Structural investigation of the capsular polysaccharide produced by a novel Klebsiella serotype (SK1). Location of O-acetyl substituents using NMR and MS techniques.

PubMed

Cescutti, P; Ravenscroft, N; Ng, S; Lam, Z; Dutton, G G

1993-06-21

The capsular polysaccharide of Klebsiella SK1 was investigated by methylation analysis, Smith degradation, and 1H NMR spectroscopy. The oligosaccharides (P1 and P2) obtained by bacteriophage phi SK1 degradation of the polymer were studied by methylation analysis, and 1D- and 2D-NMR spectroscopy. The resulting data showed that the parent repeating unit is a branched pentasaccharide having a structure identical to the revised structure recently proposed for Klebsiella serotype K8 capsular polysaccharide. [Formula: see text] The 2D-NMR data showed that one third of the glucuronic acid residues in the SK1 polymer are acetylated at O-2, O-3, or O-4. FABMS studies confirmed the presence of monoacetylated glucuronic acid residues. Thus, the relationship between the Klebsiella K8 and SK1 polymers is akin to that found for Klebsiella polysaccharides K30 and K33, which have been typed as serologically distinct yet their structures differ only in the degree of acetylation.

Capsular Polysaccharide Expression in Commensal Streptococcus Species: Genetic and Antigenic Similarities to Streptococcus pneumoniae.

PubMed

Skov Sørensen, Uffe B; Yao, Kaihu; Yang, Yonghong; Tettelin, Hervé; Kilian, Mogens

2016-11-15

Expression of a capsular polysaccharide is considered a hallmark of most invasive species of bacteria, including Streptococcus pneumoniae, in which the capsule is among the principal virulence factors and is the basis for successful vaccines. Consequently, it was previously assumed that capsule production distinguishes S. pneumoniae from closely related commensals of the mitis group streptococci. Based on antigenic and genetic analyses of 187 mitis group streptococci, including 90 recognized serotypes of S. pneumoniae, we demonstrated capsule production by the Wzy/Wzx pathway in 74% of 66 S. mitis strains and in virtually all tested strains of S. oralis (subspecies oralis, dentisani, and tigurinus) and S. infantis Additional analyses of genomes of S. cristatus, S. parasanguinis, S. australis, S. sanguinis, S. gordonii, S. anginosus, S. intermedius, and S. constellatus revealed complete capsular biosynthesis (cps) loci in all strains tested. Truncated cps loci were detected in three strains of S. pseudopneumoniae, in 26% of S. mitis strains, and in a single S. oralis strain. The level of sequence identities of cps locus genes confirmed that the structural polymorphism of capsular polysaccharides in S. pneumoniae evolved by import of cps fragments from commensal Streptococcus species, resulting in a mosaic of genes of different origins. The demonstrated antigenic identity of at least eight of the numerous capsular polysaccharide structures expressed by commensal streptococci with recognized serotypes of S. pneumoniae raises concerns about potential misidentifications in addition to important questions concerning the consequences for vaccination and host-parasite relationships both for the commensals and for the pathogen. Expression of a capsular polysaccharide is among the principal virulence factors of Streptococcus pneumoniae and is the basis for successful vaccines against infections caused by this important pathogen. Contrasting with previous assumptions, this study showed that expression of capsular polysaccharides by the same genetic mechanisms is a general property of closely related species of streptococci that form a significant part of our commensal microbiota. The demonstrated antigenic identity of many capsular polysaccharides expressed by commensal streptococci and S. pneumoniae raises important questions concerning the consequences for vaccination and host-parasite relationships both for the commensals and the pathogen. Copyright © 2016 Skov Sørensen et al.

Structural characterization of an all-aminosugar-containing capsular polysaccharide from Colwellia psychrerythraea 34H

PubMed Central

Casillo, Angela; Ståhle, Jonas; Parrilli, Ermenegilda; Sannino, Filomena; Mitchell, Daniel E.; Pieretti, Giuseppina; Gibson, Matthew I.; Marino, Gennaro; Lanzetta, Rosa; Parrilli, Michelangelo; Widmalm, Göran; Tutino, Maria L.; Corsaro, Maria M.

2017-01-01

Colwellia psychrerythraea strain 34H, a Gram-negative bacterium isolated from Arctic marine sediments, is considered a model to study the adaptation to cold environments. Recently, we demonstrated that C. psychrerythraea 34H produces two different extracellular polysaccharides, a capsular polysaccharide and a medium released polysaccharide, which confer cryoprotection to the bacterium. In this study, we report the structure of an additional capsular polysaccharide produced by Colwellia grown at a different temperature. The structure was determined using chemical methods, and one- and two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy. The results showed a trisaccharide repeating unit made up of only amino-sugar residues: N-acetyl-galactosamine, 2,4-diacetamido-2,4,6-trideoxy-glucose (bacillosamine), and 2-acetamido-2-deoxyglucuronic acid with the following structure: →4)-β-d-GlcpNAcA-(1→3)-β-d-QuipNAc4NAc-(1→3)-β-d-GalpNAc-(1→. The 3D model, generated in accordance with 1H,1H-NOE NMR correlations and consisting of ten repeating units, shows a helical structure. In contrast with the other extracellular polysaccharides produced from Colwellia at 4 °C, this molecule displays only a low ice recrystallization inhibition activity. PMID:28161737

Delayed splenic rupture: dating the sub-capsular hemorrhage as a useful task to evaluate causal relationships with trauma.

PubMed

Riezzo, Irene; Di Battista, Benedetta; De Salvia, Alessandra; Cantatore, Santina; Neri, Margherita; Pomara, Cristoforo; Turillazzi, Emanuela; Fineschi, Vittorio

2014-01-01

The aim of the paper was to perform a chronological assessment of the phenomenon of delayed rupture of the spleen, to assess the phenomenological order about the sub-capsular hematoma transformation to determine the causal relationship with trauma as hypothetical cause of death. 80 cases of blunt trauma with splenic capsular hematoma and subsequent rupture of the spleen were evaluated: 38 had an acute rupture of the spleen, 42 presented a break in days or weeks after the traumatic injury. Time between the traumatic event and delayed rupture of the spleen is within a range of time from one day to more than one month. Data recorded included age, sex, type of trauma, injury severity score, grade of splenic injury, associated intra-abdominal injuries, pathologic specimen evaluation. Immunohistochemical investigation of perisplenic hematoma or laceration was performed utilizing polyclonal antibodies anti-fibrinogen, CD61 and CD68, and showed structural chronological differences of sub-capsular hematoma. Expression of modification and organization of erythrocytes, fibrinogen, platelets and macrophages provides an informative picture of the progression of reparative phenomena associated with sub-capsular hematoma and subsequent delayed splenic rupture. Sub-capsular splenic hematoma dating, which we divided into 4 phases, is representing a task in both clinical practice and forensic pathology. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

Capture of Pb2+ and Cu2+ Metal Cations by Neisseria meningitidis-type Capsular Polysaccharides.

PubMed

Ghimire, Sujan; McCarthy, Pumtiwitt C

2018-05-05

Heavy metal pollution of water is a significant environmental and public health concern. Current biological strategies for heavy metal removal from water are performed using microbial biopolymers, including polysaccharides, that are already fully formed. This creates limitations in adapting polysaccharides to increase binding affinity for specific metals. We propose that altering the specificity of polysaccharide-producing enzymes could be beneficial to improving metal capture by modified polysaccharides. We assess binding of Cu 2+ and Pb 2+ metal cations to Neisseria meningitidis -type polysaccharides. All concentrations of metal cations tested were able to completely bind to colominic acid. This polymer is equivalent to the capsular polysaccharide of N. meningitidis serogroup B comprised of a homopolymer of negatively charged sialic acid. There was slightly less binding observed with N. meningitidis serogroup W, which contains repeating units of the neutral sugar galactose and sialic acid. Our work represents the first assessment of the metal-binding properties of these capsular polysaccharides. Future work will seek to optimize metal-binding with Neisseria meningitidis serogroup W polysaccharide.

THE ROLE OF THE SCAPULA

PubMed Central

Voight, Michael L.

2013-01-01

Previously, the scapular musculature was often neglected in designing a rehabilitation protocol for the shoulder. In the past two decades a significant amount of research has been performed in order to help identify the role of the scapula in upper extremity function. Weakness of the scapular stabilizers and resultant altered biomechanics could result in: 1) abnormal stresses to the anterior capsular structures of the shoulder, 2) increased possibility of rotator cuff compression, and 3) decreased shoulder complex neuromuscular performance. This clinical commentary presents facts about the anatomy and biomechanics of the scapula and surrounding musculature, and describes the pathomechanics of scapular dysfunction. The focus is upon the assessment of dysfunction and retraining of the scapular musculature. Level of Evidence: 5 PMID:24175141

Genetic and structural elucidation of capsular polysaccharides from Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 23A and 23B, and comparison to serotype 23F.

PubMed

Ravenscroft, Neil; Omar, Aneesa; Hlozek, Jason; Edmonds-Smith, Cesarina; Follador, Rainer; Serventi, Fabio; Lipowsky, Gerd; Kuttel, Michelle M; Cescutti, Paola; Faridmoayer, Amirreza

2017-10-10

Streptococcus pneumoniae is a globally important encapsulated human pathogen with approximately 100 different serotypes recognized. Serogroup 23 consists of serotype 23F, present in licensed vaccines, and emerging serotypes 23A and 23B. Here, we report the previously unknown structures of the pneumococcal capsular polysaccharides serotype 23A and 23B determined using genetic analysis, NMR spectroscopy, composition and linkage analysis and Smith degradation (of polysaccharide 23A). The structure of the serotype 23A capsular polysaccharide is: →4)-β-D-Glcp-(1→3)-[[α-L-Rhap-(1→2)]-[Gro-(2→P→3)]-β-D-Galp-(1→4)]-β-L-Rhap-(1→. This structure differs from polysaccharide 23F as it features a disaccharide backbone and the di-substituted β-Gal is linked to β-Rha as a side chain. This is due to the different polymerization position catalysed by the unusually divergent repeat unit polymerase Wzy in the 23A cps biosynthesis locus. Steric crowding in 23A, confirmed by molecular models, causes the NMR signal for H-1 of the di-substituted 2,3-β-Gal to resonate in the α-anomeric region. The structure of the serotype 23B capsular polysaccharide is the same as 23F, but without the terminal α-Rha: →4)-β-D-Glcp-(1→4)-[Gro-(2→P→3)]-β-D-Galp-(1→4)-β-L-Rhap-(1→. The immunodominant terminal α-Rha of 23F is more sterically crowded in 23A and absent in 23B. This may explain the reported typing cross reactions for serotype 23F: slight with 23A and none with 23B. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Current status of meningococcal group B vaccine candidates: capsular or noncapsular?

PubMed

Diaz Romero, J; Outschoorn, I M

1994-10-01

Meningococcal meningitis is a severe, life-threatening infection for which no adequate vaccine exists. Current vaccines, based on the group-specific capsular polysaccharides, provide short-term protection in adults against serogroups A and C but are ineffective in infants and do not induce protection against group B strains, the predominant cause of infection in western countries, because the purified serogroup B polysaccharide fails to elicit human bactericidal antibodies. Because of the poor immunogenicity of group B capsular polysaccharide, different noncapsular antigens have been considered for inclusion in a vaccine against this serogroup: outer membrane proteins, lipooligosaccharides, iron-regulated proteins, Lip, pili, CtrA, and the immunoglobulin A proteases. Alternatively, attempts to increase the immunogenicity of the capsular polysaccharide have been made by using noncovalent complexes with outer membrane proteins, chemical modifications, and structural analogs. Here, we review the strategies employed for the development of a vaccine for Neisseria meningitidis serogroup B; the difficulties associated with the different approaches are discussed.

Current status of meningococcal group B vaccine candidates: capsular or noncapsular?

PubMed Central

Diaz Romero, J; Outschoorn, I M

1994-01-01

Meningococcal meningitis is a severe, life-threatening infection for which no adequate vaccine exists. Current vaccines, based on the group-specific capsular polysaccharides, provide short-term protection in adults against serogroups A and C but are ineffective in infants and do not induce protection against group B strains, the predominant cause of infection in western countries, because the purified serogroup B polysaccharide fails to elicit human bactericidal antibodies. Because of the poor immunogenicity of group B capsular polysaccharide, different noncapsular antigens have been considered for inclusion in a vaccine against this serogroup: outer membrane proteins, lipooligosaccharides, iron-regulated proteins, Lip, pili, CtrA, and the immunoglobulin A proteases. Alternatively, attempts to increase the immunogenicity of the capsular polysaccharide have been made by using noncovalent complexes with outer membrane proteins, chemical modifications, and structural analogs. Here, we review the strategies employed for the development of a vaccine for Neisseria meningitidis serogroup B; the difficulties associated with the different approaches are discussed. PMID:7834605

Structure of a protective epitope of group B Streptococcus type III capsular polysaccharide.

PubMed

Carboni, Filippo; Adamo, Roberto; Fabbrini, Monica; De Ricco, Riccardo; Cattaneo, Vittorio; Brogioni, Barbara; Veggi, Daniele; Pinto, Vittoria; Passalacqua, Irene; Oldrini, Davide; Rappuoli, Rino; Malito, Enrico; Margarit, Immaculada Y Ros; Berti, Francesco

2017-05-09

Despite substantial progress in the prevention of group B Streptococcus (GBS) disease with the introduction of intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis, this pathogen remains a leading cause of neonatal infection. Capsular polysaccharide conjugate vaccines have been tested in phase I/II clinical studies, showing promise for further development. Mapping of epitopes recognized by protective antibodies is crucial for understanding the mechanism of action of vaccines and for enabling antigen design. In this study, we report the structure of the epitope recognized by a monoclonal antibody with opsonophagocytic activity and representative of the protective response against type III GBS polysaccharide. The structure and the atomic-level interactions were determined by saturation transfer difference (STD)-NMR and X-ray crystallography using oligosaccharides obtained by synthetic and depolymerization procedures. The GBS PSIII epitope is made by six sugars. Four of them derive from two adjacent repeating units of the PSIII backbone and two of them from the branched galactose-sialic acid disaccharide contained in this sequence. The sialic acid residue establishes direct binding interactions with the functional antibody. The crystal structure provides insight into the molecular basis of antibody-carbohydrate interactions and confirms that the conformational epitope is not required for antigen recognition. Understanding the structural basis of immune recognition of capsular polysaccharide epitopes can aid in the design of novel glycoconjugate vaccines.

Structural determination of the capsular polysaccharide produced by Klebsiella pneumoniae serotype K40. NMR studies of the oligosaccharide obtained upon depolymerisation of the polysaccharide with a bacteriophage-associated endoglycanase.

PubMed

Cescutti, P; Toffanin, R; Kvam, B J; Paoletti, S; Dutton, G G

1993-04-01

The Klebsiella pneumoniae K40 capsular polysaccharide has been isolated and investigated by use of methylation analysis, specific degradations and NMR spectroscopy. The polysaccharide was depolymerised by a bacteriophage-associated endogalactosidase, and the resulting oligosaccharide was characterised by one-dimensional and two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy and direct chemical ionisation MS. The repeating unit of the K40 capsular polysaccharide was shown to be a linear hexasaccharide with the composition-->3)- alpha-L-Rhap-(1-->2)-alpha-L-Rhap-(1-->4)-alpha-D-GlcpA++ +-(1-->2-)- alpha-D-Manp-(1-->2)-alpha-D-Manp-(1-->3)-alpha-D-Galp-(1--> (Rha, rhamnose).

Capsular Polysaccharide Expression in Commensal Streptococcus Species: Genetic and Antigenic Similarities to Streptococcus pneumoniae

PubMed Central

Skov Sørensen, Uffe B.; Yao, Kaihu; Yang, Yonghong; Tettelin, Hervé

2016-01-01

ABSTRACT Expression of a capsular polysaccharide is considered a hallmark of most invasive species of bacteria, including Streptococcus pneumoniae, in which the capsule is among the principal virulence factors and is the basis for successful vaccines. Consequently, it was previously assumed that capsule production distinguishes S. pneumoniae from closely related commensals of the mitis group streptococci. Based on antigenic and genetic analyses of 187 mitis group streptococci, including 90 recognized serotypes of S. pneumoniae, we demonstrated capsule production by the Wzy/Wzx pathway in 74% of 66 S. mitis strains and in virtually all tested strains of S. oralis (subspecies oralis, dentisani, and tigurinus) and S. infantis. Additional analyses of genomes of S. cristatus, S. parasanguinis, S. australis, S. sanguinis, S. gordonii, S. anginosus, S. intermedius, and S. constellatus revealed complete capsular biosynthesis (cps) loci in all strains tested. Truncated cps loci were detected in three strains of S. pseudopneumoniae, in 26% of S. mitis strains, and in a single S. oralis strain. The level of sequence identities of cps locus genes confirmed that the structural polymorphism of capsular polysaccharides in S. pneumoniae evolved by import of cps fragments from commensal Streptococcus species, resulting in a mosaic of genes of different origins. The demonstrated antigenic identity of at least eight of the numerous capsular polysaccharide structures expressed by commensal streptococci with recognized serotypes of S. pneumoniae raises concerns about potential misidentifications in addition to important questions concerning the consequences for vaccination and host-parasite relationships both for the commensals and for the pathogen. PMID:27935839

The Effect of Capsulotomy and Capsular Repair on Hip Distraction: A Cadaveric Investigation.

PubMed

Khair, M Michael; Grzybowski, Jeffrey S; Kuhns, Benjamin D; Wuerz, Thomas H; Shewman, Elizabeth; Nho, Shane J

2017-03-01

To quantify how increasing interportal capsulotomy size affects the force required to distract the hip and to biomechanically compare simple side-to-side suture repair to acetabular-based suture anchors as capsular repair techniques. Twelve fresh-frozen cadaveric hip specimens were dissected to the capsuloligamentous complex of the hip joint and fixed in a material testing system, such that a pure axial distraction of the iliofemoral ligament could be achieved. After each hip in was tested an intact state, sequential distraction was tested with 2, 4, 6, and 8 cm capsulotomies. Specimens were assigned randomly to be repaired with either 4 side-to-side suture repair (n = 6) or 2 double-loaded all-suture anchors (n = 6). The distraction force as well as the relative distraction force percentage normalized to the intact capsule were compared between suture repair and suture anchor repair groups. Increasing the size of the capsulotomy resulted in less force required to distract the hip to 6 mm. The force decreased as the capsulotomy was extended with statistical significance in distraction force seen between the intact state and the 4 cm (P = .003), 6 cm (P < .001), and 8 cm (P ≤ .001) capsulotomy but not for the intact state compared to the 2 cm capsulotomy (P = .28). Statistical significance in relative distraction force was seen for each of the capsulotomy conditions (P < .001 for all conditions compared with the intact state). The side-to-side suture repair construct (104.3% of intact force) required greater force to distraction to 6 mm compared with the suture anchor repair (87.1% of intact force) (P = .008). An interportal capsulotomy significantly affected the force required to distract the hip in a cadaveric model, with the larger the size of capsulotomy resulting in less force required to distract the hip. When we performed an interportal capsulotomy, the iliofemoral ligament strength was altered significantly but capsular repair with either side-to-side sutures or suture anchor-based repair was able to restore the capsular strength to a native intact hip. We found, however, that the side-to-side suture repair was better able to restore the distraction force compared with suture anchor repair. Capsular management during hip arthroscopy remains a debated topic, with multiple techniques involving both capsulotomy and capsular closure published in the literature. This study provides insight into capsular stability against axial stress under capsulotomy and capsular repair conditions. Copyright © 2016 Arthroscopy Association of North America. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

The structure of the acidic exopolysaccharide produced by Pseudomonas "gingeri" strain Pf9.

PubMed

Cescutti, P; Osman, S F; Fett, W F; Weisleder, D

1995-10-02

The structure of the acidic exopolysaccharide produced by the mushroom pathogen Pseudomonas "gingeri" strain Pf9, a bacterium which causes ginger blotch, was investigated by chemical analysis, mass spectrometry and 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy. The polysaccharide consists of the linear trisaccharide repeating unit [formula: see text] where the cyclic pyruvic acetal groups at O-4 and O-6 of the mannopyranosyl residues have the S-configuration. Methylation analysis under neutral conditions and NMR data showed that the mannose residues are acetylated at O-2. This exopolysaccharide has the same structure as the E. coli K55 capsular polysaccharide and differs from the Klebsiella K5 capsular polysaccharide only in the position of acetylation (C-2 of the glucopyranose residue).

Attenuation of Streptococcus suis virulence by the alteration of bacterial surface architecture

PubMed Central

Feng, Youjun; Cao, Min; Shi, Jie; Zhang, Huimin; Hu, Dan; Zhu, Jing; Zhang, Xianyun; Geng, Meiling; Zheng, Feng; Pan, Xiuzhen; Li, Xianfu; Hu, Fuquan; Tang, Jiaqi; Wang, Changjun

2012-01-01

NeuB, a sialic acid synthase catalyzes the last committed step of the de novo biosynthetic pathway of sialic acid, a major element of bacterial surface structure. Here we report a functional NeuB homologue of Streptococcus suis, a zoonotic agent, and systematically address its molecular and immunological role in bacterial virulence. Disruption of neuB led to thinner capsules and more susceptibility to pH, and cps2B inactivation resulted in complete absence of capsular polysaccharides. These two mutants both exhibited increased adhesion and invasion to Hep-2 cells and improved sensibility to phagocytosis. Not only do they retain the capability of inducing the release of host pro-inflammatory cytokines, but also result in the faster secretion of IL-8. Easier cleaning up of the mutant strains in whole blood is consistent with virulence attenuation seen with experimental infections of both mice and SPF-piglets. Therefore we concluded that altered architecture of S. suis surface attenuates its virulence. PMID:23050094

[Imaging manifestations and pathologic basis for hepatic capsular retraction syndrome caused by benign and malignant liver tumors].

PubMed

Ou, Youkuan; Xiao, Enhua; Shang, Quanliang; Chen, Juan

2015-10-01

To investigate the imaging manifestations of CT, MRI and pathological basis for hepatic capsular retraction syndrome caused by benign and malignant liver tumors.
 CT or MRI images and pathological features for hepatic capsular retraction syndrome were retrospectively analyzed in 50 patients with benign and malignant liver tumors. Picture archive and communication system (PACS) was used to observe and compare the morphology, size, width, depth, edge of the capsular retraction and the status of liquid under the liver capsule. The structure, differentiation and proliferation of the tumor were analyzed under the microscope.
 There were malignant liver tumors in 44 patients and benign tumor in 6 patients. The smooth or rough for the edge of capsular retraction was significant difference between the benign tumors and the malignant tumors with three differentiated grades (all P<0.05). There were significant difference in the width and depth for capsule retraction with different amount of fibrous tissues (all P<0.05). The width and depth of capsule retraction were positively correlated to the size of the tumors (r=0.557, 0.309 respectively, both P<0.05).
 Benign and malignant hepatic tumors may appear capsule retraction syndrome, but there are morphological differences between them. The differences are closely related with the lesion size, differentiated degree of tumor and fibrous tissue proliferation.

Comparative genome analysis of novel Podoviruses lytic for hypermucoviscous Klebsiella pneumoniae of K1, K2, and K57 capsular types.

PubMed

Solovieva, Ekaterina V; Myakinina, Vera P; Kislichkina, Angelina A; Krasilnikova, Valentina M; Verevkin, Vladimir V; Mochalov, Vladimir V; Lev, Anastasia I; Fursova, Nadezhda K; Volozhantsev, Nikolay V

2018-01-02

Hypermucoviscous (HV) strains of capsular types K1, K2 and K57 are the most virulent representatives of the Klebsiella pneumoniae species. Eight novel bacteriophages lytic for HV K. pneumoniae were isolated and characterized. Three bacteriophages, KpV41, KpV475, and KpV71 were found to have a lytic activity against mainly K. pneumoniae of capsular type K1. Two phages, KpV74, and KpV763 were lytic for K2 capsular type K. pneumoniae, and the phage KpV767 was specific to K57-type K. pneumoniae only. Two more phages, KpV766, and KpV48 had no capsular specificity. The phage genomes consist of a linear double-stranded DNA of 40,395-44,623bp including direct terminal repeats of 180-246 bp. The G + C contents are 52.3-54.2 % that is slightly lower than that of genomes of K. pneumoniae strains being used for phage propagation. According to the genome structures, sequence similarity and phylogenetic data, the phages are classified within the genus Kp32virus and Kp34virus of subfamily Autographivirinae, family Podoviridae. In the phage genomes, genes encoding proteins with putative motifs of polysaccharide depolymerase were identified. Depolymerase genes of phages KpV71 and KpV74 lytic for hypermucoviscous K. pneumoniae of K1 and K2 capsular type, respectively, were cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli, and the recombinant gene products were purified. The specificity and polysaccharide-degrading activity of the recombinant depolymerases were demonstrated. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Capsular profiling of the Cronobacter genus and the association of specific Cronobacter sakazakii and C. malonaticus capsule types with neonatal meningitis and necrotizing enterocolitis.

PubMed

Ogrodzki, P; Forsythe, S

2015-10-08

Cronobacter sakazakii and C. malonaticus can cause serious diseases especially in infants where they are associated with rare but fatal neonatal infections such as meningitis and necrotising enterocolitis. This study used 104 whole genome sequenced strains, covering all seven species in the genus, to analyse capsule associated clusters of genes involved in the biosynthesis of the O-antigen, colanic acid, bacterial cellulose, enterobacterial common antigen (ECA), and a previously uncharacterised K-antigen. Phylogeny of the gnd and galF genes flanking the O-antigen region enabled the defining of 38 subgroups which are potential serotypes. Two variants of the colanic acid synthesis gene cluster (CA1 and CA2) were found which differed with the absence of galE in CA2. Cellulose (bcs genes) were present in all species, but were absent in C. sakazakii sequence type (ST) 13 and clonal complex (CC) 100 strains. The ECA locus was found in all strains. The K-antigen capsular polysaccharide Region 1 (kpsEDCS) and Region 3 (kpsMT) genes were found in all Cronobacter strains. The highly variable Region 2 genes were assigned to 2 homology groups (K1 and K2). C. sakazakii and C. malonaticus isolates with capsular type [K2:CA2:Cell(+)] were associated with neonatal meningitis and necrotizing enterocolitis. Other capsular types were less associated with clinical infections. This study proposes a new capsular typing scheme which identifies a possible important virulence trait associated with severe neonatal infections. The various capsular polysaccharide structures warrant further investigation as they could be relevant to macrophage survival, desiccation resistance, environmental survival, and biofilm formation in the hospital environment, including neonatal enteral feeding tubes.

The double capsules in macro-textured breast implants.

PubMed

Giot, Jean-Philippe; Paek, Laurence S; Nizard, Nathanael; El-Diwany, Mostafa; Gaboury, Louis A; Nelea, Monica; Bou-Merhi, Joseph S; Harris, Patrick G; Danino, Michel A

2015-10-01

Breast implants are amongst the most widely used types of permanent implants in modern medicine and have both aesthetic and reconstructive applications with excellent biocompatibility. The double capsule is a complication associated with textured prostheses that leads to implant displacement; however, its etiology has yet to be elucidated. In this study, 10 double capsules were sampled from breast expander implants for in-depth analysis; histologically, the inner capsular layer demonstrated highly organized collagen in sheets with delamination of fibers. At the prosthesis interface (PI) where the implant shell contacts the inner capsular layer, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed a thin layer which mirrored the three-dimensional characteristics of the implant texture; the external surface of the inner capsular layer facing the intercapsular space (ICS) was flat. SEM examination of the inner capsule layer revealed both a large bacterial presence as well as biofilm deposition at the PI; a significantly lower quantity of bacteria and biofilm were found at the ICS interface. These findings suggest that the double capsule phenomenon's etiopathogenesis is of mechanical origin. Delamination of the periprosthetic capsule leads to the creation of the ICS; the maintained separation of the 2 layers subsequently alters the biostability of the macro-textured breast implant. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

In Vivo Healing after Capsular Plication in an Ovine Shoulder Model

PubMed Central

Kelly, BT; Turner, AS; Bansal, M; Terry, M; Wolf, BR; Warren, RF; Altchek, DW; Allen, AA

2005-01-01

Traditionally, arthroscopic management of shoulder instability has been reserved for patients with isolated Bankart lesions without any capsular laxity or injury. To date, there are no animal studies evaluating the healing potential of capsular plication and/or capsulo-labral repair. The purpose of this in vivo animal study was to determine if the histological capsular healing of an open capsular plication simulating an arthroscopic plication is equivalent to the more traditional open capsular shift involving cutting and advancing the capsule. Twenty-six skeletally mature sheep were randomized to either an open capsular plication simulating arthroscopic plication (n=13), or an open traditional capsular shift (n=13). A sham operation (n=4) was also performed involving exposure to visualize the capsule. Normal non-operated control shoulders were also analyzed. A pathologist blinded to the treatment evaluated both hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) sections and polarized light microscopy. Qualitative scoring evaluated fibrosis, mucinous degeneration, fat necrosis, granuloma formation, vascularity, inflammatory infiltrate and hemosiderin (0 to 3 points). Both the capsular plication and open shift groups demonstrated healing by fibrosis at the site of surgical manipulation. There were no statistical differences in the capsular healing responses between the two groups with regard to fibrosis, granuloma formation and vascularity. The open shift group demonstrated significantly more mucinous degeneration (p=0.038). Fat necrosis was present in 4/13 specimens in the open shift group and none in the capsular plication specimens. Both groups demonstrated disorganized collagen formation under polarized light microscopy. There were no differences between non-operated control specimens and sham surgery specimens. Our findings support the hypothesis that histologic capsular healing is equivalent between the plication group and the open shift group. In addition, the open shift group demonstrated significantly more changes indicative of tissue injury. This basic science model confirms capsular healing after simulated arthroscopic plication, providing support for arthroscopic capsular plication in practice. PMID:16089080

Genetics of Capsular Polysaccharides and Cell Envelope (Glyco)lipids

PubMed Central

Daffé, Mamadou; Crick, Dean C.; Jackson, Mary

2014-01-01

This chapter summarizes what is currently known of the structures, physiological roles, involvement in pathogenicity and biogenesis of a variety of non-covalently bound cell envelope lipids and glycoconjugates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and other Mycobacterium species. Topics addressed in this chapter include phospholipids; phosphatidylinositol mannosides; triglycerides; isoprenoids and related compounds (polyprenyl phosphate, menaquinones, carotenoids, non-carotenoid cyclic isoprenoids); acyltrehaloses (lipooligosaccharides, trehalose mono- and di-mycolates, sulfolipids, di- and poly-acyltrehaloses); mannosyl-beta-1-phosphomycoketides; glycopeptidolipids; phthiocerol dimycocerosates, para-hydroxybenzoic acids and phenolic glycolipids; mycobactins; mycolactones; and capsular polysaccharides. PMID:25485178

Evidence for rare capsular switching in Streptococcus agalactiae.

PubMed

Martins, Elisabete Raquel; Melo-Cristino, José; Ramirez, Mário

2010-03-01

The polysaccharide capsule is a major antigenic factor in Streptococcus agalactiae (Lancefield group B streptococcus [GBS]). Previous observations suggest that exchange of capsular loci is likely to occur rather frequently in GBS, even though GBS is not known to be naturally transformable. We sought to identify and characterize putative capsular switching events, by means of a combination of phenotypic and genotypic methods, including pulsed-field gel electrophoretic profiling, multilocus sequence typing, and surface protein and pilus gene profiling. We show that capsular switching by horizontal gene transfer is not as frequent as previously suggested. Serotyping errors may be the main reason behind the overestimation of capsule switching, since phenotypic techniques are prone to errors of interpretation. The identified putative capsular transformants involved the acquisition of the entire capsular locus and were not restricted to the serotype-specific central genes, the previously suggested main mechanism underlying capsular switching. Our data, while questioning the frequency of capsular switching, provide clear evidence for in vivo capsular transformation in S. agalactiae, which may be of critical importance in planning future vaccination strategies against this pathogen.

Evidence for Rare Capsular Switching in Streptococcus agalactiae▿

PubMed Central

Martins, Elisabete Raquel; Melo-Cristino, José; Ramirez, Mário

2010-01-01

The polysaccharide capsule is a major antigenic factor in Streptococcus agalactiae (Lancefield group B streptococcus [GBS]). Previous observations suggest that exchange of capsular loci is likely to occur rather frequently in GBS, even though GBS is not known to be naturally transformable. We sought to identify and characterize putative capsular switching events, by means of a combination of phenotypic and genotypic methods, including pulsed-field gel electrophoretic profiling, multilocus sequence typing, and surface protein and pilus gene profiling. We show that capsular switching by horizontal gene transfer is not as frequent as previously suggested. Serotyping errors may be the main reason behind the overestimation of capsule switching, since phenotypic techniques are prone to errors of interpretation. The identified putative capsular transformants involved the acquisition of the entire capsular locus and were not restricted to the serotype-specific central genes, the previously suggested main mechanism underlying capsular switching. Our data, while questioning the frequency of capsular switching, provide clear evidence for in vivo capsular transformation in S. agalactiae, which may be of critical importance in planning future vaccination strategies against this pathogen. PMID:20023016

Technology needs for the development of the accommodative intraocular lens

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Nishi, Okihiro

2010-02-01

Refilling the lens capsule while preserving capsular integrity offers the potential to restore ocular accommodation. There are two persisting problems in capsular bag refilling for possible clinical application: Leakage of the injectable material through the capsular opening and capsular opacification. Numerous attempts for solving these cardinal problems have not been proven to be clinically applicable. Recently, we developed a novel capsular bag refilling procedure using a novel accommodative intraocular lens that serves as an optic as well as a plug for sealing the capsular opening. The procedure and the results of monkey experiments will be presented.

Traumatic Extra-capsular and Intra-capsular Floating Fat: Fat-fluid Levels of the Knee Revisited

PubMed Central

Davis, Derik L; Vachhani, Prasann

2015-01-01

Floating fat is a sign of acute bone injury at the knee following trauma. The goal of this article is to review the etiology, patterns, and mimickers of extra-capsular and intra-capsular floating fat, with the major emphasis on knee trauma in the acute setting. We will discuss the spectrum of multimodal imaging findings for rare presentations of extra-capsular floating fat, and contrast these with common and atypical forms of intra-capsular lipohemarthrosis, as an aid to the assessment of acute bone trauma at the knee. PMID:26713176

Revision surgery for failed thermal capsulorrhaphy.

PubMed

Park, Hyung Bin; Yokota, Atsushi; Gill, Harpreet S; El Rassi, George; McFarland, Edward G

2005-09-01

With the failure of thermal capsulorrhaphy for shoulder instability, there have been concerns with capsular thinning and capsular necrosis affecting revision surgery. To report the findings at revision surgery for failed thermal capsulorrhaphy and to evaluate the technical effects on subsequent revision capsular plication. Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Fourteen patients underwent arthroscopic evaluation and open reconstruction for a failed thermal capsulorrhaphy. The cause of the failure, the quality of the capsule, and the ability to suture the capsule were recorded. The patients were evaluated at follow-up for failure, which was defined as recurrent subluxations or dislocations. The origin of the instability was traumatic (n = 6) or atraumatic (n = 8). At revision surgery in the traumatic group, 4 patients sustained failure of the Bankart repair with capsular laxity, and the others experienced capsular laxity alone. In the atraumatic group, all patients experienced capsular laxity as the cause of failure. Of the 14 patients, the capsule quality was judged to be thin in 5 patients and ablated in 1 patient. A glenoid-based capsular shift could be accomplished in all 14 patients. At follow-up (mean, 35.4 months; range, 22 to 48 months), 1 patient underwent revision surgery and 1 patient had a subluxation, resulting in a failure rate of 14%. Recurrent capsular laxity after failed thermal capsular shrinkage is common and frequently associated with capsular thinning. In most instances, the capsule quality does not appear to technically affect the revision procedure.

Preoperative and postoperative size and movements of the lens capsular bag: ultrasound biomicroscopy analysis.

PubMed

Modesti, Marina; Pasqualitto, Giacomo; Appolloni, Rossella; Pecorella, Irene; Sourdille, Philippe

2011-10-01

To evaluate capsular bag size and accommodative movement before and after cataract surgery using ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM) and anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT). Ophthalmology Unit, Fabia Mater Clinic, Rome, Italy. Cohort study. Eyes having cataract surgery and monofocal intraocular lens (IOL) implantation were studied using UBM. The following parameters were measured preoperatively and 1, 2, and 12 months postoperatively: anterior chamber depth (ACD) (also by AS-OCT), capsular bag thickness, capsular bag diameter, ciliary ring diameter, sulcus-to-sulcus (STS) diameter, ciliary process-capsular bag distance, ciliary apex-capsular bag plane, and IOL tilting. The preoperative and postoperative capsular bag volumes were calculated at 12 months. The results were compared with the changes during accommodation. The study comprised 24 eyes. With the exception of the ciliary apex-capsular bag plane, which appeared to be unmodified postoperatively, all measured parameters showed significant variation after IOL implantation. Only the ACD did not change significantly during accommodation. After cataract surgery, the capsular bag stretched horizontally and with reduced vertical diameter as a result of adaptation to the implanted IOL. The capsular bag-IOL complex filled all available space, compressing the zonular fibers and almost abolishing the space between the ciliary apex and the capsular bag. There was anterior chamber deepening and a decrease in the ciliary ring diameter and STS diameter. In the absence of zonular fiber tension, the shape of the ciliary processes may be modified. No author has a financial or proprietary interest in any material or method mentioned. Additional disclosures are found in the footnotes. Copyright © 2011 ASCRS and ESCRS. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Protection against Escherichia coli K1 infection in newborn rats by antibody to K1 capsular polysaccharide antigen.

PubMed

Bortolussi, R; Ferrier, P

1980-04-01

The protective value of antibody to the K1 capsular polysaccharide antigen of Escherichia coli was investigated in a newborn rat model of E. coli K1 infection. Pregnant rats were immunized intravenously with E. coli, and the agglutinating titer to meningococcal group B polysaccharide, which is identical to K1 polysaccharide, was measured in the serum of rats and their offspring. Convalescent serum from rat mothers showed an increased antibody titer in animals injected twice but not once with E. coli K1. Although no agglutinating antibody was detected in the serum of rat pups, animals suckled by mothers having a meningococcal group B agglutinating titer of 1:8 or greater had reduced infection and mortality rates after intraperitoneal injection with E. coli K1 compared with animals suckled by mothers having a low titer of agglutinating antibody (P less than 0.05). In addition, greater protection could be conferred on rat sucklings by oral supplementation with a horse serum rich in antibody to meningococcal group B polysaccharide, suggesting that antibody was abosorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and by itself could be protective. These studies demonstrated that antibody to the capsular polysaccharide of E. coli K1 altered the severity of E. coli K1 infection. Final clearance of bacteria from the blood appeared to await the maturation of other host defense systems in the newborn rat.

Activity of tannins from Stryphnodendron adstringens on Cryptococcus neoformans: effects on growth, capsule size and pigmentation

PubMed Central

Ishida, Kelly; Rozental, Sonia; de Mello, João Carlos Palazzo; Nakamura, Celso Vataru

2009-01-01

Background Stryphnodendron adstringens (Mart.) Coville, Leguminosae, also known in Brazil as barbatimão, is rich in tannins and many flavan-3-ols and proanthocyanidins such as prodelphinidins and prorobinetinidins. Previous studies have demonstrated several pharmacological properties of tannins from barbatimão, including anti-candidal activity. Methods The antifungal activity of proanthocyanidin polymeric tannins from Stryphnodendron adstringens (subfraction F2.4) was evaluated against three strains of Cryptococcus neoformans with different capsule expressions, using the broth microdilution technique, light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The effect of subfraction F2.4 on C. neoformans and melanoma mammalian cells pigmentation was also evaluated. Results Although susceptibility assays revealed MIC values quite similar (between 2.5 and 5.0 μg/ml), analyses of MFC values revealing that the acapsular mutant Cap 67 was more susceptible to be killed by the subfraction F2.4 (MFC = 20 μg/ml) than the two tested capsular strains (T1-444 and ATCC 28957) (MFC > 160 μg/ml). Optical and electron microscopy experiments revealed relevant alterations in cell shape and size in all strains treated with 1 and 2.5 μg/ml of subfraction F2.4. Capsule size of the capsular strains decreased drastically after subfraction F2.4 treatment. In addition, ultrastructural alterations such as cell wall disruption, cytoplasm extraction, mitochondria swelling, increase in the number of cytoplasmic vacuoles and formation of membranous structures in the cytoplasm were also observed in treated yeasts. Incubation with subfraction F2.4 also decreased C. neoformans pigmentation, however, did not interfere in melanization of B16F10 mammalian cells. Conclusion Our data indicate that tannins extracted from S. adstringens interfered with growth, capsule size and pigmentation, all important virulence factors of C. neoformans, and may be considered as a putative candidate for the development of new antifungal agents. PMID:19891776

Binding of purified and radioiodinated capsular polysaccharides from Cryptococcus neoformans serotype A strains to capsule-free mutants.

PubMed Central

Small, J M; Mitchell, T G

1986-01-01

Strains 6, 15, 98, 110, and 145 of Cryptococcus neoformans serotype A vary in capsule size, animal virulence, and susceptibility to in vitro phagocytosis. The isolated capsular polysaccharides (CPSs) differ in monosaccharide composition ratios and molecular size, as determined by gel filtration. The purpose of this investigation was to characterize the binding of CPSs to capsule-free mutants of C. neoformans and to examine CPSs from these strains for differences in their ability to bind, to determine whether such differences might explain the variation in the pathobiology of these strains. CPSs were partially periodate oxidized, tyraminated, iodinated with 125I, and used in binding studies with two capsule-free mutants of C. neoformans, strain 602 and Cap59. Binding was specific for yeast species and for polysaccharide and was saturable, which is consistent with a receptor-mediated mechanism of attachment. Binding occurred rapidly and was only slowly reversible. Binding was also independent of pH from pH 5.5 to 8, of cation concentrations, and of competition by sugars up to 1.0 M concentrations. Only a portion of CPS was capable of binding, and strains varied in the extent to which their CPS bound. CPS-15-IV (peak IV was the major polysaccharide peak on DEAE-cellulose chromatography of CPS from strain 15) had the highest proportion of binding (40%), followed by CPS from strains 98, 6, 145, 110, and 15-III (peak III was an earlier eluting fraction of CPS from strain 15). The CPSs differed similarly in their ability to competitively inhibit binding. Treatment of CPS, but not yeast cells, with proteinase XIV abolished binding without altering the CPS gross structure. Treatment of yeast cells with proteases, heat, or formaldehyde did not alter binding, and both strain 602 and Cap59 bound CPS similarly. Binding to encapsulated yeast cells was minimal. PMID:3536747

Binding of purified and radioiodinated capsular polysaccharides from Cryptococcus neoformans serotype A strains to capsule-free mutants

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Small, J.M.; Mitchell, T.G.

Strains 6, 15, 98, 110, and 145 of Cryptococcus neoformans serotype A vary in capsule size, animal virulence, and susceptibility to in vitro phagocytosis. The isolated capsular polysaccharides (CPSs) differ in monosaccharide composition ratios and molecular size, as determined by gel filtration. The purpose of this investigation was to characterize the binding of CPSs to capsule-free mutants of C. neoformans and to examine CPSs from these strains for differences in their ability to bind, to determine whether such differences might explain the variation in the pathobiology of these strains. CPSs were partially periodate oxidized, tyraminated, iodinated with /sup 125/I, andmore » used in binding studies with two capsule-free mutants of C. neoformans, strain 602 and Cap59. Binding was specific for yeast species and for polysaccharide and was saturable, which is consistent with a receptor-mediated mechanism of attachment. Binding occurred rapidly and was only slowly reversible. Binding was also independent of pH from pH 5.5 to 8, of cation concentrations, and of competition by sugars up to 1.0 M concentrations. Only a portion of CPS was capable of binding, and strains varied in the extent to which their CPS bound. CPS-15-IV (peak IV was the major polysaccharide peak on DEAE-cellulose chromatography of CPS from strain 15) had the highest proportion of binding (40%), followed by CPS from strains 98, 6, 145, 110, and 15-III (peak III was an earlier eluting fraction of CPS from strain 15). The CPSs differed similarly in their ability to competitively inhibit binding. Treatment of CPS, but not yeast cells, with proteinase XIV abolished binding without altering the CPS gross structure. Treatment of yeast cells with proteases, heat, or formaldehyde did not alter binding, and both strain 602 and Cap59 bound CPS similarly. Binding to encapsulated yeast cells was minimal.« less

Activity of tannins from Stryphnodendron adstringens on Cryptococcus neoformans: effects on growth, capsule size and pigmentation.

PubMed

Ishida, Kelly; Rozental, Sonia; de Mello, João Carlos Palazzo; Nakamura, Celso Vataru

2009-11-05

Stryphnodendron adstringens (Mart.) Coville, Leguminosae, also known in Brazil as barbatimão, is rich in tannins and many flavan-3-ols and proanthocyanidins such as prodelphinidins and prorobinetinidins. Previous studies have demonstrated several pharmacological properties of tannins from barbatimão, including anti-candidal activity. The antifungal activity of proanthocyanidin polymeric tannins from Stryphnodendron adstringens (subfraction F2.4) was evaluated against three strains of Cryptococcus neoformans with different capsule expressions, using the broth microdilution technique, light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The effect of subfraction F2.4 on C. neoformans and melanoma mammalian cells pigmentation was also evaluated. Although susceptibility assays revealed MIC values quite similar (between 2.5 and 5.0 microg/ml), analyses of MFC values revealing that the acapsular mutant Cap 67 was more susceptible to be killed by the subfraction F2.4 (MFC = 20 microg/ml) than the two tested capsular strains (T1-444 and ATCC 28957) (MFC > 160 microg/ml). Optical and electron microscopy experiments revealed relevant alterations in cell shape and size in all strains treated with 1 and 2.5 microg/ml of subfraction F2.4. Capsule size of the capsular strains decreased drastically after subfraction F2.4 treatment. In addition, ultrastructural alterations such as cell wall disruption, cytoplasm extraction, mitochondria swelling, increase in the number of cytoplasmic vacuoles and formation of membranous structures in the cytoplasm were also observed in treated yeasts. Incubation with subfraction F2.4 also decreased C. neoformans pigmentation, however, did not interfere in melanization of B16F10 mammalian cells. Our data indicate that tannins extracted from S. adstringens interfered with growth, capsule size and pigmentation, all important virulence factors of C. neoformans, and may be considered as a putative candidate for the development of new antifungal agents.

Causes of hepatic capsular retraction: a pictorial essay.

PubMed

Tan, Gary Xia Vern; Miranda, Rhian; Sutherland, Tom

2016-12-01

Hepatic capsular retraction refers to the loss of the normal convex hepatic contour, with the formation of an area of flattening or concavity. This can result from myriad causes, including intrinsic hepatic conditions such as cirrhosis, biliary obstruction, benign tumours, malignancy and infections, as well as extrahepatic causes such as trauma. This article aims to provide familiarity with this wide spectrum of conditions, including mimics of hepatic capsular retraction, by highlighting the anatomic, pathologic and imaging features that help distinguish these entities from one another. • Hepatic capsular retraction can occur due to various intrinsic or extrinsic hepatic causes. • Hepatic capsular retraction is observed in both benign and malignant conditions. • Recognising associated imaging features can help elicit causes of hepatic capsular retraction.

Crystal structure of Bacillus anthracis transpeptidase enzyme CapD.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Wu, R.; Richter, S.; Zhang, R.

2009-09-04

Bacillus anthracis elaborates a poly-{gamma}-d-glutamic acid capsule that protects bacilli from phagocytic killing during infection. The enzyme CapD generates amide bonds with peptidoglycan cross-bridges to anchor capsular material within the cell wall envelope of B. anthracis. The capsular biosynthetic pathway is essential for virulence during anthrax infections and can be targeted for anti-infective inhibition with small molecules. Here, we present the crystal structures of the {gamma}-glutamyltranspeptidase CapD with and without {alpha}-l-Glu-l-Glu dipeptide, a non-hydrolyzable analog of poly-{gamma}-d-glutamic acid, in the active site. Purified CapD displays transpeptidation activity in vitro, and its structure reveals an active site broadly accessible for poly-{gamma}-glutamatemore » binding and processing. Using structural and biochemical information, we derive a mechanistic model for CapD catalysis whereby Pro{sup 427}, Gly{sup 428}, and Gly{sup 429} activate the catalytic residue of the enzyme, Thr{sup 352}, and stabilize an oxyanion hole via main chain amide hydrogen bonds.« less

The influence of injection volume and capsular bag contraction on the refractive power of polymer refilled lenses - a finite element modelling simulation study.

PubMed

Martin, Heiner; Guthoff, Rudolf; Schmitz, Klaus-Peter

2011-09-01

Polymer injection into the capsular bag after phakoemulsification is an interesting and promising approach to lens surgery. Safe clinical application of this technique will require an appropriate estimate of the effect of implantation variables on the lens power. This article details the results of finite element investigations into the effects of the injected polymer volume and capsular bag contraction on the resultant lens power and accommodation amplitude. An axisymmetric finite element model was created from literature sources. Polymer injection and the capsular contraction were simulated, and their effect on the lens power was calculated. The simulations show that overfilling during polymer injection leads to a refractive power increase of the lens. Capsular bag contraction also results in a power increase. The calculated accommodative amplitude of the lens is minimally affected by capsular bag contraction but decreases significantly with increased capsular bag stiffness as a result of fibrosis. © 2010 The Authors. Journal compilation © 2010 Acta Ophthalmol.

Thickening of the inferior glenohumeral capsule: an ultrasound sign for shoulder capsular contracture.

PubMed

Michelin, Paul; Delarue, Yohann; Duparc, Fabrice; Dacher, Jean Nicolas

2013-10-01

The aim of this retrospective study was to measure the inferior glenohumeral capsule thickness of shoulders clinically affected by capsular contracture by comparison to the contralateral asymptomatic side. Bilateral shoulder ultrasound (US) examinations of 20 patients with clinically or MRI proven unilateral capsular contracture were retrospectively assessed. Inferior capsule evaluation was performed with a transducer placed within the axilla in maximally abducted shoulders. Measurements were symmetrically performed orthogonally to the inferior glenohumeral ligament (IGHL) in the axial plane; the coronal plane was used to ensure the tension of the IGHL. The significance of any difference in thickening was assessed with the Mann-Whitney test. The average thickness was 4.0 mm in shoulders with capsular contracture vs. 1.3 mm in asymptomatic contralateral shoulders (P < 0.0001). Twenty per cent of patients with capsular contracture and inferior capsule thickness increase showed US features of other painful diseases of the rotator cuff. The thickness of the inferior capsule is measurable through ultrasound examination and appears to be increased in shoulders with capsular contracture. Exploration of the inferior aspect of the shoulder joint could be added to shoulder US examination protocols for capsular contracture assessment even if other rotator cuff abnormalities are diagnosed by US. • Ultrasound is increasingly used to diagnose shoulder problems. • The thickness of the inferior glenohumeral ligament is measurable in the axilla. • The inferior glenohumeral ligament appears thickened in shoulders with capsular contracture. • Capsular contracture ultrasound features can be associated with other rotator cuff problems.

Neisseria meningitidis serogroup A capsular polysaccharide acetyltransferase, methods and compositions

DOEpatents

Stephens, David S [Stone Mountain, GA; Gudlavalleti, Seshu K [Kensington, MD; Tzeng, Yih-Ling [Atlanta, GA; Datta, Anup K [San Diego, CA; Carlson, Russell W [Athens, GA

2011-02-08

Provided are methods for recombinant production of an O-acetyltransferase and methods for acetylating capsular polysaccharides, especially those of a Serogroup A Neisseria meningitidis using the recombinant O-acetyltransferase, and immunogenic compositions comprising the acetylated capsular polysaccharide.

Structural determination of the polysaccharide isolated from biofilms produced by a clinical strain of Klebsiella pneumoniae.

PubMed

Cescutti, Paola; De Benedetto, Gianluigi; Rizzo, Roberto

2016-07-22

Klebsiella pneumoniae are Gram negative opportunistic pathogens producing capsular (K) polysaccharides. Seventy-seven different K antigens have been described and they are the basis for K serotyping. Capsular polysaccharides are important virulence factors and have a relevant role for the structure of biofilm communities. Nevertheless, little information is available on the polysaccharides produced in biofilm matrices by Klebsiella spp. In the present study, a clinical isolate of Klebsiella pneumoniae was grown both on cellulose membranes deposited on agar plates, where it formed an adherent biofilm, and in liquid medium, where it formed floating biofilms (flocs). Extraction and purification of the polysaccharide fraction showed that only one main carbohydrate polymer was present in both adherent biofilms and flocs. Composition and linkage analysis, Smith degradation followed by ESI-MS, 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy revealed that the polysaccharide belong to the type K24 and has the following structure. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Dendritic Cell-Derived Exosomes Express a Streptococcus pneumoniae Capsular Polysaccharide Type 14 Cross-Reactive Antigen That Induces Protective Immunoglobulin Responses against Pneumococcal Infection in Mice

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-01-01

Microbiology. All Rights Reserved. Dendritic Cell-Derived Exosomes Express a Streptococcus pneumoniae Capsular Polysaccharide Type 14 Cross-Reactive...cross-reactive with the capsular polysaccharide of Streptococcus pneumoniae type 14 (Cps14-CRA). Cps14-CRA was localized to the cholesterol-enriched...for S. pneumoniae capsular polysaccharides (Cps) (17). More than 90 Cps sero- types have been described, with no cross-reaction among each other (16

Generalized Joint Hypermobility Is Predictive of Hip Capsular Thickness.

PubMed

Devitt, Brian M; Smith, Bjorn N; Stapf, Robert; Tacey, Mark; O'Donnell, John M

2017-04-01

The pathomechanics of hip microinstability are not clearly defined but are thought to involve anatomical abnormalities, repetitive forces across the hip, and ligamentous laxity. The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between generalized joint hypermobility (GJH) and hip capsular thickness. The hypothesis was that GJH would be predictive of a thin hip capsule. Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3. A prospective study was performed on 100 consecutive patients undergoing primary hip arthroscopy for the treatment of hip pain. A Beighton test score (BTS) was obtained prior to each procedure. The maximum score was 9, and a score of ≥4 was defined as hypermobile. Capsular thickness at the level of the anterior portal, corresponding to the location of the iliofemoral ligament, was measured arthroscopically using a calibrated probe. The presence of ligamentum teres (LT) pathology was also recorded. Fifty-five women and 45 men were included in the study. The mean age was 32 years (range, 18-45 years). The median hip capsule thickness was statistically greater in men than women (12.5 and 7.5 mm, respectively). The median BTS for men was 1 compared with 4 for women ( P < .001). A statistically significant association was found between BTS and capsular thickness; a BTS of <4 is strongly predictive of having a capsular thickness of ≥10 mm, while a BTS ≥4 correlates with a capsular thickness of <10 mm. There was a statistically greater incidence of LT tears in patients with a capsular thickness of ≤7.5 mm and a BTS of ≥4 ( P < .001). Measurement of the GJH is highly predictive of hip capsular thickness. A BTS of <4 correlates significantly with a capsular thickness of ≥10 mm, while a BTS ≥4 correlates significantly with a thickness of <10 mm.

A new serotyping method for Klebsiella species: evaluation of the technique.

PubMed Central

Riser, E; Noone, P; Bonnet, M L

1976-01-01

A new indirect fluorescent typing method for Klebsiella species is compared with an established method, capsular swelling. The fluorescent antibody (FA) technique was tested with standards and unknowns, and the results were checked by capsular swelling. Several unknowns were sent away for confirmation of typing, by capsular swelling. The FA method was also tried by a technician in the routine department for blind identification of standards. Fluorescence typing gives close correlation with the established capsular swelling technique but has greater sensitivity; allows more econimical use of expensive antisera; possesses greater objectivity as it requires less operator skill in the reading of results; resolves most of the cross reactions observed with capsular swelling; and has a higher per cent success rate in identification. PMID:777043

Excessive radiofrequency application: effects on capsular tissue in an animal model.

PubMed

Wolf, Brian R; Heiner, Anneliese D; Albright, John P; Nepola, James V

2005-01-01

Capsular attenuation has been seen after thermal capsulorrhaphy surgery. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the mechanical, histologic, and morphologic effects on capsular tissue after cumulative applications of radiofrequency energy. Ovine patellofemoral capsular tissue was treated with 1, 2, 4, or 8 applications of bipolar radiofrequency energy and then analyzed. No acute capsular ablation or destruction was seen grossly, even in the 8-application group. No definitive visual clues that excessive radiofrequency energy had been applied were seen. There was significant shrinkage and loss of tensile stiffness for all thermal application groups. Given the small sample sizes, post-application failure load, percent relaxation, and stiffness were not observed to be significantly different among the groups. Cumulative applications produced minimal further tissue shrinkage but were accompanied by larger, though not statistically significant, mechanical property losses and increased depth of tissue penetration. These findings suggest that there is no benefit to repeated applications of radiofrequency energy to capsular tissue.

Scanning electron microscopic and histologic evaluation of the AcrySof SA30AL acrylic intraocular lens. Manufacturing quality and morphology in the capsular bag.

PubMed

Escobar-Gomez, Marcela; Apple, David J; Vargas, Luis G; Werner, Liliana; Arthur, Stella N; Pandey, Suresh K; Izak, Andrea M; Schmidbauer, Josef M

2003-01-01

To evaluate the properties of the AcrySof(R) SA30AL (Alcon Laboratories, Inc.) single-piece foldable posterior chamber intraocular lens (IOL). Center for Research on Ocular Therapeutics and Biodevices, Storm Eye Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA. Two nonimplanted clinical-quality AcrySof IOLs were examined by gross, light, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In addition, 2 eyes implanted with this IOL obtained post-mortem, the first such eyes accessioned in our laboratory and the first described to date, were examined using the Miyake-Apple posterior photographic technique and by histologic sections. Scanning electron microscopy of the SA30AL IOL showed excellent surface finish. The edge of the optic was square (truncated) and had a matte (velvet or ground-glass) appearance, a feature that may minimize edge glare and other visual phenomena. A well-fabricated square or truncated optic edge was demonstrated. Miyake-Apple analysis revealed that the SA30AL IOL showed appropriate fit and configuration within the capsular bag. Histologic correlation of the IOL's square edge and its relation to the capsular bag and adjacent Soemmering's ring were noted. The AcrySof SA30AL IOL is a well-fabricated lens that situates well in the capsular bag. The truncated optic and its relationship to adjacent structures show a morphological profile that has been shown to be highly efficacious in reducing the rate of posterior capsule opacification.

Understanding Microbial Sensing in Inflammatory Bowel Disease Using Click Chemistry

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-10-01

lipopolysaccharide, capsular polysaccharide , and peptidoglycan simultaneously in live anaerobic commensal bacteria. This technology enabled us to track the...endotoxin, capsular polysaccharide , inflammatory bowel disease,microbiome microbiota, carbohydrate chemistry, fluorescent microscopy, 2-photon...lipopolysaccharide, endotoxin, capsular polysaccharide , inflammatory bowel disease, microbiome, microbiota, carbohydrate chemistry, fluorescent microscopy

Understanding Mircrobial Sensing in Inflammatory Bowel Disease Using Click Chemistry

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-10-01

limitation, we have developed an expanded metabolic labeling approach that chemically tags lipopolysaccharide, capsular polysaccharide , and peptidoglycan...click-chemistry, bacterial cell wall, bacterial outer membrane, peptidoglycan, lipopolysaccharide, endotoxin, capsular polysaccharide , inflammatory...bacterial outer membrane, peptidoglycan, lipopolysaccharide, endotoxin, capsular polysaccharide , inflammatory bowel disease, microbiome, microbiota

Preservation of capsular material of streptococcal cells by specific lectins determined by immunoelectron microscopy.

PubMed

Molinari, A; Orefici, G; Donelli, G; Von Hunolstein, C; Paradisi, S; Arancia, G

1988-09-01

We describe the use of lectins as specific stabilizing agents for the polysaccharide capsular components of two Gram-positive bacteria, Streptococcus agalactiae and Streptococcus bovis. Treatment of bacterial suspensions with wheatgerm agglutinin and concanavalin A allowed better morphological preservation as well as immunoelectron microscopic localization of a capsular component (lipoteichoic acid) by employing specific antibodies and the protein A-gold technique. Data obtained indicate that lectins are useful agents in preserving highly water-soluble capsular components during the electron microscopy procedures for both unembedded and embedded samples.

The Relationship of Bacterial Biofilms and Capsular Contracture in Breast Implants

PubMed Central

Ajdic, Dragana; Zoghbi, Yasmina; Gerth, David; Panthaki, Zubin J.; Thaller, Seth

2016-01-01

Capsular contracture is a common sequelae of implant-based breast augmentation. Despite its prevalence, the etiology of capsular contracture remains controversial. Numerous studies have identified microbial biofilms on various implantable materials, including breast implants. Furthermore, biofilms have been implicated in subclinical infections associated with other surgical implants. In this review, we discuss microbial biofilms as a potential etiology of capsular contracture. The review also outlines the key diagnostic modalities available to identify the possible infectious agents found in biofilm, as well as available preventative and treatment measures. PMID:26843099

Capsulorhexis ovaling and capsular bag stretch after rigid and foldable intraocular lens implantation: experimental study in pediatric human eyes.

PubMed

Pandey, Suresh K; Werner, Liliana; Wilson, M Edward; Izak, Andrea M; Apple, David J

2004-10-01

To compare the amount of capsulorhexis ovaling and capsular bag stretch produced by various intraocular lenses (IOLs) implanted in pediatric human eyes obtained post-mortem. David J. Apple, MD Laboratories for Ophthalmic Devices Research, John A. Moran Eye Center, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA. In this nonrandomized comparative study, 16 pediatric human eyes obtained postmortem were divided into 2 groups: Eight eyes were obtained from children younger than 2 years (Group A), and 8 eyes were obtained from children older than 2 years (Group B). All eyes were prepared according to the Miyake-Apple posterior video technique. Six types of rigid and foldable posterior chamber IOLs manufactured from poly(methyl methacrylate) (single-piece), silicone (plate and loop haptics), and hydrophobic acrylic (single-piece and 3-piece AcrySof, Alcon Laboratories) biomaterials were implanted. The capsulorhexis opening and capsular bag diameters were measured before IOL implantation and after in-the-bag IOL fixation with the haptics (or the main axis) at the 3 to 9 o'clock meridian. The percentage of ovaling of the capsulorhexis opening was calculated by noting the difference in the opening's horizontal diameter before and after IOL implantation. The percentage of capsular bag stretch was also calculated by noting the difference in the horizontal capsular bag diameter before and after IOL implantation. All IOLs produced ovaling of the capsulorhexis opening and stretching of the capsular bag parallel to the IOL haptics. There were significant differences in capsulorhexis ovaling and capsular bag stretch (P<.001, analysis of variance) between the 6 IOL types in each group of eyes. The postimplantation difference was significant only between the single-piece hydrophobic acrylic IOL (AcrySof) and the other IOLs. The single-piece hydrophobic acrylic IOL was associated with significantly less capsulorhexis ovaling and capsular bag stretch in both groups (mean 12.06% +/- 0.59% [SD] and 7.6% +/- 1.47%, respectively). Modern rigid and foldable IOLs designed for the adult population implanted in the capsular bag of infants and children produced variable degrees of capsulorhexis ovaling and capsular bag stretch. The Miyake-Apple posterior video technique confirmed the well-maintained configuration of the capsular bag (with minimal ovaling) after implantation of a single-piece hydrophobic acrylic IOL because of its flexible haptic design.

Capsular Sialyltransferase Specificity Mediates Different Phenotypes in Streptococcus suis and Group B Streptococcus

PubMed Central

Roy, David; Takamatsu, Daisuke; Okura, Masatoshi; Goyette-Desjardins, Guillaume; Van Calsteren, Marie-Rose; Dumesnil, Audrey; Gottschalk, Marcelo; Segura, Mariela

2018-01-01

The capsular polysaccharide (CPS) represents a key virulence factor for most encapsulated streptococci. Streptococcus suis and Group B Streptococcus (GBS) are both well-encapsulated pathogens of clinical importance in veterinary and/or human medicine and responsible for invasive systemic diseases. S. suis and GBS are the only Gram-positive bacteria which express a sialylated CPS at their surface. An important difference between these two sialylated CPSs is the linkage between the side-chain terminal galactose and sialic acid, being α-2,6 for S. suis but α-2,3 for GBS. It is still unclear how sialic acid may affect CPS production and, consequently, the pathogenesis of the disease caused by these two bacterial pathogens. Here, we investigated the role of sialic acid and the putative effect of sialic acid linkage modification in CPS synthesis using inter-species allelic exchange mutagenesis. To this aim, a new molecular biogenetic approach to express CPS with modified sialic acid linkage was developed. We showed that sialic acid (and its α-2,6 linkage) is crucial for S. suis CPS synthesis, whereas for GBS, CPS synthesis may occur in presence of an α-2,6 sialyltransferase or in absence of sialic acid moiety. To evaluate the effect of the CPS composition/structure on sialyltransferase activity, two distinct capsular serotypes within each bacterial species were compared (S. suis serotypes 2 and 14 and GBS serotypes III and V). It was demonstrated that the observed differences in sialyltransferase activity and specificity between S. suis and GBS were serotype unrestricted. This is the first time that a study investigates the interspecies exchange of capsular sialyltransferase genes in Gram-positive bacteria. The obtained mutants represent novel tools that could be used to further investigate the immunomodulatory properties of sialylated CPSs. Finally, in spite of common CPS structural characteristics and similarities in the cps loci, sialic acid exerts differential control of CPS expression by S. suis and GBS. PMID:29666608

Breast Massage, Implant Displacement, and Prevention of Capsular Contracture After Breast Augmentation With Implants: A Review of the Literature.

PubMed

Sood, Aditya; Xue, Erica Y; Sangiovanni, Christopher; Therattil, Paul J; Lee, Edward S

2017-01-01

Objective: Capsular contracture, the most common complication following breast augmentation with implants, is a complex inflammatory reaction that ultimately leads to fibrosis at the contact site between the implant and tissue. A number of peri-, pre-, and postoperative techniques have been postulated and implemented by many surgeons to reduce the incidence of capsular contracture. Breast massage and implant displacement technique is a commonly recommended practice that has not been well studied in regard to capsular contracture prevention. The authors present a review of the literature addressing methods and efficacy of massage and implant displacement techniques after breast augmentation. Methods: A literature review was performed using PubMed and the Cochrane Collaboration Library for primary research articles on breast massage or implant displacement after breast augmentation with implants for breast contracture prevention between January 1975 and March 2017. Exclusion criteria were studies that were focused on the treatment rather than prevention of breast contracture, addressed other strategies of preventing contracture as the main focus, or did not report the number of patients studied. Information related to massage technique and capsular contracture outcomes was extracted. Results: The literature search yielded 4 relevant studies, with a total of 587 patients. Outcomes evaluated included massage technique, onset of massage, frequency of massage, and incidence of capsular contracture. Breast massage was introduced between 2 days and 2 weeks postoperatively, performed twice daily, and lasted from 2 to 5 minutes for each breast. Final postoperative follow-up concluded between 6 and 36 months. The average capsular contracture rate was similar, 31% (range, 0-35) in the massage group versus 40% (range, 30-90) in the nonmassage group. Conclusions: While multiple techniques have been proposed and practiced in the prevention of capsular contracture, breast massage and implant displacement techniques remain controversial. While there is a method to measure adequacy of breast massage pressure, it is not widely utilized. The available data do not support breast massage to prevent capsular contracture; more studies with standardized techniques are needed to better assess the efficacy of breast massage in preventing capsular contracture.

Whiplash causes increased laxity of cervical capsular ligament

PubMed Central

Ivancic, Paul C.; Ito, Shigeki; Tominaga, Yasuhiro; Rubin, Wolfgang; Coe, Marcus P.; Ndu, Anthony B.; Carlson, Erik J.; Panjabi, Manohar M.

2009-01-01

Background Previous clinical studies have identified the cervical facet joint, including the capsular ligaments, as sources of pain in whiplash patients. The goal of this study was to determine whether whiplash caused increased capsular ligament laxity by applying quasi-static loading to whiplash-exposed and control capsular ligaments. Methods A total of 66 capsular ligament specimens (C2/3 to C7/T1) were prepared from 12 cervical spines (6 whiplash-exposed and 6 control). The whiplash-exposed spines had been previously rear impacted at a maximum peak T1 horizontal acceleration of 8 g. Capsular ligaments were elongated at 1 mm/s in increments of 0.05 mm until a tensile force of 5 N was achieved and subsequently returned to neutral position. Four pre-conditioning cycles were performed and data from the load phase of the fifth cycle were used for subsequent analyses. Ligament elongation was computed at tensile forces of 0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1.0, 2.5, and 5.0 N. Two factor, non-repeated measures ANOVA (P<0.05) was performed to determine significant differences in the average ligament elongation at tensile forces of 0 and 5 N between the whiplash-exposed and control groups and between spinal levels. Findings Average elongation of the whiplash-exposed capsular ligaments was significantly greater than that of the control ligaments at tensile forces of 0 and 5 N. No significant differences between spinal levels were observed. Interpretation Capsular ligament injuries, in the form of increased laxity, may be one component perpetuating chronic pain and clinical instability in whiplash patients. PMID:17959284

Is the Capsular Bag Perimeter Round or Elliptical?

PubMed Central

Amigó, Alfredo; Bonaque-González, Sergio

2016-01-01

Purpose: To report findings that could suggest an elliptical shape of the capsular bag. Methods: Five eyes of three patients with axial length greater than 24 mm underwent phacoemulsification cataract surgery with plate-haptic multifocal toric intraocular lens (IOL) implantation oriented in the vertical meridian. Results: In all cases, correct orientation of the IOLs was verified 30 minutes after surgery. After 24 hours, all eyes demonstrated unwanted rotation of the IOLs ranging from 15 to 45 degrees. The IOLs remained stable in the new position in all cases until adhesion of the capsular bag took place. Conclusion: These observations could suggest that the perimeter of the capsular bag has an elliptical shape. Therefore, the IOL tends to become fixated in a meridian of the capsular bag that best fits the diagonal diameter of the IOL. PMID:27413495

Generalized Joint Hypermobility Is Predictive of Hip Capsular Thickness

PubMed Central

Devitt, Brian M.; Smith, Bjorn N.; Stapf, Robert; Tacey, Mark; O’Donnell, John M.

2017-01-01

Background: The pathomechanics of hip microinstability are not clearly defined but are thought to involve anatomical abnormalities, repetitive forces across the hip, and ligamentous laxity. Purpose/Hypothesis: The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between generalized joint hypermobility (GJH) and hip capsular thickness. The hypothesis was that GJH would be predictive of a thin hip capsule. Study Design: Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: A prospective study was performed on 100 consecutive patients undergoing primary hip arthroscopy for the treatment of hip pain. A Beighton test score (BTS) was obtained prior to each procedure. The maximum score was 9, and a score of ≥4 was defined as hypermobile. Capsular thickness at the level of the anterior portal, corresponding to the location of the iliofemoral ligament, was measured arthroscopically using a calibrated probe. The presence of ligamentum teres (LT) pathology was also recorded. Results: Fifty-five women and 45 men were included in the study. The mean age was 32 years (range, 18-45 years). The median hip capsule thickness was statistically greater in men than women (12.5 and 7.5 mm, respectively). The median BTS for men was 1 compared with 4 for women (P < .001). A statistically significant association was found between BTS and capsular thickness; a BTS of <4 is strongly predictive of having a capsular thickness of ≥10 mm, while a BTS ≥4 correlates with a capsular thickness of <10 mm. There was a statistically greater incidence of LT tears in patients with a capsular thickness of ≤7.5 mm and a BTS of ≥4 (P < .001). Conclusion: Measurement of the GJH is highly predictive of hip capsular thickness. A BTS of <4 correlates significantly with a capsular thickness of ≥10 mm, while a BTS ≥4 correlates significantly with a thickness of <10 mm. PMID:28451620

Microplasma Induced Cell Morphological Changes and Apoptosis of Ex Vivo Cultured Human Anterior Lens Epithelial Cells – Relevance to Capsular Opacification

PubMed Central

Hojnik, Nataša; Filipič, Gregor; Lazović, Saša; Vesel, Alenka; Primc, Gregor; Mozetič, Miran; Hawlina, Marko; Petrovski, Goran; Cvelbar, Uroš

2016-01-01

Inducing selective or targeted cell apoptosis without affecting large number of neighbouring cells remains a challenge. A plausible method for treatment of posterior capsular opacification (PCO) due to remaining lens epithelial cells (LECs) by reactive chemistry induced by localized single electrode microplasma discharge at top of a needle-like glass electrode with spot size ~3 μm is hereby presented. The focused and highly-localized atmospheric pressure microplasma jet with electrode discharge could induce a dose-dependent apoptosis in selected and targeted individual LECs, which could be confirmed by real-time monitoring of the morphological and structural changes at cellular level. Direct cell treatment with microplasma inside the medium appeared more effective in inducing apoptosis (caspase 8 positivity and DNA fragmentation) at a highly targeted cell level compared to treatment on top of the medium (indirect treatment). Our results show that single cell specific micropipette plasma can be used to selectively induce demise in LECs which remain in the capsular bag after cataract surgery and thus prevent their migration (CXCR4 positivity) to the posterior lens capsule and PCO formation. PMID:27832099

Capsular lesions with glenohumeral ligament injuries in patients with primary shoulder dislocation: magnetic resonance imaging and magnetic resonance arthrography evaluation

PubMed Central

Liavaag, S; Stiris, M G; Svenningsen, S; Enger, M; Pripp, A H; Brox, J I

2011-01-01

The glenohumeral ligaments are important structures for the stability of the shoulder. They are integrated parts of the capsule and are at risk to be injured in a traumatic shoulder dislocation. The aim was to examine the prevalence of capsular ligament lesions in the acute phase and at minimum 3 weeks' follow-up after first-time traumatic shoulder dislocation. Forty-two patients aged 16–40 years were included. All patients underwent computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans shortly after the injury and MR-arthrography (MRA) at follow-up. The median time from dislocation to MRI was 7 (range 2–14) days and to MRA 30 (range 21–54) days. We found capsular ligament lesions in 22 patients (52.4%) in the acute stage and in five patients (11.9%) at follow up. Nine patients (21.4%) had a humeral avulsion of the anterior glenohumeral ligament (HAGL lesion) on MRI. Three patients (7.1%) had this lesion at follow-up. The rate of HAGL lesions in the acute stage was higher than reported previously, but the prevalence at follow-up was in keeping with earlier published studies. PMID:21401723

M-Ficolin Binds Selectively to the Capsular Polysaccharides of Streptococcus pneumoniae Serotypes 19B and 19C and of a Streptococcus mitis Strain

PubMed Central

Kjaer, Troels R.; Hansen, Annette G.; Sørensen, Uffe B. S.; Holm, Anne T.; Sørensen, Grith L.; Jensenius, Jens C.

2013-01-01

The three human ficolins (H-, L-, and M-ficolins) and mannan-binding lectin are pattern recognition molecules of the innate immune system mediating activation of the lectin pathway of the complement system. These four human proteins bind to some microorganisms and may be involved in the resolution of infections. We investigated binding selectivity by examining the binding of M-ficolin to a panel of more than 100 different streptococcal strains (Streptococcus pneumoniae and Streptococcus mitis), each expressing distinct polysaccharide structures. M-ficolin binding was observed for three strains only: strains of the pneumococcal serotypes 19B and 19C and a single S. mitis strain expressing a similar polysaccharide structure. The bound M-ficolin, in association with MASP-2, mediated the cleavage of complement factor C4. Binding to the bacteria was inhibitable by N-acetylglucosamine, indicating that the interaction with the bacterial surface takes place via the fibrinogen-like domain. The common N-acetylmannosamine residue present in the structures of the four capsular polysaccharides of group 19 is linked via a phosphodiester bond. This residue is apparently not a ligand for M-ficolin, since the lectin binds to two of the group 19 polysaccharides only. M-ficolin bound strongly to serotype 19B and 19C polysaccharides. In contrast to those of serotypes 19A and 19F, serotype 19B and 19C polysaccharides contain an extra N-acetylmannosamine residue linked via glycoside linkage only. Thus, this extra residue seems to be the M-ficolin ligand. In conclusion, we were able to demonstrate specific binding of M-ficolin to some capsular polysaccharides of the opportunistic pathogen S. pneumoniae and of the commensal bacterium S. mitis. PMID:23184524

Peptidoglycan Association of Murein Lipoprotein Is Required for KpsD-Dependent Group 2 Capsular Polysaccharide Expression and Serum Resistance in a Uropathogenic Escherichia coli Isolate.

PubMed

Diao, Jingyu; Bouwman, Catrien; Yan, Donghong; Kang, Jing; Katakam, Anand K; Liu, Peter; Pantua, Homer; Abbas, Alexander R; Nickerson, Nicholas N; Austin, Cary; Reichelt, Mike; Sandoval, Wendy; Xu, Min; Whitfield, Chris; Kapadia, Sharookh B

2017-05-23

Murein lipoprotein (Lpp) and peptidoglycan-associated lipoprotein (Pal) are major outer membrane lipoproteins in Escherichia coli Their roles in cell-envelope integrity have been documented in E. coli laboratory strains, and while Lpp has been linked to serum resistance in vitro , the underlying mechanism has not been established. Here, lpp and pal mutants of uropathogenic E. coli strain CFT073 showed reduced survival in a mouse bacteremia model, but only the lpp mutant was sensitive to serum killing in vitro The peptidoglycan-bound Lpp form was specifically required for preventing complement-mediated bacterial lysis in vitro and complement-mediated clearance in vivo Compared to the wild-type strain, the lpp mutant had impaired K2 capsular polysaccharide production and was unable to respond to exposure to serum by elevating capsular polysaccharide amounts. These properties correlated with altered cellular distribution of KpsD, the predicted outer membrane translocon for "group 2" capsular polysaccharides. We identified a novel Lpp-dependent association between functional KpsD and peptidoglycan, highlighting important interplay between cell envelope components required for resistance to complement-mediated lysis in uropathogenic E. coli isolates. IMPORTANCE Uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC) isolates represent a significant cause of nosocomial urinary tract and bloodstream infections. Many UPEC isolates are resistant to serum killing. Here, we show that a major cell-envelope lipoprotein (murein lipoprotein) is required for serum resistance in vitro and for complement-mediated bacterial clearance in vivo This is mediated, in part, through a novel mechanism by which murein lipoprotein affects the proper assembly of a key component of the machinery involved in production of "group 2" capsules. The absence of murein lipoprotein results in impaired production of the capsule layer, a known participant in complement resistance. These results demonstrate an important role for murein lipoprotein in complex interactions between different outer membrane biogenesis pathways and further highlight the importance of lipoprotein assembly and transport in bacterial pathogenesis. Copyright © 2017 Diao et al.

Effect of Serotype on Pneumococcal Competition in a Mouse Colonization Model.

