted quarterly, equipment to be tested, and a record to...

Maximal physical work performance with European standard based fire-protective clothing system and equipment in relation to individual characteristics.

PubMed

Louhevaara, V; Ilmarinen, R; Griefahn, B; Künemund, C; Mäkinen, H

1995-01-01

Every fire fighter needs to wear fire-protective clothing and a self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) several times a year while carrying out various fire-fighting and rescue operations in hazardous work environments. The aim of the present study was to quantify the effects of a multilayer turnout suit designed to fulfil European standard EN 469 used over standardized (Nordic) clothing and with SCBA (total mass 25.9 kg) on maximal physical work performance, and to evaluate the relationship between individual characteristics and power output with the fire-protective clothing system and SCBA. The subjects were 12 healthy firemen aged 26-46 years. The range of their body mass, body fat and maximal oxygen consumption was 69-101 kg, 10-20% and 2.70-5.86 l.min-1, respectively. The maximal tests without (control) and with the fire-protective clothing system and SCBA were carried out on a treadmill in a thermoneutral environment. When compared to the control test, the decrease in the maximal power output in terms of maximal working time and walking speed averaged 25% (P < 0.001) varying from 18% to 34% with the fire-protective clothing system and SCBA. At maximum, no significant differences were found in pulmonary ventilation, absolute oxygen consumption, the respiratory exchange ratio, heart rate, systolic blood pressure, the rate-pressure product, mechanical efficiency, and the rating of perceived exertion between the tests with and without the fire-protective clothing system and SCBA. The reduction of the power output was related to the extra mass of the fire protective clothing and SCBA.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Crew Exploration Vehicle Environmental Control and Life Support Fire Protection Approach

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Lewis, John F.; Barido, Richard; Tuan, George C.

2007-01-01

As part of preparing for the Crew Exploration Vehicle (CEV), the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) worked on developing the requirements to manage the fire risk. The new CEV poses unique challenges to current fire protection systems. The size and configuration of the vehicle resembles the Apollo capsule instead of the current Space Shuttle or the International Space Station. The smaller free air volume and fully cold plated avionic bays of the CEV requires a different approach in fire protection than the ones currently utilized. The fire protection approach discussed in this paper incorporates historical lessons learned and fire detection and suppression system design philosophy spanning from Apollo to the International Space Station. Working with NASA fire and materials experts, this approach outlines the best requirements for both the closed out area of the vehicle, such as the avionics bay, and the crew cabin area to address the unique challenges due to the size and configuration of the CEV.

Zebra Mussel Chemical Control Guide, Version 2.0

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-07-01

delivery systems, including potable water treatment, agriculture, industry, power generation, and fire protection. Since this invasive organism’s...delivery systems, including potable water treatment, agriculture, industry, power generation, and fire protection (Mackie and Claudi 2010). Zebra mussels...generators, pipes, valves, sensing equipment (level, flow, and pressure) and fire protection (Mackie and Claudi 2010; Prescott et al. 2014). Other USACE

14 CFR Appendix C to Part 27 - Criteria for Category A

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Criteria for Category A C Appendix C to... AIRWORTHINESS STANDARDS: NORMAL CATEGORY ROTORCRAFT Pt. 27, App. C Appendix C to Part 27—Criteria for Category A... tail rotor structure. 29.861(a)—Fire protection of structure, controls, and other parts. 29.901(c...

14 CFR Appendix C to Part 27 - Criteria for Category A

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Criteria for Category A C Appendix C to... AIRWORTHINESS STANDARDS: NORMAL CATEGORY ROTORCRAFT Pt. 27, App. C Appendix C to Part 27—Criteria for Category A... tail rotor structure. 29.861(a)—Fire protection of structure, controls, and other parts. 29.901(c...

Behaviour of fibre reinforced polymer confined reinforced concrete columns under fire condition

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chowdhury, Ershad Ullah

In recent years, fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) materials have demonstrated enormous potential as materials for repairing and retrofitting concrete bridges that have deteriorated from factors such as electro-chemical corrosion and increased load requirements. However, concerns associated with fire remain an obstacle to applications of FRP materials in buildings and parking garages due to FRP's sensitivity to high temperatures as compared with other structural materials and to limited knowledge on their thermal and mechanical behaviour in fire. This thesis presents results from an ongoing study on the fire performance of FRP materials, fire insulation materials and systems, and FRP wrapped reinforced concrete columns. The overall goal of the study is to understand the fire behaviour of FRP materials and FRP strengthened concrete columns and ultimately, provide rational fire safety design recommendations and guidelines for FRP strengthened concrete columns. A combined experimental and numerical investigation was conducted to achieve the goals of this research study. The experimental work consisted of both small-scale FRP material testing at elevated temperatures and full-scale fire tests on FRP strengthened columns. A numerical model was developed to simulate the behaviour of unwrapped reinforced concrete and FRP strengthened reinforced concrete square or rectangular columns in fire. After validating the numerical model against test data available in literature, it was determined that the numerical model can be used to analyze the behaviour of concrete axial compressive members in fire. Results from this study also demonstrated that although FRP materials experience considerable loss of their mechanical and bond properties at temperatures somewhat below the glass transition temperature of the resin matrix, externally-bonded FRP can be used in strengthening concrete structural members in buildings, if appropriate supplemental fire protection system is provided over the FRP strengthening system.

Scientific and social challenges for the management of fire-prone wildland-urban interfaces

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gill, A. Malcolm; Stephens, Scott L.

2009-09-01

At their worst, fires at the rural-urban or wildland-urban interface cause tragic loss of human lives and homes, but mitigating these fire effects through management elicits many social and scientific challenges. This paper addresses four interconnected management challenges posed by socially disastrous landscape fires. The issues concern various assets (particularly houses, human life and biodiversity), fuel treatments, and fire and human behaviours. The topics considered are: 'asset protection zones'; 'defensible space' and urban fire spread in relation to house ignition and loss; 'stay-or-go' policy and the prediction of time available for safe egress and the possible conflict between the creation of defensible space and wildland management objectives. The first scientific challenge is to model the effective width of an asset protection zone of an urban area. The second is to consider the effect of vegetation around a house, potentially defensible space, on fire arrival at the structure. The third scientific challenge is to present stakeholders with accurate information on rates of spread, and where the fire front is located, so as to allow them to plan safe egress or preparation time in their particular circumstances. The fourth scientific challenge is to be able to predict the effects of fires on wildland species composition. Associated with each scientific challenge is a social challenge: for the first two scientific challenges the social challenge is to co-ordinate fuel management within and between the urban and rural or wildland sides of the interface. For the third scientific challenge, the social challenge is to be aware of, and appropriately use, fire danger information so that the potential for safe egress from a home can be estimated most accurately. Finally, the fourth social challenge is to for local residents of wildland-urban interfaces with an interest in biodiversity conservation to understand the effects of fire regimes on biodiversity, thereby assisting hard-pressed wildland managers to make informed choices.

Noise Exposure on a Warship during Firing of a Heavy Machine Gun.

PubMed

Paddan, Gurmail S

2015-11-01

Sound pressure levels were measured on a military ship during firing of a Heavy Machine Gun (HMG). Measurements were made at three locations on the ship's bridge (the wheelhouse) and one location on the starboard bridge wing. The highest peak sound pressure levels measured on the bridge wing and on the bridge were 160.7 dB(C) (2170 Pa) and 122.7 dB(C) (27.3 Pa), respectively. The highest sound exposure levels measured on the bridge wing and on the bridge corresponding to one round being fired were 127.8 dB(A) and 88.9 dB(A), respectively. The ship's structure provided about 40 dB attenuation in the transmitted noise. The operator of the weapon would be required to wear some form of hearing protection. Based on the measured peak noise levels, there would be no requirement for bridge crew to wear any hearing protection during firing of a HMG. However, crew exposure to noise on the bridge is likely to exceed the upper exposure action value corresponding to 85 dB(A) after about 11 750 rounds. © The Author 2015. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the British Occupational Hygiene Society.

Occupational Noise Exposure on a Royal Navy Warship During Weapon Fire

PubMed Central

Paddan, Gurmail Singh

2016-01-01

Introduction: Measurements were made of the sound pressure levels on a military ship HMS Grimsby during firing of a Heavy Machine Gun (HMG) mounted on the starboard bridge wing. The measurement positions comprised three locations on the ship's bridge (the wheelhouse) and one location on the starboard bridge wing. Equipment and Procedure: The three locations on the bridge were the starboard door, centre and port door. A total of 255 burst firings were measured during the survey comprising 850 rounds with each burst encompassing from 1 to 10 rounds. Analysis: The data have been assessed and interpreted in accordance with the Control of Noise at Work Regulations 2005. Results: The highest peak sound pressure levels measured on the bridge wing and on the bridge were 160.7 dB(C) (2170 Pa) and 122.7 dB(C) (27.3 Pa), respectively. The highest sound exposure levels measured on the bridge wing and on the bridge corresponding to one round being fired were 127.8 dB(A) and 88.9 dB(A), respectively. The ship's structure provided about 40 dB attenuation in the transmitted noise. Discussion: The operator of the weapon would be required to wear some form of hearing protection. On the basis of the measured peak noise levels, there would be no requirement for bridge crew to wear any hearing protection during firing of a HMG. However, crew exposure to noise on the bridge is likely to exceed the upper exposure action value corresponding to 85 dB(A) after about 11,750 rounds. Conclusions: Measurements made on the bridge wings are likely to be affected by reflections from the ship's structure. PMID:27762256

Occupational noise exposure on a Royal Navy warship during weapon fire.

PubMed

Paddan, Gurmail Singh

2016-01-01

Measurements were made of the sound pressure levels on a military ship HMS Grimsby during firing of a Heavy Machine Gun (HMG) mounted on the starboard bridge wing. The measurement positions comprised three locations on the ship's bridge (the wheelhouse) and one location on the starboard bridge wing. Equipment and Procedure: The three locations on the bridge were the starboard door, centre and port door. A total of 255 burst firings were measured during the survey comprising 850 rounds with each burst encompassing from 1 to 10 rounds. The data have been assessed and interpreted in accordance with the Control of Noise at Work Regulations 2005. The highest peak sound pressure levels measured on the bridge wing and on the bridge were 160.7 dB(C) (2170 Pa) and 122.7 dB(C) (27.3 Pa), respectively. The highest sound exposure levels measured on the bridge wing and on the bridge corresponding to one round being fired were 127.8 dB(A) and 88.9 dB(A), respectively. The ship's structure provided about 40 dB attenuation in the transmitted noise. The operator of the weapon would be required to wear some form of hearing protection. On the basis of the measured peak noise levels, there would be no requirement for bridge crew to wear any hearing protection during firing of a HMG. However, crew exposure to noise on the bridge is likely to exceed the upper exposure action value corresponding to 85 dB(A) after about 11,750 rounds. Measurements made on the bridge wings are likely to be affected by reflections from the ship's structure.

29 CFR 1915.501 - General provisions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... safety plan including hazards, controls, fire safety and health rules, and emergency procedures; (ii... (CONTINUED) OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH STANDARDS FOR SHIPYARD EMPLOYMENT Fire Protection in Shipyard... require employers to protect all employees from fire hazards in shipyard employment, including employees...

29 CFR 1915.501 - General provisions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... safety plan including hazards, controls, fire safety and health rules, and emergency procedures; (ii... (CONTINUED) OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH STANDARDS FOR SHIPYARD EMPLOYMENT Fire Protection in Shipyard... require employers to protect all employees from fire hazards in shipyard employment, including employees...

29 CFR 1915.501 - General provisions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... safety plan including hazards, controls, fire safety and health rules, and emergency procedures; (ii... (CONTINUED) OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH STANDARDS FOR SHIPYARD EMPLOYMENT Fire Protection in Shipyard... require employers to protect all employees from fire hazards in shipyard employment, including employees...

Resistance of eastern hardwood stems to fire injury and damage

Treesearch

Kevin T. Smith; Elaine Kennedy Sutherland

2006-01-01

This paper reviews the protective features and defensive responses of eastern hardwood species exposed to fire. Trees survive fire through protective features such as thick bark and the induced defenses of compartmentalization. Dissection of trees exposed to prescribed fire in an oak forest in southern Ohio highlights the need to distinguish between bark scorch, stem...

Potential fire behavior in pine flatwood forests following three different fuel reduction techniques

Treesearch

Patrick Brose; Dale Wade

2002-01-01

A computer modeling study to determine the potential fire behavior in pine flatwood forests following three fuel hazard reduction treatments: herbicide, prescribed fire and thinning was conducted in Florida following the 1998 wildfire season. Prescribed fire provided immediate protection but this protection quickly disappeared as the rough recovered. Thinning had a...

40 CFR Appendix P to Subpart G of... - Substitutes Listed in the September 27, 2006 Final Rule, Effective November 27, 2006

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... latest edition of the NFPA 2001 Standard for Clean Agent Fire Extinguishing Systems, for whichever... requirements. 4—The agent should be recovered from the fire protection system in conjunction with testing or... coverage related to the use of personal protective equipment (e.g., respiratory protection), fire...

40 CFR Appendix P to Subpart G of... - Substitutes Listed in the September 27, 2006 Final Rule, Effective November 27, 2006

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... latest edition of the NFPA 2001 Standard for Clean Agent Fire Extinguishing Systems, for whichever... requirements. 4—The agent should be recovered from the fire protection system in conjunction with testing or... coverage related to the use of personal protective equipment (e.g., respiratory protection), fire...

40 CFR Appendix P to Subpart G of... - Substitutes Listed in the September 27, 2006 Final Rule, Effective November 27, 2006

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... latest edition of the NFPA 2001 Standard for Clean Agent Fire Extinguishing Systems, for whichever... requirements. 4—The agent should be recovered from the fire protection system in conjunction with testing or... coverage related to the use of personal protective equipment (e.g., respiratory protection), fire...

Synthesis and evaluation of borates derived from boric acid for fire and decay protections

Treesearch

George Chen

1999-01-01

The degradation of wood by decay, fire and UV constitutes the three major losses of wood products in use. Commercial wood preservatives including chromated copper arsenate(CCA) and pentachlorophenol(penta) can only protect wood from decay. Dual protections of wood against decay and fire or decay and UV if acheivable are more desirable. Many phosphorus and boron...

Laboratory investigation of fire protection coatings for creosote-treated timber railroad bridges

Treesearch

Carol A. Clausen; Robert H. White; James P. Wacker; Stan T. Lebow; Mark A. Dietenberger; Samuel L. Zelinka; Nicole M. Stark

2014-01-01

As the incidence of timber railroad bridge fires increases, so has the need to develop protective measures to reduce the risk from accidental ignitions primarily caused by hot metal objects. Of the six barrier treatments evaluated in the laboratory for their ability to protect timbers from fires sourced with ignition from hot metal objects only one intumescent coating...

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

ENVIRONMENTAL AND WASTE MANAGEMENT SERVICES DIVISION

This Wildland Fire Management Plan (FMP) for Brookhaven National Lab (BNL) and the Upton Ecological and Research Reserve (Upton Reserve) is based on the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service (FWS) fire management planning procedures and was developed in cooperation with the Department of Energy (DOE) by Brookhaven Science Associates. As the Upton Reserve is contained within the BNL 5,265-acre site, it is logical that the plan applies to both the Upton Reserve and BNL. The Department of the Interior policy for managing wildland fires requires that all areas managed by FWS that can sustain fire must have an FMP thatmore » details fire management guidelines for operational procedures and specifies values to be protected or enhanced. Fire management plans provide guidance on fire preparedness, fire prevention, wildfire suppression, and the use of controlled, ''prescribed'' fires and mechanical means to control the amount of available combustible material. Values reflected in the BNL/Upton Reserve Wildland FMP include protecting life and public safety; Lab properties, structures and improvements; cultural and historical sites; neighboring private and public properties; and endangered and threatened species and species of concern. Other values supported by the plan include the enhancement of fire-dependent ecosystems at BNL and the Upton Reserve. This FMP will be reviewed periodically to ensure the fire program advances and evolves with the missions of FWS, BNL, and the Upton Reserve. This Fire Management Plan is a modified version of the Long Island National Wildlife Refuge Complex Fire plan (updated in 2000), which contains all FWS fire plan requirements and is presented in the format specified by the national template for fire management plans adopted under the National Fire Plan. The DOE is one of the signatory agencies on the National Fire Plan. FWS shall be, through an Interagency Agreement dated November 2000 (Appendix C), responsible for coordinating and implementing prescribed burns and fuel reduction projects in the Upton Reserve. Prescribed fire and fuel reduction in locations outside the Upton Reserve will be coordinated through the Natural Resource Management Program at BNL, and done in consultation with FWS. This FMP is to be used and implemented for the entire BNL site including the Upton Reserve and has been reviewed by FWS, The Nature Conservancy, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation Forest Rangers, and DOE, as well as appropriate BNL emergency services personnel.« less

Fire impacts on European Boreal soils: A review

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pereira, Paulo; Oliva, Marc; Cerda, Artemi

2016-04-01

Fire is an important natural disturbance in boreal ecosystems, fundamental to understand plant distribution (Ryan, 2002; Wallenius et al., 2004; Granstrom, 2001). Nevertheless, nowadays the intense and successful, fire suppression measures are changing their ecological role (Pereira et al., 2013a,b). This is consequence of the lack of understanding of stakeholders and decision makers about the role of the fire in the ecosystems (Mierasukas and Pereira, 2013; Pereira et al., 2016). This fire suppression measures are increasing the amount of fuel accumulation and the risk of severe wildfires, which can increase of frequency and severity in a context of climate change. Fire is a good tool for landscape management and restoration of degraded ecosystems (Toivanen and Kotiaho, 2007). Fire is considered a soil forming factor (Certini, 2014) and in boreal environments it has been observed that low fire severities, do not change importantly soil properties, mean fire severities induce positive impacts on soil, since add an important amounts of nutrients into soil profile and high severity fires had negative impacts due to the high consumption of organic matter (Vanha-Majamaa et al., 2007; Pereira et al., 2014). References Certini, G., 2014. Fire as a soil-forming factor. Ambio, 43, 191-195 Granstrom A. 2001. Fire management for biodiversity in the European Boreal forest. Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research 3: 62-69. Mierauskas, P., Pereira, P. (2013) Stakeholders perception about prescribed fire use in Lithuania. First results, Flamma, 4(3), 157-161. Pereira, P., Cerdà, A., Jordán, A., Bolutiene, V., Úbeda, X., Pranskevicius, M., Mataix-Solera, J. (2013) Spatio-temporal vegetation recuperation after a grassland fire in Lithuania, Procedia Environmental Sciences, 19:856-864 Pereira, P., Mierauskas, P., Ubeda, X., Mataix-Solera, J.,Cerda, A. (2012) Fire in protected areas - the effect of the protection and importance of fire management, Environmental Research, Engineering and Management, 1(59), 52-62. Pereira, P., Ubeda, X., Mataix-Solera, J., Oliva, M., Novara, A. (2014) Short-term spatio-temporal spring grassland fire effects on soil colour,organic matter and water repellency in Lithuania, Solid Earth, 5, 209-225. Ryan KC. 2002. Dynamic Interactions between forest structure and fire behavioural in boreal ecosystems. Silva Fennica 36: 13-39 Toivanen T, Kotiaho JS. 2007. Mimicking natural disturbances of boreal forests: the effects of controlled burning and creating dead wood on beetle diversity. Biodiversity Conservation 16: 3193-3211.

Lightning Protection Certification for High Explosives Facilities at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Clancy, T J; Brown, C G; Ong, M M

2006-01-11

Presented here is an innovation in lighting safety certification, and a description of its implementation for high explosives processing and storage facilities at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. Lightning rods have proven useful in the protection of wooden structures; however, modern structures made of rebar, concrete, and the like, require fresh thinking. Our process involves a rigorous and unique approach to lightning safety for modern buildings, where the internal voltages and currents are quantified and the risk assessed. To follow are the main technical aspects of lightning protection for modern structures and these methods comply with the requirements of the Nationalmore » Fire Protection Association, the National Electrical Code, and the Department of Energy [1][2]. At the date of this release, we have certified over 70 HE processing and storage cells at our Site 300 facility.« less

Risks and issues in fire safety on the Space Station

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Friedman, Robert

1993-01-01

A fire in the inhabited portion of a spacecraft is a greatly feared hazard, but fire protection in space operations is complicated by two factors. First, the spacecraft cabin is an enclosed volume, which limits the resources for fire fighting and the options for crew escape. Second, an orbiting spacecraft experiences a balance of forces, creating a near-zero-gravity (microgravity) environment that profoundly affects the characteristics of fire initiation, spread, and suppression. The current Shuttle Orbiter is protected by a fire-detection and suppression system whose requirements are derived of necessity from accepted terrestrial and aircraft standards. While experience has shown that Shuttle fire safety is adequate, designers recognize that improved systems to respond specifically to microgravity fire characteristics are highly desirable. Innovative technology is particularly advisable for the Space Station, a forthcoming space community with a complex configuration and long-duration orbital missions, in which the effectiveness of current fire-protection systems is unpredictable. The development of risk assessments to evaluate the probabilities and consequences of fire incidents in spacecraft are briefly reviewed. It further discusses the important unresolved issues and needs for improved fire safety in the Space Station, including those of material selection, spacecraft atmospheres, fire detection, fire suppression, and post-fire restoration.

46 CFR 95.17-25 - Additional protection required.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... FIRE PROTECTION EQUIPMENT Foam Extinguishing Systems, Details § 95.17-25 Additional protection required. (a) In order that any residual fires above the floor plates may be extinguished when a foam system is...

46 CFR 95.17-25 - Additional protection required.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... FIRE PROTECTION EQUIPMENT Foam Extinguishing Systems, Details § 95.17-25 Additional protection required. (a) In order that any residual fires above the floor plates may be extinguished when a foam system is...

40 CFR Appendix J to Subpart G of... - Substitutes listed in the January 29, 2002 Final Rule, effective April 1, 2002

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... from the fire protection system in conjunction with testing or servicing, and recycled for later use or... protective equipment (e.g., respiratory protection), fire protection, hazard communication, worker training...

40 CFR Appendix J to Subpart G of... - Substitutes listed in the January 29, 2002 Final Rule, effective April 1, 2002

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... from the fire protection system in conjunction with testing or servicing, and recycled for later use or... protective equipment (e.g., respiratory protection), fire protection, hazard communication, worker training...

40 CFR Appendix J to Subpart G of... - Substitutes listed in the January 29, 2002 Final Rule, effective April 1, 2002

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... from the fire protection system in conjunction with testing or servicing, and recycled for later use or... protective equipment (e.g., respiratory protection), fire protection, hazard communication, worker training...

Development of a Midscale Test for Flame Resistant Protection

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-08-01

Evaluation of Flame Resistant Clothing for Protection against Fire Simulations Using an Instrumented Manikin, which provides both radiant and convective heat...TEST METHODS FIRE RESISTANT MATERIALS TORCHES SIMULATION TEST EQUIPMENT FLAME RESISTANT CLOTHING PERFORMANCE(ENGINEERING... fabric during a fire , and even after the fire has been extinguished. The best known full scale transmitted heat flux test is the "ASTM F1930

41 CFR 102-80.85 - Are Federally owned and leased buildings exempt from State and local code requirements in fire...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... leased buildings exempt from State and local code requirements in fire protection? 102-80.85 Section 102... Fire Prevention State and Local Codes § 102-80.85 Are Federally owned and leased buildings exempt from State and local code requirements in fire protection? Federally owned buildings are generally exempt...

41 CFR 102-80.85 - Are Federally owned and leased buildings exempt from State and local code requirements in fire...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... leased buildings exempt from State and local code requirements in fire protection? 102-80.85 Section 102... Fire Prevention State and Local Codes § 102-80.85 Are Federally owned and leased buildings exempt from State and local code requirements in fire protection? Federally owned buildings are generally exempt...

41 CFR 102-80.85 - Are Federally owned and leased buildings exempt from State and local code requirements in fire...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... leased buildings exempt from State and local code requirements in fire protection? 102-80.85 Section 102... Fire Prevention State and Local Codes § 102-80.85 Are Federally owned and leased buildings exempt from State and local code requirements in fire protection? Federally owned buildings are generally exempt...

41 CFR 102-80.85 - Are Federally owned and leased buildings exempt from State and local code requirements in fire...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... leased buildings exempt from State and local code requirements in fire protection? 102-80.85 Section 102... Fire Prevention State and Local Codes § 102-80.85 Are Federally owned and leased buildings exempt from State and local code requirements in fire protection? Federally owned buildings are generally exempt...

41 CFR 102-80.85 - Are Federally owned and leased buildings exempt from State and local code requirements in fire...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... leased buildings exempt from State and local code requirements in fire protection? 102-80.85 Section 102... Fire Prevention State and Local Codes § 102-80.85 Are Federally owned and leased buildings exempt from State and local code requirements in fire protection? Federally owned buildings are generally exempt...

46 CFR 72.05-5 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... Structural Fire Protection § 72.05-5 Definitions. Note: The parenthetical number after each space refers to... considered as including the following spaces: (1) Control stations, i.e., spaces containing the emergency source of power, and those spaces in which a continuous watch is maintained and in which navigating...

46 CFR 72.05-5 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... Structural Fire Protection § 72.05-5 Definitions. Note: The parenthetical number after each space refers to... considered as including the following spaces: (1) Control stations, i.e., spaces containing the emergency source of power, and those spaces in which a continuous watch is maintained and in which navigating...

46 CFR 72.05-5 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... Structural Fire Protection § 72.05-5 Definitions. Note: The parenthetical number after each space refers to... considered as including the following spaces: (1) Control stations, i.e., spaces containing the emergency source of power, and those spaces in which a continuous watch is maintained and in which navigating...

46 CFR 190.07-1 - Application.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 46 Shipping 7 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Application. 190.07-1 Section 190.07-1 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) OCEANOGRAPHIC RESEARCH VESSELS CONSTRUCTION AND ARRANGEMENT Structural Fire Protection § 190.07-1 Application. (a) The provisions of this subpart, with the...

Risk reduction in road and rail LPG transportation by passive fire protection.

PubMed

Paltrinieri, Nicola; Landucci, Gabriele; Molag, Menso; Bonvicini, Sarah; Spadoni, Gigliola; Cozzani, Valerio

2009-08-15

The potential reduction of risk in LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas) road transport due to the adoption of passive fire protections was investigated. Experimental data available for small scale vessels fully engulfed by a fire were extended to real scale road and rail tankers through a finite elements model. The results of mathematical simulations of real scale fire engulfment scenarios that may follow accidents involving LPG tankers proved the effectiveness of the thermal protections in preventing the "fired" BLEVE (Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapour Explosion) scenario. The presence of a thermal coating greatly increases the "time to failure", providing a time lapse that in the European experience may be considered sufficient to allow the start of effective mitigation actions by fire brigades. The results obtained were used to calculate the expected reduction of individual and societal risk due to LPG transportation in real case scenarios. The analysis confirmed that the introduction of passive fire protections turns out in a significant reduction of risk, up to an order of magnitude in the case of individual risk and of about 50% if the expectation value is considered. Thus, the adoption of passive fire protections, not compulsory in European regulations, may be an effective technical measure for risk reduction, and may contribute to achieve the control of "major accidents hazards" cited by the European legislation.

The interactive effects of herbivory and fire on an oligohaline marsh, Little Lake, Louisiana, USA

USGS Publications Warehouse

Taylor, K.L.; Grace, J.B.; Guntenspergen, G.R.; Foote, A.L.

1994-01-01

Herbivory and fire have been shown to affect the structure and composition of marsh communities. Because fire may alter plant species composition and cover, and these alterations may have an effect on this study, the effects of fire and vertebrate herbivory in a Louisiana oligohaline marsh were studied using small, controlled burns and animal enclosures. Mean total biomass was nearly 2 times greater in the plots protected from herbivory than in the plots subject to natural herbivory. Additionally, mean total biomass was over 1.5 times greater in the plots that remained unburned than in those that were burned. Two dominant perennial species, Spartina patens and Scirpus olneyi, were negatively affected by herbivory, but two annual sedges, Cyperus flavescens and Cyperus odorata, were positively affected. Burning reduced the aboveground biomass of Spartina patens and Bacopa monnieri. No species increased in biomass as a result of fire. No significant differences were found in species richness between herbivory treatments or between fire treatments. Although both herbivory and fire were found to cause significant changes in the vegetation, the interaction between herbivory and fire was not found to produce any significant effects in any test conducted.