PubMed

Trzciński, Krzysztof; Li, Yuan; Weinberger, Daniel M; Thompson, Claudette M; Cordy, Derrick; Bessolo, Andrew; Malley, Richard; Lipsitch, Marc

2015-09-15

Competitive interactions between Streptococcus pneumoniae strains during host colonization could influence the serotype distribution in nasopharyngeal carriage and pneumococcal disease. We evaluated the competitive fitness of strains of serotypes 6B, 14, 19A, 19F, 23F, and 35B in a mouse model of multiserotype carriage. Isogenic variants were constructed using clinical strains as the capsule gene donors. Animals were intranasally inoculated with a mixture of up to six pneumococcal strains of different serotypes, with separate experiments involving either clinical isolates or isogenic capsule-switch variants of clinical strain TIGR4. Upper-respiratory-tract samples were repeatedly collected from animals in order to monitor changes in the serotype ratios using quantitative PCR. A reproducible hierarchy of capsular types developed in the airways of mice inoculated with multiple strains. Serotype ranks in this hierarchy were similar among pneumococcal strains of different genetic backgrounds in different strains of mice and were not altered when tested under a range of host conditions. This rank correlated with the measure of the metabolic cost of capsule synthesis and in vitro measure of pneumococcal cell surface charge, both parameters considered to be predictors of serotype-specific fitness in carriage. This study demonstrates the presence of a robust competitive hierarchy of pneumococcal serotypes in vivo that is driven mainly, but not exclusively, by the capsule itself. Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) is the leading cause of death due to respiratory bacterial infections but also a commensal frequently carried in upper airways. Available vaccines induce immune responses against polysaccharides coating pneumococcal cells, but with over 90 different capsular types (serotypes) identified, they can only target strains of the selected few serotypes most prevalent in disease. Vaccines not only protect vaccinated individuals against disease but also protect by reducing carriage of vaccine-targeted strains to induce herd effects across whole populations. Unfortunately, reduction in the circulation of vaccine-type strains is offset by increase in carriage and disease from nonvaccine strains, indicating the importance of competitive interactions between pneumococci in shaping the population structure of this pathogen. Here, we showed that the competitive ability of pneumococcal strains to colonize the host strongly depends on the type of capsular polysaccharide expressed by pneumococci and only to a lesser degree on strain or host genetic backgrounds or on variation in host immune responses. Copyright © 2015 Trzciński et al.

Hepatic capsular retraction: spectrum of diagnosis at MRI

PubMed Central

Mons, Antoine; Braidy, Chadi; Montoriol, Pierre François; Garcier, Jean-Marc; Vilgrain, Valérie

2014-01-01

Hepatic capsular retraction is an imaging feature that deserves the attention of the radiologist. Hepatic capsular retraction is associated with a number of hepatic lesions, benign or malignant, treated or untreated. The purpose of this pictorial review is to discuss the most common benign and malignant hepatic lesions associated with this feature with an emphasis on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). PMID:25535571

Rotationally asymmetric multifocal IOL implantation with and without capsular tension ring: refractive and visual outcomes and intraocular optical performance.

PubMed

Alió, Jorge L; Plaza-Puche, Ana B; Piñero, David P

2012-04-01

To ascertain whether the refractive, visual, and intraocular optical quality outcomes of a rotationally asymmetric multifocal intraocular lens (IOL) are enhanced by the use of a capsular tension ring. Ninety consecutive eyes from 53 patients (age range: 36 to 82 years) were divided into two groups: the no ring group comprised 43 eyes implanted with the multifocal rotationally asymmetric Lentis Mplus LS-312 (Oculentis GmbH) without a capsular tension ring; and the ring group comprised 47 eyes with the same IOL with a capsular tension ring. Distance and near visual acuity and refractive outcomes were evaluated pre- and postoperatively. Contrast sensitivity, intraocular aberrations, and defocus curve were evaluated postoperatively. Significant postoperative differences between groups were found in sphere, spherical equivalent refraction, and near addition (P<.02). Regarding defocus curve, significantly better visual acuity was present in eyes with the capsular tension ring for intermediate vision conditions (P<.05). Intraocular aberrometry did not differ significantly between groups (P<.09). Refractive predictability and intermediate visual outcomes with the Lentis Mplus LS-312 IOL improved significantly when implanted in combination with a capsular tension ring. Copyright 2012, SLACK Incorporated.

[A cadaveric study of a new capsulorrhaphy for the surgical treatment of hallux valgus].

PubMed

Orozco-Villaseñor, S L; Monzó-Planella, M; Martín-Oliva, X; Vázquez-Escamilla, J; Mayagoitia-Vázquez, J J; Frías-Chimal, J E

2017-01-01

There are many surgical options for the treatment of hallux valgus in combination with capsular repairs for the correction of hallux valgus. This report corresponds to a descriptive study where a new capsulorrhaphy technique in hallux valgus is proposed. Six dissections were performed on cadavers with hallux valgus deformity using the following surgical technique: medial approach on the first toe longitudinally, dissecting by planes and locating the metatarsophalangeal joint capsule; it was incised longitudinally. The capsule was separated and an exostectomy of the first metatarsal head was done, the edges were regularized and a release of the abductor hallucis was performed. Later, the capsular remnant was resected and repaired. Six cadaveric feet with hallux valgus were studied, five with mild deformity, one with moderate deformity, one foot with the 2nd finger on supraductus. Many capsular repairs have been reported in the literature, including «L», triangular, «V-Y», rectangular, with satisfactory results, along with osteotomy of the first metatarsal. In this report, a new capsular repair was described. Applying this new capsular repair, we reduced the metatarsophalangeal and intermetatarsal angles and achieved a capsular closure with suitable tension; the metatarsophalangeal joint mobility was preserved.

Production of capsular polysaccharide of Streptococcus pneumoniae type 14 and its purification by affinity chromatography.

PubMed

Suárez, N; Fraguas, L F; Texeira, E; Massaldi, H; Batista-Viera, F; Ferreira, F

2001-02-01

We describe a rapid and efficient method for producing the capsular polysaccharide of Streptococcus pneumoniae by fermentation on tryptic soy broth and purification of this compound by using immobilized soybean lectin as an affinity adsorbent. In principle, the same strategy can be used to produce purified capsular polysaccharides from other streptococcal serotypes by selecting the appropriate lectin adsorbents.

Production of Capsular Polysaccharide of Streptococcus pneumoniae Type 14 and Its Purification by Affinity Chromatography

PubMed Central

Suárez, Norma; Fraguas, Laura Franco; Texeira, Esther; Massaldi, Hugo; Batista-Viera, Francisco; Ferreira, Fernando

2001-01-01

We describe a rapid and efficient method for producing the capsular polysaccharide of Streptococcus pneumoniae by fermentation on tryptic soy broth and purification of this compound by using immobilized soybean lectin as an affinity adsorbent. In principle, the same strategy can be used to produce purified capsular polysaccharides from other streptococcal serotypes by selecting the appropriate lectin adsorbents. PMID:11157270

Conformational studies of the capsular polysaccharide produced by Neisseria meningitidis group A.

PubMed

Foschiatti, Michela; Hearshaw, Meredith; Cescutti, Paola; Ravenscroft, Neil; Rizzo, R

2009-05-12

The effect of different cations on the conformational and morphological properties of the capsular polysaccharide produced by Neisseria meningitidis group A was investigated. Circular dichroism studies showed that the presence of Na(+), NH4+ or Ca(2+) ions induced different local conformations of the polysaccharide chain through interactions with the phosphodiester group bridging the saccharide residues in the polymer chain. Atomic force microscopy experiments confirmed that the morphology of the polysaccharide chains was different depending on the nature of the counterion. Ammonium ions were associated with the presence of single polymer chains in an elongated conformation, whereas sodium ions favored the folding of the chains into a globular conformation. The addition of calcium ions produced the aggregation of a limited number of globular polysaccharide chains to form a 'toroidal-like' structure.

Biomechanical Effects of Capsular Shift in the Treatment of Hip Microinstability: Creation and Testing of a Novel Hip Instability Model.

PubMed

Jackson, Timothy J; Peterson, Alexander B; Akeda, Masaki; Estess, Allyson; McGarry, Michelle H; Adamson, Gregory J; Lee, Thay Q

2016-03-01

A capsular shift procedure has been described for the treatment of hip instability; however, the biomechanical effects of such a shift are unknown. To create a cadaveric model of hip capsule laxity and evaluate the biomechanical effects of a capsular shift used to treat hip instability on this model. Controlled laboratory study. Eight cadaveric hips with an average age of 58.5 years were tested with a custom hip testing system in 6 conditions: intact, vented, instability, capsulotomy, side-to-side repair, and capsular shift. To create the hip model, the capsule was stretched in extension under 35 N·m of torque for 1 hour in neutral rotation. Measurements included internal and external rotation with 1.5 N·m of torque at 5 positions: 5° of extension and 0°, 15°, 30°, and 45° of flexion for each of the above conditions. The degree of maximum extension with 5 N·m of torque and the amount of femoral distraction with 40 N and 80 N of force were measured. Statistical analysis was performed by use of repeated-measures analysis of variance with Tukey post hoc analysis. The instability state significantly increased internal rotation at all flexion angles and increased distraction compared with the intact state. The capsulotomy condition resulted in significantly increased external rotation and internal rotation at all positions, increased distraction, and maximum extension compared with the intact state. The side-to-side repair condition restored internal rotation back to the instability state but not to the intact state at 5° of extension and 0° of flexion. The capsular shift state significantly decreased internal rotation compared with the instability state at 5° of extension and 0° and 15° of flexion. The capsular shift and side-to-side repair conditions had similar effects on external rotation at all flexion-extension positions. The capsular shift state decreased distraction and maximum extension compared with the instability state, but the side-to-side repair state did not. The hip capsular instability model was shown to have significantly greater total range of motion, external rotation, and extension compared with the intact condition. The greatest effects of capsular shift are seen with internal rotation, maximum extension, and distraction, with minimal effect on external rotation compared with the side-to side repair state. The biomechanical effects of the capsular shift procedure indicate that it can be used to treat hip capsular laxity by decreasing extension and distraction with minimal effect on external rotation. © 2015 The Author(s).

Imaging late capsular block syndrome: ultrasound biomicroscopy versus Scheimpflug camera.

PubMed

Kucukevcilioglu, Murat; Hurmeric, Volkan; Erdurman, Fazıl Cuneyt; Ceylan, Osman Melih

2011-11-01

We describe 2 patients with late capsular block syndrome whose anterior chamber morphology was evaluated with ultrasound biomicroscopy and Scheimpflug imaging before and after neodymium:YAG laser capsulotomy. Pretreatment ultrasound biomicroscopy examination showed significant capsular bag distension in both patients. Scheimpflug imaging failed to capture the posterior capsule displaced far behind the intraocular lens. Automatic anterior chamber depth measurements were incorrect with Scheimpflug imaging in 1 patient. Ultrasound biomicroscopy seems to be superior to Scheimpflug imaging in eyes with extremely distended capsular bags. No author has a financial or proprietary interest in any material or method mentioned. Copyright © 2011 ASCRS and ESCRS. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Metabolic connectomics targeting brain pathology in dementia with Lewy bodies

PubMed Central

Caminiti, Silvia P; Tettamanti, Marco; Sala, Arianna; Presotto, Luca; Iannaccone, Sandro; Cappa, Stefano F; Magnani, Giuseppe

2016-01-01

Dementia with Lewy bodies is characterized by α-synuclein accumulation and degeneration of dopaminergic and cholinergic pathways. To gain an overview of brain systems affected by neurodegeneration, we characterized the [18F]FDG-PET metabolic connectivity in 42 dementia with Lewy bodies patients, as compared to 42 healthy controls, using sparse inverse covariance estimation method and graph theory. We performed whole-brain and anatomically driven analyses, targeting cholinergic and dopaminergic pathways, and the α-synuclein spreading. The first revealed substantial alterations in connectivity indexes, brain modularity, and hubs configuration. Namely, decreases in local metabolic connectivity within occipital cortex, thalamus, and cerebellum, and increases within frontal, temporal, parietal, and basal ganglia regions. There were also long-range disconnections among these brain regions, all supporting a disruption of the functional hierarchy characterizing the normal brain. The anatomically driven analysis revealed alterations within brain structures early affected by α-synuclein pathology, supporting Braak’s early pathological staging in dementia with Lewy bodies. The dopaminergic striato-cortical pathway was severely affected, as well as the cholinergic networks, with an extensive decrease in connectivity in Ch1-Ch2, Ch5-Ch6 networks, and the lateral Ch4 capsular network significantly towards the occipital cortex. These altered patterns of metabolic connectivity unveil a new in vivo scenario for dementia with Lewy bodies underlying pathology in terms of changes in whole-brain metabolic connectivity, spreading of α-synuclein, and neurotransmission impairment. PMID:27306756

[Etiopathogenesis and treatment of breast capsular contracture].

PubMed

Pereira Leite, Luis; Correia Sá, Inês; Marques, Marisa

2013-01-01

Capsular contracture is a chronic and the most frequent complication of augmentation mammoplasty with breast implants and the main cause of patient's and surgeon's dissatisfaction. The mammary capsule consists of a fibrous tissue that surrounds the implant that may contract, changing the shape and consistency of the breast. In its advanced stage is accompanied by pronounced deformity, hardness and pain, being indicated for surgical treatment. All the articles indexed on PubMed through the search 'capsular contracture' (2000 - January 2012) were reviewed and were included the articles of greater interest in terms of etiology, prophylaxis and treatment. Articles referred in relevant publications were also examined. Everything indicates that its etiology is multifactorial; the etiopathology of breast capsular contracture continues being subject of multiple pre-clinical investigations. There are many studies performed in order to prevent the onset of capsular contracture but, although promising results, little is set for its application on clinical practice. The capsulectomy/capsulotomy continues being the gold standard treatment although the future may undergo non invasive techniques, at least in mild stages of disease. Although the surgical techniques and the quality of breast implants have been improving drastically in recent years, capsular contracture remains a real complication with great incidence and that continues affecting thousands of women all over the world.

Phospholipids Trigger Cryptococcus neoformans Capsular Enlargement during Interactions with Amoebae and Macrophages

PubMed Central

Chrisman, Cara J.; Albuquerque, Patricia; Guimaraes, Allan J.; Nieves, Edward; Casadevall, Arturo

2011-01-01

A remarkable aspect of the interaction of Cryptococcus neoformans with mammalian hosts is a consistent increase in capsule volume. Given that many aspects of the interaction of C. neoformans with macrophages are also observed with amoebae, we hypothesized that the capsule enlargement phenomenon also had a protozoan parallel. Incubation of C. neoformans with Acanthamoeba castellanii resulted in C. neoformans capsular enlargement. The phenomenon required contact between fungal and protozoan cells but did not require amoeba viability. Analysis of amoebae extracts showed that the likely stimuli for capsule enlargement were protozoan polar lipids. Extracts from macrophages and mammalian serum also triggered cryptococcal capsular enlargement. C. neoformans capsule enlargement required expression of fungal phospholipase B, but not phospholipase C. Purified phospholipids, in particular, phosphatidylcholine, and derived molecules triggered capsular enlargement with the subsequent formation of giant cells. These results implicate phospholipids as a trigger for both C. neoformans capsule enlargement in vivo and exopolysaccharide production. The observation that the incubation of C. neoformans with phospholipids led to the formation of giant cells provides the means to generate these enigmatic cells in vitro. Protozoan- or mammalian-derived polar lipids could represent a danger signal for C. neoformans that triggers capsular enlargement as a non-specific defense mechanism against potential predatory cells. Hence, phospholipids are the first host-derived molecules identified to trigger capsular enlargement. The parallels apparent in the capsular response of C. neoformans to both amoebae and macrophages provide additional support for the notion that certain aspects of cryptococcal virulence emerged as a consequence of environmental interactions with other microorganisms such as protists. PMID:21637814

Polyurethane-Coated Breast Implants Revisited: A 30-Year Follow-Up

PubMed Central

Castel, Nikki; Soon-Sutton, Taylor; Deptula, Peter; Flaherty, Anna

2015-01-01

Background Polyurethane coating of breast implants has been shown to reduce capsular contracture in short-term follow-up studies. This 30-year study is the longest examination of the use of polyurethane-coated implants and their correlation with capsular contracture. Methods This study evaluates the senior surgeon's (F.D.P.) experience with the use of polyurethane-coated implants in aesthetic breast augmentation in 382 patients over 30 years. Follow-up evaluations were conducted for six months after surgery. After the six-month follow-up period, 76 patients returned for reoperation. The gross findings, histology, and associated capsular contracture were noted at the time of explantation. Results No patient during the six-month follow-up period demonstrated capsular contracture. For those who underwent reoperation for capsular contracture, Baker II/III contractures were noted nine to 10 years after surgery and Baker IV contractures were noted 12 to 21 years after surgery. None of the explanted implants had macroscopic evidence of polyurethane, which was only found during the first five years after surgery. The microscopic presence of polyurethane was noted in all capsules up to 30 years after the original operation. Conclusions An inverse correlation was found between the amount of polyurethane coating on the implant and the occurrence of capsular contracture. Increasingly severe capsular contracture was associated with a decreased amount of polyurethane coating on the surface of the implants. No contracture occurred in patients whose implants showed incomplete biodegradation of polyurethane, as indicated by the visible presence of polyurethane coating. We recommend research to find a non-toxic, non-biodegradable synthetic material as an alternative to polyurethane. PMID:25798390

Chronic Neck Pain: Making the Connection Between Capsular Ligament Laxity and Cervical Instability

PubMed Central

Steilen, Danielle; Hauser, Ross; Woldin, Barbara; Sawyer, Sarah

2014-01-01

The use of conventional modalities for chronic neck pain remains debatable, primarily because most treatments have had limited success. We conducted a review of the literature published up to December 2013 on the diagnostic and treatment modalities of disorders related to chronic neck pain and concluded that, despite providing temporary relief of symptoms, these treatments do not address the specific problems of healing and are not likely to offer long-term cures. The objectives of this narrative review are to provide an overview of chronic neck pain as it relates to cervical instability, to describe the anatomical features of the cervical spine and the impact of capsular ligament laxity, to discuss the disorders causing chronic neck pain and their current treatments, and lastly, to present prolotherapy as a viable treatment option that heals injured ligaments, restores stability to the spine, and resolves chronic neck pain. The capsular ligaments are the main stabilizing structures of the facet joints in the cervical spine and have been implicated as a major source of chronic neck pain. Chronic neck pain often reflects a state of instability in the cervical spine and is a symptom common to a number of conditions described herein, including disc herniation, cervical spondylosis, whiplash injury and whiplash associated disorder, postconcussion syndrome, vertebrobasilar insufficiency, and Barré-Liéou syndrome. When the capsular ligaments are injured, they become elongated and exhibit laxity, which causes excessive movement of the cervical vertebrae. In the upper cervical spine (C0-C2), this can cause a number of other symptoms including, but not limited to, nerve irritation and vertebrobasilar insufficiency with associated vertigo, tinnitus, dizziness, facial pain, arm pain, and migraine headaches. In the lower cervical spine (C3-C7), this can cause muscle spasms, crepitation, and/or paresthesia in addition to chronic neck pain. In either case, the presence of excessive motion between two adjacent cervical vertebrae and these associated symptoms is described as cervical instability. Therefore, we propose that in many cases of chronic neck pain, the cause may be underlying joint instability due to capsular ligament laxity. Currently, curative treatment options for this type of cervical instability are inconclusive and inadequate. Based on clinical studies and experience with patients who have visited our chronic pain clinic with complaints of chronic neck pain, we contend that prolotherapy offers a potentially curative treatment option for chronic neck pain related to capsular ligament laxity and underlying cervical instability. PMID:25328557

Chronic neck pain: making the connection between capsular ligament laxity and cervical instability.

PubMed

Steilen, Danielle; Hauser, Ross; Woldin, Barbara; Sawyer, Sarah

2014-01-01

The use of conventional modalities for chronic neck pain remains debatable, primarily because most treatments have had limited success. We conducted a review of the literature published up to December 2013 on the diagnostic and treatment modalities of disorders related to chronic neck pain and concluded that, despite providing temporary relief of symptoms, these treatments do not address the specific problems of healing and are not likely to offer long-term cures. The objectives of this narrative review are to provide an overview of chronic neck pain as it relates to cervical instability, to describe the anatomical features of the cervical spine and the impact of capsular ligament laxity, to discuss the disorders causing chronic neck pain and their current treatments, and lastly, to present prolotherapy as a viable treatment option that heals injured ligaments, restores stability to the spine, and resolves chronic neck pain. The capsular ligaments are the main stabilizing structures of the facet joints in the cervical spine and have been implicated as a major source of chronic neck pain. Chronic neck pain often reflects a state of instability in the cervical spine and is a symptom common to a number of conditions described herein, including disc herniation, cervical spondylosis, whiplash injury and whiplash associated disorder, postconcussion syndrome, vertebrobasilar insufficiency, and Barré-Liéou syndrome. When the capsular ligaments are injured, they become elongated and exhibit laxity, which causes excessive movement of the cervical vertebrae. In the upper cervical spine (C0-C2), this can cause a number of other symptoms including, but not limited to, nerve irritation and vertebrobasilar insufficiency with associated vertigo, tinnitus, dizziness, facial pain, arm pain, and migraine headaches. In the lower cervical spine (C3-C7), this can cause muscle spasms, crepitation, and/or paresthesia in addition to chronic neck pain. In either case, the presence of excessive motion between two adjacent cervical vertebrae and these associated symptoms is described as cervical instability. Therefore, we propose that in many cases of chronic neck pain, the cause may be underlying joint instability due to capsular ligament laxity. Currently, curative treatment options for this type of cervical instability are inconclusive and inadequate. Based on clinical studies and experience with patients who have visited our chronic pain clinic with complaints of chronic neck pain, we contend that prolotherapy offers a potentially curative treatment option for chronic neck pain related to capsular ligament laxity and underlying cervical instability.

Production of a unique pneumococcal capsule serotype belonging to serogroup 6

PubMed Central

Bratcher, Preston E.; Park, In H.; Hollingshead, Susan K.; Nahm, Moon H.

2013-01-01

Serogroup 6 of Streptococcus pneumoniae contains three serotypes named 6A, 6B and 6C with highly homologous capsule gene loci. The 6A and 6B capsule gene loci consistently differ from each other by only one nucleotide in the wciP gene. The 6A capsule gene locus has a galactosyl transferase, which has been replaced with a glucosyl transferase in the 6C capsule gene locus. We considered that a new serotype named “6X1” would be possible if the galactosyl transferase of the 6B capsule gene locus is replaced with the glucosyl transferase of 6C. We demonstrate that this gene transfer yields a viable pneumococcal strain and the capsular polysaccharide from this strain has the predicted chemical structure and serologic similarity to the capsular polysaccharide of the 6B serotype. The new strain (i.e., serotype 6X1) is typed as 6B by the quellung reaction but it can be distinguished from 6B strains with monoclonal antibodies to 6B polysaccharide. Reexamination of 264 pneumococcal isolates that were previously typed as 6B with classical typing methods revealed no isolates expressing serotype 6X1. Nevertheless, this study shows this capsular polysaccharide is biochemically possible and could exist/emerge in nature. PMID:19202106

Fungal Melanins Differ in Planar Stacking Distances

PubMed Central

Casadevall, Arturo; Nakouzi, Antonio; Crippa, Pier R.; Eisner, Melvin

2012-01-01

Melanins are notoriously difficult to study because they are amorphous, insoluble and often associated with other biological materials. Consequently, there is a dearth of structural techniques to study this enigmatic pigment. Current models of melanin structure envision the stacking of planar structures. X ray diffraction has historically been used to deduce stacking parameters. In this study we used X ray diffraction to analyze melanins derived from Cryptococcus neoformans, Aspergillus niger, Wangiella dermatitides and Coprinus comatus. Analysis of melanin in melanized C. neoformans encapsulated cells was precluded by the fortuitous finding that the capsular polysaccharide had a diffraction spectrum that was similar to that of isolated melanin. The capsular polysaccharide spectrum was dominated by a broad non-Bragg feature consistent with origin from a repeating structural motif that may arise from inter-molecular interactions and/or possibly gel organization. Hence, we isolated melanin from each fungal species and compared diffraction parameters. The results show that the inferred stacking distances of fungal melanins differ from that reported for synthetic melanin and neuromelanin, occupying intermediate position between these other melanins. These results suggest that all melanins have a fundamental diffracting unit composed of planar graphitic assemblies that can differ in stacking distance. The stacking peak appears to be a distinguishing universal feature of melanins that may be of use in characterizing these enigmatic pigments. PMID:22359541

Surgical management of spontaneous in-the-bag intraocular lens and capsular tension ring complex dislocation.

PubMed

Gunenc, Uzeyir; Kocak, Nilufer; Ozturk, A Taylan; Arikan, Gul

2014-08-01

We describe a technique to manage late spontaneous intraocular lens (IOL) and capsular tension ring (CTR) dislocation within the intact capsular bag. The subluxated IOL and CTR complex can be positioned in a closed chamber and fixed to the pars plana at both 3 and 9 o'clock quadrants with the presented ab externo direct scleral suturation technique which provides an easy, safe and effective surgical option for such cases.

Inorganic Phosphate Limitation Modulates Capsular Polysaccharide Composition in Mycobacteria.

PubMed

van de Weerd, Robert; Boot, Maikel; Maaskant, Janneke; Sparrius, Marion; Verboom, Theo; van Leeuwen, Lisanne M; Burggraaf, Maroeska J; Paauw, Nanne J; Dainese, Elisa; Manganelli, Riccardo; Bitter, Wilbert; Appelmelk, Ben J; Geurtsen, Jeroen

2016-05-27

Mycobacterium tuberculosis is protected by an unusual and highly impermeable cell envelope that is critically important for the successful colonization of the host. The outermost surface of this cell envelope is formed by capsular polysaccharides that play an important role in modulating the initial interactions once the bacillus enters the body. Although the bioenzymatic steps involved in the production of the capsular polysaccharides are emerging, information regarding the ability of the bacterium to modulate the composition of the capsule is still unknown. Here, we study the mechanisms involved in regulation of mycobacterial capsule biosynthesis using a high throughput screen for gene products involved in capsular α-glucan production. Utilizing this approach we identified a group of mutants that all carried mutations in the ATP-binding cassette phosphate transport locus pst These mutants collectively exhibited a strong overproduction of capsular polysaccharides, including α-glucan and arabinomannan, suggestive of a role for inorganic phosphate (Pi) metabolism in modulating capsular polysaccharide production. These findings were corroborated by the observation that growth under low Pi conditions as well as chemical activation of the stringent response induces capsule production in a number of mycobacterial species. This induction is, in part, dependent on σ factor E. Finally, we show that Mycobacterium marinum, a model organism for M. tuberculosis, encounters Pi stress during infection, which shows the relevance of our findings in vivo. © 2016 by The American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Inc.

Collagen Organization in Facet Capsular Ligaments Varies With Spinal Region and With Ligament Deformation.

PubMed

Ban, Ehsan; Zhang, Sijia; Zarei, Vahhab; Barocas, Victor H; Winkelstein, Beth A; Picu, Catalin R

2017-07-01

The spinal facet capsular ligament (FCL) is primarily comprised of heterogeneous arrangements of collagen fibers. This complex fibrous structure and its evolution under loading play a critical role in determining the mechanical behavior of the FCL. A lack of analytical tools to characterize the spatial anisotropy and heterogeneity of the FCL's microstructure has limited the current understanding of its structure-function relationships. Here, the collagen organization was characterized using spatial correlation analysis of the FCL's optically obtained fiber orientation field. FCLs from the cervical and lumbar spinal regions were characterized in terms of their structure, as was the reorganization of collagen in stretched cervical FCLs. Higher degrees of intra- and intersample heterogeneity were found in cervical FCLs than in lumbar specimens. In the cervical FCLs, heterogeneity was manifested in the form of curvy patterns formed by collections of collagen fibers or fiber bundles. Tensile stretch, a common injury mechanism for the cervical FCL, significantly increased the spatial correlation length in the stretch direction, indicating an elongation of the observed structural features. Finally, an affine estimation for the change of correlation length under loading was performed which gave predictions very similar to the actual values. These findings provide structural insights for multiscale mechanical analyses of the FCLs from various spinal regions and also suggest methods for quantitative characterization of complex tissue patterns.

In-the-Bag Intraocular Lens Placement via Secondary Capsulorhexis with Radiofrequency Diathermy in Pediatric Aphakic Eyes

PubMed Central

Wang, Chunxiao; Zhang, Xinyu; Tang, Xiangchen; Liu, Jianping; Congdon, Nathan; Chen, Jingjing; Lin, Zhuoling; Liu, Yizhi

2013-01-01

Pediatric ophthalmologists increasingly recognize that the ideal site for intraocular lens (IOL) implantation is in the bag for aphakic eyes, but it is always very difficult via conventional technique. We conducted a prospective case series study to investigate the success rate and clinical outcomes of capsular bag reestablishment and in-the-bag IOL implantation via secondary capsulorhexis with radiofrequency diathermy (RFD) in pediatric aphakic eyes, in which twenty-two consecutive aphakic pediatric patients (43 aphakic eyes) enrolled in the Childhood Cataract Program of the Chinese Ministry of Health were included. The included children underwent either our novel technique for secondary IOL implantation (with RFD) or the conventional technique (with a bent needle or forceps), depending on the type of preoperative proliferative capsular bag present. In total, secondary capsulorhexis with RFD was successfully applied in 32 eyes (32/43, 74.4%, age 5.6±2.3 years), of which capsular bag reestablishment and in-the-bag IOL implantation were both achieved in 30 eyes (30/43, 70.0%), but in the remaining 2 eyes (2/32, 6.2%) the IOLs were implanted in the sulcus with a capsular bag that was too small. Secondary capsulorhexis with conventional technique was applied in the other 11 eyes (11/43, 25.6%, age 6.9±2.3 years), of which capsular bag reestablishment and in-the-bag IOL implantation were both achieved only in 3 eyes(3/43, 7.0%), and the IOLs were implanted in the sulcus in the remaining 8 eyes. A doughnut-like proliferative capsular bag with an extensive Soemmering ring (32/43, 74.4%) was the main success factor for secondary capsulorhexis with RFD, and a sufficient capsular bag size (33/43, 76.7%) was an additional factor in successful in-the-bag IOL implantation. In conclusion, RFD secondary capsulorhexis technique has 70% success rate in the capsular bag reestablishment and in-the-bag IOL implantation in pediatric aphakic eyes, particularly effective in cases with a doughnut-like, extensively proliferative Soemmering ring. PMID:23638058

Genomic Investigation Reveals Highly Conserved, Mosaic, Recombination Events Associated with Capsular Switching among Invasive Neisseria meningitidis Serogroup W Sequence Type (ST)-11 Strains.

PubMed

Mustapha, Mustapha M; Marsh, Jane W; Krauland, Mary G; Fernandez, Jorge O; de Lemos, Ana Paula S; Dunning Hotopp, Julie C; Wang, Xin; Mayer, Leonard W; Lawrence, Jeffrey G; Hiller, N Luisa; Harrison, Lee H

2016-07-03

Neisseria meningitidis is an important cause of meningococcal disease globally. Sequence type (ST)-11 clonal complex (cc11) is a hypervirulent meningococcal lineage historically associated with serogroup C capsule and is believed to have acquired the W capsule through a C to W capsular switching event. We studied the sequence of capsule gene cluster (cps) and adjoining genomic regions of 524 invasive W cc11 strains isolated globally. We identified recombination breakpoints corresponding to two distinct recombination events within W cc11: A 8.4-kb recombinant region likely acquired from W cc22 including the sialic acid/glycosyl-transferase gene, csw resulted in a C→W change in capsular phenotype and a 13.7-kb recombinant segment likely acquired from Y cc23 lineage includes 4.5 kb of cps genes and 8.2 kb downstream of the cps cluster resulting in allelic changes in capsule translocation genes. A vast majority of W cc11 strains (497/524, 94.8%) retain both recombination events as evidenced by sharing identical or very closely related capsular allelic profiles. These data suggest that the W cc11 capsular switch involved two separate recombination events and that current global W cc11 meningococcal disease is caused by strains bearing this mosaic capsular switch. © The Author 2016. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Molecular Biology and Evolution.

Morphologic compatibility or intraocular lens haptics and the lens capsule.

PubMed

Nagamoto, T; Eguchi, G

1997-10-01

To evaluate the mechanical relationship between the intraocular lens (IOL) haptic and the capsular bag by quantitatively analyzing the fit of the haptic with the capsule equator and the capsular bag deformity induced by the implanted lens haptics. Division of Morphogenesis, Department of Developmental Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Japan. Following implantation of a poly(methyl methacrylate)(PMMA) ring in three excised human capsular bags with continuous curvilinear capsulorhexis (CCC), IOLs with different overall lengths or haptic designs were implanted in the bags and photographed. The straight length of the area of contact between the haptic and the capsule equator on the photographs was measured to provide a quantitative index of in-the-bag fixation and the length from the external margin of the PMMA ring to the external margin of the loop along the maximal diameter of the capsular bag, to indicate the quantitative degree of capsular deformity induced by an IOL. An IOL with modified-C loops produced better fit along the capsule equator and less deformity than an IOL with modified-J loops, and an IOL with an overall length of 12.0 or 12.5 mm produced a sufficiently good fit and less distortion of the capsular bag than an IOL with an overall length over 13.0 mm. An IOL with modified-C loops and an overall length of 12.0 or 12.5 mm is adequate for in-the-bag implantation following CCC.

Description and Nomenclature of Neisseria meningitidis Capsule Locus

PubMed Central

Claus, Heike; Jiang, Ying; Bennett, Julia S.; Bratcher, Holly B.; Jolley, Keith A.; Corton, Craig; Care, Rory; Poolman, Jan T.; Zollinger, Wendell D.; Frasch, Carl E.; Stephens, David S.; Feavers, Ian; Frosch, Matthias; Parkhill, Julian; Vogel, Ulrich; Quail, Michael A.; Bentley, Stephen D.; Maiden, Martin C.J.

2013-01-01

Pathogenic Neisseria meningitidis isolates contain a polysaccharide capsule that is the main virulence determinant for this bacterium. Thirteen capsular polysaccharides have been described, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy has enabled determination of the structure of capsular polysaccharides responsible for serogroup specificity. Molecular mechanisms involved in N. meningitidis capsule biosynthesis have also been identified, and genes involved in this process and in cell surface translocation are clustered at a single chromosomal locus termed cps. The use of multiple names for some of the genes involved in capsule synthesis, combined with the need for rapid diagnosis of serogroups commonly associated with invasive meningococcal disease, prompted a requirement for a consistent approach to the nomenclature of capsule genes. In this report, a comprehensive description of all N. meningitidis serogroups is provided, along with a proposed nomenclature, which was presented at the 2012 XVIIIth International Pathogenic Neisseria Conference. PMID:23628376

Cryptococcus neoformans responds to mannitol by increasing capsule size in vitro and in vivo

PubMed Central

Guimarães, Allan Jefferson; Frases, Susana; Cordero, Radamés J. B.; Nimrichter, Leonardo; Casadevall, Arturo; Nosanchuk, Joshua D.

2010-01-01

The polysaccharide capsule of the fungus Cryptococcus neoformans is its main virulence factor. In this study, we determined the effects of mannitol and glucose on the capsule and exopolysaccharide production. Growth in mannitol significantly increased capsular volume compared to cultivation in glucose. However, cells grown in glucose concentrations higher than 62.5mM produced more exopolysaccharide than cells grown in mannitol. The fiber lengths and glycosyl composition of capsular polysaccharide from yeast grown in mannitol was structurally different from that of yeast grown in glucose. Furthermore, mannitol treatment of mice infected intratracheally with C. neoformans resulted in fungal cells with significantly larger capsules and the mice had reduced fungal dissemination to the brain. Our results demonstrate the capacity of carbohydrate source and concentration to modify the expression of a major virulence factor of C. neoformans. These findings may impact the clinical management of cryptococcosis. PMID:20070311

Inactivation of the Ecs ABC transporter of Staphylococcus aureus attenuates virulence by altering composition and function of bacterial wall.

PubMed

Jonsson, Ing-Marie; Juuti, Jarmo T; François, Patrice; AlMajidi, Rana; Pietiäinen, Milla; Girard, Myriam; Lindholm, Catharina; Saller, Manfred J; Driessen, Arnold J M; Kuusela, Pentti; Bokarewa, Maria; Schrenzel, Jacques; Kontinen, Vesa P

2010-12-02

Ecs is an ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter present in aerobic and facultative anaerobic gram-positive Firmicutes. Inactivation of Bacillus subtilis Ecs causes pleiotropic changes in the bacterial phenotype including inhibition of intramembrane proteolysis. The molecule(s) transported by Ecs is (are) still unknown. In this study we mutated the ecsAB operon in two Staphylococcus aureus strains, Newman and LS-1. Phenotypic and functional characterization of these Ecs deficient mutants revealed a defect in growth, increased autolysis and lysostaphin sensitivity, altered composition of cell wall proteins including the precursor form of staphylokinase and an altered bacterial surface texture. DNA microarray analysis indicated that the Ecs deficiency changed expression of the virulence factor regulator protein Rot accompanied by differential expression of membrane transport proteins, particularly ABC transporters and phosphate-specific transport systems, protein A, adhesins and capsular polysaccharide biosynthesis proteins. Virulence of the ecs mutants was studied in a mouse model of hematogenous S. aureus infection. Mice inoculated with the ecs mutant strains developed markedly milder infections than those inoculated with the wild-type strains and had consequently lower mortality, less weight loss, milder arthritis and decreased persistence of staphylococci in the kidneys. The ecs mutants had higher susceptibility to ribosomal antibiotics and plant alkaloids chelerythrine and sanguinarine. Our results show that Ecs is essential for staphylococcal virulence and antimicrobial resistance probably since the transport function of Ecs is essential for the normal structure and function of the cell wall. Thus targeting Ecs may be a new approach in combating staphylococcal infection.

Molecular characterization and antimicrobial susceptibility of hemolytic Streptococcus agalactiae from post-menopausal women.

PubMed

Moltó-García, Belén; Liébana-Martos, María del Carmen; Cuadros-Moronta, Elena; Rodríguez-Granger, Javier; Sampedro-Martínez, Antonio; Rosa-Fraile, Manuel; Gutierrez-Fernández, José; Puertas-Priet, Alberto; Navarro-Marí, José María

2016-03-01

Streptococcus agalactiae (Group B streptococcus, GBS) is increasingly recognized as a pathogen in adult populations, including the elderly. Appropriate treatment involves antibiotics. An alternative to this strategy would be the administration of a polysaccharide vaccine therefore the capsular serotypes and molecular characterization of circulating strains needs to be known. Few studies have been conducted in this population. One hundred and seven GBS isolates collected from vagino-rectal swabs from 600 post-menopausal women were analysed for their capsular type, antimicrobial resistance and genetic relatedness (multilocus sequence typing, MLST). The colonization rate was 17.8%. Capsular type III was predominant (34.6%), followed by type V (22.4%). The most frequent sequence type (ST) was 19 (23.3%), followed by 23 (18.7%), 1 (16.8%) and 17 (12.1%). Isolates were assembled into three phylogenetic groups from ST-19, ST-23 and ST-17 founders. All isolates were susceptible to penicillin, whereas resistance to erythromycin and clindamycin was recorded in 23.4% and 20.6% of isolates, respectively. In our setting, the GBS colonization rate in postmenopausal women is similar to that reported in others populations studied. The population structure of these isolates is highly diverse and contains different STs. These data can contribute to the future development of a polysaccharide vaccine for preventing GBS infection in older adults. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

Analysis of periprosthetic capsular tissue from women with silicone breast implants by magic-angle spinning NMR.

PubMed

Garrido, L; Young, V L

1999-09-01

The amount of silicone (polydimethylsiloxane [PDMS]) in capsular tissue surgically removed from women with breast implants was measured by using (29)Si and (1)H magic-angle spinning solid-state NMR spectroscopy. Twelve women having smooth surface silicone gel-filled implants, including a subject with "low-bleed" double-lumen implants, had detectable levels of PDMS ranging from 0. 05 to 9.8% silicon in wet tissue (w/w). No silicon-containing compounds other than PDMS were detected. No correlation was found between the amount of PDMS measured in the capsular tissue and the length of implantation time (Pearson correlation coefficient, r = 0. 22). The results showed no relationship between higher amounts of PDMS and capsular contracture (p = 0.74) or other symptoms (p = 0. 53). Magn Reson Med 42:436-441, 1999. Copyright 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Determination of the chemical structure of the capsular polysaccharide of strain B33, a fast-growing soya bean-nodulating bacterium isolated from an arid region of China.

PubMed Central

Rodríguez-Carvajal, M A; Tejero-Mateo, P; Espartero, J L; Ruiz-Sainz, J E; Buendía-Clavería, A M; Ollero, F J; Yang, S S; Gil-Serrano, A M

2001-01-01

We have determined the structure of a polysaccharide from strain B33, a fast-growing bacterium that forms nitrogen-fixing nodules with Asiatic and American soya bean cultivars. On the basis of monosaccharide analysis, methylation analysis, one-dimensional 1H- and 13C-NMR and two-dimensional NMR experiments, the structure was shown to consist of a polymer having the repeating unit -->6)-4-O-methyl-alpha-D-Glcp-(1-->4)-3-O-methyl-beta-D-GlcpA-(1--> (where GlcpA is glucopyranuronic acid and Glcp is glucopyranose). Strain B33 produces a K-antigen polysaccharide repeating unit that does not have the structural motif sugar-Kdx [where Kdx is 3-deoxy-D-manno-2-octulosonic acid (Kdo) or a Kdo-related acid] proposed for different Sinorhizobium fredii strains, all of them being effective with Asiatic soya bean cultivars but unable to form nitrogen-fixing nodules with American soya bean cultivars. Instead, it resembles the K-antigen of S. fredii strain HH303 (rhamnose, galacturonic acid)n, which is also effective with both groups of soya bean cultivars. Only the capsular polysaccharide from strains B33 and HH303 have monosaccharide components that are also present in the surface polysaccharide of Bradyrhizobium elkanii strains, which consists of a 4-O-methyl-D-glucurono-L-rhamnan. PMID:11439101

Thermal shrinkage for shoulder instability.

PubMed

Toth, Alison P; Warren, Russell F; Petrigliano, Frank A; Doward, David A; Cordasco, Frank A; Altchek, David W; O'Brien, Stephen J

2011-07-01

Thermal capsular shrinkage was popular for the treatment of shoulder instability, despite a paucity of outcomes data in the literature defining the indications for this procedure or supporting its long-term efficacy. The purpose of this study was to perform a clinical evaluation of radiofrequency thermal capsular shrinkage for the treatment of shoulder instability, with a minimum 2-year follow-up. From 1999 to 2001, 101 consecutive patients with mild to moderate shoulder instability underwent shoulder stabilization surgery with thermal capsular shrinkage using a monopolar radiofrequency device. Follow-up included a subjective outcome questionnaire, discussion of pain, instability, and activity level. Mean follow-up was 3.3 years (range 2.0-4.7 years). The thermal capsular shrinkage procedure failed due to instability and/or pain in 31% of shoulders at a mean time of 39 months. In patients with unidirectional anterior instability and those with concomitant labral repair, the procedure proved effective. Patients with multidirectional instability had moderate success. In contrast, four of five patients with isolated posterior instability failed. Thermal capsular shrinkage has been advocated for the treatment of shoulder instability, particularly mild to moderate capsular laxity. The ease of the procedure makes it attractive. However, our retrospective review revealed an overall failure rate of 31% in 80 patients with 2-year minimum follow-up. This mid- to long-term cohort study adds to the literature lacking support for thermal capsulorrhaphy in general, particularly posterior instability. The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s11420-010-9187-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Capture of intraocular lens optic by residual capsular opening in secondary implantation: long-term follow-up.

PubMed

Tian, Tian; Chen, Chunli; Jin, Haiying; Jiao, Lyu; Zhang, Qi; Zhao, Peiquan

2018-04-02

To introduce a novel surgical technique for optic capture by residual capsular opening in secondary intraocular lens (IOL) implantation and to report the outcomes of a long follow-up. Twenty patients (20 eyes) who had received secondary IOL implantation with the optic capture technique were retrospectively reviewed. We used the residual capsular opening for capturing the optic and inserted the haptics in the sulcus during surgery. Baseline clinical characteristics and surgical outcomes, including best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), refractive status, and IOL position were recorded. The postoperative location and stability of IOL were evaluated using the ultrasound biomicroscopy. Optic capture technique was successfully performed in all cases, including 5 cases with large area of posterior capsular opacity, 6 cases with posterior capsular tear or rupture,and 9 cases with adhesive capsules. BCVA improved from 0.60 logMAR at baseline to 0.36 logMAR at the last follow-up (P < 0.001). Spherical equivalent changed from 10.67 ± 4.59 D at baseline to 0.12 ± 1.35 D at 6 months postoperatively (P < 0.001). Centered IOLs were observed in all cases and remained captured through residual capsular opening in 19 (95%) eyes at the last follow-up. In one case, the captured optic of IOL slid into ciliary sulcus at 7 months postoperatively. No other postoperative complications were observed in any cases. This optic capture technique by using residual capsule opening is an efficacious and safe technique and can achieve IOL stability in the long follow-up.

An in vitro evaluation of the Anew Zephyr open-bag IOL in the prevention of posterior capsule opacification using a human capsular bag model.

PubMed

Eldred, Julie A; Spalton, David J; Wormstone, I Michael

2014-09-18

During cataract surgery an IOL is placed within the capsular bag. Clinical studies show that IOLs with a square edge profile and complete contact between the IOL and the anterior capsule (AC) are currently the best way to prevent posterior capsule opacification (PCO). This has been challenged by recent clinical and experimental observations, which suggest that if the capsular bag is kept open with separation of contact between the AC and posterior capsule (PC) by an "open-bag device" PCO is dramatically reduced. Therefore, the current study set out to evaluate the putative merits of an open-bag IOL (Anew Zephyr) in a human capsular bag model. An in vitro organ culture model using the bag-zonular-ciliary body complex isolated from fellow human donor eyes was prepared. A capsulorhexis and lens extraction were performed, and an Alcon Acrysof IOL or Anew Zephyr IOL implanted. Preparations were secured by pinning the ciliary body to a silicone ring and maintained in 6 mL Eagle's minimum essential medium (EMEM) or EMEM supplemented with 2% vol/vol human serum (HS) and 10 ng/mL TGF-β2 for 28 days. Cell growth and capsular modifications were monitored with phase-contrast and modified dark-field microscopy. In serum-free EMEM culture conditions, cells were observed growing onto the PC of preparations implanted with an Anew Zephyr IOL, but this was retarded relative to observations in match-paired capsular bags implanted with an Alcon Acrysof IOL. In the case of cultures maintained in 2% HS-EMEM plus TGF-β2, the movement on to the PC was again delayed with the presence of an Anew Zephyr IOL. Differences in the degree of growth on the PC and matrix modifications were apparent with the different donors, but in each case the match-paired Alcon Acrysof implanted bag exhibited significantly greater coverage and modification of the capsule. The Anew Zephyr open-bag IOL performs consistently better than the Alcon Acrysof IOL in the human capsular bag model. We propose that the benefits observed with the Anew Zephyr result from a reduction in growth factor levels available within the capsular bag and a barrier function imposed by the ring haptic. Copyright 2014 The Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, Inc.

Methamphetamine enhances Cryptococcus neoformans pulmonary infection and dissemination to the brain.

PubMed

Patel, Dhavan; Desai, Gunjan M; Frases, Susana; Cordero, Radames J B; DeLeon-Rodriguez, Carlos M; Eugenin, Eliseo A; Nosanchuk, Joshua D; Martinez, Luis R

2013-07-30

Methamphetamine (METH) is a major addictive drug of abuse in the United States and worldwide, and its use is linked to HIV acquisition. The encapsulated fungus Cryptococcus neoformans is the most common cause of fungal meningitis in patients with AIDS. In addition to functioning as a central nervous system stimulant, METH has diverse effects on host immunity. Using a systemic mouse model of infection and in vitro assays in order to critically assess the impact of METH on C. neoformans pathogenesis, we demonstrate that METH stimulates fungal adhesion, glucuronoxylomannan (GXM) release, and biofilm formation in the lungs. Interestingly, structural analysis of the capsular polysaccharide of METH-exposed cryptococci revealed that METH alters the carbohydrate composition of this virulence factor, an event of adaptation to external stimuli that can be advantageous to the fungus during pathogenesis. Additionally, we show that METH promotes C. neoformans dissemination from the respiratory tract into the brain parenchyma. Our findings provide novel evidence of the impact of METH abuse on host homeostasis and increased permissiveness to opportunistic microorganisms. Methamphetamine (METH) is a major health threat to our society, as it adversely changes people's behavior, as well as increases the risk for the acquisition of diverse infectious diseases, particularly those that enter through the respiratory tract or skin. This report investigates the effects of METH use on pulmonary infection by the AIDS-related fungus Cryptococcus neoformans. This drug of abuse stimulates colonization and biofilm formation in the lungs, followed by dissemination of the fungus to the central nervous system. Notably, C. neoformans modifies its capsular polysaccharide after METH exposure, highlighting the fungus's ability to adapt to environmental stimuli, a possible explanation for its pathogenesis. The findings may translate into new knowledge and development of therapeutic and public health strategies to deal with the devastating complications of METH abuse.

Characterization of Lipooligosaccharide-Biosynthetic Loci of Campylobacter jejuni Reveals New Lipooligosaccharide Classes: Evidence of Mosaic Organizations▿ †

PubMed Central

Parker, Craig T.; Gilbert, Michel; Yuki, Nobuhiro; Endtz, Hubert P.; Mandrell, Robert E.

2008-01-01

The lipooligosaccharide (LOS) biosynthesis region is one of the more variable genomic regions between strains of Campylobacter jejuni. Indeed, eight classes of LOS biosynthesis loci have been established previously based on gene content and organization. In this study, we characterize additional classes of LOS biosynthesis loci and analyze various mechanisms that result in changes to LOS structures. To gain further insights into the genomic diversity of C. jejuni LOS biosynthesis region, we sequenced the LOS biosynthesis loci of 15 strains that possessed gene content that was distinct from the eight classes. This analysis identified 11 new classes of LOS loci that exhibited examples of deletions and insertions of genes and cassettes of genes found in other LOS classes or capsular biosynthesis loci leading to mosaic LOS loci. The sequence analysis also revealed both missense mutations leading to “allelic” glycosyltransferases and phase-variable and non-phase-variable gene inactivation by the deletion or insertion of bases. Specifically, we demonstrated that gene inactivation is an important mechanism for altering the LOS structures of strains possessing the same class of LOS biosynthesis locus. Together, these observations suggest that LOS biosynthesis region is a hotspot for genetic exchange and variability, often leading to changes in the LOS produced. PMID:18556784

[Capsular retensioning in anterior unidirectional glenohumeral instability].

PubMed

Benítez Pozos, Leonel; Martínez Molina, Oscar; Castañeda Landa, Ezequiel

2007-01-01

To present the experience of the Orthopedics Service PEMEX South Central Hospital in the management of anterior unidirectional shoulder instability with an arthroscopic technique consisting of capsular retensioning either combined with other anatomical repair procedures or alone. Thirty-one patients with anterior unidirectional shoulder instability operated-on between January 1999 and December 2005 were included. Fourteen patients underwent capsular retensioning and radiofrequency, and in 17 patients, capsular retensioning was combined with suture anchors. Patients with a history of relapsing glenohumeral dislocations and subluxations, with anterior instability with or without associated Bankart lesions were selected; all of them were young. The results were assessed considering basically the occurrence of instability during the postoperative follow-up. No cases of recurring instability occurred. Two cases had neuroma and one experienced irritation of the suture site. Six patients had residual limitation of combined lateral rotation and abduction movements, of a mean of 10 degrees compared with the healthy contralateral side. The most frequent incident was the leak of solutions to the soft tissues. Capsular retensioning, whether combined or not with other anatomical repair techniques, has proven to result in a highly satisfactory rate of glenohumeral stabilization in cases of anterior unidirectional instabilities. The arthroscopic approach offers the well-known advantages of causing less damage to the soft tissues, and a shorter time to starting rehabilitation therapy and exercises.

Presence of Biofilms on Polyurethane-Coated Breast Implants: Preliminary Results.

PubMed

Rieger, Ulrich M; Djedovic, Gabriel; Pattiss, Alexander; Raschke, Gregor F; Frei, Reno; Pierer, Gerhard; Trampuz, Andrej

2016-01-01

Polyurethane-coated breast implants seem to be associated with lower medium- and long-term capsular contracture rates in comparison to textured or smooth implant surfaces. Although the etiology of capsular contracture is uncertain, bacterial biofilms have been suggested to trigger chronic peri-implant inflammation, eventually leading to capsular contracture. It is unknown whether polyurethane-coated implants are less prone to biofilm colonization than other implant surfaces. We extracted data from patient records included in a prospective cohort between 2008 and 2011. All patients who underwent removal of polyurethane-coated implants were included in this current study and screened for presence of biofilms by sonication. In addition, implant- and patient-related data were analyzed. Of the ten included polyurethane-coated breast implants, six had been inserted for reconstructive purposes and four for aesthetic reasons. The median implant indwelling time was 28.3 mo. Overall, sonication cultures were positive in 50% of implants. Propionibacterium acnes and coagulase-negative staphylococci were the predominant pathogens isolated from biofilm cultures. Like other implant surfaces, polyurethane-coated implants are prone to biofilm colonization. Further investigations are needed to determine why capsular contracture rates seem to be lower in polyurethane implants than in other implant surfaces. Notably, in this study, 40% of the implants were explanted from breasts with severe capsular contracture.

Forces on intraocular lens haptics induced by capsular fibrosis. An experimental study.

PubMed

Guthoff, R; Abramo, F; Draeger, J; Chumbley, L C; Lang, G K; Neumann, W

1990-01-01

Electronic dynamometry measurements, performed upon intraocular lens (IOL) haptics of prototype one-piece three-loop silicone lenses, accurately defined the relationships between elastic force and haptic displacement. Lens implantations in the capsular bag of dogs (loop span equal to capsular bag diameter, loops underformed immediately after the operation) were evaluated macrophotographically 5-8 months postoperatively. The highly constant elastic property of silicon rubber permitted quantitative correlation of subsequent in vivo haptic displacement with the resultant force vectors responsible for tissue contraction. The lens optics were well centered in 17 (85%) and slightly offcenter in 3 (15%) of 20 implanted eyes. Of the 60 supporting loops, 28 could be visualized sufficiently well to permit reliable haptic measurement. Of these 28, 20 (71%) were clearly displaced, ranging from 0.45 mm away from to 1.4 mm towards the lens' optic center. These extremes represented resultant vector forces of 0.20 and 1.23 mN respectively. Quantitative vector analysis permits better understanding of IOL-capsular interactions.

Chemical polyglycosylation and nanolitre detection enables single-molecule recapitulation of bacterial sugar export

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kong, Lingbing; Almond, Andrew; Bayley, Hagan; Davis, Benjamin G.

2016-05-01

The outermost protective layer of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria is composed of bacterial capsular polysaccharides. Insights into the interactions between the capsular polysaccharide and its transporter and the mechanism of sugar export would not only increase our understanding of this key process, but would also help in the design of novel therapeutics to block capsular polysaccharide export. Here, we report a nanolitre detection system that makes use of the bilayer interface between two droplets, and we use this system to study single-molecule recapitulation of sugar export. A synthetic strategy of polyglycosylation based on tetrasaccharide monomers enables ready synthetic access to extended fragments of K30 oligosaccharides and polysaccharides. Examination of the interactions between the Escherichia coli sugar transporter Wza and very small amounts of fragments of the K30 capsular polysaccharide substrate reveal the translocation of smaller but not larger fragments. We also observe capture events that occur only on the intracellular side of Wza, which would complement coordinated feeding by adjunct biosynthetic machinery.

Posterior capsular rent: Prevention and management.

PubMed

Chakrabarti, Arup; Nazm, Nazneen

2017-12-01

This review article deals with a potentially sight threatening complication - rupture of the posterior capsule - during cataract surgery. Cataract surgery is the most commonly performed surgical procedure in ophthalmology and despite tremendous technical and technological advancements, posterior capsular rent (PCR) still occurs. PCR occurs both in the hands of experienced senior surgeons and the neophyte surgeons, although with a higher frequency in the latter group. Additionally, certain types of cataracts are prone to this development. If managed properly in a timely manner the eventual outcome may be no different from that of an uncomplicated case. However, improper management may lead to serious complications with a higher incidence of permanent visual disability. The article covers the management of posterior capsular rent from two perspectives: 1. Identifying patients at higher risk and measures to manage such patients by surgical discipline, and 2. Intraoperative management of posterior capsular rent and various case scenarios to minimize long-term complications.This review is written for experienced and not-so-experienced eye surgeons alike to understand and manage PCR.

Capsular Outcomes After Pediatric Cataract Surgery Without Intraocular Lens Implantation: Qualitative Classification and Quantitative Measurement.

PubMed

Tan, Xuhua; Lin, Haotian; Lin, Zhuoling; Chen, Jingjing; Tang, Xiangchen; Luo, Lixia; Chen, Weirong; Liu, Yizhi

2016-03-01

The objective of this study was to investigate capsular outcomes 12 months after pediatric cataract surgery without intraocular lens implantation via qualitative classification and quantitative measurement.This study is a cross-sectional study that was approved by the institutional review board of Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center of Sun Yat-sen University in Guangzhou, China.Digital coaxial retro-illumination photographs of 329 aphakic pediatric eyes were obtained 12 months after pediatric cataract surgery without intraocular lens implantation. Capsule digital coaxial retro-illumination photographs were divided as follows: anterior capsule opening area (ACOA), posterior capsule opening area (PCOA), and posterior capsule opening opacity (PCOO). Capsular outcomes were qualitatively classified into 3 types based on the PCOO: Type I-capsule with mild opacification but no invasion into the capsule opening; Type II-capsule with moderate opacification accompanied by contraction of the ACOA and invasion to the occluding part of the PCOA; and Type III-capsule with severe opacification accompanied by total occlusion of the PCOA. Software was developed to quantitatively measure the ACOA, PCOA, and PCOO using standardized DCRPs. The relationships between the accurate intraoperative anterior and posterior capsulorhexis sizes and the qualitative capsular types were statistically analyzed.The DCRPs of 315 aphakic eyes (95.8%) of 191 children were included. Capsular outcomes were classified into 3 types: Type I-120 eyes (38.1%); Type II-157 eyes (49.8%); Type III-38 eyes (12.1%). The scores of the capsular outcomes were negatively correlated with intraoperative anterior capsulorhexis size (R = -0.572, P < 0.001), but no significant correlation with intraoperative posterior capsulorhexis size (R = -0.16, P = 0.122) was observed. The ACOA significantly decreased from Type I to Type II to Type III, the PCOA increased in size from Type I to Type II, and the PCOO increased from Type II to Type III (all P < 0.05).Capsular outcomes after pediatric cataract surgery can be qualitatively classified and quantitatively measured by acquisition, division, definition, and user-friendly software analyses of high-quality digital coaxial retro-illumination photographs.

Capsular Outcomes After Pediatric Cataract Surgery Without Intraocular Lens Implantation

PubMed Central

Tan, Xuhua; Lin, Haotian; Lin, Zhuoling; Chen, Jingjing; Tang, Xiangchen; Luo, Lixia; Chen, Weirong; Liu, Yizhi

2016-01-01

Abstract The objective of this study was to investigate capsular outcomes 12 months after pediatric cataract surgery without intraocular lens implantation via qualitative classification and quantitative measurement. This study is a cross-sectional study that was approved by the institutional review board of Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center of Sun Yat-sen University in Guangzhou, China. Digital coaxial retro-illumination photographs of 329 aphakic pediatric eyes were obtained 12 months after pediatric cataract surgery without intraocular lens implantation. Capsule digital coaxial retro-illumination photographs were divided as follows: anterior capsule opening area (ACOA), posterior capsule opening area (PCOA), and posterior capsule opening opacity (PCOO). Capsular outcomes were qualitatively classified into 3 types based on the PCOO: Type I—capsule with mild opacification but no invasion into the capsule opening; Type II—capsule with moderate opacification accompanied by contraction of the ACOA and invasion to the occluding part of the PCOA; and Type III—capsule with severe opacification accompanied by total occlusion of the PCOA. Software was developed to quantitatively measure the ACOA, PCOA, and PCOO using standardized DCRPs. The relationships between the accurate intraoperative anterior and posterior capsulorhexis sizes and the qualitative capsular types were statistically analyzed. The DCRPs of 315 aphakic eyes (95.8%) of 191 children were included. Capsular outcomes were classified into 3 types: Type I—120 eyes (38.1%); Type II—157 eyes (49.8%); Type III—38 eyes (12.1%). The scores of the capsular outcomes were negatively correlated with intraoperative anterior capsulorhexis size (R = −0.572, P < 0.001), but no significant correlation with intraoperative posterior capsulorhexis size (R = −0.16, P = 0.122) was observed. The ACOA significantly decreased from Type I to Type II to Type III, the PCOA increased in size from Type I to Type II, and the PCOO increased from Type II to Type III (all P < 0.05). Capsular outcomes after pediatric cataract surgery can be qualitatively classified and quantitatively measured by acquisition, division, definition, and user-friendly software analyses of high-quality digital coaxial retro-illumination photographs. PMID:26962807

Diagnosis and treatment of anteroinferior capsular redundancy associated with anterior shoulder instability using an open Latarjet procedure and capsulorrhaphy.

PubMed

Ropars, Mickaël; Cretual, Armel; Kaila, Rajiv; Bonan, Isabelle; Hervé, Anthony; Thomazeau, Hervé

2016-12-01

There is a paucity of data detailing management of anterior capsular redundancy (ACR) when using the Latarjet procedure for unidirectional instability. This study aimed to describe the surgical management and to assess the clinical profile of patients presenting with anterior capsular redundancy [ACR(+)] with anterior shoulder instability. Seventy-seven patients who had a Latarjet procedure were followed for a 55-month period. Per-operative ACR was assessed during surgery. ACR was considered present if the inferior capsular flap of a Neer T-shaft capsulorrhaphy was able to cover the superior capsular flap with the arm in the neutral position. Patients with ACR(+) received an additional Neer capsulorrhaphy, while patients with ACR(-) did not. This per-operative finding was correlated with demographics, clinical, radiological pre-operative data and surgical outcome. Patients presenting with a per-operative ACR(+) were significantly associated with a sulcus sign (P < 0.001), a Beighton score >4 (P < 0.01), a low-energy instability history (P < 0.05), a predominant history of subluxations (P < 0.05), fewer Hill-Sachs lesion (P < 0.05) and a female gender (P < 0.05), but not significantly with external rotation >85°. Open standard Latarjet procedures with Neer capsulorrhaphy in ACR(+) patients showed excellent or good results and stability rate of 95 %. All patients except four who presented with a new dislocation after surgery were satisfied with their outcome. Thirteen patients (16 %) had a persistent apprehension sign at the last follow-up. ACR(+) and ACR(-) groups did not show significant difference in the mean values of Rowe, Walch-Duplay and Constant-Murley scores. ACR correlated with a sulcus sign, Beighton score and instability history. In anterior shoulder instability associated with ACR, the Latarjet procedure with a Neer capsulorrhaphy appears a satisfactory treatment alternative to arthroscopic or open capsular shift. It decreased apprehension in comparison with Latarjet procedures without capsular repair. Cases series, treatment study, Level IV.

Influence of head size on the development of metallic wear and on the characteristics of carbon layers in metal-on-metal hip joints

PubMed Central

Sprecher, Christoph M; Wimmer, Markus A; Milz, Stefan; Taeger, Georg

2009-01-01

Background and purpose Particles originating from the articulating surfaces of hip endoprostheses often induce an inflammatory response, which can be related to implant failure. We therefore analyzed the metal content in capsular tissue from 44 McKee-Farrar metal-on-metal hip prostheses (with 3 different head sizes) and we also analyzed the morphological structure of layers located on articulating surfaces. Methods Atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) was used to analyze the metal content in capsular tissue. Visually detectable carbon layers located on the articulating surfaces were evaluated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive Xray spectroscopy (EDX), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Results Metallic debris was detected in all capsular tissue samples but no statistically significant differences in metal content were found in relation to implant head size. The morphological characteristics of the different layer zones allowed an exact analysis of contact and non-contact areas. Furthermore, surface layers appear to have a protective function because they can prevent sharp-edged particles from damaging the prostheses surface. Interpretation The implant head size does not appear to influence the amount of metallic debris. The layers obviously act like a lubricating agent because the protection function does not occur in regions without layers where the metal surface often shows numerous scratches. As layers are not generated immediately after the implantation of hip prostheses, these findings may at least partially explain the high amount of wear early after implantation. PMID:19421914

On the specificity of a bacteriophage-borne endoglycanase for the native capsular polysaccharide produced by Klebsiella pneumoniae SK1 and its derived polymers.

PubMed

Cescutti, P; Paoletti, S

1994-02-15

The specificity of the endoglycanase associated with the bacteriophage phi SK1 particles was tested on the native capsular polysaccharide produced by Klebsiella pneumoniae serotype SK1 and on three chemically modified polymers derived from it. The primary structure of the SK1 capsular polysaccharide is: [formula: see text] and the beta 1-3 linkage between the glucose and the galactose residues is the one cleaved by the phage enzyme. The enzyme activity was assayed on the deacetylated polysaccharide and on two derivatives obtained by removal of both the side-chain sugars and of only the alpha-D-galactosyl unit, respectively. The endoglycanase was more active on the deacetylated polysaccharide than on the native one, suggesting that the presence of the acetyl groups interferes with the enzyme-polysaccharide interaction. A possible role of the acetyl groups in the control of the polysaccharide chain length and hence on the rheological behaviour of the capsule cannot be ruled out, as already indicated for other bacterial polysaccharides. On the contrary, the removal of the side chains, either complete or selective, caused the modification of the recognition site in such a way that the enzymatic depolymerization no longer occurred. Therefore, it can be inferred that the phi SK1 endoglycanase requires the presence of both the side chain sugars to exhibit its cleaving activity, although this latter is in the main chain.

Microcapsules on Streptococcus mutans serotypes by electron microscopy.

PubMed

Grenier, E M; Gray, R H; Loesche, W J; Eveland, W C

1977-02-01

Extracellular microcapsules have been demonstrated on cells of most serotypes of Streptococcus mutans by electron microscopy, using bacterial strains of the various serotypes and peroxidase labeled or unlabeled immune serum. A correlation was noted between the amount of capsular substance on the strains of S mutans examined and degree of antigenicity as expressed by the indirect fluorescent antibody (FA) title. A serotype d strain was shown to lose both antigenicity as determined by the FA reaction and capsular material as seen by electron microscopy with repeated in vitro passage. When 10% unheated rabbit serum was added to the medium, antigenicity and capsular material were restored.

Epidemiological typing of Enterobacter aerogenes.

PubMed Central

Gaston, M A; Strickland, M A; Ayling-Smith, B A; Pitt, T L

1989-01-01

The applicability of Enterobacter cloacae and Klebsiella typing reagents for classifying clinical strains of Enterobacter aerogenes was evaluated. Of 75 strains, none were agglutinated by E. cloacae O antisera or were sensitive to E. cloacae bacteriophages. In contrast, 70 strains reacted with Klebsiella capsular antisera. Two-thirds of the strains were lysed by Klebsiella typing phages. A set of five E. aerogenes bacteriocin producers classified 92% of strains into 15 sensitivity types. In conclusion, E. aerogenes may be typed with Klebsiella reagents, and the simple bacteriocin test provides further discrimination between strains. The limited number of capsular antigens in the species and their apparent similarity to Klebsiella capsular antigens warrant further investigation. PMID:2715326

[Posterior capsule opacification, capsular bag distension syndrome, and anterior capsular phimosis: A retrospective cohort study].

PubMed

González-Martín-Moro, J; González-López, J J; Gómez-Sanz, F; Zarallo-Gallardo, J; Cobo-Soriano, R

2015-02-01

To determine the incidence and the risk factors involved in the development of the three main postoperative capsular complications: posterior capsule opacification (PCO), capsular bag distension syndrome (CBDS), and anterior capsular phimosis syndrome (ACP). A retrospective cohort study was conducted on 801 patients submitted to cataract surgery in the ophthalmology unit of Hospital del Henares (Madrid) from March 2, 2009 to February 28, 2010. Computerized clinical charts were reviewed during July 2012. PCO was studied using the Kaplan-Meier method (log rank test). A total of 167 patients developed PCO. No association could be demonstrated between PCO and age, sex, diabetes mellitus, phaco technique, IOL model, tamsulosin intake, glaucoma, and age-related macular degeneration. Three patients developed CBDS, all of them have received and Akreos Adapt AO(®) (Bausch & Lomb). Two of them were young men who had received surgery for posterior subcapsular cataracts. Three patients developed ACP, 2 of whom had received a MicroSlim(®) IOL (PhysIOL). No association was found between PCO and any of the studied variables. Male gender, young age, subcapsular cataract and large non-angulated lens such as Akreos Adapt AO(®) could be associated with CBDS. ACP could be more frequent when microincision IOLs (like MicroSlim(®)) are implanted. Copyright © 2013 Sociedad Española de Oftalmología. Published by Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.

Effects of light wavelengths on extracellular and capsular polysaccharide production by Nostoc flagelliforme.

PubMed

Han, Pei-pei; Sun, Ying; Jia, Shi-ru; Zhong, Cheng; Tan, Zhi-lei

2014-05-25

The influences of different wavelengths of light (red 660nm, yellow 590nm, green 520nm, blue 460nm, purple 400nm) and white light on extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) and capsular polysaccharide (CPS) production by Nostoc flagelliforme in liquid culture were demonstrated in this study. The results showed that, compared with white light, red and blue lights significantly increased both EPS and CPS production while yellow light reduced their production; purple and green lights stimulated EPS production but inhibited CPS formation. Nine constituent monosaccharides and one uronic acid were detected in both EPS and CPS, and their ratios showed significant differences among treatment with different light wavelengths. However, the advanced structure of EPS and CPS from various light conditions did not present obvious difference through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction characterization. These findings establish a basis for development of high-yielding polysaccharide production process and understanding their regulation. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

The genetic organization of the capsular polysaccharide biosynthesis region of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serotype 14

PubMed Central

ITO, Hiroya

2015-01-01

The genetic organization of the gene involved in the capsular polysaccharide (CPS) biosynthesis of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serotype 14 has been determined. The DNA region for the CPS biosynthesis of serotype 14 (cps14) comprised 9 open reading frames, designated as cps14AB1B2B3CDEFG genes, encoding Cps14A to Cps14G protein, respectively. Cps14A was similar to CpsA of A. pleuropneumoniae serotypes 1, 4 and 12; the Cps14B1 and Cps14B2 were similar to CpsB of A. pleuropneumoniae serotypes 1, 4 and 12, suggesting that CPS structure of A. pleuropneumoniae serotype 14 would belong to Group I including A. pleuropneumoniae serotypes 1, 4, 12 and 15. Surprisingly, the overall nucleotide sequence, deduced amino acid sequence, and the genetic organization of the cps14 were nearly identical to those of Actinobacillus suis. This study will provide the molecular basic knowledge for development of diagnostics and vaccine of A. pleuropneumoniae serotype 14. PMID:25648373

Solid pseudopapillary neoplasm of the pancreas: report of a rare case and review of the literature.

PubMed

Yener, Arzu Neşe; Manukyan, Manuk; Mıdı, Ahmet; Cubuk, Rahmi

2014-01-01

Solid pseudopapillary neoplasm, a rare primary neoplasm of the pancreas that typically affects young women, is a relatively indolent entity with favorable prognosis. We here report a 20-year-old young girl with solid pseudopapillary neoplasm who presented with mild dull abdominal discomfort without any significant laboratory findings. On MRI, a heterogenous mass was found at the distal pancreas. The patient underwent en-block distal pancreatectomy with splenectomy with the presumptive diagnosis of cystic neoplasm of the pancreas. The tumor was well-circumscribed, encapsulated, 5.5 cm in the greatest dimension and showed typical papillary and pseudopapillary structures. Capsular invasion was seen on focal areas. The patient was not given any adjuvant therapy and shows no sign of disease after six months follow-up. It is important to differentiate this tumor from other pancreatic neoplasms because this neoplasm is amenable to cure after complete surgical resection even in cases with capsular invasion, unlike malignant tumors of the pancreas.

Reevaluating the serotype II capsular locus of Streptococcus agalactiae.

PubMed

Martins, E R; Melo-Cristino, J; Ramirez, M

2007-10-01

We report a novel sequence of the serotype II capsular locus of group B streptococcus that resolves inconsistencies among the results of various groups and the sequence in GenBank. This locus was found in diverse lineages and presents genes consistent with the complete synthesis of the type II polysaccharide.

Enhanced bioavailability of EPA from emulsified fish oil preparations versus capsular triacylglycerol

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Pre-emulsified fish oil supplements, an alternative to capsular triacylglycerol, may enhance the uptake of LCn3 fatty acids it contains. A randomized, Latin-square crossover design was used to compare the effects of four fish oil supplement preparations on phospholipid (PLFA) and chylomicron fatty ...

Karyotype differentiation of four Cestrum species (Solanaceae) revealed by fluorescent chromosome banding and FISH

PubMed Central

2009-01-01

The karyotypes of four South American species of Cestrum (C. capsulare,C. corymbosum,C. laevigatum and C. megalophylum) were studied using conventional staining, C-CMA/DAPI chromosome banding and FISH with 45S and 5S rDNA probes. The karyotypes showed a chromosome number of 2n = 2x = 16, with metacentric chromosomes, except for the eighth submeta- to acrocentric pair. Several types of heterochromatin were detected, which varied in size, number, distribution and base composition. The C-CMA+ bands and 45S rDNA were located predominantly in terminal regions. The C-CMA + /DAPI + bands appeared in interstitial and terminal regions, and the C-DAPI + bands were found in all chromosome regions. The 5S rDNA sites were observed on the long arm of pair 8 in all species except C. capsulare, where they were found in the paracentromeric region of the long arm of pair 4. The differences in band patterns among the species studied here, along with data from other nine species reported in the literature, suggest that the bands are dispersed in an equilocal and non-equilocal manner and that structural rearrangements can be responsible for internal karyotype diversification. However, it is important to point out that the structural changes involving repetitive segments did not culminate in substantial changes in the general karyotype structure concerning chromosome size and morphology. PMID:21637687

Fine Specificity and Cross-Reactions of Monoclonal Antibodies to Group B Streptococcal Capsular Polysaccharide Type III

PubMed Central

Pincus, Seth H.; Moran, Emily; Maresh, Grace; Jennings, Harold J.; Pritchard, David G.; Egan, Marianne L.; Blixt, Ola

2012-01-01

Group B streptococcus (GBS) is a major cause of neonatal sepsis and meningitis. Despite aggressive campaigns using antenatal prophylactic antibiotic therapy, infections continue. Developing an effective maternal vaccine is a public health priority. Antibody (Ab) to the capsular polysaccharide (CPS) is considered the dominant “protective” immune mediator. Here we study the fine specificity and potential host reactivity of a panel of well-characterized murine monoclonal Abs against the type III CPS by examining the binding of the Abs to intact and neuraminidase-digested GBS, purified CPS, synthetic carbohydrate structures, and cells. The results showed marked differences in the fine specificity among these mAbs to a single carbohydrate structure. Cross-reactions with synthetic GD3 and GT3 carbohydrates, representing structures found on surfaces of neural and developing cells, were demonstrated using carbohydrate array technology. The anti-CPSIII mAbs did not react with cells expressing GD3 and GT3, nor did mAbs specific for the host carbohydrates cross-react with GBS, raising questions about the physiological relevance of this cross-reaction. But in the process of these investigations, we serendipitously demonstrated cross-reactions of some anti-CPSIII mAbs with antigens, likely carbohydrates, found on human leukocytes. These studies suggest caution in the development of a maternal vaccine to prevent infection by this important human pathogen. PMID:22634296

Fine specificity and cross-reactions of monoclonal antibodies to group B streptococcal capsular polysaccharide type III.

PubMed

Pincus, Seth H; Moran, Emily; Maresh, Grace; Jennings, Harold J; Pritchard, David G; Egan, Marianne L; Blixt, Ola

2012-07-06

Group B streptococcus (GBS) is a major cause of neonatal sepsis and meningitis. Despite aggressive campaigns using antenatal prophylactic antibiotic therapy, infections continue. Developing an effective maternal vaccine is a public health priority. Antibody (Ab) to the capsular polysaccharide (CPS) is considered the dominant "protective" immune mediator. Here we study the fine specificity and potential host reactivity of a panel of well-characterized murine monoclonal Abs against the type III CPS by examining the binding of the Abs to intact and neuraminidase-digested GBS, purified CPS, synthetic carbohydrate structures, and cells. The results showed marked differences in the fine specificity among these mAbs to a single carbohydrate structure. Cross-reactions with synthetic GD3 and GT3 carbohydrates, representing structures found on surfaces of neural and developing cells, were demonstrated using carbohydrate array technology. The anti-CPS(III) mAbs did not react with cells expressing GD3 and GT3, nor did mAbs specific for the host carbohydrates cross-react with GBS, raising questions about the physiological relevance of this cross-reaction. But in the process of these investigations, we serendipitously demonstrated cross-reactions of some anti-CPS(III) mAbs with antigens, likely carbohydrates, found on human leukocytes. These studies suggest caution in the development of a maternal vaccine to prevent infection by this important human pathogen. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

A multiplex PCR assay for molecular capsular serotyping of Mannheimia haemolytica serotypes 1, 2, and 6

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Mannheimia haemolytica is an important respiratory pathogen of ruminants. Of the 12 capsular serovars identified, 1 and 6 are most frequently associated with disease in cattle, while 2 is largely a commensal. Comparative analysis of 24 M. haemolytica genomes was used to identify unique genes associa...

Interactions between Lactobacillus kefiranofaciens and Saccharomyces cerevisiae in mixed culture for kefiran production.

PubMed

Cheirsilp, Benjamas; Shoji, Hirofumi; Shimizu, Hiroshi; Shioya, Suteaki

2003-01-01

Since a positive effect on the growth and kefiran production of Lactobacillus kefiranofaciens was observed in a mixed culture with Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the elucidation of the interactions between L. kefiranofaciens and S. cerevisiae may lead to higher productivity. Hence, the microbial interaction of each strain was investigated. Apart from the positive effect of a reduction in the amount of lactic acid by S. cerevisiae, a positive effect of S. cerevisiae on the growth and kefiran production of L. kefiranofaciens in a mixed culture was observed. Various experiments were carried out to study this effect. In this study, the observed increase in capsular kefiran in a mixed culture with inactivated S. cerevisiae correlated well to that in an anaerobic mixed culture. Differences in capsular kefiran production were observed for different initial S. cerevisiae concentrations under anaerobic conditions. From these fermentation results, it was concluded that the physical contact with S. cerevisiae mainly enhanced the capsular kefiran production of L. kefiranofaciens in a mixed culture. Therefore, in an anaerobic mixed culture, this direct contact resulted in higher capsular kefiran production than that in pure culture.

The use of a fluorescence typing method in an epidemiological study of Klebsiella infection in a London hospital.

PubMed Central

Riser, E.; Noone, P.; Thompson, R. E.

1978-01-01

The fluorescent antibody technique was used to investigate an epidemic of Klebsiella infection in a urological ward and to trace the probable source to a contaminated sink in the treatment room. It was also shown that cross infections by particular capsular types were very common within each ward. Certain types of Klebsiella occurred in cut flower water but could not be associated with the types infecting the patients. Antibiotic resistance patterns within one capsular type were found to vary whether the type was from different sources in one patient or from different patients in the same ward. One capsular type was observed to develop resistance to increasing numbers of antibiotics over a 3-year period. This was probably due to the acquisition of R-plasmids. There also appeared to be a relation between capsular type and the site of infection. The frequency of Klebsiella infections in the urological wards dropped significantly after up-grading the treatment room, improving catheter storage and reducing ampicillin use. PMID:340582

Do textured breast implants decrease the rate of capsular contracture compared to smooth implants?

PubMed

Cifuentes, Ignacio; Dagnino, Bruno; Rada, Gabriel

2017-08-31

The use of breast implants for aesthetic and reconstructive purposes has become one of the most common procedures performed by plastic surgeons. Several breast implants models exist. They differ in their size, filling, shape and characteristic of the shell, which can be smooth or textured. Capsular contracture is one of the main complications of breast implants. It has been suggested that the use of textured implants could reduce the incidence of capsular contracture. To answer this question, we used Epistemonikos, the largest database of systematic reviews in health, which is maintained by screening multiple information sources, including MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane, among others. We identified 15 studies overall, of which 13 were randomized trials relevant for the question of interest. We extracted data from the systematic reviews, reanalyzed data of primary studies, conducted a meta-analysis and generated a summary of findings table using the GRADE approach. We concluded the use of textured breast implants probably decreases the risk of capsular contracture, however, they might be associated to an increased risk of anaplastic large cell lymphoma.