Reusable Surface Insulation

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1997-01-01

Advanced Flexible Reusable Surface Insulation, developed by Ames Research Center, protects the Space Shuttle from the searing heat that engulfs it on reentry into the Earth's atmosphere. Initially integrated into the Space Shuttle by Rockwell International, production was transferred to Hi-Temp Insulation Inc. in 1974. Over the years, Hi-Temp has created many new technologies to meet the requirements of the Space Shuttle program. This expertise is also used commercially, including insulation blankets to cover aircrafts parts, fire barrier material to protect aircraft engine cowlings and aircraft rescue fire fighter suits. A Fire Protection Division has also been established, offering the first suit designed exclusively by and for aircraft rescue fire fighters. Hi-Temp is a supplier to the Los Angeles City Fire Department as well as other major U.S. civil and military fire departments.

New tendencies in wildland fire simulation for understanding fire phenomena: An overview of the WFDS system capabilities in Mediterranean ecosystems

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pastor, E.; Tarragó, D.; Planas, E.

2012-04-01

Wildfire theoretical modeling endeavors predicting fire behavior characteristics, such as the rate of spread, the flames geometry and the energy released by the fire front by applying the physics and the chemistry laws that govern fire phenomena. Its ultimate aim is to help fire managers to improve fire prevention and suppression and hence reducing damage to population and protecting ecosystems. WFDS is a 3D computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model of a fire-driven flow. It is particularly appropriate for predicting the fire behaviour burning through the wildland-urban interface, since it is able to predict the fire behaviour in the intermix of vegetative and structural fuels that comprise the wildland urban interface. This model is not suitable for operational fire management yet due to computational costs constrains, but given the fact that it is open-source and that it has a detailed description of the fuels and of the combustion and heat transfer mechanisms it is currently a suitable system for research purposes. In this paper we present the most important characteristics of the WFDS simulation tool in terms of the models implemented, the input information required and the outputs that the simulator gives useful for understanding fire phenomena. We briefly discuss its advantages and opportunities through some simulation exercises of Mediterranean ecosystems.

Fire Rescue Exercise

NASA Image and Video Library

2014-03-06

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. - Special Rescue Operations firefighters with NASA Fire Rescue Services in the Protective Services Office at NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida participate in a training exercise at the Shuttle Landing Facility. Firefighters, wearing protective gear, use hoses to put out a fire burning close to a mock-up of a small plane. Kennedy’s firefighters recently achieved Pro Board Certification in aerial fire truck operations and completed vehicle extrication training using the Jaws of Life. The Protective Services Office is one step closer to achieving certification in vehicle machinery extrication and other rescue skills. Kennedy’s firefighters are with G4S Government Solutions Inc., on the Kennedy Protective Services Contract. Photo credit: NASA/Kim Shiflett

Fire Rescue Exercise

NASA Image and Video Library

2014-03-06

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. - Special Rescue Operations firefighters with NASA Fire Rescue Services in the Protective Services Office at NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida participate in a training exercise at the Shuttle Landing Facility. Firefighters, wearing protective gear, use hoses to put out a fire burning near the mock-up of a small plane. Kennedy’s firefighters recently achieved Pro Board Certification in aerial fire truck operations and completed vehicle extrication training using the Jaws of Life. The Protective Services Office is one step closer to achieving certification in vehicle machinery extrication and other rescue skills. Kennedy’s firefighters are with G4S Government Solutions Inc., on the Kennedy Protective Services Contract. Photo credit: NASA/Kim Shiflett

Fire Rescue Exercise

NASA Image and Video Library

2014-03-06

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. - Special Rescue Operations firefighters with NASA Fire Rescue Services in the Protective Services Office at NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida participate in a training exercise at the Shuttle Landing Facility. Firefighters, wearing protective gear, use hoses to put out a fire burning on a mock-up of a small plane. Kennedy’s firefighters recently achieved Pro Board Certification in aerial fire truck operations and completed vehicle extrication training using the Jaws of Life. The Protective Services Office is one step closer to achieving certification in vehicle machinery extrication and other rescue skills. Kennedy’s firefighters are with G4S Government Solutions Inc., on the Kennedy Protective Services Contract. Photo credit: NASA/Kim Shiflett

Fire Rescue Exercise

NASA Image and Video Library

2014-03-06

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. - During a training exercise, Special Rescue Operations firefighters with NASA Fire Rescue Services in the Protective Services Office at NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida use hoses to put out a fire burning on a mock-up of a small plane at the Shuttle Landing Facility. They are wearing protective gear for the training exercise. Kennedy’s firefighters recently achieved Pro Board Certification in aerial fire truck operations and completed vehicle extrication training using the Jaws of Life. The Protective Services Office is one step closer to achieving certification in vehicle machinery extrication and other rescue skills. Kennedy’s firefighters are with G4S Government Solutions Inc., on the Kennedy Protective Services Contract. Photo credit: NASA/Kim Shiflett

Fire Rescue Exercise

NASA Image and Video Library

2014-03-06

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. - Special Rescue Operations firefighters with NASA Fire Rescue Services in the Protective Services Office at NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida participate in a training exercise at the Shuttle Landing Facility. Firefighters use a fire truck to put out a fire burning close to a mock-up of a small plane and a truck. Kennedy’s firefighters recently achieved Pro Board Certification in aerial fire truck operations and completed vehicle extrication training using the Jaws of Life. The Protective Services Office is one step closer to achieving certification in vehicle machinery extrication and other rescue skills. Kennedy’s firefighters are with G4S Government Solutions Inc., on the Kennedy Protective Services Contract. Photo credit: NASA/Kim Shiflett

Using synthetic polymers to reduce soil erosion after forest fires in Mediterranean soils

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lado, Marcos; Ben-Hur, Meni; Inbar, Assaf

2010-05-01

Forest fires are a major environmental problem in the Mediterranean region because they result in a loss of vegetation cover, changes in biodiversity, increases in greenhouse gasses emission and a potential increase of runoff and soil erosion. The large increases in runoff and sediment yields after high severity fires have been attributed to several factors, among them: increase in soil water repellency; soil sealing by detached particles and by ash particles, and the loss of a surface cover. The presence of a surface cover increases infiltration, and decreases runoff and erosion by several mechanisms which include: rainfall interception, plant evapotranspiration, preservation of soil structure by increasing soil organic matter, and increasing surface roughness. The loss of vegetation cover as a result of fire leaves the surface of the soil exposed to the direct impact of the raindrops, and therefore the sensitivity of the soil to runoff generation and soil loss increases. In this work, we propose a new method to protect soils against post-fire erosion based on the application of synthetic polymers to the soil. Laboratory rainfall simulations and field runoff plots were used to analyze the suitability of the application of synthetic polymers to reduce soil erosion and stabilize soil structure in Mediterranean soils. The combination of these two processes will potentially favor a faster recovery of the vegetation structure. This method has been successfully applied in arable land, however it has not been tested in burnt forests. The outcome of this study may provide important managerial tools for forest management following fires.

Alternative approach for fire suppression of class A, B and C fires in gloveboxes

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Rosenberger, Mark S; Tsiagkouris, James A

2011-02-10

Department of Energy (DOE) Orders and National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) Codes and Standards require fire suppression in gloveboxes. Several potential solutions have been and are currently being considered at Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL). The objective is to provide reliable, minimally invasive, and seismically robust fire suppression capable of extinguishing Class A, B, and C fires; achieve compliance with DOE and NFPA requirements; and provide value-added improvements to fire safety in gloveboxes. This report provides a brief summary of current approaches and also documents the successful fire tests conducted to prove that one approach, specifically Fire Foe{trademark} tubes, ismore » capable of achieving the requirement to provide reliable fire protection in gloveboxes in a cost-effective manner.« less

Fire weather in western Oregon and western Washington in 1952 compared with other years.

Treesearch

Owen P. Cramer

1953-01-01

How did the potential burning conditions of the 1952 fire season compare with those of previous years? The answer is important to those who protect forests from fire. Knowing the relative severity of the burning conditions will help them judge the effectiveness of their fire protection programs. This paper reports ratings of the weather factors most closely related to...

Validation and Verification (V and V) Testing on Midscale Flame Resistant (FR) Test Method

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-12-16

Method for Evaluation of Flame Resistant Clothing for Protection against Fire Simulations Using an Instrumented Manikin. Validation and...complement (not replace) the capabilities of the ASTM F1930 Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Flame Resistant Clothing for Protection against Fire ...Engineering Center (NSRDEC) to complement the ASTM F1930 Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Flame Resistant Clothing for Protection against Fire

Test results: Halon 1301 versus water sprinkler fire protection for essential electronic equipment

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Reichelt, E. F.; Walker, J. L.; Vickers, R. N.; Kwan, A. J.

1982-07-01

This report describes results of testing two contending extinguishants, Halon 1301 and water, for fire protection of essential electronic equipment. A series of controlled fires in a facility housing an operational electronic data processing system sought to establish immediate and long term effects of exposure of sensitive electronic equipment and stored data to fire extinguishment atmospheres. Test results lead to the conclusion that Halon 1301 is superior to water as an extinguishant for fires occurring in essential electronic equipment installations.

29 CFR 1915.509 - Definitions applicable to this subpart.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... harmful. Hose systems—fire protection systems consisting of a water supply, approved fire hose, and a... fire protection system consisting of piping and hose connections used to supply water to approved hose... influence shipyard employment (such as mail delivery or office supply services). Dangerous atmosphere—an...

49 CFR 176.315 - Fire protection requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... Detailed Requirements for Class 3 (Flammable) and Combustible Liquid Materials § 176.315 Fire protection... (flammable) or combustible liquid for which it is required. Each fire extinguisher must be accessible to the... (flammable) and combustible liquids stowage areas must be fitted with an approved combination solid stream...

Fire Protection. Honeywell Planning Guide.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Honeywell, Inc., Minneapolis, Minn.

A general discussion of fire alarms and protection is provided by a manufacturer of automated monitoring and control systems. Background information describes old and new fire alarm systems, comparing system components, wage savings, and cost analysis. Different kinds of automatic systems are listed, including--(1) local system, (2) auxiliary…

46 CFR 108.145 - Hatches and tonnage openings.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 46 Shipping 4 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Hatches and tonnage openings. 108.145 Section 108.145... AND EQUIPMENT Construction and Arrangement Structural Fire Protection § 108.145 Hatches and tonnage openings. Each hatch, except a hatch between storage spaces and each tonnage opening closure, must be made...

46 CFR 108.145 - Hatches and tonnage openings.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 46 Shipping 4 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Hatches and tonnage openings. 108.145 Section 108.145... AND EQUIPMENT Construction and Arrangement Structural Fire Protection § 108.145 Hatches and tonnage openings. Each hatch, except a hatch between storage spaces and each tonnage opening closure, must be made...

46 CFR 108.145 - Hatches and tonnage openings.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 46 Shipping 4 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Hatches and tonnage openings. 108.145 Section 108.145... AND EQUIPMENT Construction and Arrangement Structural Fire Protection § 108.145 Hatches and tonnage openings. Each hatch, except a hatch between storage spaces and each tonnage opening closure, must be made...

46 CFR 108.145 - Hatches and tonnage openings.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 46 Shipping 4 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Hatches and tonnage openings. 108.145 Section 108.145... AND EQUIPMENT Construction and Arrangement Structural Fire Protection § 108.145 Hatches and tonnage openings. Each hatch, except a hatch between storage spaces and each tonnage opening closure, must be made...

46 CFR 108.145 - Hatches and tonnage openings.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 46 Shipping 4 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Hatches and tonnage openings. 108.145 Section 108.145... AND EQUIPMENT Construction and Arrangement Structural Fire Protection § 108.145 Hatches and tonnage openings. Each hatch, except a hatch between storage spaces and each tonnage opening closure, must be made...

46 CFR 72.05-35 - Hatch covers and shifting boards.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

...-35 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) PASSENGER VESSELS CONSTRUCTION AND ARRANGEMENT Structural Fire Protection § 72.05-35 Hatch covers and shifting boards. (a) Wood hatch... deck construction noted in tables 72.05-10 (f) and (g). (b) Tonnage openings in “A” Class bulkheads...

46 CFR 108.143 - Accommodation space.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 46 Shipping 4 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Accommodation space. 108.143 Section 108.143 Shipping... EQUIPMENT Construction and Arrangement Structural Fire Protection § 108.143 Accommodation space. (a) Each corridor bulkhead in an accommodation space must be an A class or B class bulkhead except if an A class...

46 CFR 108.143 - Accommodation space.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 46 Shipping 4 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Accommodation space. 108.143 Section 108.143 Shipping... EQUIPMENT Construction and Arrangement Structural Fire Protection § 108.143 Accommodation space. (a) Each corridor bulkhead in an accommodation space must be an A class or B class bulkhead except if an A class...

46 CFR 108.143 - Accommodation space.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 46 Shipping 4 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Accommodation space. 108.143 Section 108.143 Shipping... EQUIPMENT Construction and Arrangement Structural Fire Protection § 108.143 Accommodation space. (a) Each corridor bulkhead in an accommodation space must be an A class or B class bulkhead except if an A class...

46 CFR 108.143 - Accommodation space.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 46 Shipping 4 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Accommodation space. 108.143 Section 108.143 Shipping... EQUIPMENT Construction and Arrangement Structural Fire Protection § 108.143 Accommodation space. (a) Each corridor bulkhead in an accommodation space must be an A class or B class bulkhead except if an A class...

46 CFR 108.143 - Accommodation space.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 46 Shipping 4 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Accommodation space. 108.143 Section 108.143 Shipping... EQUIPMENT Construction and Arrangement Structural Fire Protection § 108.143 Accommodation space. (a) Each corridor bulkhead in an accommodation space must be an A class or B class bulkhead except if an A class...

46 CFR 28.380 - General structural fire protection.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... and a machinery or a fuel tank storage space must be sealed. (d) Paint and flammable liquid lockers... combustible liquids or vapors are present, e.g., machinery spaces and paint lockers, a vapor barrier which...-1. (c) Separation of machinery and fuel tank spaces from accommodation spaces. (1) Each...