Direct identification of Streptococcus agalactiae and capsular type by real-time PCR in vaginal swabs from pregnant women.

PubMed

Morozumi, Miyuki; Chiba, Naoko; Igarashi, Yuko; Mitsuhashi, Naoki; Wajima, Takeaki; Iwata, Satoshi; Ubukata, Kimiko

2015-01-01

Most group B streptococcus (GBS) infections in newborns are with capsular type Ia, Ib, or III. To prevent these infections more effectively, we developed a real-time PCR method to simultaneously detect GBS species and identify these 3 capsular types in vaginal swab samples from women at 36-39 weeks of gestation. DNA to be detected included those of the dltS gene (encoding a histidine kinase specific to GBS) and cps genes encoding capsular types. PCR sensitivity was 10 CFU/well for a 33-35 threshold cycle. Results were obtained within 2 h. Direct PCR results were compared with results obtained from cultures. Samples numbering 1226 underwent PCR between September 2008 and August 2012. GBS positivity rates by direct PCR and after routine culture were 15.7% (n = 192) and 12.6% (n = 154), respectively. Sensitivity and specificity of direct PCR relative to culture were 96.1% and 95.9%. Of GBS positive samples identified by PCR, capsular types determined directly by real-time PCR were Ia (n = 24), Ib (n = 32), and III (n = 26). Real-time PCR using our designed cycling probe is a practical, highly sensitive method for identification of GBS in pregnant carriers, allowing use of prophylactic intrapartum antibiotics in time to cover the possibility of unexpected premature birth. Copyright © 2014 Japanese Society of Chemotherapy and The Japanese Association for Infectious Diseases. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Can symptomatic acromioclavicular joints be differentiated from asymptomatic acromioclavicular joints on 3-T MR imaging?

PubMed

Choo, Hye Jung; Lee, Sun Joo; Kim, Jung Han; Cha, Seong Sook; Park, Young Mi; Park, Ji Sung; Lee, Jun Woo; Oh, Minkyung

2013-04-01

To evaluate retrospectively whether symptomatic acromioclavicular joints can be differentiated from asymptomatic acromioclavicular joints on 3-T MR imaging. This study included 146 patients who underwent physical examination of acromioclavicular joints and 3-T MR imaging of the shoulder. Among them, 67 patients showing positive results on physical examination were assigned to the symptomatic group, whereas 79 showing negative results were assigned to the asymptomatic group. The following MR findings were compared between the symptomatic and asymptomatic groups: presence of osteophytes, articular surface irregularity, subchondral cysts, acromioclavicular joint fluid, subacromial fluid, subacromial bony spurs, joint capsular distension, bone edema, intraarticular enhancement, periarticular enhancement, superior and inferior joint capsular distension degree, and joint capsular thickness. The patients were subsequently divided into groups based on age (younger, older) and the method of MR arthrography (direct MR arthrography, indirect MR arthrography), and all the MR findings in each subgroup were reanalyzed. The meaningful cutoff value of each significant continuous variable was calculated using receiver operating characteristic analysis. The degree of superior capsular distension was the only significant MR finding of symptomatic acromioclavicular joints and its meaningful cutoff value was 2.1mm. After subgroup analyses, this variable was significant in the older age group and indirect MR arthrography group. On 3-T MR imaging, the degree of superior joint capsular distension might be a predictable MR finding in the diagnosis of symptomatic acromioclavicular joints. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

Different accumulation profiles of multiple components between pericarp and seed of Alpinia oxyphylla capsular fruit as determined by UFLC-MS/MS.

PubMed

Chen, Feng; Li, Hai-Long; Tan, Yin-Feng; Guan, Wei-Wei; Zhang, Jun-Qing; Li, Yong-Hui; Zhao, Yuan-Sheng; Qin, Zhen-Miao

2014-04-10

Plant secondary metabolites are known to not only play a key role in the adaptation of plants to their environment, but also represent an important source of active pharmaceuticals. Alpinia oxyphylla capsular fruits, made up of seeds and pericarps, are commonly used in traditional East Asian medicines. In clinical utilization of these capsular fruits, inconsistent processing approaches (i.e., hulling pericarps or not) are employed, with the potential of leading to differential pharmacological effects. Therefore, an important question arises whether the content levels of pharmacologically active chemicals between the seeds and pericarps of A. oxyphylla are comparable. Nine secondary metabolites present in A. oxyphylla capsular fruits, including flavonoids (e.g., tectochrysin, izalpinin, chrysin, apigenin-4',7-dimethylether and kaempferide), diarylheptanoids (e.g., yakuchinone A and B and oxyphyllacinol) and sesquiterpenes (e.g., nootkatone), were regarded as representative constituents with putative pharmacological activities. This work aimed to investigate the abundance of the nine constituents in the seeds and pericarps of A. oxyphylla. Thirteen batches of A. oxyphylla capsular fruits were gathered from different production regions. Accordingly, an ultra-fast high performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry (UFLC-MS/MS) method was developed and validated. We found that: (1) the nine secondary metabolites were differentially concentrated in seeds and fruit capsules; (2) nootkatone is predominantly distributed in the seeds; in contrast, the flavonoids and diarylheptanoids are mainly deposited in the capsules; and (3) the content levels of the nine secondary metabolites occurring in the capsules varied greatly among different production regions, although the nootkatone levels in the seeds were comparable among production regions. These results are helpful to evaluating and elucidating pharmacological activities of A. oxyphylla capsular fruits. Additionally, it may be of interest to elucidate the mechanisms involved in the distinct accumulation profiles of these secondary metabolites between seeds and pericarps.

Serological response following re-vaccination with Salmonella typhi Vi-capsular polysaccharide vaccines in healthy adult travellers.

PubMed

Roggelin, Louise; Vinnemeier, Christof D; Fischer-Herr, Johanna; Johnson-Weaver, Brandi T; Rolling, Thierry; Burchard, Gerd D; Staats, Herman F; Cramer, Jakob P

2015-08-07

An injectable Vi-capsular polysaccharide vaccine against typhoid fever is available but vaccine-induced immunity tends to wane over time. The phenomenon of immunotolerance or hyporesponsiveness has earlier been described for polysaccharide vaccines such as pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide vaccine and some publications also suggest a possible immunotolerance after revaccination with Vi-capsular polysaccharide vaccines. In this study, post-immunisation antibody concentrations in adult travellers first vaccinated with a Salmonella typhi Vi-capsular polysaccharide vaccine (primary vaccination group) were compared with those having received one or more vaccinations previously (multiple vaccinations group). Vaccines administered were Typherix(®) (GlaxoSmithKline), Typhim Vi(®) (Sanofi Pasteur MSD) or Hepatyrix(®) (GlaxoSmithKline). Blood samples were obtained prior to vaccination (day 0) and on day 28 (-1/+14) after vaccination. Serum Vi-Antigen IgG concentrations were measured by ELISA. Of the 85 subjects included in the per protocol data set, 45 (53%) belonged to the multiple vaccinations group. In both groups, geometric mean antibody concentrations (GMCs) were significantly higher after vaccination than before vaccination. Pre-vaccination GMCs were lower in the primary vaccination group than in the multiple vaccinations group (3.40 μg/ml versus 6.13 μg/ml, P=0.005), while there was no significant difference in the post vaccination GMCs between groups (11.34 μg/ml versus 14.58 μg/ml, P=0.4). In the multiple vaccinations group, vaccination was performed 18 to 57 months after the last vaccination (median 38 months) and there was a negative correlation between time since last vaccination and antibody concentration on day 0. In conclusion, we were not able to demonstrate a relevant immunotolerance after multiple versus primary vaccination with S. typhi Vi-capsular polysaccharide vaccines. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Image-based multiscale mechanical modeling shows the importance of structural heterogeneity in the human lumbar facet capsular ligament.

PubMed

Zarei, Vahhab; Liu, Chao J; Claeson, Amy A; Akkin, Taner; Barocas, Victor H

2017-08-01

The lumbar facet capsular ligament (FCL) primarily consists of aligned type I collagen fibers that are mainly oriented across the joint. The aim of this study was to characterize and incorporate in-plane local fiber structure into a multiscale finite element model to predict the mechanical response of the FCL during in vitro mechanical tests, accounting for the heterogeneity in different scales. Characterization was accomplished by using entire-domain polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography to measure the fiber structure of cadaveric lumbar FCLs ([Formula: see text]). Our imaging results showed that fibers in the lumbar FCL have a highly heterogeneous distribution and are neither isotropic nor completely aligned. The averaged fiber orientation was [Formula: see text] ([Formula: see text] in the inferior region and [Formula: see text] in the middle and superior regions), with respect to lateral-medial direction (superior-medial to inferior-lateral). These imaging data were used to construct heterogeneous structural models, which were then used to predict experimental gross force-strain behavior and the strain distribution during equibiaxial and strip biaxial tests. For equibiaxial loading, the structural model fit the experimental data well but underestimated the lateral-medial forces by [Formula: see text]16% on average. We also observed pronounced heterogeneity in the strain field, with stretch ratios for different elements along the lateral-medial axis of sample typically ranging from about 0.95 to 1.25 during a 12% strip biaxial stretch in the lateral-medial direction. This work highlights the multiscale structural and mechanical heterogeneity of the lumbar FCL, which is significant both in terms of injury prediction and microstructural constituents' (e.g., neurons) behavior.

Does the Hip Capsule Remain Closed After Hip Arthroscopy With Routine Capsular Closure for Femoroacetabular Impingement? A Magnetic Resonance Imaging Analysis in Symptomatic Postoperative Patients.

PubMed

Weber, Alexander E; Kuhns, Benjamin D; Cvetanovich, Gregory L; Lewis, Paul B; Mather, Richard C; Salata, Michael J; Nho, Shane J

2017-01-01

The purpose of this study was to examine the hip capsule in a subset of symptomatic patients who underwent capsular closure during hip arthroscopy. All patients undergoing primary hip arthroscopy for femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) with routine capsular closure between January 1, 2012, and December 31, 2015, were eligible. Only patients with unilateral surgery and a postoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI; ordered for persistent symptoms) were included. Four independent reviewers evaluated each hip capsule for thickness and the absence or presence of defects. During the study, 1,463 patients had hip arthroscopy for FAI with routine capsular closure, and 53 (3.6%) underwent a postoperative MRI. Fourteen of the 53 were excluded owing to revision status or additional procedures. The final study population included 39 patients (23 female patients and 16 male patients), with an average patient age of 31.7 ± 11.4 years and an average body mass index of 23.3 ± 2.9. There were 3 (7.5%) capsular defects, and the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was 0.82. The operative hip capsule was significantly thicker in the zone of capsulotomy, and subsequent repair as compared with the unaffected, contralateral hip capsule (5.0 ± 1.2 mm vs 4.6 ± 1.4 mm; P = .02), ICC 0.83. Additionally, males had thicker hip capsules as compared with their female counterparts, on the operative side (5.4 ± 1.1 mm vs 4.5 ± 1.2 mm; P = .02) and the nonoperative side (4.8 ± 1.6 mm vs 4.1 ± 0.9 mm; P = .08). In a subset of symptomatic patients after hip arthroscopy for FAI, the majority (92.5%) of the repaired hip capsules remained closed at greater than 1 year of follow-up. The hip capsule adjacent to the capsulotomy and subsequent repair is thickened compared with the same location on the contralateral, nonoperative hip. Aside from gender, patient-related and FAI-related factors do not correlate with capsular thickness nor do they seem to correlate with the propensity to develop a capsular defect. Level IV, prognostic case series. Copyright © 2016 Arthroscopy Association of North America. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Effects of Ultrasound-guided intra-articular ketorolac injection with capsular distension.

PubMed

Ahn, Jae Ki; Kim, Jongwoo; Lee, Sang Jae; Park, Yongbum; Bae, Byung; Lee, Woo

2015-01-01

Frozen shoulder is a painful condition with gradual onset and loss of range of motion in the glenohumeral joint. To investigate the efficacy of ultrasound(US)-guided intra-articular (IA) ketorolac injection with capsular distension compared with steroid injection alone in patients with frozen shoulder by assessing pain relief, functional improvements, and range of motion at 1,3 and 6 months after the last injections. Between January 2009 and December 2012, 121 patient were treated with US-guided IA steroid injection or IA ketorolac injection with capsular distension for frozen shoulder. Patients (n= 57) of US-guided IA steroid injection group were administered with a mixture of 0.5% lidocaine (4 ml) plus triamcinolone (40 mg/ml; 1 ml) and patients (n= 64) of US-guided IA ketorolac injection with capsular distension group were administered by using 0.5% lidocaine (19 mL) plus ketorolac (30 mg/ml; 1 mL) for capsular distension. Outcome measurement was assessed by Shoulder Pain and Disability Index (SPADI), Verbal Numeric pain Scale (VNS) and passive range of motion (ROM) before injections and at 1, 3 and 6 months after the last injections. We regarded the outcomes as a success if patients obtained significant pain relief (as measured by > 50% improvement in the VNS score and 20 point improvement in the SPASI) at 1, 3 and 6 months after the last injections. SPADI, VNS and passive ROM were improved 1, 3 and 6 months after the last injections in both groups. The statistical differences were not observed in SPADI, VNS between groups (p< 0.05). Successful treatment rate were not significantly different between the groups as well as in 1, 3 and 6 month outcomes. However, greater improvement was found in a matter of range of motion in patients receiving IA ketorolac injection with capsular distension than participants receiving US-guided IA steroid injection alone. Significant differences in improvement at 3 and 6 months were observed for shoulder passive abduction and external rotation (p< 0.05). IA ketorolac injection with capsular distension was shown to be a treatment method as effective as the steroid injection alone in pain relief and functional improvement in patient with frozen shoulder and more improvement in passive abduction and external rotation than steroid injection alone at 3 and 6 months.

Hip capsular thickness correlates with range of motion limitations in femoroacetabular impingement.

PubMed

Zhang, Kailai; de Sa, Darren; Yu, Hang; Choudur, Hema Nalini; Simunovic, Nicole; Ayeni, Olufemi Rolland

2018-03-24

Femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) is a clinical entity of the hip causing derangements in range of motion, pain, gait, and function. Computer-assisted modeling and clinical studies suggest that patients with FAI have increased capsular thickness compared to those without.A retrospective chart review was performed to assess relationships between capsular thickness, hip range of motion, and demographic factors in patients with FAI. Local Research Ethics Board approval was obtained to extract electronic medical records for 188 patients at a single institution who had undergone hip arthroscopy. Procedures were performed from 2009 to 2017 by a single, fellowship-trained, board-certified sports medicine orthopaedic surgeon. Inclusion criteria were preoperative hip range of motion testing, positive clinical impingement testing, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the affected hip. Patient demographics, hip range of motion, and time to surgery were recorded. MRIs were reviewed by a board-certified musculoskeletal radiologist blinded to clinical data. Maximum thickness of the anterior hip capsule was measured in axial, axial oblique, and sagittal oblique sequences. Anterior capsular thickness was also measured at the level of the femoral head-neck junction in axial sequences (axial midline). Axial midline capsular thickness was negatively correlated with hip flexion (r = - 0.196, p = 0.0042) and internal rotation (r = - 0.143, p = 0.0278). Significant differences were seen between genders in axial midline thickness (5.3 ± 1.4 mm males/4.8 ± 1.3 mm females, p = 0.0079), flexion (113° ± 18° males/120° ± 17° females, p = 0.0029), and internal rotation (23° ± 13° males/29° ± 12° females, p = 0.0155). Significant differences also existed between side affected in flexion (116° ± 17° right/119° ± 17° left, p = 0.0396) and internal rotation (26° ± 12° right/29° ± 13° left, p = 0.0029). Positive correlation was observed between axial oblique capsular thickness and flexion (r = 0.2345) (p = 0.0229). Increased anterior hip capsular thickness at the femoral head-neck correlates with limitations in hip range of motion in FAI. The strength of this relationship may be affected between pathologies, genders, and affected side. Pathologic thickening of the hip capsule may contribute to restricted hip mobility on clinical examination, and elucidation of this relationship may provide guidance into capsular management during hip arthroscopy. 4, retrospective case series.

The post-vaccine microevolution of invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae

PubMed Central

Cremers, Amelieke J. H.; Mobegi, Fredrick M.; de Jonge, Marien I.; van Hijum, Sacha A. F. T.; Meis, Jacques F.; Hermans, Peter W. M.; Ferwerda, Gerben; Bentley, Stephen D.; Zomer, Aldert L.

2015-01-01

The 7-valent pneumococcal conjugated vaccine (PCV7) has affected the genetic population of Streptococcus pneumoniae in pediatric carriage. Little is known however about pneumococcal population genomics in adult invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) under vaccine pressure. We sequenced and serotyped 349 strains of S. pneumoniae isolated from IPD patients in Nijmegen between 2001 and 2011. Introduction of PCV7 in the Dutch National Immunization Program in 2006 preluded substantial alterations in the IPD population structure caused by serotype replacement. No evidence could be found for vaccine induced capsular switches. We observed that after a temporary bottleneck in gene diversity after the introduction of PCV7, the accessory gene pool re-expanded mainly by genes already circulating pre-PCV7. In the post-vaccine genomic population a number of genes changed frequency, certain genes became overrepresented in vaccine serotypes, while others shifted towards non-vaccine serotypes. Whether these dynamics in the invasive pneumococcal population have truly contributed to invasiveness and manifestations of disease remains to be further elucidated. We suggest the use of whole genome sequencing for surveillance of pneumococcal population dynamics that could give a prospect on the course of disease, facilitating effective prevention and management of IPD. PMID:26492862

What Is the Optimal Minimum Penetration Depth for "All-Inside" Meniscal Repairs?

PubMed

McCulloch, Patrick C; Jones, Hugh L; Lue, Jeffrey; Parekh, Jesal N; Noble, Philip C

2016-08-01

To identify desired minimum depth setting for safe, effective placement of the all-inside meniscal suture anchors. Using 16 cadaveric knees and standard arthroscopic techniques, 3-dimensional surfaces of the meniscocapsular junction and posterior capsule were digitized. Using standard anteromedial and anterolateral portals, the distance from the meniscocapsular junction to the posterior capsule outer wall was measured for 3 locations along the posterior half of medial and lateral menisci. Multiple all-inside meniscal repairs were performed on 7 knees to determine an alternate measure of capsular thickness (X2) and compared with the digitized results. In the digitized group, the distance (X1) from the capsular junction to the posterior capsular wall was averaged in both menisci for 3 regions using anteromedial and anterolateral portals. Mean distances of 6.4 to 8.8 mm were found for the lateral meniscus and 6.5 to 9.1 mm for the medial meniscus. The actual penetration depth was determined in the repair group and labeled X2. It showed a similar pattern to the variation seen in X1 by region, although it exceeded predicted distances an average 1.7 mm in the medial and 1.5 mm in the lateral meniscus owing to visible deformation of the capsule as it pierced. Capsular thickness during arthroscopic repair measures approximately 6 to 9 mm (X1), with 1.5 to 2 mm additional depth needed to ensure penetration rather than bulging of the posterior capsule (X2), resulting in 8 to 10 mm minimum penetration depth range. Surgeons can add desired distance away from the meniscocapsular junction (L) at device implantation, finding optimal minimal setting for penetration depth (X2 + L), which for most repairable tears may be as short as 8 mm and not likely to be greater than 16 mm. Minimum depth setting for optimal placement of all-inside meniscal suture anchors when performing all-inside repair of the medial or lateral meniscus reduces risk of harming adjacent structures secondary to overpenetration and underpenetration of the posterior capsule. Copyright © 2016 Arthroscopy Association of North America. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

A glycoconjugate of Haemophilus influenzae Type b capsular polysaccharide with tetanus toxoid protein: hydrodynamic properties mainly influenced by the carbohydrate.

PubMed

Abdelhameed, Ali Saber; Adams, Gary G; Morris, Gordon A; Almutairi, Fahad M; Duvivier, Pierre; Conrath, Karel; Harding, Stephen E

2016-02-26

Three important physical properties which may affect the performance of glycoconjugate vaccines against serious disease are molar mass (molecular weight), heterogeneity (polydispersity), and conformational flexibility in solution. The dilute solution behaviour of native and activated capsular polyribosylribitol (PRP) polysaccharides extracted from Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib), and the corresponding glycoconjugate made by conjugating this with the tetanus toxoid (TT) protein have been characterized and compared using a combination of sedimentation equilibrium and sedimentation velocity in the analytical ultracentrifuge with viscometry. The weight average molar mass of the activated material was considerably reduced (Mw ~ 0.24 × 10(6) g.mol(-1)) compared to the native (Mw ~ 1.2 × 10(6) g.mol(-1)). Conjugation with the TT protein yielded large polydisperse structures (of Mw ~ 7.4 × 10(6) g.mol(-1)), but which retained the high degree of flexibility of the native and activated polysaccharide, with frictional ratio, intrinsic viscosity, sedimentation conformation zoning behaviour and persistence length all commensurate with highly flexible coil behaviour and unlike the previously characterised tetanus toxoid protein (slightly extended and hydrodynamically compact structure with an aspect ratio of ~3). This non-protein like behaviour clearly indicates that it is the carbohydrate component which mainly influences the physical behaviour of the glycoconjugate in solution.

A versatile tripodal amide receptor for the encapsulation of anions or hydrated anions via formation of dimeric capsules.

PubMed

Arunachalam, M; Ghosh, Pradyut

2010-02-01

A bowl-shaped tripodal receptor with an appropriately positioned amide functionality on the benzene platform and electron-withdrawing p-nitrophenyl terminals (L(1)) has been designed, synthesized, and studied for the anion binding properties. The single-crystal X-ray crystallographic analysis on crystals of L(1) with tetrabutylammonium salts of nitrate (1), acetate (2), fluoride (3), and chloride (4) obtained in moist dioxane medium showed encapsulation of two NO(3)(-), [(AcO)(2)(H(2)O)(4)](2-), [F(2)(H(2)O)(6)](2-), and [Cl(2)(H(2)O)(4)](2-) respectively as the anionic guests inside the staggered dimeric capsular assembly of L(1). The p-nitro substitution in the aryl terminals assisted the formation of dimeric capsular assembly of L(1) exclusively upon binding/encapsulating above different guests. Though L(1) demonstrates capsule formation upon anion or hydrated anion complexation for all of the anions studied here, its positional isomer with the o-nitro-substituted tripodal triamide receptor L(2) selectively formed the dimeric capsular assembly upon encapsulation of [F(2)(H(2)O)(6)](2-) and noncapsular aggregates in the cases of other anions such as Cl(-), NO(3)(-), and AcO(-). Interestingly, structural investigations upon anion exchange of the complexes revealed that both isomers have selectivity toward the formation of a [F(2)(H(2)O)(6)](2-) encapsulated dimeric capsule. In contrast, solution-state (1)H NMR titration studies of L(1) and L(2) in DMSO-d(6) with AcO(-) indicated 1:3 (host:guest) binding.

Anterior capsular rupture following blunt ocular injury

PubMed Central

Gremida, Anas; Kassem, Iris; Traish, Aisha

2011-01-01

Summary A 10-year-old boy suffered a large, oblique anterior capsular tear following blunt injury to his right eye. The boy was followed daily for hyphema resolution and progressive traumatic cataract formation. After the hyphema had resolved, the lens was removed using an anterior approach and an intraocular lens was placed with excellent visual outcome. PMID:23362402

Klebsiella capsular type versus site of isolation.

PubMed Central

Riser, E; Noone, P

1981-01-01

More than 1750 clinical isolates of klebsiella were collected over a period of six years from two different hospitals and capsular typed by the fluorescent antibody technique. A correlation was made between type and site of isolation. Many types were found to be associated more frequently with one site, which suggested a predilection of some capsular types for certain sites of infection. The site may also be a factor contributing to the virulence of a particular type. A greater antibiotic resistance was often noted in types isolated from their predominant sites; however, antibiograms were not consistent for a type from a given site. The combination of site specificity, resistance, and another 'virulence factor' may all be involved in the determination of a pathogenic strain. PMID:7251896

Fishtail on a line technique for capsular tension ring insertion.

PubMed

Rixen, Jordan J; Oetting, Thomas A

2014-07-01

We describe a capsular tension ring (CTR) insertion technique that is a modification of the previously described fishtail technique. A suture line is used to pull the leading eyelet out through the main incision to form the fish configuration. Similar to the fishtail technique, this insertion technique minimizes the risk for zonular damage or a capsule tear because the CTR is not dialed into the capsular bag. The advantage of the suture line is that it prevents over bending of the CTR during insertion through the main incision, which can occur using the traditional fishtail technique. Neither author has a financial or proprietary interest in any material or method mentioned. Copyright © 2014 ASCRS and ESCRS. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Recombinant Escherichia coli K5 strain with the deletion of waaR gene decreases the molecular weight of the heparosan capsular polysaccharide.

PubMed

Huang, Haichan; Liu, Xiaobo; Lv, Shencong; Zhong, Weihong; Zhang, Fuming; Linhardt, Robert J

2016-09-01

Heparosan, the capsular polysaccharide of Escherichia coli K5 having a carbohydrate backbone similar to that of heparin, has become a potential precursor for bioengineering heparin. In the heparosan biosynthesis pathway, the gene waaR encoding α-1-, 2- glycosyltransferase catalyze s the third glucosyl residues linking to the oligosaccharide chain. In the present study, a waaR deletion mutant of E. coli K5 was constructed. The mutant showed improvement of capsule polysaccharide yield. It is interesting that the heparosan molecular weight of the mutant is reduced and may become more suitable as a precursor for the production of low molecular weight heparin derived from the wild-type K5 capsular polysaccharide.

High mortality among patients infected with hypervirulent antimicrobial-resistant capsular type K1 Klebsiella pneumoniae strains in Taiwan.

PubMed

Lin, Yi-Tsung; Cheng, Yi-Hsiang; Juan, Chih-Han; Wu, Ping-Feng; Huang, Yi-Wei; Chou, Sheng-Hua; Yang, Tsuey-Ching; Wang, Fu-Der

2018-06-12

Capsular type K1 Klebsiella pneumoniae, highly virulent strains which are common in Asian countries, can cause pyogenic infections. These hypervirulent strains are usually susceptible to most antimicrobials, except for ampicillin. Little is known regarding the clinical and molecular characteristics of antimicrobial-resistant K1 K. pneumoniae strains. This retrospective study evaluated patients infected with capsular type K1 K. pneumoniae strains in a Taiwanese medical centre between April 2013 and March 2016. Antimicrobial-resistant strains were defined based on non-susceptibility to antimicrobial agents except ampicillin. We compared the clinical outcome of patients infected with and without antimicrobial-resistant strains. The in vivo virulence, genetic relatedness, and resistance mechanisms of these hypervirulent antimicrobial-resistant strains were also investigated. A total of 182 capsular type K1 K. pneumoniae strains were identified, including 18 antimicrobial-resistant strains. The 28-day mortality rate among the 18 cases caused by antimicrobial-resistant strains was significantly higher than that among 164 cases caused by antimicrobial-sensitive strains (50% vs. 10.4%, p < 0.001). Infection with antimicrobial-resistant strain independently increased the 28-day mortality risk. Most antimicrobial -resistant strains were not clonally related, and they exhibited high in vivo virulence in a mouse lethality experiment. The major resistance mechanisms involved the presence of β-lactamases and the overexpression of efflux pumps. In conclusion, hypervirulent antimicrobial-resistant capsular type K1 K. pneumoniae strains can predispose to a fatal outcome. These strains may represent an emerging threat to public health in Taiwan. Copyright © 2018. Published by Elsevier B.V.

Accommodation-Amplitudes following an Accommodative Lens Refilling Procedure — an in vivo Update

PubMed Central

Nishi, Okihiro; Nishi, Yutaro; Chang, S.; Nishi, Kayo

2014-01-01

Purpose To investigate whether a newly developed lens refilling procedure can provide some accommodation in monkey eyes and to evaluate the difference in accommodation with different degrees of capsular bag refilling. Setting Jinshikai Medical Foundation, Nishi Eye Hospital, Osaka, Japan. Design Experimental monkey study. Methods Following a central 3–4 mm continuous curvilinear capsulorhexis, phacoemulsification was performed in the usual manner. A novel accommodative membrane intraocular lens for sealing capsular opening was implanted into the capsular bag. Silicone polymers were injected beneath the intraocular lens into the capsular bag through the delivery hole. In three study groups, each with six monkey eyes, the lens capsule was refilled with 0.08 ml corresponding to 65% bag volume, 0.1 ml corresponding to 80% bag volume, and 0.125 ml of silicone polymers corresponding to 100% bag volume, respectively. To calculate the accommodation-amplitudes achieved, automated refractometry was performed before and 1 hour after the topical 4% pilocarpine application before and four weeks after surgery. Results The refilling technique was successful in all monkeys without polymer leakage. Accommodation-amplitudes attained were 2.56 ± 0.74 dioptries (D), 2.42 ± 1.00D, and 2.71 ± 0.63D, respectively, 4 weeks after surgery in the three study groups. Conclusions Using the technique, some accommodation could be obtained in the young monkey eyes. Leakage of the injectable silicone polymer and anterior capsular opacification at least in the visual axis could be avoided. The results suggest that this lens refilling procedure warrants further studies for a possible clinical application. PMID:24461501

Primary iris claw IOL retrofixation with intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide in cases of inadequate capsular support.

PubMed

Kelkar, Aditya; Shah, Rachana; Vasavda, Viraj; Kelkar, Jai; Kelkar, Shreekant

2018-02-01

To assess the outcomes and analyze complication rates following primary iris claw IOL retrofixation with intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide. This is a retrospective interventional case series. Patients with poor capsular support-diagnosed preoperatively or owing to intraoperative complications-were treated with iris claw IOL retrofixation with intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide. The data were retrospectively analyzed. 104 eyes of 102 patients with poor capsular support who underwent the procedure between 2010 and 2013 were analyzed. The minimum follow-up period was 12 months (ranging from 12 to 36 months). Iris claw IOL was implanted in-traumatic subluxated cataracts-24 cases (23.07%), non-traumatic subluxated cataracts in 16 cases (15.38%), or as a complication of cataract surgery-intraoperative posterior capsular rent in 48 cases (46.15%) and intraoperative nucleus drop in 16 cases (15.38%). The final mean best-corrected logMAR visual acuity improved from 1.36 ± 0.64 preoperatively to 0.36 ± 0.32 at 1-year follow-up. Complications included pupil ovalization in 11 cases (10.57%), transient elevation in intraocular pressure in 7 eyes (6.73%), postoperative hypotony in 5 eyes (4.80%), cystoid macular edema in 2 eyes (1.92%), retinal detachment in 1 eye (0.96%), vitreous hemorrhage in 1 eye (0.96%), and hyphema in 1 eye (0.96%). Primary iris claw IOL retrofixation provided excellent alternative in patients with inadequate capsular support. The visual outcomes were good along with favorable rates of complications. The addition of triamcinolone acetonide helps in reducing the chances of cystoid macular edema.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa inactivation mechanism is affected by capsular extracellular polymeric substances reactivity with chlorine and monochloramine.

PubMed

Xue, Zheng; Hessler, Christopher M; Panmanee, Warunya; Hassett, Daniel J; Seo, Youngwoo

2013-01-01

The reactivity of capsular extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) to chlorine and monochloramine was assessed and compared in this study. The impact of capsular EPS on Gram-negative bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa inactivation mechanisms was investigated both qualitatively and quantitatively using a combination of batch experiments, viability tests with LIVE/DEAD staining, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Both wild-type and isogenic mutant strains with different alginate EPS production capabilities were used to evaluate their susceptibility to chlorine and monochloramine. The mucA22 mutant strain, which overproduces the EPS composed largely of acidic polysaccharide alginate, exhibited high resistance and prolonged inactivation time to both chlorine and monochloramine relative to PAO1 (wild-type) and algT(U) mutant strains (alginate EPS deficient). Multiple analyses were combined to better understand the mechanistic role of EPS against chlorine-based disinfectants. The extracted EPS exhibited high reactivity with chlorine and very low reactivity with monochloramine, suggesting different mechanism of protection against disinfectants. Moreover, capsular EPS on cell membrane appeared to reduce membrane permeabilization by disinfectants as suggested by deformation of key functional groups in EPS and cell membrane (the C-O-C stretching of carbohydrate and the C=O stretching of ester group). The combined results supported that capsular EPS, acting either as a disinfectant consumer (for chlorine inactivation) or limiting access to reactive sites on cell membrane (for monochloramine inactivation), provide a protective role for bacterial cells against regulatory residual disinfectants by reducing membrane permeabilization. © 2012 Federation of European Microbiological Societies. Published by Blackwell Publishing Ltd. All rights reserved.

Structural and Biological Characterization of a Capsular Polysaccharide Produced by Staphylococcus haemolyticus▿

PubMed Central

Flahaut, Sigrid; Vinogradov, Evgeny; Kelley, Kathryn A.; Brennan, Shannon; Hiramatsu, Keiichi; Lee, Jean C.

2008-01-01

The DNA sequence of the genome of Staphylococcus haemolyticus JCSC1435 revealed a putative capsule operon composed of 13 genes in tandem. The first seven genes (capABCDEFGSh) showed ≥57% similarity with the Staphylococcus aureus cap5 or cap8 locus. However, the capHIJKLMSh genes are unique to S. haemolyticus and include genes encoding a putative flippase, an aminotransferase, two glycosyltransferases, and a transcriptional regulator. Capsule-like material was readily apparent by immunoelectron microscopy on bacteria harvested in the postexponential phase of growth. Electron micrographs of a JCSC1435 mutant with a deleted cap region lacked the capsule-like material. Both strains produced small amounts of surface-associated material that reacted with antibodies to polyglutamic acid. S. haemolyticus cap genes were amplified from four of seven clinical isolates of S. haemolyticus from humans, and three of these strains produced a serologically cross-reactive capsular polysaccharide. In vitro assays demonstrated that the acapsular mutant strain showed greater biofilm formation but was more susceptible to complement-mediated opsonophagocytic killing than the parent strain. Structural characterization of capsule purified from S. haemolyticus strain JCSC1435 showed a trisaccharide repeating unit: −3-α-l-FucNAc-3-(2-NAc-4-N-Asp-2,4,6-trideoxy-β-d-Glc)-4-α-d-GlcNAc-. This structure is unique among staphylococcal polysaccharides in that its composition includes a trideoxy sugar residue with aspartic acid as an N-acyl substituent. PMID:18165309

Structural and biological characterization of a capsular polysaccharide produced by Staphylococcus haemolyticus.

PubMed

Flahaut, Sigrid; Vinogradov, Evgeny; Kelley, Kathryn A; Brennan, Shannon; Hiramatsu, Keiichi; Lee, Jean C

2008-03-01

The DNA sequence of the genome of Staphylococcus haemolyticus JCSC1435 revealed a putative capsule operon composed of 13 genes in tandem. The first seven genes (capABCDEFG(Sh)) showed > or = 57% similarity with the Staphylococcus aureus cap5 or cap8 locus. However, the capHIJKLM(Sh) genes are unique to S. haemolyticus and include genes encoding a putative flippase, an aminotransferase, two glycosyltransferases, and a transcriptional regulator. Capsule-like material was readily apparent by immunoelectron microscopy on bacteria harvested in the postexponential phase of growth. Electron micrographs of a JCSC1435 mutant with a deleted cap region lacked the capsule-like material. Both strains produced small amounts of surface-associated material that reacted with antibodies to polyglutamic acid. S. haemolyticus cap genes were amplified from four of seven clinical isolates of S. haemolyticus from humans, and three of these strains produced a serologically cross-reactive capsular polysaccharide. In vitro assays demonstrated that the acapsular mutant strain showed greater biofilm formation but was more susceptible to complement-mediated opsonophagocytic killing than the parent strain. Structural characterization of capsule purified from S. haemolyticus strain JCSC1435 showed a trisaccharide repeating unit: -3-alpha-L-FucNAc-3-(2-NAc-4-N-Asp-2,4,6-trideoxy-beta-D-Glc)-4-alpha-D-GlcNAc-. This structure is unique among staphylococcal polysaccharides in that its composition includes a trideoxy sugar residue with aspartic acid as an N-acyl substituent.

Investigation of vesicle-capsular plague antigen complex formation by elastic laser radiation scattering

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Guseva, N. P.; Maximova, Irina S.; Romanov, Sergey V.; Shubochkin, L. P.; Tatarintsev, Sergey N.

1991-05-01

Recently a great deal of attention has been given to the investigation artificial lipid liposomes, due to their application as "containers" for directed transport of biologically active compounds into particular cells, organs and tissues for prophylaxis and therapy of infectious diseases. The use of traditional methods of liposome investigation, such as sedimentation, electrophoresis and chromatography is impeded by low liposome resistivity to different deformations. In conjunction with this, optical methods of laser light scattering are promising as they allow nondisturbing, precise and quick investigations. This paper describes the investigation of vesicle systems prepared from egg lecithin of Serva Corporation and their complexes with the capsular antigen of the plague microbe. The capsular antigen Fl was obtained from EV plague microbe grown at 37° C on Huttinger agar. Fl was isolated by gel-filtration on ASA-22 followed by freeze drying of the preparation. Angular dependences of polarized radiation scattering were measured for several liposome suspension samples in a saline solution before and after the interaction with the plague microbe capsular antigen. The aim of the investigation was to analyze the nature of mutual antigen arrangement in a liposome and to develop methods for measuring its inclusion percentage.

Immune cell activation and cytokine release after stimulation of whole blood with pneumococcal C-polysaccharide and capsular polysaccharides.

PubMed

Sundberg-Kövamees, Marianne; Grunewald, Johan; Wahlström, Jan

2016-11-01

Streptococcus pneumonia is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in children and adults worldwide. Lack of fully effective pneumococcal vaccines is a problem. Streptococcus pneumoniae exposes on its surface C-polysaccharide (cell wall polysaccharide, CWPS) and serospecific capsular polysaccharides, used in pneumococcal vaccines. We investigated the effect of CWPS and individual capsular polysaccharides, with regard to activation of subsets of immune cells of healthy controls. Three different capsular polysaccharides, CWPS and LPS were used for in vitro stimulation of whole blood. Cell activation (CD69 expression) was assessed in CD4+ and CD4- T cells, NK-like T cells, NK cells and monocytes by flow cytometry. Cytokine levels in supernatants were quantified by Cytometric Bead Array (CBA). CWPS and the capsules activated immune cell subsets, but to different degrees. NK cells and NK-like T cells showed the strongest activation, followed by monocytes. Among the three capsules, capsule type 23 induced the strongest activation and cytokine release, followed by type 9 and type 3. This study increases the understanding of how the human immune system reacts to pneumococcal vaccine components. Copyright © 2016 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.

Selective biotinylation of Neisseria meningitidis group B capsular polysaccharide and application in an improved ELISA for the detection of specific antibodies.

PubMed

Diaz Romero, J; Outschoorn, I

1993-03-15

A method is described for the selective biotinylation of meningococcal capsular polysaccharide from Neisseria meningitidis group B and its application to an enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay (ELISA) to detect specific antibodies by immobilization on streptavidin-coated microtiter wells. Capsular polysaccharide from Neisseria meningitidis B has been biotinylated by specific periodate oxidation of terminal residues and condensation of the resulting aldehydes with biotin hydrazide, using a spin-column technique in the intermediate purification steps. The ELISA was optimized employing an extended reaction time between the label alkaline phosphatase and its most common substrate, p-nitrophenyl phosphate, together with evaluation of blocking agents to minimize non-specific binding. Specificity was demonstrated by a direct competitive enzyme immunoassay (EIA).

Solving intraocular lens-related pigment dispersion syndrome with repositioning of primary sulcus implanted single-piece IOL in the capsular bag.

PubMed

Kohnen, Thomas; Kook, Daniel

2009-08-01

We describe 2 cases of pigment dispersion syndrome (PDS) after uneventful phacoemulsification and implantation of a posterior chamber single-piece intraocular lens (IOL) with a sharp-edge design. In both cases, several days after IOL implantation, marked pigment dispersion was seen on the iris and in the trabecular meshwork, associated with an elevation in intraocular pressure (IOP). Thorough examination showed that the implanted IOL was in the ciliary sulcus. After surgical repositioning of both IOLs in the capsular bag, the pigment dispersion regressed and the IOP returned to normal limits. The 2 cases suggest that particularly in PDS patients, an IOL with an anterior sharp-edge design should be implanted in the capsular bag. Implantation in the ciliary sulcus should be avoided.

Biomechanics of knee rehabilitation with cycling.

PubMed

McLeod, W D; Blackburn, T A

1980-01-01

The bicycle provides quadriceps rehabilitation while controlling the stresses to the knee ligaments. With pedaling on the bicycle, forces are applied to the anterior cruciate ligament, the capsular ligaments, and the posterior structures of the knee joint as the tibial plateau is posteriorly tilted. The knee muscles can modify their forces. Therefore, by controlling the mode of cycling with varying seat heights and pedal positions, the ligaments can be relieved from these forces during the initial stages of the rehabilitative process. An exercise program can then be designed to apply controlled stress to these structures to enhance the healing and recovery processes.

Patients’ satisfaction with anatomic polyurethane implants

PubMed Central

2017-01-01

This paper presents patients satisfaction using anatomical polyurethane breast implants. We performed surgery on 525 patients, 370 of which were primary and 155 were secondary to various causes such as capsular contracture, ruptured implants, volume changes, and incorrect positioning of the implant. The advantages of silicone polyurethane covers shown high level of patient satisfaction, low incidence of capsular contracture, and absence of implant rotation, and late seroma. PMID:28497022

In-the-bag decentration of an intraocular lens in a patient with a tendency to hypertrophic scarring

PubMed Central

Joshi, Rajesh Subhash

2016-01-01

Summary We report a case of rapid anterior lens capsular contraction leading to decentration of a hydrophilic acrylic lens with stiff haptics (Rayner design). To our knowledge, this is the first report to investigate early capsular contraction with folding of the haptic over the optic in a patient with a tendency toward hypertrophic scar formation. PMID:27330480

Population-based study of capsular warning syndrome and prognosis after early recurrent TIA.

PubMed

Paul, Nicola L M; Simoni, Michela; Chandratheva, Arvind; Rothwell, Peter M

2012-09-25

Many guidelines recommend emergency assessment for patients with ≥2 TIAs within 7 days, perhaps in recognition of the capsular warning syndrome. However, it is unclear whether all patients with multiple TIAs are at high early risk of stroke and whether treatable underlying pathologies are more prevalent in this group. We studied clinical characteristics, Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment (TOAST) classification, and risk of stroke in 1,000 consecutive patients with incident and recurrent TIAs in a prospective, population-based study (Oxford Vascular Study). Of 1,000 patients with TIAs, 170 had a further TIA within 7 days (105 within 24 hours). Multiple TIAs were not associated with carotid stenosis or atrial fibrillation, and much of the 10.6 (95% confidence interval [CI] 6.5-15.9) risk of stroke during the 7 days after the first TIA was due to patients with small-vessel disease (SVD) etiology (10 of 24 vs 8 of 146, odds ratio [OR] = 12.3, 95% CI 3.7-41.9, p < 0.0001), particularly those with motor weakness (i.e., capsular warning syndrome) compared with hemisensory events (9 of 15 [60%], 95% CI 35.3-84.7 vs 1 of 9 [11.1%], 95% CI 0-31.7, p = 0.03). The 7-day risk of stroke after a recurrent TIA was similar to the risk after a single TIA in patients with non-SVD TIA (8 of 146 [5.5%] vs 76 of 830 [9.2%], OR = 0.58, 95% CI 0.25-1.3, p = 0.20). Of the 9 patients with stroke after a capsular warning syndrome, all had the recurrent TIA within 24 hours after the first TIA, and the subsequent stroke occurred within 72 hours of the second TIA in 8. The ABCD2 scores of all preceding TIAs were ≥4 in all 9 patients with capsular warning syndrome before stroke. Capsular warning syndrome is rare (1.5% of TIA presentations) but has a poor prognosis (7-day stroke risk of 60%). Otherwise, recurrent TIA within 7 days is not associated with a greater stroke risk than that after a single TIA.

Microincision bimanual phacoemulsification and Thinoptx implantation through a 1.70 mm incision.

PubMed

Prakash, P; Kasaby, H E; Aggarwal, R K; Humfrey, S

2007-02-01

To prospectively assess the efficacy of bimanual phacoemulsification and implantation of Thinoptx, an injectable intraocular lens (IOL), inserted through 1.70 mm clear corneal incision. Department of Ophthalmology, Southend Hospital NHS Trust, UK. A total of 50 eyes of 49 randomly selected patients with cataracts had microincision clear corneal bimanual phacoemulsification (MICS) with implantation of Thinoptx IOL in the capsular bag. All patients underwent full preoperative assessment. Postoperative assessment was carried out at 3 and 6 weeks and at 15 months. In all 50 cases the IOL was inserted through 1.70 mm clear corneal incision. The mean best-corrected visual acuity was 0.02 (6/6-1) at 6 weeks and was 0.17 (6/10) at the final follow-up. The mean final surgically induced astigmatism at 6 weeks was 0.0106. Coloured haloes around artificial lights were perceived by 69.23% of patients at 6 weeks and by 61.29% at the final follow-up. One patient underwent IOL exchange for this. Posterior capsular opacification was noticed in 31.26% at 6 weeks and in 64.51% at 15 months. Anterior capsular opacification was noticed in 5.26% at 6 weeks and in 16.12% at 15 months. In one patient the IOL had to be exchanged because of tilt and displacement of the IOL due to anterior capsular phimosis. We conclude Thinoptx can be safely inserted through 1.70 mm incision used for bimanual phacoemulsification. Distance and near visual acuity achieved with this IOL is satisfactory. There is no significant change in keratometric astigmatism following this procedure. However, posterior capsular opacification rate was significantly higher with this IOL. Haloes around light sources were significant.

High throughput quantification of capsular polysaccharides for multivalent vaccines using precipitation with a cationic surfactant.

PubMed

Noyes, Aaron; Boesch, Austin; Godavarti, Ranga; Titchener-Hooker, Nigel; Coffman, Jonathan; Mukhopadhyay, Tarit

2013-11-19

The increasing requirement for multivalent vaccines containing diverse capsular polysaccharides has created an unmet need for a fast and straightforward assay for polysaccharide titer. We describe a novel and robust assay for the quantitation of anionic capsular polysaccharides. The binding of hexadecyltrimethyammonium bromide (Hb) to anionic capsular polysaccharides results in a precipitation reaction wherein the suspension turbidity is proportional to polysaccharide titer. The turbidity can be quickly measured as absorbance across a range of wavelengths that resolve scattering light. Carbohydrates comprised of repeating units of one to seven monosaccharides with phosphodiester groups, uronic acids, and sialic acids all reacted strongly and there does not appear to be specificity with respect to the particular anionic moiety. The assay is compatible with an array of common buffers across a pH range of 3.0-8.75 and with NaCl concentration exceeding 400 mM. Interference from DNA can be eliminated with a short incubation step with DNase. With these treatments, the assay has been employed in samples as complex as fermentation broth. A two-log dynamic range has been established with a mean relative standard deviation less than 10% across this range although inferior performance has been observed in fermentation broth. The precipitation assay enables the rapid quantitation of anionic polysaccharides. The resulting procedure can robustly measure the titer of myriad anionic capsular polysaccharides (CPS) in 96 samples in less than 30 min using low toxicity reagents and routine laboratory equipment. This development will greatly reduce the effort required to measure polysaccharide titer and yield during process development of polysaccharide vaccines. Copyright © 2013 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.

The detection of the capsular tear at the undersurface of the extensor carpi radialis brevis tendon in chronic tennis elbow: the value of magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography arthrography.

PubMed

Sasaki, Koichi; Tamakawa, Mitsuharu; Onda, Kazunori; Iba, Kosuke; Sonoda, Tomoko; Yamashita, Toshihiko; Wada, Takuro

2011-04-01

This study compared the diagnostic efficacy of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography arthrography (CTA) in the assessment of capsular tears at the undersurface of the extensor carpi radials brevis tendon in chronic tennis elbow using arthroscopy as a gold standard. Because of the higher spatial resolution of CT, we hypothesized that CTA is superior to MRI for assessing capsular tears. We retrospectively reviewed 19 consecutive patients with chronic tennis elbow with preoperative MRI and CTA studies who underwent arthroscopic surgery. Three observers with different levels of training and experience (musculoskeletal radiologist, experienced elbow surgeon, and hand fellow) evaluated the capsular tear by MRI and CTA in a blinded manner. The results of the MRI and CTA were compared and the agreement among the 3 observers was determined using an intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Then, the results of the MRI and CTA examinations were compared with the intraoperative findings of the arthroscopic examination. The sensitivity, specificity, and κ value were calculated. The ICC of CTA (0.855) was superior to MRI (0.645). The sensitivity, specificity, and κ value of CTA were superior to those of MRI in each of the 3 observers. The κ value was 0.79, 0.89, and 0.79 for CTA, and 0.48, 0.48, and 0.27 for MRI for the radiologist, surgeon, and fellow, respectively. CTA was a reliable and accurate diagnostic modality compared with MRI to detect the capsular tear in patients with chronic tennis elbow. CTA was less influenced by the observer's experience. Copyright © 2011 Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery Board of Trustees. Published by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.

Short-term evaluation of arthroscopic management of tennis elbow; including resection of radio-capitellar capsular complex.

PubMed

Babaqi, AbdulRahman A; Kotb, Mohammed M; Said, Hatem G; AbdelHamid, Mohamed M; ElKady, Hesham A; ElAssal, Maher A

2014-06-01

There has been controversy regarding the pathogenesis and treatment of lateral epicondylitis. Different surgical techniques for the treatment of lateral epicondylitis prescribed. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the short-term outcomes of arthroscopic management including resection of the radio-capitellar capsular complex, using different validated scores. In this study, arthroscopic resection of a capsular fringe complex was done beside debridement of the undersurface of Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis (ECRB). Thirty-one patients with recalcitrant lateral epicondylitis for a minimum of 6 months had surgery. In all patients, a collar-like band of radio-capitellar capsular complex was found to impinge on the radial head and subluxate into the radio-capitellar joint with manipulation under direct vision. Outcomes were assessed using Mayo Elbow Performance Index (MEPI), the Patient-Rated Tennis Elbow Evaluation (PRTEE), and the Disability of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (DASH), beside visual analog scale (VAS) for pain and satisfaction criteria. After arthroscopic surgery, overall satisfaction was extremely positive, over the 31 patients, 93.5% of the patients are satisfied. The mean score for pain improved from 8.64 to 1.48 points. The total PRTEE improved from 55.53 to 10.39 points. The mean MEPI score was improved from 61.82 to 94.10 points. DASH score also improved from 24.46 to 4.81 points. All improvements are statistically significant (P < 0.05). Arthroscopic release of ECRB in patients with chronic lateral epicondylitis is a reproducible method with a marked improvement in function within a short period, with special consideration for resection of radio-capitellar capsular complex.

Correlations of magnetic resonance imaging findings with clinical symptom severity and prognosis of frozen shoulder.

PubMed

Yoon, Jong Pil; Chung, Seok Won; Lee, Byung Joo; Kim, Hyung Sup; Yi, Jae Hyuck; Lee, Hyun-Joo; Jeong, Won-Ju; Moon, Sung Gyu; Oh, Kyung-Soo; Yoon, Seok Tae

2017-10-01

To evaluate the correlation between indirect magnetic resonance (MR) arthrographic imaging findings and the clinical symptoms and prognosis of patients with frozen shoulder. Indirect MR arthrography was performed for 52 patients with primary frozen shoulder (mean age 55.1 ± 9.0 years) and 52 individuals without frozen shoulder (mean age 53.1 ± 10.7 years); capsular thickening and enhancement of the axillary recess as well as soft tissue thickening of the rotator interval were evaluated. Clinical symptom severity was assessed using the Visual Analogue Scale for Pain (VAS Pain), simple shoulder test (SST), Constant score, American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) score, and range of motion (ROM). At 6-month follow-up, we evaluated whether MR arthrography findings correlated with the clinical symptoms and prognosis. Capsular thickening and enhancement of the axillary recess as well as soft tissue thickening of the rotator interval were significantly greater in the patient group than in the controls (p < 0.001). Capsular thickening of the axillary recess did not correlate with clinical symptoms or ROM (n.s.); however, capsular enhancement correlated with clinical symptom severity according to VAS Pain (p = 0.005), SST (p = 0.046), and ASES scores (p = 0.009). Soft tissue thickening of the rotator interval did not correlate with clinical symptom severity, but was associated with external rotation limitation (p = 0.002). However, none of the parameters correlated with clinical symptoms at 6-month follow-up. Indirect MR arthrography provided ancillary findings, especially with capsular enhancement, for evaluating clinical symptom severity of frozen shoulder, but did not reflect the prognosis. MR findings in frozen shoulder should not replace clinical judgments regarding further prognosis and treatment decisions. IV.

Phosphoproteomics of Klebsiella pneumoniae NTUH-K2044 Reveals a Tight Link between Tyrosine Phosphorylation and Virulence*

PubMed Central

Lin, Miao-Hsia; Hsu, Tung-Li; Lin, Shu-Yu; Pan, Yi-Jiun; Jan, Jia-Tsrong; Wang, Jin-Town; Khoo, Kay-Hooi; Wu, Shih-Hsiung

2009-01-01

Encapsulated Klebsiella pneumoniae is the predominant causative agent of pyogenic liver abscess, an emerging infectious disease that often complicates metastatic meningitis or endophthalmitis. The capsular polysaccharide on K. pneumoniae surface was determined as the key to virulence. Although the regulation of capsular polysaccharide biosynthesis is largely unclear, it was found that protein-tyrosine kinases and phosphatases are involved. Therefore, the identification and characterization of such kinases, phosphatases, and their substrates would advance our knowledge of the underlying mechanism in capsule formation and could contribute to the development of new therapeutic strategies. Here, we analyzed the phosphoproteome of K. pneumoniae NTUH-K2044 with a shotgun approach and identified 117 unique phosphopeptides along with 93 in vivo phosphorylated sites corresponding to 81 proteins. Interestingly, three of the identified tyrosine phosphorylated proteins, namely protein-tyrosine kinase (Wzc), phosphomannomutase (ManB), and undecaprenyl-phosphate glycosyltransferase (WcaJ), were found to be distributed in the cps locus and thus were speculated to be involved in the converging signal transduction of capsule biosynthesis. Consequently, we decided to focus on the lesser studied ManB and WcaJ for mutation analysis. The capsular polysaccharides of WcaJ mutant (WcaJY5F) were dramatically reduced quantitatively, and the LD50 increased by 200-fold in a mouse peritonitis model compared with the wild-type strain. However, the capsular polysaccharides of ManB mutant (ManBY26F) showed no difference in quantity, and the LD50 increased by merely 6-fold in mice test. Our study provided a clear trend that WcaJ tyrosine phosphorylation can regulate the biosynthesis of capsular polysaccharides and result in the pathogenicity of K. pneumoniae NTUH-K2044. PMID:19696081

Acute and chronic menisco-capsular separation in the young athlete: diagnosis, treatment and results in thirty seven consecutive patients.

PubMed

Hirtler, Lena; Unger, Julia; Weninger, Patrick

2015-05-01

Menisco-capsular separation (MCS) is an avulsion type of injury of the medial and/or lateral meniscus and is defined as detachment of the meniscus from its capsular attachment. The aims of this study were to show the results of arthroscopic all-inside menisco-capsular repair in a large number of consecutive patients with acute or chronic MCS, emphasise the advantages of this safe treatment option and stress the superiority of the treatment on the basis of thorough physical examination of the knee joint over magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) diagnosis in MCS. We evaluated data of patients treated between October 2011 and July 2012. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were defined and demographic variables evaluated. All patients were examined physically and with MRI. Knee arthroscopy was performed and the MCS repaired through all-inside menisco-capsular repair. Postoperative treatment was standardised. Patients were followed up for at least 24 weeks. Thirty-seven athletes (12 women, 25 men) were evaluated. Only in six patients was MCS detected on MRI. In all patients, MCS was diagnosed via physical examination. Arthroscopic treatment led to significant (p < 0.01) improvement. There were no complications reported postoperatively. Isolated MCS is not as rare a meniscus pathology after trauma in young athletes as could be expected after reviewing current literature. It is occult on MRI scans in most of the cases and should therefor be taken into consideration in patients with acute or chronic tenderness at the level of the joint line and negative MRI scans. Thorough physical examination has higher diagnostic value than MRI alone, as shown in this study. Treatment of MCS using all-inside nonabsorbable sutures, as described in this study using Ultra FasT Fix®, is effective if performed by an experienced surgeon.

Structure and Composition of the Bacillus anthracis Capsule

PubMed Central

Avakyan, A. A.; Katz, L. N.; Levina, K. N.; Pavlova, I. B.

1965-01-01

Avakyan, A. A. (Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, USSR), L. N. Katz, K. N. Levina, and I. B. Pavlova. Structure and composition of the Bacillus anthracis capsule. J. Bacteriol. 90:1082–1095. 1965.—Observations by various methods of light microscopy (phase contrast, dark-field, and fluorescence) revealed the complex structure of the Bacillus anthracis capsule, which changes regularly during the growth cycle of the culture. Special cytological methods of staining the capsule made it possible to study its fine structure, which is not revealed by negative staining with India ink. For example, the capsule shows a membranelike outline, fine transverse lines, and interruptions and transverse septa traversing the entire capsule. By using cytochemical methods, it was found that the capsule has a stratified structure and that the various layers of the capsule differ as to the value of the isoelectric point, metachromatic ability, sensitivity to various enzymes, and, consequently, chemical composition. It was thus shown that the membranelike outline of the capsule consists of peptides and neutral mucopolysaccharides. The middle part of the capsule consists of a complex of substances of both polysaccharide and protein nature, and the inner part consists of acid mucopolysaccharides. Observation of the capsular forms of B. anthracis by means of an electron microscope revealed differences in the osmiophilia and submicroscopic structure of the membranelike outline and the middle and inner parts of the capsule. Immunochemical studies conducted by the fluorescent-antibody method revealed localization of antigens in different parts of the capsule, and made it possible to differentiate the capsular antigens according to their serum-staining ability and according of their relations to enzymes, i.e., their chemical composition. This paper concerns the possibility of studying the fine structure of bacterial capsules in fixed preparations, and the differences and similarities of the antigens of the capsule and cell wall of B. anthracis and of the related species, B. megaterium. Images PMID:4954516

Pathology Report for Intraperitoneal Sodium Dichromate Exposure in Rats, Protocol No. 15-002-3

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-12-08

neither was dose-dependent), subcapsular single cell necrosis was evident only at the highest dose, and minimal capsular fibroplasia in exposed...number per group of rats to exhibit any subcapsular granulocytic, mononuclear infiltrates, or single cell hepatocellular necrosis was greater, the higher...hepatocellular necrosis . Capsular fibrin appeared within 24 hours of injection but disappeared over time. Probably associated was the presence of

Polyurethane foam-covered breast implants: a justified choice?

PubMed

Scarpa, C; Borso, G F; Vindigni, V; Bassetto, F

2015-01-01

Even if the safety of the polyurethane prosthesis has been the subject of many studies and professional and public controversies. Nowadays, polyurethane covered implants are very popular in plastic surgery for the treatment of capsular contracture. We have identified 41 papers (1 is a communication of the FDA) by using search browsers such as Pubmed, Medline, and eMedicine. Eleven manuscripts have been used for an introduction, and the remaining thirty have been subdivided into three tables whose results have been summarized in three main chapters: (1) capsular formation and contracture, (2) complications, (3) biodegradation and cancer risk. (1) The polyurethanic capsule is a well defined foreign body reaction characterized by synovial metaplasia, a thin layer of disarranged collagen fibers and a high vascularization. These features make possible a "young" capsule and a low occurrence of capsular contracture even over a long period (10 years); (2) the polyurethane implants may be difficult to remove but there is no evidence that they cause an increase in the other complications; (3) there is no evidence of polyurethane related cancer in long-term studies (after 5 years). Polyurethane foam covered breast implants remain a valid choice for the treatment of capsular contracture even if it would be very useful to verify the ease of removal of the prosthesis and to continue investigations on biodegradation products.

Development of Vaccines to Prevent Wound Infections due to Anaerobic Bacteria

DTIC Science & Technology

1982-08-01

monosaccharides are common to both. To define further these interestir.g results, we studied cross-protection of these two polysaccharides in the B. fragilis...and abscess formation. We have found that vmmunization of rats with a purified capsular polysaccharide (CP) of a B. fragilis ýtrain protects against...which protection is afforded to animals after immunization "with the capsular polysaccharide (CP) of B. fragilis. The decision to proceed along these

Titres and cross reactions of commercial antisera for the capsular typing of Klebsiella species.

PubMed Central

Casewell, M W

1975-01-01

Ninety commercially supplied sera for the capsular typing of Klebsiella species were tested in a full chequerboard against 72 type strains. Only four of 144 homologous reactions could not be detected. Of the 6336 possible heterologous reactions, 91 actual cross reactions were found. All positive reactions were titrated and working dilutions deduced. This provides essential information for the successful typing of unknown strains with these sera. PMID:1091662

Preliminary study of a new intraocular method in the diagnosis and treatment of Propionibacterium acnes endophthalmitis following cataract extraction.

PubMed

Owens, S L; Lam, S; Tessler, H H; Deutsch, T A

1993-04-01

Late endophthalmitis, due to Propionibacterium acnes, developed in three patients following uncomplicated extracapsular cataract extraction and posterior chamber intraocular lens (PC-IOL) insertion. Cultures from the capsular bag yielded P. acnes in all three. With topical anesthesia and through an anterior chamber paracentesis, culture specimens were taken from and clindamycin irrigated into the capsular bag. Filtered 100% oxygen was introduced into the anterior chamber in two; the third also received an injection of gentamicin and dexamethasone into the capsular bag. After treatment, two patients received oral antibiotics; one received hyperbaric oxygen therapy. Visual acuity was improved and inflammation reduced in all three. However, after treatment, ocular toxic effects due to clindamycin were suspected in one. This approach offers several clear advantages, including topical anesthesia, outpatient management, elimination of the need for vitrectomy, and retention of the intraocular lens (IOL).

Relationship between naturally occurring human mucosal and serum antibody to the capsular polysaccharide of Haemophilus influenzae type b.

PubMed

Pichichero, M E; Insel, R A

1982-08-01

The prevalence of natural mucosal antibody to the capsular polysaccharide (polyribosylribitolphosphate [PRP]) of Haemophilus influenzae type b in adults at multiple secretory sites and the relationship between natural serum and mucosal antibodies with respect to their amount and fine binding specificity were examined. All of 16 lactating women had antibody to PRP in serum and mammary samples; 11 of 14 studied had nasal antibody and 12 of 14 had salivary antibody. The amount of serum antibody to PRP in an individual positively correlated with the amount of mucosal antibody at each of the three secretory sites examined, and the antibody amount between certain secretions were also positively correlated. Antibody to PRP that is cross-reactive with Escherichia coli K100 or Streptococcus pneumoniae type 6 capsular polysaccharides was detected in the secretions of seven and one subjects, respectively, but the amount was not correlated with serum cross-reactive antibody.

Production of polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies against group A, B, and C capsular polysaccharides of Neisseria meningitidis and preparation of latex reagents.

PubMed Central

Nato, F; Mazie, J C; Fournier, J M; Slizewicz, B; Sagot, N; Guibourdenche, M; Postic, D; Riou, J Y

1991-01-01

Polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies against capsular polysaccharides of Neisseria meningitidis serogroups A, B, and C were produced in order to develop immunological reagents allowing both the detection of soluble antigens during meningococcal meningitis and antigenic serogrouping of N. meningitidis cultures. The performance characteristics of monoclonal and polyclonal antibody latex reagents were compared. For the detection of soluble polysaccharide antigen, polyclonal antibody latex reagent was selected for N. meningitidis A and C. The latex reagent prepared with polyclonal antibodies against N. meningitidis B could not detect capsular polysaccharide even at 1 mg/ml. The monoclonal antibody B latex reagent which detected 100 ng of polysaccharide per ml was therefore chosen. For the serogroup identification of N. meningitidis, the use of a confirmatory test results in an overall specificity of 100% with polyclonal or monoclonal antibody latex reagents. PMID:1909346

The Role of Bacterial Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases in the Regulation of the Biosynthesis of Secreted Polysaccharides

PubMed Central

Morona, Renato

2014-01-01

Abstract Significance: Tyrosine phosphorylation and associated protein tyrosine phosphatases are gaining prominence as critical mechanisms in the regulation of fundamental processes in a wide variety of bacteria. In particular, these phosphatases have been associated with the control of the biosynthesis of capsular polysaccharides and extracellular polysaccharides, critically important virulence factors for bacteria. Recent Advances: Deletion and overexpression of the phosphatases result in altered polysaccharide biosynthesis in a range of bacteria. The recent structures of associated auto-phosphorylating tyrosine kinases have suggested that the phosphatases may be critical for the cycling of the kinases between monomers and higher order oligomers. Critical Issues: Additional substrates of the phosphatases apart from cognate kinases are currently being identified. These are likely to be critical to our understanding of the mechanism by which polysaccharide biosynthesis is regulated. Future Directions: Ultimately, these protein tyrosine phosphatases are an attractive target for the development of novel antimicrobials. This is particularly the case for the polymerase and histidinol phosphatase family, which is predominantly found in bacteria. Furthermore, the determination of bacterial tyrosine phosphoproteomes will likely help to uncover the fundamental roles, mechanism, and critical importance of these phosphatases in a wide range of bacteria. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 20, 2274–2289. PMID:24295407

Determination of the size and degree of acetyl substitution of oligosaccharides from Neisseria meningitidis group A by ionspray mass spectrometry.

PubMed

Cescutti, P; Bigio, M; Guarnieri, V

1996-07-16

The capsular polysaccharide produced by Neisseria meningitidis group A has the following structure: [formula: see text] [formula: see text] This polysaccharide was partially hydrolysed with acetic acid, and the oligomers obtained were separated by fast performance liquid chromatography. Six fractions were collected and characterised by ionspray mass spectrometry in the positive ion mode. This soft ionisation technique established the size of the obtained oligosaccharides and the degree of O-acetyl substitution for each fraction.

Development of approaches to a third-generation carbohydrate-conjugate vaccine against Streptococcus pneumoniae: the search for optimal oligosaccharide ligands

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gening, M. L.; Kurbatova, E. A.; Tsvetkov, Yu E.; Nifantiev, N. E.

2015-11-01

The review addresses the application of synthetic oligosaccharides related to fragments of capsular polysaccharides from different serotypes of the bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae for the design of third-generation pneumococcal conjugate vaccines. Special focus is given to characteristic features of the chemical structures of oligosaccharides required for the induction of the protective immune response when using synthetic glycoconjugate vaccines based on oligosaccharide ligands and carrier proteins. The bibliography includes 101 references.

Envelope Structures of Gram-Positive Bacteria

PubMed Central

Rajagopal, Mithila; Walker, Suzanne

2016-01-01

Gram-positive organisms, including the pathogens Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Enterococcus faecalis, have dynamic cell envelopes that mediate interactions with the environment and serve as the first line of defense against toxic molecules. Major components of the cell envelope include peptidoglycan, which is a well-established target for antibiotics, teichoic acids, capsular polysaccharides, surface proteins, and phospholipids. These components can undergo modification to promote pathogenesis, decrease susceptibility to antibiotics and host immune defenses, and enhance survival in hostile environments. This chapter will cover the structure, biosynthesis and important functions of major cell envelope components in Gram-positive bacteria. Possible targets for new antimicrobials will be noted. PMID:26919863

Arthroscopic Bankart repair and capsular shift for recurrent anterior shoulder instability: functional outcomes and identification of risk factors for recurrence.

PubMed

Ahmed, Issaq; Ashton, Fiona; Robinson, Christopher Michael

2012-07-18

Arthroscopic Bankart repair and capsular shift is a well-established technique for the treatment of anterior shoulder instability. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the outcomes following arthroscopic Bankart repair and capsular shift and to identify risk factors that are predictive of recurrence of glenohumeral instability. We performed a retrospective review of a prospectively collected database consisting of 302 patients who had undergone arthroscopic Bankart repair and capsular shift for the treatment of recurrent anterior glenohumeral instability. The prevalence of patient and injury-related risk factors for recurrence was assessed. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate the predicted probability of recurrence within two years. The chief outcome measures were the risk of recurrence and the two-year functional outcomes assessed with the Western Ontario shoulder instability index (WOSI) and disabilities of the arm, shoulder and hand (DASH) scores. The rate of recurrent glenohumeral instability after arthroscopic Bankart repair and capsular shift was 13.2%. The median time to recurrence was twelve months, and this complication developed within one year in 55% of these patients. The risk of recurrence was independently predicted by the patient's age at surgery, the severity of glenoid bone loss, and the presence of an engaging Hill-Sachs lesion (all p < 0.001). These variables were incorporated into a model to provide an estimate of the risk of recurrence after surgery. Varying the cutoff level for the predicted probability of recurrence in the model from 50% to lower values increased the sensitivity of the model to detect recurrences but decreased the positive predictive value of the model to correctly predict failed repairs. There was a significant improvement in the mean WOSI and DASH scores at two years postoperatively (both p < 0.001), but the mean scores in the group with recurrence were significantly lower than those in the group without recurrence (both p < 0.001). Our study identified factors that are independently associated with a higher risk of recurrence following arthroscopic Bankart repair and capsular shift. These data can be useful for counseling patients undergoing this procedure for the treatment of recurrent glenohumeral instability and individualizing treatment options for particular groups of patients. Prognostic level I. See Instructions for authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.

Autologous Collagen Matrix (ACM): Lower Pole Support With a Supero-Anterior Capsular Flap in Secondary Subpectoral Breast Augmentation.

PubMed

Montemurro, Paolo; Cheema, Mubashir; Hedén, Per; Avvedimento, Stefano; Agko, Mouchammed; Quattrini Li, Alessandro

2017-05-01

Secondary aesthetic breast surgery is a complex and challenging scenario. It requires the surgeon to identify contributing factors, provide patient education, make a further management plan, and optimize the conditions for a favorable result. Various techniques have been described in literature but the rate of reoperation is still high. The first author has been using a supero-anterior capsular flap with a neopectoral subcapsular pocket and an implant change in these cases. To review the patient characteristics, indications, and early results of using part of the existing implant capsule for secondary subpectoral breast augmentations. All patients who underwent secondary breast augmentation, over a period of 2 years by the first author (P.M.), using the supero-anterior capsular flap technique were included. The technique involves dissection of a new subpectoral pocket and uses the existing implant capsule as an internal brassiere. A total of 36 patients were operated by this technique. Of these, 17 patients had developed a complication while 19 patients wanted a change in size only. At a mean follow up of 10.2 months, there was no bottoming out, double bubble, or capsular contracture. This reliable technique provides stable results as shown by low rate of complications with the existing follow up. © 2017 The American Society for Aesthetic Plastic Surgery, Inc. Reprints and permission: journals.permissions@oup.com

Transverse musculocutaneous gracilis flap for treatment of capsular contracture in tertiary breast reconstruction.

PubMed

Pülzl, Petra; Huemer, Georg M; Schoeller, Thomas

2015-02-01

Capsular contracture is a common complication associated with implant-based breast reconstruction and augmentation leading to pain, displacement, and rupture. After capsulectomy and implant exchange, the problem often reappears. We performed 52 deepithelialized free transverse musculocutaneous gracilis (TMG) flaps in 33 patients for tertiary breast reconstruction or augmentation of small- and medium-sized breasts. The indications for implant removal were unnatural feel and emotion of their breasts with foreign body feel, asymmetry, pain, and sensation of cold. Anyway, most of the patients did not have a severe capsular contracture deformity. The TMG flap is formed into a cone shape by bringing the tips of the ellipse together. Depending on the contralateral breast, the muscle can also be shaped in an S-form to get more projection if needed. The operating time for unilateral TMG flap breast reconstruction or augmentation was on average 3 hours and for bilateral procedure 5 hours. One patient had a secondary revision of the donor site due to disruption of the normal gluteal fold. Eighty percent of the unilateral TMG flap reconstructions had a lipofilling procedure afterward to correct small irregularities or asymmetry. The advantages of the TMG flap such as short harvesting time, inconspicuous donor site, and the possibility of having a natural breast shape make it our first choice to treat capsular contracture after breast reconstruction and augmentation.

Arthroscopic capsular release for idiopathic frozen shoulder with intra-articular injection and a controlled manipulation

PubMed Central

Hamer, P; Bunker, TD

2014-01-01

INTRODUCTION The aim of this prospective study was to assess the immediate and long-term effectiveness of arthroscopic capsular release in a large cohort of patients with a precise and isolated diagnosis of stage II idiopathic frozen shoulder. METHODS All patients underwent a preoperative evaluation. Patients with secondary frozen shoulder and those with concurrent pathology at arthroscopy were excluded. This left 136 patients with a stage II arthroscopically confirmed idiopathic frozen shoulder. At each postoperative attendance, a record was made of pain, function and range of motion. At 12 months, the Oxford shoulder score was calculated, and pain and range of motion were assessed. RESULTS Fifty per cent achieved good pain relief within a week and eighty per cent within six weeks of arthroscopic capsular release. The mean preoperative visual analogue scale pain score was 6.6 and the mean postoperative score was 1.0. The mean time to achieving good pain relief was 16 days following surgery. No patient could sleep through the night prior to surgery while 90% reported having a complete night’s sleep at a mean of 12 days after surgery. The mean postoperative Oxford shoulder score was 38/48 and the mean improvement was 19.2. CONCLUSIONS This large series demonstrates that arthroscopic capsular release is a safe procedure, with rapid improvement in pain and a marked improvement in range of motion. PMID:24417832

New meniscus repair technique for peripheral tears near the posterior tibial attachment of the posterior horn of the medial meniscus.

PubMed

Park, In-Seop; Kim, Sung-Jae

2006-08-01

We introduce a suture technique to repair a peripheral tear near the posterior tibial attachment of the posterior horn. A suture hook was inserted through the posteromedial portal, and the peripheral capsular rim was penetrated from superior to inferior by the sharp hook. Both relay limbs were brought out through the posteromedial portal. The outer limb of the superior peripheral capsular rim was identified with a hemostat. An 18-gauge spinal needle loaded with a No. 0 polydioxanone suture (PDS) was introduced into the joint from the anteromedial portal; it was passed through the joint space until it penetrated the inner torn meniscus. The PDS suture loaded within the needle was pushed into the joint and picked up through the posteromedial portal. The needle was pulled out of the torn meniscus and readvanced over it while the suture was kept loaded. The other limb of the suture from the tip of the spinal needle was retrieved through the posteromedial portal. The initial PDS suture limb was hooked to the shuttle-relay system; it then was passed through the inner torn meniscus and the peripheral capsular rim. The suture limb exiting from the peripheral capsular rim was used as a post and was joined to the other suture limb to form a sliding knot.

The ESX-5 System of Pathogenic Mycobacteria Is Involved In Capsule Integrity and Virulence through Its Substrate PPE10

PubMed Central

Ates, Louis S.; van der Woude, Aniek D.; Bestebroer, Jovanka; van Stempvoort, Gunny; Musters, René J. P.; Garcia-Vallejo, Juan J.; Picavet, Daisy I.; van de Weerd, Robert; Maletta, Massimiliano; Kuijl, Coenraad P.; van der Wel, Nicole N.; Bitter, Wilbert

2016-01-01

Mycobacteria produce a capsule layer, which consists of glycan-like polysaccharides and a number of specific proteins. In this study, we show that, in slow-growing mycobacteria, the type VII secretion system ESX-5 plays a major role in the integrity and stability of the capsule. We have identified PPE10 as the ESX-5 substrate responsible for this effect. Mutants in esx-5 and ppe10 both have impaired capsule integrity as well as reduced surface hydrophobicity. Electron microscopy, immunoblot and flow cytometry analyses demonstrated reduced amounts of surface localized proteins and glycolipids, and morphological differences in the capsular layer. Since capsular proteins secreted by the ESX-1 system are important virulence factors, we tested the effect of the mutations that cause capsular defects on virulence mechanisms. Both esx-5 and ppe10 mutants of Mycobacterium marinum were shown to be impaired in ESX-1-dependent hemolysis. In agreement with this, the ppe10 and esx5 mutants showed reduced recruitment of ubiquitin in early macrophage infection and intermediate attenuation in zebrafish embryos. These results provide a pivotal role for the ESX-5 secretion system and its substrate PPE10, in the capsular integrity of pathogenic mycobacteria. These findings open up new roads for research on the mycobacterial capsule and its role in virulence and immune modulation. PMID:27280885

Transposon mutagenesis of type III group B Streptococcus: correlation of capsule expression with virulence.

PubMed

Rubens, C E; Wessels, M R; Heggen, L M; Kasper, D L

1987-10-01

The capsular polysaccharide of type III group B Streptococcus (GBS) is thought to be a major factor in the virulence of this organism. Transposon mutagenesis was used to obtain isogenic strains of a GBS serotype III clinical isolate (COH 31r/s) with site-specific mutations in the gene(s) responsible for capsule production. The self-conjugative transposon Tn916 was transferred to strain COH 31r/s during incubation with Streptococcus faecalis strain CG110 on membrane filters. Eleven transconjugant clones did not bind type III GBS antiserum by immunoblot. Immunofluorescence, competitive ELISA, and electron microscopy confirmed the absence of detectable GBS type III capsular polysaccharide in one of the transconjugants, COH 31-15. Southern hybridization analysis with a Tn916 probe confirmed the presence of the transposon sequence within each mutant. A 3.0-kilobase EcoRI fragment that flanked the Tn916 sequence was subcloned from mutant COH 31-15. This fragment shared homology with DNA from the other GBS serotypes, suggesting a common sequence for capsulation shared by organisms of different capsular types. Loss of capsule expression resulted in loss of virulence in a neonatal rat model. We conclude that a gene common to all capsular types of GBS is required for surface expression of the type III capsule and that inactivation of this gene by Tn916 results in the loss of virulence.

Solution conformation and flexibility of capsular polysaccharides from Neisseria meningitidis and glycoconjugates with the tetanus toxoid protein

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Abdelhameed, Ali Saber; Morris, Gordon A.; Almutairi, Fahad; Adams, Gary G.; Duvivier, Pierre; Conrath, Karel; Harding, Stephen E.

2016-10-01

The structural integrity of meningococcal native, micro-fluidized and activated capsular polysaccharides and their glycoconjugates - in the form most relevant to their potential use as vaccines (dilute solution) - have been investigated with respect to their homogeneity, conformation and flexibility. Sedimentation velocity analysis showed that the polysaccharide size distributions were generally bimodal with some evidence for higher molar mass forms at higher concentration. Weight average molar masses Mw where lower for activated polysaccharides. Conjugation with tetanus toxoid protein however greatly increased the molar mass and polydispersity of the final conjugates. Glycoconjugates had an approximately unimodal log-normal but broad and large molar mass profiles, confirmed by sedimentation equilibrium “SEDFIT MSTAR” analysis. Conformation analysis using HYDFIT (which globally combines sedimentation and viscosity data), “Conformation Zoning” and Wales-van Holde approaches showed a high degree of flexibility - at least as great as the unconjugated polysaccharides, and very different from the tetanus toxoid (TT) protein used for the conjugation. As with the recently published finding for Hib-TT complexes, it is the carbohydrate component that dictates the solution behaviour of these glycoconjugates, although the lower intrinsic viscosities suggest some degree of compaction of the carbohydrate chains around the protein.

Solution conformation and flexibility of capsular polysaccharides from Neisseria meningitidis and glycoconjugates with the tetanus toxoid protein.

PubMed

Abdelhameed, Ali Saber; Morris, Gordon A; Almutairi, Fahad; Adams, Gary G; Duvivier, Pierre; Conrath, Karel; Harding, Stephen E

2016-10-26

The structural integrity of meningococcal native, micro-fluidized and activated capsular polysaccharides and their glycoconjugates - in the form most relevant to their potential use as vaccines (dilute solution) - have been investigated with respect to their homogeneity, conformation and flexibility. Sedimentation velocity analysis showed that the polysaccharide size distributions were generally bimodal with some evidence for higher molar mass forms at higher concentration. Weight average molar masses M w where lower for activated polysaccharides. Conjugation with tetanus toxoid protein however greatly increased the molar mass and polydispersity of the final conjugates. Glycoconjugates had an approximately unimodal log-normal but broad and large molar mass profiles, confirmed by sedimentation equilibrium "SEDFIT MSTAR" analysis. Conformation analysis using HYDFIT (which globally combines sedimentation and viscosity data), "Conformation Zoning" and Wales-van Holde approaches showed a high degree of flexibility - at least as great as the unconjugated polysaccharides, and very different from the tetanus toxoid (TT) protein used for the conjugation. As with the recently published finding for Hib-TT complexes, it is the carbohydrate component that dictates the solution behaviour of these glycoconjugates, although the lower intrinsic viscosities suggest some degree of compaction of the carbohydrate chains around the protein.

[About the signs of malignant pheochromocytoma].

PubMed

Simonenko, V B; Makanin, M A; Dulin, P A; Vasilchenko, M I; Lesovik, V S

2012-01-01

Morphological criteria for malignant pheochromocytoma remain to be developed According to the WHO recommendations, the sole absolute criteria is the presence of metastases in the organs normally containing no chromaffin tissue. Such signs as cellular and nuclear polymorphism, mytotic activity, vascular invasion, capsular ingrowth are not sufficient to describe a pheochromocytoma as malignant. It is equally dfficult to differentiate between malignant and benign tumours based on histological data since histologically mature neoplasms can produce metastases. Based on the results of original studies, the authors believe that such histological features as vascular and capsular invasion do not necessarily suggest unfavourable prognosis. Therefore, the conclusion of malignancy based on such features can not be regarded as absolute. Probably such neoplasms should be called "pheochromocytomas with morphological signs of malignant growths". They should be referred to the tumours with uncertain malignancy potential based on the known discrepancy between morphological structure and biological activity of neoplasms. Comparative studies of clinical and morphological features of pheochromocytomas showed that their histological type (alveolar; solid, dyscomplexed, trabecular) and morphological signs of malignant growth influence both the clinical picture and arterial hypertension. There are no significant relationship between the above morphological signs, timour mass and clinical manifestations of pheochromocytomas.

The antigen-binding site of an N-propionylated polysialic acid-specific antibody protective against group B meningococci is consistent with extended epitopes.

PubMed

Johal, Asha R; Jarrell, Harold C; Letts, James A; Khieu, Nam Huan; Landry, Roxanne C; Jachymek, Wojciech; Yang, Qingling; Jennings, Harold J; Brisson, Jean-Robert; Evans, Stephen V

2013-08-01

Monoclonal antibodies 13D9 and 6B9 are both specific for N-propionylated polysialic acid (NPrPSA); however, while 13D9 is protective against meningitis caused by group B meningococci and Escherichia coli capsular type K1 infection, 6B9 is not. The crystal structures of the Fabs from the two antibodies determined at 2.06 and 2.45 Å resolutions, respectively, reveal markedly different combining sites, where only the surface of 13D9 is consistent with the recognition of extended helical epitopes known to exist in the capsular polysaccharides of etiological agents of meningitis. Interestingly, complementarity determining region H2 on 13D9 lies in a non-canonical conformation that docking studies show is a critical feature in the generation of negative free energy of binding. Finally, the model of extended NPrPSA decasaccharide bound to 13D9 derived from docking studies is consistent with saturation transfer difference nuclear magnetic resonance experiments. Together, these results provide further evidence that extended epitopes have the ability to break immune tolerance associated with the polysialic acid capsule of these pathogens.

PIP breast implants: rupture rate and correlation with breast cancer

PubMed Central

MOSCHETTA, M.; TELEGRAFO, M.; CORNACCHIA, I.; VINCENTI, L.; RANIERI, V.; CIRILLI, A.; RELLA, L.; IANORA, A.A. STABILE; ANGELELLI, G.

2014-01-01

Aim To evaluate the incidence of Poly Implant Prosthése (PIP) rupture as assessed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), the prevalence of the detected signs and the potential correlation with breast carcinoma. Patients and methods 67 patients with silicone breast implants and clinical indications for breast MRI were evaluated for a total of 125 implants: 40 (32%) PIP in 21 patients and 85 non-PIP in 46 patients (68%), the latest considered as control group. A 1.5-T MR imaging device was used in order to assess implant integrity with dedicated sequences and in 6 cases a dynamic study was performed for characterizing breast lesions. Two radiologists with more than 5 years’ experience in the field of MRI evaluated in consensus all MR images searching for the presence of clear signs of intra or extra-capsular implant rupture. Results 20/40 (50%) PIP implants presented signs of intra-capsular rupture: linguine sign in 20 cases (100%), tear-drop sign in 6 (30%). In 12/20 cases (60%), MRI signs of extra-capsular rupture were detected. In the control group, an intra-capsular rupture was diagnosed in 12/85 cases (14%) associated with extra-capsular one in 5/12 cases (42%). Among the six cases with suspected breast lesions, in 2/21 patients with PIP implants (10%) a breast carcinoma was diagnosed (mucinous carcinoma, n=1; invasive ductal carcinoma, n=1). In 4/46 patients (9%) with non-PIP implants, an invasive ductal carcinoma was diagnosed. Conclusion The rupture rate of PIP breast implants is significantly higher than non-PIP (50% vs 14%). MRI represents the most accurate imaging tool for evaluating breast prostheses and the linguine sign is the most common MRI sign to be searched. The incidence of breast carcinoma does not significantly differ between the PIP and non-PIP implants and a direct correlation with breast cancer can not been demonstrated. PMID:25644728

PIP breast implants: rupture rate and correlation with breast cancer.

PubMed

Moschetta, M; Telegrafo, M; Cornacchia, I; Vincenti, L; Ranieri, V; Cirili, A; Rella, L; Stabile Ianora, A A; Angelelli, G

2014-01-01

To evaluate the incidence of Poly Implant Prosthése (PIP) rupture as assessed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), the prevalence of the detected signs and the potential correlation with breast carcinoma. 67 patients with silicone breast implants and clinical indications for breast MRI were evaluated for a total of 125 implants: 40 (32%) PIP in 21 patients and 85 non-PIP in 46 patients (68%), the latest considered as control group. A 1.5-T MR imaging device was used in order to assess implant integrity with dedicated sequences and in 6 cases a dynamic study was performed for characterizing breast lesions. Two radiologists with more than 5 years' experience in the field of MRI evaluated in consensus all MR images searching for the presence of clear signs of intra or extra-capsular implant rupture. 20/40 (50%) PIP implants presented signs of intra-capsular rupture: linguine sign in 20 cases (100%), tear-drop sign in 6 (30%). In 12/20 cases (60%), MRI signs of extra-capsular rupture were detected. In the control group, an intra-capsular rupture was diagnosed in 12/85 cases (14%) associated with extra-capsular one in 5/12 cases (42%). Among the six cases with suspected breast lesions, in 2/21 patients with PIP implants (10%) a breast carcinoma was diagnosed (mucinous carcinoma, n=1; invasive ductal carcinoma, n=1). In 4/46 patients (9%) with non-PIP implants, an invasive ductal carcinoma was diagnosed. The rupture rate of PIP breast implants is significantly higher than non-PIP (50% vs 14%). MRI represents the most accurate imaging tool for evaluating breast prostheses and the linguine sign is the most common MRI sign to be searched. The incidence of breast carcinoma does not significantly differ between the PIP and non-PIP implants and a direct correlation with breast cancer can not been demonstrated.

NeuA sialic acid O-acetylesterase activity modulates O-acetylation of capsular polysaccharide in group B Streptococcus.

PubMed

Lewis, Amanda L; Cao, Hongzhi; Patel, Silpa K; Diaz, Sandra; Ryan, Wesley; Carlin, Aaron F; Thon, Vireak; Lewis, Warren G; Varki, Ajit; Chen, Xi; Nizet, Victor

2007-09-21

Group B Streptococcus (GBS) is a common cause of neonatal sepsis and meningitis. A major GBS virulence determinant is its sialic acid (Sia)-capped capsular polysaccharide. Recently, we discovered the presence and genetic basis of capsular Sia O-acetylation in GBS. We now characterize a GBS Sia O-acetylesterase that modulates the degree of GBS surface O-acetylation. The GBS Sia O-acetylesterase operates cooperatively with the GBS CMP-Sia synthetase, both part of a single polypeptide encoded by the neuA gene. NeuA de-O-acetylation of free 9-O-acetyl-N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5,9Ac(2)) was enhanced by CTP and Mg(2+), the substrate and co-factor, respectively, of the N-terminal GBS CMP-Sia synthetase domain. In contrast, the homologous bifunctional NeuA esterase from Escherichia coli K1 did not display cofactor dependence. Further analyses showed that in vitro, GBS NeuA can operate via two alternate enzymatic pathways: de-O-acetylation of Neu5,9Ac(2) followed by CMP activation of Neu5Ac or activation of Neu5,9Ac(2) followed by de-O-acetylation of CMP-Neu5,9Ac(2). Consistent with in vitro esterase assays, genetic deletion of GBS neuA led to accumulation of intracellular O-acetylated Sias, and overexpression of GBS NeuA reduced O-acetylation of Sias on the bacterial surface. Site-directed mutagenesis of conserved asparagine residue 301 abolished esterase activity but preserved CMP-Sia synthetase activity, as evidenced by hyper-O-acetylation of capsular polysaccharide Sias on GBS expressing only the N301A NeuA allele. These studies demonstrate a novel mechanism regulating the extent of capsular Sia O-acetylation in intact bacteria and provide a genetic strategy for manipulating GBS O-acetylation in order to explore the role of this modification in GBS pathogenesis and immunogenicity.

Genetic diversity, anti-microbial resistance, plasmid profile and frequency of the Vi antigen in Salmonella Dublin strains isolated in Brazil.

PubMed

Vilela, F P; Frazão, M R; Rodrigues, D P; Costa, R G; Casas, M R T; Fernandes, S A; Falcão, J P; Campioni, F

2018-02-01

Salmonella Dublin is strongly adapted to cattle causing enteritis and/or systemic disease with high rates of mortality. However, it can be sporadically isolated from humans, usually causing serious disease, especially in patients with underlying chronic diseases. The aim of this study was to molecularly type S. Dublin strains isolated from humans and animals in Brazil to verify the diversity of these strains as well as to ascertain possible differences between strains isolated from humans and animals. Moreover, the presence of the capsular antigen Vi and the plasmid profile was characterized in addition to the anti-microbial resistance against 15 drugs. For this reason, 113 S. Dublin strains isolated between 1983 and 2016 from humans (83) and animals (30) in Brazil were typed by PFGE and MLVA. The presence of the capsular antigen Vi was verified by PCR, and the phenotypic expression of the capsular antigen was determined serologically. Also, a plasmid analysis for each strain was carried out. The strains studied were divided into 35 different PFGE types and 89 MLVA-types with a similarity of ≥80% and ≥17.5%, respectively. The plasmid sizes found ranged from 2 to >150 kb and none of the strains studied presented the capsular antigen Vi. Resistance or intermediate resistance was found in 23 strains (20.3%) that were resistant to ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, chloramphenicol, imipenem, nalidixic acid, piperacillin, streptomycin and/or tetracycline. The majority of the S. Dublin strains studied and isolated over a 33-year period may descend from a common subtype that has been contaminating humans and animals in Brazil and able to cause invasive disease even in the absence of the capsular antigen. The higher diversity of resistance phenotypes in human isolates, as compared with animal strains, may be a reflection of the different anti-microbial treatments used to control S. Dublin infections in humans in Brazil. © 2017 Blackwell Verlag GmbH.

[Surveillance of Haemophilus influenzae serotypes in Argentina from 2005 to 2010 during the Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccine era].

PubMed

Efron, Adriana M; Moscoloni, María A; Reijtman, Vanesa R; Regueira, Mabel

2013-01-01

The introduction of the Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine in the immunization programs of many countries has greatly reduced this invasive disease and the carriage caused by this serotype, also increasing other capsular types and non-capsular isolations. There were 313 isolations of H. influenzae under study, which were recovered from a sterile site coming from pediatric and adult patients carrying the invasive disease. Patients were treated at 90 different hospitals belonging to the Red Nacional de Laboratorios para Meningitis e Infecciones Respiratorias Agudas Bacterianas (National Lab Network for Meningitis and Acute Bacterial Respiratory Infections) from 2005 to 2010 for the following disorders: pneumonia, 40.3% (n=126), meningitis, 30.0% (n=94) and bacteremia, 26.5% (n=83). In pediatric patients (n=279), the highest frequency of isolations corresponded to children under the age of 2 years, 74.5% (n=208). Regarding type distribution, 61.3% corresponded to non-capsular H. influenzae (n=192), 20.1% to type b (n=63), 11.2% to type a (n=35), 4.8% to type f, and 2.6% to other types. Capsular H. influenzae was predominant in meningitis whereas non-capsular H. influenzae in pneumonia and bacteremia. The biotype was determined in 306 isolations. The totality (100%) of type a (n=35) was biotype II whereas 66.7% of type b (n=63) was biotype I. Slide agglutination and PCR tests were used in 220 isolations. There was a match of 0.982 (IC: 0.92-1.00) between them. During the last year, there was a great increase in type b, showing the importance of clinical and laboratory-based surveillance of the invasive disease caused by H. influenzae. Copyright © 2013 Asociación Argentina de Microbiología. Publicado por Elsevier España. All rights reserved.

Neck ligament strength is decreased following whiplash trauma

PubMed Central

Tominaga, Yasuhiro; Ndu, Anthony B; Coe, Marcus P; Valenson, Arnold J; Ivancic, Paul C; Ito, Shigeki; Rubin, Wolfgang; Panjabi, Manohar M

2006-01-01

Background Previous clinical studies have documented successful neck pain relief in whiplash patients using nerve block and radiofrequency ablation of facet joint afferents, including capsular ligament nerves. No previous study has documented injuries to the neck ligaments as determined by altered dynamic mechanical properties due to whiplash. The goal of the present study was to determine the dynamic mechanical properties of whiplash-exposed human cervical spine ligaments. Additionally, the present data were compared to previously reported control data. The ligaments included the anterior and posterior longitudinal, capsular, and interspinous and supraspinous ligaments, middle-third disc, and ligamentum flavum. Methods A total of 98 bone-ligament-bone specimens (C2–C3 to C7-T1) were prepared from six cervical spines following 3.5, 5, 6.5, and 8 g rear impacts and pre- and post-impact flexibility testing. The specimens were elongated to failure at a peak rate of 725 (SD 95) mm/s. Failure force, elongation, and energy absorbed, as well as stiffness were determined. The mechanical properties were statistically compared among ligaments, and to the control data (significance level: P < 0.05; trend: P < 0.1). The average physiological ligament elongation was determined using a mathematical model. Results For all whiplash-exposed ligaments, the average failure elongation exceeded the average physiological elongation. The highest average failure force of 204.6 N was observed in the ligamentum flavum, significantly greater than in middle-third disc and interspinous and supraspinous ligaments. The highest average failure elongation of 4.9 mm was observed in the interspinous and supraspinous ligaments, significantly greater than in the anterior longitudinal ligament, middle-third disc, and ligamentum flavum. The average energy absorbed ranged from 0.04 J by the middle-third disc to 0.44 J by the capsular ligament. The ligamentum flavum was the stiffest ligament, while the interspinous and supraspinous ligaments were most flexible. The whiplash-exposed ligaments had significantly lower (P = 0.036) failure force, 149.4 vs. 186.0 N, and a trend (P = 0.078) towards less energy absorption capacity, 308.6 vs. 397.0 J, as compared to the control data. Conclusion The present decreases in neck ligament strength due to whiplash provide support for the ligament-injury hypothesis of whiplash syndrome. PMID:17184536

Molecular Profiling of Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma in Korea with a High Prevalence of BRAFV600E Mutation.

PubMed

Lee, Seung Eun; Hwang, Tae Sook; Choi, Yoon-La; Kim, Wook Youn; Han, Hye Seung; Lim, So Dug; Kim, Wan-Seop; Yoo, Young Bum; Kim, Suk Kyeong

2017-06-01

The BRAF V600E mutation in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is particularly prevalent in Korea, and a considerable number of wild-type BRAF PTCs harbor RAS mutations. In addition, subsets of other genetic alterations clearly exist, but their prevalence in the Korean population has not been well studied. Recent increased insight into noninvasive encapsulated follicular variant PTC has prompted endocrine pathologists to reclassify this entity as "noninvasive follicular thyroid neoplasm with papillary-like nuclear features" (NIFTP). This study analyzed the genetic alterations among the histologic variants of PTC, including NIFTP. Mutations of the BRAF and RAS genes and rearrangement of the RET/PTC1, NTRK1, and ALK genes using 769 preoperative fine-needle aspiration specimens and resected PTCs were analyzed. Molecular alterations were found in 687 (89.3%) of 769 PTCs. BRAF V600E mutation (80.8%) was the most frequent alteration, followed by RAS mutation and RET/PTC1, NTRK1, and ALK rearrangements (5.6%, 2.1%, 0.4%, and 0%, respectively). The low prevalence of NTRK1 fusions and the absence of an ALK fusion detected in Korea may also be attributed to the higher prevalence of the BRAF V600E mutation. There were significant differences in the frequency of the genetic alterations among the histologic variants of PTC. The prevalence of NIFTP in PTC was 2.7%, and among the NIFTPs, 28.6% and 57.1% harbored BRAF and RAS mutations, respectively. Clinicopathologic factors and mutational profiles between NIFTP and encapsulated follicular variant PTC with capsular invasion group were not significantly different. Genetic alterations in PTC vary among its different histologic variants and seem to be different in each ethnic group.

A FOUR-PHASE PHYSICAL THERAPY REGIMEN FOR RETURNING ATHLETES TO SPORT FOLLOWING HIP ARTHROSCOPY FOR FEMOROACETABULAR IMPINGEMENT WITH ROUTINE CAPSULAR CLOSURE

PubMed Central

Weber, Alexander E.; Batko, Brian; Nho, Shane J.; Stegemann, Catherine

2017-01-01

Hip preservation surgery has become more common over the past decade and is now a preferred treatment modality for an increasingly diverse array of pathology in the young, active patient with hip pain. In particular, hip arthroscopy has become an increasingly popular treatment choice for active patients diagnosed with femoroacetabular impingement (FAI). Appropriate postoperative rehabilitation is critical for overall patient success and optimal long-term outcome. As surgical techniques continue to evolve, rehabilitation protocols must adapt to accommodate changes in the surgical procedure and ultimately provide the safest and fastest recovery of function for the patient. One such surgical modification has been the incorporation of routine capsular closure as part of the treatment of FAI in the young, active patient. The purpose of this clinical commentary is to present a four-phase rehabilitation protocol for returning to sport following arthroscopic correction of FAI with routine capsular closure. Level of Evidence 5 PMID:28900574

Evaluation of lipopolysaccharide and capsular polysaccharide as subunit vaccines against experimental melioidosis.

PubMed

Nelson, Michelle; Prior, Joann L; Lever, M Stephen; Jones, Helen E; Atkins, Timothy P; Titball, Richard W

2004-12-01

Burkholderia pseudomallei is the causative agent of melioidosis, which is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in endemic regions. Currently there is no human vaccine against melioidosis. In this study, LPS or capsular polysaccharide was used to immunize BALB/c mice. The different polysaccharide antigens induced antibody responses. Mice vaccinated with LPS developed predominantly IgM and IgG3 responses. Contrastingly, mice vaccinated with capsular polysaccharide developed a predominantly IgG2b response. After immunization, mice were challenged by the intra-peritoneal route and an increased mean time to death was observed compared with unvaccinated controls. Immunization with LPS provided an optimal protective response. Mice challenged by the aerosol route showed a small increase in the mean time to death compared with the unvaccinated controls. The passive transfer of antigen from immunized into naive mice provided protection against a subsequent challenge. This study is the first time antigens protective by active immunization have been identified and suggests that polysaccharides have potential as vaccine candidates against melioidosis.

The mechanism of ipsilateral ataxia in lacunar hemiparesis: SPECT perfusion imaging.

PubMed

Yamamoto, Ryoo; Johkura, Ken; Nakae, Yoshiharu; Tanaka, Fumiaki

2015-01-01

Although ataxic hemiparesis is a common lacunar syndrome, the precise mechanism underlying hemiataxia is not clear. We attempted to identify ataxia-related, cerebral blood flow changes in patients presenting with ataxic hemiparesis after acute capsular infarct. We used 99mTc-ECD brain perfusion single-photon emission computed tomography to evaluate regional cerebral blood flow in 12 patients with ataxic hemiparesis caused by capsular infarct, and we compared the regional blood flow of these patients with that of 11 patients with pure motor hemiparesis caused by similar lesions. The ipsilateral red nucleus blood flow was significantly decreased in the ataxic hemiparesis patients, whereas the ipsilateral red nucleus blood flow was increased in the pure motor hemiparesis patients. Crossed cerebellar diaschisis (decreased contralateral cerebellar blood flow) was seen in ataxic hemiparesis patients; similarly, it was seen in pure motor hemiparesis patients. Our findings suggest that ataxia in hemiparetic patients with capsular infarct can be caused by ipsilateral red nucleus dysfunction secondary to cortico-rubral pathway disruption at the internal capsule.

Medial capsular interpositional arthroplasty for severe hallux rigidus.

PubMed

Hahn, Michael Patrick; Gerhardt, Nels; Thordarson, David B

2009-06-01

Multiple surgical options have been described for severe hallux rigidus. One option is capsular interpositional arthroplasty. We report our initial results with a technique using the thicker medial capsule as our interpositional material instead of the dorsal capsule and extensor hallucis brevis (EHB). Twenty-two patients with grade IV hallux rigidus underwent minimal proximal phalanx resection (modified Keller) with preservation of the flexor hallucis brevis (FHB) insertion and medial capsular interpositional arthroplasty. Postoperative AOFAS hallux MTP-IP scores (mean 77.8), and SF-36 scores (mean 68.7 on physical function, 79.5 role limitations) demonstrated clinical improvement compared to historical controls. Alignment and stability were well maintained (mean preoperative HV angle of 11.8 degrees, mean postoperative HV angle of 13.0 degrees). Dorsiflexion/plantarflexion arc of motion showed sustained improvement (mean 38.4 degrees preoperative, mean 62.3 degrees postoperative). These results are comparable to other forms of interpositional arthroplasty and arthrodesis for end stage arthritis of the hallux MTPJ.

Limited capsular release and controlled manipulation under anaesthesia for the treatment of frozen shoulder.

PubMed

Bidwai, Amit S; Mayne, Alistair Iw; Nielsen, Maryke; Brownson, Peter

2016-01-01

In light of recent interest in the cost-effectiveness of the treatment options available for frozen shoulder, we aimed to determine the results of limited anterior capsular release and controlled manipulation under anaesthesia (MUA) in the treatment of primary frozen shoulder in terms of patient-related outcomes measure, range of motion and re-intervention rates. This single-surgeon series included prospectively collected data on all patients undergoing capsular release with MUA from March 2011 until June 2013, with a minimum follow-up of 6 months from the index procedure. Outcome measures included pre- and postoperative Oxford Shoulder Score (OSS), range of motion and need for re-intervention. Fifty-four procedures were performed in 52 patients. Mean age 50 years (range 42 years to 59 years); male: female ratio = 11: 41. There was a highly statistically significant improvement in both pain and function modules of the OSS (p < 0.005) and range of motion (p < 0.005) at 6 months. The median postoperative score was 41 from a maximum of 48 points, with an average mean improvement of 24 points. Seventeen patients were diabetics. There was no significant difference in pre-operative and postoperative OSS or range of motion between the diabetic group and the non-diabetic groups. No patients required surgical re-intervention. A combination of limited capsular release and MUA for the treatment of primary frozen shoulder is a safe and effective procedure resulting in marked improvement in pain, function and range of motion.

[Physiological response to acetic acid stress of Acetobacter pasteuranus during vinegar fermentation].

PubMed

Qi, Zhengliang; Yang, Hailin; Xia, Xiaole; Wang, Wu; Leng, Yunwei; Yu, Xiaobin; Quan, Wu

2014-03-04

The aim of the study is to propose a dynamic acetic acid resistance mechanism through analysis on response of cellular morphology, physiology and metabolism of A. pasteurianus CICIM B7003 during vinegar fermentation. Vinegar fermentation was carried out in a Frings 9 L acetator by strain B7003 and cultures were sampled at different cellular growth phases. Simultaneously, percentage of capsular polysaccharide versus dry cells weight, ratio of unsaturated fatty acids to saturated fatty acids, transcription of acetic acid resistance genes, activity of alcohol respiratory chain enzymes and ATPase were detected for these samples to assay the responses of bacterial morphology, physiology and metabolism. When acetic acid was existed, no obvious capsular polysaccharide was secreted by cells. As vinegar fermentation proceeding, percentage of capsular polysaccharide versus dry cells weight was reduced from 2.5% to 0.89%. Ratio of unsaturated fatty acids to saturated fatty acids was increased obviously which can improve membrane fluidity. Also transcription level of acetic acid resistance genes was promoted. Interestingly, activity of alcohol respiratory chain and ATPase was not inhibited but promoted obviously with acetic acid accumulation which could provide enough energy for acetic acid resistance mechanism. On the basis of the results obtained from the experiment, A. pasteurianus CICIM B7003 relies mainly on the cooperation of changes of extracellular capsular polysaccharide and membrane fatty acids, activation of acid resistance genes transcription, enhancement of activity of alcohol respiratory chain and rapid energy production to tolerate acidic environment.

Production of capsular polysaccharide from Escherichia coli K4 for biotechnological applications.

PubMed

Cimini, Donatella; Restaino, Odile Francesca; Catapano, Angela; De Rosa, Mario; Schiraldi, Chiara

2010-02-01

The production of industrially relevant microbial polysaccharides has recently gained much interest. The capsular polysaccharide of Escherichia coli K4 is almost identical to chondroitin, a commercially valuable biopolymer that is so far obtained from animal tissues entailing complex and expensive extraction procedures. In the present study, the production of capsular polysaccharide by E. coli K4 was investigated taking into consideration a potential industrial application. Strain physiology was first characterized in shake flask experiments to determine the optimal culture conditions for the growth of the microorganism and correlate it to polysaccharide production. Results show that the concentration of carbon source greatly affects polysaccharide production, while the complex nitrogen source is mainly responsible for the build up of biomass. Small-scale batch processes were performed to further evaluate the effect of the initial carbon source concentration and of growth temperatures on polysaccharide production, finally leading to the establishment of the medium to use in following fermentation experiments on a bigger scale. The fed-batch strategy next developed on a 2-L reactor resulted in a maximum cell density of 56 g(cww)/L and a titre of capsular polysaccharide equal to 1.4 g/L, approximately ten- and fivefold higher than results obtained in shake flask and 2-L batch experiments, respectively. The release kinetics of K4 polysaccharide into the medium were also explored to gain insight into the mechanisms underlying a complex aspect of the strain physiology.

The influence of external ultrasound on the histologic architecture of the organic capsule around smooth silicone implants: experimental study in rats.

PubMed

Mendes, F H; Viterbo, F; DeLucca, L

2008-05-01

Capsular contracture is the main complication related to breast silicone implants, and its prevention remains a medical challenge. The authors present experimental research examining the effect of external ultrasound on the formation and contracture of peri-implant capsules. In this study, 42 male Wistar rats had a 2-mm smooth surface implant placed in a dorsal submuscular pocket. They then were separated into "ultrasound" and "control" groups that received repeated external applications either with or without the ultrasound power on. Ultrasound applications were given three times a week for a period of 90 days. After that, both groups were housed under the same conditions with no application scheduled. Five animals of each group, killed at 30, 60, 90, and 180 days, had their implants removed along with the capsule, which received a special histologic preparation via annular sectioning that provided wide circumferential observation of the capsular tissue. Sections were stained with hematoxylin/eosin stain, Masson's trichrome stain, and Pricrosirius Red stain for regular microscopic evaluation under normal and polarized light. Histologic data showed that capsules from the ultrasound and control groups had statistically significant differences. Ultrasound application developed a capsular architecture similar to that shown within textured silicone implants, and its effect had an early definition with subsequent stabilization. The authors conclude that early and repeated external ultrasound application enhances the thickness, cellular count, and vascularity of smooth silicone capsular tissue, whereas it diminishes the pattern of parallel orientation of collagen fibers.

The colonisation of the glenohumeral joint by Propionibacterium acnes is not associated with frozen shoulder but is more likely to occur after an injection into the joint.

PubMed

Booker, S J; Boyd, M; Gallacher, S; Evans, J P; Auckland, C; Kitson, J; Thomas, W; Smith, C D

2017-08-01

Our aim was to investigate the prevalence of Propionibacterium (P.) acnes in the subcutaneous fat and capsule of patients undergoing shoulder surgery for frozen shoulder or instability. A total of 46 patients undergoing either an arthroscopic capsular release or stabilisation had biopsies taken from the subcutaneous fat and capsule of the shoulder at the time of surgery. These samples were sent for culture in enrichment, and also for Nucleic Acid Amplification testing. The prevalence of P. acnes and other microbes was recorded. Fisher's exact test of binary variables was used to calculate the association with significance set at p < 0.05. Assessment of influence of independent variables including a pre-operative glenohumeral injection, fat colonisation and gender, was undertaken using binary linear regression. A total of 25 patients (53%) had P. acnes in one or more tissue samples and 35 (74%) had other bacterial species. The same microbe was found in the subcutaneous fat and the capsule in 13 patients (28%). There was no statistically significant association between the surgical pathology and capsular colonisation with P. acnes (p = 0.18) or mixed identified bacterial species (p = 0.77). Male gender was significantly associated with an increased capsular colonisation of P. acnes (odds ratio (OR) 12.38, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.43 to 106.77, p = 0.02). A pre-operative glenohumeral injection was significantly associated with capsular P. acnes colonisation (OR 5.63, 95% CI 1.07 to 29.61, p = 0.04. Positive fat colonisation with P. acnes was significantly associated with capsular P. acnes (OR 363, 95% CI 20.90 to 6304.19, p < 0.01). Regression models pseudo R 2 found fat colonisation with P. acnes to explain 70% of the variance of the model. Patients who had a pre-operative glenohumeral injection who were found intra-operatively to have fat colonisation with P. acnes had a statistically significant association with colonisation of their capsule with P. acnes (OR 165, 95% CI 13.51 to 2015.24, p < 0.01). These results show a statistically significant association between subcutaneous skin P. acnes culture and P. acnes capsular culture, especially when the patient has undergone a previous injection. The results refute the hypothesis that P. acnes causes frozen shoulder. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2017;99-B:1067-72. ©2017 The British Editorial Society of Bone & Joint Surgery.

Purification and Protective Efficacy of Monomeric and Modified Yersina pestis Capsular F1-V Antigen Fusion Proteins for Vaccination Against Plague

DTIC Science & Technology

2006-12-31

Yersinia pestis capsular F1-V antigen fusion proteins for vaccination against plague Jeremy L. Goodin a,1, David F. Nellis b,1, Bradford S. Powell a, Vinay...USA Received 4 October 2006, and in revised form 19 December 2006 Available online 31 December 2006Abstract The F1-V vaccine antigen, protective...After a two-dose vaccination with 2 · 20 lg of F1-V, respec- tively, 100%, 80%, 80%, and 70% of injected mice survived a subcutaneous lethal plague

Frozen shoulder: A systematic review of therapeutic options

PubMed Central

Uppal, Harpal Singh; Evans, Jonathan Peter; Smith, Christopher

2015-01-01

Frozen shoulder is a common disease which causes significant morbidity. Despite over a hundred years of treating this condition the definition, diagnosis, pathology and most efficacious treatments are still largely unclear. This systematic review of current treatments for frozen shoulder reviews the evidence base behind physiotherapy, both oral and intra articular steroid, hydrodilatation, manipulation under anaesthesia and arthroscopic capsular release. Key areas in which future research could be directed are identified, in particular with regard to the increasing role of arthroscopic capsular release as a treatment. PMID:25793166

Carriage of encapsulated bacteria in Gabonese children with sickle cell anaemia.

PubMed

Schaumburg, F; Biallas, B; Ngoune Feugap, E; Alabi, A S; Mordmüller, B; Kremsner, P G; Grobusch, M P; Lell, B; van der Linden, M; Peters, G; Adegnika, A A

2013-03-01

Sickle cell anaemia (SCA) is a haemoglobin disorder that alters the deformability of erythrocytes through abnormal polymerization of haemoglobin. Children with SCA have an increased risk of infections with encapsulated bacteria. To guide the antibiotic prophylaxis and vaccinations in children with SCA in Gabon, we characterized Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus and Haemophilus influenzae from children with and without SCA. We performed a cross-sectional study and compared nasal and pharyngeal S. pneumoniae, Staph. aureus and H. influenzae isolates from SCA children (n = 73) with comparators matched for age, residence and sex (n = 143) in a matched-comparison analysis. The resistance pattern and capsular type were identified for each isolate. The total carriage rate for S. pneumoniae, Staph. aureus and H. influenzae was 13.8%, 46.7% and 12.5%, respectively, and did not differ between groups (p >0.05). The mean number of days under antibiotic treatment in the past year was higher in children with SCA than in controls (penicillin: 70.1 vs 0.1 days, p 0.00002). The total non-susceptibility rate was 30% for oral and parenteral (meningitis) penicillin in S. pneumoniae, resistance rates were 1.6% for oxacillin in Staph. aureus and 14.8% for ampicillin in H. influenzae. Susceptibility to antibiotic agents and distribution of capsular types did not differ significantly between both groups. In conclusion, carriage and resistance rates are similar in children with and without SCA. Our data provide the basis to guide empiric therapy of invasive diseases caused by S. pneumoniae, Staph. aureus and H. influenza in children in Gabon. © 2012 The Authors. Clinical Microbiology and Infection © 2012 European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases.

Treatment of experimental Escherichia coli infection with recombinant bacteriophage-derived capsule depolymerase.

PubMed

Mushtaq, Naseem; Redpath, Maria B; Luzio, J Paul; Taylor, Peter W

2005-07-01

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of single doses of the capsule depolymerizing enzyme endosialidase E (endoE) on the course of systemic infection due to Escherichia coli K1 strains in neonatal rats. We also determined the capacity of the enzyme to increase the sensitivity of K1 strains to rat peritoneal macrophages. Bacteraemia was established in Wistar rats by induction of gastrointestinal colonization with the virulent K1 strain A192PP; colonization preceded a lethal bacteraemia. Decreasing single doses of endoE were administered intraperitoneally. Macrophage engulfment of K1 strain A192PP was evaluated by staining and microscopy in the presence and absence of endoE. A192PP colonized the gastrointestinal tract of all 2-day-old animals and produced bacteraemia in over 90%. A single endoE dose of 0.25 microg curtailed bacteraemia and prevented death in at least 80% of infected animals. Older animals (up to 5 days of age) were less susceptible to systemic infection following intestinal colonization. EndoE-mediated removal of K1 capsular polysaccharide led to increased ingestion by macrophages. A small single dose of capsule-depolymerizing enzyme has therapeutic utility in lethal systemic infection in a non-invasive model that has characteristics of the infectious process in humans. We propose that the enzyme reduces the virulence of E. coli K1 by rapid removal of the protective capsular polysaccharide, sensitizing the pathogen to host defences such as phagocytosis by macrophages. Thus, whilst endoE-mediated therapy may not be a viable approach to the treatment of systemic infection in humans, it does support the concept that alteration of the cell wall phenotype is a valid therapeutic strategy.

The capsular ligaments provide more hip rotational restraint than the acetabular labrum and the ligamentum teres

PubMed Central

van Arkel, R. J.; Amis, A. A.; Cobb, J. P.; Jeffers, J. R. T.

2015-01-01

In this in vitro study of the hip joint we examined which soft tissues act as primary and secondary passive rotational restraints when the hip joint is functionally loaded. A total of nine cadaveric left hips were mounted in a testing rig that allowed the application of forces, torques and rotations in all six degrees of freedom. The hip was rotated throughout a complete range of movement (ROM) and the contributions of the iliofemoral (medial and lateral arms), pubofemoral and ischiofemoral ligaments and the ligamentum teres to rotational restraint was determined by resecting a ligament and measuring the reduced torque required to achieve the same angular position as before resection. The contribution from the acetabular labrum was also measured. Each of the capsular ligaments acted as the primary hip rotation restraint somewhere within the complete ROM, and the ligamentum teres acted as a secondary restraint in high flexion, adduction and external rotation. The iliofemoral lateral arm and the ischiofemoral ligaments were primary restraints in two-thirds of the positions tested. Appreciation of the importance of these structures in preventing excessive hip rotation and subsequent impingement/instability may be relevant for surgeons undertaking both hip joint preserving surgery and hip arthroplasty. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2015; 97-B:484–91. PMID:25820886

Evaluation of the Immunomodulatory Properties of Streptococcus suis and Group B Streptococcus Capsular Polysaccharides on the Humoral Response

PubMed Central

Calzas, Cynthia; Taillardet, Morgan; Fourati, Insaf Salem; Roy, David; Gottschalk, Marcelo; Soudeyns, Hugo; Defrance, Thierry; Segura, Mariela

2017-01-01

Streptococcus suis and group B Streptococcus (GBS) are encapsulated streptococci causing septicemia and meningitis. Antibodies (Abs) against capsular polysaccharides (CPSs) have a crucial protective role, but the structure/composition of the CPS, including the presence of sialic acid, may interfere with the generation of anti-CPS Ab responses. We investigated the features of the CPS-specific Ab response directed against S. suis serotypes 2 and 14 and GBS serotypes III and V after infection or immunization with purified native or desialylated CPSs in mice. Whereas S. suis-infected mice developed a very low/undetectable CPS-specific IgM response, significant anti-CPS IgM titers were measured in GBS-infected animals (especially for type III GBS). No isotype switching was detected in S. suis- or GBS-infected mice. While the expression of sialic acid was essential for the immunogenicity of purified GBS type III CPS, this sugar was not responsible for the inability of purified S. suis types 2, 14 and GBS type V CPSs to induce a specific Ab response. Thus, other biochemical criteria unrelated to the presence of sialic acid may be responsible for the inaptitude of the host immune system to mount an effective response against certain S. suis and GBS CPS types. PMID:28425925

Bacterially induced mineralization of calcium carbonate: the role of exopolysaccharides and capsular polysaccharides.

PubMed

Ercole, Claudia; Cacchio, Paola; Botta, Anna Lucia; Centi, Valeria; Lepidi, Aldo

2007-02-01

Bacterially induced carbonate mineralization has been proposed as a new method for the restoration of limestones in historic buildings and monuments. We describe here the formation of calcite crystals by extracellular polymeric substances isolated from Bacillus firmus and Bacillus sphaericus. We isolated bacterial outer structures (glycocalix and parietal polymers), such as exopolysaccharides (EPS) and capsular polysaccharides (CPS) and checked for their influence on calcite precipitation. CPS and EPS extracted from both B. firmus and B. sphaericus were able to mediate CaCO3 precipitation in vitro. X-ray microanalysis showed that in all cases the formed crystals were calcite. Scanning electron microscopy showed that the shape of the crystals depended on the fractions utilized. These results suggest the possibility that biochemical composition of CPS or EPS influences the resulting morphology of CaCO3. There were no precipitates in the blank samples. CPS and EPS comprised of proteins and glycoproteins. Positive alcian blue staining also reveals acidic polysaccharides in CPS and EPS fractions. Proteins with molecular masses of 25-40 kDa and 70 kDa in the CPS fraction were highly expressed in the presence of calcium oxalate. This high level of synthesis could be related to the binding of calcium ions and carbonate deposition.

The Klebsiella pneumoniae wabG Gene: Role in Biosynthesis of the Core Lipopolysaccharide and Virulence

PubMed Central

Izquierdo, Luis; Coderch, Núria; Piqué, Nuria; Bedini, Emiliano; Michela Corsaro, Maria; Merino, Susana; Fresno, Sandra; Tomás, Juan M.; Regué, Miguel

2003-01-01

To determine the function of the wabG gene in the biosynthesis of the core lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of Klebsiella pneumoniae, we constructed wabG nonpolar mutants. Data obtained from the comparative chemical and structural analysis of LPS samples obtained from the wild type, the mutant strain, and the complemented mutant demonstrated that the wabG gene is involved in attachment to α-l-glycero-d-manno-heptopyranose II (l,d-HeppII) at the O-3 position of an α-d-galactopyranosyluronic acid (α-d-GalAp) residue. K. pneumoniae nonpolar wabG mutants were devoid of the cell-attached capsular polysaccharide but were still able to produce capsular polysaccharide. Similar results were obtained with K. pneumoniae nonpolar waaC and waaF mutants, which produce shorter LPS core molecules than do wabG mutants. Other outer core K. pneumoniae nonpolar mutants in the waa gene cluster were encapsulated. K. pneumoniae waaC, waaF, and wabG mutants were avirulent when tested in different animal models. Furthermore, these mutants were more sensitive to some hydrophobic compounds than the wild-type strains. All these characteristics were rescued by reintroduction of the waaC, waaF, and wabG genes from K. pneumoniae. PMID:14645282

The In Vivo Pericapsular Tissue Response to Modern Polyurethane Breast Implants.

PubMed

Frame, James; Kamel, Dia; Olivan, Marcelo; Cintra, Henrique

2015-10-01

Polyurethane breast implants were first introduced by Ashley (Plast Reconstr Surg 45:421-424, 1970), with the intention of trying to reduce the high incidence of capsular contracture associated with smooth shelled, high gel bleed, silicone breast implants. The sterilization of the polyurethane foam in the early days was questionable. More recently, ethylene oxide (ETO)-sterilized polyurethane has been used in the manufacturing process and this has been shown to reduce the incidence of biofilm. The improved method of attachment of polyurethane onto the underlying high cohesive gel, barrier shell layered, silicone breast implants also encourages bio-integration. Polyurethane covered, cohesive gel, silicone implants have also been shown to reduce the incidence of other problems commonly associated with smooth or textured silicone implants, especially with reference to displacement, capsular contracture, seroma, reoperation, biofilm and implant rupture. Since the introduction of the conical polyurethane implant (Silimed, Brazil) into the United Kingdom in 2009 (Eurosurgical, UK), we have had the opportunity to review histology taken from the capsules of polyurethane implants in three women ranging from a few months to over 3 years after implantation. All implants had been inserted into virgin subfascial, extra-pectoral planes. The results add to the important previously described histological findings of Bassetto et al. (Aesthet Plast Surg 34:481-485, 2010). Five distinct layers are identified and reasons for the development of each layer are discussed. Breast capsule around polyurethane implants, in situ for fifteen and 20 years, has recently been obtained and analysed in Brazil, and the histology has been incorporated into this study. After 20 years, the polyurethane is almost undetectable and capsular contracture may appear. These findings contribute to our understanding of polyurethane implant safety, and give reasoning for a significant reduction in clinical capsular contracture rate, up to 10 years after implantation, compared to contemporary silicone implants. A more permanent matrix equivalent to polyurethane may be the solution for reducing long-term capsular contracture. This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

Three-dimensional analysis of elbow soft tissue footprints and anatomy.

PubMed

Capo, John T; Collins, Christopher; Beutel, Bryan G; Danna, Natalie R; Manigrasso, Michaele; Uko, Linda A; Chen, Linda Y

2014-11-01

Tendinous and ligamentous injuries commonly occur in the elbow. This study characterized the location, surface areas, and origin and insertional footprints of major elbow capsuloligamentous and tendinous structures in relation to bony landmarks with the use of a precision 3-dimensional modeling system. Nine unpaired cadaveric elbow specimens were dissected and mounted on a custom jig. Mapping of the medial collateral ligament (MCL), lateral ulnar collateral ligament (LUCL), triceps, biceps, brachialis, and capsular reflections was then performed with 3-dimensional digitizing technology. The location, surface areas, and footprints of the soft tissues were calculated. The MCL had a mean origin (humeral) footprint of 216 mm(2), insertional footprint of 154 mm(2), and surface area of 421 mm(2). The LUCL had a mean origin footprint of 136 mm(2), an insertional footprint of 142 mm(2), and a surface area of 532 mm(2). Of the tendons, the triceps maintained the largest insertional footprint, followed by the brachialis and the biceps (P < .001-.03). The MCL, LUCL, and biceps footprint locations were consistent, with little variability. The surface areas of the anterior (1251 mm(2)) and posterior (1147 mm(2)) capsular reflections were similar (P = .82), and the anterior capsule extended farther proximally. Restoring the normal anatomy of key elbow capsuloligamentous and tendinous structures is crucial for effective reconstruction after bony or soft tissue trauma. This study provides the upper extremity surgeon with information that may aid in restoring elbow biomechanics and preserving range of motion in these patients. Copyright © 2014 Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery Board of Trustees. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Molecular Characterization of Streptococcus agalactiae Isolates From Pregnant and Non-Pregnant Women at Yazd University Hospital, Iran.

PubMed

Sadeh, Maryam; Firouzi, Roya; Derakhshandeh, Abdollah; Bagher Khalili, Mohammad; Kong, Fanrong; Kudinha, Timothy

2016-02-01

Streptococcus agalactiae (Group B streptococcus, GBS) that colonize the vaginas of pregnant women may occasionally cause neonatal infections. It is one of the most common causes of sepsis and meningitis in neonates and of invasive diseases in pregnant women. It can also cause infectious disease among immunocompromised individuals. The distribution of capsular serotypes and genotypes varies over time and by geographic era. The serotyping and genotyping data of GBS in Iranian pregnant and non-pregnant women seems very limited. The aim of this study was to investigate the GBS ‎molecular capsular serotype ‎and genotype distribution of pregnant and non-pregnant carrier ‎women at Yazd university hospital, in Iran.‎. In this cross-sectional study, a total of 100 GBS strains isolated from 237 pregnant and 413 non-pregnant women were investigated for molecular capsular serotypes and surface protein genes using the multiplex PCR assay. The Chi-square method was used for statistical analysis. Out of 650 samples, 100 (15.4%) were identified as GBS, with a predominance of capsular serotypes III (50%) [III-1 (49), III-3 (1)], followed by II (25%), Ia (12%), V (11%), and Ib (2%), which was similar with another study conducted in Tehran, Iran, but they had no serotype Ia in their report. The surface protein antigen genes distribution was rib (53%), epsilon (38%), alp2/3 (6%), and alpha-c (3%). The determination of serotype and surface proteins of GBS strains distribution would ‎be ‎relevant ‎for the future possible formulation of a GBS vaccine.

Histopathologic and immunohistochemical features of capsular tissue around failed Ahmed glaucoma valves.

PubMed

Mahale, Alka; Fikri, Fatma; Al Hati, Khitam; Al Shahwan, Sami; Al Jadaan, Ibrahim; Al Katan, Hind; Khandekar, Rajiv; Maktabi, Azza; Edward, Deepak P

2017-01-01

Impervious encapsulation around Ahmed glaucoma valve (AGV) results in surgical failure raising intraocular pressure (IOP). Dysregulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules and cellular factors might contribute to increased hydraulic resistance to aqueous drainage. Therefore, we examined these molecules in failed AGV capsular tissue. Immunostaining for ECM molecules (collagen I, collagen III, decorin, lumican, chondroitin sulfate, aggrecan and keratan sulfate) and cellular factors (αSMA and TGFβ) was performed on excised capsules from failed AGVs and control tenon's tissue. Staining intensity of ECM molecules was assessed using Image J. Cellular factors were assessed based on positive cell counts. Histopathologically two distinct layers were visible in capsules. The inner layer (proximal to the AGV) showed significant decrease in most ECM molecules compared to outer layer. Furthermore, collagen III (p = 0.004), decorin (p = 0.02), lumican (p = 0.01) and chondroitin sulfate (p = 0.02) was significantly less in inner layer compared to tenon's tissue. Outer layer labelling however was similar to control tenon's for most ECM molecules. Significantly increased cellular expression of αSMA (p = 0.02) and TGFβ (p = 0.008) was detected within capsular tissue compared to controls. Our results suggest profibrotic activity indicated by increased αSMA and TGFβ expression and decreased expression of proteoglycan (decorin and lumican) and glycosaminoglycans (chondroitin sulfate). Additionally, we observed decreased collagen III which might reflect increased myofibroblast contractility when coupled with increased TGFβ and αSMA expression. Together these events lead to tissue dysfunction potentially resulting in hydraulic resistance that may affect aqueous flow through the capsular wall.

Limited capsular release and controlled manipulation under anaesthesia for the treatment of frozen shoulder

PubMed Central

Bidwai, Amit S; Nielsen, Maryke; Brownson, Peter

2015-01-01

Background In light of recent interest in the cost-effectiveness of the treatment options available for frozen shoulder, we aimed to determine the results of limited anterior capsular release and controlled manipulation under anaesthesia (MUA) in the treatment of primary frozen shoulder in terms of patient-related outcomes measure, range of motion and re-intervention rates. Methods This single-surgeon series included prospectively collected data on all patients undergoing capsular release with MUA from March 2011 until June 2013, with a minimum follow-up of 6 months from the index procedure. Outcome measures included pre- and postoperative Oxford Shoulder Score (OSS), range of motion and need for re-intervention. Results Fifty-four procedures were performed in 52 patients. Mean age 50 years (range 42 years to 59 years); male: female ratio = 11: 41. There was a highly statistically significant improvement in both pain and function modules of the OSS (p < 0.005) and range of motion (p < 0.005) at 6 months. The median postoperative score was 41 from a maximum of 48 points, with an average mean improvement of 24 points. Seventeen patients were diabetics. There was no significant difference in pre-operative and postoperative OSS or range of motion between the diabetic group and the non-diabetic groups. No patients required surgical re-intervention. Conclusions A combination of limited capsular release and MUA for the treatment of primary frozen shoulder is a safe and effective procedure resulting in marked improvement in pain, function and range of motion. PMID:27582995

Prolonged oral administration of potassium upon aldosterone biosynthesis by rat glomerulosa tissue in vitro.

PubMed

Regöly-Mérei, J; Sólyom, J

1975-01-01

Steroid production rate of adrenals derived from rats drinking a 0.3 M KC1 + 5% glucose solution for 7 days was compared to that of control rats drinking a 5% glucose solution in order to investigate the effect of potassium loading upon the early and late step of aldosterone biosynthesis. Following potassium loading the quartered adrenals produced more aldosterone but less corticosterone as compared to the control. Potassium loading resulted in an increased aldosterone production rate by capsular adrenals (z. glomerulosa) provided that the corticosterone concentration in the incubation medium was elevated either by incubating it together with the decapsulated adrenal or adding exogenous corticosterone (4--16 mug/ml) to the medium. The corticosterone to aldosterone converting capacity of capsular adrenals is markedly higher in the potassium-loaded rats than in the controls. In the first 15 minutes of incubation the corticosterone production rate of the two groups was equal, aldosterone production rate by capsular adrenals of potassium-loaded rats, being higher than that of control animals. Corticosterone output of capsular adrenals from potassium-loaded rats decreased more rapidly in course of the incubation than it did in control tissue. These results suggest that the increase in aldosterone secretion in vivo following potassium loading is due to the stimulation of conversion of corticosterone to aldosterone in the glomerulosa cells. However, the endogenous corticosterone production during the incubation of glomerulosa cells from pottasium-loaded rats decreases so rapidly that the cells are not capable of producing more aldosterone than the control ones in spite of activated 18-hydroxylase.

In Vitro and In Vivo studies of monoclonal antibodies with prominent bactericidal activity against Burkholderia pseudomallei and Burkholderia mallei.

PubMed

Zhang, Shimin; Feng, Shaw-Huey; Li, Bingjie; Kim, Hyung-Yong; Rodriguez, Joe; Tsai, Shien; Lo, Shyh-Ching

2011-05-01

Our laboratory has developed more than a hundred mouse monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against Burkholderia pseudomallei and Burkholderia mallei. These antibodies have been categorized into different groups based on their specificities and the biochemical natures of their target antigens. The current study first examined the bactericidal activities of a number of these MAbs by an in vitro opsonic assay. Then, the in vivo protective efficacy of selected MAbs was evaluated using BALB/c mice challenged intranasally with a lethal dose of the bacteria. The opsonic assay using dimethyl sulfoxide-treated human HL-60 cells as phagocytes revealed that 19 out of 47 tested MAbs (40%) have prominent bactericidal activities against B. pseudomallei and/or B. mallei. Interestingly, all MAbs with strong opsonic activities are those with specificity against either the capsular polysaccharides (PS) or the lipopolysaccharides (LPS) of the bacteria. On the other hand, none of the MAbs reacting to bacterial proteins or glycoproteins showed prominent bactericidal activity. Further study revealed that the antigenic epitopes on either the capsular PS or LPS molecules were readily available for binding in intact bacteria, while the epitopes on proteins/glycoproteins were less accessible to the MAbs. Our in vivo study showed that four MAbs reactive to either the capsular PS or LPS were highly effective in protecting mice against lethal bacterial challenge. The result is compatible with that of our in vitro study. The MAbs with the highest protective efficacy are those reactive to either the capsular PS or LPS of the Burkholderia bacteria.

In Vitro and In Vivo Studies of Monoclonal Antibodies with Prominent Bactericidal Activity against Burkholderia pseudomallei and Burkholderia mallei▿

PubMed Central

Zhang, Shimin; Feng, Shaw-Huey; Li, Bingjie; Kim, Hyung-Yong; Rodriguez, Joe; Tsai, Shien; Lo, Shyh-Ching

2011-01-01

Our laboratory has developed more than a hundred mouse monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against Burkholderia pseudomallei and Burkholderia mallei. These antibodies have been categorized into different groups based on their specificities and the biochemical natures of their target antigens. The current study first examined the bactericidal activities of a number of these MAbs by an in vitro opsonic assay. Then, the in vivo protective efficacy of selected MAbs was evaluated using BALB/c mice challenged intranasally with a lethal dose of the bacteria. The opsonic assay using dimethyl sulfoxide-treated human HL-60 cells as phagocytes revealed that 19 out of 47 tested MAbs (40%) have prominent bactericidal activities against B. pseudomallei and/or B. mallei. Interestingly, all MAbs with strong opsonic activities are those with specificity against either the capsular polysaccharides (PS) or the lipopolysaccharides (LPS) of the bacteria. On the other hand, none of the MAbs reacting to bacterial proteins or glycoproteins showed prominent bactericidal activity. Further study revealed that the antigenic epitopes on either the capsular PS or LPS molecules were readily available for binding in intact bacteria, while the epitopes on proteins/glycoproteins were less accessible to the MAbs. Our in vivo study showed that four MAbs reactive to either the capsular PS or LPS were highly effective in protecting mice against lethal bacterial challenge. The result is compatible with that of our in vitro study. The MAbs with the highest protective efficacy are those reactive to either the capsular PS or LPS of the Burkholderia bacteria. PMID:21450976

Use of the chop hook to stabilize the capsular bag in patients with crystalline lens dislocations and cataracts.

PubMed

Zeng, Yanfeng; Fan, Licheng; Lu, Peirong

2017-04-01

Objective To observe the treatment effects of chop hook-assisted phacoemulsification surgery in patients with crystalline lens dislocation. Methods Thirty-seven eyes with cataracts and crystalline lens dislocations underwent cataract surgery. An L-shaped chop hook was introduced into the anterior chamber, and the tip was pushed or pulled to the centre of the anterior capsular edge of the zonular dialysis during the cataract operation. Postoperative follow-up was conducted for ≥ 1 month. Results All patients' postoperative visual abilities improved except one patient with glaucoma. One patient who underwent -5D intraocular lens implantation exhibited vision of 1/50. Visual acuity was less than 6/20 in 6 eyes, 6/20 to 10/20 in 7 eyes, and greater than 10/20 in 22 eyes. Conclusions L-shaped chop hooks can be used to push or pull the anterior capsular edge of the zonular dialysis for protection and avoidance of further zonular damage. This strategy provides satisfactory effects and reduces use of additional instruments.

Biology of Acinetobacter baumannii: Pathogenesis, Antibiotic Resistance Mechanisms, and Prospective Treatment Options

PubMed Central

Lee, Chang-Ro; Lee, Jung Hun; Park, Moonhee; Park, Kwang Seung; Bae, Il Kwon; Kim, Young Bae; Cha, Chang-Jun; Jeong, Byeong Chul; Lee, Sang Hee

2017-01-01

Acinetobacter baumannii is undoubtedly one of the most successful pathogens responsible for hospital-acquired nosocomial infections in the modern healthcare system. Due to the prevalence of infections and outbreaks caused by multi-drug resistant A. baumannii, few antibiotics are effective for treating infections caused by this pathogen. To overcome this problem, knowledge of the pathogenesis and antibiotic resistance mechanisms of A. baumannii is important. In this review, we summarize current studies on the virulence factors that contribute to A. baumannii pathogenesis, including porins, capsular polysaccharides, lipopolysaccharides, phospholipases, outer membrane vesicles, metal acquisition systems, and protein secretion systems. Mechanisms of antibiotic resistance of this organism, including acquirement of β-lactamases, up-regulation of multidrug efflux pumps, modification of aminoglycosides, permeability defects, and alteration of target sites, are also discussed. Lastly, novel prospective treatment options for infections caused by multi-drug resistant A. baumannii are summarized. PMID:28348979

Precipitating cross-reactions among pneumococcal types.

PubMed Central

Heidelberger, M

1983-01-01

Data accumulated over many years are brought together on cross-reactions of 46 among the more than 80 pneumococcal serological types, with the idea of correlating cross-reactions with the structures of the relevant type-specific capsular polysaccharides, insofar as these have been determined. The precipitin reaction was carried out with the polysaccharides and antibodies raised in horses, rabbits, and a mule. Quantitative values (micrograms of antibody nitrogen per milliliter of antiserum at 0 to 1 degree C) are given in many instances and discussed, together with arbitrary qualitative data, in terms of the known structures of the polysaccharides. Some precise relationships are uncovered, and an attempt is made to determine why some of the cross-reactions are reciprocal and why others are only unilateral. PMID:6885161

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Inada, G.J.; Hall, C.W.

Results are reported from ophthalmologic observations carried out on residents of Nagasaki and Hiroshima and exposed to radiation from an atomic explosion. Very significant statistical test results indicate that lenticular opacities observed have definite relationship to ionizing radiation exposure distance from the hypocenter (exposure distance in this instance is used as a relative index of radiation dosage received). Exposure to ionizing radiation does increase the incidence of lenticular changes indicative of ionizing radiation (definite opacities, polychrome posterior capsular roughening, excessive cortical opacities unexplained and, especially, the polychrome posterior capsular plaques). No appreciable differences in opacities by sex or loss ofmore » visual acuity were observed.« less

STUDIES ON NON-HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCI ISOLATED FROM THE RESPIRATORY TRACT OF MAN

PubMed Central

Horsfall, Frank L.

1951-01-01

The type specific immunological properties of certain non-hemolytic streptococci, including Str. salivarius type I and type II, present in the respiratory tract of human beings appear to be dependent upon the presence of capsular polysaccharides. The levans formed from sucrose by Str. salivarius (encapsulated S cells or non-encapsulated R variants), or by cell-free enzymes derived from these microorganisms, are indistinguishable immunologically and show no evidence of type specificity. Such levans appear to be immunologically distinct from and unrelated to the capsular polysaccharides of the microorganisms which produce them. PMID:14824398

The "Floating Labrum": Bankart Lesion Repair With Anterior Capsular Extension Using 2 Anterior Working Portals.

PubMed

Rao, Allison J; Verma, Nikhil N; Trenhaile, Scott W

2017-10-01

Surgical repair of a Bankart lesion requires thorough recognition of the capsulolabral attachment and adequate visualization for suture anchor repair. The glenoid labrum usually detaches from its capsule and bony attachment anteriorly and inferiorly; however, the labral and capsule detachment can sometimes extend beyond this zone of injury. Identification and repair may require additional viewing and working portals to allow for ease of suture passage and anchor placement. This technique guide describes a case scenario of a Bankart lesion with anterior extension of the capsular tear, repaired with use of 2 anterior working portals.

A new technique for the closure of the lens capsule by laser welding.

PubMed

Pini, Roberto; Rossi, Francesca; Menabuoni, Luca; Lenzetti, Ivo; Yoo, Sonia; Parel, Jean-Marie

2008-01-01

A new method is presented for the closure of the lens capsule based on laser welding of suitably prepared patches of anterior capsular tissue. Experiments were performed in freshly enucleated porcine eyes. The patches were previously stained with a solution of indocyanine green in sterile water and then welded on the recipient capsule by means of diode laser radiation at 810 nm. The welded tissue revealed mechanical properties comparable to those of healthy tissue. This technique is proposed to repair capsular breaks and to provide the closure of the capsulorhexis in lens refilling procedures.

Combined Special Capsular Tension Ring and Toric IOL Implantation for Management of Astigmatism and High Axial Myopia with Cataracts.

PubMed

Zhao, Yang; Li, Jiaxin; Yang, Ke; Li, Xiao; Zhu, Siquan

2018-01-01

This study aimed to compare the effects of toric intraocular lens (IOL) implantation with a capsular tension ring and toric IOL implantation only in patients with axial myopic astigmatism who had undergone cataract surgery. Of 34 patients with axial myopia, 16 patients who had received IOL and capsular tension ring (CTR) implantation were included in the combined group and 18 patients who received toric IOL implantation only were included in the simple group. Uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA) and best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) were evaluated by measuring subjective refraction, residual astigmatism, and the toric IOL axis six months post-surgery. At six months postoperatively, the UCVA for the combined and simple groups was 4.6 ± 0.1 and 4.5 ± 0.2, respectively, a statistically significant difference (t = 3.531, P<0.05). The toric IOL in all of the cases was located in the capsular sac, but there were more cases with IOL rotation (12 eyes) in the simple group than in the combined group (4 eyes). The rotation angles were 20°~30° (one eye), 10°~20° (four eyes), and <10° (seven eyes) compared with 2°~5° (four eyes). The residual astigmatism was -0.50 ± 0.25 D in the combined group, not a significant difference from the predicted residual astigmatism (-0.35 ± 0.13 D). There was a significant difference in the simple group (-1.25 ± 0.33 D) when the predicted residual astigmatism was compared (-0.37 ± 0.11 D) (t = -9.511, P < 0.01). In patients with axial myopic astigmatism, CTR can effectively increase the rotational stability of a toric IOL, achieving improvement in corneal astigmatism and visual acuity.

A capsule/lipopolysaccharide/MLST genotype D/L6/ST11 of Pasteurella multocida is likely to be strongly associated with swine respiratory disease in China.

PubMed

Peng, Zhong; Wang, Haonan; Liang, Wan; Chen, Yibao; Tang, Xibiao; Chen, Huanchun; Wu, Bin

2018-01-01

Pasteurella multocida is a leading cause of respiratory disease in pigs worldwide. In this study, we determined the genetic characteristics of 115 P. multocida isolates from the lungs of pigs with respiratory disease in China in 2015 using capsular typing, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) genotyping, and virulence genotyping based on the detection of virulence-associated genes. The results showed that the isolates belonged to three capsular types: A (49.6%), D (46.1%), and nontypable (4.3%); and two LPS genotypes: L3 (22.6%) and L6 (77.4%). When combining the capsular types with the LPS genotypes, a genotype group D: L6 (46.1%) was the most prevalent among the strains. Among the 23 virulence-associated genes detected in this study, a small number of them displayed a certain level of "genotype-preference". We found that pfhA, hgbA, and hgbB had a close association with P. multocida LPS genotypes, while tadD was more associated with P. multocida capsular types. In addition, multilocus sequence typing (MLST) on 40 P. multocida isolates identified four sequence types: ST3, ST10, ST11, and ST16, and the distribution of ST11 was significantly higher than the other MLST genotypes. Interestingly, all of the ST11 isolates detected in this study were genotype D: L6 strains and they were 100% positive for hgbB. Our data suggest that a capsule/LPS/MLST genotype D/L6/ST11 is likely to be strongly associated with respiratory clinical manifestation of the disease in pigs.

Open inferior capsular shift for multidirectional shoulder instability in adolescents with generalized ligamentous hyperlaxity or Ehlers-Danlos syndrome.

PubMed

Vavken, Patrick; Tepolt, Frances A; Kocher, Mininder S

2016-06-01

The objective of this study was to assess the outcome of open inferior capsular shift for multidirectional shoulder instability in patients with generalized ligamentous hyperlaxity or Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. Data were obtained for 18 open inferior capsular shift surgeries in 15 adolescent patients with generalized ligamentous hyperlaxity or Ehlers-Danlos syndrome with a mean follow-up of 7.5 years. End points were subjective clinical outcome (pain, stability, satisfaction, return to sport), objective clinical outcome (recurrence, complications), and functional outcome scores (American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons, 11-item version of the Disabilities of Arm, Shoulder and Hand). Thirteen patients (87%) reported improved pain and stability and were satisfied with the procedure. Nine patients (64%) were able to return to sports. One patient (7%) was dissatisfied with continuous pain and recurrent instability and considered a surgical failure. Seven patients (47%) reported no further episodes of instability. The mean American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons score at a mean of 7.5 years of follow-up was 88 ± 10 points, and the mean score for the 11-item version of the Disabilities of Arm, Shoulder and Hand was 14 ± 14 points. The management of multidirectional shoulder instability in adolescent patients with generalized ligamentous hyperlaxity or Ehlers-Danlos syndrome is challenging. Open inferior capsular shift results in improvement in subjective and objective shoulder function and stability in adolescent patients with ligamentous hyperlaxity or Ehlers-Danlos who have failed nonoperative treatment. We found no effect of the recalled number of prior dislocations, laterality, and type of hyperlaxity on subjective and objective clinical outcomes. Level IV; Case Series; Treatment Study. Copyright © 2016 Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery Board of Trustees. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

The risk of capsular breakage from phacoemulsification needle contact with the lens capsule: a laboratory study.

PubMed

Meyer, Jay J; Kuo, Annie F; Olson, Randall J

2010-06-01

To determine capsular breakage risk from contact by phacoemulsification needles by machine and tip type. Experimental laboratory investigation. Infiniti (Alcon, Inc.) with Intrepid cartridges and Signature (Abbott Medical Optics, Inc.) phacoemulsification machines were tested using 19- and 20-gauge sharp and rounded tips. Actual and unoccluded flow vacuum were determined at 550 mm Hg, bottle height of 75 cm, and machine-indicated flow rate of 60 mL/minute. Breakage from brief tip contact with a capsular surrogate and human cadaveric lenses was calculated. Nineteen-gauge tips had more flow and less unoccluded flow vacuum than 20-gauge tips for both machines, with highest unoccluded flow vacuum in the Infiniti. The 19-gauge sharp tip was more likely than the 20-gauge sharp tip to cause surrogate breakage for Signature with micropulse and Ellips (Abbott Medical Optics, Inc.) ultrasound at 100% power. For Infiniti using OZil (Alcon, Inc.) ultrasound, 20-gauge sharp tips were more likely than 19-gauge sharp tips to break the membrane. For cadaveric lenses, using rounded 20-gauge tips at 100% power, breakage rates were micropulse (2.3%), Ellips (2.3%), OZil (5.3%). Breakage rates for sharp 20-gauge Ellips tips were higher than for rounded tips. Factors influencing capsular breakage may include active vacuum at the tip, flow rate, needle gauge, and sharpness. Nineteen-gauge sharp tips were more likely than 20-gauge tips to cause breakage in lower vacuum methods. For higher-vacuum methods, breakage is more likely with 20-gauge than with 19-gauge tips. Rounded-edge tips are less likely than sharp-edged tips to cause breakage. Copyright 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Endorectal MR imaging of prostate cancer: Evaluation of tumor capsular contact length as a sign of extracapsular extension.

PubMed

Mendez, Gustavo; Foster, Bryan R; Li, Xin; Shannon, Jackilen; Garzotto, Mark; Amling, Christopher L; Coakley, Fergus V

2018-04-25

To evaluate the length of contact between dominant tumor foci and the prostatic capsule as a sign of extracapsular extension at endorectal multiparametric MR imaging. We retrospectively identified 101 patients over a three-year interval who underwent endorectal multiparametric prostate MR imaging prior to radical prostatectomy for prostate cancer. Two readers identified the presence of dominant tumor focus (largest lesion with PI-RADS version 2 score of 4 or 5), and measured the length of tumor capsular contact and likelihood of extracapsular extension by standard criteria (1-5 Likert scale). Results were analyzed using histopathological review as reference standard. Extracapsular extension was found at histopathological review in 27 patients. Reader 1 (2) identified dominant tumor in 79 (73) patients, with mean tumor capsular contact length of 18.2 (14.0) mm. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for identification of extracapsular extension by tumor capsular contact length was 0.76 for reader 1 and 0.77 for reader 2, with optimal discrimination at values of 18 mm and 21 mm, respectively. In the subset of patients without obvious extracapsular extension by standard criteria (Likert scores 1-3), corresponding values were 0.74 and 0.66 with optimal thresholds of 24 and 21 mm. Length of contact between the dominant tumor focus and the capsule is a moderately useful sign of extracapsular extension at endorectal multiparametric prostate MR imaging, including the subset of patients without obvious extracapsular extension by standard criteria, with optimal discrimination at threshold values of 18 to 24 mm. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

The Pneumococcal Serotype 15C Capsule Is Partially O-Acetylated and Allows for Limited Evasion of 23-Valent Pneumococcal Polysaccharide Vaccine-Elicited Anti-Serotype 15B Antibodies

PubMed Central

Spencer, Brady L.; Shenoy, Anukul T.; Orihuela, Carlos J.

2017-01-01

ABSTRACT As a species, Streptococcus pneumoniae (the pneumococcus) utilizes a diverse array of capsular polysaccharides to evade the host. In contrast to large variations in sugar composition and linkage formation, O-acetylation is a subtle capsular modification that nonetheless has a large impact on capsular shielding and recognition of the capsule by vaccine-elicited antibodies. Serotype 15B, which is included in the 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPV23), carries the putative O-acetyltransferase gene wciZ. The coding sequence of wciZ contains eight consecutive TA repeats [(TA)8]. Replication slippage is thought to result in the addition or loss of TA repeats, subsequently causing frameshift and truncation of WciZ to yield a nonacetylated serotype, 15C. Using sensitive serological tools, we show that serotype 15C isolates whose wciZ contains seven or nine TA repeats retain partial O-acetylation, while serotype 15C isolates whose wciZ contains six TA repeats have barely detectable O-acetylation. We confirmed by inhibition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay that (TA)7 serotype 15C is ∼0.1% as acetylated as serotype 15B, while serotype 15X is nonacetylated. To eliminate the impact of genetic background, we created isogenic serotype 15B, (TA)7 serotype 15C, and 15BΔwciZ (15X) strains and found that reduction or absence of WciZ-mediated O-acetylation did not affect capsular shielding from phagocytes, biofilm formation, adhesion to nasopharyngeal cells, desiccation tolerance, or murine colonization. Sera from PPV23-immunized persons opsonized serotype 15B significantly but only slightly better than serotypes 15C and 15X; thus, PPV23 may not result in expansion of serotype 15C. PMID:28637806

Macrotextured Breast Implants with Defined Steps to Minimize Bacterial Contamination around the Device: Experience in 42,000 Implants.

PubMed

Adams, William P; Culbertson, Eric J; Deva, Anand K; R Magnusson, Mark; Layt, Craig; Jewell, Mark L; Mallucci, Patrick; Hedén, Per

2017-09-01

Bacteria/biofilm on breast implant surfaces has been implicated in capsular contracture and breast implant-associated anaplastic large-cell lymphoma (ALCL). Macrotextured breast implants have been shown to harbor more bacteria than smooth or microtextured implants. Recent reports also suggest that macrotextured implants are associated with a significantly higher incidence of breast implant-associated ALCL. Using techniques to reduce the number of bacteria around implants, specifically, the 14-point plan, has successfully minimized the occurrence of capsular contracture. The authors hypothesize that a similar effect may be seen in reducing the risk of breast implant-associated ALCL. Pooled data from eight plastic surgeons assessed the use of macrotextured breast implants (Biocell and polyurethane) and known cases of breast implant-associated ALCL. Surgeon adherence to the 14-point plan was also analyzed. A total of 42,035 Biocell implants were placed in 21,650 patients; mean follow-up was 11.7 years (range, 1 to 14 years). A total of 704 polyurethane implants were used, with a mean follow-up of 8.0 years (range, 1 to 20 years). The overall capsular contracture rate was 2.2 percent. There were no cases of implant-associated ALCL. All surgeons routinely performed all 13 perioperative components of the 14-point plan; two surgeons do not routinely prescribe prophylaxis for subsequent unrelated procedures. Mounting evidence implicates the role of a sustained T-cell response to implant bacteria/biofilm in the development of breast implant-associated ALCL. Using the principles of the 14-point plan to minimize bacterial load at the time of surgery, the development and subsequent sequelae of capsular contracture and breast implant-associated ALCL may be reduced, especially with higher-risk macrotextured implants. Therapeutic, IV.

Breast Pocket Irrigation with Antibiotic Solution at Implant Insertion: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

PubMed

Lynch, Jessica M; Sebai, Mohamad E; Rodriguez-Unda, Nelson A; Seal, Stella; Rosson, Gedge D; Manahan, Michele A

2018-06-08

Antibiotic irrigation is routinely used during implant insertion in augmentation mammoplasty procedures. However, the evidence for whether this reduces the incidence of infection or capsular contracture is unclear. Five databases were used to search for all randomized control trials, retrospective cohort and prospective cohort studies containing original data related to the primary outcomes being investigated in this study. The primary outcomes were the effects of antibiotic breast pocket irrigation on clinical infection and capsular contracture. The literature search was designed to combine three concepts: implant or tissue expander-based breast surgery, antibiotic irrigation and clinical infection or capsular contracture. Studies found were screened using specific eligibility criteria. Risk ratios (RR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated using pooled acquired data from all included studies. The search identified 1256 citations. Three independent screeners identified seven studies that met the inclusion criteria with a pooled population of 4725. This included one prospective and six retrospective studies. A meta-analysis of pooled study data showed significant reductions in clinical infection (RR 0.52, 95% CI 0.33-0.81) and capsular contracture (RR 0.36, 95% CI 0.16-0.83) as a result of antibiotic irrigation. The meta-analyses support the use of antibiotic irrigation of the breast pocket. However, the results of this study are limited by the large proportion of retrospective studies, the small number of studies included, the lack of randomized controlled trials and the heterogeneity of the antibiotic and control regimes used. This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

Arthroscopic Management of Triangular Fibrocartilage Complex Peripheral Injury.

PubMed

Haugstvedt, Jan Ragnar; Søreide, Endre

2017-11-01

Patients suffering from ulnar-sided wrist pain after trauma may develop tenderness, clicking, a positive fovea sign, or instability of the distal radioulnar joint. If the pain is persistent, conservative treatment does not help, and the patient agrees to surgery, arthroscopy may reveal a triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC) injury with capsular detachment, foveal avulsion, or a combination thereof. Capsular reattachment is possible using an arthroscopic assisted technique. The reattachment can be performed with an inside-out, outside-in, or all-inside technique, providing good to excellent results, which tend to persist over time, in 60% to 90% of cases. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Surgical technique for management of isolated lenticular coloboma with high corneal astigmatism.

PubMed

Singh, Simar Rajan; Yangzes, Sonam; Gupta, Rohit; Ram, Jagat

2018-04-01

We describe a surgical technique for the correction of isolated congenital lenticular coloboma associated with high corneal astigmatism. Transscleral fixation of the capsular bag with a single eyelet Cionni capsular tension ring was followed by in-the-bag implantation of a toric intraocular lens (IOL). This lead to complete correction of the lenticular defect and perfect alignment of the toric lens. In this case, the child attained an unaided distance visual acuity of 20/30 following amblyopia therapy and a well-aligned toric IOL at 12 months of follow-up. This technique can be used in cases with concomitant lenticular coloboma and significant corneal astigmatism.

Surgical technique for management of isolated lenticular coloboma with high corneal astigmatism

PubMed Central

Singh, Simar Rajan; Yangzes, Sonam; Gupta, Rohit; Ram, Jagat

2018-01-01

We describe a surgical technique for the correction of isolated congenital lenticular coloboma associated with high corneal astigmatism. Transscleral fixation of the capsular bag with a single eyelet Cionni capsular tension ring was followed by in-the-bag implantation of a toric intraocular lens (IOL). This lead to complete correction of the lenticular defect and perfect alignment of the toric lens. In this case, the child attained an unaided distance visual acuity of 20/30 following amblyopia therapy and a well-aligned toric IOL at 12 months of follow-up. This technique can be used in cases with concomitant lenticular coloboma and significant corneal astigmatism. PMID:29582820

Type 5 and 8 capsular polysaccharides are expressed by Staphylococcus aureus isolates from rabbits, poultry, pigs, and horses.

PubMed Central

Poutrel, B; Sutra, L

1993-01-01

A total of 103 Staphylococcus aureus isolates from rabbits (n = 37), poultry (n = 33), pigs (n = 27), and horses (n = 6) and 14 Staphylococcus intermedius isolates from wild animals were serotyped for capsular polysaccharide types 5 and 8 by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using polyclonal rabbit antibodies. About 98% of the S. aureus isolates were typeable. Type 5 was predominant in the poultry (75.8%) and pig (66.7%) isolates, whereas type 8 was more frequent among the isolates from rabbits (59.5%) and horses (83.3%). By contrast, none of the 14 S. intermedius isolates was typeable. PMID:8432841

Comparison of virulence factors and capsular types of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from human and bovine infections.

PubMed

Emaneini, Mohammad; Khoramian, Babak; Jabalameli, Fereshteh; Abani, Samira; Dabiri, Hossein; Beigverdi, Reza

2016-02-01

Streptococcus agalactiae is a leading cause of human and bovine infections. A total of 194 S. agalactiae isolates, 55 isolates from bovines and 139 from humans, were analyzed for capsular types, virulence genes (scpB, hly, rib, bca and bac) and mobile genetic elements (IS1548 and GBSi1) using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and multiplex PCR. Capsular type III was predominant (61%), followed by types V, II, Ib, and IV. The scpB, hly, bca and bac virulence genes were only found among human isolates. Twelve and 2 distinct virulence gene profiles were identified among human and bovine isolates respectively. The virulence gene profiles scpB- hly- IS1548- rib-bca (51%) and scpB- hly- IS1548- bca (19%) were only predominant among human isolates. The rib gene was the most common virulence gene in both human and bovine isolates. The study showed a high prevalence of virulence genes in S. agalactiae strains isolated from human infections, these result can support the idea that S. agalactiae isolated from humans and bovines are generally unrelated and probably belonged to separate populations. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

A model of high-affinity antibody binding to type III group B Streptococcus capsular polysaccharide.

PubMed

Wessels, M R; Muñoz, A; Kasper, D L

1987-12-01

We recently reported that the single repeating-unit pentasaccharide of type III group B Streptococcus (GBS) capsular polysaccharide is only weakly reactive with type III GBS antiserum. To further elucidate the relationship between antigen-chain length and antigenicity, tritiated oligosaccharides derived from type III capsular polysaccharide were used to generate detailed saturation binding curves with a fixed concentration of rabbit antiserum in a radioactive antigen-binding assay. A graded increase in affinity of antigen-antibody binding was seen as oligosaccharide size increased from 2.6 repeating units to 92 repeating units. These differences in affinity of antibody binding to oligosaccharides of different molecular size were confirmed by immunoprecipitation and competitive ELISA, two independent assays of antigen-antibody binding. Analysis of the saturation binding experiment indicated a difference of 300-fold in antibody-binding affinity for the largest versus the smallest tested oligosaccharides. Unexpectedly, the saturation binding values approached by the individual curves were inversely related to oligosaccharide chain length on a molar basis but equivalent on a weight basis. This observation is compatible with a model in which binding of an immunoglobulin molecule to an antigenic site on the polysaccharide facilitates subsequent binding of antibody to that antigen.