46 CFR 28.380 - General structural fire protection.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... and a machinery or a fuel tank storage space must be sealed. (d) Paint and flammable liquid lockers... combustible liquids or vapors are present, e.g., machinery spaces and paint lockers, a vapor barrier which...-1. (c) Separation of machinery and fuel tank spaces from accommodation spaces. (1) Each...

46 CFR 28.380 - General structural fire protection.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... and a machinery or a fuel tank storage space must be sealed. (d) Paint and flammable liquid lockers... combustible liquids or vapors are present, e.g., machinery spaces and paint lockers, a vapor barrier which...-1. (c) Separation of machinery and fuel tank spaces from accommodation spaces. (1) Each...

46 CFR 28.380 - General structural fire protection.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... and a machinery or a fuel tank storage space must be sealed. (d) Paint and flammable liquid lockers... combustible liquids or vapors are present, e.g., machinery spaces and paint lockers, a vapor barrier which...-1. (c) Separation of machinery and fuel tank spaces from accommodation spaces. (1) Each...

Approach to the assessment of the hazard. [fire released carbon fiber electrical effects

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Huston, R. J.

1980-01-01

An overview of the carbon fiber hazard assessment is presented. The potential risk to the civil sector associated with the accidental release of carbon fibers from aircraft having composite structures was assessed along with the need for protection of civil aircraft from carbon fibers.

Fault tree analysis of fire and explosion accidents for dual fuel (diesel/natural gas) ship engine rooms

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Guan, Yifeng; Zhao, Jie; Shi, Tengfei; Zhu, Peipei

2016-09-01

In recent years, China's increased interest in environmental protection has led to a promotion of energy-efficient dual fuel (diesel/natural gas) ships in Chinese inland rivers. A natural gas as ship fuel may pose dangers of fire and explosion if a gas leak occurs. If explosions or fires occur in the engine rooms of a ship, heavy damage and losses will be incurred. In this paper, a fault tree model is presented that considers both fires and explosions in a dual fuel ship; in this model, dual fuel engine rooms are the top events. All the basic events along with the minimum cut sets are obtained through the analysis. The primary factors that affect accidents involving fires and explosions are determined by calculating the degree of structure importance of the basic events. According to these results, corresponding measures are proposed to ensure and improve the safety and reliability of Chinese inland dual fuel ships.

Division of Forestry Fire and Aviation Program

Science.gov Websites

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Fire in the Shop!

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Campbell, Clifton P.; Buchanan, Joseph P.

1977-01-01

Fire emergency preparedness measures to take to prevent school fires and to protect against injury and minimize damage when fire does occur are presented. Includes fire safety practices, extinguishers for different classes of fires and their use, and the need for fire safety training in schools. (MF)

A Combined Water-Bromotrifluoromethane Crash-Fire Protection System for a T-56 Turbopropeller Engine

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Campbell, John A.; Busch, Arthur M.

1959-01-01

A crash-fire protection system is described which will suppress the ignition of crash-spilled fuel that may be ingested by a T-56 turbo-propeller engine. This system includes means for rapidly extinguishing the combustor flame, means for cooling and inerting with water the hot engine parts likely to ignite engine ingested fuel, and means for blanketing with bromotrifluoromethane massive metal parts that may reheat after the engine stops rotating. Combustion-chamber flames were rapidly extinguished at the engine fuel nozzles by a fuel shutoff and drain valve. Hot engine parts were inerted and cooled by 42 pounds of water discharged at seven engine stations. Massive metal parts that could reheat were inerted with 10 pounds of bromotrifluoromethane discharged at two engine stations. Performance trials of the crash-fire protection system were conducted by bringing the engine up to takeoff temperature, actuating the crash-fire protection system, and then spraying fuel into the engine to simulate crash-ingested fuel. No fires occurred during these trials, although fuel was sprayed into the engine from 0.3 second to 15 minutes after actuating the crash-fire protection system.

29 CFR 1926.150 - Fire protection.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

.... Modification of sprinkler systems to permit alterations or additional demolition should be expedited so that... each floor. (e) Fire alarm devices. (1) An alarm system, e.g., telephone system, siren, etc., shall be... 29 Labor 8 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Fire protection. 1926.150 Section 1926.150 Labor...

46 CFR 76.01-2 - Incorporation by reference.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... Sprinkler Systems (“NFPA 13”)—76.25-1, 76.25-90. (d) Underwriters Laboratories Inc. (UL), 12 Laboratory... Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) PASSENGER VESSELS FIRE PROTECTION... Connections for Marine Fire Applications (“ASTM F 1121”)—76.10-10. (c) National Fire Protection Association...

29 CFR 1926.150 - Fire protection.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

.... Modification of sprinkler systems to permit alterations or additional demolition should be expedited so that... each floor. (e) Fire alarm devices. (1) An alarm system, e.g., telephone system, siren, etc., shall be... 29 Labor 8 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Fire protection. 1926.150 Section 1926.150 Labor...

29 CFR 1926.150 - Fire protection.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

.... Modification of sprinkler systems to permit alterations or additional demolition should be expedited so that... each floor. (e) Fire alarm devices. (1) An alarm system, e.g., telephone system, siren, etc., shall be... 29 Labor 8 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Fire protection. 1926.150 Section 1926.150 Labor...

46 CFR 76.01-2 - Incorporation by reference.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... Sprinkler Systems (“NFPA 13”)—76.25-1, 76.25-90. (d) Underwriters Laboratories Inc. (UL), 12 Laboratory... Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) PASSENGER VESSELS FIRE PROTECTION... Connections for Marine Fire Applications (“ASTM F 1121”)—76.10-10. (c) National Fire Protection Association...

29 CFR 1926.150 - Fire protection.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

.... Modification of sprinkler systems to permit alterations or additional demolition should be expedited so that... each floor. (e) Fire alarm devices. (1) An alarm system, e.g., telephone system, siren, etc., shall be... 29 Labor 8 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Fire protection. 1926.150 Section 1926.150 Labor...

The economic dimension of wildland fires

Treesearch

Armando Gonzalez-Caban

2013-01-01

The economic relevance of wildland fire management and protection programs is ever growing, particularly considering mounting wildfire costs and losses globally, and the justifications required for budget allocations to management and protection of forest ecosystems. However, there are major difficulties in grappling with the problem of rapidly increasing wildland fire...

36 CFR 1234.10 - What are the facility requirements for all records storage facilities?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... the HVAC systems, fire alarm and fire protection systems. Manual switching between sources of service... elements are protected by a properly installed, properly maintained wet-pipe automatic sprinkler system, as... must provide documentation that the facility has a fire suppression system specifically designed to...

46 CFR 76.01-2 - Incorporation by reference.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 46 Shipping 3 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Incorporation by reference. 76.01-2 Section 76.01-2 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) PASSENGER VESSELS FIRE PROTECTION... Connections for Marine Fire Applications (“ASTM F 1121”)—76.10-10. (c) National Fire Protection Association...

33 CFR 149.419 - Can the water supply for the helicopter deck fire protection system be part of a fire water system?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 2 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Can the water supply for the helicopter deck fire protection system be part of a fire water system? 149.419 Section 149.419 Navigation and Navigable Waters COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) DEEPWATER PORTS DEEPWATER PORTS: DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION, AND EQUIPMENT...

33 CFR 149.419 - Can the water supply for the helicopter deck fire protection system be part of a fire water system?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 2 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Can the water supply for the helicopter deck fire protection system be part of a fire water system? 149.419 Section 149.419 Navigation and Navigable Waters COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) DEEPWATER PORTS DEEPWATER PORTS: DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION, AND EQUIPMENT...

33 CFR 149.419 - Can the water supply for the helicopter deck fire protection system be part of a fire water system?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 2 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Can the water supply for the helicopter deck fire protection system be part of a fire water system? 149.419 Section 149.419 Navigation and Navigable Waters COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) DEEPWATER PORTS DEEPWATER PORTS: DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION, AND EQUIPMENT...

33 CFR 149.419 - Can the water supply for the helicopter deck fire protection system be part of a fire water system?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 2 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Can the water supply for the helicopter deck fire protection system be part of a fire water system? 149.419 Section 149.419 Navigation and Navigable Waters COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) DEEPWATER PORTS DEEPWATER PORTS: DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION, AND EQUIPMENT...

Alaska's State Forests

Science.gov Websites

Conservation Education Timber Management Wildland Fire & Aviation Burn Permits Firewise Alaska Brochure (PDF) Fire Management Plans Fire Assignments Annual Fire Statistics Fire Terms Glossary Incident Business Management Grants Become an Alaska Firewise Community Community Wildland Fire Protection Plans

Lowering of the firing voltage and reducing of the discharge delay time in alternating current plasma display panels by a discontinuous spin-coated LaB{sub 6} film on the MgO protective layer

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Deng, Jiang, E-mail: dj78291@163.com; Zeng, Baoqing; Zhongshan Institute, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, 528402 zhongshan

2014-03-15

A spin coated LaB{sub 6} discontinuous film is covered on MgO protective layer to improve the discharge performance of alternating current plasma display panels. Under the premise of high transmittance of more than 90%, a very small amount of polycrystal LaB{sub 6} powders added in an organic solvent are chosen as the coating solution. The discharge characteristics results show that with 250 torr 5% Xe-Ne pressure, the firing voltage and discharge delay time of the test panel with LaB{sub 6}/MgO double protective layer are decreased by 13.4% and 36.5%, respectively, compared with that of conventional MgO protective layer, likely owingmore » to the low work function of LaB{sub 6.} Furthermore, the aging time of the proposed structure is comparable to that of pure MgO protective layer. Therefore, it will not increase the production costs and is highly suitable to be applied for alternating current plasma display panels with low electrical power consumption.« less

Fire Rescue Exercise

NASA Image and Video Library

2014-03-06

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. - Special Rescue Operations firefighters with NASA Fire Rescue Services in the Protective Services Office at NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida participate in a training exercise at the Shuttle Landing Facility. Firefighters, wearing protective gear, use hoses to put out a fire burning near the mock-up of a small plane as another firefighter checks inside the plane. Kennedy’s firefighters recently achieved Pro Board Certification in aerial fire truck operations and completed vehicle extrication training using the Jaws of Life. The Protective Services Office is one step closer to achieving certification in vehicle machinery extrication and other rescue skills. Kennedy’s firefighters are with G4S Government Solutions Inc., on the Kennedy Protective Services Contract. Photo credit: NASA/Kim Shiflett

Fire safety practices in the Shuttle and the Space Station Freedom

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Friedman, Robert

1993-01-01

The Shuttle reinforces its policy of fire-preventive measures with onboard smoke detectors and Halon 1301 fire extinguishers. The forthcoming Space Station Freedom will have expanded fire protection with photoelectric smoke detectors, radiation flame detectors, and both fixed and portable carbon dioxide fire extinguishers. Many design and operational issues remain to be resolved for Freedom. In particular, the fire-suppression designs must consider the problems of gas leakage in toxic concentrations, alternative systems for single-failure redundancy, and commonality with the corresponding systems of the Freedom international partners. While physical and engineering requirements remain the primary driving forces for spacecraft fire-safety technology, there are, nevertheless, needs and opportunities for the application of microgravity combustion knowledge to improve and optimize the fire-protective systems.

Alaska Timber Jobs Task Force

Science.gov Websites

Conservation Education Timber Management Wildland Fire & Aviation Burn Permits Firewise Alaska Brochure (PDF) Fire Management Plans Fire Assignments Annual Fire Statistics Fire Terms Glossary Incident Business Management Grants Become an Alaska Firewise Community Community Wildland Fire Protection Plans

14 CFR 29.1195 - Fire extinguishing systems.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Fire extinguishing systems. 29.1195 Section... AIRWORTHINESS STANDARDS: TRANSPORT CATEGORY ROTORCRAFT Powerplant Powerplant Fire Protection § 29.1195 Fire... inches must have a fire extinguishing system for the designated fire zones. The fire extinguishing system...

14 CFR 29.851 - Fire extinguishers.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Fire extinguishers. 29.851 Section 29.851... STANDARDS: TRANSPORT CATEGORY ROTORCRAFT Design and Construction Fire Protection § 29.851 Fire extinguishers. (a) Hand fire extinguishers. For hand fire extinguishers the following apply: (1) Each hand fire...

Investigation of Titanium Dioxide and Indium Vanadate-Titanium Dioxide semiconductors for the photocatalytic degradation of aqueous organics

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pettit, Sandra L.

Designing and constructing safe, secure and cost-effective buildings has always been the goal of architects, engineers, developers and community officials. However, in light of recent tragic events, urban security design has become a major concern for both public and private building owners as the threat of terrorism attacks becomes more evident. Modern research and technology have provided a means to counter some of these threats, but there is little doubt that the need for physical security design will continue to increase as long as there are conflicting social, religious, and political agendas in the world. Parallel to this trend, the desire for aesthetically pleasing structures and architecture which pushes the envelope of typical building design make designing a secure, blast and fire resistant building a challenge, as many protective measures clash with the desires of architects. As a result, development of construction materials and technologies with respect to security is on the rise and there is a need for comprehensive solutions. Research into the behavior of stainless steel may prove it to be an elegant and efficient solution to a secure structural design which does not compromise a building's architecture. As a material that is often chosen for its aesthetic appeal, it also exhibits excellent ductility and high stress-strain rates, allowing it to absorb large amounts of energy from blasts before fracturing, compared to carbon steel. Stainless steel also exhibits superior fire-resisting qualities and can perform similarly to carbon steels without unsightly added fire protection. Using stainless steel for elements which have been identified as vulnerable to attack, such as a major column or transfer girder, or elements which can protect the rest of structure from a blast, such as a blast wall, can be an efficient component of a comprehensive urban security design. The challenges associated with the use of stainless steel, which has kept its use in structural design to a minimum, such as higher costs, availability, or special welding procedures, are minimal and will be easily overcome as the use of stainless steel in structure increases and designers and fabricators become more familiar with the material.