Expression of a Catalytically Inactive Mutant Form of Glutathione Peroxidase 4 (Gpx4) Confers a Dominant-negative Effect in Male Fertility*

PubMed Central

Ingold, Irina; Aichler, Michaela; Yefremova, Elena; Roveri, Antonella; Buday, Katalin; Doll, Sebastian; Tasdemir, Adrianne; Hoffard, Nils; Wurst, Wolfgang; Walch, Axel; Ursini, Fulvio; Friedmann Angeli, José Pedro; Conrad, Marcus

2015-01-01

The selenoenzyme Gpx4 is essential for early embryogenesis and cell viability for its unique function to prevent phospholipid oxidation. Recently, the cytosolic form of Gpx4 was identified as an upstream regulator of a novel form of non-apoptotic cell death, called ferroptosis, whereas the mitochondrial isoform of Gpx4 was previously shown to be crucial for male fertility. Here, we generated and analyzed mice with a targeted mutation of the active site selenocysteine of Gpx4 (Gpx4_U46S). Mice homozygous for Gpx4_U46S died at the same embryonic stage (E7.5) as Gpx4−/− embryos as expected. Surprisingly, male mice heterozygous for Gpx4_U46S presented subfertility. Subfertility was manifested in a reduced number of litters from heterozygous breeding and an impairment of spermatozoa to fertilize oocytes in vitro. Morphologically, sperm isolated from heterozygous Gpx4_U46S mice revealed many structural abnormalities particularly in the spermatozoa midpiece due to improper oxidation and polymerization of sperm capsular proteins and malformation of the mitochondrial capsule surrounding and stabilizing sperm mitochondria. These findings are reminiscent of sperm isolated from selenium-deprived rodents or from mice specifically lacking mitochondrial Gpx4. Due to a strongly facilitated incorporation of Ser in the polypeptide chain as compared with selenocysteine at the UGA codon, expression of the catalytically inactive Gpx4_U46S was found to be strongly increased. Because the stability of the mitochondrial capsule of mature spermatozoa depends on the moonlighting function of Gpx4 both as an enzyme oxidizing capsular protein thiols and as a structural protein, tightly controlled expression of functional Gpx4 emerges as a key for full male fertility. PMID:25922076

A Predicted Mannoprotein Participates in Cryptococcus gattii Capsular Structure

PubMed Central

Reuwsaat, Julia Catarina Vieira; Motta, Heryk; Garcia, Ane Wichine Acosta; Vasconcelos, Carolina Bettker; Marques, Bárbara Machado; Oliveira, Natália Kronbauer; Rodrigues, Jéssica; Ferrareze, Patrícia Aline Gröhns; Frases, Susana; Barcellos, Vanessa Abreu; Squizani, Eamim Daidrê; Horta, Jorge André; Schrank, Augusto; Staats, Charley Christian; Vainstein, Marilene Henning

2018-01-01

ABSTRACT The yeast-like pathogen Cryptococcus gattii is an etiological agent of cryptococcosis. The major cryptococcal virulence factor is the polysaccharide capsule, which is composed of glucuronoxylomannan (GXM), galactoxylomannan (GalXM), and mannoproteins (MPs). The GXM and GalXM polysaccharides have been extensively characterized; however, there is little information about the role of mannoproteins in capsule assembly and their participation in yeast pathogenicity. The present study characterized the function of a predicted mannoprotein from C. gattii, designated Krp1. Loss-of-function and gain-of-function mutants were generated, and phenotypes associated with the capsular architecture were evaluated. The null mutant cells were more sensitive to a cell wall stressor that disrupts beta-glucan synthesis. Also, these cells displayed increased GXM release to the culture supernatant than the wild-type strain did. The loss of Krp1 influenced cell-associated cryptococcal polysaccharide thickness and phagocytosis by J774.A1 macrophages in the early hours of interaction, but no difference in virulence in a murine model of cryptococcosis was observed. In addition, recombinant Krp1 was antigenic and differentially recognized by serum from an individual with cryptococcosis, but not with serum from an individual with candidiasis. Taken together, these results indicate that C. gattii Krp1 is important for the cell wall structure, thereby influencing capsule assembly, but is not essential for virulence in vivo. IMPORTANCE Cryptococcus gattii has the ability to escape from the host’s immune system through poorly understood mechanisms and can lead to the death of healthy individuals. The role of mannoproteins in C. gattii pathogenicity is not completely understood. The present work characterized a protein, Kpr1, that is essential for the maintenance of C. gattii main virulence factor, the polysaccharide capsule. Our data contribute to the understanding of the role of Kpr1 in capsule structuring, mainly by modulating the distribution of glucans in C. gattii cell wall. PMID:29897877

[Femtosecond laser in cataract surgery. A critical appraisal].

PubMed

Menapace, R M; Dick, H B

2014-01-01

The use of femtosecond lasers (FSL) is increasingly spreading in cataract surgery. Potential advantages over standard manual cataract surgery are the superior precision of corneal incisions and capsular openings as well as the reduction of ultrasound energy for lens nucleus work-up. Exact positioning and dimensioning of the anterior capsular opening should help reduce decentration and tilt of the intraocular lens (IOL) optics and thus achieve better target refraction. Together with the possibility to correct low-grade corneal astigmatism by precise arcuate incision, FSL technology is expected to convert cataract surgery from a purely curative into a refractive procedure. Apart from own experiences this review article critically analyses the pertinent literature published so far as well as congress presentations and personal reports of other FSL surgeons. The advantages and disadvantages are scrutinized with regard to their impact on the surgical and refractive results and compared with those experienced by the authors with manual cataract surgery over several decades. Economic and healthcare political aspects are also addressed. The use of FSL surgery improves the precision and reproducibility of corneal incisions and the capsular opening and reduces the amount of ultrasound energy required for lens nucleus work-up. However, the clinical benefits must be put into perspective due to the subsequent surgical manipulation of the incisions (during lens emulsification, aspiration and IOL injection), the lacking possibility to visualize the crystalline lens equator as the reference for correct capsulotomy centration and the relativity of ultrasound energy consumption on the corneal endothelial trauma. This is of particular relevance against the background of the significantly higher costs. Conversely, tears of the anterior capsule edge which, apart from interfering with correct IOL positioning, may entail serious complications presently occur more frequently with all FSL instruments. From the economic and healthcare political viewpoint, thought should be given to the possible acquisition of the cataract surgical business by the industry or investors, as cataract surgery is a high-volume standardized procedure with enormous future potential. This could fundamentally change our currently decentralized and individualized structures and subsequently the steam of patient and make surgeons largely dependent or superfluous.

[Total thyroidectomy with lymph node dissection of the central compartment for node-positive, capsular invasive papillary thyroid cancer: video contribution].

PubMed

Dralle, H; Nguyen Thanh, P

2014-10-01

The aim of radical oncological surgery for nodal metastasized papillary thyroid cancer is, as for other oncological interventions in visceral surgery, the anatomy-related implementation of the concept of en bloc (no touch) resection of the organ bearing the primary tumor together with the first lymph node station, while the structures of the aerodigestive tract, the recurrent laryngeal nerves and parathyroid glands are preserved. The surgical technique is demonstrated in detail with the help of a video of the operation and which is available on-line, the advantages and disadvantages of the technique are discussed.

Diffusion tensor imaging of hemispheric asymmetries in the developing brain.

PubMed

Wilde, Elisabeth A; McCauley, Stephen R; Chu, Zili; Hunter, Jill V; Bigler, Erin D; Yallampalli, Ragini; Wang, Zhiyue J; Hanten, Gerri; Li, Xiaoqi; Ramos, Marco A; Sabir, Sharjeel H; Vasquez, Ana C; Menefee, Deleene; Levin, Harvey S

2009-02-01

Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) was performed in 39 right-handed children to examine structural hemispheric differences and the impact of age, socioeconomic status, and sex on these differences. Apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values were smaller in the left than in the right temporal, prefrontal, anterior internal capsular and the thalamic regions, and fractional anisotropy (FA) values were larger in the left than in the right internal capsule, thalamus, and cingulate. Significant region-by-sex interactions disclosed that the relation of DTI asymmetries to performance depended on sex including the relation of temporal lobes to reading comprehension and the relation of frontal lobes to solving applied mathematical problems.

Macroscopic and microscopic analysis of the thumb carpometacarpal ligaments: a cadaveric study of ligament anatomy and histology.

PubMed

Ladd, Amy L; Lee, Julia; Hagert, Elisabet

2012-08-15

Stability and mobility represent the paradoxical demands of the human thumb carpometacarpal joint, yet the structural origin of each functional demand is poorly defined. As many as sixteen and as few as four ligaments have been described as primary stabilizers, but controversy exists as to which ligaments are most important. We hypothesized that a comparative macroscopic and microscopic analysis of the ligaments of the thumb carpometacarpal joint would further define their role in joint stability. Thirty cadaveric hands (ten fresh-frozen and twenty embalmed) from nineteen cadavers (eight female and eleven male; average age at the time of death, seventy-six years) were dissected, and the supporting ligaments of the thumb carpometacarpal joint were identified. Ligament width, length, and thickness were recorded for morphometric analysis and were compared with use of the Student t test. The dorsal and volar ligaments were excised from the fresh-frozen specimens and were stained with use of a triple-staining immunofluorescent technique and underwent semiquantitative analysis of sensory innervation; half of these specimens were additionally analyzed for histomorphometric data. Mixed-effects linear regression was used to estimate differences between ligaments. Seven principal ligaments of the thumb carpometacarpal joint were identified: three dorsal deltoid-shaped ligaments (dorsal radial, dorsal central, posterior oblique), two volar ligaments (anterior oblique and ulnar collateral), and two ulnar ligaments (dorsal trapeziometacarpal and intermetacarpal). The dorsal ligaments were significantly thicker (p < 0.001) than the volar ligaments, with a significantly greater cellularity and greater sensory innervation compared with the anterior oblique ligament (p < 0.001). The anterior oblique ligament was consistently a thin structure with a histologic appearance of capsular tissue with low cellularity. The dorsal deltoid ligament complex is uniformly stout and robust; this ligament complex is the thickest morphometrically, has the highest cellularity histologically, and shows the greatest degree of sensory nerve endings. The hypocellular anterior oblique ligament is thin, is variable in its location, and is more structurally consistent with a capsular structure than a proper ligament.

[Pneumococcal vaccine: protection of adults and reduction of antibiotic resistence by vaccination of children with a conjugated vaccine].

PubMed

Pletz, Mathias W

2011-06-01

Pneumococcal infections (pneumonia, otitis media, sinusitis, meningitis) are common and usually involve toddlers, immunocompromised and the elderly. Main reservoir of pneumococci is the nasopharyngeal zone of healthy carriers, especially of toddlers. Currently, two types of pneumococcal vaccines are in clinical use, which induce production of antibodies against capsular polysaccharides. The older vaccine consists of pure capsular polysaccharides. It induces a limited immunity, because polysaccharides are poor antigens that stimulate mainly B-cells. In children under two years of age this vaccine is not used, because it does not induce a sufficient immunologic response, presumably because of the immaturity of their immune system. In 2000, a vaccination program with a novel pneumococcal vaccine was launched in the USA. This vaccine contains capsular polysaccharides, that are conjugated with a highly immunogenic protein. It induces both a T cell and B cell response that results in specific humoral and mucosal immunity. U.S. data demonstrate, that serotypes covered by the conjugated vaccine can be reduced in the whole population by vaccination of children being the main reservoir of pneumococci. This so called ,,herd protection" results in a decrease in invasive pneumococcal diseases in vaccinees and non-vaccinees as well as in a reduction of antibiotic resistance rates by reducing resistant pneumococcal cones.

Pathological findings of slaughtered camels' (Camelus dromedaris) kidneys in Najaf-Abad, Iran.

PubMed

Kojouri, Gholam Ali; Nourani, Hossein; Sadeghian, Sirous; Imani, Hadi; Raisi, Abbas

2014-01-01

The kidney of camel is known to play a vital role in water conservation through the production of highly concentrated urine that may predispose animal to varieties of renal dysfunction. In camels renal disorders have received lesser attention in comparison with other animals, thus there is shortage of information in this area. The present study was conducted on 100 slaughtered camels (Camelus dromedaris) (200 kidneys) in Najaf-Abad district (Iran) to evaluate the frequency and types of renal disorders. Results demonstrated varieties of gross abnormalities in 14.00% of kidneys that out of them, 9.00% were confirmed by microscopic examination. Renal capsular pigmentation, medullary hyperemia, subcapsular calcification, cortical and medullar discoloration, hemorrhage in renal pelvis, nephrolithiasis and hydatidosis were recorded in 3, 6, 5, 6, 3, 2 and 3 cases, respectively. In addition, capsular melanosis, acute tubular necrosis, chronic interstitial nephritis, caseous necrosis, calcification, medullary hyperemia, and hydatid cyst were confirmed by histopathological examination in 3, 5, 1, 3, 2, 2, and 2 cases, respectively. Our findings indicate the presence of many types of renal disorders which may relate to dehydration, bacteremia or nephrotoxicosis. In addition capsular melanosis in male camel was recorded for the first time and its etiology remains to be addressed.

Nucleotide sequence analysis of a DNA region involved in capsular polysaccharide biosynthesis reveals the molecular basis of the nontypeability of two Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae isolates.

PubMed

Ito, Hiroya; Ogawa, Torata; Fukamizu, Dai; Morinaga, Yuiko; Kusumoto, Masahiro

2016-11-01

The aim of our study was to reveal the molecular basis of the serologic nontypeability of 2 Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae field isolates. Nine field strains of A. pleuropneumoniae, the causative agent of porcine pleuropneumonia, were isolated from pigs raised on the same farm and sent to our diagnostic laboratory for serotyping. Seven of the 9 strains were identified as serovar 15 strains by immunodiffusion tests. However, 2 strains, designated FH24-2 and FH24-5, could not be serotyped with antiserum prepared against serovars 1-15. Strain FH24-5 showed positive results in 2 serovar 15-specific PCR tests, whereas strain FH24-2 was only positive in 1 of the 2 PCR tests. The nucleotide sequence analysis of gene clusters involved in capsular polysaccharide biosynthesis of the 2 nontypeable strains revealed that both had been rendered nontypeable by the action of ISApl1, a transposable element of A. pleuropneumoniae belonging to the IS30 family. The results showed that ISApl1 of A. pleuropneumoniae can interfere with both the serologic and molecular typing methods, and that nucleotide sequence analysis across the capsular gene clusters is the best means of determining the cause of serologic nontypeability in A. pleuropneumoniae. © 2016 The Author(s).

Gastroresistant capsular device prepared by injection molding.

PubMed

Zema, Lucia; Loreti, Giulia; Melocchi, Alice; Maroni, Alessandra; Palugan, Luca; Gazzaniga, Andrea

2013-01-20

In the present work, the possibility of manufacturing by injection molding (IM) a gastro-resistant capsular device based on hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose acetate succinate (HPMCAS) was investigated. By performing as an enteric soluble container, such a device may provide a basis for the development of advantageous alternatives to coated dosage forms. Preliminarily, the processability of the selected thermoplastic polymer was evaluated, and the need for a plasticizer (polyethylene glycol 1500) in order to counterbalance the glassy nature of the molded items was assessed. However, some critical issues related to the physical/mechanical stability (shrinkage and warpage) and opening time of the device after the pH change were highlighted. Accordingly, an in-depth formulation study was carried out taking into account differing release modifiers potentially useful for enhancing the dissolution/disintegration rate of the capsular device at intestinal pH values. Capsule prototypes with thickness of 600 and 900 μm containing Kollicoat(®) IR and/or Explotab(®) CLV could be manufactured, and a promising performance was achieved with appropriate gastric resistance in pH 1.2 medium and break-up in pH 6.8 within 1h. These results would support the design of a dedicated mold for the development of a scalable manufacturing process. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Improvement of Uveal and Capsular Biocompatibility of Hydrophobic Acrylic Intraocular Lens by Surface Grafting with 2-Methacryloyloxyethyl Phosphorylcholine-Methacrylic Acid Copolymer

PubMed Central

Tan, Xuhua; Zhan, Jiezhao; Zhu, Yi; Cao, Ji; Wang, Lin; Liu, Sa; Wang, Yingjun; Liu, Zhenzhen; Qin, Yingyan; Wu, Mingxing; Liu, Yizhi; Ren, Li

2017-01-01

Biocompatibility of intraocular lens (IOL) is critical to vision reconstruction after cataract surgery. Foldable hydrophobic acrylic IOL is vulnerable to the adhesion of extracellular matrix proteins and cells, leading to increased incidence of postoperative inflammation and capsule opacification. To increase IOL biocompatibility, we synthesized a hydrophilic copolymer P(MPC-MAA) and grafted the copolymer onto the surface of IOL through air plasma treatment. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy and static water contact angle were used to characterize chemical changes, topography and hydrophilicity of the IOL surface, respectively. Quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D) showed that P(MPC-MAA) modified IOLs were resistant to protein adsorption. Moreover, P(MPC-MAA) modification inhibited adhesion and proliferation of lens epithelial cells (LECs) in vitro. To analyze uveal and capsular biocompatibility in vivo, we implanted the P(MPC-MAA) modified IOLs into rabbits after phacoemulsification. P(MPC-MAA) modification significantly reduced postoperative inflammation and anterior capsule opacification (ACO), and did not affect posterior capsule opacification (PCO). Collectively, our study suggests that surface modification by P(MPC-MAA) can significantly improve uveal and capsular biocompatibility of hydrophobic acrylic IOL, which could potentially benefit patients with blood-aqueous barrier damage. PMID:28084469

Quantitation of antibodies to Haemophilus influenzae type b in humans by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

PubMed Central

Dahlberg, T

1981-01-01

The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was adapted to detect serum immunoglobulin G, immunoglobulin M, immunoglobulin A, and secretory immunoglobulin A antibodies to Haemophilus influenzae type b capsular polysaccharide in humans. I studied serum samples from 92 healthy children of various ages, 50 healthy adults, 24 patients with various H. influenzae type b infections, and 16 patients with clinical signs of epiglottis and cellulitis suspected to be caused by H. influenzae type b. The mean antibody titers of the sera from healthy children increased with age and reached adult levels in children more than 6 years old. A significant antibody response to capsular polysaccharide was observed in serum samples from the majority of patients with infections due to H. influenzae type b and in 4 of 16 patients with clinical signs of epiglottis and cellulitis. In addition to the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, the antibody responses of patients were tested by a bactericidal assay. When the two methods were compared, there was no evident correlation (r, about 0.22). The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was further adapted to test secretory immunoglobulin A antibodies specific to capsular polysaccharide in nasopharynx secretions and in milk samples from lactating women. Antibodies were detected in 12 of 24 secretions and 9 of 11 milk samples. PMID:7019237

The Capsular Polysaccharide of Staphylococcus aureus Is Attached to Peptidoglycan by the LytR-CpsA-Psr (LCP) Family of Enzymes*

PubMed Central

Chan, Yvonne Gar-Yun; Kim, Hwan Keun; Schneewind, Olaf; Missiakas, Dominique

2014-01-01

Envelope biogenesis in bacteria involves synthesis of intermediates that are tethered to the lipid carrier undecaprenol-phosphate. LytR-CpsA-Psr (LCP) enzymes have been proposed to catalyze the transfer of undecaprenol-linked intermediates onto the C6-hydroxyl of MurNAc in peptidoglycan, thereby promoting attachment of wall teichoic acid (WTA) in bacilli and staphylococci and capsular polysaccharides (CPS) in streptococci. S. aureus encodes three lcp enzymes, and a variant lacking all three genes (Δlcp) releases WTA from the bacterial envelope and displays a growth defect. Here, we report that the type 5 capsular polysaccharide (CP5) of Staphylococcus aureus Newman is covalently attached to the glycan strands of peptidoglycan. Cell wall attachment of CP5 is abrogated in the Δlcp variant, a defect that is best complemented via expression of lcpC in trans. CP5 synthesis and peptidoglycan attachment are not impaired in the tagO mutant, suggesting that CP5 synthesis does not involve the GlcNAc-ManNAc linkage unit of WTA and may instead utilize another Wzy-type ligase to assemble undecaprenyl-phosphate intermediates. Thus, LCP enzymes of S. aureus are promiscuous enzymes that attach secondary cell wall polymers with discrete linkage units to peptidoglycan. PMID:24753256

Serotyping of Streptococcus pneumoniae Based on Capsular Genes Polymorphisms

PubMed Central

Raymond, Frédéric; Boucher, Nancy; Allary, Robin; Robitaille, Lynda; Lefebvre, Brigitte; Tremblay, Cécile

2013-01-01

Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype epidemiology is essential since serotype replacement is a concern when introducing new polysaccharide-conjugate vaccines. A novel PCR-based automated microarray assay was developed to assist in the tracking of the serotypes. Autolysin, pneumolysin and eight genes located in the capsular operon were amplified using multiplex PCR. This step was followed by a tagged fluorescent primer extension step targeting serotype-specific polymorphisms. The tagged primers were then hybridized to a microarray. Results were exported to an expert system to identify capsular serotypes. The assay was validated on 166 cultured S. pneumoniae samples from 63 different serotypes as determined by the Quellung method. We show that typing only 12 polymorphisms located in the capsular operon allows the identification at the serotype level of 22 serotypes and the assignation of 24 other serotypes to a subgroup of serotypes. Overall, 126 samples (75.9%) were correctly serotyped, 14 were assigned to a member of the same serogroup, 8 rare serotypes were erroneously serotyped, and 18 gave negative serotyping results. Most of the discrepancies involved rare serotypes or serotypes that are difficult to discriminate using a DNA-based approach, for example 6A and 6B. The assay was also tested on clinical specimens including 43 cerebrospinal fluid samples from patients with meningitis and 59 nasopharyngeal aspirates from bacterial pneumonia patients. Overall, 89% of specimens positive for pneumolysin were serotyped, demonstrating that this method does not require culture to serotype clinical specimens. The assay showed no cross-reactivity for 24 relevant bacterial species found in these types of samples. The limit of detection for serotyping and S. pneumoniae detection was 100 genome equivalent per reaction. This automated assay is amenable to clinical testing and does not require any culturing of the samples. The assay will be useful for the evaluation of serotype prevalence changes after new conjugate vaccines introduction. PMID:24086706

Outcomes of Hip Arthroscopy in Competitive Athletes.

PubMed

Perets, Itay; Hartigan, David E; Chaharbakhshi, Edwin O; Ashberg, Lyall; Ortiz-Declet, Victor; Domb, Benjamin G

2017-08-01

To evaluate the minimum 2-year postoperative clinical outcomes and the rate of return to sports in athletes who underwent capsular plication for the treatment of ligamentous laxity and/or borderline dysplasia during hip arthroscopy for the treatment of femoroacetabular impingement and labral pathology. Since 2008, data were prospectively collected on patients who underwent hip arthroscopy for the treatment of femoroacetabular impingement and/or labral tears. Inclusion criteria were as follows: athlete at the high school, collegiate, or professional levels preoperatively, underwent capsular plication, and preoperatively recorded patient-reported outcome scores including modified Harris hip score (mHHS), nonarthritic athletic hip score (NAHS), hip outcome score-sports-specific subscale (HOS-SSS), and visual analog scale (VAS). Exclusion criteria were as follows: <16 years old, preoperative Tönnis grade >1, and previous hip conditions. Sports activity and competitive levels were collected at a minimum of 2 years postoperatively. Fifty-one hips (49 patients) met the inclusion criteria, and 41 hips (39 patients) had minimum 2-year follow-up (80.4% follow-up). Mean mHHS increased from 67.1 preoperatively to 83.5 (P < .0001). Mean NAHS increased from 66.8 to 88.8 (P < .0001). Mean HOS-SSS improved from 46.8 to 80.1 (P < .0001). Mean VAS decreased from 5.1 to 1.7 (P < .0001). Thirty-five (85.4%) hip arthroscopies allowed the patients to return to sports at follow-up. Thirty-four (82.9%) hip arthroscopies allowed the patients to maintain their competitive physical abilities at follow-up. Patient-reported outcomes and VAS in athletes significantly improved at a minimum of 2 years after capsular plication as a part of hip arthroscopy addressing varying pathologies. In addition, most patients returned to sports at similar or higher competitive levels. These results suggest that capsular plication is a favorable treatment option in athletes with ligamentous laxity and/or borderline dysplasia. Level IV, therapeutic case series. Copyright © 2017 Arthroscopy Association of North America. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Molecular study on Pasteurella multocida and Mannheimia granulomatis from Kenyan Camels (Camelus dromedarius).

PubMed

Gluecks, Ilona V; Bethe, Astrid; Younan, Mario; Ewers, Christa

2017-08-22

Outbreaks of a Haemorrhagic Septicaemia (HS) like disease causing large mortalities in camels (Camelus dromedarius) in Asia and in Africa have been reported since 1890. Yet the aetiology of this condition remains elusive. This study is the first to apply state of the art molecular methods to shed light on the nasopharyngeal carrier state of Pasteurellaceae in camels. The study focused on HS causing Pasteurella multocida capsular types B and E. Other Pasteurellaceae, implicated in common respiratory infections of animals, were also investigated. In 2007 and 2008, 388 nasopharyngeal swabs were collected at 12 locations in North Kenya from 246 clinically healthy camels in 81 herds that had been affected by HS-like disease. Swabs were used to cultivate bacteria on blood agar and to extract DNA for subsequent PCR analysis targeting P. multocida and Mannheimia-specific gene sequences. Forty-five samples were positive for P. multocida genes kmt and psl and for the P. multocida Haemorrhagic Septicaemia (HS) specific sequences KTSP61/KTT72 but lacked HS-associated capsular type B and E genes capB and capE. This indicates circulation of HS strains in camels that lack established capsular types. Sequence analysis of the partial 16S rRNA gene identified 17 nasal swab isolates as 99% identical with Mannheimia granulomatis, demonstrating a hitherto unrecognised active carrier state for M. granulomatis or a closely related Mannheimia sp. in camels. The findings of this study provide evidence for the presence of acapsular P. multocida or of hitherto unknown capsular types of P. multocida in camels, closely related to P. multocida strains causing HS in bovines. Further isolations and molecular studies of camelid P. multocida from healthy carriers and from HS-like disease in camels are necessary to provide conclusive answers. This paper is the first report on the isolation of M. granulomatis or a closely related new Mannheimia species from camelids.

Predictors for perioperative blood transfusion in elderly patients with extra capsular hip fractures treated with cephalo-medullary nailing.

PubMed

Fazal, M Ali; Bagley, Caroline; Garg, Parag

2018-02-01

The aim of our study was to determine predictive factors and requirement for perioperative blood transfusion in elderly patients with extra capsular hip fractures treated with cephalo-medullary device. Seventy-nine patients with extra capsular hip fractures treated with cephalo-medullary nailing were included in the study. Age, sex, ASA grade, timing of surgery, preoperative and postoperative haemoglobin, length of hospital stay, fracture type, number of units transfused and 30-day mortality were recorded. The mean age was 82.3 years. Forty-seven patients underwent a short nail and 32 patients a long nail; 53.4% patients required blood transfusion postoperatively. Transfusion was required in 71.8% of the long nails (p < 0.05), 65.8% patients above the age of 80 (p < 0.05), 100% of the patients with hemoglobin below 90 g/L and 20 patients with a ASA grade of 3 (p < 0.05). 78.5% patients with A2 fracture and 75% of A3 fractures needed blood transfusion (p > 0.05). Length of hospital stay in non-transfusion group was 13 days and in transfusion group was 19 days (p < 0.05). 55.1% operated within 36 h and 47.6% operated after 36 h of admission needed transfusion (p > 0.05). Thirty-day mortality in patients needing blood transfusion was 5% and in non-transfusion group was 3.7% (p > 0.05). Patient age, ASA grade, preoperative haemoglobin and length of nail are reliable predictors for perioperative blood transfusion in extra capsular hip fractures in elderly patients treated with cephalo-medullary nailing and reinforce a selective transfusion policy. Copyright © 2017 Daping Hospital and the Research Institute of Surgery of the Third Military Medical University. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

The Pneumococcal Serotype 15C Capsule Is Partially O-Acetylated and Allows for Limited Evasion of 23-Valent Pneumococcal Polysaccharide Vaccine-Elicited Anti-Serotype 15B Antibodies.

PubMed

Spencer, Brady L; Shenoy, Anukul T; Orihuela, Carlos J; Nahm, Moon H

2017-08-01

As a species, Streptococcus pneumoniae (the pneumococcus) utilizes a diverse array of capsular polysaccharides to evade the host. In contrast to large variations in sugar composition and linkage formation, O-acetylation is a subtle capsular modification that nonetheless has a large impact on capsular shielding and recognition of the capsule by vaccine-elicited antibodies. Serotype 15B, which is included in the 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPV23), carries the putative O-acetyltransferase gene wciZ The coding sequence of wciZ contains eight consecutive TA repeats [(TA) 8 ]. Replication slippage is thought to result in the addition or loss of TA repeats, subsequently causing frameshift and truncation of WciZ to yield a nonacetylated serotype, 15C. Using sensitive serological tools, we show that serotype 15C isolates whose wciZ contains seven or nine TA repeats retain partial O-acetylation, while serotype 15C isolates whose wciZ contains six TA repeats have barely detectable O-acetylation. We confirmed by inhibition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay that (TA) 7 serotype 15C is ∼0.1% as acetylated as serotype 15B, while serotype 15X is nonacetylated. To eliminate the impact of genetic background, we created isogenic serotype 15B, (TA) 7 serotype 15C, and 15BΔ wciZ (15X) strains and found that reduction or absence of WciZ-mediated O-acetylation did not affect capsular shielding from phagocytes, biofilm formation, adhesion to nasopharyngeal cells, desiccation tolerance, or murine colonization. Sera from PPV23-immunized persons opsonized serotype 15B significantly but only slightly better than serotypes 15C and 15X; thus, PPV23 may not result in expansion of serotype 15C. Copyright © 2017 American Society for Microbiology.

Prosthetic breast reconstruction: indications and update

PubMed Central

Quinn, Tam T.; Miller, George S.; Rostek, Marie; Cabalag, Miguel S.; Rozen, Warren M.

2016-01-01

Background Despite 82% of patients reporting psychosocial improvement following breast reconstruction, only 33% patients choose to undergo surgery. Implant reconstruction outnumbers autologous reconstruction in many centres. Methods A systematic review of the literature was undertaken. Inclusion required: (I) Meta-analyses or review articles; (II) adult patients aged 18 years or over undergoing alloplastic breast reconstruction; (III) studies including outcome measures; (IV) case series with more than 10 patients; (V) English language; and (VI) publication after 1st January, 2000. Results After full text review, analysis and data extraction was conducted for a total of 63 articles. Definitive reconstruction with an implant can be immediate or delayed. Older patients have similar or even lower complication rates to younger patients. Complications include capsular contracture, hematoma and infection. Obesity, smoking, large breasts, diabetes and higher grade tumors are associated with increased risk of wound problems and reconstructive failure. Silicone implant patients have higher capsular contracture rates but have higher physical and psychosocial function. There were no associations made between silicone implants and cancer or systemic disease. There were no differences in outcomes or complications between round and shaped implants. Textured implants have a lower risk of capsular contracture than smooth implants. Smooth implants are more likely to be displaced as well as having higher rates of infection. Immediate breast reconstruction (IBR) gives the best aesthetic outcome if radiotherapy is not required but has a higher rate of capsular contracture and implant failure. Delayed-immediate reconstruction patients can achieve similar aesthetic results to IBR whilst preserving the breast skin if radiotherapy is required. Delayed breast reconstruction (DBR) patients have fewer complications than IBR patients. Conclusions Implant reconstruction is a safe and popular mode of post-mastectomy reconstruction. Evidence exists for the settings in which complications are more likely, and we can now more reliably predict outcomes of reconstruction on an individual basis and assess patient suitability. PMID:27047785

Solution properties of the capsular polysaccharide produced by Klebsiella pneumoniae K40.

PubMed

Flaibani, A; Leonhartsberger, S; Navarini, L; Cescutti, P; Paoletti, S

1994-04-01

This paper reports some physicochemical properties of the capsular polysaccharide produced by Klebsiella pneumoniae serotype K40 (K40-CPS) in aqueous solution. The polymer has a linear hexasaccharide repeating unit containing one glucuronic acid residue as the only ionizable group. Potentiometric, viscometric, chiro-optical and rheological measurements have been carried out over a range of ionic strength, pH and temperature, with the aim of characterizing the conformational state of the polysaccharide in aqueous solution. All the data reported indicate that the K40-CPS does not undergo a cooperative conformational transition under the investigated experimental conditions. Furthermore, the viscosity data and the viscoelastic spectra suggest that the K40-CPS is rather flexible and adopts a random coil conformation in solution.

Platinum concentration in silicone breast implant material and capsular tissue by ICP-MS.

PubMed

Maharaj, S V M

2004-09-01

Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) was used to determine the concentration of platinum (Pt) in silicone breast implant gel (range, 0.26-48.90 microg g(-1) Pt; n=15), elastomer (range, 3.05-28.78 microg g(-1) Pt; n=7), double lumen (range, 5.79-125.27 microg g(-1) Pt; n=7), foam (range, 5.79-8.36 microg g(-1) Pt; n=2), and capsular tissue (range, 0.003-0.272 microg g(-1) Pt; n=15). The results show that very high levels of Pt are present in the encasing elastomer, double lumen, and foam envelope materials. Silicone breast implants can be a source of significant Pt exposure for individuals with these implants.

Antimicrobial susceptibilities and capsular types of invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae isolated in children in Mexico City.

PubMed

Echániz-Aviles, G; Velázquez-Meza, M E; Carnalla-Barajas, M N; Soto-Noguerón, A; Solórzano-Santos, F; Pérez Miravete, A; Gatica-Marquina, R; di Fabio, J L

1997-01-01

As part of the Sistema Regional de Vacunas (SIREVA) initiative, we conducted a surveillance study to determine the relative prevalence of capsular types of Streptococcus pneumoniae and antimicrobial susceptibility of invasive isolates in children less than 5 years old. We collected 220 isolates and found 33 of the 90 known types, with type 23F as the most common followed by types 6A+B, 14, 19F, and 19A. High penicillin resistance was found in 49 strains (22.2%), 31 belonging to type 23F. Twenty-nine (13.1%) were resistant to erythromycin, 95 (43.1%) were resistant to chloramphenicol, and 24 (10.9%) were resistant to cefotaxime. No strains were resistant to vancomycin.

Antibacterials: A sweet vaccine

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bundle, David

2016-03-01

Vaccination with a synthetic glycoconjugate, in combination with the administration of an inhibitor that blocks capsular polysaccharide synthesis in bacteria, could offer an alternative route to combat bacterial infections.

Evidence-based medicine: augmentation mammaplasty.

PubMed

Lista, Frank; Ahmad, Jamil

2013-12-01

After studying this article, the participant should be able to: 1. Recognize the role of biofilm in breast implant surgery and possible ways to reduce the incidence of capsular contracture. 2. Describe the advantages and disadvantages of various surgical approaches including the incision placement and implant location. 3. List the advantages and disadvantages of implant characteristics including implant fill, shell surface characteristics, and implant shape. 4. Take steps to avoid the phenomena of double capsule and late seroma. This article was prepared to accompany practice-based assessment with ongoing surgical education for the Maintenance of Certification for the American Board of Plastic Surgery. It is structured to outline the care of the patient presenting for cosmetic breast augmentation.

The role of the ligamentum teres in the adult hip: redundant or relevant? A review

PubMed Central

Devitt, Brian M; Arora, Manit

2018-01-01

ABSTRACT The ligamentum teres (LT) has traditionally been described as a redundant structure with no contribution to hip biomechanics or function. There has been renewed interest in the LT as a source of hip pathology due to the high prevalence of LT pathology observed at the time of hip arthroscopy. The LT acts a secondary stabilizer to supplement the work of the capsular ligaments and works in a sling-like manner to prevent subluxation of the hip at the extremes of motion. The presence of free nerve endings within the LT indicates a definite role in pain generation, with the LT undergoing various mechanical and histological adaptations to hip pathology. PMID:29423246

Arthroscopic Management of Scaphoid-Trapezium-Trapezoid Joint Arthritis.

PubMed

Pegoli, Loris; Pozzi, Alessandro

2017-11-01

Scaphoid-trapezium-trapezoid (STT) joint arthritis is a common condition consisting of pain on the radial side of the wrist and base of the thumb, swelling, and tenderness over the STT joint. Common symptoms are loss of grip strength and thumb function. There are several treatments, from symptomatic conservative treatment to surgical solutions, such as arthrodesis, arthroplasties, and prosthesis implant. The role of arthroscopy has grown and is probably the best treatment of this condition. Advantages of arthroscopic management of STT arthritis are faster recovery, better view of the joint during surgery, and possibility of creating less damage to the capsular and ligamentous structures. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Ligamentous and capsular injuries to the metacarpophalangeal joints of the hand.

PubMed

Shah, Smiresh Suresh; Techy, Fernando; Mejia, Alfonso; Gonzalez, Mark H

2012-01-01

The mechanism of dorsal dislocation of the metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joint is with forced hyperextension of the joint and the main structure injured is the volar plate. A simple dislocation can be reduced by closed means whereas a complex dislocation cannot. Care must be taken not to put traction across the joint, which may cause the volar plate to slip into the joint, converting a simple dislocation into a complex dislocation. Volar dislocations are rare and mainly treated nonoperatively. Sagittal band injuries can be treated with extension splinting or surgical management with direct repair or reconstruction. A locked MCP joint can usually be treated with closed manipulation. This article discusses these injuries and management options.

Levels of Antibodies Specific to Tetanus Toxoid, Haemophilus influenzae Type b, and Pneumococcal Capsular Polysaccharide in Healthy Children and Adults

PubMed Central

Schauer, Uwe; Stemberg, Frank; Rieger, Christian H. L.; Büttner, Wolfgang; Borte, Michael; Schubert, Simone; Möllers, Helga; Riedel, Frank; Herz, Udo; Renz, Harald; Herzog, Wilhelm

2003-01-01

Antibody levels specific for capsular polysaccharides of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) and for tetanus toxoid were measured in serum samples of 386 age-stratified subjects. The study group consists of healthy adult blood donors and hospitalized children undergoing elective surgery, excluding individuals with a history of infection. In children, anti-tetanus toxoid antibody levels displayed two peaks of 1.20 IU/ml (20.4 mg/liter) and 1.65 IU/ml (28.1 mg/liter) related to the schedule of routine childhood immunization in the first year and at 8 years of age. Eighty percent of the antibodies are of the immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) isotype. For pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide (PCP), the specific antibody levels represent the acquisition of natural immunity. The initial concentration of 9.2 mg/liter was low in infancy (0.5 to 1 years of age) and remained low until 3 to 4 years of age (14.6 mg/liter). During this period PCP antibodies were almost 100% of the IgG2 subclass. Thereafter, IgG anti-PCP antibody titers increased steadily to adult levels (59.5 mg/liter). The data are intended to provide reference ranges to aid in the interpretation of specific antibody determinations in the clinical setting. PMID:12626443

A novel injection-molded capsular device for oral pulsatile delivery based on swellable/erodible polymers.

PubMed

Gazzaniga, Andrea; Cerea, Matteo; Cozzi, Alberto; Foppoli, Anastasia; Maroni, Alessandra; Zema, Lucia

2011-03-01

The feasibility of injection molding was explored in the preparation of a novel capsular device for oral pulsatile/delayed delivery based on swellable/erodible polymers. For this purpose, a mold intended to be coupled with a bench-top injection-molding press was designed. This was expected to enable the preparation of matching capsule cap and body items within a single manufacturing cycle and the selection of differing shell thicknesses (300, 600, and 900 μm). Hydroxypropylcellulose (Klucel(®) EF, LF, and GF) was employed as the release-controlling polymer in admixture with polyethylene glycol 1500 (10%, w/w) as the plasticizer. After preliminary trials aimed at the setup of operating conditions, Klucel(®) EF and LF capsule shells with satisfactory technological properties were manufactured. The performance of capsular devices filled with a tracer drug powder was studied by means of a modified USP31 disintegration apparatus. Typical in vitro delayed release patterns were thereby obtained, with lag time increasing as a function of the wall thickness. A good correlation was found between the latter parameter and t (10%), i.e., the time to 10% release, for both polymer grades employed. On the basis of the overall results, the investigated technique was proven suitable for the manufacturing of an innovative pulsatile release platform. © 2011 American Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists

Gill tissue reactions in walleye Stizostedion vitreum vitreum and common carp Cyprinus carpio to glochidia of the freshwater mussel Lampsilis radiata siliquoidea

USGS Publications Warehouse

Waller, D.L.; Mitchell, L.G.

1989-01-01

The glochidia of many freshwater mussels, which are obligate parasites on the gills, fins, and other body parts of specific fishes, attach to a suitable host, become encapsulated, and develop to the free-living juvenile stage. Using light and electron microscopy we compared gill tissue reactions in a suitable host (walleye Stizostedion vitreum vitreum) and unsuitable host (common carp Cyprinus carpio) infected with Lampsilis radiata siliquoidea. Encapsulation of glochidia on walleye gills was completed by 6 h post-infection at 20 to 22°C. Capsular formation and compaction were accompanied by a general increase in epithelioid cells. Fibrotic material appeared in capsules at about 48 h and virtually filled capsular cells from about Day 5 to Day 11 post-infection. Liberation of juvenile mussels was accompanied by thinning of the capsule from about Day 11 to Day l7. Although glochidia attached to the gills of common carp, few became encapsulated. By 48 h post-infection, preliminary capsular growth was evident and necrotic cells and cellular debris appeared at the edges of the growth. However, all glochidia were sloughed from carp gills by 60 h. Host specificity of L. radiata siliquoidea apparently depended on a combination of the attachment response of glochidia, differences in the encapsulation process, and tissue reactions in the fish.

Effect of calcium(ion) uptake by rat adrenal mitochondria on pregnenolone formation and spectral properties of cytochrome P-450.

PubMed

Simpson, E R; Williams-Smith, D L

1975-10-09

The effect of calcium on pregnenolone formation from endogenous precursors has been studied in mitochondria from rat decapsulated and capsular adrenal glands. In the presence of succinate, addition of calcium chloride in the concentration range 20-150 muM caused an inhibition of pregnenolone formation in both decapsulated and capsular adrenal mitochondria. 11beta-hydroxylation of added deoxycosticosterone in decapsulated adrenal mitochondria was also inhibited. Under these conditions, calcium inhibited the reduction of adrenodoxin, a component of the cytochrome P-450 reductase system, presumably because uptake of calcium by the mitochondria competes with energy-linked transhydrogenase for high-energy intermediates. For this reason, incubations were carried out in the presence of succinate plus isocitrate plus NADP+. Under these conditions, calcium chloride in the concentration range 120-875 muM caused a 2-4-fold stimulation of pregnenolone formation, but had no effect on corticosterone formation from added deoxycorticosterone. The effect of calcium on the optical spectra of cytochrome P-450 has also been examined in mitochondria from decapsulated and capsular rat adrenals. In the presence of succinate, calcium induced a spectral change resembling a type I difference spectrum of cytochrome P-450. Thus it appears that uptake of calcium by adrenal mitochondria can stimulate pregnenolone formation by increasing the interaction of mitochondrial cytochrome P-450 with endogenous substrate.

Intra-prosthetic breast MR virtual navigation: a preliminary study for a new evaluation of silicone breast implants.

PubMed

Moschetta, Marco; Telegrafo, Michele; Capuano, Giulia; Rella, Leonarda; Scardapane, Arnaldo; Angelelli, Giuseppe; Stabile Ianora, Amato Antonio

2013-10-01

To assess the contribute of intra-prosthetic MRI virtual navigation for evaluating breast implants and detecting implant ruptures. Forty-five breast implants were evaluated by MR examination. Only patients with a clinical indication were assessed. A 1.5-T device equipped with a 4-channel breast coil was used by performing axial TSE-T2, axial silicone-only, axial silicone suppression and sagittal STIR images. The obtained dicom files were also analyzed by using virtual navigation software. Two blinded radiologists evaluated all MR and virtual images. Eight patients for a total of 13 implants underwent surgical replacement. Sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) were calculated for both imaging strategies. Intra-capsular rupture was diagnosed in 13 out of 45 (29%) implants by using MRI. Basing on virtual navigation, 9 (20%) cases of intra-capsular rupture were diagnosed. Sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, PPV and NPV values of 100%, 86%, 89%, 62% and 100%, respectively, were found for MRI. Virtual navigation increased the previous values up to 100%, 97%, 98%, 89% and 100%. Intra-prosthetic breast MR virtual navigation can represent an additional promising tool for the evaluation of breast implants being able to reduce false positives and to provide a more accurate detection of intra-capsular implant rupture signs. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Fabrication of a micro-fluid gathering tool for the gastrointestinal juice sampling function of a versatile capsular endoscope.

PubMed

Koo, Kyo-In; Lee, Sangmin; Cho, Dong-il Dan

2011-01-01

This paper presents a micro-fluid gathering tool for a versatile capsular endoscope that employs a solid chemical propellant, azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN). The proposed tool consists of a micro-heater, an AIBN matrix, a Venturi tube, a reservoir, an inlet, and an outlet. The micro-heater heats the AIBN matrix to be decomposed into by-products and nitrogen gas. This nitrogen gas generates negative pressure passing through the Venturi tube. The generated negative pressure inhales a target fluid from around the inlet into the reservoir. All the parts are designed to be embedded inside a cylindrical shape with a diameter of 17 mm and a height of 2.3 mm in order to integrate it into a versatile developmental capsular endoscope without any scaledown. Two sets of the proposed tools are fabricated and tested: one is made of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and the other is made of polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA). In performance comparisons, the PDMS gathering tool can withstand a stronger pulling force, and the PMMA gathering tool requires a less negative pressure for inhaling the same target fluid. Due to the instant and full activation of the thin AIBN matrix, both types of gathering tool show analogous performance in the sample gathering evaluation. The gathered volume is approximately 1.57 μL using approximately 25.4 μL of AIBN compound.

Molecular Characterization of Streptococcus agalactiae Isolated from Bovine Mastitis in Eastern China

PubMed Central

Yang, Yongchun; Liu, Yinglong; Ding, Yunlei; Yi, Li; Ma, Zhe; Fan, Hongjie; Lu, Chengping

2013-01-01

One hundred and two Streptococcus agalactiae (group B streptococcus [GBS]) isolates were collected from dairy cattle with subclinical mastitis in Eastern China during 2011. Clonal groups were established by multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), respectively. Capsular polysaccharides (CPS), pilus and alpha-like-protein (Alp) family genes were also characterized by molecular techniques. MLST analysis revealed that these isolates were limited to three clonal groups and were clustered in six different lineages, i.e. ST (sequence type) 103, ST568, ST67, ST301, ST313 and ST570, of which ST568 and ST570 were new genotypes. PFGE analysis revealed this isolates were clustered in 27 PFGE types, of which, types 7, 8, 14, 15, 16, 18, 23 and 25 were the eight major types, comprising close to 70% (71/102) of all the isolates. The most prevalent sequence types were ST103 (58% isolates) and ST568 (31% isolates), comprising capsular genotype Ia isolates without any of the detected Alp genes, suggesting the appearance of novel genomic backgrounds of prevalent strains of bovine S. agalactiae. All the strains possessed the pilus island 2b (PI-2b) gene and the prevalent capsular genotypes were types Ia (89% isolates) and II (11% isolates), the conserved pilus type providing suitable data for the development of vaccines against mastitis caused by S. agalactiae. PMID:23874442

Fabrication of a Micro-Fluid Gathering Tool for the Gastrointestinal Juice Sampling Function of a Versatile Capsular Endoscope

PubMed Central

Koo, Kyo-in; Lee, Sangmin; Cho, Dong-il Dan

2011-01-01

This paper presents a micro-fluid gathering tool for a versatile capsular endoscope that employs a solid chemical propellant, azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN). The proposed tool consists of a micro-heater, an AIBN matrix, a Venturi tube, a reservoir, an inlet, and an outlet. The micro-heater heats the AIBN matrix to be decomposed into by-products and nitrogen gas. This nitrogen gas generates negative pressure passing through the Venturi tube. The generated negative pressure inhales a target fluid from around the inlet into the reservoir. All the parts are designed to be embedded inside a cylindrical shape with a diameter of 17 mm and a height of 2.3 mm in order to integrate it into a versatile developmental capsular endoscope without any scaledown. Two sets of the proposed tools are fabricated and tested: one is made of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and the other is made of polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA). In performance comparisons, the PDMS gathering tool can withstand a stronger pulling force, and the PMMA gathering tool requires a less negative pressure for inhaling the same target fluid. Due to the instant and full activation of the thin AIBN matrix, both types of gathering tool show analogous performance in the sample gathering evaluation. The gathered volume is approximately 1.57 μL using approximately 25.4 μL of AIBN compound. PMID:22163997

Femoral neck-shaft angle in extra-capsular proximal femoral fracture fixation; does it make a TAD of difference?

PubMed

Walton, N P; Wynn-Jones, H; Ward, M S; Wimhurst, J A

2005-11-01

The effect of femoral neck-shaft angle and implant type on the accuracy of lag screw placement in extra-capsular proximal femoral fracture fixation was investigated. Radiographs of all extra-capsular proximal femoral fractures seen in one unit over 18 months were reviewed. Of 399 cases, 307 (237 female, 70 male) were included in the study as they had no contra-lateral proximal femoral metal work. Femoral neck-shaft angle (NSA) of the uninjured hip and magnification adjusted tip-apex distance (TAD) of femoral head lag screw were measured. Type of fixation implant was 135 degrees classic hip screw (CHS) (n=144) or 130 degrees intra-medullary hip screw (IMHS) (n=163). Mean contra-lateral NSA was 130.2 degrees (112.9--148 degrees ) and 64 patients (58 female, 6 male) had a NSA <125 degrees . Mean adjusted TAD was 18.7 mm (5.8--43.8mm) and 88.9% of cases had a TAD of less than 25 mm. TAD values were significantly greater using an IMHS if NSA was <125 degrees than if NSA was >125 degrees (p=0.028). This was not the case with the CHS. The use of the 130 degrees -IMHS in patients with a NSA <125 degrees leads to poorer lag screw placement than if NSA >125 degrees and caution is advocated when using this device in such cases.

Two T7-like Bacteriophages, K5-2 and K5-4, Each Encodes Two Capsule Depolymerases: Isolation and Functional Characterization.

PubMed

Hsieh, Pei-Fang; Lin, Hsiao-Hsuan; Lin, Tzu-Lung; Chen, Yi-Yin; Wang, Jin-Town

2017-07-04

Two Klebsiella bacteriophages K5-2 and K5-4, which are able to infect and grow on either capsular types K30/K69 and K5 or K8 and K5 of Klebsiella strains, were isolated and characterized. Each phage contained two open reading frames (ORFs), which encoded two putative capsule depolymerases, respectively. The first ORF encoded tail fiber proteins, which have K30/K69 depolymerase and K8 depolymerase activities. The second ORF encoded hypothetical proteins, which are almost identical in amino acid sequences, and have K5 depolymerase activity. Alcian blue staining of enzyme-treated capsular polysaccharides (CPS) showed that purified depolymerases can cleave purified Klebsiella CPS in vitro and liberate monosaccharaides. Capsule K5 deletion mutants were not lysed by either phage, suggesting that the capsule was essential for phage infection. Bacterial killing was observed when incubated Klebsiella strains with phages but not with purified depolymerases. Treatment with the K5-4 phage significantly increased the survival of mice infected with a K. pneumoniae K5 strain. In conclusion, two dual host-specific Klebsiella phages and their tailspikes exhibit capsule depolymerase activity were characterized. Each phage and phage-encoded depolymerase has specificity for capsular type K30/K69, K8 or K5, and could be used for the typing and treatment of K. pneumoniae infection.

Two-year outcomes of open shoulder anterior capsular reconstruction for instability from severe capsular deficiency.

PubMed

Dewing, Christopher B; Horan, Marilee P; Millett, Peter J

2012-01-01

To document outcomes after anterior capsulolabral reconstruction for recurrent shoulder instability in 15 patients (20 shoulders) who have had multiple failed stabilizations or collagen disorders. Twenty shoulders with recurrent instability underwent revision stabilization with allograft reconstruction of anterior capsulolabral structures, which re-creates the labrum and capsular ligaments. The patients comprised 3 men and 12 women (mean age, 26 years [range, 18 to 38 years]) in whom multiple prior repairs failed and who had disability from continued pain and instability. Patients could choose to undergo either arthrodesis or salvage allograft reconstruction or to live with permanent disability. Of the patients, 5 had Ehlers-Danlos syndrome whereas 10 had hyperlaxity syndromes without genetic confirmation. Failure was defined as further instability surgery. Pain, shoulder function, instability (dislocations/subluxation), and American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons scores were documented. At follow-up, 9 of 20 shoulders (45%) remained stable. Recurrent instability was reported in 5 shoulders (25%), but the patients chose not to undergo further surgery. In the 14 shoulders without further stabilization (nonfailures), the mean American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons score increased 43 points at a mean of 3.8 years (range, 2 to 6 years) postoperatively (P < .05). Mean satisfaction with outcome in nonfailures was 7 of 10 points (range, 1 to 10). Six shoulders failed by progressing to instability surgery at a mean of 8.6 months (range, 2.8 to 24 months). In the 6 shoulders that failed, the mean number of prior surgeries was 8 (range, 3 to 15) compared with a mean of 4 prior surgeries (range, 1 to 16) for the 9 nonfailures. Treating patients in whom multiple stabilizations have failed remains challenging. In our series 9 shoulders (45%) remained completely stable at 3.8 years. Recurrent instability (3 reinjuries) requiring further stabilization occurred in 6 (30%). Subsequent treatment for non-instability reasons was performed in 3 (15%). Instability was reported but revision surgery was not performed in 5 (25%). In 8 nonfailures (64%), the patients were highly satisfied with their surgical outcomes. Our results support this salvage procedure as a viable alternative to arthrodesis in young patients with end-stage shoulder instability or collagen disorders. Level IV, therapeutic case series. Copyright © 2012 Arthroscopy Association of North America. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Comparison of Capsular Genes of Streptococcus pneumoniae Serotype 6A, 6B, 6C, and 6D Isolates▿

PubMed Central

Song, Jae-Hoon; Baek, Jin Yang; Ko, Kwan Soo

2011-01-01

Recently, Streptococcus pneumoniae serotypes 6C and 6D have been identified. It is thought that they emerged by the replacement of wciNβ in the capsular loci of serotypes 6A and 6B, respectively. However, their evolution has not been unveiled yet. To investigate the evolution of four serotypes of S. pneumoniae serogroup 6, four genes of the capsular polysaccharide synthesis (cps) locus, wchA, wciN, wciO, and wciP, of isolates of S. pneumoniae serotypes 6A, 6B, 6C, and 6D were sequenced. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) was performed to investigate their genetic backgrounds. The wchA gene of serotype 6C and 6D isolates was distinct from that of serotype 6A and 6B isolates, which may suggest cotransfer of wchA with wciNβ. Otherwise, serotypes 6C and 6D displayed different genetic backgrounds from serotypes 6A and 6B, which was suggested by MLST analysis. In addition, serotype 6C isolates showed distinct wciP polymorphisms from other serotypes, which also indicated that serotype 6C had not recently originated from serotype 6A. Although serotype 6D shared the same amino acid polymorphisms of wciO with serotype 6B, wciP of serotype 6D differed from that of serotype 6B. The data indicate the implausibility of the scenario of a recent emergence of the cps locus of serotype 6D by genetic recombination between serotypes 6B and 6C. In addition, five serotype 6A and 6B isolates (6X group) displayed cps loci distinct from those of other isolates. The cps locus homogeneity and similar sequence types in MLST analysis suggest that most of the 6X group of isolates originated from the same ancestor and that the entire cps locus might have recently been transferred from an unknown origin. Serotype 6B isolates showed two or more cps locus subtypes, indicating a recombination-mediated mosaic structure of the cps locus of serotype 6B. The collective data favor the emergence of cps loci of serotypes 6A, 6B, 6C, and 6D by complicated recombination. PMID:21411593

Anterior capsule phimosis and capsular block syndrome in a patient with Steinert myotonic dystrophy: a case report

PubMed Central

2009-01-01

A 55-year-old man with myotonic dystrophy underwent phacoemulsification with IOL implantation in the right eye. 3 months after surgery, the patient showed a decreased visual acuity and an intraocular pressure (IOP) of 30 mmHg. Slit lamp examination showed a dense fibrosis of the anterior capsule with capsulorexis' shrinkage. Gonioscopy showed a closed angle. After a YAG laser iridotomy no decrease in the IOP was detected; following surgical peeling of the anterior capsule, the slit lamp showed a distended capsular bag. A YAG laser posterior capsulotomy was performed, without decrease in the IOP. Myotonic patients need to be closely followed up after cataract surgery, because in case of CBS development a prompt posterior capsulotomy could avoid more severe complications. PMID:20062622

MR arthrography in glenohumeral instability.

PubMed

Van der Woude, H J; Vanhoenacker, F M

2007-01-01

The impact of accurate imaging in the work-up of patients with glenohumeral instability is high. Results of imaging may directly influence the surgeon's strategy to perform an arthroscopic or open treatment for (recurrent) instability. Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, and MR arthrography in particular, is the optimal technique to detect, localize and characterize injuries of the capsular-labrum complex. Besides TI-weighted sequences with fat suppression in axial, oblique sagital and coronal directions, an additional series in abduction and exoroation position is highly advocated. This ABER series optimally depicts abnormalities of the inferior capsular-labrum complex and partial undersurface tears of the spinatus tendons. Knowledge of different anatomical variants that may mimic labral tears and of variants of the classic Bankart lesion are useful in the analysis of shoulder MR arthrograms in patients with glenohumeral instability.

Parallel evolution of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Streptococcus mitis to pathogenic and mutualistic lifestyles.

PubMed

Kilian, Mogens; Riley, David R; Jensen, Anders; Brüggemann, Holger; Tettelin, Hervé

2014-07-22

The bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae is one of the leading causes of fatal infections affecting humans. Intriguingly, phylogenetic analysis shows that the species constitutes one evolutionary lineage in a cluster of the otherwise commensal Streptococcus mitis strains, with which humans live in harmony. In a comparative analysis of 35 genomes, including phylogenetic analyses of all predicted genes, we have shown that the pathogenic pneumococcus has evolved into a master of genomic flexibility while lineages that evolved into the nonpathogenic S. mitis secured harmonious coexistence with their host by stabilizing an approximately 15%-reduced genome devoid of many virulence genes. Our data further provide evidence that interspecies gene transfer between S. pneumoniae and S. mitis occurs in a unidirectional manner, i.e., from S. mitis to S. pneumoniae. Import of genes from S. mitis and other mitis, anginosus, and salivarius group streptococci ensured allelic replacements and antigenic diversification and has been driving the evolution of the remarkable structural diversity of capsular polysaccharides of S. pneumoniae. Our study explains how the unique structural diversity of the pneumococcal capsule emerged and conceivably will continue to increase and reveals a striking example of the fragile border between the commensal and pathogenic lifestyles. While genomic plasticity enabling quick adaptation to environmental stress is a necessity for the pathogenic streptococci, the commensal lifestyle benefits from stability. Importance: One of the leading causes of fatal infections affecting humans, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and the commensal Streptococcus mitis are closely related obligate symbionts associated with hominids. Faced with a shortage of accessible hosts, the two opposing lifestyles evolved in parallel. We have shown that the nonpathogenic S. mitis secured harmonious coexistence with its host by stabilizing a reduced genome devoid of many virulence genes. Meanwhile, the pathogenic pneumococcus evolved into a master of genomic flexibility and imports genes from S. mitis and other related streptococci. This process ensured antigenic diversification and has been driving the evolution of the remarkable structural diversity of capsular polysaccharides of S. pneumoniae, which conceivably will continue to increase and present a challenge to disease prevention. Copyright © 2014 Kilian et al.

Searching for proprioceptors in human facial muscles.

PubMed

Cobo, Juan L; Abbate, Francesco; de Vicente, Juan C; Cobo, Juan; Vega, José A

2017-02-15

The human craniofacial muscles innervated by the facial nerve typically lack muscle spindles. However these muscles have proprioception that participates in the coordination of facial movements. A functional substitution of facial proprioceptors by cutaneous mechanoreceptors has been proposed but at present this alternative has not been demonstrated. Here we have investigated whether other kinds of sensory structures are present in two human facial muscles (zygomatic major and buccal). Human checks were removed from Spanish cadavers, and processed for immunohistochemical detection of nerve fibers (neurofilament proteins and S100 protein) and two putative mechanoproteins (acid-sensing ion channel 2 and transient receptor potential vanilloid 4) associated with mechanosensing. Nerves of different calibers were found in the connective septa and within the muscle itself. In all the muscles analysed, capsular corpuscle-like structures resembling elongated or round Ruffini-like corpuscles were observed. Moreover the axon profiles within these structures displayed immunoreactivity for both putative mechanoproteins. The present results demonstrate the presence of sensory structures in facial muscles that can substitute for typical muscle spindles as the source of facial proprioception. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Trends in Shoulder Stabilization Techniques Used in the United States Based on a Large Private-Payer Database.

PubMed

Riff, Andrew J; Frank, Rachel M; Sumner, Shelby; Friel, Nicole; Bach, Bernard R; Verma, Nikhil N; Romeo, Anthony A

2017-12-01

Arthroscopic stabilization is the most broadly used surgical procedure in the United States for management of recurrent shoulder instability. Latarjet coracoid transfer has been considered a salvage surgical procedure for failed arthroscopic repairs or cases of significant glenoid bone loss; however, with recent literature suggesting reduced risk of recurrent instability with Latarjet, several surgeons have advocated its broader utilization as a primary operation for treatment of shoulder instability. To determine trends in shoulder stabilization techniques used in the United States. Cross-sectional study. A retrospective analysis of a publicly available national insurance database was performed to identify shoulder stabilization procedures performed over 9 years (2007-2015). The following Current Procedural Terminology codes were searched: 29806 (arthroscopic stabilization), 23455 (open capsulolabral repair), 23466 (open capsular shift), 23462 (Latarjet coracoid transfer), and 23460 (open anterior capsulorrhaphy with other bone block augmentation). Outcomes of interest included (1) trends in the use of each technique throughout the study interval, (2) age and sex distributions of patients undergoing each technique, and (3) regional predilections for the use of each technique. Arthroscopic stabilization was the most broadly used shoulder stabilization procedure in the database (87%), followed by open Bankart (7%), Latarjet (3.2%), open capsular shift (2.6%), and alternative bone block procedure (0.8%). Throughout the study period, the incidence of arthroscopic stabilization and Latarjet increased (8% and 15% per year, respectively); the incidence of open capsular shift remained relatively constant; and the incidence of open Bankart decreased (9% per year). Arthroscopic stabilization, open Bankart, and Latarjet each had similar sex-based distributions (roughly 70% male), while open capsular shift and alternative bone block were relatively more common in females (54% and 50% male, respectively). The incidence of arthroscopic stabilization and Latarjet were greatest in the South and lowest in the Northeast. Arthroscopic stabilization remains the most commonly utilized stabilization technique in the United States. The use of the Latarjet procedure is steadily increasing and now rivals open Bankart stabilization among the most commonly used open stabilization techniques.

Deletion of a 77-base-pair inverted repeat element alters the synthesis of surface polysaccharides in Porphyromonas gingivalis.

PubMed

Bainbridge, Brian W; Hirano, Takanori; Grieshaber, Nicole; Davey, Mary E

2015-04-01

Bacterial cell surface glycans, such as capsular polysaccharides and lipopolysaccharides (LPS), influence host recognition and are considered key virulence determinants. The periodontal pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis is known to display at least three different types of surface glycans: O-LPS, A-LPS, and K-antigen capsule. We have shown that PG0121 (in strain W83) encodes a DNABII histone-like protein and that this gene is transcriptionally linked to the K-antigen capsule synthesis genes, generating a large ∼19.4-kb transcript (PG0104-PG0121). Furthermore, production of capsule is deficient in a PG0121 mutant strain. In this study, we report on the identification of an antisense RNA (asRNA) molecule located within a 77-bp inverted repeat (77bpIR) element located near the 5' end of the locus. We show that overexpression of this asRNA decreases the amount of capsule produced, indicating that this asRNA can impact capsule synthesis in trans. We also demonstrate that deletion of the 77bpIR element and thereby synthesis of the large 19.4-kb transcript also diminishes, but does not eliminate, capsule synthesis. Surprisingly, LPS structures were also altered by deletion of the 77bpIR element, and reactivity to monoclonal antibodies specific to both O-LPS and A-LPS was eliminated. Additionally, reduced reactivity to these antibodies was also observed in a PG0106 mutant, indicating that this putative glycosyltransferase, which is required for capsule synthesis, is also involved in LPS synthesis in strain W83. We discuss our finding in the context of how DNABII proteins, an antisense RNA molecule, and the 77bpIR element may modulate expression of surface polysaccharides in P. gingivalis. The periodontal pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis displays at least three different types of cell surface glycans: O-LPS, A-LPS, and K-antigen capsule. We have shown using Northern analysis that the K-antigen capsule locus encodes a large transcript (∼19.4 kb), encompassing a 77-bp inverted repeat (77bpIR) element near the 5' end. Here, we report on the identification of an antisense RNA (asRNA) encoded within the 77bpIR. We show that overexpression of this asRNA or deletion of the element decreases the amount of capsule. LPS structures were also altered by deletion of the 77bpIR, and reactivity to monoclonal antibodies to both O-LPS and A-LPS was eliminated. Our data indicate that the 77bpIR element is involved in modulating both LPS and capsule synthesis in P. gingivalis. Copyright © 2015, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Deletion of a 77-Base-Pair Inverted Repeat Element Alters the Synthesis of Surface Polysaccharides in Porphyromonas gingivalis

PubMed Central

Bainbridge, Brian W.; Hirano, Takanori; Grieshaber, Nicole

2015-01-01

ABSTRACT Bacterial cell surface glycans, such as capsular polysaccharides and lipopolysaccharides (LPS), influence host recognition and are considered key virulence determinants. The periodontal pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis is known to display at least three different types of surface glycans: O-LPS, A-LPS, and K-antigen capsule. We have shown that PG0121 (in strain W83) encodes a DNABII histone-like protein and that this gene is transcriptionally linked to the K-antigen capsule synthesis genes, generating a large ∼19.4-kb transcript (PG0104-PG0121). Furthermore, production of capsule is deficient in a PG0121 mutant strain. In this study, we report on the identification of an antisense RNA (asRNA) molecule located within a 77-bp inverted repeat (77bpIR) element located near the 5′ end of the locus. We show that overexpression of this asRNA decreases the amount of capsule produced, indicating that this asRNA can impact capsule synthesis in trans. We also demonstrate that deletion of the 77bpIR element and thereby synthesis of the large 19.4-kb transcript also diminishes, but does not eliminate, capsule synthesis. Surprisingly, LPS structures were also altered by deletion of the 77bpIR element, and reactivity to monoclonal antibodies specific to both O-LPS and A-LPS was eliminated. Additionally, reduced reactivity to these antibodies was also observed in a PG0106 mutant, indicating that this putative glycosyltransferase, which is required for capsule synthesis, is also involved in LPS synthesis in strain W83. We discuss our finding in the context of how DNABII proteins, an antisense RNA molecule, and the 77bpIR element may modulate expression of surface polysaccharides in P. gingivalis. IMPORTANCE The periodontal pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis displays at least three different types of cell surface glycans: O-LPS, A-LPS, and K-antigen capsule. We have shown using Northern analysis that the K-antigen capsule locus encodes a large transcript (∼19.4 kb), encompassing a 77-bp inverted repeat (77bpIR) element near the 5′ end. Here, we report on the identification of an antisense RNA (asRNA) encoded within the 77bpIR. We show that overexpression of this asRNA or deletion of the element decreases the amount of capsule. LPS structures were also altered by deletion of the 77bpIR, and reactivity to monoclonal antibodies to both O-LPS and A-LPS was eliminated. Our data indicate that the 77bpIR element is involved in modulating both LPS and capsule synthesis in P. gingivalis. PMID:25622614

Modulation of matrix metalloproteinase activity by EDTA prevents posterior capsular opacification

PubMed Central

Guha, Rajdeep; Jongkey, Geram; Palui, Himangshu; Mishra, Akhilesh; Vemuganti, Geeta K.; Basak, Samar K.; Mandal, Tapan Kumar; Konar, Aditya

2012-01-01

Purpose To evaluate the effect of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) on posterior capsular opacification (PCO) of rabbits and to assess its effect on intraocular tissues. Methods Modulation of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity in the aqueous following cataract surgery in rabbits and its prevention by different doses of EDTA was determined by zymography. For evaluation of PCO, lensectomized rabbits were intracamerally injected with single dose of either 5 mg EDTA or normal saline. After one month, the degree of PCO was determined by slitlamp biomicroscopy, Miyake-Apple view, and histology of the lens capsule. The effect of EDTA on intra ocular pressure (IOP), corneal endothelial cells, and the retina was evaluated by tonometry, specular microscopy and scanning electron microscopy, and electroretinography. The concentration of EDTA in the aqueous was determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) at different time points. Results The MMP activity was significantly increased in the aqueous of the operated eyes, and EDTA reduced the degree of increase in a dose-dependent manner. EDTA treatment significantly reduced the degree of PCO (p<0.05). Histopathology of the lens capsule showed a reduction in the number of proliferating and migrating cells as well as MMP2 expression in the EDTA-treated eyes. EDTA treatment did not change the IOP; density, morphology and ultrastructure of the corneal endothelial cells; and electroretinography (ERG). EDTA was detectable in the aqueous humor up to 72 h following a single intracameral injection. Conclusions EDTA reduces the degree of PCO by suppressing the MMP activity and it is not toxic to intra ocular structures at the concentration used. PMID:22815623

Resolving the Magnetic Asymmetry of the Inner Space in Self-assembled Dimeric Capsules Based on Tetraurea-calix[4]pyrrole Components.

PubMed

Espelt, Mónica; Aragay, Gemma; Ballester, Pablo

2015-01-01

The encapsulation of N,N, N',N'-tetramethyl-1,5-pentanediamine-N,N'-dioxide 2 in a non-chiral capsular assembly formed by dimerization of tetraurea-calix[4]pyrrole 1a produced the observation of the N-methyl groups of the encapsulated guest as two separated singlets resonating highly upfield in the (1)H NMR spectrum. In order to clarify the origin of the observed signal splitting we assembled and studied a series of structurally related dimeric capsules. We used the tetraurea-calix[4]pyrrole 1a , the enantiomerically pure tetraurea-calix[4] pyrrole R-1b and the tetraurea-bisloop calix[4]pyrrole 1c as components of the produced assemblies. The (1)H NMR spectra of the assembled encapsulation complexes with bis-N-oxide 2 evidenced diverse splitting patterns of the N-methyl groups. In addition, 2D EXSY/ROESY NMR experiments revealed the existence of chemical exchange processes involving the separated methyl signals of the encapsulated guest. The capsular assemblies were mainly stabilized by a belt of eight head-to-tail hydrogen-bonded urea groups. The interconversion between the two senses of rotation of the unidirectionally oriented urea groups was slow on the (1)H NMR timescale. These characteristics determined the appearance of a new asymmetry element (supramolecular conformational chirality) in the assemblies that accounted for some of the magnetic asymmetries featured by the capsule's inner space. The racemization of the supramolecular chirality element was fast on the EXSY timescale and produced the chemical exchange processes detected for the encapsulation complexes.

Gene Function Hypotheses for the Campylobacter jejuni Glycome Generated by a Logic-Based Approach

PubMed Central

Sternberg, Michael J.E.; Tamaddoni-Nezhad, Alireza; Lesk, Victor I.; Kay, Emily; Hitchen, Paul G.; Cootes, Adrian; van Alphen, Lieke B.; Lamoureux, Marc P.; Jarrell, Harold C.; Rawlings, Christopher J.; Soo, Evelyn C.; Szymanski, Christine M.; Dell, Anne; Wren, Brendan W.; Muggleton, Stephen H.

2013-01-01

Increasingly, experimental data on biological systems are obtained from several sources and computational approaches are required to integrate this information and derive models for the function of the system. Here, we demonstrate the power of a logic-based machine learning approach to propose hypotheses for gene function integrating information from two diverse experimental approaches. Specifically, we use inductive logic programming that automatically proposes hypotheses explaining the empirical data with respect to logically encoded background knowledge. We study the capsular polysaccharide biosynthetic pathway of the major human gastrointestinal pathogen Campylobacter jejuni. We consider several key steps in the formation of capsular polysaccharide consisting of 15 genes of which 8 have assigned function, and we explore the extent to which functions can be hypothesised for the remaining 7. Two sources of experimental data provide the information for learning—the results of knockout experiments on the genes involved in capsule formation and the absence/presence of capsule genes in a multitude of strains of different serotypes. The machine learning uses the pathway structure as background knowledge. We propose assignments of specific genes to five previously unassigned reaction steps. For four of these steps, there was an unambiguous optimal assignment of gene to reaction, and to the fifth, there were three candidate genes. Several of these assignments were consistent with additional experimental results. We therefore show that the logic-based methodology provides a robust strategy to integrate results from different experimental approaches and propose hypotheses for the behaviour of a biological system. PMID:23103756

Gene function hypotheses for the Campylobacter jejuni glycome generated by a logic-based approach.

PubMed

Sternberg, Michael J E; Tamaddoni-Nezhad, Alireza; Lesk, Victor I; Kay, Emily; Hitchen, Paul G; Cootes, Adrian; van Alphen, Lieke B; Lamoureux, Marc P; Jarrell, Harold C; Rawlings, Christopher J; Soo, Evelyn C; Szymanski, Christine M; Dell, Anne; Wren, Brendan W; Muggleton, Stephen H

2013-01-09

Increasingly, experimental data on biological systems are obtained from several sources and computational approaches are required to integrate this information and derive models for the function of the system. Here, we demonstrate the power of a logic-based machine learning approach to propose hypotheses for gene function integrating information from two diverse experimental approaches. Specifically, we use inductive logic programming that automatically proposes hypotheses explaining the empirical data with respect to logically encoded background knowledge. We study the capsular polysaccharide biosynthetic pathway of the major human gastrointestinal pathogen Campylobacter jejuni. We consider several key steps in the formation of capsular polysaccharide consisting of 15 genes of which 8 have assigned function, and we explore the extent to which functions can be hypothesised for the remaining 7. Two sources of experimental data provide the information for learning-the results of knockout experiments on the genes involved in capsule formation and the absence/presence of capsule genes in a multitude of strains of different serotypes. The machine learning uses the pathway structure as background knowledge. We propose assignments of specific genes to five previously unassigned reaction steps. For four of these steps, there was an unambiguous optimal assignment of gene to reaction, and to the fifth, there were three candidate genes. Several of these assignments were consistent with additional experimental results. We therefore show that the logic-based methodology provides a robust strategy to integrate results from different experimental approaches and propose hypotheses for the behaviour of a biological system. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Size-tunable drug-delivery capsules composed of a magnetic nanoshell.

PubMed

Fuchigami, Teruaki; Kitamoto, Yoshitaka; Namiki, Yoshihisa

2012-01-01

Nano-sized FePt capsules with two types of ultrathin shell were fabricated using a template method for use in a nano-scale drug delivery system. One capsule was composed of an inorganic-organic hybrid shell of a water-soluble polymer and FePt nanoparticles, and the other capsule was composed of a network of fused FePt nanoparticles. We demonstrated that FePt nanoparticles selectively accumulated on the polymer molecules adsorbed on the template silica particles, and investigated the morphologies of the particle accumulation by changing the concentration of the polymer solution with which the template particles were treated. Capsular size was reduced from 340 to less than 90 nm by changing the size of the silica template particles, and the shell thickness was controlled by changing the amount of FePt nanoparticles adsorbed on the template particles. The hybrid shell was maintained by the connection of FePt nanoparticles and polymer molecules, and the shell thickness was 10 nm at the maximum. The FePt network shell was fabricated by hydrothermal treatment of the FePt/polymer-modified silica composite particles. The FePt network shell was produced from only the FePt alloy, and the shell thickness was 3 nm. Water-soluble anti-cancer drugs could be loaded into the hollow space of FePt network capsules, and lipid-coated FePt network capsules loaded with anti-cancer drugs showed cellular toxicity. The nano-sized capsular structure and the ultrathin shell suggest applicability as a drug carrier in magnetically guided drug delivery systems.

RGD Surface Functionalization of the Hydrophilic Acrylic Intraocular Lens Material to Control Posterior Capsular Opacification

PubMed Central

Huang, Yi-Shiang; Bertrand, Virginie; Bozukova, Dimitriya; Pagnoulle, Christophe; Labrugère, Christine; De Pauw, Edwin; De Pauw-Gillet, Marie-Claire; Durrieu, Marie-Christine

2014-01-01

Posterior Capsular Opacification (PCO) is the capsule fibrosis developed on implanted IntraOcular Lens (IOL) by the de-differentiation of Lens Epithelial Cells (LECs) undergoing Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition (EMT). Literature has shown that the incidence of PCO is multifactorial including the patient's age or disease, surgical technique, and IOL design and material. Reports comparing hydrophilic and hydrophobic acrylic IOLs have shown that the former has more severe PCO. On the other hand, we have previously demonstrated that the adhesion of LECs is favored on hydrophobic compared to hydrophilic materials. By combining these two facts and contemporary knowledge in PCO development via the EMT pathway, we propose a biomimetically inspired strategy to promote LEC adhesion without de-differentiation to reduce the risk of PCO development. By surface grafting of a cell adhesion molecule (RGD peptide) onto the conventional hydrophilic acrylic IOL material, the surface-functionalized IOL can be used to reconstitute a capsule-LEC-IOL sandwich structure, which has been considered to prevent PCO formation in literature. Our results show that the innovative biomaterial improves LEC adhesion, while also exhibiting similar optical (light transmittance, optical bench) and mechanical (haptic compression force, IOL injection force) properties compared to the starting material. In addition, compared to the hydrophobic IOL material, our bioactive biomaterial exhibits similar abilities in LEC adhesion, morphology maintenance, and EMT biomarker expression, which is the crucial pathway to induce PCO. The in vitro assays suggest that this biomaterial has the potential to reduce the risk factor of PCO development. PMID:25501012

RGD surface functionalization of the hydrophilic acrylic intraocular lens material to control posterior capsular opacification.

PubMed

Huang, Yi-Shiang; Bertrand, Virginie; Bozukova, Dimitriya; Pagnoulle, Christophe; Labrugère, Christine; De Pauw, Edwin; De Pauw-Gillet, Marie-Claire; Durrieu, Marie-Christine

2014-01-01

Posterior Capsular Opacification (PCO) is the capsule fibrosis developed on implanted IntraOcular Lens (IOL) by the de-differentiation of Lens Epithelial Cells (LECs) undergoing Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition (EMT). Literature has shown that the incidence of PCO is multifactorial including the patient's age or disease, surgical technique, and IOL design and material. Reports comparing hydrophilic and hydrophobic acrylic IOLs have shown that the former has more severe PCO. On the other hand, we have previously demonstrated that the adhesion of LECs is favored on hydrophobic compared to hydrophilic materials. By combining these two facts and contemporary knowledge in PCO development via the EMT pathway, we propose a biomimetically inspired strategy to promote LEC adhesion without de-differentiation to reduce the risk of PCO development. By surface grafting of a cell adhesion molecule (RGD peptide) onto the conventional hydrophilic acrylic IOL material, the surface-functionalized IOL can be used to reconstitute a capsule-LEC-IOL sandwich structure, which has been considered to prevent PCO formation in literature. Our results show that the innovative biomaterial improves LEC adhesion, while also exhibiting similar optical (light transmittance, optical bench) and mechanical (haptic compression force, IOL injection force) properties compared to the starting material. In addition, compared to the hydrophobic IOL material, our bioactive biomaterial exhibits similar abilities in LEC adhesion, morphology maintenance, and EMT biomarker expression, which is the crucial pathway to induce PCO. The in vitro assays suggest that this biomaterial has the potential to reduce the risk factor of PCO development.