46 CFR 161.002-1 - Incorporation by reference.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... Amendments to SOLAS 74, and 1994 Amendments to SOLAS 74), 1992—161.002-4(b). National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) National Fire Protection Association, 1 Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA 02269. NFPA 72, National Fire Alarm Code, 1993—161.002-4(b). Lloyd's Register of Shipping (LR) Lloyd's Register of Shipping...

46 CFR 161.002-1 - Incorporation by reference.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... Amendments to SOLAS 74, and 1994 Amendments to SOLAS 74), 1992—161.002-4(b). National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) National Fire Protection Association, 1 Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA 02269. NFPA 72, National Fire Alarm Code, 1993—161.002-4(b). Lloyd's Register of Shipping (LR) Lloyd's Register of Shipping...

Firefighters Integrated Response Equipment System

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Kaplan, H.; Abeles, F.

1978-01-01

The Firefighters Integrated Response Equipment System (Project FIRES) is a joint National Fire Prevention and Control Administration (NFPCA)/National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) program for the development of an 'ultimate' firefighter's protective ensemble. The overall aim of Project FIRES is to improve firefighter protection against hazards, such as heat, flame, smoke, toxic fumes, moisture, impact penetration, and electricity and, at the same time, improve firefighter performance by increasing maneuverability, lowering weight, and improving human engineering design of his protective ensemble.

Tanana Valley State Forest Citizens' Advisory Committee

Science.gov Websites

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Income, housing, and fire injuries: a census tract analysis.

PubMed

Shai, Donna

2006-01-01

This study investigates the social and demographic correlates of nonfatal structural fire injury rates for the civilian population for Philadelphia census tracts during 1993-2001. The author analyzed 1,563 fire injuries by census tract using the 1990 census (STF 3) and unpublished data from the Office of the Fire Marshal of the Philadelphia Fire Department. Injury rates were calculated per 1,000 residents of a given census tract. Multiple regression was used to determine significant variables in predicting fire injuries in a given census tract over a nine-year period and interaction effects between two of these variables-age of housing and income. Multiple regression analysis indicates that older housing (prior to 1940), low income, the prevalence of vacant houses, and the ability to speak English have significant independent effects on fire injury rates in Philadelphia. In addition, the results show a significant interaction between older housing and low income. Given the finding of very high rates of fire injuries in census tracts that are both low income and have older housing, fire prevention units can take preventative measures. Fire protection devices, especially smoke alarms, should be distributed in the neighborhoods most at risk. Multiple occupancy dwellings should have sprinkler systems and fire extinguishers. Laws concerning the maintenance of older rental housing need to be strictly enforced. Vacant houses should be effectively boarded up or renovated for residential use. Fire prevention material should be distributed in a number of languages to meet local needs.

Research on Influence and Prediction Model of Urban Traffic Link Tunnel curvature on Fire Temperature Based on Pyrosim--SPSS Multiple Regression Analysis

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Li, Xiao Ju; Yao, Kun; Dai, Jun Yu; Song, Yun Long

2018-05-01

The underground space, also known as the “fourth dimension” of the city, reflects the efficient use of urban development intensive. Urban traffic link tunnel is a typical underground limited-length space. Due to the geographical location, the special structure of space and the curvature of the tunnel, high-temperature smoke can easily form the phenomenon of “smoke turning” and the fire risk is extremely high. This paper takes an urban traffic link tunnel as an example to focus on the relationship between curvature and the temperature near the fire source, and use the pyrosim built different curvature fire model to analyze the influence of curvature on the temperature of the fire, then using SPSS Multivariate regression analysis simulate curvature of the tunnel and fire temperature data. Finally, a prediction model of urban traffic link tunnel curvature on fire temperature was proposed. The regression model analysis and test show that the curvature is negatively correlated with the tunnel temperature. This model is feasible and can provide a theoretical reference for the urban traffic link tunnel fire protection design and the preparation of the evacuation plan. And also, it provides some reference for other related curved tunnel curvature design and smoke control measures.

46 CFR 127.225 - Structural fire protection.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... wheelhouses, containing accommodation, service and control spaces, facing the cargo area must be constructed of steel and comply with §§ 32.56-20, 32.56-21, and 32.56-22 of this chapter. (d) Cargo pump rooms must be separated from accommodation spaces, service spaces, and control stations by A-60 divisions. (e...

46 CFR 190.07-90 - Vessels contracted for prior to March 1, 1968.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... considered satisfactory so long as they are maintained in good condition to the satisfaction of the Officer in Charge, Marine Inspection. Minor repairs and alterations may be made to the same standards as the... VESSELS CONSTRUCTION AND ARRANGEMENT Structural Fire Protection § 190.07-90 Vessels contracted for prior...

Fire and Rescue Technology. Resources in Technology.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Valesey, Brigitte G.

1997-01-01

Provides occupational information about fire and rescue operations personnel, such as fire science, fire protection engineering, emergency medical technicians, and firefighters. Provides information about organizations in these fields. (JOW)

Employment Opportunities

Science.gov Websites

Conservation Education Timber Management Wildland Fire & Aviation Burn Permits Firewise Alaska Brochure (PDF) Fire Management Plans Fire Assignments Annual Fire Statistics Fire Terms Glossary Incident Business Management Grants Become an Alaska Firewise Community Community Wildland Fire Protection Plans

Forest Stewardship Committee

Science.gov Websites

Conservation Education Timber Management Wildland Fire & Aviation Burn Permits Firewise Alaska Brochure (PDF) Fire Management Plans Fire Assignments Annual Fire Statistics Fire Terms Glossary Incident Business Management Grants Become an Alaska Firewise Community Community Wildland Fire Protection Plans

The Role of Low-severity Fire and Thermal Alteration of Soil Organic Matter in Carbon Preservation and GHG Flux From Global Peatlands

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Flanagan, N. E.; Wang, H.; Hodgkins, S. B.; Richardson, C. J.

2017-12-01

Many global peatlands are dominated by fire-adapted plant communities and are subject to frequent wildfires with return intervals ranging between 3 to 100 years. Wildfires in peatlands are typically low-severity events that occur in winter and spring when vegetation is desiccated and soil moisture content is high. As a result, most wildfires consume aboveground fuels in a matter of minutes without igniting the nearly saturated peat. In such fires, surface soil layers are subjected to flash heating with a rapid loss of soil moisture but little loss of soil organic matter (SOM). Such fires have the potential to alter the chemical structure of SOM, even in the absence of combustion, through Maillard's Reaction and similar chemical processes, and through structural changes that protect SOM from decomposition. This study examines the effects of low-intensity surface fires on the recalcitrance of SOM from fire-adapted communities located in subtropical, temperate and sub-boreal peatlands. In addition, soil from a non-fire-adapted Peruvian palm peatland was examined for response to thermal alteration. The timing and temperatures of low-intensity fires were measured in the field during prescribed burns and replicated in simulated fires. The effects of fire on the chemical structure of SOM were examined with FTIR, SEM and XPS. Burned and unburned peat replicates were incubated at three temperatures (5oC, 15oC, 25oC) in controlled chambers for more than six months. Burned replicates initially showed higher CO2, CH4 and NO2 emissions. Yet, within four weeks emissions from the burned replicates dropped below those of unburned replicates and remained significantly lower (10-50%) for the duration of the experiment. In addition, thermal alteration significantly reduced the temperature sensitivity (Q10) of thermally altered peat. After accounting for small initial losses of organic matter (<10 %) during the fire simulations, thermal alteration of SOM resulted in a net long-term reduction in carbon losses to microbial respiration. Such thermal alteration of SOM might be an underestimated factor influencing carbon accretion in frequently burned peatlands and could be globally relevant if climate change increases fire frequency in boreal peatlands.

Fire Rescue Exercise

NASA Image and Video Library

2014-03-06

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. - Special Rescue Operations firefighters with NASA Fire Rescue Services in the Protective Services Office at NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida practice firefighting skills at the Shuttle Landing Facility. A firefighter dons protective gear to prepare for the training simulation. Kennedy’s firefighters recently achieved Pro Board Certification in aerial fire truck operations and completed vehicle extrication training using the Jaws of Life. The Protective Services Office is one step closer to achieving certification in vehicle machinery extrication and other rescue skills. Kennedy’s firefighters are with G4S Government Solutions Inc., on the Kennedy Protective Services Contract. Photo credit: NASA/Kim Shiflett

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Short, Steven M.; Coles, Garill A.; Bohlander, Karl L.

In June 2004 the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) amended its fire protection requirements to permit existing nuclear power reactor licensees to voluntarily adopt fire protection requirements contained in National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) Standard 805. NFPA 805 is a performance-based standard for nuclear power plant fire protection that is an alternative to the deterministic, prescriptive fire protection requirements, such as 10 CFR 50 Appendix R, that was issued in 1980. One aspect of implementing NFPA 805 is that the licensee adopts the performance goals, objectives, and criteria for nuclear safety specified in the Standard. These goals, objectives, and criteriamore » can be met through the implementation of deterministic approaches or performance-based approaches, including engineering analyses, probabilistic risk assessment, and fire modeling. Licensees voluntarily adopting the fire protection requirements in NFPA 805 must submit a license amendment request (LAR) to the NRC. The LAR provides the new proposed fire protection licensing basis, including the methodology and results of required evaluations and analyses that show how the NFPA 805 performance criteria are met. As of August 2014, licensees have submitted LARs for 26 nuclear power plants, representing 42 nuclear reactor units. Of these, 7 nuclear power plants, representing 10 nuclear reactor units, have been issued a safety evaluation (SE) by the NRC approving transition of their fire protection licensing basis to one that complies with NFPA 805. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) supports the NRC staff’s technical review of the LARs in the areas of fundamental fire protection, safe shutdown analysis, and Probabilistic Risk Assessment (PRA). PNNL, of course, cannot speak for the nuclear industry and its choice of implementation strategies or the NRC staff’s assessment of the approaches being taken to adopt NFPA 805. However, as a reviewer of the technical details of these submittals, PNNL is in a position to observe the array of implementation tactics taken in these submittals, and observe different ways licensees are making the NFPA 805 process work. For example, we see differences in how fire areas are being transitioned, the kinds of plant modifications being implemented, the changes being made to plant procedures, the number and types of recovery actions being credited, and the kinds and extent of detailed modeling being performed in support of the Fire PRAs. As a caveat, we note that it is probably too early to comment on the overall success or limitations of the NFPA 805 process or provide lessons learned for the future. Furthermore, it is not our intention to endorse any particular approach taken in a submittal over another or to critique the industry or the regulator. Rather our goal in this paper is to summarize a set of interesting and useful differences across submittals that may provide context for further future discussions about what we (i.e., reviewers, industry, and regulators) have learned in being part of the NFPA process; and how to best use that information to inform future NFPA 805 activities or other risk-informed endeavors.« less

Evaluation of NDI compressed air foam system (cafs) applied as a retrofit. Final report

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Duncan, S.

1994-08-01

Army Engineer Firefighting Detachments require increased firefighting capability to compensate for deficiencies in structural, brush, or wildland and large petroleum storage site fires. Additionally, Army fire departments responsible for protection and prevention on posts, camps and stations have difficulty accessing new or emerging technology do not possess state-of-the-art equipment. The results of this evaluation and subsequent projects, will be reported throughout the Army in an attempt to mitigate operational deficiencies and widen the scope of knowledge in the Army fire service. The evaluation of non-developmental retrofitted compressed air foam systems show an efficiency of suppressive capabilities of water superseded bymore » water alone. Retrofitting the equipment was not easy or inexpensive but it was very successful.« less

Surgical fires in laser laryngeal surgery: are we safe enough?

PubMed

Roy, Soham; Smith, Lee P

2015-01-01

Laser surgery of the larynx and airway remains high risk for the formation of operating room fire. Traditional methods of fire prevention have included use of "laser safe" tubes, inflation of a protective cuff with saline, and wet pledgets to protect the endotracheal tube from laser strikes. We tested a mechanical model of laser laryngeal surgery to evaluate the fire risk. Mechanical model. Laboratory. An intubation mannequin was positioned for suspension microlaryngoscopy. A Laser-Shield II cuffed endotracheal tube was placed through the larynx and the cuff inflated using saline. Wet pledgets covered the inflated cuff. A CO2 laser created an inadvertent cuff strike at varying oxygen concentrations. Risk reduction measures were implemented to discern any notable change in the outcome after fire. At 100% FiO2 an immediate fire with sustained flame was created and at 40% FiO2 a near immediate sustained flame was created. At 29% FiO2, a small nonsustained flame was noted. At room air, no fire was created. There was no discernible difference in the severity of laryngeal damage after the fire occurred whether the tube was immediately pulled from the mannequin or if saline was poured down the airway as a first response. While "laser safe" tubes provide a layer of protection against fires, they are not fire proof. Inadvertent cuff perforation may result in fire formation in low-level oxygen enriched environments. Placement of wet pledgets do not provide absolute protection. Endotracheal tube (ETT) cuffs should be placed distally well away from an inadvertent laser strike while maintaining the minimum supplemental oxygen necessary. © American Academy of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery Foundation 2014.

GIS Fuzzy Expert System for the assessment of ecosystems vulnerability to fire in managing Mediterranean natural protected areas.

PubMed

Semeraro, Teodoro; Mastroleo, Giovanni; Aretano, Roberta; Facchinetti, Gisella; Zurlini, Giovanni; Petrosillo, Irene

2016-03-01

A significant threat to the natural and cultural heritage of Mediterranean natural protected areas (NPAs) is related to uncontrolled fires that can cause potential damages related to the loss or a reduction of ecosystems. The assessment and mapping of the vulnerability to fire can be useful to reduce landscape damages and to establish priority areas where it is necessary to plan measures to reduce the fire vulnerability. To this aim, a methodology based on an interactive computer-based system has been proposed in order to support NPA's management authority for the identification of vulnerable hotspots to fire through the selection of suitable indicators that allow discriminating different levels of sensitivity (e.g. Habitat relevance, Fragmentation, Fire behavior, Ecosystem Services, Vegetation recovery after fire) and stresses (agriculture, tourism, urbanization). In particular, a multi-criteria analysis based on Fuzzy Expert System (FES) integrated in a GIS environment has been developed in order to identify and map potential "hotspots" of fire vulnerability, where fire protection measures can be undertaken in advance. In order to test the effectiveness of this approach, this approach has been applied to the NPA of Torre Guaceto (Apulia Region, southern Italy). The most fire vulnerable areas are the patch of century-old forest characterized by high sensitivity and stress, and the wetlands and century-old olive groves due to their high sensitivity. The GIS fuzzy expert system provides evidence of its potential usefulness for the effective management of natural protected areas and can help conservation managers to plan and intervene in order to mitigate the fire vulnerability in accordance with conservation goals. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

46 CFR 181.320 - Fire hoses and nozzles.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 46 Shipping 7 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Fire hoses and nozzles. 181.320 Section 181.320 Shipping...) FIRE PROTECTION EQUIPMENT Fire Main System § 181.320 Fire hoses and nozzles. (a) A fire hose with a nozzle must be attached to each fire hydrant at all times. For fire hydrants located on open decks or...

Optimization of aircraft seat cushion fire blocking layers

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Kourtides, D. A.; Parker, J. A.; Ling, A. C.; Hovatter, W. R.

1983-01-01

This report describes work completed by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration - for the Federal Aviation Administration Technical Center. The purpose of this work was to examine the potential of fire blocking mechanisms for aircraft seat cushions in order to provide an optimized seat configuration with adequate fire protection and minimum weight. Aluminized thermally stable fabrics were found to provide adequate fire protection when used in conjunction with urethane foams, while maintaining minimum weight and cost penalty.

Minutes of the Rapid Action Fire Protection System Seminar Held at Rock Island, Illinois on 23-24 October 1984

DTIC Science & Technology

1984-10-01

A\\5AI5?? 93<» MINUTES OF THE RAPID ACTION FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM SEMINAR AMCCOM SAFETY OFFICE 23-24 OCTOBER 1984 PREFACE This seminar was...held as a medium by which there could be a free exchange of information on rapid action fire protection systems used in munition production operations...The objectives of the seminar were- - Discuss system operating principles & system components. - Exchange latest technical data, developments, and

Fire Pumps: Time to Change NFPA 25 Weekly Churn Testing

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Saidi, John F.; Davis, Richard J.

2010-01-01

APPA, through its Code Advocacy Task Force (CATF), is active with code organizations such as the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA). This article reviews some of the recent work on NFPA 25, Standard for the Inspection, Testing, and Maintenance of Water-Based Fire Protection Systems, by the CATF and some members of the NFPA 25 Technical…

41 CFR 102-80.115 - Is there more than one option for establishing that an equivalent level of safety exists?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

..., complete sprinkler protection can be expected to prevent flashover in the room of fire origin, limit fire... the times required for egress. If a combination of fire protection systems provides a margin of safety... Contracts and Property Management Federal Property Management Regulations System (Continued) FEDERAL...

41 CFR 102-80.115 - Is there more than one option for establishing that an equivalent level of safety exists?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

..., complete sprinkler protection can be expected to prevent flashover in the room of fire origin, limit fire... the times required for egress. If a combination of fire protection systems provides a margin of safety... Contracts and Property Management Federal Property Management Regulations System (Continued) FEDERAL...

41 CFR 102-80.115 - Is there more than one option for establishing that an equivalent level of safety exists?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

..., complete sprinkler protection can be expected to prevent flashover in the room of fire origin, limit fire... the times required for egress. If a combination of fire protection systems provides a margin of safety... Contracts and Property Management Federal Property Management Regulations System (Continued) FEDERAL...

41 CFR 102-80.115 - Is there more than one option for establishing that an equivalent level of safety exists?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

..., complete sprinkler protection can be expected to prevent flashover in the room of fire origin, limit fire... the times required for egress. If a combination of fire protection systems provides a margin of safety... Contracts and Property Management Federal Property Management Regulations System (Continued) FEDERAL...

25 CFR 163.28 - Fire management measures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... wildfire protection needs and extinguish forest or range fires on Indian land. No expenses for fighting a... are currently in use by public and private wildfire protection agencies adjacent to Indian... mutual aid in wildfire protection. This section does not apply to the rendering of emergency aid, or...

25 CFR 163.28 - Fire management measures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... wildfire protection needs and extinguish forest or range fires on Indian land. No expenses for fighting a... are currently in use by public and private wildfire protection agencies adjacent to Indian... mutual aid in wildfire protection. This section does not apply to the rendering of emergency aid, or...

25 CFR 163.28 - Fire management measures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... wildfire protection needs and extinguish forest or range fires on Indian land. No expenses for fighting a... are currently in use by public and private wildfire protection agencies adjacent to Indian... mutual aid in wildfire protection. This section does not apply to the rendering of emergency aid, or...

25 CFR 163.28 - Fire management measures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... wildfire protection needs and extinguish forest or range fires on Indian land. No expenses for fighting a... are currently in use by public and private wildfire protection agencies adjacent to Indian... mutual aid in wildfire protection. This section does not apply to the rendering of emergency aid, or...

Alaska Community Forest Council

Science.gov Websites

Conservation Education Timber Management Wildland Fire & Aviation Burn Permits Firewise Alaska Brochure (PDF) Fire Management Plans Fire Assignments Annual Fire Statistics Fire Terms Glossary Incident Business Management Grants Become an Alaska Firewise Community Community Wildland Fire Protection Plans

Firewood on Alaska State Lands

Science.gov Websites

Conservation Education Timber Management Wildland Fire & Aviation Burn Permits Firewise Alaska Brochure (PDF) Fire Management Plans Fire Assignments Annual Fire Statistics Fire Terms Glossary Incident Business Management Grants Become an Alaska Firewise Community Community Wildland Fire Protection Plans

14 CFR 25.851 - Fire extinguishers.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Fire extinguishers. 25.851 Section 25.851... STANDARDS: TRANSPORT CATEGORY AIRPLANES Design and Construction Fire Protection § 25.851 Fire extinguishers. (a) Hand fire extinguishers. (1) The following minimum number of hand fire extinguishers must be...

Aircraft Survivability: UAVs and Manned Aircraft - Increasing Effectiveness and Survivability, Fall 2002

DTIC Science & Technology

2002-01-01

techniques that interface with the composite structure to attach opaque armor(s) to compos- ite aircraft structure. Over a period of four years...2002 2. REPORT TYPE 3. DATES COVERED 00-00-2002 to 00-00-2002 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE Aircraft Survivability: UAVs and Manned Aircraft ...survivability concepts to UAV program offices and airframe manufacturers. 11 Aircraft Fire Protection Techniques—Application to UAVs by Ms. Ginger Bennett

14 CFR 33.17 - Fire protection.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... STANDARDS: AIRCRAFT ENGINES Design and Construction; General § 33.17 Fire protection. (a) The design and... addition, the design and construction of turbine engines must minimize the probability of the occurrence of...

A study on fire spreading model for the safety distance between the neighborhood occupancies and historical buildings in Taiwan

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chen, C. H.; Chien, S. W.; Ho, M. C.

2015-08-01

Cultural heritages and historical buildings are vulnerable against severe threats from fire. Since the 1970s, ten fire-spread events involving historic buildings have occurred in Taiwan, affecting a total of 132 nearby buildings. Developed under the influence of traditional Taiwanese culture, historic buildings in Taiwan are often built using non-fire resistant brick-wood structure and located in proximity to residential occupancies. Fire outbreak in these types of neighborhood will lead to severe damage of antiquities, leaving only unrecoverable historical imagery. This study is aimed to investigate the minimal safety distance required between a historical building and its surroundings in order to reduce the risk of external fire. This study is based on literature analysis and the fire spread model using a Fire Dynamics Simulator. The selected target is Jingmei Temple in Taipei City. This study explored local geography to identify patterns behind historical buildings distribution. In the past, risk reduction engineering for cultural heritages and historical buildings focused mainly on fire equipment and the available personnel with emergency response ability, and little attention was given to external fire risks and the affected damage. Through discussions on the required safety distance, this research provides guidelines for the following items: management of neighborhoods with historical buildings and consultation between the protection of cultural heritages and disaster prevention, reducing the frequency and extent of fire damages, and preserving cultural resource.

Remote Sensing of Wildland Fire-Induced Risk Assessment at the Community Level.

PubMed

Ahmed, M Razu; Rahaman, Khan Rubayet; Hassan, Quazi K

2018-05-15

Wildland fires are some of the critical natural hazards that pose a significant threat to the communities located in the vicinity of forested/vegetated areas. In this paper, our overall objective was to study the structural damages due to the 2016 Horse River Fire (HRF) that happened in Fort McMurray (Alberta, Canada) by employing primarily very high spatial resolution optical satellite data, i.e., WorldView-2. Thus, our activities included the: (i) estimation of the structural damages; and (ii) delineation of the wildland-urban interface (WUI) and its associated buffers at certain intervals, and their utilization in assessing potential risks. Our proposed method of remote sensing-based estimates of the number of structural damages was compared with the ground-based information available from the Planning and Development Recovery Committee Task Force of Regional Municipality of Wood Buffalo (RMWB); and found a strong linear relationship (i.e., r² value of 0.97 with a slope of 0.97). Upon delineating the WUI and its associated buffer zones at 10 m, 30 m, 50 m, 70 m and 100 m distances; we found existence of vegetation within the 30 m buffers from the WUI for all of the damaged structures. In addition, we noticed that the relevant authorities had removed vegetation in some areas between 30 m and 70 m buffers from the WUI, which was proven to be effective in order to protect the structures in the adjacent communities. Furthermore, we mapped the wildland fire-induced vulnerable areas upon considering the WUI and its associated buffers. Our analysis revealed that approximately 30% of the areas within the buffer zones of 10 m and 30 m were vulnerable due to the presence of vegetation; in which, approximately 7% were burned during the 2016 HRF event that led the structural damages. Consequently, we suggest to remove the existing vegetation within these critical zones and also monitor the region at a regular interval in order to reduce the wildland fire-induced risk.

Residential fire related deaths and injuries among children: fireplay, smoke alarms, and prevention.

PubMed

Istre, G R; McCoy, M; Carlin, D K; McClain, J

2002-06-01

The aim of the study was to describe the epidemiology of residential fire related deaths and injuries among children, and identify risk factors for these injuries through a linked dataset for the city of Dallas, Texas. Data for all residential fires were linked with fire related injury data, using fire department records, ambulance transports, hospital admissions, and medical examiner records, for children 0-19 years of age. Causes of fires, including fireplay (children playing with fire or combustibles), arson and other causes, were determined by fire department investigation. From 1991-98, 76 children were injured in residential fires (39 deaths, 37 non-fatal). The highest rates occurred in the youngest children (<5 years) and in census tracts with lowest income. Fireplay accounted for 42% (32/76) of all injuries, 62% (15/24) of deaths in children 0-4 years, and 94% (13/14) of deaths from apartment and mobile home fires. Most of the fireplay related injuries (27/32, 84%) were from children playing with matches or lighters. Most started in a bedroom. Smoke alarms showed no protective efficacy in preventing deaths or injuries in fires started by fireplay or arson, but there was significant protective efficacy for a functional smoke alarm in fires started from all other causes (p<0.01). Residential fire related injuries among children in Dallas occurred predominantly in the youngest ages (<5 years) and in poor neighborhoods. Most of the deaths, especially those in apartments and mobile homes, resulted from fireplay. Smoke alarms appeared to offer no protection against death or injury in fireplay associated fires, possibly from the nature of the child's behavior in these fires, or from the placement of the smoke alarm. Prevention of childhood residential fire related deaths may require interventions to prevent fireplay in order to be successful.

5 CFR 551.215 - Fire protection activities and 7(k) coverage for FLSA pay and exemption determinations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... Protection and Prevention series, including any qualified firefighter who is assigned to perform support... considerations; (ii) Employees in positions properly classified in other series, such as Forestry Technician, for whom fire protection functions constitute substantially full-time assignments throughout the year, or...

5 CFR 551.215 - Fire protection activities and 7(k) coverage for FLSA pay and exemption determinations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... Protection and Prevention series, including any qualified firefighter who is assigned to perform support... considerations; (ii) Employees in positions properly classified in other series, such as Forestry Technician, for whom fire protection functions constitute substantially full-time assignments throughout the year, or...

46 CFR 193.05-1 - Fire detecting, manual alarm, and supervised patrol systems.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 46 Shipping 7 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Fire detecting, manual alarm, and supervised patrol...) OCEANOGRAPHIC RESEARCH VESSELS FIRE PROTECTION EQUIPMENT Fire Detecting and Extinguishing Equipment, Where Required § 193.05-1 Fire detecting, manual alarm, and supervised patrol systems. (a) Fire detecting, manual...

46 CFR 193.05-1 - Fire detecting, manual alarm, and supervised patrol systems.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 46 Shipping 7 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Fire detecting, manual alarm, and supervised patrol...) OCEANOGRAPHIC RESEARCH VESSELS FIRE PROTECTION EQUIPMENT Fire Detecting and Extinguishing Equipment, Where Required § 193.05-1 Fire detecting, manual alarm, and supervised patrol systems. (a) Fire detecting, manual...

46 CFR 193.05-1 - Fire detecting, manual alarm, and supervised patrol systems.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 46 Shipping 7 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Fire detecting, manual alarm, and supervised patrol...) OCEANOGRAPHIC RESEARCH VESSELS FIRE PROTECTION EQUIPMENT Fire Detecting and Extinguishing Equipment, Where Required § 193.05-1 Fire detecting, manual alarm, and supervised patrol systems. (a) Fire detecting, manual...

46 CFR 193.05-1 - Fire detecting, manual alarm, and supervised patrol systems.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 46 Shipping 7 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Fire detecting, manual alarm, and supervised patrol...) OCEANOGRAPHIC RESEARCH VESSELS FIRE PROTECTION EQUIPMENT Fire Detecting and Extinguishing Equipment, Where Required § 193.05-1 Fire detecting, manual alarm, and supervised patrol systems. (a) Fire detecting, manual...

46 CFR 95.05-1 - Fire detecting, manual alarm, and supervised patrol systems.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 46 Shipping 4 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Fire detecting, manual alarm, and supervised patrol... AND MISCELLANEOUS VESSELS FIRE PROTECTION EQUIPMENT Fire Detecting and Extinguishing Equipment, Where Required § 95.05-1 Fire detecting, manual alarm, and supervised patrol systems. (a) Fire detecting, manual...