Size-tunable drug-delivery capsules composed of a magnetic nanoshell

PubMed Central

Fuchigami, Teruaki; Kitamoto, Yoshitaka; Namiki, Yoshihisa

2012-01-01

Nano-sized FePt capsules with two types of ultrathin shell were fabricated using a template method for use in a nano-scale drug delivery system. One capsule was composed of an inorganic-organic hybrid shell of a water-soluble polymer and FePt nanoparticles, and the other capsule was composed of a network of fused FePt nanoparticles. We demonstrated that FePt nanoparticles selectively accumulated on the polymer molecules adsorbed on the template silica particles, and investigated the morphologies of the particle accumulation by changing the concentration of the polymer solution with which the template particles were treated. Capsular size was reduced from 340 to less than 90 nm by changing the size of the silica template particles, and the shell thickness was controlled by changing the amount of FePt nanoparticles adsorbed on the template particles. The hybrid shell was maintained by the connection of FePt nanoparticles and polymer molecules, and the shell thickness was 10 nm at the maximum. The FePt network shell was fabricated by hydrothermal treatment of the FePt/polymer-modified silica composite particles. The FePt network shell was produced from only the FePt alloy, and the shell thickness was 3 nm. Water-soluble anti-cancer drugs could be loaded into the hollow space of FePt network capsules, and lipid-coated FePt network capsules loaded with anti-cancer drugs showed cellular toxicity. The nano-sized capsular structure and the ultrathin shell suggest applicability as a drug carrier in magnetically guided drug delivery systems. PMID:23507895

Visualization of bacterial polysaccharides by scanning transmission electron microscopy.

PubMed

Wolanski, B S; McAleer, W J; Hilleman, M R

1983-04-01

Highly purified capsular polysaccharides of Neisseria meningitidis groups A, B, and C have been visualized by high resolution Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy (STEM). Spheroidal macromolecules approximately 200 A in diameter are characteristic of the Meningococcus A and C polysaccharides whereas filaments that are 400-600 A in length are found in Meningococcus B polysaccharide preparations. Filaments are occasionally found associated with the spheroidal Meningococcus A and C polysaccharides and it is proposed that these structures are composed of a long (1-4 microns) filament or filaments that are arranged in spheroidal molecules or micelles of high molecular weight. The Meningococcus B polysaccharide, by contrast, is a short flexuous filament or strand of relatively low molecular weight. A relationship between morphology and antigenicity is proposed.

Elbow arthroscopy.

PubMed

Dodson, Christopher C; Nho, Shane J; Williams, Riley J; Altchek, David W

2008-10-01

Arthroscopy of the elbow was originally considered to be an unsafe procedure because of the small size of the elbow joint capsule and its proximity to several crucial neurovascular structures. Over the past decade, however, the procedure has become safer and more effective. These improvements can be attributed to a better understanding of elbow anatomy and of the disorders about the elbow as well as to advances in arthroscopic equipment and surgical technique. The most common indications for elbow arthroscopy include removal of loose bodies, synovectomy, débridement and/or excision of osteophytes, capsular release, and the assessment and treatment of osteochondritis dissecans. More recent advances have expanded the indications of elbow arthroscopy to include fracture management (eg, radial head fractures) and the treatment of lateral epicondylitis.

Ceramic debris in hip prosthesis: correlation between synovial fluid and joint capsule.

PubMed

De Pasquale, Dalila; Stea, Susanna; Beraudi, Alina; Montesi, Monica; Squarzoni, Stefano; Toni, Aldo

2013-05-01

Detection of ceramic particles in synovial fluids allows early diagnosis of ceramic damage, but there is no evidence of a relationship between ceramic debris in the articular space and in the joint capsule. The aim of the present study is to verify if the particles isolated in the synovial fluid are comparable with those stored in the capsular tissue. Twenty-one patients were enrolled. Both synovial fluid and capsular samples were collected during revision surgery and ceramic particles were isolated and analyzed by scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray microanalysis. It resulted a significant correlation between the samples couples (18 out of 21). This study confirms that the synovial fluid analysis can give a clear definition of the presence of particles in the joint capsule. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Stimulation of Lactic Acid Bacteria by a Micrococcus Isolate: Evidence for Multiple Effects

PubMed Central

Nath, K. R.; Wagner, B. J.

1973-01-01

Growth of, and rate of acid production by, six cultures of lactic acid bacteria were increased in the presence of Micrococcus isolate F4 or a preparation of its capsular material. Concentrations of hydrogen peroxide found in pure cultures of the lactic acid bacteria were not detectable, or were greatly reduced, in mixed culture with Micrococcus isolate F4. The capsular material was not as effective as whole cells in preventing accumulation of H2O2. Catalase stimulated growth of, and the rate of acid production by, the lactic acid bacteria, but not to the same extent as Micrococcus isolate F4 in some cultures. The existence of two mechanisms for micrococcal stimulation of the lactic acid bacteria is postulated. One mechanism involves removal of H2O2; the other has not been characterized. PMID:4199337

Outcome of in-the-bag implanted square-edge polymethyl methacrylate intraocular lenses with and without primary posterior capsulotomy in pediatric traumatic cataract

PubMed Central

Verma, Neelam; Ram, Jagat; Sukhija, Jaspreet; Pandav, Surinder S.; Gupta, Amit

2011-01-01

Purpose: To study the outcome of in-the-bag implanted square-edge polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) intraocular lenses (IOL) with and without primary posterior capsulotomy in pediatric traumatic cataract. Materials and Methods: The study was undertaken in a tertiary care center. Thirty eyes of 30 children ranging in age from 4 to 16 years with traumatic cataract which underwent cataract extraction with capsular bag implantation of IOL were prospectively evaluated. Group A included 15 eyes of 15 children where primary posterior capsulotomy (PPC) and anterior vitrectomy with capsular bag implantation of square-edge PMMA IOL (Aurolab SQ3602, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India) was performed. Group B comprised 15 eyes of 15 children in which the posterior capsule was left intact. Postoperative visual acuity, visual axis opacification (VAO) and possible complications were analyzed. Results: Best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) of 20/40 or better was achieved in 12 of 15 eyes in both groups. Amblyopia was the cause of no improvement in visual acuity in the remaining eyes. Visual axis opacification was significantly high in Group B as compared to Group A (P=0.001). Postoperative fibrinous uveitis occurred in most of the eyes in both groups. Pupillary capture was observed in one eye in each group. Conclusion: Primary posterior capsulotomy and anterior vitrectomy with capsular bag implantation of square-edge PMMA significantly helps to maintain a clear visual axis in children with traumatic cataract. PMID:21836338

Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) producing bacterial strains of municipal wastewater sludge: isolation, molecular identification, EPS characterization and performance for sludge settling and dewatering.

PubMed

Bala Subramanian, S; Yan, S; Tyagi, R D; Surampalli, R Y

2010-04-01

Wastewater treatment plants often face the problems of sludge settling mainly due to sludge bulking. Generally, synthetic organic polymer and/or inorganic coagulants (ferric chloride, alum and quick lime) are used for sludge settling. These chemicals are very expensive and further pollute the environment. Whereas, the bioflocculants are environment friendly and may be used to flocculate the sludge. Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) produced by sludge microorganisms play a definite role in sludge flocculation. In this study, 25 EPS producing strains were isolated from municipal wastewater treatment plant. Microorganisms were selected based on EPS production properties on solid agar medium. Three types of EPS (slime, capsular and bacterial broth mixture of both slime and capsular) were harvested and their characteristics were studied. EPS concentration (dry weight), viscosity and their charge (using a Zetaphoremeter) were also measured. Bioflocculability of obtained EPS was evaluated by measuring the kaolin clay flocculation activity. Six bacterial strains (BS2, BS8, BS9, BS11, BS15 and BS25) were selected based on the kaolin clay flocculation. The slime EPS was better for bioflocculation than capsular EPS and bacterial broth. Therefore, extracted slime EPS (partially purified) from six bacterial strains was studied in terms of sludge settling [sludge volume index (SVI)] and dewatering [capillary suction time (CST)]. Biopolymers produced by individual strains substantially improved dewaterability. The extracted slime EPS from six different strains were partially characterized. Copyright (c) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Izalpinin from fruits of Alpinia oxyphylla with antagonistic activity against the rat bladder contractility.

PubMed

Yuan, Yuan; Tan, Yin-Feng; Xu, Peng; Li, Hailong; Li, Yong-Hui; Chen, Wen-Ya; Zhang, Jun-Qing; Chen, Feng; Huang, Guo-Jun

2014-01-01

Alpinia oxyphylla (Zingiberaceae), an herbaceous perennial plant, its capsular fruit is commonly used in traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of different urinary incontinence symptoms including frequency, urgency and nocturia. These symptoms are similar to the overactive bladder syndrome. In our lab, we found that the 95% ethanol extract of the capsular fruits exhibited significant anti-muscarinic activity. Some constituents in capsular fruits including flavonoids (e.g., izalpinin and tectochrysin), diarylheptanoids (e.g., yakuchinone A and yakuchinone B) and sesquiterpenes (e.g., nootkatone), are regarded as representative chemicals with putative pharmacological activities. This study aimed to evaluate the in vitro antagonistic actions of izalpinin on carbachol-induced contraction of the rat detrusor muscle. In vitro inhibition of rat detrusor contractile response to carbachol was used to study the functional activity of izalpinin. The isolated detrusor strips of rats were mounted in organ baths containing oxygenated Krebs' solution. The cumulative consecutive concentration-response curves to carbachol-evoked contractions in strips of rat bladder were obtained. Carbachol induced concentration-dependent contractions of isolated rat bladder detrusor strips. The vehicle DMSO had no impact on the contraction response. The contraction effects were concentration-dependently antagonized by izalpinin, with a mean EC50 value of 0.35 µM. The corresponding cumulative agonist concentration-response curves shifted right-ward. Izalpinin exhibits inhibitory role of muscarinic receptor-related detrusor contractile activity, and it may be a promising lead compound to treat overactive bladder.

Breast-implant texturing associated with delamination of capsular layers: A histological analysis of the double capsule phenomenon.

PubMed

Efanov, J I; Giot, J P; Fernandez, J; Danino, M A

2017-06-01

Macro-texturing of breast implants was developed with the double goal of improving implant stabilization within the breast cavity and decreasing the rate of capsular contractures. However, recent evidence suggests that double capsular formation, a potentially worrisome phenomenon associated with late seromas and biofilms, occurs with preponderance in macro-textured implants. Our objective was to analyze histologically different regions of double capsules to determine if they are more prone to mechanical movements. A prospective analysis including patients undergoing second-stage expander to definitive breast-implant reconstruction post-mastectomy was conducted after intraoperative identification of the double capsule phenomenon. Two samples were collected from each capsules around the implant, located centrally and laterally. The specimens were sent for histological analysis by the institution's pathologist. In total, 10 patients were identified intraoperatively with partial double capsule phenomenon. Among samples retrieved from the lateral aspect of the breast implant, all were associated with delamination and fractures in the collagen matrix of the double capsules. This phenomenon was not observed in any sample from the dome of the breast. Breast-implant macro-texturing plays an important role on delamination of capsules on lateral portions of the breast, which may have an etiologic role in double capsule formation. Manufacturing implants with macro-texturing on one side and smooth surface on the other could diminish mechanical shear forces responsible for these findings. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.

Pathological evaluation of postmortem human eyes implanted with a new single-piece hydrophobic acrylic lens.

PubMed

Izak, Andrea M; Werner, Liliana; Pandey, Suresh K; Apple, David J

2004-07-01

To report the pathological findings in 14 human cadaver eyes implanted with a single-piece AcrySof(Alcon Laboratories) posterior chamber intraocular lens (IOL). David J. Apple, MD Laboratories for Ophthalmic Devices Research, John A. Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA. Fourteen human autopsy eyes implanted with a single-piece AcrySof (SA30AL) IOL were evaluated. The eyes were sectioned at the equatorial plane, and the anterior segment containing the IOL in the capsular bag was evaluated from a posterior perspective (Miyake-Apple view) and from an anterior perspective (surgeon's view) after removal of cornea and iris. They were then processed through paraffin, sectioned, and stained with hematoxylin-eosin, periodic acid-Schiff, and Masson's trichrome and examined under light microscopy. All IOLs had symmetric in-the-bag fixation. Slight decentration was measured in 1 eye, which also had an anterior capsule tear. Grade 1 anterior capsule opacification was present in 9 eyes. No central posterior capsule opacification or posterior capsule folds were observed in any eye. Soemmering's ring formation was observed in 5 eyes. Zonular stretch caused by different degrees of capsular bag contraction was present in 4 eyes without decentration of the IOL. Analyses of pseudophakic cadaver eyes from the posterior (Miyake-Apple) view, complemented by microscopic analyses, proved useful in the evaluation of IOL-capsular bag interaction. These studies are more important in cases of newly introduced lens designs.

Conjugate-like immunogens produced as protein capsular matrix vaccines.

PubMed

Thanawastien, Ann; Cartee, Robert T; Griffin, Thomas J; Killeen, Kevin P; Mekalanos, John J

2015-03-10

Capsular polysaccharides are the primary antigenic components involved in protective immunity against encapsulated bacterial pathogens. Although immunization of adolescents and adults with polysaccharide antigens has reduced pathogen disease burden, pure polysaccharide vaccines have proved ineffective at conferring protective immunity to infants and the elderly, age cohorts that are deficient in their adaptive immune responses to such antigens. However, T-cell-independent polysaccharide antigens can be converted into more potent immunogens by chemically coupling to a "carrier protein" antigen. Such "conjugate vaccines" efficiently induce antibody avidity maturation, isotype switching, and immunological memory in immunized neonates. These immune responses have been attributed to T-cell recognition of peptides derived from the coupled carrier protein. The covalent attachment of polysaccharide antigens to the carrier protein is thought to be imperative to the immunological properties of conjugate vaccines. Here we provide evidence that covalent attachment to carrier proteins is not required for conversion of T-independent antigens into T-dependent immunogens. Simple entrapment of polysaccharides or a d-amino acid polymer antigen in a cross-linked protein matrix was shown to be sufficient to produce potent immunogens that possess the key characteristics of conventional conjugate vaccines. The versatility and ease of manufacture of these antigen preparations, termed protein capsular matrix vaccines (PCMVs), will likely provide improvements in the manufacture of vaccines designed to protect against encapsulated microorganisms. This in turn could improve the availability of such vaccines to the developing world, which has shown only a limited capacity to afford the cost of conventional conjugate vaccines.

Spleen deposition of Cryptococcus neoformans capsular glucuronoxylomannan in rodents occurs in red pulp macrophages and not marginal zone macrophages expressing the C-type lectin SIGN-R1.

PubMed

De Jesus, Magdia; Park, Chae Gyu; Su, Ya; Goldman, David L; Steinman, Ralph M; Casadevall, Arturo

2008-03-01

The fate of microbial polysaccharides in host tissues is an important consideration because these compounds are often immune modulators. Splenic marginal zone macrophages that express the C-type lectin receptor SIGN-R1, take up neutral polysaccharides such as dextran and the capsular polysaccharide of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Given that the major component of Cryptococcus neoformans capsular polysaccharide, glucuronoxylomannan (GXM), localizes in the spleen when injected intravenously, we investigated whether GXM uptake was mediated by splenic macrophages expressing the SIGN-R1 receptor in mice. No significant differences in the amount and location of GXM deposition were detected in the spleens of mice treated with a SIGN-R1 blocking antibody when compared to controls. Similarly, a blocking antibody to Dectin-1, a co-receptor of -SIGN-R1, had no effects on GXM distribution within the spleen. Histological examination of spleens from mice and rats injected with FITC-Dextran and GXM revealed no significant co-localization, with Dextran and GXM being found in marginal and red pulp macrophages, respectively. Hence we conclude that GXM was not deposited in marginal zone macrophages. However, GXM deposition was found in the red pulp. These results indicate that there is a selective localization of these polysaccharides to different receptors such as SIGN-R1 for FITC dextran in marginal zone and a to-be-identified receptor selectively expressed by red pulp macrophages for GXM.

Back to the future: a 15-year experience with polyurethane foam-covered breast implants using the partial-subfascial technique.

PubMed

de la Peña-Salcedo, Jose Abel; Soto-Miranda, Miguel Angel; Lopez-Salguero, Jose Fernando

2012-04-01

Implants with a polyurethane foam cover have been used by plastic surgeons since Ashley described them in 1970. Overwhelming evidence confirms the benefits of these implants, especially the extremely low incidence of capsular contracture (grades 3 and 4, Baker classification). On the other hand, except for a transient and self-limited rash, there is no evidence that polyurethane implants present more complications than texturized or smooth gel implants. Due to concerns of polyurethane-induced cancer, these implants were withdrawn in United States after approximately 110,000 American women had received them. This fact, together with the probability that these implants will be reintroduced in the United States, suggests that continued monitoring of their long-term safety and effectiveness is mandatory. A retrospective study analyzed the outcomes of 996 implants inserted during a period of 15 years. The incidence of early and late complications was analyzed as well as the aesthetic outcome. The complications evaluated included hematoma (0.6%), infection (0.4%), seroma (0.8%), rash (4.3%), wound dehiscence (0%), capsular contracture (0.4%), implant malposition (0.8%), need for revisional surgery (1.2%), implant rupture (0.7%), rippling (1.8%), and polyurethane-related cancer (0%). Regarding the aesthetic outcome, 95% of the patients expressed satisfaction with their final result. The polyurethane foam-covered implants have been proven safe for use in breast surgery. They provide the lowest rate of capsular contracture (0.4% in the current study) and excellent aesthetic results.

Complications of cataract surgery in eyes filled with silicone oil.

PubMed

Kanclerz, Piotr; Grzybowski, Andrzej; Schwartz, Stephen G; Lipowski, Paweł

2018-03-01

The aim of the study was to evaluate complications of cataract surgery in eyes filled with silicone oil. This retrospective, noncomparative, consecutive case series analyzed medical files of patients with eyes filled with silicone oil undergoing cataract surgery. Phacoemulsification with posterior chamber intraocular lens implantation was conducted with or without concurrent silicone oil removal. In this study, 121 eyes of 120 patients were included. In 32 eyes (26.4%) with evident silicone oil microemulsification or silicone oil-associated open-angle glaucoma, silicone oil was removed prior to phacoemulsification through a pars plana incision and no cases of posterior capsular rupture occurred during the subsequent cataract surgery. In the remaining 89 eyes, phacoemulsification was performed with silicone oil in the vitreous cavity. In these eyes, the rate of posterior capsular rupture was 9/89 (10.1%) and the rate of silicone oil migration into the anterior chamber through an apparently intact posterior capsule was 5/89 (5.6%). In 94 eyes (77.7%), an intraocular lens was inserted into the capsular bag, in 3 eyes (2.5%) into the sulcus, and in 1 eye (0.8%) a transscleral suturing was performed. In this series, complications related to the silicone oil were not uncommon during cataract surgery. In the majority of patients without evident silicone oil microemulsification or silicone oil-associated open-angle glaucoma, cataract surgery and posterior chamber intraocular lens implantation were performed while leaving the silicone oil in place.

Cryptococcus neoformans inhibits nitric oxide synthesis caused by CpG-oligodeoxynucleotide-stimulated macrophages in a fashion independent of capsular polysaccharides.

PubMed

Xiao, Gang; Miyazato, Akiko; Inden, Ken; Nakamura, Kiwamu; Shiratori, Kohei; Nakagawa, Kiyotaka; Miyazawa, Teruo; Suzuki, Kazuo; Kaku, Mitsuo; Kawakami, Kazuyoshi

2008-03-01

Cryptococcus neoformans is eradicated by macrophages via production of NO. Unmethylated CpG-ODN protect mice from infection with this fungal pathogen by inducing IFN-gamma. The present study was designed to elucidate the effect of C. neoformans on the synthesis of NO by alveolar macrophages. For this purpose, MH-S, an alveolar macrophage cell line, was stimulated with CpG-ODN in the presence of IFN-gamma. A highly virulent strain of C. neoformans with thick capsule suppressed the production of NO. Capsular polysaccharides were not essential for this suppression, because there was no difference between acapsular mutant (Cap67) and its parent strain. Physical or close interaction of Cap67 with MH-S was necessary, as shown by the loss of such effect when direct contact was interfered by nitrocellulose membrane. Similar effects were observed by disrupted as well as intact Cap67. Whereas the inhibitory effect of intact Cap67 was completely abrogated by heat treatment, disrupted Cap67 did not receive such influence. Finally, disrupted Cap67 did not show any inhibitory effect on the TLR9-mediated activation of NF-kappaB in a luciferase reporter assay with HEK293T cells, although the TLR4-mediated activation was suppressed. These results revealed that C. neoformans suppressed the synthesis of NO by CpG-ODN and IFN-gamma-stimulated macrophages in a fashion independent of capsular polysaccharides, although the precise mechanism remains to be elucidated.

Angle of torsion of the femur and its correlates.

PubMed

Prasad, R; Vettivel, S; Isaac, B; Jeyaseelan, L; Chandi, G

1996-01-01

Unpaired femora (171), devoid of gross pathology and grouped by gender (94 male and 77 female) and side (88 left and 83 right), were used to measure the angle of femoral torsion and the maximum femur length and to score the degree of prominency of the superior cervical tubercle, intertrochanteric line, quadrate tubercle, linea aspera, and adductor tubercle. The angle of torsion ranged from -9 to +35 degrees with a mean of +12.3 degrees. The means were not significantly different either by gender or side. The angle correlated negatively with superior cervical tubercle, intertrochanteric line, and adductor tubercle (P < 0.001), positively with quadrate tubercle (P < 0.001) but not with linea aspera, neck-shaft angle, or length of femur. Bony prominences were significantly more apparent in males. There was no significant association between prominency and side. The torsion seems to be brought about by muscular activity and capsular and ligamentous strain at the hip. This study suggests to clinicians the possibility of correction of torsion defects in certain hip diseases of growing children by suitable alteration in posture of the lower extremity.

Prevention and cure of systemic Escherichia coli K1 infection by modification of the bacterial phenotype.

PubMed

Mushtaq, Naseem; Redpath, Maria B; Luzio, J Paul; Taylor, Peter W

2004-05-01

Escherichia coli is a common cause of meningitis and sepsis in the newborn infant, and the large majority of isolates from these infections produce a polysialic acid (PSA) capsular polysaccharide, the K1 antigen, that protects the bacterial cell from immune attack. We determined whether a capsule-depolymerizing enzyme, by removing this protective barrier, could alter the outcome of systemic infection in an animal model. Bacteriophage-derived endosialidase E (endoE) selectively degrades the PSA capsule on the surface of E. coli K1 strains. Intraperitoneal administration of small quantities of recombinant endoE (20 micro g) to 3-day-old rats, colonized with a virulent strain of K1, prevented bacteremia and death from systemic infection. The enzyme had no effect on the viability of E. coli strains but sensitized strains expressing PSA to killing by the complement system. This study demonstrates the potential therapeutic efficacy of agents that cure infections by modification of the bacterial phenotype rather than by killing or inhibition of growth of the pathogen.

An unusual lesion in the knee of a breaststroke swimmer.

PubMed

Wethelund, J O; de Carvalho, A

1985-06-01

In a 21-year-old male breaststroke swimmer with characteristic symptoms in the medial aspect of the knee joint, synovial leakage suggesting medial capsular rupture caused by the whip kick was demonstrated arthrographically.

Homologous overexpression of rfaH in E. coli K4 improves the production of chondroitin-like capsular polysaccharide

PubMed Central

2013-01-01

Background Glycosaminoglycans, such as hyaluronic acid, heparin, and chondroitin sulfate, are among the top ranked products in industrial biotechnology for biomedical applications, with a growing world market of billion dollars per year. Recently a remarkable progress has been made in the development of tailor-made strains as sources for the manufacturing of such products. The genetic modification of E. coli K4, a natural producer of chondroitin sulfate precursor, is challenging considering the lack of detailed information on its genome, as well as its mobilome. Chondroitin sulfate is currently used as nutraceutical for the treatment of osteoarthritis, and several new therapeutic applications, spanning from the development of skin substitutes to live attenuated vaccines, are under evaluation. Results E. coli K4 was used as host for the overexpression of RfaH, a positive regulator that controls expression of the polysaccharide biosynthesis genes and other genes necessary for the virulence of E. coli K4. Various engineering strategies were compared to investigate different types of expression systems (plasmid vs integrative cassettes) and integration sites (genome vs endogenous mobile element). All strains analysed in shake flasks on different media showed a capsular polysaccharide production improved by 40 to 140%, compared to the wild type, with respect to the final product titer. A DO-stat fed-batch process on the 2L scale was also developed for the best performing integrative strain, EcK4r3, yielding 5.3 g∙L-1 of K4 polysaccharide. The effect of rfaH overexpression in EcK4r3 affected the production of lipopolysaccharide and the expression of genes involved in the polysaccharide biosynthesis pathway (kfoC and kfoA), as expected. An alteration of cellular metabolism was revealed by changes of intracellular pools of UDP-sugars which are used as precursors for polysaccharide biosynthesis. Conclusions The present study describes the identification of a gene target and the application of a successful metabolic engineering strategy to the unconventional host E. coli K4 demonstrating the feasibility of using the recombinant strain as stable cell factory for further process implementations. PMID:23659469

An IgaA/UmoB Family Protein from Serratia marcescens Regulates Motility, Capsular Polysaccharide Biosynthesis, and Secondary Metabolite Production.

PubMed

Stella, Nicholas A; Brothers, Kimberly M; Callaghan, Jake D; Passerini, Angelina M; Sigindere, Cihad; Hill, Preston J; Liu, Xinyu; Wozniak, Daniel J; Shanks, Robert M Q

2018-03-15

Secondary metabolites are an important source of pharmaceuticals and key modulators of microbe-microbe interactions. The bacterium Serratia marcescens is part of the Enterobacteriaceae family of eubacteria and produces a number of biologically active secondary metabolites. In this study, we screened for novel regulators of secondary metabolites synthesized by a clinical isolate of S. marcescens and found mutations in a gene for an uncharacterized UmoB/IgaA family member here named gumB Mutation of gumB conferred a severe loss of the secondary metabolites prodigiosin and serratamolide. The gumB mutation conferred pleiotropic phenotypes, including altered biofilm formation, highly increased capsular polysaccharide production, and loss of swimming and swarming motility. These phenotypes corresponded to transcriptional changes in fimA , wecA , and flhD Unlike other UmoB/IgaA family members, gumB was found to be not essential for growth in S. marcescens , yet igaA from Salmonella enterica , yrfF from Escherichia coli , and an uncharacterized predicted ortholog from Klebsiella pneumoniae complemented the gumB mutant secondary metabolite defects, suggesting highly conserved function. These data support the idea that UmoB/IgaA family proteins are functionally conserved and extend the known regulatory influence of UmoB/IgaA family proteins to the control of competition-associated secondary metabolites and biofilm formation. IMPORTANCE IgaA/UmoB family proteins are found in members of the Enterobacteriaceae family of bacteria, which are of environmental and public health importance. IgaA/UmoB family proteins are thought to be inner membrane proteins that report extracellular stresses to intracellular signaling pathways that respond to environmental challenge. This study introduces a new member of the IgaA/UmoB family and demonstrates a high degree of functional similarity between IgaA/UmoB family proteins. Moreover, this study extends the phenomena controlled by IgaA/UmoB family proteins to include the biosynthesis of antimicrobial secondary metabolites. Copyright © 2018 American Society for Microbiology.

Northern region asplenia register--analysis of first two years.

PubMed Central

Spickett, G P; Bullimore, J; Wallis, J; Smith, S; Saunders, P

1999-01-01

OBJECTIVES: To assess the feasibility of setting up a register of patients with asplenia within a defined geographical area; to ensure that guidelines on best practice were implemented; to obtain information on antibody levels to pneumococcal capsular polysaccharides and Haemophilus influenzae type b capsular polysaccharide, before and after immunisation and annually thereafter; to raise awareness of risks among clinicians and to offer advice on management. DESIGN: Prospective recruitment using multiple sources of recruitment. Annual follow up reminders sent from Registration Centre. SUBJECTS: Population of (old, pre-1995) Northern Health Region: approximately 3.1 million. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Data were obtained on reasons for asplenia, duration of asplenia, use of prophylactic antibiotics, Medic-Alert bracelets, immunisations, antibody levels, death. RESULTS: The register was initiated at the beginning of April 1995 and ran to the end of March 1997. After two years of operation, 1111 cases had been registered but the response from some health districts was poor. Major primary causes of asplenia were trauma (264), other surgical (198), lymphoproliferative disease (154), and idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (147). There were 664 patients on prophylactic antibiotics, of whom 498 were on continuous antibiotics. Only 18 had any type of warning bracelet. Antibody measurements were carried out at least once on 75% of patients; 306 patients had satisfactory antibody levels on first blood sample in year 1, rising to 405 in year 2; 43 patients failed to make any antibody response to Pneumovax despite multiple immunisations, and three patients failed to respond to Hib vaccine. Sixteen patients with satisfactory antibody levels in year 1 had low levels in year 2 requiring vaccine boosters. Sixteen deaths were reported, two of which were directly attributable to overwhelming sepsis. CONCLUSIONS: Registration has been successful and has raised awareness of the management of asplenia. Compliance with antibiotic prophylaxis and immunisation was initially poor. A potential high risk group of vaccine non-responders has been identified and poor persistence of pneumococcal antibodies has been identified which is likely to alter approaches to immunisation in asplenic patients. Images PMID:10562809

Homologous overexpression of RfaH in E. coli K4 improves the production of chondroitin-like capsular polysaccharide.

PubMed

Cimini, Donatella; De Rosa, Mario; Carlino, Elisabetta; Ruggiero, Alessandro; Schiraldi, Chiara

2013-05-09

Glycosaminoglycans, such as hyaluronic acid, heparin, and chondroitin sulfate, are among the top ranked products in industrial biotechnology for biomedical applications, with a growing world market of billion dollars per year. Recently a remarkable progress has been made in the development of tailor-made strains as sources for the manufacturing of such products. The genetic modification of E. coli K4, a natural producer of chondroitin sulfate precursor, is challenging considering the lack of detailed information on its genome, as well as its mobilome. Chondroitin sulfate is currently used as nutraceutical for the treatment of osteoarthritis, and several new therapeutic applications, spanning from the development of skin substitutes to live attenuated vaccines, are under evaluation. E. coli K4 was used as host for the overexpression of RfaH, a positive regulator that controls expression of the polysaccharide biosynthesis genes and other genes necessary for the virulence of E. coli K4. Various engineering strategies were compared to investigate different types of expression systems (plasmid vs integrative cassettes) and integration sites (genome vs endogenous mobile element). All strains analysed in shake flasks on different media showed a capsular polysaccharide production improved by 40 to 140%, compared to the wild type, with respect to the final product titer. A DO-stat fed-batch process on the 2L scale was also developed for the best performing integrative strain, EcK4r3, yielding 5.3 g ∙ L(-1) of K4 polysaccharide. The effect of rfaH overexpression in EcK4r3 affected the production of lipopolysaccharide and the expression of genes involved in the polysaccharide biosynthesis pathway (kfoC and kfoA), as expected. An alteration of cellular metabolism was revealed by changes of intracellular pools of UDP-sugars which are used as precursors for polysaccharide biosynthesis. The present study describes the identification of a gene target and the application of a successful metabolic engineering strategy to the unconventional host E. coli K4 demonstrating the feasibility of using the recombinant strain as stable cell factory for further process implementations.

Industrial Microorganisms.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Phaff, Herman J.

1981-01-01

Describes industrially important yeasts, molds, bacteria, and actinomycetes. Discussed in detail are microbial products, such as primary metabolites, secondary metabolites, enzymes, and capsular polysaccharides. Traces the historical background of human cell culture, mentioning recombinant DNA research and hybridization of normal mammalian cells…

Rotation stability of a toric intraocular lens with a second capsular tension ring.

PubMed

Sagiv, Oded; Sachs, Dan

2015-05-01

An Acrysof toric intraocular lens (IOL) and a capsular tension ring (CTR) were implanted in the highly myopic eye of a 74-year-old white man during cataract surgery. On the first postoperative day, the IOL was found 90 degrees from the required position, with a consequent high amount of astigmatism. A second procedure was performed and because it was not possible to secure the toric IOL in the correct position, an additional in-the-bag CTR was inserted, with an immediate optimal outcome. The IOL remained stable up to the final follow-up examination. Co-implantation of a toric IOL and a single CTR has been reported. In our case, 2 CTRs were required to fixate the toric IOL in the correct position. This procedure is simple and safe and should be considered in cases of postoperatively misaligned toric IOLs. Copyright © 2015 ASCRS and ESCRS. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

The genetic organization of the capsular polysaccharide biosynthesis region of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serotype 15

PubMed Central

ITO, Hiroya; SUEYOSHI, Masuo

2014-01-01

Nucleotide sequence determination and analysis of the cps gene involved in the capsular polysaccharide biosynthesis of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serotype 15 revealed the presence of three open reading frames, designated as cps15ABC genes. At the protein level, Cps15A and Cps15B showed considerably high homology to CpsA (67.0 to 68.7%) and CpsB (31.7 to 36.8%), respectively, of A. pleuropneumoniae serotypes 1, 4 and 12, revealing the common genetic organization of the cps among serotypes 1, 4, 12 and 15. However, Cps15C showed no homology to any proteins of A. pleuropneumoniae serotypes, indicating that cps15C may be specific to serotype 15. This study will provide the basic molecular knowledge necessary for the development of diagnostics and a vaccine for A. pleuropneumoniae serotype 15. PMID:25502540

Cataract after exposure to non-ionizing radiant energy.

PubMed Central

Zaret, M M; Snyder, W Z; Birenbaum, L

1976-01-01

The case histories of two individuals exposed to thermal radiation emitted from an electric oven and range were presented. In one patient, earlier exposure to medical diathermy appears to have initiated delayed or late-appearing, capsular cataracts. Instead of the anticipated slow progression, the cataractogenesis was accelerated following recent, repeated exposure to the intense, infrared radiation. In the other patient, exposed solely to infrared radiation, a chorioretinal lesion indistinguishable from the type characteristically secondary to repeated, thermal radiation was observed. More recently, the earliest sign of thermal radiation cataractogenesis, capsular opacification, has become evident. The widespread availability of radiant energy sources such as diathermy machines, microwave ovens, and electric ovens and ranges makes it imperative to examine carefully any possible hazards that may result from their use. With this in mind, radiant energy should be considered in the differential diagnosis of cataractogenesis. Images PMID:990233

Posterior capsular fibrosis in professional baseball pitchers: case series of MR arthrographic findings in six patients with glenohumeral internal rotational deficit.

PubMed

Tehranzadeh, Arash D; Fronek, Jan; Resnick, Donald

2007-01-01

In the high-performance athlete, acquired thickening of the posterior joint capsule is a proposed etiology for glenohumeral internal rotational deficit (GIRD). The purpose of this study was to present our MR arthrographic imaging observations of posterior capsular thickening in professional baseball players who present with reduced throwing velocity related to pain and clinical findings of internal rotational deficit of the glenohumeral joint. Our observations of MR imaging features in patients with clinical and arthroscopic manifestations of GIRD lesions include articular surface partial thickness tears of the supraspinatus and infraspinatus tendons, superoposterior subluxation of the humeral head and SLAP tears of the labrum. Although no empiric standard currently exists for the axial dimension thickness of the shoulder capsule, we have observed a thickened appearance of the posterior band of the inferior glenohumeral ligament in these patients.

Saline magnetic resonance arthrography in the evaluation of glenohumeral instability.

PubMed

Tirman, P F; Stauffer, A E; Crues, J V; Turner, R M; Nottage, W M; Schobert, W E; Rubin, B D; Janzen, D L; Linares, R C

1993-01-01

Sixty-five patients underwent magnetic resonance (MR) shoulder arthrography. Forty-eight of these patients underwent examination under anesthesia (EUA). MR images were retrospectively evaluated for signs felt to be imaging indicators of shoulder instability, including evaluation of various capsular measurements and the presence of glenoid labral tears, as well as Hill-Sachs fractures. Statistical analysis of the results showed that no correlation between capsular indicators with EUA-documented instability was found. However, there was a statistically significant correlation between the presence of a Bankart cartilaginous deformity (p = 0.000) and Hill-Sachs fractures (p = 0.022) with EUA-documented instability. Sensitivity to labral tears was 89% and specificity was 98%, whereas Hill-Sachs fracture detection was 69% and 87%, respectively. We believe that MR saline arthrography is of benefit in the evaluation of the anterior labrum when unenhanced MR imaging is inconclusive, and we speculate on the role of MR arthrography as a primary investigative tool.

[Conjugated vaccines].

PubMed

Fritzell, Bernard

2005-01-01

Encapsulated bacterial pathogens (e.g. Haemophilus influenzae type b [Hib], Neisseria meningitidis, or Streptococcus pneumoniae) target infants and young children who have lost any protective anti-capsular antibodies supplied maternally and whose immune systems are ineffective against T-independent antigens such as the polysaccharides of the capsule. The polysaccharide-protein conjugate vaccines overcome this limitation by converting the polysaccharide to a T-dependent antigen, which allows a vaccinated infant to mount a protective immune response. Where conjugated vaccines have been introduced into paediatric vaccination schedules, the incidence of invasive diseases caused by Hib, the group C meningococcus, or the pneumococcus has plummeted by at least 80%, a major public health success. Furthermore, surveillance has demonstrated that the conjugate vaccines provide 'herd protection' through their beneficial impact on nasopharyngeal colonisation among vaccinated children. Promising future approaches include enhancement of the number of capsular serogroups targeted by the meningococcal or pneumococcal conjugate vaccines.

Arthroscopy of the Nondistractable Hip: A Novel Extracapsular Approach

PubMed Central

Doron, Ran; Amar, Eyal; Rath, Ehud; Sampson, Thomas; Ochiai, Derek; Matsuda, Dean K.

2014-01-01

Adequate traction to achieve hip joint distraction is essential for avoiding iatrogenic injury to the joint during hip arthroscopy. An inability to distract the joint is a relative contraindication for hip arthroscopy. This report describes a novel technique involving an extracapsular approach to gain safe access to a hip joint that fails a trial of traction during positioning for hip arthroscopy. The anterolateral portal is established under fluoroscopic guidance. The arthroscope is positioned on the lateral rim of the acetabulum. A shaver, introduced through a modified anterior portal, is used to facilitate capsular exposure. An arthroscopic capsular incision is made proximal to the lateral acetabular rim and extended anteriorly with a radiofrequency probe. Osteoplasty of the anterolateral acetabular rim is carried out with a burr while protecting the labrum. Distraction of the hip is then possible, allowing safe central-compartment access and subsequent chondrolabral procedures. PMID:25685682

Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor enhances protection by anti-K1 capsular IgM antibody in murine Escherichia coli sepsis.

PubMed

Hustinx, W; Benaissa-Trouw, B; Van Kessel, K; Kuenen, J; Tavares, L; Kraaijeveld, K; Verhoef, J; Hoepelman, A

1997-12-01

Combined prophylactic treatment with recombinant murine granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) and a suboptimal dose of anti-K1 capsular IgM monoclonal antibody (MAb) significantly enhanced survival in an experimental mouse Escherichia coli O7:K1 peritonitis model compared with untreated animals (67% vs. 11% survival; P < 0.001) and with either treatment alone (67 vs. 29% and 27% survival, respectively; P < 0.01), which suggests synergism between these agents. Enhanced survival by combined treatment was associated with increased neutrophil counts in blood and peritoneal lavage fluid, lower systemic and higher levels of local tumour necrosis factor (TNF) and lower bacterial counts in blood cultures. Mouse neutrophils treated with G-CSF but not infected with E. coli showed enhanced phagocytic and respiratory burst capacity, down-regulation of L-selectin receptors and enhanced expression of Fc RII-III receptors but not of complement receptors.

Analysis of the learning curve for transurethral resection of the prostate. Is there any influence of musical instrument and video game skills on surgical performance?

PubMed

Yamaçake, Kleiton Gabriel Ribeiro; Nakano, Elcio Tadashi; Soares, Iva Barbosa; Cordeiro, Paulo; Srougi, Miguel; Antunes, Alberto Azoubel

2015-09-01

To evaluate the learning curve for transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) among urology residents and study the impact of video game and musical instrument playing abilities on its performance. A prospective study was performed from July 2009 to January 2013 with patients submitted to TURP for benign prostatic hyperplasia. Fourteen residents operated on 324 patients. The following parameters were analyzed: age, prostate-specific antigen levels, prostate weight on ultrasound, pre- and postoperative serum sodium and hemoglobin levels, weight of resected tissue, operation time, speed of resection, and incidence of capsular lesions. Gender, handedness, and prior musical instrument and video game playing experience were recorded using survey responses. The mean resection speed in the first 10 procedures was 0.36 g/min and reached a mean of 0.51 g/min after the 20(th) procedure. The incidence of capsular lesions decreased progressively. The operation time decreased progressively for each subgroup regardless of the difference in the weight of tissue resected. Those experienced in playing video games presented superior resection speed (0.45 g/min) when compared with the novice (0.35 g/min) and intermediate (0.38 g/min) groups (p=0.112). Musical instrument playing abilities did not affect the surgical performance. Speed of resection, weight of resected tissue, and percentage of resected tissue improve significantly and the incidence of capsular lesions reduces after the performance of 10 TURP procedures. Experience in playing video games or musical instruments does not have a significant effect on outcomes.

Evaluation of the resistive index of prostatic blood flow in benign prostatic hyperplasia.

PubMed

Abdelwahab, Osama; El-Barky, Ehab; Khalil, Mostafa Mahmoud; Kamar, Ahmad

2012-01-01

The aim of this work is to study the resistive index (RI) of prostatic blood flow by transrectal power Doppler sonography in benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) to determine its correlation with other parameters of BPH. Eighty-two male patients aged 52-86 years with lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) due to BPH were included in the study. Patients with prostate cancer, neurogenic bladder, or with other pathology (e.g. prostatitis, bladder stone) were excluded from the study. All patients were evaluated by full history including Internatinoal Prostate Symptoms Score (IPSS), general and local examination (DRE), neurologic examination, uroflowmetry, laboratory investigations including urine analysis, routine laboratory tests and serum prostate specific antigen (PSA). Transrectal ultrasonography was used to calculate the total prostatic volume. Transrectal Power Doppler Ultrasound (PUD) was used to identify the capsular and urethral arteries of the prostate and to measures the RI value. The mean prostate volume was 75.1 ± 44.7 g. The mean RI of the right and left capsular arteries were 0.76 ± 0.06 and 0.76 ± 0.07, respectively. The mean RI of the urethral arteries was 0.76 ± 0.08. There was a high significative correlation between the increase of the RI of the right and left capsular and urethral arteries and the degree of obstruction (P value < 0.001), severity of symptoms (P value < 0.001) and also the prostatic volume (P value < 0.001). Resistive index of the prostatic blood flow can be applied as an easy and non-invasive tool to evaluate the lower urinary tract obstruction due to BPH.

Capsular bag opacification after experimental implantation of a new accommodating intraocular lens in rabbit eyes.

PubMed

Werner, Liliana; Pandey, Suresh K; Izak, Andrea M; Vargas, Luis G; Trivedi, Rupal H; Apple, David J; Mamalis, Nick

2004-05-01

To evaluate the development of capsular bag opacification in rabbit eyes after implantation of an intraocular lens (IOL) designed to minimize contact between the anterior capsule and the IOL and ensure expansion of the capsular bag. David J. Apple, MD Laboratories for Ophthalmic Devices Research, John A. Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA. Ten New Zealand white rabbits had a study IOL (new accommodating silicone IOL [Synchrony, Visiogen, Inc.]) implanted in 1 eye and a control IOL (1-piece plate silicone IOL with large fixation holes) implanted in the other eye. Intraocular lens position, anterior capsule opacification (ACO), and posterior capsule opacification (PCO) were qualitatively assessed using slitlamp retroillumination photographs of the dilated eyes. Anterior capsule opacification and PCO were graded on a 0 to 4 scale after the eyes were enucleated (Miyake-Apple posterior and anterior views after excision of the cornea and iris). The eyes were also evaluated histopathologically. The rate of ACO and PCO was significantly higher in the control group. Fibrosis and ACO were almost absent in the study group; the control group exhibited extensive capsulorhexis contraction, including capsulorhexis occlusion. Postoperative IOL dislocation into the anterior chamber and pupillary block syndrome were observed in some eyes in the study group. The special design features associated with the study IOL appeared to help prevent PCO. Complications in the study group were probably caused by the increased posterior vitreous pressure in rabbit eyes compared to human eyes and the relatively large size of the study IOL relative to the anterior segment of rabbit eyes.

Survey of potential factors involved in the low frequency of CP5 and CP8 expression in Staphylococcus aureus isolates from mastitis of dairy cattle from Argentina, Chile, and Uruguay.

PubMed

Ambroggio, Maria Belen; Perrig, Melina Soledad; Camussone, Cecilia; Pujato, Nazarena; Bertón, Alicia; Gianneechini, Edgardo; Alvarez, Silvia; Marcipar, Ivan Sergio; Calvinho, Luis Fernando; Barbagelata, Maria Sol

2018-05-03

Staphylococcus aureus produces capsular polysaccharides (CPs) both in vivo and under defined culture conditions being serotypes 5 and 8 the most prevalent. S. aureus isolates that fail to produce CP5 or CP8 are defined as non-typeable (NT). Loss of capsule expression, however, may lead to S. aureus persistence in a chronically infected host. The prevalence of NT strains of S. aureus isolated from bovine mastitis varies according to the geographic origin of the strain. The aims of this work were to detect phenotypically and genotypically the capsular profile of 144 S. aureus isolated from bovine mastitis in Argentina, Chile, and Uruguay and explore the factors that are considered to be associated with capsule expression as presence of IS257, IScap, and agr typing of non-related collection. The detection of the IS257, IScap, cap genes, and agr typing was performed using PCR. The detection and quantification of capsular polysaccharide production were performed by ELISA assays. We found that 96% of the S. aureus isolates investigated carried cap5(8) genes but over 75% of strains do not express capsule in the three countries studied. However, only 6 isolates from Argentina carried the IScap element that totally suppressed the expression of the capsule, suggesting that other factors could influence on CP expression. Moreover, the agrI/NT association was statistically significant suggesting that this profile is a phenomenon observed not only in other parts of the world but also in our region.

Histologic study of the effects of chemoembolization with preloaded doxorubicin beads in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma.

PubMed

Zurera, L J; Espejo, J J; Lombardo, S; Marchal, T; Muñoz, M C; Canis, M; Montero, J L

2015-01-01

To determine the degree of tumor necrosis in surgical specimens of hepatocellular carcinomas treated with microspheres preloaded with doxorubicin and to analyze the relationship between the degree of necrosis and a) morphologic factors and b) imaging biomarkers. We studied the livers of 21 patients who had undergone selective arterial chemoembolization with DC beads (Biocompatibles, UK) before receiving liver transplants. Imaging techniques detected 43 nodules (mean size, 25 mm). Angiography showed 25 hypervascularized nodules, 12 slightly vascularized nodules, and 6 avascular nodules. A total of 81 hepatocellular carcinomas (mean size, 15 mm) were detected in the specimens: two were capsular and two had vascular infiltration. The mean degree of necrosis after chemoembolization was 39%; necrosis was greater than 60% in 28 hepatocellular carcinomas and less than 60% in 52. The degree of necrosis correlated significantly with the time elapsed between the last chemoembolization treatment and liver transplantation (the degree of necrosis decreased as time increased), with the number of nodules in the specimen, and with capsular infiltration. When imaging techniques detected 1 or 2 nodules, there was a greater probability of achieving greater than 90% necrosis. No relation with the degree of necrosis achieved was found for the size of the nodules detected at imaging, the enhancement pattern, or the number of chemoembolization treatments. The degree of necrosis achieved depends on the time spent on the waiting list, on the number of nodules in the specimen, and on whether capsular infiltration is present. Copyright © 2014 SERAM. Published by Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.

Structure of mycobacterial maltokinase, the missing link in the essential GlgE-pathway.

PubMed

Fraga, Joana; Maranha, Ana; Mendes, Vitor; Pereira, Pedro José Barbosa; Empadinhas, Nuno; Macedo-Ribeiro, Sandra

2015-01-26

A novel four-step pathway identified recently in mycobacteria channels trehalose to glycogen synthesis and is also likely involved in the biosynthesis of two other crucial polymers: intracellular methylglucose lipopolysaccharides and exposed capsular glucan. The structures of three of the intervening enzymes - GlgB, GlgE, and TreS - were recently reported, providing the first templates for rational drug design. Here we describe the structural characterization of the fourth enzyme of the pathway, mycobacterial maltokinase (Mak), uncovering a eukaryotic-like kinase (ELK) fold, similar to methylthioribose kinases and aminoglycoside phosphotransferases. The 1.15 Å structure of Mak in complex with a non-hydrolysable ATP analog reveals subtle structural rearrangements upon nucleotide binding in the cleft between the N- and the C-terminal lobes. Remarkably, this new family of ELKs has a novel N-terminal domain topologically resembling the cystatin family of protease inhibitors. By interfacing with and restraining the mobility of the phosphate-binding region of the N-terminal lobe, Mak's unusual N-terminal domain might regulate its phosphotransfer activity and represents the most likely anchoring point for TreS, the upstream enzyme in the pathway. By completing the gallery of atomic-detail models of an essential pathway, this structure opens new avenues for the rational design of alternative anti-tubercular compounds.

Antigenic determinants of Staphylococcus aureus type 5 and type 8 capsular polysaccharide vaccines.

PubMed

Fattom, A I; Sarwar, J; Basham, L; Ennifar, S; Naso, R

1998-10-01

Bacterial capsular polysaccharides (CP) are carbohydrate polymers comprised of repeating saccharide units. Several of these CP have side chains attached to their backbone structures. The side chains may include O-acetyl, phosphate, sialic acid, and other moieties. Those moieties represent the immunodominant epitopes and the most functional ones. The clinically significant Staphylococcus aureus type 5 CP (CP 5) and type 8 CP (CP 8) are comprised of a trisaccharide repeat unit with one O-acetyl group attached to each repeat unit. The immunogenicity of these CP and the functionality of antibodies to the backbone and the O-acetyl moieties were investigated. Immunization with the native CP conjugates (CP with 75% O-acetylation) elicited a high proportion of antibodies directed against the O-acetyl moiety. Nonetheless, all of the vaccinees produced antibodies to the backbone moieties as well. Conjugate vaccines made of de-O-acetylated CP elicited backbone antibodies only. Antibodies to both backbone and O-acetyl groups were found to be opsonic against S. aureus strains which varied in their O-acetyl content. Absorption studies with O-acetylated and de-O-acetylated CP showed that (i) native CP conjugates generated antibodies to both backbone and O-acetyl groups and (ii) O-acetylated isolates were opsonized by both populations of antibodies while the non-O-acetylated strains were predominantly opsonized by the backbone antibodies. These results suggest that S. aureus CP conjugate vaccines elicit multiple populations of antibodies with diverse specificities. Moreover, the antibodies of different specificities (backbone or O-acetyl) are all functional and efficient against the variations in bacterial CP that may occur among clinically significant S. aureus pathogenic isolates.

Investigation of genetic diversity and epidemiological characteristics of Pasteurella multocida isolates from poultry in southwest China by population structure, multi-locus sequence typing and virulence-associated gene profile analysis.

PubMed

Li, Zhangcheng; Cheng, Fangjun; Lan, Shimei; Guo, Jianhua; Liu, Wei; Li, Xiaoyan; Luo, Zeli; Zhang, Manli; Wu, Juan; Shi, Yang

2018-04-25

Fowl cholera caused by Pasteurella multocida has always been a disease of global importance for poultry production. The aim of this study was to obtain more information about the epidemiology of avian P. multocida infection in southwest China and the genetic characteristics of clinical isolates. P. multocida isolates were characterized by biochemical and molecular-biological methods. The distributions of the capsular serogroups, the phenotypic antimicrobial resistance profiles, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) genotyping and the presence of 19 virulence genes were investigated in 45 isolates of P. multocida that were associated with clinical disease in poultry. The genetic diversity of P. multocida strains was performed by 16S rRNA and rpoB gene sequence analysis as well as multilocus sequence typing (MLST). The results showed that most (80.0%) of the P. multocida isolates in this study represented special P. multocida subspecies, and 71.1% of the isolates showed multiple-drug resistance. 45 isolates belonged to capsular types: A (100%) and two LPS genotypes: L1 (95.6%) and L3 (4.4%). MLST revealed two new alleles (pmi77 and gdh57) and one new sequence type (ST342). ST129 types dominated in 45 P. multocida isolates. Isolates belonging to ST129 were with the genes ompH+plpB+ptfA+tonB, whereas ST342 included isolates with fur+hgbA+tonB genes. Population genetic analysis and the MLST results revealed that at least one new ST genotype was present in the avian P. multocida in China. These findings provide novel insights into the epidemiological characteristics of avian P. multocida isolates in southwest China.

Group B Streptococcus and Streptococcus suis Capsular Polysaccharides Induce Chemokine Production by Dendritic Cells via Toll-Like Receptor 2- and MyD88-Dependent and -Independent Pathways

PubMed Central

Calzas, Cynthia; Goyette-Desjardins, Guillaume; Lemire, Paul; Gagnon, Fleur; Lachance, Claude; Van Calsteren, Marie-Rose

2013-01-01

Streptococcus agalactiae (also known as group B Streptococcus [GBS]) and Streptococcus suis are encapsulated streptococci causing severe septicemia and meningitis. Bacterial capsular polysaccharides (CPSs) are poorly immunogenic, but anti-CPS antibodies are essential to the host defense against encapsulated bacteria. The mechanisms underlying anti-CPS antibody responses are not fully elucidated, but the biochemistry of CPSs, particularly the presence of sialic acid, may have an immunosuppressive effect. We investigated the ability of highly purified S. suis and GBS native (sialylated) CPSs to activate dendritic cells (DCs), which are crucial actors in the initiation of humoral immunity. The influence of CPS biochemistry was studied using CPSs extracted from different serotypes within these two streptococcal species, as well as desialylated CPSs. No interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, IL-12p70, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), or IL-10 production was observed in S. suis or GBS CPS-stimulated DCs. Moreover, these CPSs exerted immunosuppressive effects on DC activation, as a diminution of gamma interferon (IFN-γ)-induced B cell-activating factor of the tumor necrosis factor family (BAFF) expression was observed in CPS-pretreated cells. However, S. suis and GBS CPSs induced significant production of CCL3, via partially Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2)- and myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88)-dependent pathways, and CCL2, via TLR-independent mechanisms. No major influence of CPS biochemistry was observed on the capacity to induce chemokine production by DCs, indicating that DCs respond to these CPSs in a patterned way rather than a structure-dedicated manner. PMID:23774593

Key Role of Capsular Polysaccharide in the Induction of Systemic Infection and Abortion by Hypervirulent Campylobacter jejuni

PubMed Central

Sahin, Orhan; Terhorst, Samantha A.; Burrough, Eric R.; Shen, Zhangqi; Wu, Zuowei; Dai, Lei; Tang, Yizhi; Plummer, Paul J.; Ji, Ju; Yaeger, Michael J.

2017-01-01

ABSTRACT Campylobacter jejuni is a zoonotic pathogen, and a hypervirulent clone, named clone SA, has recently emerged as the predominant cause of ovine abortion in the United States. To induce abortion, orally ingested Campylobacter must translocate across the intestinal epithelium, spread systemically in the circulation, and reach the fetoplacental tissue. Bacterial factors involved in these steps are not well understood. C. jejuni is known to produce capsular polysaccharide (CPS), but the specific role that CPS plays in systemic infection and particularly abortion in animals remains to be determined. In this study, we evaluated the role of CPS in bacteremia using a mouse model and in abortion using a pregnant guinea pig model following oral challenge. Compared with C. jejuni NCTC 11168 and 81-176, a clone SA isolate (IA3902) resulted in significantly higher bacterial counts and a significantly longer duration of bacteremia in mice. The loss of capsule production via gene-specific mutagenesis in IA3902 led to the complete abolishment of bacteremia in mice and abortion in pregnant guinea pigs, while complementation of capsule expression almost fully restored these phenotypes. The capsule mutant strain was also impaired for survival in guinea pig sera and sheep blood. Sequence-based analyses revealed that clone SA possesses a unique CPS locus with a mosaic structure, which has been stably maintained in all clone SA isolates derived from various hosts and times. These findings establish CPS as a key virulence factor for the induction of systemic infection and abortion in pregnant animals and provide a viable candidate for the development of vaccines against hypervirulent C. jejuni. PMID:28373351

Evaluation of a Commercial Latex Agglutination Test Kit for Cryptococcal Antigen

PubMed Central

Kaufman, Leo; Cowart, Glenda; Blumer, Sharon; Stine, Amy; Wood, Ross

1974-01-01

Two dozen Crypto-LA kits for detecting Cryptococcus neoformans capsular polysaccharide antigens were evaluated. Ten kits proved reliable for detecting and titering antigen in clinical materials. Fourteen kits were found to be inadequate. PMID:4596394

Total knee arthroplasty fibrosis following arthroscopic intervention

PubMed Central

Churchill, Jessica L.; Sodhi, Nipun; Khlopas, Anton; Piuzzi, Nicolas S.; Dalton, Sarah E.; Chughtai, Morad; Sultan, Assem A.; Jones, Steven; Williams, Nick; Mont, Michael A.

2017-01-01

Background Although arthroscopy is generally considered to be a relatively benign procedure with limited trauma to periarticular soft tissues, post-arthroscopic bleeding as well as osmolality differences between the normal saline used to irrigate and the native synovial fluid (282 vs. 420 mOs) can lead to capsular reactions. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate whether capsular reaction occurred after knee arthroscopy, by comparing a matched cohort of patients who either did or did not undergo prior arthroscopic surgery. Specifically, we compared histological features such as: (I) synovial thickness; (II) cellularity; and (III) the amount of fibrous tissue for each cohort. Methods Prior to their total knee arthroplasty (TKA), 40 consecutive patients who had previously undergone arthroscopy were matched to 40 consecutive patients who had not. During each patient’s TKA, a biopsy of the capsule and fat pad was taken and formalin sections were sent to pathology to assess for synovial thickness, cellularity, and the amount of fibrous tissue. The pathologist was blinded to the groupings. Findings for all histologic features were classified as equivocal, slight to moderate, and moderate to severe. Results There were a significantly higher proportion of patients who had increased synovial thickness in the prior arthroscopy group as compared to the no-prior arthroscopy group (97.5% vs. 0%, P<0.001). Additionally, there were a significantly higher proportion of patients who had increased cellularity in the prior arthroscopy group as compared to the no-prior arthroscopy group (60.0% vs. 0%, P<0.001). There were also a significantly higher proportion of patients who had increased fibrous tissue in the prior arthroscopy group as compared to the no-prior arthroscopy group (95% vs. 62.5%, P<0.001). Conclusions Arthroscopic surgery may have long-term effects on capsular tissue as surgical observations of patients with prior arthroscopic surgery from this study found that the capsule is thicker and denser. Histologic assessment confirms there may be increased synovial thickness, increased cellularity, as well as thickening of fibrous tissue. This preliminary study and further evaluation are required. This suggests that arthroscopic surgery may have long-lasting effects on periarticular tissue especially the capsular tissue which may have implications for pain and functional recovery. PMID:29299475

Protective Immunity Against a Lethal Respiratory Yersinia pestis Challenge Induced by V Antigen or the F1 Capsular Antigen Incorporated into Adenovirus Capsid

PubMed Central

Boyer, Julie L.; Sofer-Podesta, Carolina; Ang, John; Hackett, Neil R.; Chiuchiolo, Maria J.; Senina, Svetlana; Perlin, David

2010-01-01

Abstract The aerosol form of the bacterium Yersinia pestis causes pneumonic plague, a rapidly fatal disease that is a biothreat if deliberately released. At present, no plague vaccines are available for use in the United States, but subunit vaccines based on the Y. pestis V antigen and F1 capsular protein show promise when administered with adjuvants. In the context that adenovirus (Ad) gene transfer vectors have a strong adjuvant potential related to the ability to directly infect dendritic cells, we hypothesized that modification of the Ad5 capsid to display either the Y. pestis V antigen or the F1 capsular antigen on the virion surface would elicit high V antigen- or F1-specific antibody titers, permit boosting with the same Ad serotype, and provide better protection against a lethal Y. pestis challenge than immunization with equivalent amounts of V or F1 recombinant protein plus conventional adjuvant. We constructed AdYFP-pIX/V and AdLacZ-pIX/F1, E1–, E3– serotype 5 Ad gene transfer vectors containing a fusion of the sequence for either the Y. pestis V antigen or the F1 capsular antigen to the carboxy-terminal sequence of pIX, a capsid protein that can accommodate the entire V antigen (37 kDa) or F1 protein (15 kDa) without disturbing Ad function. Immunization with AdYFP-pIX/V followed by a single repeat administration of the same vector at the same dose resulted in significantly better protection of immunized animals compared with immunization with a molar equivalent amount of purified recombinant V antigen plus Alhydrogel adjuvant. Similarly, immunization with AdLacZ-pIX/F1 in a prime–boost regimen resulted in significantly enhanced protection of immunized animals compared with immunization with a molar-equivalent amount of purified recombinant F1 protein plus adjuvant. These observations demonstrate that Ad vaccine vectors containing pathogen-specific antigens fused to the pIX capsid protein have strong adjuvant properties and stimulate more robust protective immune responses than equivalent recombinant protein-based subunit vaccines administered with conventional adjuvant, suggesting that F1-and/or V-modified capsid Ad-based recombinant vaccines should be considered for development as anti-plague vaccines. PMID:20180652

The ability of multi-site, multi-depth sacral lateral branch blocks to anesthetize the sacroiliac joint complex.

PubMed

Dreyfuss, Paul; Henning, Troy; Malladi, Niriksha; Goldstein, Barry; Bogduk, Nikolai

2009-01-01

To determine the physiologic effectiveness of multi-site, multi-depth sacral lateral branch injections. Double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Outpatient pain management center. Twenty asymptomatic volunteers. The dorsal innervation to the sacroiliac joint (SIJ) is from the L5 dorsal ramus and the S1-3 lateral branches. Multi-site, multi-depth lateral branch blocks were developed to compensate for the complex regional anatomy that limited the effectiveness of single-site, single-depth lateral branch injections. Bilateral multi-site, multi-depth lateral branch green dye injections and subsequent dissection on two cadavers revealed a 91% accuracy with this technique. Session 1: 20 asymptomatic subjects had a 25-g spinal needle probe their interosseous (IO) and dorsal sacroiliac (DSI) ligaments. The inferior dorsal SIJ was entered and capsular distension with contrast medium was performed. Discomfort had to occur with each provocation maneuver and a contained arthrogram was necessary to continue in the study. Session 2: 1 week later; computer randomized, double-blind multi-site, multi-depth lateral branch blocks injections were performed. Ten subjects received active (bupivicaine 0.75%) and 10 subjects received sham (normal saline) multi-site, multi-depth lateral branch injections. Thirty minutes later, provocation testing was repeated with identical methodology used in session 1. Presence or absence of pain for ligamentous probing and SIJ capsular distension. Seventy percent of the active group had an insensate IO and DSI ligaments, and inferior dorsal SIJ vs 0-10% of the sham group. Twenty percent of the active vs 10% of the sham group did not feel repeat capsular distension. Six of seven subjects (86%) retained the ability to feel repeat capsular distension despite an insensate dorsal SIJ complex. Multi-site, multi-depth lateral branch blocks are physiologically effective at a rate of 70%. Multi-site, multi-depth lateral branch blocks do not effectively block the intra-articular portion of the SIJ. There is physiological evidence that the intra-articular portion of the SIJ is innervated from both ventral and dorsal sources. Comparative multi-site, multi-depth lateral branch blocks should be considered a potentially valuable tool to diagnose extra-articular SIJ pain and determine if lateral branch radiofrequency neurotomy may assist one with SIJ pain.

Arthroscopic Subscapularis Augmentation of Bankart Repair in Chronic Anterior Shoulder Instability With Bone Loss Less Than 25% and Capsular Deficiency: Clinical Multicenter Study.

PubMed

Maiotti, Marco; Massoni, Carlo; Russo, Raffaele; Schroter, Steffen; Zanini, Antonio; Bianchedi, Diana

2017-05-01

To assess the short-term outcomes of the arthroscopic subscapularis augmentation (ASA) technique, consisting of a tenodesis of the upper third of the subscapularis tendon and a Bankart repair, and its effect on shoulder external rotation. Patients selected for this study were involved in contact sports, with a history of traumatic recurrent shoulder dislocations and a minimum of 2-year follow-up. Inclusion criteria were patients with glenoid bone loss (GBL) ranging from 5% to 25%, anterior capsular deficiency, and Hill-Sachs lesion who underwent ASA technique. Exclusion criteria were GBL >25%, multidirectional instability, preexisting osteoarthritis, and overhead sports activities. Visual analog scale (VAS) scale for pain, Rowe score, and American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) scores were used to assess results. Loss of shoulder external rotation was measured with the arm at the side (ER1 position) or 90° in abduction (ER2 position). Analysis of variance and Fisher tests were used for data evaluation. Significance was established at P ≤ .05. One hundred ten patients (84 men and 26 women, mean age 27 years) were evaluated with a mean follow-up of 40.5 months (range: 24 to 65 months). In 98 patients, a Hill-Sachs lesion was observed and in 57 patients a capsular deficiency was present. Three patients (2.7%) had a traumatic redislocation. At final follow-up, the mean scores were as follows: VAS scale decreased from a mean of 3.5 to 0.5 (P = .015), Rowe score increased from 57.4 to 95.3 (P = .035), and ASES score increased from 66.5 to 96.5 (P = .021). The mean deficit of external rotation was 8° ± 2.5° in the ER1 position and 4° ± 1.5° in the ER2 position. The ASA procedure has been shown to be effective in restoring joint stability in patients practicing sports, affected by chronic anterior shoulder instability associated with anterior GBL (<25%), capsular deficiency, and Hill-Sachs lesions, with mild restriction of external rotation. Level IV, therapeutic case series. Copyright © 2016 Arthroscopy Association of North America. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Glenohumeral instability and rotator cuff tear.

PubMed

Porcellini, Giuseppe; Caranzano, Francesco; Campi, Fabrizio; Pellegrini, Andrea; Paladini, Paolo

2011-12-01

The prevalence of rotator cuff tears after traumatic dislocation increases with advancing age, a likely consequence of the age-associated deterioration of the structure and mechanical properties of the tendons of the rotator cuff. These are the effective stabilizers of the glenohumeral joint, compressing the humeral head in the 3-dimensional concavity of the glenohumeral joint. It is impossible to establish whether a lesion of the capsular-labrum complex or of the rotator cuff causes or follows a dislocation, regardless of whether it is anterior or posterior. A peripheral nerve or a brachial plexus injury can be associated with tendon lesion and instability, developing the "terrible triad" of the shoulder. Both conservative and surgical management are possible, and surgeons must choose the most appropriate management modality according to the biologic age, functional demands, and type of lesion.

Bacteria like sharing their sweets.

PubMed

Cuccui, Jon; Wren, Brendan W

2013-09-01

Protein glycosylation and capsular polysaccharide formation are increasingly recognized as playing central roles in the survival and virulence of bacterial pathogens. In this issue of Molecular Microbiology, structural analysis in Acinetobacter baumannii 17978 revealed that a pentasaccharide that decorates glycoproteins is formed of the same building blocks used for capsule biosynthesis demonstrating split roles for this glycan. Disruption of PglC, the initiating glycosyltransferase responsible for attachment of the first sugar to undecaprenylphosphate abolished glycoprotein production and capsule biosynthesis. Both pathways are demonstrated to be important in biofilm formation and pathogenesis, and disabling their synthesis should provide a useful route for antimicrobial design. Shared polysaccharide usage reduces the genetic and metabolic burden in a bacterial cell and is an emerging theme among bacterial pathogens that need to be energy efficient for their streamlined lifestyle. © 2013 Crown copyright.

Methyl 3-O-α-l-fucopyranosyl β-d-glucopyran­oside tetra­hydrate

PubMed Central

Eriksson, Lars; Widmalm, Göran

2012-01-01

The title compound, C13H24O10·4H2O, is the methyl glycoside of a disaccharide structural element present in the backbone of the capsular polysaccharide from Klebsiella K1, which contains only three sugars and a substituent in the polysaccharide repeating unit. The conformation of the title disaccharide is described by the glycosidic torsion angles ϕH = 51.1 (1)° and ψH = 25.8 (1)°. In the crystal, a number of O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds link the methyl glycoside and water mol­ecules, forming a three-dimensional network. One water mol­ecule is disordered over two positions with occupancies of 0.748 (4) and 0.252 (4). PMID:23284493

Biopolymers from lactic acid bacteria. Novel applications in foods and beverages

PubMed Central

Torino, María I.; Font de Valdez, Graciela; Mozzi, Fernanda

2015-01-01

Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are microorganisms widely used in the fermented food industry worldwide. Certain LAB are able to produce exopolysaccharides (EPS) either attached to the cell wall (capsular EPS) or released to the extracellular environment (EPS). According to their composition, LAB may synthesize heteropolysaccharides or homopolysaccharides. A wide diversity of EPS are produced by LAB concerning their monomer composition, molecular mass, and structure. Although EPS-producing LAB strains have been traditionally applied in the manufacture of dairy products such as fermented milks and yogurts, their use in the elaboration of low-fat cheeses, diverse type of sourdough breads, and certain beverages are some of the novel applications of these polymers. This work aims to collect the most relevant issues of the former reviews concerning the monomer composition, structure, and yields and biosynthetic enzymes of EPS from LAB; to describe the recently characterized EPS and to present the application of both EPS-producing strains and their polymers in the fermented (specifically beverages and cereal-based) food industry. PMID:26441845

Spectroscopic Characterization of Extracellular Polymeric Substances from Escherichia coli and Serratia marcescens: Suppression using Sub-Inhibitory Concentrations of Bismuth Thiols

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Badireddy, Appala R.; Korpol, Bhoom Reddy; Chellam, Shankararaman

2008-10-21

Free and capsular EPS produced by Escherichia coli and Serratia marcescens were characterized in detail using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and Auger electron spectroscopy (AES). Total EPS production decreased upon treatment with sub-inhibitory concentrations of lipophilic bismuth thiols (bismuth dimercaptopropanol, BisBAL; bismuth ethanedithiol, BisEDT; and bismuth pyrithione, BisPYR), BisBAL being most effective. Bismuth thiols also influenced acetylation and carboxylation of polysaccharides in EPS from S. marcescens. Extensive homology between EPS samples in the presence and absence of bismuth was observed with proteins, polysaccharides, and nucleic acids varying predominantly only in the total amount expressed. Secondmore » derivative analysis of the amide I region of FTIR spectra revealed decreases in protein secondary structures in the presence of bismuth thiols. Hence, anti-fouling properties of bismuth thiols appear to originate in their ability to suppress O-acetylation and protein secondary structures in addition to total EPS secretion.« less

United Kingdom Frozen Shoulder Trial (UK FROST), multi-centre, randomised, 12 month, parallel group, superiority study to compare the clinical and cost-effectiveness of Early Structured Physiotherapy versus manipulation under anaesthesia versus arthroscopic capsular release for patients referred to secondary care with a primary frozen shoulder: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial.

PubMed

Brealey, Stephen; Armstrong, Alison L; Brooksbank, Andrew; Carr, Andrew Jonathan; Charalambous, Charalambos P; Cooper, Cushla; Corbacho, Belen; Dias, Joseph; Donnelly, Iona; Goodchild, Lorna; Hewitt, Catherine; Keding, Ada; Kottam, Lucksy; Lamb, Sarah E; McDaid, Catriona; Northgraves, Matthew; Richardson, Gerry; Rodgers, Sara; Shah, Sarwat; Sharp, Emma; Spencer, Sally; Torgerson, David; Toye, Francine; Rangan, Amar

2017-12-22

Frozen shoulder (also known as adhesive capsulitis) occurs when the capsule, or the soft tissue envelope around the ball and socket shoulder joint, becomes scarred and contracted, making the shoulder tight, painful and stiff. It affects around 1 in 12 men and 1 in 10 women of working age. Although this condition can settle with time (typically taking 1 to 3 years), for some people it causes severe symptoms and needs referral to hospital. Our aim is to evaluate the clinical and cost-effectiveness of two invasive and costly surgical interventions that are commonly used in secondary care in the National Health Service (NHS) compared with a non-surgical comparator of Early Structured Physiotherapy. We will conduct a randomised controlled trial (RCT) of 500 adult patients with a clinical diagnosis of frozen shoulder, and who have radiographs that exclude other pathology. Early Structured Physiotherapy with an intra-articular steroid injection will be compared with manipulation under anaesthesia with a steroid injection or arthroscopic (keyhole) capsular release followed by manipulation. Both surgical interventions will be followed with a programme of post-procedural physiotherapy. These treatments will be undertaken in NHS hospitals across the United Kingdom. The primary outcome and endpoint will be the Oxford Shoulder Score (a patient self-reported assessment of shoulder function) at 12 months. This will also be measured at baseline, 3 and 6 months after randomisation; and on the day that treatment starts and 6 months later. Secondary outcomes include the Disabilities of Arm Shoulder and Hand (QuickDASH) score, the EQ-5D-5 L score, pain, extent of recovery and complications. We will explore the acceptability of the different treatments to patients and health care professionals using qualitative methods. The three treatments being compared are the most frequently used in secondary care in the NHS, but there is uncertainty about which one works best and at what cost. UK FROST is a rigorously designed and adequately powered study to inform clinical decisions for the treatment of this common condition in adults. International Standard Randomised Controlled Trial Register, ID: ISRCTN48804508 . Registered on 25 July 2014.

Clinicopathologic features of ovarian neoplasms with emphasis on borderline ovarian tumors: an institutional perspective.

PubMed

Hashmi, Atif Ali; Hussain, Zubaida Fida; Bhagwani, Aneel Roy; Edhi, Muhammad Muzzammil; Faridi, Naveen; Hussain, Syed Danish; Khan, Mehmood

2016-04-06

Ovarian cancer is the most lethal gynecologic malignancy and it represents third most common malignancy in Karachi (after breast and oral cancer). Due to lack of well established cancer registry in our country, changing trends of ovarian tumors has not been determined. Therefore we aimed to establish the current trends and classification of ovarian tumors in our setup according to latest WHO guidelines. We retrospectively analyzed 162 cases of ovarian tumors that underwent surgical resection from January 2009 till December 2014. Specimens were received in histopathology department, Liaquat National hospital and cases were examined by senior histopathologists and classified according to latest WHO guidelines. Various histopathologic parameters including capsular invasion, omental and lymph node meatstasis along with uterine and fallopian tube involvement were determined apart from tumor type and grade. Mean age at diagnosis was 35.8 years (± 15.5). surface epithelial tumors were most common, 109 cases (67.2%) followed by germ cell tumors, 44 cases (27.1%) and sex cord stromal tumors, 8 cases (4.9%). Serous tumors were most common surface epithelial tumors with 90% benign morphology. On the other hand, mucinous tumors showed a higher percentage of borderline and malignant features (16.7 and 14.6% respectively). Higher incidence of capsular invasion and omental metastasis was noted in endometroid and serous carcinoma compared to mucinous tumors. We noted a higher frequency of young age ovarian cancers in our set up. Serous and endometroid carcinomas were found to be associated with adverse prognostic factors like capsular invasion and omental metastasis. Moreover a significantly higher proportion of ovarian tumors constitute mucinous histology including borderline tumors. Whether this represents a changing trend towards biology of these tumors in this part of the world needs to be uncovered by further studies.

The impact of postoperative expansion initiation timing on breast expander capsular characteristics: a prospective combined clinical and scanning electron microscopy study.

PubMed

Paek, Laurence S; Giot, Jean-Philippe; Tétreault-Paquin, Jean-Olivier; St-Jacques, Samuel; Nelea, Monica; Danino, M Alain

2015-04-01

In the first stage of expander-to-implant breast reconstruction, postoperative expansion is classically initiated at 10 to 14 days (conventional approach). The authors hypothesized that it may be beneficial to wait 6 weeks postoperatively before initiating serial expansion (delayed approach). Clinical and ultrastructural periprosthetic capsule analysis is first required before determining whether a delayed approach ultimately improves capsular tissue adherence and expansion process predictability. Patients undergoing two-stage implant-based breast reconstruction were enrolled prospectively in this study. During expander-to-implant exchange, the clinical presence of "Velcro" effect, biofilm, and double capsule was noted. Periprosthetic capsule samples were also sent for scanning electron microscopic observation of three parameters: surface relief, cellularity, and biofilm. Samples were divided into four groups for data analysis (group 1, conventional/Biocell; group 2, delayed/Biocell; group 3, conventional/Siltex; and group 4, delayed/Siltex). Fifty-six breast reconstructions were included. Each group comprised between 13 and 15 breasts. In group 1, no cases exhibited the Velcro effect and there was a 53.8 percent incidence of both biofilm and double capsule. In group 2, all cases demonstrated the Velcro effect and there were no incidences of biofilm or double capsule. Group 3 and group 4 cases did not exhibit a Velcro effect or double-capsule formation; however, biofilm was present in up to 20.0 percent. All group 2 samples revealed more pronounced three-dimensional relief on scanning electron microscopy. Variations in expansion protocols can lead to observable modifications in periprosthetic capsular architecture. There may be real benefits to delaying expander inflation until 6 weeks postoperatively with Biocell expanders.

Evaluation of Safe Systemic Immunosuppression Created with Dexamethasone in Prevention of Capsular Contracture: A Glance to Distinct Perspectives with Toll-Like Receptors.

PubMed

Colak, Ozlem; Ozer, Kadri; Dikmen, Adile; Ozakinci, Hilal; Ozkaya, Ozay

2018-03-21

The toll-like receptors (TLRs) stand at the interface of innate immune activation. We hypothesize to decrease the response of innate immunity activated by TLR4 by a safe, short-term, systemic immunosuppression. Two silicone block implants were placed into two dorsal subcutaneous pockets in 32 rats that were subdivided into four groups: The two study groups were the IV DEX group (single intravenous injection of dexamethasone 1 h before surgery) and the IV DEX + IP DEX group (in addition to a single intravenous injection of dexamethasone 1 h before surgery, intraperitoneal dexamethasone was administered for 10 days after surgery), and the two control groups were the untreated control group and the saline-treated control group. After 10 weeks, all animals were killed to determine capsular thickness, inflammatory cell density, presence of pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia, edema, necrosis, vascularization, TLR4 expression and myofibroblast proliferation. No significant difference was observed in any parameter between the untreated and saline-treated control groups (p > 0.05). Capsular thickness, myofibroblast proliferation, TLR4 expression density were statistically different among study groups compared to control (p < 0.05). This study demonstrates the relationship between toll-like receptors and fibrous capsule after implant surgery. Decreasing the innate immunity by a safe, short-term perioperative systemic immunosuppression resulted in decreased TLR4 expression and myofibroblast differentiation which could be a new research field in profibrotic pathophysiology underlying breast capsule formation. This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

Analysis of the learning curve for transurethral resection of the prostate. Is there any influence of musical instrument and video game skills on surgical performance?

PubMed Central

Yamaçake, Kleiton Gabriel Ribeiro; Nakano, Elcio Tadashi; Soares, Iva Barbosa; Cordeiro, Paulo; Srougi, Miguel; Antunes, Alberto Azoubel

2015-01-01

Objective To evaluate the learning curve for transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) among urology residents and study the impact of video game and musical instrument playing abilities on its performance. Material and methods A prospective study was performed from July 2009 to January 2013 with patients submitted to TURP for benign prostatic hyperplasia. Fourteen residents operated on 324 patients. The following parameters were analyzed: age, prostate-specific antigen levels, prostate weight on ultrasound, pre- and postoperative serum sodium and hemoglobin levels, weight of resected tissue, operation time, speed of resection, and incidence of capsular lesions. Gender, handedness, and prior musical instrument and video game playing experience were recorded using survey responses. Results The mean resection speed in the first 10 procedures was 0.36 g/min and reached a mean of 0.51 g/min after the 20th procedure. The incidence of capsular lesions decreased progressively. The operation time decreased progressively for each subgroup regardless of the difference in the weight of tissue resected. Those experienced in playing video games presented superior resection speed (0.45 g/min) when compared with the novice (0.35 g/min) and intermediate (0.38 g/min) groups (p=0.112). Musical instrument playing abilities did not affect the surgical performance. Conclusion Speed of resection, weight of resected tissue, and percentage of resected tissue improve significantly and the incidence of capsular lesions reduces after the performance of 10 TURP procedures. Experience in playing video games or musical instruments does not have a significant effect on outcomes. PMID:26516596

Poly Implant Prothèse (PIP) incidence of rupture: a retrospective MR analysis in 64 patients.