46 CFR 95.05-1 - Fire detecting, manual alarm, and supervised patrol systems.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 46 Shipping 4 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Fire detecting, manual alarm, and supervised patrol... AND MISCELLANEOUS VESSELS FIRE PROTECTION EQUIPMENT Fire Detecting and Extinguishing Equipment, Where Required § 95.05-1 Fire detecting, manual alarm, and supervised patrol systems. (a) Fire detecting, manual...

46 CFR 193.05-1 - Fire detecting, manual alarm, and supervised patrol systems.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 46 Shipping 7 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Fire detecting, manual alarm, and supervised patrol...) OCEANOGRAPHIC RESEARCH VESSELS FIRE PROTECTION EQUIPMENT Fire Detecting and Extinguishing Equipment, Where Required § 193.05-1 Fire detecting, manual alarm, and supervised patrol systems. (a) Fire detecting, manual...

46 CFR 95.05-1 - Fire detecting, manual alarm, and supervised patrol systems.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 46 Shipping 4 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Fire detecting, manual alarm, and supervised patrol... AND MISCELLANEOUS VESSELS FIRE PROTECTION EQUIPMENT Fire Detecting and Extinguishing Equipment, Where Required § 95.05-1 Fire detecting, manual alarm, and supervised patrol systems. (a) Fire detecting, manual...

46 CFR 181.300 - Fire pumps.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 46 Shipping 7 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Fire pumps. 181.300 Section 181.300 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) SMALL PASSENGER VESSELS (UNDER 100 GROSS TONS) FIRE PROTECTION EQUIPMENT Fire Main System § 181.300 Fire pumps. (a) A self priming, power driven fire pump must be...

46 CFR 132.330 - Fire monitors.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 46 Shipping 4 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Fire monitors. 132.330 Section 132.330 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) OFFSHORE SUPPLY VESSELS FIRE-PROTECTION EQUIPMENT Miscellaneous § 132.330 Fire monitors. (a) Each fire monitor of the fire main system must be fitted with a shut...

46 CFR 181.300 - Fire pumps.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 46 Shipping 7 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Fire pumps. 181.300 Section 181.300 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) SMALL PASSENGER VESSELS (UNDER 100 GROSS TONS) FIRE PROTECTION EQUIPMENT Fire Main System § 181.300 Fire pumps. (a) A self priming, power driven fire pump must be...

Where's the Fire?

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Needham, Dorothy

1977-01-01

National Fire Protection Week is a perfect time for launching a fire safety learning center. The activities described here are intended to help children recognize fire hazards in their homes, play areas and public buildings; learn how to act intelligently in fire emergencies; be able to share their knowledge of fire safety with others and…

Fire Rescue Exercise

NASA Image and Video Library

2014-03-06

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. - Special Rescue Operations firefighters with NASA Fire Rescue Services in the Protective Services Office at NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida prepare to participate in a training exercise at the Shuttle Landing Facility. A small fire is burning near a mock-up of a plane during the training exercise. Kennedy’s firefighters recently achieved Pro Board Certification in aerial fire truck operations and completed vehicle extrication training using the Jaws of Life. The Protective Services Office is one step closer to achieving certification in vehicle machinery extrication and other rescue skills. Kennedy’s firefighters are with G4S Government Solutions Inc., on the Kennedy Protective Services Contract. Photo credit: NASA/Kim Shiflett

Fire Rescue Exercise

NASA Image and Video Library

2014-03-06

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. - Special Rescue Operations firefighters with NASA Fire Rescue Services in the Protective Services Office at NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida participate in a training exercise at the Shuttle Landing Facility. Firefighters use fire trucks and hoses to extinguish flames burning on and around a mock-up of a small plane. Kennedy’s firefighters recently achieved Pro Board Certification in aerial fire truck operations and completed vehicle extrication training using the Jaws of Life. The Protective Services Office is one step closer to achieving certification in vehicle machinery extrication and other rescue skills. Kennedy’s firefighters are with G4S Government Solutions Inc., on the Kennedy Protective Services Contract. Photo credit: NASA/Kim Shiflett

A comparison of campfire impacts and policies in seven protected areas

USGS Publications Warehouse

Reid, S.E.; Marion, J.L.

2005-01-01

Using resource-monitoring data from seven protected areas, the effectiveness of three campfire policies-campfire ban, designated campfires, and unregulated campfires-were assessed based on the number of fire sites and the amount of tree damage. Results indicate that unregulated campfire policies permitted substantial numbers of fire sites and tree damage in campsites, although fire bans did not eliminate or even substantially decrease these problems. A designated campfire policy was effective in decreasing number of fire sites, but little difference was found among policies regarding tree damage. Given the importance of campfires to visitor experiences, campfire prohibitions could be viewed as unnecessarily restrictive based on their limited success in preventing resource damage. Conclusions encourage protected-area managers to consider designated campfire policies and prohibitions on axes, hatchets, and saws to better meet resource protection and visitor experience mandates.

Consequences of Fire: The Killing Fumes

MedlinePlus

... Electric Vehicles Fire Fighter Safety and Response for Solar Power Systems Fire Fighting Tactics Under Wind Driven ... Protection Devices Development of Fire Mitigations Solutions for PV Systems Installed on Building Roofs - Phase 1 Electric/ ...

National Fire Protection Association

MedlinePlus

... closed NFPA Journal® NFPA Journal® Update (newsletter) Fire Technology ... die from American home fires, and another 13,000 are injured each year. This is the story of fire that the statistics won't show ...

Terahop and Lawrence Livermore National LaboratoryStructural Fire RF Testing

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Haugen, P; Pratt, G

The Georgia Public Safety Training Center's Live Fire Training Facility in Forsyth, GA is a three story structure constructed of rebar-reinforced concrete wall and floors. All the door and window coverings on the building are constructed of thick, plate metal to withstand the high temperatures generated inside the building during training exercises. All of the building's walls and floors are 1-foot thick, and regular concrete columns run up along the inside of the wall increasing the thickness to 20-inches in those locations. A center concrete staircase divides the structure in half. For typical exercises, fires are started in the backmore » right corner of the building on the first floor and in the front right corner on the second floor as shown in Figure 2. Due to the high heat generated during these exercises, measured at 300 F on the floor and 700 F near the ceilings, there were limited locations at which equipment could be placed that did not incorporate heat shielding, such as the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory's UWB system. However, upon inspection of the building, two preferable locations were identified in which equipment could be placed that would be protected from the temperature extremes generated by the fires. These locations are identified in Figure 2 as the tested TX locations. These were preferred locations because, while they protected the hardware from temperature extremes, they also force the RF transmission path through the building to cross very near the fire locations and anticipated plasma generation regions. Both of the locations listed in Figure 2 were tested by the UWB equipment and found to be suitable deployment locations to establish a solid RF link for data collection. The transmission location on the first floor was ultimately chosen for use during the actual exercises because it was accessible to the data collection team during the exercises. This allowed them to remove the hardware once the testing was complete without having to wait for the entire day of exercises to complete. Unfortunately, RF transmission directly through the central location of the fire on the first floor was not possible, so the transmission path had to be shifted approximately 6-feet off the side of the fire's center. The corner where the fire was located on the first floor was re-enforced with a mixture of concrete and metal fibers for heat resistance. This material was highly reflective, permitting very little RF energy to pass through it. This phenomenon was also observed and verified by Terahop's testing, discussed in the next section. An image of these re-enforced walls and a close up of the actual wall material containing the metal fibers can bee seen in Figure 3.« less

An assessment of air quality impacts of fires associated with fire fighting operations.

PubMed

Leahey, D M; Hansen, M C; Schroeder, M B

1993-03-01

Fire fighters in Canada's navy must undergo regular training with fires from simulated helicopter crashes. Visible emissions from these fires often create health concerns in surrounding communities. This paper presents air quality implications of plume dispersion associated with "helicopter fires." Evaluations involved measuring plume rise, estimating emissions, dispersion modeling and ambient monitoring. Results of the evaluation provided ground-level concentration estimates of plume particulate matter, oxides of nitrogen, hydrogen fluoride, carbon monoxide, 22 metals, 15 PAH and 13 VOC. The study showed that the air quality impact of the fire fighting training is much lower than the relevant time-weighted averages established to protect workers' health. This paper will be of interest to people in environmental protection agencies because it demonstrates the effects of fire fighting operations that must frequently occur as part of training exercises.

Potential crashworthiness benefits to general aviation from Indianapolis Motor Speedway technology.

PubMed

Jennings, R T; Mohler, S R

1988-01-01

General aviation crashworthiness can potentially benefit from certain advances being accomplished by the automobile industry. Progressive improvements in crash protection technology, as documented by a dramatic reduction in crash injuries and fatalities at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway, reflect improved crashworthiness. The speeds of survivable general aviation aircraft impacts are in the range of the Indianapolis Motor Speedway crashes (200-220 mph). This paper relates the declining crash death rates at Indy by decade versus the increase in speeds. The continuous rise in speeds has prompted the development of new crashworthy designs and driver protection equipment. Crashworthiness improvements include crushable surrounding structures, high-grade restraint systems, protective head gear, fire resistant clothing, break-away structural components, and a "protective cocoon" concept. Adaptation of selected advances in crashworthiness design and operations accomplished at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway to the next generation of general aviation aircraft should provide significant dividends in survival of air crashes.

14 CFR 29.1201 - Fire extinguishing system materials.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Fire extinguishing system materials. 29... TRANSPORTATION AIRCRAFT AIRWORTHINESS STANDARDS: TRANSPORT CATEGORY ROTORCRAFT Powerplant Powerplant Fire Protection § 29.1201 Fire extinguishing system materials. (a) No materials in any fire extinguishing system...

14 CFR 23.1195 - Fire extinguishing systems.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Fire extinguishing systems. 23.1195 Section... AIRWORTHINESS STANDARDS: NORMAL, UTILITY, ACROBATIC, AND COMMUTER CATEGORY AIRPLANES Powerplant Powerplant Fire Protection § 23.1195 Fire extinguishing systems. (a) For commuter category airplanes, fire extinguishing...

Aircraft Instrument, Fire Protection, Warning, Communication, Navigation and Cabin Atmosphere Control System (Course Outline), Aviation Mechanics 3 (Air Frame): 9067.04.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Dade County Public Schools, Miami, FL.

This document presents an outline for a 135-hour course designed to familiarize the student with manipulative skills and theoretical knowledge concerning aircraft instrument systems like major flight and engine instruments; fire protection and fire fighting systems; warning systems and navigation systems; aircraft cabin control systems, such as…

Military Housing Inspection-Camp Buehring, Kuwait

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-09-30

General DPW Director Public Works FAS Fire Alarm System HVAC Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning IAW In Accordance With ITM Inspection...safety policies and standards regarding electrical and fire protection systems . Findings We found significant deficiencies in electrical and fire...protection systems during the physical inspections of the U.S. military-occupied facilities at Camp Buehring. We identified a total of 538

A Survey of Rural Population Density and Forest Fire Occurrence in the South, 1956-1970

Treesearch

A.T. Altobellis

1983-01-01

Rural residents comprise a high risk potential population regarding person-caused wildfire incidence in the South. However, rural population density (RPD=numker of people per square mile) was found to be indeterminately associated with fire occurrence rate (FOR=number of fires per million acres protected) in protected lands in 13 Southern states. Thus, changes in...

Risk Based Reliability Centered Maintenance of DOD Fire Protection Systems

DTIC Science & Technology

1999-01-01

2.2.3 Failure Mode and Effect Analysis ( FMEA )............................ 2.2.4 Failure Mode Risk Characterization...Step 2 - System functions and functional failures definition Step 3 - Failure mode and effect analysis ( FMEA ) Step 4 - Failure mode risk...system). The Interface Location column identifies the location where the FMEA of the fire protection system began or stopped. For example, for the fire

30 CFR 75.1103-6 - Automatic fire sensors; actuation of fire suppression systems.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Protection § 75.1103-6 Automatic fire sensors; actuation of fire suppression systems. Point-type heat sensors or automatic fire sensor and warning device systems may be used to actuate deluge-type water systems... 30 Mineral Resources 1 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Automatic fire sensors; actuation of fire...

30 CFR 75.1103-6 - Automatic fire sensors; actuation of fire suppression systems.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 1 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Automatic fire sensors; actuation of fire... Protection § 75.1103-6 Automatic fire sensors; actuation of fire suppression systems. Point-type heat sensors or automatic fire sensor and warning device systems may be used to actuate deluge-type water systems...

30 CFR 75.1103-6 - Automatic fire sensors; actuation of fire suppression systems.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 1 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Automatic fire sensors; actuation of fire... Protection § 75.1103-6 Automatic fire sensors; actuation of fire suppression systems. Point-type heat sensors or automatic fire sensor and warning device systems may be used to actuate deluge-type water systems...

30 CFR 75.1103-6 - Automatic fire sensors; actuation of fire suppression systems.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 1 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Automatic fire sensors; actuation of fire... Protection § 75.1103-6 Automatic fire sensors; actuation of fire suppression systems. Point-type heat sensors or automatic fire sensor and warning device systems may be used to actuate deluge-type water systems...

30 CFR 75.1103-6 - Automatic fire sensors; actuation of fire suppression systems.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 1 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Automatic fire sensors; actuation of fire... Protection § 75.1103-6 Automatic fire sensors; actuation of fire suppression systems. Point-type heat sensors or automatic fire sensor and warning device systems may be used to actuate deluge-type water systems...

Postfire logging in riparian areas.

PubMed

Reeves, Gordon H; Bisson, Peter A; Rieman, Bruce E; Benda, Lee E

2006-08-01

We reviewed the behavior of wildfire in riparian zones, primarily in the western United States, and the potential ecological consequences of postfire logging. Fire behavior in riparian zones is complex, but many aquatic and riparian organisms exhibit a suite of adaptations that allow relatively rapid recovery after fire. Unless constrained by other factors, fish tend to rebound relatively quickly, usually within a decade after a wildfire. Additionally, fire and subsequent erosion events contribute wood and coarse sediment that can create and maintain productive aquatic habitats over time. The potential effects of postfire logging in riparian areas depend on the landscape context and disturbance history of a site; however available evidence suggests two key management implications: (1) fire in riparian areas creates conditions that may not require intervention to sustain the long-term productivity of the aquatic network and (2) protection of burned riparian areas gives priority to what is left rather than what is removed. Research is needed to determine how postfire logging in riparian areas has affected the spread of invasive species and the vulnerability of upland forests to insect and disease outbreaks and how postfire logging will affect the frequency and behavior of future fires. The effectiveness of using postfire logging to restore desired riparian structure and function is therefore unproven, but such projects are gaining interest with the departure of forest conditions from those that existed prior to timber harvest, fire suppression, and climate change. In the absence of reliable information about the potential consequence of postfire timber harvest, we conclude that providing postfire riparian zones with the same environmental protections they received before they burned isjustified ecologically Without a commitment to monitor management experiments, the effects of postfire riparian logging will remain unknown and highly contentious.