PubMed

Scotto di Santolo, Mariella; Cusati, Bianca; Ragozzino, Alfonso; Dell'Aprovitola, Nicoletta; Acquaviva, Alessandra; Altiero, Michele; Accurso, Antonello; Riccardi, Albina; Imbriaco, Massimo

2014-12-01

The purpose of this retrospective study was to describe the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features of Poly Implant Prothèse (PIP) hydrogel implants in a group of 64 patients and to assess the incidence of rupture, compared to other clinical trials. In this double-center study, we retrospectively reviewed the data sets of 64 consecutive patients (mean age, 43±9 years, age range, 27-65 years), who underwent breast MRI examinations, between January 2008 and October 2013, with suspected implant rupture on the basis of clinical assessment or after conventional imaging examination (either mammography or ultrasound). All patients had undergone breast operation with bilateral textured cohesive gel PIP implant insertion for aesthetic reasons. The mean time after operation was 8 years (range, 6-14 years). No patients reported history of direct trauma to their implants. At the time of clinical examination, 41 patients were asymptomatic, 16 complained of breast tenderness and 7 had clinical evidence of rupture. Normal findings were observed in 15 patients. In 26 patients there were signs of mild collapse, with associated not significant peri-capsular fluid collections and no evidence of implant rupture; in 23 patients there was suggestion of implant rupture, according to breast MRI leading to an indication for surgery. In particular, 14 patients showed intra-capsular rupture, with associated evidence of the linguine sign in all cases; the keyhole sign and the droplet signs were observed in 6 cases. In 9 patients there was evidence of extra-capsular rupture, with presence of axillary collections (siliconomas) in 7 cases and peri-prosthetic and mediastinal cavity siliconomas, in 5 cases. The results of this double center retrospective study, confirm the higher incidence (36%) of prosthesis rupture observed with the PIP implants, compared to other breast implants.

Relationship between lymphovascular invasion and clinicopathological features of papillary thyroid carcinoma

PubMed Central

Sezer, Atakan; Celik, Mehmet; Bulbul, Buket Yilmaz; Can, Nuray; Tastekin, Ebru; Ayturk, Semra; Ustun, Funda; Guldiken, Sibel; Sut, Necdet

2017-01-01

Lymphovascular invasion (LVI) is an important prognostic factor in various solid tumors, however, data on the association between LVI and thyroid carcinomas are limited. In this study, we evaluated the relationship between LVI and clinicopathological features of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). Six hundred seventy-eight patients diagnosed with PTC between 2012 and 2015 were included into the study. Patients were classified based on the presence or absence of LVI. Gender, age, ultrasonography (US), tumor size and multifocality, BRAFV600E mutation, perineural and capsular invasion, extrathyroid extension (ETE), nodal metastasis, and recurrences were evaluated, and risk analysis was performed for each parameter. The number of patients with LVI [LVI (+)] was 63, while the number of patients without LVI [LVI (-)] was 615. The female/male ratio was 564/114. LVI was present in 18.4% of male patients and in 7.4 % of female patients. In the age group between 17-25 years LVI was detected in 6/13 patients, and this result was statistically significant compared to other age groups (p = 0.004). Suspicious lymph nodes upon US, perineural or capsular invasion, ETE, tumor size, and nodal metastasis were significantly more frequent in LVI (+) group (p < 0.001). The frequency of BRAFV600E mutation was also significantly higher in LVI (+) group (p < 0.001). Overall, the presence of LVI was associated with gender, tumor size, age, lymph node metastasis, pathological lymph nodes, perineural and capsular invasion, ETE, and BRAFV600E mutation. These results suggest that in PTC patients undergoing thyroidectomy, the presence of LVI should be considered as an indicator of aggressive clinicopathological features and those patients should be followed up carefully for recurrences and metastasis. PMID:28284178

Group B Streptococcus Vaginal Carriage in Pregnant Women as Deciphered by Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeat Analysis.

PubMed

Beauruelle, Clemence; Pastuszka, Adeline; Mereghetti, Laurent; Lanotte, Philippe

2018-06-01

We evaluated the diversity of group B Streptococcus (GBS) vaginal carriage populations in pregnant women. For this purpose, we studied each isolate present in a primary culture of a vaginal swab using a new approach based on clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) locus analysis. To evaluate the CRISPR array composition rapidly, a restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis was performed. For each different pattern observed, the CRISPR array was sequenced and capsular typing and multilocus sequence typing (MLST) were performed. A total of 970 isolates from 10 women were analyzed by CRISPR-RFLP. Each woman carrying GBS isolates presented one to five specific "personal" patterns. Five women showed similar isolates with specific and unique restriction patterns, suggesting the carriage of a single GBS clone. Different patterns were observed among isolates from the other five women. For three of these, CRISPR locus sequencing highlighted low levels of internal modifications in the locus backbone, whereas there were high levels of modifications for the last two women, suggesting the carriage of two different clones. These two clones were closely related, having the same ancestral spacer(s), the same capsular type and, in one case, the same ST, but showed different antibiotic resistance patterns in pairs. Eight of 10 women were colonized by a single GBS clone, while two of them were colonized by two strains, leading to a risk of selection of more-virulent and/or more-resistant clones during antibiotic prophylaxis. This CRISPR analysis made it possible to separate isolates belonging to a single capsular type and sequence type, highlighting the greater discriminating power of this approach. Copyright © 2018 American Society for Microbiology.

Utility of Intravascular US-Guided Portal Vein Access during Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt Creation: Retrospective Comparison with Conventional Technique in 109 Patients.

PubMed

Pillai, Anil K; Andring, Brice; Faulconer, Nicholas; Reis, Stephen P; Xi, Yin; Iyamu, Ikponmwosa; Suthpin, Patrick D; Kalva, Sanjeeva P

2016-08-01

To compare safety and effectiveness of intravascular ultrasound (US)-guided portal vein access during transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) creation with conventional TIPS technique. In this retrospective study, TIPS creation using intravascular US guidance in 55 patients was compared with conventional TIPS creation in 54 patients by 10 operators over a 3-year period. Operators were classified as experienced if they had performed ≥ 20 TIPS procedures at the beginning of the study period. Time to portal vein access, total radiation dose, and needle pass-related capsular perforation were recorded. Baseline demographic characteristics of patients were similar (P > .05). Mean time to portal venous access was 46 minutes ± 37 for conventional TIPS and 31 minutes ± 19 for intravascular US-guided TIPS (P = .007). Intravascular US guidance allowed significantly shorter times (48 min ± 30 vs 28 min ± 16; P = .01) to portal vein access among operators (n = 5) with limited experience but failed to achieve any significant time savings (44 min ± 43 vs 34 min ± 22; P = .89) among experienced operators (n = 5). Needle pass-related capsular perforation occurred in 17/54 (34%) patients with conventional TIPS and 5/55 (9%) patients with intravascular US-guided TIPS (P = .004). Radiation dose was 2,376 mGy ± 1,816 for conventional TIPS and 1,592 mGy ± 1,263 for intravascular US-guided TIPS (P = .004). Intravascular US-guided portal vein access during TIPS creation is associated with shorter portal vein access times, decreased needle pass-related capsular perforations, and reduced radiation dose. Copyright © 2016 SIR. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

DNA-Sequence Based Typing of the Cronobacter Genus Using MLST, CRISPR-cas Array and Capsular Profiling

PubMed Central

Ogrodzki, Pauline; Forsythe, Stephen J.

2017-01-01

The Cronobacter genus is composed of seven species, within which a number of pathovars have been described. The most notable infections by Cronobacter spp. are of infants through the consumption of contaminated infant formula. The description of the genus has greatly improved in recent years through DNA sequencing techniques, and this has led to a robust means of identification. However some species are highly clonal and this limits the ability to discriminate between unrelated strains by some methods of genotyping. This article updates the application of three genotyping methods across the Cronobacter genus. The three genotyping methods were multilocus sequence typing (MLST), capsular profiling of the K-antigen and colanic acid (CA) biosynthesis regions, and CRISPR-cas array profiling. A total of 1654 MLST profiled and 286 whole genome sequenced strains, available by open access at the PubMLST Cronobacter database, were used this analysis. The predominance of C. sakazakii and C. malonaticus in clinical infections was confirmed. The majority of clinical strains being in the C. sakazakii clonal complexes (CC) 1 and 4, sequence types (ST) 8 and 12 and C. malonaticus ST7. The capsular profile K2:CA2, previously proposed as being strongly associated with C. sakazakii and C. malonaticus isolates from severe neonatal infections, was also found in C. turicensis, C. dublinensis and C. universalis. The majority of CRISPR-cas types across the genus was the I-E (Ecoli) type. Some strains of C. dublinensis and C. muytjensii encoded the I-F (Ypseudo) type, and others lacked the cas gene loci. The significance of the expanding profiling will be of benefit to researchers as well as governmental and industrial risk assessors. PMID:29033918

[Dorsal capsular imbrication for dorsal instability of the distal radioulnar joint].

PubMed

Unglaub, F; Manz, S; Bruckner, T; Leclère, F M; Hahn, P; Wolf, M B

2013-12-01

To stabilize the distal radioulnar joint (DRUJ) by performing dorsal capsular imbrication in patients presenting with dorsal instability. The goal was to reduce pain and prevent the occurrence of posttraumatic arthrosis. Posttraumatic dorsal instability of the DRUJ with missing block while performing translational activities in the DRUJ or subluxation while actively rotating the forearm. Cases, in which other stabilizing techniques, such as, sutures of the triangular fibrocartilage complex failed. DRUJ arthrosis, previous surgical interventions to the capsule area of the DRUJ, instabilities due to osseous reasons (malposition or pseudarthrosis) should already have been treated. Dorsal approach and opening of the 5th extensor compartment to expose the dorsal joint capsule. A longitudinal division of the capsule was performed and sufficient tissue on the radial and ulnar border was retained to ensure a solid suture technique. Then 2 U-shaped sutures using FiberWire suture material were made. Correction of the malposition and repositioning the forearm into supination. Tightening of the prepared capsule sutures and closing of the retinaculum with a resorbable suture. Patients wore a long-arm cast with the forearm being in supination for a period of 4 weeks. Following cast removal, patients wore a forearm splint for a period of 4 weeks to limit forearm pronation/supination at 45°. Full load on the wrist was allowed after 12 weeks. The subjective and functional outcomes of 20 patients having received capsular imbrication using this technique were good and entailed no significant complications. The postoperative DASH was 15.8 points. Of the 20 patients, 17 patients (85%) had a reduction of pain. Symptoms of DRUJ instability could be reduced in 18 patients (90%). Pronation/supination of the wrist was not restricted postoperatively.

Pasteurella multocida in backyard chickens in Upper Egypt: incidence with polymerase chain reaction analysis for capsule type, virulence in chicken embryos and antimicrobial resistance.

PubMed

Mohamed, Moemen A; Mohamed, Mohamed-Wael A; Ahmed, Ahmed I; Ibrahim, Awad A; Ahmed, Mohamed S

2012-01-01

The prevalence of Pasteurella multocida strains among 275 backyard chickens from different regions of Upper Egypt was studied. A total of 21 isolates of P. multocida were recovered in 21 out of 275 chickens tested (7.6%) and were confirmed using phenotypic characterisation. Somatic serotyping of the 21 isolates resulted in 12 isolates being classed as serotype A:1 (57.14%), 4 as serotype A:3 (19.05%) and 5 could not be typed (23.8%). Capsular typing, using multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR), demonstrated that 18 strains were capsular type A (85.7%), and 3 were type D (14.3%). The present findings suggest that a multiplex capsular PCR could be valuable for the rapid identification of P. multocida in cases of fowl cholera infection. A total of 5 isolates of P. multocida were selected to study their pathogenicity in embryonated chicken eggs instead of conducting a study in mature chickens. The results showed a variation in pathogenicity between the strains tested, namely: serotype A:1 strains caused 80% mortality, in contrast to 20% mortality by type D strains. Pathological findings included severe congestion of the entire embryo, haemorrhaging of the skin, feather follicles and toe, and ecchymotic haemorrhages on the liver of the inoculated embryos. The observations in this study indicate that P. multocida serogroup A could be highly pathogenic for mature chickens and therefore might be a cause of considerable economic losses in commercial production. A total of 10 isolates were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility to determine the minimal inhibitory concentration of 7 antimicrobials. All isolates were susceptible to ciprofloxacin, florfenicol, streptomycin and sulphamethoxazol with trimethoprim and with varying degrees of sensitivity to the other agents.

Effect of number and position of intraocular lens haptics on anterior capsule contraction: a randomized, prospective trial.

PubMed

Choi, Mihyun; Lazo, Marjorie Z; Kang, Minji; Lee, Jeehye; Joo, Choun-Ki

2018-03-20

The present study aimed to evaluate the degree of anterior capsule contraction (capsulorhexis contraction) with three different single-piece, hydrophilic acrylic intraocular lenses (IOLs). Patients were prospectively randomized to be implanted with one of three types of IOLs during cataract surgery: the Ophtec Precizon (IOL A), the Lucid Korea Microflex (IOL B), and the Carl Zeiss Asphina (IOL C). One week, 2 weeks, and 6 months after surgery, the area of the anterior capsule opening was measured using digital retro-illumination images after dilation of the pupil. The data were then evaluated using POCOman software. The study included 236 eyes of 202 patients. The area of the anterior capsule opening reduced by 3.53 ± 3.31 mm (17.06% ± 15.99%) between 1 week and 2 months post-operatively in the IOL A group, by 0.62 ± 1.32 mm (2.87% ± 6.03%) in the IOL B group, and by 1.09 ± 1.53 mm (4.72% ± 6.10%) in the IOL C group. The IOL B group showed minimal anterior capsule contraction 2 months after surgery (p < 0.001). IOLs with a four-plate haptic design (IOL B) showed more anterior capsular stability than those with a two-loop plate haptic (IOL A) or two-plate haptic (IOL C) design. The number and position of haptics in a capsular bag may affect anterior capsule contraction. We assume that supporting the zonules evenly may play a role in anterior capsular stability. Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN76566080 , Retrospectively registered (Date of registration: 14 Feb 2018).

MRI evaluation of post-mastectomy irradiated breast implants: prevalence and analysis of complications.

PubMed

Rella, L; Telegrafo, M; Nardone, A; Milella, A; Stabile Ianora, A A; Lioce, M; Angelelli, G; Moschetta, M

2015-09-01

To evaluate the effect of post-mastectomy radiation therapy (RT) on breast implants as detected by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) searching for short-term complications. One hundred and forty patients (total of 144 implants) were evaluated by MRI; 80 (group 1) had undergone RT, whereas the remaining 60 patients (group 2) underwent mastectomy with implant reconstruction without RT. Two radiologists evaluated MRI images searching for implant rupture signs, sub-capsular seromas, capsular contracture, soft-tissue oedema, peri-implant fluid collections. Implant ruptures were classified as severe complications; seromas and capsular contractures as moderate complications; oedema and fluid collections as mild complications. The prevalence of MRI findings in the two groups was calculated and compared by unpaired t-test. Cohen's kappa statistics was used to assess interobserver agreement. Sixty-nine out of 144 (48%) implants presented pathological findings at MRI with complication rates of 47.5 and 48.4 for groups 1 and 2, respectively. Two (5%) severe complications, 10 (26%) moderate complications, and 26 (69%) mild complications occurred in group 1 and surgical treatment was performed in 10 cases. Two (6%) severe complications, seven (23%) moderate complications, and 22 (71%) mild complications occurred in group 2 and surgical treatment was performed in eight cases. No significant difference between the two groups was found (p>0.1). Almost perfect agreement between the two radiologists was found for MRI image detection (k=0.86). RT does not seem to cause a significant effect on breast implants in terms of complication rate in patients undergoing implant-based breast reconstruction. One-stage immediate implant-based breast reconstruction performed at the same time as mastectomy could be proposed. Copyright © 2015 The Royal College of Radiologists. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Bifunctional capsular dosage form: novel fanicular cylindrical gastroretentive system of clarithromycin and immediate release granules of ranitidine HCl for simultaneous delivery.

PubMed

Rajput, Pallavi; Singh, Deshvir; Pathak, Kamla

2014-01-30

The study was aimed to develop a bifunctional single unit capsular system containing gastroretentive funicular cylindrical system (FCS) for controlled local delivery of clarithromycin and immediate release of ranitidine HCl. A 2(3) full factorial design was used to prepare gastroretentive FCS of clarithromycin using polyacrylamide (PAM), HPMC E15LV and Carbopol 934 P. The FCSs were evaluated for % cumulative drug release, floating time and in vitro detachment stress. Among the eight formulations, FCS5 (containing PAM and Carbopol 934 P at high and HPMC E15LV at low levels) showed % cumulative drug release of 97.09±1.14% in 8 h, floating time of 3 h and detachment stress of 8303.64±0.34 dynes/cm(2). Evaluation of optimized FCS by novel dynamic in vitro test proved superior bioadhesivity than cylindrical system under aggressive simulated peristaltic activity. Magnetic resonance imaging elucidated zero order release via constant swelling and erosion of FCS5. In vitro permeability across gastric mucin ensured its potential for effective eradication of deep seated Helicobactor pylori in gastric linings. The optimized FCS was combined with immediate release granules of rantidine HCl to get a bifunctional capsular dosage form. In vitro simultaneous drug release of clarithromycin and rantidine estimated by Vierordt's method exhibited a controlled drug release of 97.72±0.4% in 8 h for clarithromycin through FCS5 and 98.8±1.2% in 60 min from IR granules of ranitidine HCl. The novel system thus established its capability of simultaneous variable delivery of acid suppression agent and macrolide antibiotic that can be advantageous in clinical setting. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Antibodies to Staphylococcus aureus capsular polysaccharides 5 and 8 perform similarly in vitro but are functionally distinct in vivo.

PubMed

Liu, Bo; Park, Saeyoung; Thompson, Christopher D; Li, Xue; Lee, Jean C

2017-08-18

The capsular polysaccharide (CP) produced by Staphylococcus aureus is a virulence factor that allows the organism to evade uptake and killing by host neutrophils. Polyclonal antibodies to the serotype 5 (CP5) and type 8 (CP8) capsular polysaccharides are opsonic and protect mice against experimental bacteremia provoked by encapsulated staphylococci. Thus, passive immunotherapy using CP antibodies has been considered for the prevention or treatment of invasive antibiotic-resistant S. aureus infections. In this report, we generated monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against S. aureus CP5 or CP8. Backbone specific mAbs reacted with native and O-deacetylated CPs, whereas O-acetyl specific mAbs reacted only with native CPs. Reference strains of S. aureus and a selection of clinical isolates reacted by colony immunoblot with the CP5 and CP8 mAbs in a serotype-specific manner. The mAbs mediated in vitro CP type-specific opsonophagocytic killing of S. aureus strains, and mice passively immunized with CP5 mAbs were protected against S. aureus bacteremia. Neither CP8-specific mAbs or polyclonal antibodies protected mice against bacteremia provoked by serotype 8 S. aureus clinical isolates, although these same antibodies did protect against a serotype 5 S. aureus strain genetically engineered to produce CP8. We detected soluble CP8 in culture supernatants of serotype 8 clinical isolates and in the plasma of infected animals. Serotype 5 S. aureus released significantly less soluble CP5 in vitro and in vivo. The release of soluble CP8 by S. aureus may contribute to the inability of CP8 vaccines or antibodies to protect against serotype 8 staphylococcal infections.

A comparative study of FDG PET/CT and enhanced multi-detector CT for detecting liver metastasis according to the size and location.

PubMed

Park, Jung Mi; Kim, Il Young; Kim, Sang Won; Lee, Sang Mi; Kim, Hyun Gi; Kim, Shin Young; Shin, Hyung Chul

2013-04-01

The aim of this study was to compare the diagnosability between (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) PET/CT and enhanced multi-detector CT (MDCT) for the detection of liver metastasis (LM) according to the size and location in liver and to evaluate standard maximum standardized uptake values (SUVmax) of all liver metastatic lesions. One hundred two consecutive patients with malignancy who underwent both FDG PET/CT and MDCT for LM evaluation were retrospectively reviewed. Among them, 56 patients with LM were enrolled in this study. LM was confirmed by follow-up imaging studies after at least 6 months or by histopathology. FDG PET/CT and MDCT images were visually analyzed using three-point scale by the consensus of two radiologists and two nuclear medicine physicians. The size and location (central vs. sub-capsular) of the all liver lesions were evaluated using MDCT images. Furthermore, SUVmax of all liver lesions on FDG PET/CT images were calculated. A total of 146 liver lesions were detected by FDG PET/CT and MDCT and 142 of the lesions were diagnosed as LM. The detection rates of MDCT and FDG PET/CT for LM by visual analysis were 77 and 78%, respectively. There was no significant difference of detection rate according to the overall location and size of the lesions. However, FDG PET/CT was more sensitive than MDCT for detecting small and sub-capsular LM. The detection rate of FDG PET/CT for LM was 68% by the cutoff SUVmax of 2.7. Although the diagnosabilities of MDCT and FDG PET/CT for detecting LM were comparable, FDG PET/CT is superior to MDCT for detecting small LM located in the sub-capsular portion of liver.

Capsular Polysaccharide Interferes With Biofilm Formation by Pasteurella Multocida Serogroup A

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Pasteurella multocida is an important multihost animal and zoonotic pathogen that is capable of causing respiratory and multisystemic diseases, bacteremia,and bite wound infections. The glycosaminoglycan capsule of P. multocida is an essential virulence factor that protects the bacterium from host d...

The Seminal Literature of Anthrax Research

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-05-01

few days takes a fulminant course, manifested by dyspnea, cough, chills, and a high-grade bac- teremia. Massive hilar adenopathy and mediastinal...causes death of the infected host (Pezard et al. 1991). The genes responsible for capsular biosynthesis (Green, 1985) and the synthesis of LT and ET

Central nervous system demyelinating disease protection by the human commensal Bacteroides fragilis depends on polysaccharide A expression.

PubMed

Ochoa-Repáraz, Javier; Mielcarz, Daniel W; Ditrio, Lauren E; Burroughs, Ashley R; Begum-Haque, Sakhina; Dasgupta, Suryasarathi; Kasper, Dennis L; Kasper, Lloyd H

2010-10-01

The importance of gut commensal bacteria in maintaining immune homeostasis is increasingly understood. We recently described that alteration of the gut microflora can affect a population of Foxp3(+)T(reg) cells that regulate demyelination in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), the experimental model of human multiple sclerosis. We now extend our previous observations on the role of commensal bacteria in CNS demyelination, and we demonstrate that Bacteroides fragilis producing a bacterial capsular polysaccharide Ag can protect against EAE. Recolonization with wild type B. fragilis maintained resistance to EAE, whereas reconstitution with polysaccharide A-deficient B. fragilis restored EAE susceptibility. Enhanced numbers of Foxp3(+)T(reg) cells in the cervical lymph nodes were observed after intestinal recolonization with either strain of B. fragilis. Ex vivo, CD4(+)T cells obtained from mice reconstituted with wild type B. fragilis had significantly enhanced rates of conversion into IL-10-producing Foxp3(+)T(reg) cells and offered greater protection against disease. Our results suggest an important role for commensal bacterial Ags, in particular B. fragilis expressing polysaccharide A, in protecting against CNS demyelination in EAE and perhaps human multiple sclerosis.

Surface properties of Streptococcus phocae strains isolated from diseased Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L.

PubMed

González-Contreras, A; Magariños, B; Godoy, M; Irgang, R; Toranzo, A E; Avendaño-Herrera, R

2011-03-01

Streptococcus phocae is an emerging pathogen for Chilean Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, but the factors determining its virulence are not yet elucidated. In this work, cell surface-related properties such as hydrophobicity and haemagglutination, adhesion to mucus and cell lines, capsule detection, survival and biofilm formation in skin mucus and serum resistance of the isolates responsible for outbreaks in Atlantic salmon and seals were examined. Adhesion to hydrocarbons and the results of salt aggregation tests indicated most of the S. phocae were strongly hydrophobic. All isolates exhibited a similar ability to attach to the Chinook salmon embryo (CHSE) cells line, but were not able to enter CHSE cells. Haemagglutination was not detected. Our data clearly indicate that S. phocae can resist the killing activity of mucus and serum and proliferate in them, which could be associated with the presence of a capsular layer around the cells. Pathogenicity studies using seal and fish isolates demonstrated mortality or pathological signs in fish injected only with the Atlantic salmon isolate. No mortalities or histopathological alterations were observed in fish injected with extracellular products. © 2011 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.

Development of a Colloidal Gold-Based Immunochromatographic Strip for Rapid Detection of Klebsiella pneumoniae Serotypes K1 and K2

PubMed Central

Siu, L. Kristopher; Tsai, Yu-Kuo; Lin, Jung-Chung; Chen, Te-Li; Fung, Chang-Phone

2016-01-01

In this study, a novel colloidal gold-based immunochromatographic strip (ICS) containing anti-Klebsiella pneumoniae capsular polysaccharide polyclonal antibodies was developed to specifically detect K. pneumoniae serotypes K1 and K2. Capsular polysaccharide K1 and K2 antigens were first used to produce polyclonal anti-K1 and anti-K2 antibodies. Reference strains with different serotypes, nontypeable K. pneumoniae strains, and other bacterial species were then used to assess the sensitivity and specificity of these test strips. The detection limit was found to be 105 CFU, and the ICSs were stable for 6 months when stored at room temperature. No false-positive or false-negative results were observed, and equivalent results were obtained compared to those of more conventional test methods, such as PCR or serum agglutination. In conclusion, the ICS developed here requires no technical expertise and allows for the specific, rapid, and simultaneous detection of K. pneumoniae serotypes K1 and K2. PMID:27707941

Versatility of Capsular Flaps in the Salvage of Exposed Breast Implants

PubMed Central

Tenna, Stefania; Cagli, Barbara; Pallara, Tiziano; Campa, Stefano; Persichetti, Paolo

2015-01-01

Summary: Breast implant exposure due to poor tissue coverage or previous irradiation represents a surgical challenge both in the reconstructive and aesthetic plastic surgery practice. In case of implant extrusion or incipient exposure, the commonly suggested strategies, such as targeted antibiotic therapy, drainage and lavage of the cavity, fistulectomy, and primary closure, may be ineffective leading the surgeon to an unwanted implant removal or to adopt more invasive flap coverage procedures. Breast implant capsule, in its physiological clinical behavior, can be considered as a new reliable source of tissue, which can be used in a wide range of clinical situations. In our hands, capsular flaps proved to be a versatile solution not only to treat breast contour deformities or inframammary fold malpositions but also to salvage exposed breast implants. In this scenario, the use of more invasive surgical techniques can be avoided or simply saved and delayed for future recurrences.(Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open 2015;3:e340; doi:10.1097/GOX.0000000000000307; Published online 30 March 2015.) PMID:26034647

Rotation and decentration of an undersized plate-haptic trifocal toric intraocular lens in an eye with moderate myopia.

PubMed

Giers, Bert C; Khoramnia, Ramin; Weber, Lea F; Tandogan, Tamer; Auffarth, Gerd U

2016-03-01

We present the case of a 56-year-old woman with moderate myopia and bilateral cataract who had cataract extraction and intraocular lens (IOL) implantation. Due to the patient's desire for spectacle independence, a trifocal IOL with toric correction for astigmatism was implanted. During the follow-up, it became obvious that the implanted IOL had rotated and tilted due to insufficient fixation in the large capsular bag of the myopic eye. An IOL explantation was therefore performed, and the original IOL was exchanged for a bifocal toric IOL with a larger overall diameter. Stable fixation of the IOL in the capsular bag was achieved, and after surgery in the second eye, the patient recovered good bilateral vision. This case illustrates the need for careful selection of IOL diameter and sizing even in patients with moderate myopia due to the potentially larger ocular dimensions in these patients. Copyright © 2016 ASCRS and ESCRS. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Enhanced Systemic Bioavailability of Curcumin Through Transmucosal Administration of a Novel Microgranular Formulation.

PubMed

Latimer, Brian; Ekshyyan, Oleksandr; Nathan, Neil; Moore-Medlin, Tara; Rong, Xiaohua; Ma, Xiaohui; Khandelwal, Alok; Christy, Hunter T; Abreo, Fleurette; McClure, Gloria; Vanchiere, John A; Caldito, Gloria; Dugas, Tammy; McMartin, Kenneth; Lian, Timothy; Mehta, Vikas; Nathan, Cherie-Ann O

2015-12-01

Curcumin is a promising nutraceutical for chemoprevention of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Capsular formulations of curcumin demonstrate low systemic bioavailability. We aimed to determine if curcumin levels were higher in healthy volunteers and cancer patients with microgranular curcumin that allows for transmucosal absorption and identify a consistent biomarker. Eight healthy volunteers and 15 HNSCC patients completed the trials. Serum levels of curcumin were measured by HPLC. Biological activity of curcumin was assessed with Multiplex Immunoassay and immunohistochemistry. We achieved higher serum levels of curcumin compared to trials using capsular formulation. In cancer patients a significant decrease in expression of fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) in post-biopsy samples and decreased serum levels of FGF-2, granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and interleukin-17 (IL-17) (p<0.05) was observed. Transmucosal administration of microgranular curcumin leads to enhanced curcumin bioavailability that is associated with significant biological effects. Copyright© 2015 International Institute of Anticancer Research (Dr. John G. Delinassios), All rights reserved.

The use of thermal capsulorrhaphy in the treatment of multidirectional instability.

PubMed

Fitzgerald, Brian T; Watson, B Thomas; Lapoint, John M

2002-01-01

The purpose of this study is to report on our experience with thermal capsulorrhaphy in the treatment of multidirectional instability of the shoulder. Thirty-three consecutive patients (33 shoulders) with multidirectional instability were treated with arthroscopic thermal capsulorrhaphy. Twelve patients had a history of traumatic dislocation. Three patients had been previously treated with open inferior capsular shift procedures. At a mean follow-up of 36 months (range, 24-40 months), results were available for 30 patients. On the basis of the UCLA rating scale, out of a possible 35 points, the mean preoperative score was 16.7 points and postoperatively it was 30.1 points, with 3 excellent, 20 good, and 7 poor results. Twenty-three patients (76%) were returned to full activity. In our experience the majority of patients with multidirectional instability were able to return to their previous occupations in the armed forces following thermal capsulorrhaphy. More information further defining the biomechanical pathology of capsular laxity and the specific role of electrothermal shrinkage in treating shoulder instability is needed.

Cross-protection in Neisseria meningitidis serogroups Y and W polysaccharides: A comparative conformational analysis.

PubMed

Kuttel, Michelle M; Timol, Zaheer; Ravenscroft, Neil

2017-06-29

The capsular polysaccharide is the main virulence factor in meningococcus. The capsular polysaccharides for meningococcal serogroups Y and W are almost identical polymers of hexose-sialic acid, suggesting the possibility of cross-protection between group Y and W vaccines. However, early studies indicated that they elicit different levels of cross-protection. Here we explore the conformations of the meningococcal Y and W polysaccharides with molecular dynamics simulations of three repeating unit oligosaccharide strands. We find differences in Y and W antigen conformation: the Y polysaccharide has a single dominant conformation, whereas W exhibits a family of conformations including the Y conformation. This result is supported by our NMR NOESY analysis, which indicates key close contacts for W that are not present in Y. These conformational differences provide an explanation for the different levels of cross-protection measured for the Y and W monovalent vaccines and the high group W responses observed in HibMenCY-TT vaccinees. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Management of iatrogenic crystalline lens injury occurred during intravitreal injection.

PubMed

Erdogan, Gurkan; Gunay, Betul Onal; Unlu, Cihan; Gunay, Murat; Ergin, Ahmet

2016-08-01

To evaluate the approach to management of iatrogenic crystalline lens injury occurred during intravitreal injection (IVI). The patients who were managed operatively or followed-up without intervention after the iatrogenic lens injury due to IVI were included in the study. Capsular breaks remained either quiescent or resulted in cataract formation in the patients with inadvertent crystalline lens capsule damage. Phacoemulsification surgery was performed in patients with cataract formation with lower fluidic settings. A total of 9 cases included in the study. Seven cases underwent phacoemulsification with intraocular lens implantation. Two cases remained as quiescent lens injury during the follow-up. In 2 cases, dislocation of lens fragments occurred during phacoemulsification where pars plana vitrectomy was performed at the same session. After iatrogenic crystalline lens injury, capsular damage could remain quiescent or progress to cataract formation. Although phacoemulsification surgery can be performed with appropriate parameters, lens fragment dislocation can be observed in cases with traumatic lens damage secondary to IVI.

A Novel Vitreous Substitute of Using a Foldable Capsular Vitreous Body Injected with Polyvinylalcohol Hydrogel

PubMed Central

Feng, Songfu; Chen, Han; Liu, Yaqin; Huang, Zhen; Sun, Xuyuan; Zhou, Lian; Lu, Xiaohe; Gao, Qianying

2013-01-01

Hydrogels may be the ideal vitreous substitutes due to their wonderful physical features and biocompatibility. However, their drawbacks, short residence time, and biodegradation in vivo, have led to the fact that none of them have been approved for clinical use. In this study, we developed a novel approach of using a foldable capsular vitreous body (FCVB) injected with polyvinylalcohol (PVA) hydrogel as a vitreous substitute for long-term tamponade. The 3% PVA hydrogel that was cross-linked by gamma irradiation showed good rheological and physical properties and had no toxicity in vitro. After 180 days retention, the 3% PVA hydrogel inside FCVB remained transparent and showed good viscoelasticity without biodegradation and showed good biocompatibility and retina support. This new approach may develop into a valuable tool to improve the stability performance of PVA hydrogel as a vitreous substitute and to extend the application function of FCVB for long-term implantation in vitreous cavity. PMID:23670585

Development of vaccines against meningococcal disease.

PubMed

Jódar, Luis; Feavers, Ian M; Salisbury, David; Granoff, Dan M

2002-04-27

Neisseria meningitidis is a major cause of bacterial meningitis and sepsis. Polysaccharide-protein conjugate vaccines for prevention of group C disease have been licensed in Europe. Such vaccines for prevention of disease caused by groups A (which is associated with the greatest disease burden worldwide), Y, and W135 are being developed. However, conventional approaches to develop a vaccine for group B strains, which are responsible for most cases in Europe and the USA, have been largely unsuccessful. Capsular polysaccharide-based vaccines can elicit autoantibodies to host polysialic acid, whereas the ability of most non-capsular antigens to elicit broad-based immunity is limited by their antigenic diversity. Many new membrane proteins have been discovered during analyses of genomic sequencing data. These antigens are highly conserved and, in mice, elicit serum bactericidal antibodies, which are the serological hallmark of protective immunity in man. Therefore, there are many promising new vaccine candidates, and improved prospects for development of a broadly protective vaccine for group B disease, and for control of all meningococcal disease.

A novel vitreous substitute of using a foldable capsular vitreous body injected with polyvinylalcohol hydrogel.

PubMed

Feng, Songfu; Chen, Han; Liu, Yaqin; Huang, Zhen; Sun, Xuyuan; Zhou, Lian; Lu, Xiaohe; Gao, Qianying

2013-01-01

Hydrogels may be the ideal vitreous substitutes due to their wonderful physical features and biocompatibility. However, their drawbacks, short residence time, and biodegradation in vivo, have led to the fact that none of them have been approved for clinical use. In this study, we developed a novel approach of using a foldable capsular vitreous body (FCVB) injected with polyvinylalcohol (PVA) hydrogel as a vitreous substitute for long-term tamponade. The 3% PVA hydrogel that was cross-linked by gamma irradiation showed good rheological and physical properties and had no toxicity in vitro. After 180 days retention, the 3% PVA hydrogel inside FCVB remained transparent and showed good viscoelasticity without biodegradation and showed good biocompatibility and retina support. This new approach may develop into a valuable tool to improve the stability performance of PVA hydrogel as a vitreous substitute and to extend the application function of FCVB for long-term implantation in vitreous cavity.

Solution properties of the capsular polysaccharide produced by Klebsiella pneumoniae SK1.

PubMed

Cescutti, P; Paoletti, S; Navarini, L; Flaibani, A

1993-08-01

The solution properties of the capsular polysaccharide produced by Klebsiella pneumoniae SK1, SK1-CPS, were investigated by various methods. The SK1-CPS repeating unit is a branched pentasaccharide containing one glucuronic acid as single unit side chain; acetyl groups are present as non-carbohydrate substituents on the uronic acid residue in non-stoichiometric amounts. Chiro-optical, potentiometric, viscometric and rheological measurements have been performed in order to characterize the conformational behaviour of the polymer in water and in aqueous salt solutions. Under the investigated experimental conditions, changes of temperature, ionic strength and pH were shown not to induce any cooperative conformational transition. All the results obtained suggest that the solution conformation of SK1-CPS is a random coil with a certain degree of chain flexibility. The removal of the acetyl substituents apparently does not modify the overall conclusions drawn for the native polymer, except for an incipient tendency to aggregation revealed for high salt conditions.

A Liver Capsular Network of Monocyte-Derived Macrophages Restricts Hepatic Dissemination of Intraperitoneal Bacteria by Neutrophil Recruitment.

PubMed

Sierro, Frederic; Evrard, Maximilien; Rizzetto, Simone; Melino, Michelle; Mitchell, Andrew J; Florido, Manuela; Beattie, Lynette; Walters, Shaun B; Tay, Szun Szun; Lu, Bo; Holz, Lauren E; Roediger, Ben; Wong, Yik Chun; Warren, Alessandra; Ritchie, William; McGuffog, Claire; Weninger, Wolfgang; Le Couteur, David G; Ginhoux, Florent; Britton, Warwick J; Heath, William R; Saunders, Bernadette M; McCaughan, Geoffrey W; Luciani, Fabio; MacDonald, Kelli P A; Ng, Lai Guan; Bowen, David G; Bertolino, Patrick

2017-08-15

The liver is positioned at the interface between two routes traversed by pathogens in disseminating infection. Whereas blood-borne pathogens are efficiently cleared in hepatic sinusoids by Kupffer cells (KCs), it is unknown how the liver prevents dissemination of peritoneal pathogens accessing its outer membrane. We report here that the hepatic capsule harbors a contiguous cellular network of liver-resident macrophages phenotypically distinct from KCs. These liver capsular macrophages (LCMs) were replenished in the steady state from blood monocytes, unlike KCs that are embryonically derived and self-renewing. LCM numbers increased after weaning in a microbiota-dependent process. LCMs sensed peritoneal bacteria and promoted neutrophil recruitment to the capsule, and their specific ablation resulted in decreased neutrophil recruitment and increased intrahepatic bacterial burden. Thus, the liver contains two separate and non-overlapping niches occupied by distinct resident macrophage populations mediating immunosurveillance at these two pathogen entry points to the liver. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Axial movement of the dual-optic accommodating intraocular lens for the correction of the presbyopia: optical performance and clinical outcomes.

PubMed

Tomás-Juan, Javier; Murueta-Goyena Larrañaga, Ane

2015-01-01

Presbyopia occurs in the aging eye due to changes in the ciliary muscle, zonular fibers, crystalline lens, and an increased lens sclerosis. As a consequence, the capacity of accommodation decreases, which hampers to focus near objects. With the aim of restoring near vision, different devices that produce multiple focuses have been developed and introduced. However, these devices are still unable to restore accommodation. In order to achieve that goal, dual-optic accommodating Intraocular Lenses have been designed, whose anterior optic displaces axially to increase ocular power, and focus near objects. Although dual-optic accommodating IOLs are relatively new, their outcomes are promising, as they provide large amplitudes of accommodation and a greater IOL displacement than single-optic accommodating IOLs. The outcomes show comfortable near vision, higher patients' satisfaction rates, and minimal postoperative complications like Posterior Capsular Opacification and Anterior Capsular Opacification, due to their design and material. Copyright © 2014. Published by Elsevier Espana.

RNA-Seq-based transcriptome analysis of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus biofilm inhibition by ursolic acid and resveratrol

PubMed Central

Qin, Nan; Tan, Xiaojuan; Jiao, Yinming; Liu, Lin; Zhao, Wangsheng; Yang, Shuang; Jia, Aiqun

2014-01-01

Bacterial biofilms are particularly problematic since they become resistant to most available antibiotics. Hence, novel potential antagonists to inhibit biofilm formation are urgent. Here the influences of two natural products, ursolic acid and resveratrol, on biofilm of the clinical methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolate were investigated using RNA-seq, and the differentially expressed genes were analyzed using Cuffdiff. The results showed that ursolic acid inhibition of biofilm formation may reduce amino acids metabolism and adhesins expression and resveratrol may disturb quorum sensing (QS) and the synthesis of surface proteins and capsular polysaccharides. In addition, the transcriptome analysis of resveratrol and the combination of resveratrol with vancomycin inhibition of established biofilm revealed that resveratrol would disturb the expression of genes related to QS, surface and secreted proteins, and capsular polysaccharides. These findings suggest that ursolic acid and resveratrol could be useful to be adjunct therapies for the treatment of MRSA biofilm-involved infections. PMID:24970710

The Vi Capsular Polysaccharide Enables Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhi to Evade Microbe-Guided Neutrophil Chemotaxis

PubMed Central

Wangdi, Tamding; Lee, Cheng-Yuk; Spees, Alanna M.; Yu, Chenzhou; Kingsbury, Dawn D.; Winter, Sebastian E.; Hastey, Christine J.; Wilson, R. Paul

2014-01-01

Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi) causes typhoid fever, a disseminated infection, while the closely related pathogen S. enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) is associated with a localized gastroenteritis in humans. Here we investigated whether both pathogens differ in the chemotactic response they induce in neutrophils using a single-cell experimental approach. Surprisingly, neutrophils extended chemotactic pseudopodia toward Escherichia coli and S. Typhimurium, but not toward S. Typhi. Bacterial-guided chemotaxis was dependent on the presence of complement component 5a (C5a) and C5a receptor (C5aR). Deletion of S. Typhi capsule biosynthesis genes markedly enhanced the chemotactic response of neutrophils in vitro. Furthermore, deletion of capsule biosynthesis genes heightened the association of S. Typhi with neutrophils in vivo through a C5aR-dependent mechanism. Collectively, these data suggest that expression of the virulence-associated (Vi) capsular polysaccharide of S. Typhi obstructs bacterial-guided neutrophil chemotaxis. PMID:25101794

An evolutionary link between capsular biogenesis and surface motility in bacteria.

PubMed

Agrebi, Rym; Wartel, Morgane; Brochier-Armanet, Céline; Mignot, Tâm

2015-05-01

Studying the evolution of macromolecular assemblies is important to improve our understanding of how complex cellular structures evolved, and to identify the functional building blocks that are involved. Recent studies suggest that the macromolecular complexes that are involved in two distinct processes in Myxococcus xanthus - surface motility and sporulation - are derived from an ancestral polysaccharide capsule assembly system. In this Opinion article, we argue that the available data suggest that the motility machinery evolved from this capsule assembly system following a gene duplication event, a change in carbohydrate polymer specificity and the acquisition of additional proteins by the motility complex, all of which are key features that distinguish the motility and sporulation systems. Furthermore, the presence of intermediates of these systems in bacterial genomes suggests a testable evolutionary model for their emergence and spread.

Decoration of Chondroitin Polysaccharide with Threonine: Synthesis, Conformational Study, and Ice-Recrystallization Inhibition Activity.

PubMed

Laezza, Antonio; Casillo, Angela; Cosconati, Sandro; Biggs, Caroline I; Fabozzi, Antonio; Paduano, Luigi; Iadonisi, Alfonso; Novellino, Ettore; Gibson, Matthew I; Randazzo, Antonio; Corsaro, Maria M; Bedini, Emiliano

2017-08-14

Several threonine (Thr)- and alanine (Ala)-rich antifreeze glycoproteins (AFGPs) and polysaccharides act in nature as ice recrystallization inhibitors. Among them, the Thr-decorated capsular polysaccharide (CPS) from the cold-adapted Colwellia psychrerythraea 34H bacterium was recently investigated for its cryoprotectant activity. A semisynthetic mimic thereof was here prepared from microbial sourced chondroitin through a four-step strategy, involving a partial protection of the chondroitin polysaccharide as a key step for gaining an unprecedented quantitative amidation of its glucuronic acid units. In-depth NMR and computational analysis suggested a fairly linear conformation for the semisynthetic polysaccharide, for which the antifreeze activity by a quantitative ice recrystallization inhibition assay was measured. We compared the structure-activity relationships for the Thr-derivatized chondroitin and the natural Thr-decorated CPS from C. psychrerythraea.

Capsular typing of Streptococcus agalactiae (Lancefield group B streptococci) from fish using multiplex PCR and serotyping

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Streptococcus spp. including Streptococcus agalactiae (Lancefield group B streptococci) are considered emerging pathogens responsible for approximately $1 billion USD in annual losses to the global tilapia (Oreochromis sp.) aquaculture industry. This study evaluated a published multiplex PCR capsul...

Vaccination of High-Risk Breast Cancer Patients with Carbohydrate Mimicking Peptides

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-05-01

and Wheat germ Agglutin (WGA) while mimotope 106 only reacts with WGA. These lectins see terminal monosaccharides . To demonstrate that autoimmunity...Westerink MAJ, Giardina PC, Apicella MA, Kieber-Emmons T. Pep- tide mimicry of the meningococcal group C capsular polysaccharide . Proc Natl Acad Sci

Enhanced absorption of n-3 fatty acids from emulsified compared with encapsulated fish oil

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

The omega-3 fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) have important nutrition and disease management properties. Presently fish oil (FO) supplementation relies on capsular triglyceride. Flavored emulsified lipid preparations may provide an improved approach to FO del...

[Ganglions of the wrist: proposals for topographical systematization and natural history].

PubMed

Kuhlmann, J-N; Luboinski, J; Baux, S; Mimoun, M

2003-06-01

We looked for the anatomic origin and mechanism of constitution of the so-called "ganglions" of the wrist. Fifty-nine formations considered to be synovial ganglions were dissected and removed according to the same protocol by the same surgeon. Eleven were re-examined by a pathologist. All ganglions were extra-articular but had intra- and extra-capsular components. The extra-capsular part was the clinically palpable main cyst. The intra-capsular part was composed of the cystic stalk and its base of implantation. An intra-capsular stalk was present in 58 cases. The stalk was situated between the joint synovium and the capsula which it perforated at a weak point between two ligaments, forming a collar before expanding outwardly. Based on our findings, we propose a topographical systematization and natural history of ganglions of the wrist. The stalk's implantation base was always located on bone and found in the intermediate area of Colomniati and Soubbotine, which lies outside the articular cartilage between the synovium and the ligamentous capsula. This area is exposed to mechanical stress initiating histological degenerative lesions, particularly mucoid degeneration. At the radiocarpal joint, the stalk's base of implantation was located at the distal end of the lateral dorsal or volar edge of the lunate bone or at the corresponding part of the scaphoid. The collar of the proximal ganglions was situated between the dorsal radiocarpal and transverse scaphotriquetral ligament. The collar of distal dorsal ganglions was situated between the transverse scaphotriquetral and the trapezotriquetral ligament. The collar of the lateral ganglions was situated between the lateral collateral and the transverse ligament. The collar of the volar ganglions was situated between the stylocarpal ligament and the radiolunotriquetral ligament, or between the different stylocarpal ligaments. At the level of the scaphotrapezal joint, the stalk's base of implantation was located near the collateral edge of the distal surface of the joint with the collar between the distal scaphoidal ligaments. The palmar cysts exhibited a collar between the stylocarpal ligaments and the radiolunotriquetral ligament or between the different stylocarpal ligaments. At pathology examination, the lesions were not found to be different from those observed in other connective tissues exposed to overuse or repeated microtrauma (sports, occupational exposure). Anatomic conditions inside the joint capsula excluded extension of the mucoid degeneration transversally. The only issue was through the capsula, allowing the mucus enclosed in the connective tissue fibers to form the main cyst. Knowledge of these different processes enabled a topographical systematization useful for complete surgical or arthroscopic removal of the ganglion. Complete resection would prevent recurrence.

Pulse Doppler ultrasound as a tool for the diagnosis of chronic testicular dysfunction in stallions

PubMed Central

Ortiz-Rodriguez, Jose M.; Anel-Lopez, Luis; Martín-Muñoz, Patricia; Álvarez, Mercedes; Gaitskell-Phillips, Gemma; Anel, Luis; Rodríguez-Medina, Pedro; Peña, Fernando J.

2017-01-01

Testicular function is particularly susceptible to vascular insult, resulting in a negative impact on sperm production and quality of the ejaculate. A prompt diagnosis of testicular dysfunction enables implementation of appropriate treatment, hence improving fertility forecasts for stallions. The present research aims to: (1) assess if Doppler ultrasonography is a good tool to diagnose stallions with testicular dysfunction; (2) to study the relationship between Doppler parameters of the testicular artery and those of sperm quality assessed by flow cytometry and (3) to establish cut off values to differentiate fertile stallions from those with pathologies causing testicular dysfunction. A total of 10 stallions (n: 7 healthy stallions and n: 3 sub-fertile stallions) were used in this study. Two ejaculates per stallion were collected and preserved at 5°C in a commercial extender. The semen was evaluated at T0, T24 and T48h by flow cytometry. Integrity and viability of sperm (YoPro®-1/EthD-1), mitochondrial activity (MitoTracker® Deep Red FM) and the DNA fragmentation index (Sperm Chromatin Structure Assay) were assessed. Doppler parameters were measured at three different locations on the testicular artery (Supratesticular artery (SA); Capsular artery (CA) and Intratesticular artery (IA)). The Doppler parameters calculated were: Resistive Index (RI), Pulsatility Index (PI), Peak Systolic Velocity (PSV), End Diastolic Velocity (EDV), Time Average Maximum Velocity (TAMV), Total Arterial Blood Flow (TABF) and TABF rate. The capsular artery was the most reliable location to carry out spectral Doppler assessment, since blood flow parameters of this artery were most closely correlated with sperm quality parameters. Significant differences in all the Doppler parameters studied were observed between fertile and subfertile stallions (p ≤ 0.05). The principal components analysis assay determined that fertile stallions are characterized by high EDV, TAMV, TABF and TABF rate values (high vascular perfusion). In contrast, subfertile stallions tend to present high values of PI and RI (high vascular resistance). The ROC curves revealed that the best Doppler parameters to predict sperm quality in stallions were: Doppler velocities (PSV, EDV and TAMV), the diameter of the capsular artery and TABF parameters (tissue perfusion parameters). Cut off values were established using a Youden´s Index to identify fertile stallions from stallions with testicular dysfunction. Spectral Doppler ultrasound is a good predictive tool for sperm quality since correlations were determined among Doppler parameters and markers of sperm quality. Doppler ultrasonography could be a valuable diagnostic tool for use by clinical practitioners for the diagnosis of stallions with testicular dysfunction and could be a viable alternative to invasive procedures traditionally used for diagnosis of sub-fertility disorders. PMID:28558006

Variations of Thickness of Splenic Capsule of Different Age and Sex in Bangladeshi Cadaver.

PubMed

Shumi, M S; Khalil, M; Sultana, S Z; Mannan, S; Sultana, J; Farzana, T; Sultana, R

2016-01-01

The spleen is the most frequently injured organ in the abdomen. Splenic rupture is usually precipitated by a crushing injury or severe blow. If ruptured the spleen will bleed profusely because its capsule is thin and its parenchyma is soft and pulpy. Such "spontaneous ruptures" never occur in truly normal spleen but rather than from some minor physical insult to a spleen that has been rendered fragile by an underlying condition. The most common predisposing conditions are infectious mononucleosis, malaria, typhoid fever and lymphoid neoplasms. These diverse entities can all cause rapid splenic enlargement, producing a thin, tense splenic capsule that is susceptible to rupture. Understanding of splenic capsular structure may help explain mechanical properties of the normal and diseased spleen. Histological changes are evident in advancing age along with functional capability of the human spleen. This cross sectional descriptive study was done to measure the thickness of splenic capsule to establish the difference between sexes of different age groups in Bangladeshi cadaver. The study was carried out in the department of Anatomy, Mymensingh Medical College, Mymensingh from June 2013 to July 2014. A total 30 human spleen were collected by purposive sampling technique from October 2013 to April 2014, among them 14 were male and 16 were female. The specimens were collected from Bangladeshi cadavers of age ranging from 6 months to 60 years, from autopsy laboratory of the Department of Forensic Medicine of Mymensingh Medical College. For convenience of differentiating the thickness of splenic capsule in relation to age and sex, the collected specimens were divided into three groups like Group A (upto 20 years), Group B (21 to 40 years) & Group C (41 to 60 years). Each group was again divided into male & female groups. In this study 10 slides from each age group were chosen for measuring the thickness of splenic capsule and examined under low power objective. In present study the mean capsular thickness of spleen was 107.71±8.70, 125.71±31.29 and 136.39±6.49 μm in Group A, B and C respectively. The mean difference of capsular thickness of spleen between Group A & B, Group B & C was statistically non-significant but the difference between C & A was highly significant (p<0.001). From this study it was also observed that the mean±SD thickness of splenic capsule was higher in male than that of female among the age groups but there was no significant difference between sexes. In statistical analysis, differences between age groups and sexes were calculated by using one way ANOVA test and unpaired 't' test respectively.

INFLUENCE OF METAL IONS, TEMPERATURE, AND POLYMER CONCENTRATION ON THE CONFORMATION OF ESCHERICHIA COLI K1 CAPSULAR POLYSACCHARIDE. (R825503)

EPA Science Inventory

The perspectives, information and conclusions conveyed in research project abstracts, progress reports, final reports, journal abstracts and journal publications convey the viewpoints of the principal investigator and may not represent the views and policies of ORD and EPA. Concl...

The complete genome sequences of 65 Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli strains

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Campylobacter jejuni (Cj) and C. coli (Cc) are genetically highly diverse based on various molecular methods including MLST, microarray-based comparisons and the whole genome sequences of a few strains. Cj and Cc diversity is also exhibited by variable capsular polysaccharides (CPS) that are the maj...

Development of Capsular Adhesive Systems and Evaluation of Their Stability.

DTIC Science & Technology

1985-07-26

Adhesives; Microencapsulation processes, Epoxy resins, Anaerobic systems, Characterization, Microcapsules properties, Stability, Liquid Chromatography...II. TECHNICAL DISCUSSION ................... 5 A. Complementary microencapsulation stu- dies ............................... 5 1...initial phase of this program (1), studies on microencapsulation of adhesive systems were conducted in which the capsule shells are made from the

Environmentally triggered genomic plasticity and capsular polysaccharide formation are involved in increased ethanol and acetic acid tolerance in Kozakia baliensis NBRC 16680.

PubMed

Brandt, Julia U; Born, Friederike-Leonie; Jakob, Frank; Vogel, Rudi F

2017-08-10

Kozakia baliensis NBRC 16680 secretes a gum-cluster derived heteropolysaccharide and forms a surface pellicle composed of polysaccharides during static cultivation. Furthermore, this strain exhibits two colony types on agar plates; smooth wild-type (S) and rough mutant colonies (R). This switch is caused by a spontaneous transposon insertion into the gumD gene of the gum-cluster, resulting in a heteropolysaccharide secretion deficient, rough phenotype. To elucidate, whether this is a directed switch triggered by environmental factors, we checked the number of R and S colonies under different growth conditions including ethanol and acetic acid supplementation. Furthermore, we investigated the tolerance of R and S strains against ethanol and acetic acid in shaking and static growth experiments. To get new insights into the composition and function of the pellicle polysaccharide, the polE gene of the R strain was additionally deleted, as it was reported to be involved in pellicle formation in other acetic acid bacteria. The number of R colonies was significantly increased upon growth on acetic acid and especially ethanol. The morphological change from K. baliensis NBRC 16680 S to R strain was accompanied by changes in the sugar contents of the produced pellicle EPS. The R:ΔpolE mutant strain was not able to form a regular pellicle anymore, but secreted an EPS into the medium, which exhibited a similar sugar monomer composition as the pellicle polysaccharide isolated from the R strain. The R strain had a markedly increased tolerance towards acetic acid and ethanol compared to the other NBRC 16680 strains (S, R:ΔpolE). A relatively high intrinsic acetic acid tolerance was also observable for K. baliensis DSM 14400 T , which might indicate diverse adaptation mechanisms of different K. baliensis strains in altering natural habitats. The results suggest that the genetically triggered R phenotype formation is directly related to increased acetic acid and ethanol tolerance. The polE gene turned out to be involved in the formation of a cell-associated, capsular polysaccharide, which seems to be essential for increased ethanol/acetic tolerance in contrast to the secreted gum-cluster derived heteropolysaccharide. The genetic and morphological switch could represent an adaptive evolutionary step during the development of K. baliensis NBRC 16680 in course of changing environmental conditions.

An antibacterial vaccination strategy based on a glycoconjugate containing the core lipopolysaccharide tetrasaccharide Hep2Kdo2

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kong, Lingbing; Vijayakrishnan, Balakumar; Kowarik, Michael; Park, Jin; Zakharova, Alexandra N.; Neiwert, Larissa; Faridmoayer, Amirreza; Davis, Benjamin G.

2016-03-01

Certain non-mammalian cell wall sugars are conserved across a variety of pathogenic bacteria. This conservation of structure, combined with their structural differences when compared with mammalian sugars, make them potentially powerful epitopes for immunization. Here, we report the synthesis of a glycoconjugate that displays the so-called ‘inner core’ sugars of Gram-negative bacterial cell walls. We also describe an antibacterial vaccination strategy based on immunization with the glycoconjugate and the subsequent administration of an inhibitor that uncovers the corresponding epitope in pathogenic bacteria. The core tetrasaccharide, Hep2Kdo2, a common motif in bacterial lipopolysaccharides, was synthesized and attached via a chain linker to a diphtheria toxin mutant carrier protein. This glycoconjugate generated titres of antibodies towards the inner core tetrasaccharide of the lipopolysaccharide, which were capable of binding the cell-surface sugars of bacterial pathogenic strains including Neisseria meningitidis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli. Exposure of bacterial lipopolysaccharide in in vitro experiments, using an inhibitor of capsular polysaccharide transport, enabled potent bacterial killing with antiserum.

The Rotator Interval – A Link Between Anatomy and Ultrasound

PubMed Central

Tamborrini, Giorgio; Möller, Ingrid; Bong, David; Miguel, Maribel; Marx, Christian; Müller, Andreas Marc; Müller-Gerbl, Magdalena

2017-01-01

Shoulder pathologies of the rotator cuff of the shoulder are common in clinical practice. The focus of this pictorial essay is to discuss the anatomical details of the rotator interval of the shoulder, correlate the anatomy with normal ultrasound images and present selected pathologies. We focus on the imaging of the rotator interval that is actually the anterosuperior aspect of the glenohumeral joint capsule that is reinforced externally by the coracohumeral ligament, internally by the superior glenohumeral ligament and capsular fibers which blend together and insert medially and laterally to the bicipital groove. In this article we demonstrate the capability of high-resolution musculoskeletal ultrasound to visualize the detailed anatomy of the rotator interval. MSUS has a higher spatial resolution than other imaging techniques and the ability to examine these structures dynamically and to utilize the probe for precise anatomic localization of the patient’s pain by sono-palpation. PMID:28845477

The Rotator Interval - A Link Between Anatomy and Ultrasound.

PubMed

Tamborrini, Giorgio; Möller, Ingrid; Bong, David; Miguel, Maribel; Marx, Christian; Müller, Andreas Marc; Müller-Gerbl, Magdalena

2017-06-01

Shoulder pathologies of the rotator cuff of the shoulder are common in clinical practice. The focus of this pictorial essay is to discuss the anatomical details of the rotator interval of the shoulder, correlate the anatomy with normal ultrasound images and present selected pathologies. We focus on the imaging of the rotator interval that is actually the anterosuperior aspect of the glenohumeral joint capsule that is reinforced externally by the coracohumeral ligament, internally by the superior glenohumeral ligament and capsular fibers which blend together and insert medially and laterally to the bicipital groove. In this article we demonstrate the capability of high-resolution musculoskeletal ultrasound to visualize the detailed anatomy of the rotator interval. MSUS has a higher spatial resolution than other imaging techniques and the ability to examine these structures dynamically and to utilize the probe for precise anatomic localization of the patient's pain by sono-palpation.

Electron microscope study of the vitelline body of some spider oocytes.

PubMed

SOTELO, J R; TRUJILLO-CENOZ, O

1957-03-25

THE STRUCTURE OF THE VITELLINE NUCLEI OF LYCOSIDAE AND THOMISIDAE WAS DESCRIBED AS FOLLOWS: Vitelline nuclei are constituted of two parts: (a) a peripheral layer (vitelline body cortex), and (b) a central core. The vitelline body cortex is demonstrated to be formed by many cisternae of the endoplasmic reticulum among which mitochondria and Golgi elements are intermingled. The central core is made up mainly of a special type of body described under the name of "capsulated body." Capsulated bodies comprise a capsular layer, limited by a membrane, and two central masses called "geminated masses," each one limited by a double membrane. Irregular masses of closely packed vesicles are found in some cases among the capsulated bodies and free vesicles are present in large numbers. The optical properties of the vitelline body cortex compared with the electron microscope findings lead us to the concept that this layer is a "composite body" according to Weiner's theory.

Athlete shoulder injuries: CT arthrographic findings.

PubMed

Rafii, M; Firooznia, H; Bonamo, J J; Minkoff, J; Golimbu, C

1987-02-01

Forty-three professional and amateur athletes with persistent shoulder pain that interfered with their sports activities were evaluated by computed tomographic (CT) arthrography. In 19 patients, glenohumeral instability (14 anterior, two posterior, three multidirectional) was diagnosed with CT arthrography based on the simultaneous presence of labral and capsular lesions. The findings were crucial in establishing the diagnosis of instability in six patients in whom the condition was not suggested or could not be confirmed clinically. Another significant injury consisted of labral lesions not associated with glenohumeral instability. These tears often involved the anterior and parasuperior segments of this structure. Other, less frequently detected lesions included segmental labral enlargement and several labra with abnormal orientation (everted labrum). Early onset of degenerative disease was present in many athletes, especially those with a long history of sports activity. CT arthrographic findings were correlated with arthroscopic or surgical results in 19 patients.

Regulated expression of polysaccharide utilization and capsular biosynthesis loci in biofilm and planktonic Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron during growth in chemostats

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron is a prominent member of the human distal gut microbiota that specializes in breaking down diet and host-derived polysaccharides. While polysaccharide utilization has been well studied in B. thetaiotaomicron, other aspects of its behavior are less well characterized, in...

Serological characterization of black-pigmented Bacteroides endodontalis.

PubMed Central

van Winkelhoff, A J; Kippuw, N; de Graaff, J

1986-01-01

Serological studies on the black-pigmented Bacteroides species B. endodontalis revealed three serotypes based on capsular determinants. A common antigen (O-antigen) could be demonstrated after decapsulation. Weak cross-reactivity was found with B. asaccharolyticus, but not with B. gingivalis. Similarity between the serology of Enterobacteriaceae and black-pigmented Bacteroides spp. is discussed. PMID:3949388

Additive genetic variation in resistance of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) to Streptococcus iniae and S. agalactiae capsular type Ib: is genetic resistance correlated?

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Streptococcus (S.) iniae and S. agalactiae are both economically important Gram positive bacterial pathogens affecting the globally farmed tilapia (Oreochromis spp.). Historically control of these bacteria in tilapia culture has included biosecurity, therapeutants and vaccination strategies. Genet...

Encapsulation of [F4(H2O)10](4-) in a dimeric assembly of an unidirectional arene based hexapodal amide receptor.

PubMed

Arunachalam, M; Ghosh, Pradyut

2011-06-14

An unidirectional orientation of all six arms of an arene based hexapodal amide receptor shows dimeric capsular assembly templated by a [F(4)(H(2)O)(10)](4-) cluster. This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry 2011

Distinct Campylobacter jejuni capsular types are related to Guillain-Barré syndrome in The Netherlands and Bangladesh

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

An infection with the intestinal pathogen Campylobacter jejuni leads to Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) in around one in thousand cases. It is established that sialylated lipooligosaccharides (LOS) of C. jejuni are a crucial virulence factor in GBS development. Frequent detection of C. jejuni with sia...

STUDIES ON THE MECHANISM OF RECOVERY IN PNEUMOCOCCAL PNEUMONIA

PubMed Central

Wood, W. Barry; McLeod, Charlotte; Irons, Edwin N.

1946-01-01

The phagocytosis which occurs in the lungs of rats receiving sulfonamide is due neither to an opsonizing action of the sulfonamides nor to type-specific antibody. The evidence presented indicates that the destruction of the pneumococci is brought about by a phagocytic mechanism independent of both opsonization and capsular injury. PMID:19871576

Complete genomic sequence of campylobacter jejuni subsp. jejuni HS:19 penner reference strain

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Campylobacter jejuni subsp. jejuni (Cjj) infections are a leading cause of foodborne gastroenteritis and the most prevalent antecedent to Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS). Capsular type Penner HS:19 is among several capsule types shown to be markers for GBS. This study describes the genome of Cjj HS:19...

Development of a Colloidal Gold-Based Immunochromatographic Strip for Rapid Detection of Klebsiella pneumoniae Serotypes K1 and K2.

PubMed

Siu, L Kristopher; Tsai, Yu-Kuo; Lin, Jung-Chung; Chen, Te-Li; Fung, Chang-Phone; Chang, Feng-Yee

2016-12-01

In this study, a novel colloidal gold-based immunochromatographic strip (ICS) containing anti-Klebsiella pneumoniae capsular polysaccharide polyclonal antibodies was developed to specifically detect K. pneumoniae serotypes K1 and K2. Capsular polysaccharide K1 and K2 antigens were first used to produce polyclonal anti-K1 and anti-K2 antibodies. Reference strains with different serotypes, nontypeable K. pneumoniae strains, and other bacterial species were then used to assess the sensitivity and specificity of these test strips. The detection limit was found to be 10 5 CFU, and the ICSs were stable for 6 months when stored at room temperature. No false-positive or false-negative results were observed, and equivalent results were obtained compared to those of more conventional test methods, such as PCR or serum agglutination. In conclusion, the ICS developed here requires no technical expertise and allows for the specific, rapid, and simultaneous detection of K. pneumoniae serotypes K1 and K2. Copyright © 2016, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

High-resolution 3-T MRI of the triangular fibrocartilage complex in the wrist: injury pattern and MR features.

PubMed

Zhan, Huili; Zhang, Huibo; Bai, Rongjie; Qian, Zhanhua; Liu, Yue; Zhang, Heng; Yin, Yuming

2017-12-01

To investigate if using high-resolution 3-T MRI can identify additional injuries of the triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC) beyond the Palmer classification. Eighty-six patients with surgically proven TFCC injury were included in this study. All patients underwent high-resolution 3-T MRI of the injured wrist. The MR imaging features of TFCC were analyzed according to the Palmer classification. According to the Palmer classification, 69 patients could be classified as having Palmer injuries (52 had traumatic tears and 17 had degenerative tears). There were 17 patients whose injuries could not be classified according to the Palmer classification: 13 had volar or dorsal capsular TFC detachment and 4 had a horizontal tear of the articular disk. Using high-resolution 3-T MRI, we have not only found all the TFCC injuries described in the Palmer classification, additional injury types were found in this study, including horizontal tear of the TFC and capsular TFC detachment. We propose the modified Palmer classification and add the injury types that were not included in the original Palmer classification.

Patient-Specific Bacteroides Genome Variants in Pouchitis

DOE PAGES

Vineis, Joseph H.; Ringus, Daina L.; Morrison, Hilary G.; ...

2016-11-15

Here, a 2-year longitudinal microbiome study of 22 patients who underwent colectomy with an ileal pouch anal anastomosis detected significant increases in distinct populations of Bacteroides during 9 of 11 patient visits that coincided with inflammation (pouchitis). Oligotyping and metagenomic short-read annotation identified Bacteroides populations that occurred in early samples, bloomed during inflammation, and reappeared after antibiotic treatment. Targeted cultivation of Bacteroides isolates from the same individual at multiple time points and from several patients detected subtle genomic changes, including the identification of rapidly evolving genomic elements that differentiate isogenic strains of Bacteroides fragilis from the mucosa versus lumen. Eachmore » patient harbored Bacteroides spp. that are closely related to commonly occurring clinical isolates, including Bacteroides ovatus, B. thetaiotaomicron, B. vulgatus, and B. fragilis, which contained unique loci in different patients for synthesis of capsular polysaccharides. The presence of unique Bacteroides capsular polysaccharide loci within different hosts and between the lumen and mucosa may represent adaptations to stimulate, suppress, and evade host-specific immune responses at different microsites of the ileal pouch.« less

Analysis of the ontogeny of the murine humoral response to Neisseria meningitidis B capsular polysaccharide reveals levels of complexity relevant to vaccine development.

PubMed

Colino, J; Outschoorn, I

2001-12-15

Although purified capsular polysaccharide of Neisseria meningitidis group B (CpsB) is not immunogenic at any age, CpsB on the bacterial surface elicits antibody responses late in ontogeny. Therefore, a detailed analysis of the ontogeny of the murine anti-CpsB response to N. meningitidis could determine key parameters regarding the poor immunogenicity of CpsB. The effects of bacterial dose, hyperimmunization, age, and sex on the induction of primary and secondary anti-CpsB immunoglobulin isotype profiles were studied. It was demonstrated that the timing and repetition of immunization and of the bacterial dose have a marked differential effect on the primary induction of anti-CpsB immunoglobulin isotypes and on the ability to induce anti-CpsB antibody responses after subsequent rechallenge. It is noteworthy that the ontogeny of the response is related to the appearance of natural anti-CpsB antibodies, but this is not associated with the presence of CpsB cross-reactive antigens in the microflora.

Genomic analysis of Bacillus subtilis lytic bacteriophage ϕNIT1 capable of obstructing natto fermentation carrying genes for the capsule-lytic soluble enzymes poly-γ-glutamate hydrolase and levanase.

PubMed

Ozaki, Tatsuro; Abe, Naoki; Kimura, Keitarou; Suzuki, Atsuto; Kaneko, Jun

2017-01-01

Bacillus subtilis strains including the fermented soybean (natto) starter produce capsular polymers consisting of poly-γ-glutamate and levan. Capsular polymers may protect the cells from phage infection. However, bacteriophage ϕNIT1 carries a γ-PGA hydrolase gene (pghP) that help it to counteract the host cell's protection strategy. ϕNIT had a linear double stranded DNA genome of 155,631-bp with a terminal redundancy of 5,103-bp, containing a gene encoding an active levan hydrolase. These capsule-lytic enzyme genes were located in the possible foreign gene cluster regions between central core and terminal redundant regions, and were expressed at the late phase of the phage lytic cycle. All tested natto origin Spounavirinae phages carried both genes for capsule degrading enzymes similar to ϕNIT1. A comparative genomic analysis revealed the diversity among ϕNIT1 and Bacillus phages carrying pghP-like and levan-hydrolase genes, and provides novel understanding on the acquisition mechanism of these enzymatic genes.

Cytidine Diphosphoramidate Kinase: An Enzyme Required for the Biosynthesis of the O-Methyl Phosphoramidate Modification in the Capsular Polysaccharides of Campylobacter jejuni.

PubMed

Taylor, Zane W; Raushel, Frank M

2018-04-17

Campylobacter jejuni, a leading cause of gastroenteritis, produces a capsular polysaccharide that is derivatized with a unique O-methyl phosphoramidate (MeOPN) modification. This modification contributes to serum resistance and invasion of epithelial cells. Previously, the first three biosynthetic steps for the formation of MeOPN were elucidated. The first step is catalyzed by a novel glutamine kinase (Cj1418), which catalyzes the adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-dependent phosphorylation of the amide nitrogen of l-glutamine. l-Glutamine phosphate is used by cytidine triphosphate (CTP):phosphoglutamine cytidylyltransferase (Cj1416) to displace pyrophosphate from CTP to generate cytidine diphosphate (CDP)-l-glutamine, which is then hydrolyzed by γ-glutamyl-CDP-amidate hydrolase (Cj1417) to form cytidine diphosphoramidate (CDP-NH 2 ). Here, we show that Cj1415 catalyzes the ATP-dependent phosphorylation of CDP-NH 2 to form 3'-phospho-cytidine-5'-diphosphoramidate. Cj1415 will also catalyze the phosphorylation of adenosine diphosphoramidate (ADP-NH 2 ) and uridine diphosphoramidate (UDP-NH 2 ) but at significantly reduced rates. It is proposed that Cj1415 be named cytidine diphosphoramidate kinase.

Patient-Specific Bacteroides Genome Variants in Pouchitis

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Vineis, Joseph H.; Ringus, Daina L.; Morrison, Hilary G.

Here, a 2-year longitudinal microbiome study of 22 patients who underwent colectomy with an ileal pouch anal anastomosis detected significant increases in distinct populations of Bacteroides during 9 of 11 patient visits that coincided with inflammation (pouchitis). Oligotyping and metagenomic short-read annotation identified Bacteroides populations that occurred in early samples, bloomed during inflammation, and reappeared after antibiotic treatment. Targeted cultivation of Bacteroides isolates from the same individual at multiple time points and from several patients detected subtle genomic changes, including the identification of rapidly evolving genomic elements that differentiate isogenic strains of Bacteroides fragilis from the mucosa versus lumen. Eachmore » patient harbored Bacteroides spp. that are closely related to commonly occurring clinical isolates, including Bacteroides ovatus, B. thetaiotaomicron, B. vulgatus, and B. fragilis, which contained unique loci in different patients for synthesis of capsular polysaccharides. The presence of unique Bacteroides capsular polysaccharide loci within different hosts and between the lumen and mucosa may represent adaptations to stimulate, suppress, and evade host-specific immune responses at different microsites of the ileal pouch.« less

The Repaired Rotator Cuff: MRI and Ultrasound Evaluation.

PubMed

Lee, Susan C; Williams, Danielle; Endo, Yoshimi

2018-03-01

The purposes of this review were to provide an overview of the current practice of evaluating the postoperative rotator cuff on imaging and to review the salient imaging findings of the normal and abnormal postoperative rotator cuff, as well as of postoperative complications. The repaired rotator cuff frequently appears abnormal on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and ultrasound (US). Recent studies have shown that while the tendons typically normalize, they can demonstrate clinically insignificant abnormal imaging appearances for longer than 6 months. Features of capsular thickening or subacromial-subdeltoid bursal thickening and fluid distension were found to decrease substantially in the first 6-month postoperative period. MRI and US were found to be highly comparable in the postoperative assessment of the rotator cuff, although they had a lower sensitivity for partial thickness tears. Imaging evaluation of newer techniques such as patch augmentation and superior capsular reconstruction needs to be further investigated. MRI and US are useful in the postoperative assessment of the rotator cuff, not only for evaluation of the integrity of the rotator cuff, but also for detecting hardware complications and other etiologies of shoulder pain.

Glenohumeral internal rotation deficit in throwing athletes: current perspectives

PubMed Central

Rose, Michael B; Noonan, Thomas

2018-01-01

Glenohumeral internal rotation deficit (GIRD) is an adaptive process in which the throwing shoulder experiences a loss of internal rotation (IR). GIRD has most commonly been defined by a loss of >20° of IR compared to the contralateral shoulder. Total rotational motion of the shoulder is the sum of internal and external rotation and may be more important than the absolute value of IR loss. Pathologic GIRD has been defined as a loss of IR combined with a loss of total rotational motion. The leading pathologic process in GIRD is posterior capsular and rotator-cuff tightness, due to the repetitive cocking that occurs with the overhead throwing motion. GIRD has been associated with numerous pathologic conditions, including posterior superior labral tears, partial articular-sided rotator-cuff tears, and superior labral anterior-to-posterior tears. The mainstay of treatment for patients with GIRD is posterior capsular stretching and strengthening to improve scapular mechanics. In patients who fail nonoperative therapy, shoulder arthroscopy can be performed. Arthroscopic surgery in the high-level throwing athlete should be to restore them to their functional baseline with the minimum amount of intervention possible. PMID:29593438

Peptide mimotopes of complex carbohydrates in Salmonella enterica serovar typhi which react with both carbohydrate-specific monoclonal antibody and polyclonal sera from typhoid patients.

PubMed

Thong, Kwai-Lin; Tang, Swee-Seong; Tan, Wen-Siang; Devi, Shamala

2007-01-01

Polyclonal sera from typhoid patients and a monoclonal antibody, mAb ATVi, which recognizes the capsular polysaccharide Vi antigen (ViCPS), were used to select for peptides that mimic the ViCPS by using a phage-displayed random 12-mer peptide library. Two major common mimotopes selected from the library carried the amino acid sequences TSHHDSHGLHRV and ENHSPVNIAHKL. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) showed that these peptides carry mimotopes to ViCPS. Phage clones that contained the 12-mer peptides were also tested against pooled/individual typhoid patients' sera and found to have 3 to 5 times higher binding compared to normal sera. By using Phage-ELISA assays, the derived synthetic peptides, TSHHDSHGLHRV and ENHSPVNIAHKL, were tested against a monoclonal antibody mAb ATVi and over 2-fold difference in binding was found between these peptides and a control unrelated peptide, CTLTTKLYC. Inhibition of the mAb's binding to ViCPS indicated that the synthetic peptides successfully competed with the capsular polysaccharide for antibody binding.

Outbreak of Neisseria meningitidis capsular group W among scouts returning from the World Scout Jamboree, Japan, 2015

PubMed Central

Smith-Palmer, Alison; Oates, Ken; Webster, Diana; Taylor, Sarah; Scott, Kevin J; Smith, Gemma; Parcell, Benjamin; Lindstrand, Ann; Wallensten, Anders; Fredlund, Hans; Widerström, Micael; McMenamin, Jim

2016-01-01

The 23rd World Scout Jamboree was held in Japan from 28 July to 8 August 2015 and was attended by over 33,000 scouts from 162 countries. An outbreak of invasive meningococcal disease capsular group W was investigated among participants, with four confirmed cases identified in Scotland, who were all associated with one particular scout unit, and two confirmed cases in Sweden; molecular testing showed the same strain to be responsible for illness in both countries. The report describes the public health action taken to prevent further cases and the different decisions reached with respect to how wide to extend the offer of chemoprophylaxis in the two countries; in Scotland, chemoprophylaxis was offered to the unit of 40 participants to which the four cases belonged and to other close contacts of cases, while in Sweden chemoprophylaxis was offered to all those returning from the Jamboree. The report also describes the international collaboration and communication required to investigate and manage such multinational outbreaks in a timely manner. PMID:27918267

Streptococcus pneumoniae Phosphotyrosine Phosphatase CpsB and Alterations in Capsule Production Resulting from Changes in Oxygen Availability

PubMed Central

Geno, K. Aaron; Hauser, Jocelyn R.; Gupta, Kanupriya

2014-01-01

Streptococcus pneumoniae produces a protective capsular polysaccharide whose production must be modulated for bacterial survival within various host niches. Capsule production is affected in part by a phosphoregulatory system comprised of CpsB, CpsC, and CpsD. Here, we found that growth of serotype 2 strain D39 under conditions of increased oxygen availability resulted in decreased capsule levels concurrent with an ∼5-fold increase in Cps2B-mediated phosphatase activity. The change in Cps2B phosphatase activity did not result from alterations in the levels of either the cps2B transcript or the Cps2B protein. Recombinant Cps2B expressed in Escherichia coli similarly exhibited increased phosphatase activity under conditions of high-oxygen growth. S. pneumoniae D39 derivatives with defined deletion or point mutations in cps2B demonstrated reduced phosphatase activity with corresponding increases in levels of Cps2D tyrosine phosphorylation. There was, however, no correlation between these phenotypes and the level of capsule production. During growth under reduced-oxygen conditions, the Cps2B protein was essential for parental levels of capsule, but phosphatase activity alone could be eliminated without an effect on capsule. Under increased-oxygen conditions, deletion of cps2B did not affect capsule levels. These results indicate that neither Cps2B phosphatase activity nor Cps2D phosphorylation levels per se are determinants of capsule levels, whereas the Cps2B protein is important for capsule production during growth under conditions of reduced but not enhanced oxygen availability. Roles for factors outside the capsule locus, possible interactions between capsule regulatory proteins, and links to other cellular processes are also suggested by the results described in this study. PMID:24659769

A perspective on the primary and three-dimensional structures of carbohydrates.