The War on Terrorism and What We Can Learn from our War with Fire

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

WHITLEY, JOHN B.; YONAS, GEROLD

2002-07-01

The highly leveraged, asymmetric attacks of September 11th have launched the nation on a vast ''War on Terrorism''. Now that our vulnerabilities and the enemies' objectives and determination have been demonstrated, we find ourselves rapidly immersed in a huge, complex problem that is virtually devoid of true understanding while being swamped with resources and proposed technologies for solutions. How do we win this war? How do we make sure that we are making the proper investments? What things or freedoms or rights do we have to give up to win? Where do we even start? In analyzing this problem, manymore » similarities to mankind's battle with uncontrolled fire and the threat it presented to society were noted. Major fires throughout history have destroyed whole cities and caused massive loss of life and property. Solutions were devised that have gradually, over several hundred years, reduced this threat to a level that allows us to co-exist with the threat of fire by applying constant vigilance and investments in fire protection, but without living in constant fear and dread from fire. We have created a multi-pronged approach to fire protection that involves both government and individuals in the prevention, mitigation, and response to fires. Fire protection has become a virtually unnoticed constant in our daily lives; we will have to do the same for terrorism. This paper discusses the history of fire protection and draws analogies to our War on Terrorism. We have, as a society, tackled and successfully conquered a problem as big as terrorism. From this battle, we can learn and take comfort.« less

Heat Transfer Principles in Thermal Calculation of Structures in Fire

PubMed Central

Zhang, Chao; Usmani, Asif

2016-01-01

Structural fire engineering (SFE) is a relatively new interdisciplinary subject, which requires a comprehensive knowledge of heat transfer, fire dynamics and structural analysis. It is predominantly the community of structural engineers who currently carry out most of the structural fire engineering research and design work. The structural engineering curriculum in universities and colleges do not usually include courses in heat transfer and fire dynamics. In some institutions of higher education, there are graduate courses for fire resistant design which focus on the design approaches in codes. As a result, structural engineers who are responsible for structural fire safety and are competent to do their jobs by following the rules specified in prescriptive codes may find it difficult to move toward performance-based fire safety design which requires a deep understanding of both fire and heat. Fire safety engineers, on the other hand, are usually focused on fire development and smoke control, and may not be familiar with the heat transfer principles used in structural fire analysis, or structural failure analysis. This paper discusses the fundamental heat transfer principles in thermal calculation of structures in fire, which might serve as an educational guide for students, engineers and researchers. Insights on problems which are commonly ignored in performance based fire safety design are also presented. PMID:26783379

46 CFR 72.05-35 - Hatch covers and shifting boards.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 46 Shipping 3 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Hatch covers and shifting boards. 72.05-35 Section 72.05... AND ARRANGEMENT Structural Fire Protection § 72.05-35 Hatch covers and shifting boards. (a) Wood hatch covers may be used between cargo spaces. Hatch covers in other locations shall meet the requirements for...

46 CFR 72.05-35 - Hatch covers and shifting boards.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 46 Shipping 3 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Hatch covers and shifting boards. 72.05-35 Section 72.05... AND ARRANGEMENT Structural Fire Protection § 72.05-35 Hatch covers and shifting boards. (a) Wood hatch covers may be used between cargo spaces. Hatch covers in other locations shall meet the requirements for...

46 CFR 72.05-35 - Hatch covers and shifting boards.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 46 Shipping 3 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Hatch covers and shifting boards. 72.05-35 Section 72.05... AND ARRANGEMENT Structural Fire Protection § 72.05-35 Hatch covers and shifting boards. (a) Wood hatch covers may be used between cargo spaces. Hatch covers in other locations shall meet the requirements for...

46 CFR 72.05-35 - Hatch covers and shifting boards.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 46 Shipping 3 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Hatch covers and shifting boards. 72.05-35 Section 72.05... AND ARRANGEMENT Structural Fire Protection § 72.05-35 Hatch covers and shifting boards. (a) Wood hatch covers may be used between cargo spaces. Hatch covers in other locations shall meet the requirements for...

33 CFR 208.10 - Local flood protection works; maintenance and operation of structures and facilities.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... the levee and to repair the damaged section. (c) Flood walls—(1) Maintenance. Periodic inspections... accelerated seepage paths; (iv) The concrete has not undergone cracking, chipping, or breaking to an extent... that no fires are being built near them; (vii) No bank caving conditions exist riverward of the wall...

33 CFR 208.10 - Local flood protection works; maintenance and operation of structures and facilities.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... the levee and to repair the damaged section. (c) Flood walls—(1) Maintenance. Periodic inspections... accelerated seepage paths; (iv) The concrete has not undergone cracking, chipping, or breaking to an extent... that no fires are being built near them; (vii) No bank caving conditions exist riverward of the wall...

33 CFR 208.10 - Local flood protection works; maintenance and operation of structures and facilities.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... the levee and to repair the damaged section. (c) Flood walls—(1) Maintenance. Periodic inspections... accelerated seepage paths; (iv) The concrete has not undergone cracking, chipping, or breaking to an extent... that no fires are being built near them; (vii) No bank caving conditions exist riverward of the wall...

14 CFR 29.1197 - Fire extinguishing agents.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Fire extinguishing agents. 29.1197 Section... AIRWORTHINESS STANDARDS: TRANSPORT CATEGORY ROTORCRAFT Powerplant Powerplant Fire Protection § 29.1197 Fire extinguishing agents. (a) Fire extinguishing agents must— (1) Be capable of extinguishing flames emanating from...

30 CFR 75.1107 - Fire suppression devices.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... Provisions] On and after March 30, 1971, fire-suppression devices meeting specifications prescribed by the... 30 Mineral Resources 1 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Fire suppression devices. 75.1107 Section 75... HEALTH MANDATORY SAFETY STANDARDS-UNDERGROUND COAL MINES Fire Protection Fire Suppression Devices and...

30 CFR 75.1107 - Fire suppression devices.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... Provisions] On and after March 30, 1971, fire-suppression devices meeting specifications prescribed by the... 30 Mineral Resources 1 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Fire suppression devices. 75.1107 Section 75... HEALTH MANDATORY SAFETY STANDARDS-UNDERGROUND COAL MINES Fire Protection Fire Suppression Devices and...

30 CFR 75.1107 - Fire suppression devices.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... Provisions] On and after March 30, 1971, fire-suppression devices meeting specifications prescribed by the... 30 Mineral Resources 1 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Fire suppression devices. 75.1107 Section 75... HEALTH MANDATORY SAFETY STANDARDS-UNDERGROUND COAL MINES Fire Protection Fire Suppression Devices and...

30 CFR 75.1107 - Fire suppression devices.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... Provisions] On and after March 30, 1971, fire-suppression devices meeting specifications prescribed by the... 30 Mineral Resources 1 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Fire suppression devices. 75.1107 Section 75... HEALTH MANDATORY SAFETY STANDARDS-UNDERGROUND COAL MINES Fire Protection Fire Suppression Devices and...

30 CFR 75.1107 - Fire suppression devices.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Provisions] On and after March 30, 1971, fire-suppression devices meeting specifications prescribed by the... 30 Mineral Resources 1 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Fire suppression devices. 75.1107 Section 75... HEALTH MANDATORY SAFETY STANDARDS-UNDERGROUND COAL MINES Fire Protection Fire Suppression Devices and...

Fire Technology Abstracts, volume 4, issue 1, August, 1981

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Holtschlag, L. J.; Kuvshinoff, B. W.; Jernigan, J. B.

This bibliography contains over 400 citations with abstracts addressing various aspects of fire technology. Subjects cover the dynamics of fire, behavior and properties of materials, fire modeling and test burns, fire protection, fire safety, fire service organization, apparatus and equipment, fire prevention, suppression, planning, human behavior, medical problems, codes and standards, hazard identification, safe handling of materials, insurance, economics of loss and prevention, and more.

46 CFR 161.002-2 - Types of fire-protective systems.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

..., but not be limited to, automatic fire and smoke detecting systems, manual fire alarm systems, sample... unit, fire detectors, smoke detectors, and audible and visual alarms distinct in both respects from the alarms of any other system not indicating fire. (c) Manual fire alarm systems. For the purpose of this...

46 CFR 95.10-5 - Fire pumps.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 46 Shipping 4 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Fire pumps. 95.10-5 Section 95.10-5 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) CARGO AND MISCELLANEOUS VESSELS FIRE PROTECTION EQUIPMENT Fire Main System, Details § 95.10-5 Fire pumps. (a) Vessels shall be equipped with independently driven fire...

46 CFR 118.300 - Fire pumps.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 46 Shipping 4 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Fire pumps. 118.300 Section 118.300 Shipping COAST GUARD... OVERNIGHT ACCOMMODATIONS FOR MORE THAN 49 PASSENGERS FIRE PROTECTION EQUIPMENT Fire Main System § 118.300 Fire pumps. (a) A self priming, power driven fire pump must be installed on each vessel. (b) On a...

46 CFR 76.10-5 - Fire pumps.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 46 Shipping 3 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Fire pumps. 76.10-5 Section 76.10-5 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) PASSENGER VESSELS FIRE PROTECTION EQUIPMENT Fire Main System, Details § 76.10-5 Fire pumps. (a) Vessels shall be equipped with independently driven fire pumps in...

46 CFR 118.320 - Fire hoses and nozzles.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... commercial fire hose that conforms to Underwriters Laboratory (UL) 19 “Lined Fire Hose and Hose Assemblies... National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) 1963 “Fire Hose Connections,” or other standard specified by... 46 Shipping 4 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Fire hoses and nozzles. 118.320 Section 118.320 Shipping...

46 CFR 118.320 - Fire hoses and nozzles.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... commercial fire hose that conforms to Underwriters Laboratory (UL) 19 “Lined Fire Hose and Hose Assemblies... National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) 1963 “Fire Hose Connections,” or other standard specified by... 46 Shipping 4 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Fire hoses and nozzles. 118.320 Section 118.320 Shipping...

46 CFR 118.320 - Fire hoses and nozzles.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... commercial fire hose that conforms to Underwriters Laboratory (UL) 19 “Lined Fire Hose and Hose Assemblies... National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) 1963 “Fire Hose Connections,” or other standard specified by... 46 Shipping 4 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Fire hoses and nozzles. 118.320 Section 118.320 Shipping...

46 CFR 118.320 - Fire hoses and nozzles.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... commercial fire hose that conforms to Underwriters Laboratory (UL) 19 “Lined Fire Hose and Hose Assemblies... National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) 1963 “Fire Hose Connections,” or other standard specified by... 46 Shipping 4 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Fire hoses and nozzles. 118.320 Section 118.320 Shipping...

46 CFR 118.320 - Fire hoses and nozzles.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... commercial fire hose that conforms to Underwriters Laboratory (UL) 19 “Lined Fire Hose and Hose Assemblies... National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) 1963 “Fire Hose Connections,” or other standard specified by... 46 Shipping 4 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Fire hoses and nozzles. 118.320 Section 118.320 Shipping...

Heavy precipitation and the responses within emergency management - a new approach for emergency planning and disaster prevention by utilizing fire brigade operation data

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kutschker, Thomas; Glade, Thomas

2015-04-01

An increase of intense rainfall events in the center regions of Europe is one of the assumed effects of climate change. Climate scenarios indicate also large seasonal and regional differences concerning the magnitude. Structural damages and financial loss resulting from heavy precipitation depend on natural parameters such as topography and vegetation cover of the specific area, but also on socio-economic parameters such as urbanized and industrialized areas, population density and the presence of critical infrastructure. In particular mudflows and floods cause damages such as flooded basements and streets, undercutting of roads or spilled sewage drains. The emergency management has to consider these effects appropriately. Commonly, this is the responsibilities is taken by the fire brigades and civil protection units. Within their daily routines, numerous data is collected, but commonly not utilized for scientific purposes. In particular fire brigade operation data can be used accordingly to describe the intensity of the aftermath when heavy precipitation strikes a certain area. One application is described in this study based on a example in Offenbach, Germany. The civil protection in Germany is based on a federal system with a bottom-up command-structure and responsibility to the local community. Therefore it is not easy to collect the overall incident data for a widespread affected area. To examine particular local effects of heavy precipitation events it is necessary to match the meteorological data provided by the German Meteorological Service (DWD) with the incident data of all effected fire brigades, which sometimes is impeded by the usual resolution of meteorological data. In this study, a method of comprehensive evaluation of meteorological data and the operation data from local fire brigades has been developed for the Rhine-Main-Area. This area is one of the largest metropolitan regions in Germany with a very high density in population as well as industrial and traffic infrastructure. This new concept might support a sophisticated emergency planning and also better disaster prevention efforts for the authorities. Especially municipal civil protection authorities are liable to prepare new strategies and emergency plans for their particular field of responsibility, regarding their neighbor communities and to cope the "German national adaption strategy to the climate change" as a future goal. Keywords: municipal emergency planning, critical infrastructure, heavy-precipitation

14 CFR 125.175 - Protection of other airplane components against fire.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Protection of other airplane components... CERTIFICATION AND OPERATIONS: AIRPLANES HAVING A SEATING CAPACITY OF 20 OR MORE PASSENGERS OR A MAXIMUM PAYLOAD... Requirements § 125.175 Protection of other airplane components against fire. (a) Except as provided in...

14 CFR 121.277 - Protection of other airplane components against fire.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Protection of other airplane components....277 Protection of other airplane components against fire. (a) Except as provided in paragraph (b) of this section, all airplane surfaces aft of the nacelles in the area of one nacelle diameter on both...