PubMed

Widmalm, Göran

2013-08-30

Carbohydrates, in more biologically oriented areas referred to as glycans, constitute one of the four groups of biomolecules. The glycans, often present as glycoproteins or glycolipids, form highly complex structures. In mammals ten monosaccharides are utilized in building glycoconjugates in the form of oligo- (up to about a dozen monomers) and polysaccharides. Subsequent modifications and additions create a large number of different compounds. In bacteria, more than a hundred monosaccharides have been reported to be constituents of lipopolysaccharides, capsular polysaccharides, and exopolysaccharides. Thus, the number of polysaccharide structures possible to create is huge. NMR spectroscopy plays an essential part in elucidating the primary structure, that is, monosaccharide identity and ring size, anomeric configuration, linkage position, and sequence, of the sugar residues. The structural studies may also employ computational approaches for NMR chemical shift predictions (CASPER program). Once the components and sequence of sugar residues have been unraveled, the three-dimensional arrangement of the sugar residues relative to each other (conformation), their flexibility (transitions between and populations of conformational states), together with the dynamics (timescales) should be addressed. To shed light on these aspects we have utilized a combination of experimental liquid state NMR techniques together with molecular dynamics simulations. For the latter a molecular mechanics force field such as our CHARMM-based PARM22/SU01 has been used. The experimental NMR parameters acquired are typically (1)H,(1)H cross-relaxation rates (related to NOEs), (3)JCH and (3)JCCtrans-glycosidic coupling constants and (1)H,(13)C- and (1)H,(1)H-residual dipolar couplings. At a glycosidic linkage two torsion angles ϕ and ψ are defined and for 6-substituted residues also the ω torsion angle is required. Major conformers can be identified for which highly populated states are present. Thus, in many cases a well-defined albeit not rigid structure can be identified. However, on longer timescales, oligosaccharides must be considered as highly flexible molecules since also anti-conformations have been shown to exist with H-C-O-C torsion angles of ∼180°, compared to syn-conformations in which the protons at the carbon atoms forming the glycosidic linkage are in close proximity. The accessible conformational space governs possible interactions with proteins and both minor changes and significant alterations occur for the oligosaccharides in these interaction processes. Transferred NOE NMR experiments give information on the conformation of the glycan ligand when bound to the proteins whereas saturation transfer difference NMR experiments report on the carbohydrate part in contact with the protein. It is anticipated that the subtle differences in conformational preferences for glycan structures facilitate a means to regulate biochemical processes in different environments. Further developments in the analysis of glycan structure and in particular its role in interactions with other molecules, will lead to clarifications of the importance of structure in biochemical regulation processes essential to health and disease. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Quantifying shape changes of silicone breast implants in a murine model using in vivo micro-CT.

PubMed

Anderson, Emily E; Perilli, Egon; Carati, Colin J; Reynolds, Karen J

2017-08-01

A major complication of silicone breast implants is the formation of a capsule around the implant known as capsular contracture which results in the distortion of the implant. Recently, a mouse model for studying capsular contracture was examined using micro-computed tomography (micro-CT), however, only qualitative changes were reported. The aim of this study was to develop a quantitative method for comparing the shape changes of silicone implants using in vivo micro-CT. Mice were bilaterally implanted with silicone implants and underwent ionizing radiation to induce capsular contracture. On day 28 post-surgery mice were examined in vivo using micro-CT. The reconstructed cross-section images were visually inspected to identify distortion. Measurements were taken in 2D and 3D to quantify the shape of the implants in the normal (n = 11) and distorted (n = 5) groups. The degree of anisotropy was significantly higher in the distorted implants in the transaxial view (0.99 vs. 1.19, p = 0.002) and the y-axis lengths were significantly shorter in the sagittal (9.27 mm vs. 8.55 mm, p = 0.015) and coronal (9.24 mm vs. 8.76 mm, p = 0.031) views, indicating a deviation from the circular cross-section and shortening of the long axis. The 3D analysis revealed a significantly lower average thickness (sphere-fitting method) in distorted implants (6.86 mm vs. 5.49 mm, p = 0.002), whereas the volume and surface area did not show significant changes. Statistically significant differences between normal and distorted implants were found in 2D and 3D using distance measurements performed via micro-CT. This objective analysis method can be useful for a range of studies involving deformable implants using in vivo micro-CT. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 105B: 1447-1452, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Poly Implant Prothèse (PIP) incidence of rupture: a retrospective MR analysis in 64 patients

PubMed Central

Scotto di Santolo, Mariella; Cusati, Bianca; Ragozzino, Alfonso; Dell’Aprovitola, Nicoletta; Acquaviva, Alessandra; Altiero, Michele; Accurso, Antonello; Riccardi, Albina

2014-01-01

Aim of the study The purpose of this retrospective study was to describe the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features of Poly Implant Prothèse (PIP) hydrogel implants in a group of 64 patients and to assess the incidence of rupture, compared to other clinical trials. Material and methods In this double-center study, we retrospectively reviewed the data sets of 64 consecutive patients (mean age, 43±9 years, age range, 27-65 years), who underwent breast MRI examinations, between January 2008 and October 2013, with suspected implant rupture on the basis of clinical assessment or after conventional imaging examination (either mammography or ultrasound). All patients had undergone breast operation with bilateral textured cohesive gel PIP implant insertion for aesthetic reasons. The mean time after operation was 8 years (range, 6-14 years). No patients reported history of direct trauma to their implants. Results At the time of clinical examination, 41 patients were asymptomatic, 16 complained of breast tenderness and 7 had clinical evidence of rupture. Normal findings were observed in 15 patients. In 26 patients there were signs of mild collapse, with associated not significant peri-capsular fluid collections and no evidence of implant rupture; in 23 patients there was suggestion of implant rupture, according to breast MRI leading to an indication for surgery. In particular, 14 patients showed intra-capsular rupture, with associated evidence of the linguine sign in all cases; the keyhole sign and the droplet signs were observed in 6 cases. In 9 patients there was evidence of extra-capsular rupture, with presence of axillary collections (siliconomas) in 7 cases and peri-prosthetic and mediastinal cavity siliconomas, in 5 cases. Conclusions The results of this double center retrospective study, confirm the higher incidence (36%) of prosthesis rupture observed with the PIP implants, compared to other breast implants. PMID:25525578

Analysis of 30 breast implant rupture cases.

PubMed

Tark, Kwan Chul; Jeong, Hii Sun; Roh, Tae Suk; Choi, Jong Woo

2005-01-01

Breast implants used for augmentation mammoplasty or breast reconstruction could rupture from various causes such as trauma or spontaneous failure. The objectives of this study were to investigate the relationships between the causes of implant rupture and the degree of capsular contracture, and then to evaluate the relative efficacies of specific signs on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) known to be beneficial for diagnosing the rupture. A retrospective review identified patients with prosthetic implant rupture or impending rupture treated by the senior author. The 30 cases of implant rupture available for review were classified into two groups: intracapsular and extracapsular ruptures. The 30 cases of breast implant ruptures were analyzed with respect to the clinical symptoms and signs, the causes of rupture, the degree of capsular contracture, and therapeutic plans. Among the 30 cases, 14 patients who had undergone MRI during the diagnostic period were analyzed with respect to the relationships between MRI readings and operative findings. Spontaneous rupture of membranes was most common (80%), followed by failure because of trauma (7%) and valve or implant base (4%). The symptoms during implant rupture were contour deformity, palpated mass-like lesions, pain, and focal inflammation. According to the analysis of specific MRI signs, the sensitivity and specificity of the linguine sign were 87% and 100%, respectively, for intracapsular rupture. For extracapsular rupture, the sensitivity and specificity of the linguine sign were, respectively, 67% and 75%. The sensitivity and specificity of the rat-tail sign and tear drop sign were 14% and 50%, respectively. Breast implant rupture was correlated with the degree of capsular contracture in our study. Among the various specific MRI signs used in diagnosing the rupture, the linguine sign was reliable and had a high sensitivity and specificity, especially in cases of intracapsular rupture. On the other hand, the rat-tail and tear drop signs were nonspecific signs for diagnosing the rupture of breast implant.

Demonstration that Australian Pasteurella multocida isolates from sporadic outbreaks of porcine pneumonia are non-toxigenic (toxA-) and display heterogeneous DNA restriction endonuclease profiles compared with toxigenic isolates from herds with progressive atrophic rhinitis.

PubMed

Djordjevic, S P; Eamens, G J; Ha, H; Walker, M J; Chin, J C

1998-08-01

Capsular types A and D of Pasteurella multocida cause economic losses in swine because of their association with progressive atrophic rhinitis (PAR) and enzootic pneumonia. There have been no studies comparing whole-cell DNA profiles of isolates associated with these two porcine respiratory diseases. Twenty-two isolates of P. multocida from diseased pigs in different geographic localities within Australia were characterised genotypically by restriction endonuclease analysis (REA) with the enzyme CfoI. Seven of 12 P. multocida isolates from nasal swabs from pigs in herds where PAR was either present or suspected displayed a capsular type D phenotype. These were shown to possess the toxA gene by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Southern hybridisation, and further substantiated by production of cytotoxin in vitro. The CfoI profile of one of these seven isolates, which was from the initial outbreak of PAR in Australia (in Western Australia, WA), was identical with profiles of all six other toxigenic isolates from sporadic episodes in New South Wales (NSW). The evidence suggests that the strain involved in the initial outbreak was responsible for the spread of PAR to the eastern states of Australia. Another 10 isolates, representing both capsular types A and D, were isolated exclusively from porcine lung lesions after sporadic outbreaks of enzootic pneumonia in NSW and WA. CfoI restriction endonuclease profiles of these isolates revealed considerable genomic heterogeneity. Furthermore, none of these possessed the toxA gene. This suggests that P. multocida strains with the toxA gene do not have a competitive survival advantage in the lower respiratory tract or that toxin production does not play a role in the pathology of pneumonic lesions, or both. REA with polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and silver staining was found to be a practical and discriminatory tool for epidemiological tracing of P. multocida outbreaks associated with PAR or pneumonia in pigs.

Long-term outcome of cataract surgery in patients with idiopathic hypoparathyroidism and its relationship with their calcemic status.

PubMed

Saha, Soma; Gantyala, Shiva Prasad; Aggarwal, Sameer; Sreenivas, Vishnubhatla; Tandon, Radhika; Goswami, Ravinder

2017-07-01

Cataract is a cardinal manifestation of hypoparathyroidism. Although patients with hypoparathyroidism require cataract surgery at a younger age than individuals without hypoparathyroidism, there is limited information on the outcome of this surgery. We assessed long-term complications of cataract surgery in patients with idiopathic hypoparathyroidism (IH) and its relationship with their clinical and biochemical parameters. Twenty-seven patients with IH and 25 nonhypoparathyroid controls with a minimum follow-up of 2 years after cataract surgery were assessed for visual acuity, intraocular pressure, lens centricity, Nd:YAG laser capsulotomy, and the severity of posterior capsular opacification (PCO) and anterior capsular opacification. High-resolution optical slit-lamp images were analyzed by an ophthalmologist. Patients with IH had cataract surgery at a younger age than controls (34.0 ± 16.4 years vs 58.0 ± 11.2 years, P < 0.001). A higher proportion of IH patients had dense white PCO (75.0 % vs 39.4 %, P = 0.004), Nd:YAG laser capsulotomy (44.2 % vs 10.0 %, P = 0.001), anterior capsular opacification (97.7 % vs 84.2 %, P = 0.03), and a decentric lens (28.3% vs 2.6 %, P = 0.001) at a comparable time after surgery (8.6 ± 6.1 years vs 8.7 ± 6.8 years, P = 0.85). On regression analysis, the severity of PCO in IH correlated only with male sex and not with other factors, including serum total calcium and inorganic phosphorus levels at the baseline and during follow-up. To conclude, patients with IH are likelier than individuals without IH to develop PCO and to require Nd:YAG laser capsulotomy after cataract surgery. Proper precautions should be taken during surgery to minimize this complication in IH.

Best Practices During Hip Arthroscopy: Aggregate Recommendations of High-Volume Surgeons.

PubMed

Gupta, Asheesh; Suarez-Ahedo, Carlos; Redmond, John M; Gerhardt, Michael B; Hanypsiak, Bryan; Stake, Christine E; Finch, Nathan A; Domb, Benjamin G

2015-09-01

To survey surgeons who perform a high volume of hip arthroscopy procedures regarding their operative technique, type of procedure, and postoperative management. We conducted a cross-sectional survey of 27 high-volume orthopaedic surgeons specializing in hip arthroscopy to report their preferences and practices related to their operative practice and postoperative rehabilitation protocol. All participants completed the survey in person in an anonymous fashion during a meeting of the American Hip Institute. All surgeons perform hip arthroscopy with the patient in the supine position, accessing the central compartment of the hip initially, using intraoperative fluoroscopy. All surgeons perform labral repair (100%), with the majority performing labral reconstructions (77.8%) and gluteus medius repairs (81.5%). There is variability in the type of anchors used during labral repair. Most surgeons perform capsular closure in most cases (88.9%), inject either intra-articular cortisone or platelet-rich plasma at the conclusion of the procedure (59%), and prescribe a postoperative hip brace for some or all patients (59%). There is considerable variability in rehabilitation protocols. All surgeons routinely prescribe postoperative heterotopic ossification prophylaxis to their patients, with most surgeons (88.9%) prescribing a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medication for 3 weeks. Forty percent of the respondents use the modified Harris Hip Score as the most important outcome measure. Consistent practices such as use of intraoperative fluoroscopy, heterotopic ossification prophylaxis, and labral repair skills were identified by surveying 27 hip arthroscopy surgeons at high-volume centers. Most of the surgeons performed routine capsular closure unless underlying conditions precluded capsular release or plication. The survey identified higher variability between surgeons regarding postoperative rehabilitation protocols and use of intra-articular pharmacologic injections at the end of the procedure. These data may provide surgeons with a set of aggregate trends that may help guide training, clinical practice, and research in the evolving field of hip arthroscopy. Copyright © 2015 Arthroscopy Association of North America. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Radiation and depression associated with complications of tissue expander reconstruction.

PubMed

Chuba, Paul J; Stefani, William A; Dul, Carrie; Szpunar, Susan; Falk, Jeffrey; Wagner, Rachael; Edhayan, Elango; Rabbani, Anna; Browne, Cynthia H; Aref, Amr

2017-08-01

Rates of implant failure, wound healing delay, and infection are higher in patients having radiation therapy (RT) after tissue expander (TE) and permanent implant reconstruction. We investigated pretreatment risk factors for TE implant complications. 127 breast cancer patients had TE reconstruction and radiation. For 85 cases of bilateral TE reconstruction, the non-irradiated breast provided an internal control. Comparison of differences in means for continuous variables used analysis of variance, then multiple pairwise comparisons with Bonferroni correction of p value. Mean age was 53 ± 10.1 years with 14.6% African-American. Twelve (9.4%) were BRCA positive (9 BRCA1, 4 BRCA2, 1 Both). Complications were: Grade 0 (no complication; 43.9%), Grade 1 (tightness and/or drifting of implant or Baker Grade II capsular contracture; 30.9%), Grade 2 (infection, hypertrophic scarring, or incisional necrosis; 9.8%), Grade 3 (Baker Grade III capsular contracture, wound dehiscence, or impending exposure of implant; 5.7%), Grade 4 (implant failure, exchange of implant, or Baker Grade IV capsular contracture; 9.8%). 15.3% (19 cases) experienced Grade 3 or 4 complication and 9.8% (12 cases) had Grade 4 complication. Considering non-irradiated breasts, there were two (1.6%) Grade 3-4 complications. For BMI, there was no significant difference by category as defined by the CDC (p = 0.91). Patients with depression were more likely to experience Grade 3 or 4 complication (29.4 vs 13.2%; p = 0.01). Using multiple logistic regression to predict the probability of a Grade 3 or 4 complications in patients with depression were found to be 4.2 times more likely to have a Grade 3 or 4 complication (OR = 4.2, p = 0.03). Higher rates of TE reconstruction complications are expected in patients receiving radiotherapy. An unexpected finding was that patients reporting medical history of depression showed statistically significant increase in complication rates.

Open capsular and ligament reconstruction with semitendinosus hamstring autograft successfully controls superior and posterior translation for type V acromioclavicular joint dislocation.

PubMed

Garofalo, Raffaele; Ceccarelli, Enrico; Castagna, Alessandro; Calvisi, Vittorio; Flanagin, Brody; Conti, Marco; Krishnan, Sumant G

2017-07-01

Appropriate surgical management for type V complete acromioclavicular (AC) joint dislocation remains controversial. The purpose of this paper is to retrospectively report the clinical and radiographic outcomes of an open surgical technique consisting for AC joint ligamentous and capsular reconstruction using autologous hamstring tendon grafts and semi-permanent sutures. Between January 2005 and December 2011, 32 consecutive patients with symptomatic type V complete AC joint dislocation underwent surgical treatment using the same technique. The median time from injury to surgery was 45 days (range 24-90). The average median postoperative clinical and radiographic follow-up time was 30 months (range 24-33). Clinical outcomes measures included the ASES score, the visual analog score (VAS), and subjective patient satisfaction score. Minimum follow-up was 2 years. ASES score increased from a median of 38.2 ± 6.2 preoperative to 92.1 ± 4.7 postoperatively (p ≤ 0.05). The median VAS score improved from 62 mm (range 45-100 mm) preoperatively to 8 mm (range 0-20 mm) at final follow-up (p ≤ 0.05). No patient experienced pain or discomfort with either direct palpation of the AC joint or with cross-body adduction. Final radiographs demonstrated symmetric AC joint contour in 25/32 (78%) patients. Seven patients (22%) radiographically demonstrated superior translation of the distal clavicle relative to the superior margin of the acromion but less than 50% of the clavicular width. 30/32 patients (93%) were able to return to their pre-injury level of work and sports activities. This novel surgical technique using a free graft and braided suture for simultaneous coracoclavicular ligament and AC joint capsular reconstruction successfully controls superior and posterior translations after type V AC joint dislocation and minimizes the incidence of persistent postoperative AC joint subluxation. Retrospective case series, Level IV.

Wrist kinetics after luno-triquetral dissociation: the changes in moment arms of the flexor carpi ulnaris tendon.

PubMed

Tang, Jin Bo; Xie, Ren Gou; Yu, Xiao Wei; Chen, Feng

2002-11-01

Wrist biomechanics after luno-triquetral (LT) dissociation is important for understanding the clinical sequelae of the disease and for determining its treatment options. The LT interosseous ligament plays an important role in stabilizing the joint and damage to the ligament would be expected to significantly increase moment arms of tendon of the flexor carpi ulnaris (FCU), the principal ulnar wrist flexor. We investigated the changes in moment arms of FCU tendon after various amounts of sectioning of the ligaments proven to be associated with LT dissociation. In six fresh frozen cadaveric upper extremities, excursions of the FCU tendon were recorded simultaneously with wrist joint angulation during wrist flexion-extension and radioulnar deviation. Tendon excursions were measured in intact wrists, in wrists with sectioning of the dorsal portion of the LT interosseous ligament, in wrists with sectioning of the entire LT interosseous ligament, and finally in wrists with further sectioning of the dorsal radiotriquetral and intercarpal ligaments. Moment arms of the tendon were calculated from tendon excursions and joint motion angulations and expressed as percentage changes from those in the intact wrist. During wrist flexion-extension, moment arms of the FCU tendon after sectioning of the entire LT interosseous ligament and after sectioning of the two capsular ligaments were 112 +/- 7% and 114 +/- 8%, respectively; these values were significantly greater than those in the intact wrist. During radioulnar deviation, the moment arms were 114 +/- 11% after sectioning of the dorsal portion of the LT interosseous ligament, 134 +/- 15% after sectioning of the entire ligament, and 153 +/- 18% after sectioning of the capsular ligaments, again being significantly greater than the normal wrist. Increase in moment arms of the FCU tendon after loss of integrity of the LT interosseous ligament and dorsal capsular ligaments may contribute to clinical sequelae of LT dissociation and difficulty in treating this disorder.

Characteristics of a new meningococcal serogroup B vaccine, bivalent rLP2086 (MenB-FHbp; Trumenba®).

PubMed

Gandhi, Ashesh; Balmer, Paul; York, Laura J

2016-08-01

Neisseria meningitidis is a common cause of bacterial meningitis, often leading to permanent sequelae or death. N. meningitidis is classified into serogroups based on the composition of the bacterial capsular polysaccharide; the 6 major disease-causing serogroups are designated A, B, C, W, X, and Y. Four of the 6 disease-causing serogroups (A, C, Y, and W) can be effectively prevented with available quadrivalent capsular polysaccharide protein conjugate vaccines; however, capsular polysaccharide conjugate vaccines are not effective against meningococcal serogroup B (MnB). There is no vaccine available for serogroup X. The public health need for an effective serogroup B vaccine is evident, as MnB is the most common cause of meningococcal disease in the United States and is responsible for almost half of all cases in persons aged 17 to 22 years. In fact, serogroup B meningococci were responsible for the recent meningococcal disease outbreaks on college campuses. However, development of a suitable serogroup B vaccine has been challenging, as serogroup B polysaccharide-based vaccines were found to be poorly immunogenic. Vaccine development for MnB focused on identifying potential outer membrane protein targets that elicit broadly protective immune responses across strains from the vast number of proteins that exist on the bacterial surface. Human factor H binding protein (fHBP; also known as LP2086), a conserved surface-exposed bacterial lipoprotein, was identified as a promising vaccine candidate. Two recombinant protein-based serogroup B vaccines that contain fHBP have been successfully developed and licensed in the United States under an accelerated approval process: bivalent rLP2086 (MenB-FHbp; Trumenba®) and 4CMenB (MenB-4 C; Bexsero®). This review will focus on bivalent rLP2086 only, including vaccine components, mechanism of action, and potential coverage across serogroup B strains in the United States.

The effect of montelukast and antiadhesion barrier solution on the capsule formation after insertion of silicone implants in a white rat model.

PubMed

Yang, J-D; Kwon, O-H; Lee, J-W; Chung, H-Y; Cho, B-C; Park, H-Y; Kim, T-G

2013-01-01

Capsular contracture is one of the most severe complications that can occur in breast surgery following silicone implant insertion. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of montelukast and antiadhesion barrier solution (AABS) on reducing capsular formation and their possible synergism. This study was approved by the Animal Ethics Committee (Reference No. KNU 2012-33) and was conducted in accordance with the Kyungpook National University - Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee, Animal Ethics Committee. The experiments in this study were conducted in vivo in 4 groups of 24 rats. Following silicone implant insertion, the pocket was injected with different agents. Group I (control group) was given normal saline injections into the pocket and fed with pure water. Group II was given injections of AABS and fed with pure water. Group III was given injections of normal saline and the medication montelukast during the experimental period. Group IV was given injections of AABS and montelukast as postoperative medication. Peri-implant capsules were excised after 8 weeks and were evaluated for transparency, inflammatory cell content, capsule thickness, collagen pattern and TGF-β expression. The capsules in the experimental groups (i.e., groups II-IV) were significantly more transparent than those in group I (controls; p < 0.05, Student's t test). The mean capsule thickness of the experimental groups II (296 ± 14.76 μm), III (280 ± 14.77 μm) and IV (276 ± 39.28 μm) was smaller than that of the control group I (361 ± 35.43 μm). Compared to the control group, the histologic findings in the experimental groups suggested a decreased inflammatory response occurring in the peri-implant capsules as they exhibited minor vascularization and a reduced number of mast cells and macrophages. The collagen patterns in the experimental groups were of a lower density than in the control group with the former showing a loose, tidy collagen pattern. The amounts of TGF-β and collagen I were higher in the control group than in the experimental groups. Group IV (the synergic effect group) had a more pronounced effect on all the parameters examined than that in groups II and III with separate drug administration. Montelukast and AABS reduced the thickness, the inflammatory cell infiltrate and the myofibroblast content of the peri-implant capsules around silicone implants in this white rat model. They lowered the expression of the fibrotic mediator, TGF-β, and inhibited the peri-implant capsular fibrosis. Therefore, montelukast and AABS are effective in the reduction of silicone-induced peri-implant capsular formation.

Structural alterations in rat liver proteins due to streptozotocin-induced diabetes and the recovery effect of selenium: Fourier transform infrared microspectroscopy and neural network study

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bozkurt, Ozlem; Haman Bayari, Sevgi; Severcan, Mete; Krafft, Christoph; Popp, Jürgen; Severcan, Feride

2012-07-01

The relation between protein structural alterations and tissue dysfunction is a major concern as protein fibrillation and/or aggregation due to structural alterations has been reported in many disease states. In the current study, Fourier transform infrared microspectroscopic imaging has been used to investigate diabetes-induced changes on protein secondary structure and macromolecular content in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat liver. Protein secondary structural alterations were predicted using neural network approach utilizing the amide I region. Moreover, the role of selenium in the recovery of diabetes-induced alterations on macromolecular content and protein secondary structure was also studied. The results revealed that diabetes induced a decrease in lipid to protein and glycogen to protein ratios in diabetic livers. Significant alterations in protein secondary structure were observed with a decrease in α-helical and an increase in β-sheet content. Both doses of selenium restored diabetes-induced changes in lipid to protein and glycogen to protein ratios. However, low-dose selenium supplementation was not sufficient to recover the effects of diabetes on protein secondary structure, while a higher dose of selenium fully restored diabetes-induced alterations in protein structure.

Preparation of water-soluble glycoconjugated poly(acrylamide) for NMR analyses of carbohydrate-carbohydrate interactions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Xuan, Trinh Anh; Trung, Phan Nghia; Dinh, Bui Long; Yamaguchi, Takumi; Kato, Koichi

2014-05-01

Oligosaccharide chains of glycoconjugates are important biopolymers not only as carriers of information in cell-cell interactions but also as markers of cellular differentiation, aging, and malignant alteration. Molecular interactions where carbohydrates are involved are usually considered as weak interactions, so the study and evaluation of these interactions is still in its infancy. The evidences and studies of carbohydrate-carbohydrate interactions (CCI) will be confirming the importance of this mechanism for specific cell adhesion and communication. Their development will go hand in hand with the development of new and more sensitive techniques to study weak interactions. Recently, synthetic glycopolymers with functions similar to those of such natural carbohydrates and with specific pendant saccharide moieties were used as a solution for enhancement CCI when forming polyvalent interactions. Carbohydrates are ubiquitous components of cell wall membranes and occur as glycolipids, glycoproteins, proteoglycans, and capsular polysaccharides. As such they can participate in forefront intramolecular and intracellular events. Apart from their recognized roles in the physicochemical properties of glycolipids and glycoproteins. In this study, we designed trisaccharide monomers for free radical polymerization. Subsequently, the trisaccharide unit for chemical conjugation was synthesized from galactosamine in good yield. For further NMR analyses of CCI, glycopolymers composed of these sugar derivatives will be provided.

EpsA is an essential gene in exopolysaccharide production in Lactobacillus johnsonii FI9785.

PubMed

Dertli, Enes; Mayer, Melinda J; Colquhoun, Ian J; Narbad, Arjan

2016-07-01

Lactobacillus johnsonii FI9785 has an eps gene cluster which is required for the biosynthesis of homopolymeric exopolysaccharides (EPS)-1 and heteropolymeric EPS-2 as a capsular layer. The first gene of the cluster, epsA, is the putative transcriptional regulator. In this study we showed the crucial role of epsA in EPS biosynthesis by demonstrating that deletion of epsA resulted in complete loss of both EPS-1 and EPS-2 on the cell surface. Plasmid complementation of the epsA gene fully restored EPS production, as confirmed by transmission electron microscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis. Furthermore, this complementation resulted in a twofold increase in the expression levels of this gene, which almost doubled amounts of EPS production in comparison with the wild-type strain. Analysis of EPS by NMR showed an increased ratio of the heteropolysaccharide to homopolysaccharide in the complemented strain and allowed identification of the acetylated residue in EPS-2 as the (1,4)-linked βGlcp unit, with the acetyl group located at O-6. These findings indicate that epsA is a positive regulator of EPS production and that EPS production can be manipulated by altering its expression. © 2015 The Authors. Microbial Biotechnology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd and Society for Applied Microbiology.

Polysaccharide production by lactic acid bacteria: from genes to industrial applications.

PubMed

Zeidan, Ahmad A; Poulsen, Vera Kuzina; Janzen, Thomas; Buldo, Patrizia; Derkx, Patrick M F; Øregaard, Gunnar; Neves, Ana Rute

2017-08-01

The ability to produce polysaccharides with diverse biological functions is widespread in bacteria. In lactic acid bacteria (LAB), production of polysaccharides has long been associated with the technological, functional and health-promoting benefits of these microorganisms. In particular, the capsular polysaccharides and exopolysaccharides have been implicated in modulation of the rheological properties of fermented products. For this reason, screening and selection of exocellular polysaccharide-producing LAB has been extensively carried out by academia and industry. To further exploit the ability of LAB to produce polysaccharides, an in-depth understanding of their biochemistry, genetics, biosynthetic pathways, regulation and structure-function relationships is mandatory. Here, we provide a critical overview of the latest advances in the field of glycosciences in LAB. Surprisingly, the understanding of the molecular processes involved in polysaccharide synthesis is lagging behind, and has not accompanied the increasing commercial value and application potential of these polymers. Seizing the natural diversity of polysaccharides for exciting new applications will require a concerted effort encompassing in-depth physiological characterization of LAB at the systems level. Combining high-throughput experimentation with computational approaches, biochemical and structural characterization of the polysaccharides and understanding of the structure-function-application relationships is essential to achieve this ambitious goal. © FEMS 2017.

Key diffusion mechanisms involved in regulating bidirectional water permeation across E. coli outer membrane lectin

PubMed Central

Sachdeva, Shivangi; Kolimi, Narendar; Nair, Sanjana Anilkumar; Rathinavelan, Thenmalarchelvi

2016-01-01

Capsular polysaccharides (CPSs) are major bacterial virulent determinants that facilitate host immune evasion. E. coli group1 K30CPS is noncovalently attached to bacterial surface by Wzi, a lectin. Intriguingly, structure based phylogenetic analysis indicates that Wzi falls into porin superfamily. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations further shed light on dual role of Wzi as it also functions as a bidirectional passive water specific porin. Such a functional role of Wzi was not realized earlier, due to the occluded pore. While five water specific entry points distributed across extracellular & periplasmic faces regulate the water diffusion involving different mechanisms, a luminal hydrophobic plug governs water permeation across the channel. Coincidently, MD observed open state structure of “YQF” triad is seen in sugar-binding site of sodium-galactose cotransporters, implicating its involvement in K30CPS surface anchorage. Importance of Loop 5 (L5) in membrane insertion is yet another highlight. Change in water diffusion pattern of periplasmic substitution mutants suggests Wzi’s role in osmoregulation by aiding in K30CPS hydration, corroborating earlier functional studies. Water molecules located inside β-barrel of Wzi crystal structure further strengthens the role of Wzi in osmoregulation. Thus, interrupting water diffusion or L5 insertion may reduce bacterial virulence. PMID:27320406

Identification of capsule, biofilm, lateral flagellum, and type IV pili in Vibrio mimicus strains.

PubMed

Tercero-Alburo, J J; González-Márquez, H; Bonilla-González, E; Quiñones-Ramírez, E I; Vázquez-Salinas, C

2014-11-01

Vibrio mimicus is a bacterium that causes gastroenteritis; it is closely related to Vibrio cholerae, and can cause acute diarrhea like cholera- or dysentery-type diarrhea. It is distributed worldwide. Factors associated with virulence (such as hemolysins, enterotoxins, proteases, phospholipases, aerobactin, and hemagglutinin) have been identified; however, its pathogenicity mechanism is still unknown. In pathogenic Vibrio species such as V. cholerae, Vibrio. parahaemolyticus and Vibrio vulnificus, capsule, biofilms, lateral flagellum, and type IV pili are structures described as essential for pathogenicity. These structures had not been described in V. mimicus until this work. We used 20 V. mimicus strains isolated from water (6), oyster (9), and fish (5) samples and we were able to identify the capsule, biofilm, lateral flagellum, and type IV pili through phenotypic tests, electron microscopy, PCR, and sequencing. In all tested strains, we observed and identified the presence of capsular exopolysaccharide, biofilm formation in an in vitro model, as well as swarming, multiple flagellation, and pili. In addition, we identified homologous genes to those described in other bacteria of the genus in which these structures have been found. Identification of these structures in V. mimicus is a contribution to the biology of this organism and can help to reveal its pathogenic behavior. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Chitin-Like Molecules Associate with Cryptococcus neoformans Glucuronoxylomannan To Form a Glycan Complex with Previously Unknown Properties

PubMed Central

Ramos, Caroline L.; Fonseca, Fernanda L.; Rodrigues, Jessica; Guimarães, Allan J.; Cinelli, Leonardo P.; Miranda, Kildare; Nimrichter, Leonardo; Casadevall, Arturo; Travassos, Luiz R.

2012-01-01

In prior studies, we demonstrated that glucuronoxylomannan (GXM), the major capsular polysaccharide of the fungal pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans, interacts with chitin oligomers at the cell wall-capsule interface. The structural determinants regulating these carbohydrate-carbohydrate interactions, as well as the functions of these structures, have remained unknown. In this study, we demonstrate that glycan complexes composed of chitooligomers and GXM are formed during fungal growth and macrophage infection by C. neoformans. To investigate the required determinants for the assembly of chitin-GXM complexes, we developed a quantitative scanning electron microscopy-based method using different polysaccharide samples as inhibitors of the interaction of chitin with GXM. This assay revealed that chitin-GXM association involves noncovalent bonds and large GXM fibers and depends on the N-acetyl amino group of chitin. Carboxyl and O-acetyl groups of GXM are not required for polysaccharide-polysaccharide interactions. Glycan complex structures composed of cryptococcal GXM and chitin-derived oligomers were tested for their ability to induce pulmonary cytokines in mice. They were significantly more efficient than either GXM or chitin oligomers alone in inducing the production of lung interleukin 10 (IL-10), IL-17, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α). These results indicate that association of chitin-derived structures with GXM through their N-acetyl amino groups generates glycan complexes with previously unknown properties. PMID:22562469

Effect of a single dose of emulsified versus capsular fish oils on plasma phospholipid fatty acids over 48 hours

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Emulsified fish oil supplements provide an alternative to encapsulated fish oils. Oil-in-water emulsions may offer an advantage in digestion and absorption thereby increasing the bioavailability of fatty acids. We evaluated the effect of three oil-in-water emulsified fish oils (Emulsion B, Emulsion ...

Virtual Mentor Cataract Surgery Trainer

DTIC Science & Technology

2009-09-01

excessive lens movement), look for zonular absence, assess for notable lenticular astigmatism ** How and when do you decide to use a capsular...AD_________________ AWARD NUMBER: W81XWH-08-1-0531 TITLE: Virtual Mentor Cataract Surgery Trainer...REPORT TYPE Annual 3. DATES COVERED 20 Aug 2008 – 19 Aug 2009 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 5a. CONTRACT NUMBER Virtual Mentor Cataract Surgery

Jute and kenaf

Treesearch

Roger M. Rowell; Harry P. Stout

2007-01-01

Jute is the common name given to the fiber extracted from the stems of plants belonging to the genus Corchorus, family Tiliaceae. whereas kenaf is the name given to a similar fiber obtained from the stems of plants belonging to the genus Hibiscus, family Malvaceae, especially the species H. cannabinus L. Only two species of Corchorus, namely C. capsular L. and C....

Understanding Microbial Sensing in Inflammatory Bowel Disease Using Click Chemistry

DTIC Science & Technology

2017-10-01

pathogens and commensals. However, the technology available to track these molecules in host cells and tissues remains primitive. To address this...live, luminal bacteria into specific host intestinal immune cells and their subsequent degradation in host phagocytes. Notably, this approach also...click-chemistry, bacterial cell wall, bacterial outer membrane, peptidoglycan, lipopolysaccharide, endotoxin, capsular polysaccharide, inflammatory

Understanding Microbial Sensing in Inflammatory Bowel Disease Using Click Chemistry

DTIC Science & Technology

2017-10-01

both pathogens and commensals. However, the technology available to track these molecules in host cells and tissues remains primitive. To address this...from live, luminal bacteria into specific host intestinal immune cells and their subsequent degradation in host phagocytes. Notably, this approach...Bioorthogonal click-chemistry, bacterial cell wall, bacterial outer membrane, peptidoglycan, lipopolysaccharide, endotoxin, capsular polysaccharide

Sampling and analytical variability associated with determination of aflatoxin and ochratoxin A in capsular ginger powder sold as a dietary supplement

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Safety of botanicals is of primary concern to the consumers of medicinal plants and dietary supplements. In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration generally recognize ginger as safe. Ginger roots could be contaminated with mycotoxins, which are toxins produced by molds during productio...

Quantitative analysis of nanoscale intranuclear structural alterations in hippocampal cells in chronic alcoholism via transmission electron microscopy imaging.

PubMed

Sahay, Peeyush; Shukla, Pradeep K; Ghimire, Hemendra M; Almabadi, Huda M; Tripathi, Vibha; Mohanty, Samarendra K; Rao, Radhakrishna; Pradhan, Prabhakar

2017-03-01

Chronic alcoholism is known to alter the morphology of the hippocampus, an important region of cognitive function in the brain. Therefore, to understand the effect of chronic alcoholism on hippocampal neural cells, we employed a mouse model of chronic alcoholism and quantified intranuclear nanoscale structural alterations in these cells. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images of hippocampal neurons were obtained, and the degree of structural alteration in terms of mass density fluctuation was determined using the light-localization properties of optical media generated from TEM imaging. The results, which were obtained at length scales ranging from ~30 to 200 nm, show that 10-12 week-old mice fed a Lieber-DeCarli liquid (alcoholic) diet had a higher degree of structural alteration than control mice fed a normal diet without alcohol. The degree of structural alteration became significantly distinguishable at a sample length of ~100 nm, which is the typical length scale of the building blocks of cells, such as DNA, RNA, proteins and lipids. Interestingly, different degrees of structural alteration at such length scales suggest possible structural rearrangement of chromatin inside the nuclei in chronic alcoholism.

Quantitative analysis of nanoscale intranuclear structural alterations in hippocampal cells in chronic alcoholism via transmission electron microscopy imaging

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sahay, Peeyush; Shukla, Pradeep K.; Ghimire, Hemendra M.; Almabadi, Huda M.; Tripathi, Vibha; Mohanty, Samarendra K.; Rao, Radhakrishna; Pradhan, Prabhakar

2017-04-01

Chronic alcoholism is known to alter the morphology of the hippocampus, an important region of cognitive function in the brain. Therefore, to understand the effect of chronic alcoholism on hippocampal neural cells, we employed a mouse model of chronic alcoholism and quantified intranuclear nanoscale structural alterations in these cells. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images of hippocampal neurons were obtained, and the degree of structural alteration in terms of mass density fluctuation was determined using the light-localization properties of optical media generated from TEM imaging. The results, which were obtained at length scales ranging from ~30 to 200 nm, show that 10-12 week-old mice fed a Lieber-DeCarli liquid (alcoholic) diet had a higher degree of structural alteration than control mice fed a normal diet without alcohol. The degree of structural alteration became significantly distinguishable at a sample length of ~100 nm, which is the typical length scale of the building blocks of cells, such as DNA, RNA, proteins and lipids. Interestingly, different degrees of structural alteration at such length scales suggest possible structural rearrangement of chromatin inside the nuclei in chronic alcoholism.

Turf Toe

PubMed Central

McCormick, Jeremy J.; Anderson, Robert B.

2010-01-01

Context: Despite an increasing awareness of turf toe injury, confusion still exists regarding the anatomy, mechanism, diagnosis, and treatment of this hyperextension injury to the hallux metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint. Evidence Acquisition: This article reviews the anatomy, diagnosis, and treatment algorithm for turf toe injury by reviewing relevant studies and presenting information useful to clinicians, therapists, and athletic trainers. A literature search was performed by a review of PubMed and OVID articles published from 1976 to July 2010. Results: Grade I injury is a sprain or attenuation of the plantar capsular ligamentous complex of the hallux MTP joint; athletes are typically able to return to play as tolerated. Grade II injury is a partial rupture of the plantar soft tissue structures of the hallux MTP joint, typically requiring about 2 weeks to recover. Grade III injury is a complete rupture of the plantar structures of the hallux MTP joint, requiring at least 10 to 16 weeks to recover. Some complete ruptures require surgical repair. Conclusion: With accurate diagnosis, athletes can have an appropriate treatment plan, and their expectations can be tempered to the degree of injury. Careful management may allow successful return to play at a preinjury level of participation. PMID:23015979

A Computer Based Cognitive Simulation of Cataract Surgery

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-12-01

for zonular absence, assess for notable lenticular astigmatism ** How and when do you decide to use a capsular tension ring? (Expert) Zonular...INTRODUCTION The Virtual Mentor Cataract Surgery Trainer is a computer based, cognitive simulation of phacoemulsification cataract surgery. It is...the Cataract Trainer. BODY Phacoemulsification cataract surgery (phaco) is a difficult procedure to learn, with little margin for error. As in other

Ecology of extremophile yeasts

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Vishniac, Helen S.

1998-07-01

Capsular Cryptococcus spp. dominate in desert soils. The most extreme conditions are encountered by Cryptococcus vishniacii which dominates in the arid highlands of the Ross desert of Antarctica by virtue of its ability to grow at low temperatures, minimal nutritional requirements, tolerance of low population densities, and survival skills, although this species is neither osmo-nor halotolerant, characters which are associated with higher energy requirements.

Effect of electrostatic interactions on the ultrafiltration behavior of charged bacterial capsular polysaccharides.

PubMed

Hadidi, Mahsa; Buckley, John J; Zydney, Andrew L

2016-11-01

Charged polysaccharides are used in the food industry, as cosmetics, and as vaccines. The viscosity, thermodynamics, and hydrodynamic properties of these charged polysaccharides are known to be strongly dependent on the solution ionic strength because of both inter- and intramolecular electrostatic interactions. The goal of this work was to quantitatively describe the effect of these electrostatic interactions on the ultrafiltration behavior of several charged capsular polysaccharides obtained from Streptococcus pneumoniae and used in the production of Pneumococcus vaccines. Ultrafiltration data were obtained using various Biomax™ polyethersulfone membranes with different nominal molecular weight cutoffs. Polysaccharide transmission decreased with decreasing ionic strength primarily because of the expansion of the charged polysaccharide associated with intramolecular electrostatic repulsion. Data were in good agreement with a simple theoretical model based on solute partitioning in porous membranes, with the effective size of the different polysaccharide serotypes evaluated using size exclusion chromatography at the same ionic conditions. These results provide fundamental insights and practical guidelines for exploiting the effects of electrostatic interactions during the ultrafiltration of charged polysaccharides. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 32:1531-1538, 2016. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers.

3D printed multi-compartment capsular devices for two-pulse oral drug delivery.

PubMed

Maroni, A; Melocchi, A; Parietti, F; Foppoli, A; Zema, L; Gazzaniga, A

2017-12-28

In the drug delivery area, versatile therapeutic systems intended to yield customized combinations of drugs, drug doses and release kinetics have drawn increasing attention, especially because of the advantages that personalized pharmaceutical treatments would offer. In this respect, a previously proposed capsular device able to control the release performance based on its design and composition, which could extemporaneously be filled, was improved to include multiple separate compartments so that differing active ingredients or formulations may be conveyed. The compartments, which may differ in thickness and composition, resulted from assembly of two hollow halves through a joint also acting as a partition. The systems were manufactured by fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3D printing, which holds special potential for product personalization, and injection molding (IM) that would enable production on a larger scale. Through combination of compartments having wall thickness of 600 or 1200μm, composed of promptly soluble, swellable/erodible or enteric soluble polymers, devices showing two-pulse release patterns, consistent with the nature of the starting materials, were obtained. Systems fabricated using the two techniques exhibited comparable performance, thus proving the prototyping ability of FDM versus IM. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Multicenter comparison of levels of antibody to the Neisseria meningitidis group A capsular polysaccharide measured by using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

PubMed Central

Carlone, G M; Frasch, C E; Siber, G R; Quataert, S; Gheesling, L L; Turner, S H; Plikaytis, B D; Helsel, L O; DeWitt, W E; Bibb, W F

1992-01-01

There is no standard immunoassay for evaluating immune responses to meningococcal vaccines. We developed an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to measure total levels of antibody to Neisseria meningitidis group A capsular polysaccharide. Five laboratories measured the antibody levels in six paired pre- and postvaccination serum samples by using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Methylated human serum albumin was used to bind native group A polysaccharide to microtiter plate surfaces. The between-laboratory coefficients of variation for pre- and postvaccination sera had ranges of 31 to 91 and 17 to 31, respectively. The mean laboratory coefficients of variation for pre- and postvaccination sera, respectively, were 17 and 11 (Molecular Biology Laboratory, Centers for Disease Control), 12 and 15 (Immunodiagnostic Methods Laboratory, Centers for Disease Control), 22 and 19 (Dana-Farber Cancer Institute), 38 and 38 (Bacterial Polysaccharide Laboratory, U.S. Food and Drug Administration), and 11 and 10 (Praxis Biologics, Inc.). Standardization of this enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay should allow interlaboratory comparison of meningococcal vaccine immunogenicity, thus providing a laboratory-based assessment tool for evaluating meningococcal vaccines. PMID:1734048

Glued intraocular lens implantation for eyes with inadequate capsular support: Analysis of the postoperative visual outcome.

PubMed

Mohan, Sujatha; John, Bina; Rajan, Mohan; Malkani, Harsha; Nagalekshmi, S V; Singh, Siddhartha

2017-06-01

The aim of this study is to analyze the postoperative visual outcomes of fibrin glue-assisted, suture-less posterior chamber (PC) intraocular lens (IOL) implantation technique in eyes with inadequate capsule support at a tertiary eye care hospital in South India. This is a retrospective, nonrandomized case series. This study analyzes 94 eyes which underwent PC-IOL implantation by fibrin glue-assisted, suture-less technique. All patients who had IOL implants by the fibrin glue-assisted PC-IOL technique from August 2009 to January 2014 were included in the study. Intra- and post-operative complications were analyzed. The postoperative best spectacle-corrected visual acuity (BSCVA) was evaluated and recorded at the end of 6 months. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 16.1 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, Illinois, USA) using two sample paired t-test and independent t-test. A total of 94 eyes of 92 patients that underwent glued IOL implantation over a period of 5 years were analyzed. Out of 94 eyes, 77 eyes (84.6%) maintained or improved on their preoperative BSCVA (P = 0.012). We conclude that glued IOL implantation is a feasible option in rehabilitating patients with aphakia without adequate capsular support.

Factors determining biochemical recurrence in low-risk prostate cancer patients who underwent radical prostatectomy

PubMed Central

Ün, Sıtkı; Türk, Hakan; Koca, Osman; Divrik, Rauf Taner; Zorlu, Ferruh

2015-01-01

Objective: This study was conducted to research the factors determining biochemical recurrence (BCR) in low-risk localized prostate cancer patients who underwent radical prostatectomy (RP). Materials and methods: We retrospectively analyzed the data of 504 patients who had undergone RP between 2003 and 2013 at our clinic. One hundred and fifty-two patients who underwent RP for low-risk prostate cancer were included in the study. Results: The mean follow-up period for patients was 58.7 (21–229) months. The mean age of the patients was 63.7±7.2 years (49–79). The mean prostate specific antigen (PSA) value was 5.25±4.22 ng/mL (3.58–9.45). The BCR rate after the operation was 25% (38/152). In the univariate analysis, recurrence determining factors were shown to include extracapsular involvement (ECI) (p=0.004), capsular invasion (CI) (p=0.001), age (p=0.014), and tumor size (p=0.006). However, only CI was found to be significant in multivariate analysis (p=0.001). Conclusion: Capsular invasion is an independent risk factor in low-risk prostate cancer patients who underwent RP for BCR. PMID:26328203

Iris-Claw Intraocular Lens and Scleral-Fixated Posterior Chamber Intraocular Lens Implantations in Correcting Aphakia: A Meta-Analysis.

PubMed

Jing, Wu; Guanlu, Liang; Qianyin, Zheng; Shuyi, Li; Fengying, He; Jian, Liu; Wen, Xu

2017-07-01

A meta-analysis to compare iris-claw intraocular lens (IC-IOL) and scleral-fixated posterior chamber intraocular lens (SF-PCIOL) implantations in correcting aphakia without sufficient capsular support. Eligible studies were collected through PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and the Cochrane library. The pooled relative risks (RR), pooled standardized mean difference (SMD), and their 95% confidence interval of the eligible studies were then calculated. Seven studies met our inclusion criteria, involving 232 and 158 eyes in IC-IOL and SF-PCIOL groups, respectively. The pooled SMD of the mean postoperative corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA) (logMAR) was -0.25. The pooled RR of the eyes achieving 20/40 or better postoperatively was 1.16. The pooled SMD of the surgical time was -2.97. The pooled RR of the surgical complications was 0.86. The pooled RR of IOL dislocation, retinal detachment (RD), and cystoid macular edema (CME) between the two groups were 0.22, 0.63, and 0.64. Implantation of IC-IOL has a more simple procedure and shorter learning curve than SF-PCIOL implantation in correcting aphakia without sufficient capsular support.

Sampling of radical prostatectomy specimens. How much is adequate?

PubMed

Cohen, M B; Soloway, M S; Murphy, W M

1994-03-01

Prostate glands from 52 patients with clinical stage B carcinoma were examined using two sampling techniques. After fixation and conization of the apical portions, each gland was serially sectioned with sections mounted whole on oversized glass slides and examined for pathologic features of prognostic importance. A second examination was subsequently conducted on the same tissue using only alternate sections. No differences in tumor type, grade, Gleason score, multiplicity, or capsular penetration were detected in 75% of cases. The discrepancies that did occur were most often minor variations in multiplicity and Gleason score. Of the 20 glands with capsular penetration observed with the serial sectioning method, 17 (85%) were detected using alternate sectioning. The surgical margin was involved in two of the three invasive foci that would have been missed. Although the topography is better displayed, the authors' examinations indicated no significant advantage to whole mount sections compared with sections mounted on standard-sized glass slides. Considering the most effective use of resources, as well as the current modalities available for patient monitoring, the results support the use of an alternate sectioning method for pathologic examination of specimens removed for clinically localized prostate cancer.

Structures of Rotavirus Reassortants Demonstrate Correlation of Altered Conformation of the VP4 Spike and Expression of Unexpected VP4-Associated Phenotypes

PubMed Central

Pesavento, Joseph B.; Billingsley, Angela M.; Roberts, Ed J.; Ramig, Robert F.; Prasad, B. V. Venkataram

2003-01-01

Numerous prior studies have indicated that viable rotavirus reassortants containing structural proteins of heterologous parental origin may express unexpected phenotypes, such as changes in infectivity and immunogenicity. To provide a structural basis for alterations in phenotypic expression, a three-dimensional structural analysis of these reassortants was conducted. The structures of the reassortants show that while VP4 generally maintains the parental structure when moved to a heterologous protein background, in certain reassortants, there are subtle alterations in the conformation of VP4. The alterations in VP4 conformation correlated with expression of unexpected VP4-associated phenotypes. Interactions between heterologous VP4 and VP7 in reassortants expressing unexpected phenotypes appeared to induce the conformational alterations seen in VP4. PMID:12584352

The use of positrons to survey alteration layers on synthetic nuclear waste glasses

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Reiser, Joelle T.; Parruzot, Benjamin; Weber, Marc H.; Ryan, Joseph V.; McCloy, John S.; Wall, Nathalie A.

2017-07-01

In order to safeguard society and the environment, understanding radioactive waste glass alteration mechanisms in interactions with solutions and near-field materials, such as Fe, is essential to nuclear waste repository performance assessments. Alteration products are formed at the surface of glasses after reaction with solution. In this study, glass altered in the presence of Fe0 in aqueous solution formed two alteration layers: one embedded with Fe closer to the surface and one without Fe found deeper in the sample. Both layers were found to be thinner than the alteration layer found in glass altered in aqueous solution only. For the first time, Doppler Broadening Positron Annihilation Spectroscopy (DB-PAS) is used to non-destructively characterize the pore structures of glass altered in the presence of Fe0. Advantages and disadvantages of DB-PAS compared to other techniques used to analyze pore structures for altered glass samples are discussed. Ultimately, DB-PAS has shown to be an excellent choice for pore structure characterization for glasses with multiple alteration layers. Monte Carlo modeling predicted positron trajectories through the layers, and helped explain DB-PAS data, which showed that the deeper alteration layer without Fe had a similar composition and pore structure to layers on glass altered in water only.

The use of positrons to survey alteration layers on synthetic nuclear waste glasses

DOE PAGES

Reiser, Joelle T.; Parruzot, Benjamin; Weber, Marc H.; ...

2017-07-01

Here, in order to safeguard society and the environment, understanding radioactive waste glass alteration mechanisms in interactions with solutions and near-field materials, such as Fe, is essential to nuclear waste repository performance assessments. Alteration products are formed at the surface of glasses after reaction with solution. In this study, glass altered in the presence of Fe 0 in aqueous solution formed two alteration layers: one embedded with Fe closer to the surface and one without Fe found deeper in the sample. Both layers were found to be thinner than the alteration layer found in glass altered in aqueous solution only.more » For the first time, Doppler Broadening Positron Annihilation Spectroscopy (DB-PAS) is used to non-destructively characterize the pore structures of glass altered in the presence of Fe 0. Advantages and disadvantages of DB-PAS compared to other techniques used to analyze pore structures for altered glass samples are discussed. Ultimately, DB-PAS has shown to be an excellent choice for pore structure characterization for glasses with multiple alteration layers. Monte Carlo modeling predicted positron trajectories through the layers, and helped explain DB-PAS data, which showed that the deeper alteration layer without Fe had a similar composition and pore structure to layers on glass altered in water only.« less

The use of positrons to survey alteration layers on synthetic nuclear waste glasses

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Reiser, Joelle T.; Parruzot, Benjamin; Weber, Marc H.

Here, in order to safeguard society and the environment, understanding radioactive waste glass alteration mechanisms in interactions with solutions and near-field materials, such as Fe, is essential to nuclear waste repository performance assessments. Alteration products are formed at the surface of glasses after reaction with solution. In this study, glass altered in the presence of Fe 0 in aqueous solution formed two alteration layers: one embedded with Fe closer to the surface and one without Fe found deeper in the sample. Both layers were found to be thinner than the alteration layer found in glass altered in aqueous solution only.more » For the first time, Doppler Broadening Positron Annihilation Spectroscopy (DB-PAS) is used to non-destructively characterize the pore structures of glass altered in the presence of Fe 0. Advantages and disadvantages of DB-PAS compared to other techniques used to analyze pore structures for altered glass samples are discussed. Ultimately, DB-PAS has shown to be an excellent choice for pore structure characterization for glasses with multiple alteration layers. Monte Carlo modeling predicted positron trajectories through the layers, and helped explain DB-PAS data, which showed that the deeper alteration layer without Fe had a similar composition and pore structure to layers on glass altered in water only.« less

24 CFR 3285.903 - Permits, alterations, and on-site structures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... HOUSING AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT MODEL MANUFACTURED HOME INSTALLATION STANDARDS Optional Information for... from property lines and public roads are met. (b) Alterations. Prior to making any alteration to a home...) Installation of on-site structures. Each accessory building and structure is designed to support all of its own...

Perinatal Risk Factors Altering Regional Brain Structure in the Preterm Infant

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Thompson, Deanne K.; Warfield, Simon K.; Carlin, John B.; Pavlovic, Masa; Wang, Hong X.; Bear, Merilyn; Kean, Michael J.; Doyle, Lex W.; Egan, Gary F.; Inder, Terrie E.

2007-01-01

Neuroanatomical structure appears to be altered in preterm infants, but there has been little insight into the major perinatal risk factors associated with regional cerebral structural alterations. MR images were taken to quantitatively compare regional brain tissue volumes between term and preterm infants and to investigate associations between…

Structural correlates of psychopathological symptom dimensions in schizophrenia: a voxel-based morphometric study.

PubMed

Koutsouleris, Nikolaos; Gaser, Christian; Jäger, Markus; Bottlender, Ronald; Frodl, Thomas; Holzinger, Silvia; Schmitt, Gisela J E; Zetzsche, Thomas; Burgermeister, Bernhard; Scheuerecker, Johanna; Born, Christine; Reiser, Maximilian; Möller, Hans-Jürgen; Meisenzahl, Eva M

2008-02-15

Structural neuroimaging has substantially advanced the neurobiological research of schizophrenia by describing a range of focal brain alterations as possible neuroanatomical underpinnings of the disease. Despite this progress, a considerable heterogeneity of structural findings persists that may reflect the phenomenological diversity of schizophrenia. It is unclear whether the range of possible clinical disease manifestations relates to a core structural brain deficit or to distinct structural correlates. Therefore, gray matter density (GMD) differences between 175 schizophrenic patients (SZ) and 177 matched healthy control subjects (HC) were examined in a three-step approach using cross-sectional and conjunctional voxel-based morphometry (VBM): (1) analysis of structural alterations irrespective of symptomatology; (2) subdivision of the patient sample according to a three-dimensional factor model of the PANSS and investigation of structural differences between these subsamples and healthy controls; (3) analysis of a common pattern of structural alterations present in all patient subsamples compared to healthy controls. Significant GMD reductions in patients compared to controls were identified within the prefrontal, limbic, paralimbic, temporal and thalamic regions. The disorganized symptom dimension was associated with bilateral alterations in temporal, insular and medial prefrontal cortices. Positive symptoms were associated with left-pronounced alterations in perisylvian regions and extended thalamic GMD losses. Negative symptoms were linked to the most extended alterations within orbitofrontal, medial prefrontal, lateral prefrontal and temporal cortices as well as limbic and subcortical structures. Thus, structural heterogeneity in schizophrenia may relate to specific patterns of GMD reductions that possibly share a common prefrontal-perisylvian pattern of structural brain alterations.

Posterior ankle impingement in athletes: Pathogenesis, imaging features and differential diagnoses.

PubMed

Hayashi, Daichi; Roemer, Frank W; D'Hooghe, Pieter; Guermazi, Ali

2015-11-01

Posterior ankle impingement is a clinical diagnosis which can be seen following a traumatic hyper-plantar flexion event and may lead to painful symptoms in athletes such as female dancers ('en pointe'), football players, javelin throwers and gymnasts. Symptoms of posterior ankle impingement are due to failure to accommodate the reduced interval between the posterosuperior aspect of the talus and tibial plafond during plantar flexion, and can be due to osseous or soft tissue lesions. There are multiple causes of posterior ankle impingement. Most commonly, the structural correlates of impingement relate to post-traumatic synovitis and intra-articular fibrous bands-scar tissue, capsular scarring, or bony prominences. The aims of this pictorial review article is to describe different types of posterior ankle impingement due to traumatic and non-traumatic osseous and soft tissue pathology in athletes, to describe diagnostic imaging strategies of these pathologies, and illustrate their imaging features, including relevant differential diagnoses. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

Myxobacteria, Polarity, and Multicellular Morphogenesis

PubMed Central

Kaiser, Dale; Robinson, Mark; Kroos, Lee

2010-01-01

Myxobacteria are renowned for the ability to sporulate within fruiting bodies whose shapes are species-specific. The capacity to build those multicellular structures arises from the ability of M. xanthus to organize high cell-density swarms, in which the cells tend to be aligned with each other while constantly in motion. The intrinsic polarity of rod-shaped cells lays the foundation, and each cell uses two polar engines for gliding on surfaces. It sprouts retractile type IV pili from the leading cell pole and secretes capsular polysaccharide through nozzles from the trailing pole. Regularly periodic reversal of the gliding direction was found to be required for swarming. Those reversals are generated by a G-protein switch which is driven by a sharply tuned oscillator. Starvation induces fruiting body development, and systematic reductions in the reversal frequency are necessary for the cells to aggregate rather than continue to swarm. Developmental gene expression is regulated by a network that is connected to the suppression of reversals. PMID:20610548

Uveitis-Glaucoma-Hyphaema Syndrome. General review.

PubMed

Zemba, Mihail; Camburu, Georgiana

2017-01-01

Uveitis-Glaucoma-Hyphaema Syndrome (UGH syndrome, or "Ellingson" Syndrome) is a rare condition caused by the mechanical trauma of an intraocular lens malpositioned over adjacent structures (iris, ciliary body, iridocorneal angle), leading to a spectrum of iris transillumination defects, microhyphaemas and pigmentary dispersion, concomitant with elevated intraocular pressure (IOP). UGH Syndrome can also be characterized by chronic inflammation, secondary iris neovascularization, cystoid macular edema (CME). The fundamental step in the pathogenesis of UGH syndrome appears to arise from repetitive mechanical iris trauma by a malpositioned or subluxed IOL. These patients have uncomplicated cataract implants and return for episodes of blurry vision weeks to months after surgery. This may be accompanied by pain, photophobia, erythropsia, anterior uveitis, hyphaema along with raised intraocular pressure. A careful history and examination, as well as appropriate investigations can confirm the diagnostic. Treatment options are IOL Explantation exchange, topical and systemic medication, and cyclophotocoagulation, the placement of a Capsular Tension Ring to redistribute zonular tension and Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) Therapy.

Connectivity and functional profiling of abnormal brain structures in pedophilia

PubMed Central

Poeppl, Timm B.; Eickhoff, Simon B.; Fox, Peter T.; Laird, Angela R.; Rupprecht, Rainer; Langguth, Berthold; Bzdok, Danilo

2015-01-01

Despite its 0.5–1% lifetime prevalence in men and its general societal relevance, neuroimaging investigations in pedophilia are scarce. Preliminary findings indicate abnormal brain structure and function. However, no study has yet linked structural alterations in pedophiles to both connectional and functional properties of the aberrant hotspots. The relationship between morphological alterations and brain function in pedophilia as well as their contribution to its psychopathology thus remain unclear. First, we assessed bimodal connectivity of structurally altered candidate regions using meta-analytic connectivity modeling (MACM) and resting-state correlations employing openly accessible data. We compared the ensuing connectivity maps to the activation likelihood estimation (ALE) maps of a recent quantitative meta-analysis of brain activity during processing of sexual stimuli. Second, we functionally characterized the structurally altered regions employing meta-data of a large-scale neuroimaging database. Candidate regions were functionally connected to key areas for processing of sexual stimuli. Moreover, we found that the functional role of structurally altered brain regions in pedophilia relates to nonsexual emotional as well as neurocognitive and executive functions, previously reported to be impaired in pedophiles. Our results suggest that structural brain alterations affect neural networks for sexual processing by way of disrupted functional connectivity, which may entail abnormal sexual arousal patterns. The findings moreover indicate that structural alterations account for common affective and neurocognitive impairments in pedophilia. The present multi-modal integration of brain structure and function analyses links sexual and nonsexual psychopathology in pedophilia. PMID:25733379

Connectivity and functional profiling of abnormal brain structures in pedophilia.

PubMed

Poeppl, Timm B; Eickhoff, Simon B; Fox, Peter T; Laird, Angela R; Rupprecht, Rainer; Langguth, Berthold; Bzdok, Danilo

2015-06-01

Despite its 0.5-1% lifetime prevalence in men and its general societal relevance, neuroimaging investigations in pedophilia are scarce. Preliminary findings indicate abnormal brain structure and function. However, no study has yet linked structural alterations in pedophiles to both connectional and functional properties of the aberrant hotspots. The relationship between morphological alterations and brain function in pedophilia as well as their contribution to its psychopathology thus remain unclear. First, we assessed bimodal connectivity of structurally altered candidate regions using meta-analytic connectivity modeling (MACM) and resting-state correlations employing openly accessible data. We compared the ensuing connectivity maps to the activation likelihood estimation (ALE) maps of a recent quantitative meta-analysis of brain activity during processing of sexual stimuli. Second, we functionally characterized the structurally altered regions employing meta-data of a large-scale neuroimaging database. Candidate regions were functionally connected to key areas for processing of sexual stimuli. Moreover, we found that the functional role of structurally altered brain regions in pedophilia relates to nonsexual emotional as well as neurocognitive and executive functions, previously reported to be impaired in pedophiles. Our results suggest that structural brain alterations affect neural networks for sexual processing by way of disrupted functional connectivity, which may entail abnormal sexual arousal patterns. The findings moreover indicate that structural alterations account for common affective and neurocognitive impairments in pedophilia. The present multimodal integration of brain structure and function analyses links sexual and nonsexual psychopathology in pedophilia. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

A Comparison of Two Approaches to Developing In-Service Teachers' Knowledge and Strategies for Teaching Nature of Science

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Vhurumuku, Elaosi; Chikochi, Andrew

2017-01-01

This paper reports the results of a study that compared two approaches to developing in-service teachers' subject matter knowledge and strategies for teaching nature of science. A treatment post-test only quasi-experimental research design was used. One group of in-service teachers (n = 15) was taught using what is called a capsular approach. In…

Virtual Mentor Cataract Surgery Trainer

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-09-01

absence, assess for notable lenticular astigmatism ** How and when do you decide to use a capsular tension ring? (Expert) Zonular dialysis noted on...TITLE: Virtual Mentor Cataract Surgery Trainer PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Principal Investigator: John I. Loewenstein MD Co-Investigator: Bonnie A...AND SUBTITLE Virtual Mentor Cataract Surgery Trainer 5a. CONTRACT NUMBER 5b. GRANT NUMBER W81XWH-08-1-0531 5c. PROGRAM ELEMENT NUMBER

Development of Vaccines to Prevent Wound Infections Due to Anerobic Bacteria

DTIC Science & Technology

1981-09-01

lot variability of the monosaccharide constituents 4 IV. Safety and toxicity testing of Lot 1 of polysaccharide antigens from B. fragilis strains 9343...the polysaccharide into monosac- charides followed by conversion of these to alditol acetates demonstrates several interesting monosaccharides present...rats with the capsular polysaccharide of B. fragilis iniuces protection to subsequent challenge with this organism. We have prpviously shown that in

USSR Report, Life Sciences, Biomedical and Behavioral Sciences

DTIC Science & Technology

1985-02-13

characterizing the geometry of the main polysaccharide chain were close to 180°, indicating that the C-C and C-0 bonds of adjacent monosaccharide moieties...Containing Copolymers With Streptococcus Pneumoniae Type 3 Capsular Polysaccharide Specificity (A. Ya. Chernyak, et al.; BIOORGANICHESKAYA KHIMIYA, No... Polysaccharides (N.■ F. Yankina, et al.; BIOORGANICHESKAYA KHIMIYA, No 10, Oct 84) .. 26 LASER EFFECTS Effects of Laser irradiation on Inflammation and

Development, fabrication and evaluation of a novel biomimetic human breast tissue derived breast implant surface.

PubMed

Barr, S; Hill, E W; Bayat, A

2017-02-01

Breast implant use has tripled in the last decade with over 320,000 breast implant based reconstructions and augmentations performed in the US per annum. Unfortunately a considerable number of women will experience capsular contracture, the irrepressible and disfiguring, tightening and hardening of the fibrous capsule that envelops the implant. Functionalising implant surfaces with biocompatible tissue-specific textures may improve in vivo performance. A novel biomimetic breast implant is presented here with anti-inflammatory in vitro abilities. Topographical assessment of native breast tissue facilitated the development of a statistical model of adipose tissue. 3D grayscale photolithography and ion etching were combined to successfully replicate a surface modelled upon the statistics of breast tissue. Pro-inflammatory genes ILβ1, TNFα, and IL6 were downregulated (p<0.001) and anti-inflammatory gene IL-10 were upregulated on the novel surface. Pro-inflammatory cytokines Gro-Alpha, TNFα and neutrophil chemoattractant IL8 were produced in lower quantities and anti-inflammatory IL-10 in higher quantities in culture with the novel surface (p<0.01). Immunocytochemistry and SEM demonstrated favourable fibroblast and macrophage responses to these novel surfaces. This study describes the first biomimetic breast tissue derived breast implant surface. Our findings attest to its potential translational ability to reduce the inflammatory phase of the implant driven foreign body reaction. Breast implants are still manufactured using outdated techniques and have changed little since their inception in the 1960's. Breast implants can cause a medical condition, capsular contracture which often results in disfigurement, pain, implant removal and further surgery. This condition is due to the body's reaction to these breast implants. This article describes the successful development and testing of a novel breast implant surface inspired by the native shapes present in breast tissue. Results show that this novel implant surface is capable of reducing the negative reaction of human cells to these surfaces which may help reduce capsular contracture formation. This work represents the first steps in producing a biocompatible breast implant. Copyright © 2016 Acta Materialia Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Presence of B. thailandensis and B. thailandensis expressing B. pseudomallei-like capsular polysaccharide in Thailand, and their associations with serological response to B. pseudomallei.

PubMed

Hantrakun, Viriya; Thaipadungpanit, Janjira; Rongkard, Patpong; Srilohasin, Prapaporn; Amornchai, Premjit; Langla, Sayan; Mukaka, Mavuto; Chantratita, Narisara; Wuthiekanun, Vanaporn; Dance, David A B; Day, Nicholas P J; Peacock, Sharon J; Limmathurotsakul, Direk

2018-01-01

Burkholderia pseudomallei is an environmental Gram-negative bacillus and the cause of melioidosis. B. thailandensis, some strains of which express a B. pseudomallei-like capsular polysaccharide (BTCV), is also commonly found in the environment in Southeast Asia but is considered non-pathogenic. The aim of the study was to determine the distribution of B. thailandensis and its capsular variant in Thailand and investigate whether its presence is associated with a serological response to B. pseudomallei. We evaluated the presence of B. pseudomallei and B. thailandensis in 61 rice fields in Northeast (n = 21), East (n = 19) and Central (n = 21) Thailand. We found BTCV in rice fields in East and Central but not Northeast Thailand. Fourteen fields were culture positive for B. pseudomallei alone, 8 for B. thailandensis alone, 11 for both B. pseudomallei and B. thailandensis, 6 for both B. thailandensis and BTCV, and 5 for B. pseudomallei, B. thailandensis and BTCV. Serological testing using the indirect hemagglutination assay (IHA) of 96 farmers who worked in the study fields demonstrated that farmers who worked in B. pseudomallei-positive fields had higher IHA titers than those who worked in B. pseudomallei-negative fields (median 1:40 [range: <1:10-1:640] vs. <1:10 [range: <1:10-1:320], p = 0.002). In a multivariable ordered logistic regression model, IHA titers were significantly associated with the presence of B. pseudomallei (aOR = 3.7; 95% CI 1.8-7.8, p = 0.001) but were not associated with presence of B. thailandensis (p = 0.32) or BTCV (p = 0.32). One sequence type (696) was identified for the 27 BTCV isolates tested. This is the first report of BTCV in Thailand. The presence of B. pseudomallei and B. thailandensis in the same field was not uncommon. Our findings suggest that IHA positivity of healthy rice farmers in Thailand is associated with the presence of B. pseudomallei in rice fields rather than B. thailandensis or BTCV.

Isolated glenohumeral range of motion, excluding side-to-side difference in humeral retroversion, in asymptomatic high-school baseball players.

PubMed

Mihata, Teruhisa; Takeda, Atsushi; Kawakami, Takeshi; Itami, Yasuo; Watanabe, Chisato; Doi, Munekazu; Neo, Masashi

2016-06-01

Glenohumeral range of motion is correlated with shoulder capsular condition and is thus considered to be predictive of shoulder pathology. However, in throwing athletes, a side-to-side difference in humeral retroversion makes it difficult to evaluate capsular condition on the basis of glenohumeral range of motion measured by using the conventional technique. The purpose of this study was to measure isolated glenohumeral rotation, excluding side-to-side differences in humeral retroversion, in asymptomatic high-school baseball players. A total of 195 high-school baseball players (52 pitchers and 143 position players; median age, 16 years) and 20 high-school non-throwing athletes (median age, 16 years) without any shoulder symptoms were enroled in this study. Glenohumeral external and internal rotations were measured by using both a conventional technique and our ultrasound-assisted technique. This technique, neutral rotation, was standardized on the basis of the ultrasonographically visualized location of the bicipital groove to exclude side-to-side differences in humeral retroversion from the calculated rotation angle. Intra- and inter-observer agreements of rotational measurements were evaluated by using intra-class correlation coefficients (ICCs). Isolated glenohumeral rotation measurements, excluding side-to-side differences in humeral retroversion, demonstrated excellent intra-observer (ICC > 0.89) and inter-observer (ICC > 0.78) agreements. Isolated glenohumeral internal rotation was significantly less in the dominant shoulder than in the non-dominant shoulder in asymptomatic baseball players (P < 0.001). Isolated glenohumeral external rotation in baseball players was significantly greater than in non-throwing athletes (P < 0.05). In the baseball players, humeral torsion in the dominant shoulder was significantly greater than that in the non-dominant shoulder (P < 0.001), indicating that the retroversion angle was greater in dominant shoulders than in non-dominant shoulders. Isolated glenohumeral external and internal rotations can be measured with high intra- and inter-observer reliability with the exclusion of side-to-side differences in humeral retroversion. Capsular and muscular changes in the throwing shoulder may be better evaluated by using our ultrasound-assisted technique. Cross-sectional study, Level III.

Transjugular Renal Biopsy: Our Experience and Technical Considerations

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

See, Teik Choon, E-mail: teikchoon.see@addenbrookes.nhs.u; Thompson, Barbara C.; Howie, Alexander J.

2008-09-15

The purpose of this study was to describe the indications for and technique of transjugular renal biopsy (TJRB) and evaluate the efficacy and complications of this method. We performed a retrospective review of 59 patients who underwent TJRB using the Quick-core needle biopsy system (Cook, Letchworth, UK) over a 4-year period. The indications for obtaining renal biopsy included acute renal failure, chronic renal failure, nephrotic syndrome, and proteinuria with or without other associated disease. Indications for the transjugular approach included coagulopathy, biopsy of a solitary kidney or essentially single functioning kidney, simultaneous renal and hepatic biopsy, morbid obesity, and failedmore » percutaneous biopsy. All but four cases were performed via the right internal jugular vein. The right, left, or both renal veins were cannulated in 41, 14, and 4 cases, respectively. Combined liver and renal biopsies were obtained in seven cases. Diagnostic biopsy specimens were obtained in 56 of 59 patients (95%). The number and size of tissue cores ranged from 1 to 9 mm and from 1 to 20 mm, respectively. The mean numbers of glomeruli per procedure on light microscopy and electron microscopy were 10.3 and 2.6, respectively. Specimens for immunohistology were acquired in 49 cases, of which 40 were adequate. Of the 56 successful TJRB procedures, 34 (61%) were associated with isolated capsular perforation (19), contained subcapsular leak (10), isolated collecting system puncture (1), and concurrent collecting system and capsular perforation (4). There was a significant increase in capsular perforation with six or more needle passes, although no significant correlation was seen between number of needle passes and complication. Six patients had minor complications defined as hematuria or loin pain. Seven patients developed major complications, of whom five received blood transfusion alone. Two required intervention: in one an arteriocalyceal fistula was embolized and the patient was temporarily dialyzed; the remaining patient required ureteric stenting. In conclusion, TJRB provides an adequate yield for diagnosis. Complication rates are relatively high, but patients are also at high risk from the conventional percutaneous approach. Patient selection and optimization are critical to avoid major complications.« less

Cross-reactive antigens and lectin as determinants of symbiotic specificity in the Rhizobium-clover association.

PubMed Central

Dazzo, F B; Hubbell, D H

1975-01-01

Cross-reactive antigens of clover roots and Rhizobium trifolii were detected on their cell surfaces by tube agglutination, immunofluorescent, and radioimmunoassay techniques. Anti-clover root antiserum had a higher agglutinating titer with infective strains of R. trifolii than with noninfective strains. The root antiserum previously adsorbed with noninfective R. trifolii cells remained reactive only with infective cells, including infective revertants. When adsorbed with infective cells, the root antiserum was reactive with neither infective nor noninfective cells. Other Rhizobium species incapable of infecting clover did not demonstrate surface antigens cross-reactive with clover. Radioimmunoassay indicated twice as much antigenic cross-reactivity of clover roots and R. trifolii 403 (infective) than R. trifolii Bart A (noninfective). Immunofluorescence with anti-R. trifolii (infective) antiserum was detected on the exposed surface of the root epidermal cells and diminished at the root meristem. The immunofluorescent crossreaction on clover roots was totally removed by adsorption of anti-R. trifolii (infective) antiserum with encapsulated infective cells but not with noninfective cells. The cross-reactive capsular antigens from R. trifolii strains were extracted and purified. The ability of these antigens to induce clover root hair deformation was much greater when they were obtained from the infective than noninfective strains. The cross-reactive capsular antigen of R. trifolii 403 was characterized as a high-molecular-weight (greater than 4.6 times 10(6) daltons), beta-linked, acidic heteropolysaccharide containing 2-deoxyglucose, galactose, glucose, and glucuronic acid. A soluble, nondialyzable, substance (clover lectin) capable of binding to the cross-reactive antigen and agglutinating only infective cells of R. trifolii was extracted from white clover seeds. This lectin was sensitive to heat, Pronase, and trypsin. inhibition studies indicated that 2-deoxyglucose was the most probable haptenic determinant of the cross-reactive capsular antigen capable of binding to the root antiserum and the clover lectin. A model is proposed suggesting the preferential adsorption of infective versus noninfective cells of R. trifolii on the surface of clover roots by a cross-bridging of their common surface antigens with a multivalent clover lectin. Images PMID:55100

Phenotypic and Genotypic Characterization of Klebsiella pneumoniae Isolated From Retail Foods in China.

PubMed

Zhang, Shuhong; Yang, Guangzhu; Ye, Qinghua; Wu, Qingping; Zhang, Jumei; Huang, Yuanbin

2018-01-01

Klebsiella pneumoniae is not only a major hospital-acquired pathogen but also an important food-borne pathogen that can cause septicaemia, liver abscesses, and diarrhea in humans. The phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of K. pneumoniae in retail foods have not been thoroughly investigated in China. The objective of this study was to characterize K. pneumoniae isolates through biotyping, serotyping, determination of virulence factors, antibiotic resistance testing, enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus-polymerase chain reaction (ERIC-PCR), and (GTG) 5 -PCR molecular typing. From May 2013 to April 2014, a total of 61 K. pneumoniae isolates were collected from retail foods in China. Using API 20E test strips, five different biotype profiles were identified among these isolates. The majority of isolates belonged to biochemical profile "5215773" (50 isolates, 80.6%). The capsular serotypes of the 61 K. pneumoniae isolates and one reference strain were determined by PCR. Of the seven capsular serotypes tested, four different capsular serotypes were identified. Serotypes K1, K20, K57, and K2 were detected in two, three, two, and one isolates, respectively. Serotypes K3, K5, and K54 were not detected. The presence of 11 virulence genes was assessed by PCR. The most common virulence genes were fimH (85.5%), ureA (79.0%), wabG (77.4%), uge (56.5%), and kfuBC (29.0%). ERIC-PCR and (GTG) 5 -PCR molecular typing indicated high genetic diversity among K. pneumoniae isolates. We identified 60 different ERIC patterns and 56 distinct (GTG) 5 patterns. Genotypic results indicated that isolates carrying similar virulence factors were generally genetically related. Some isolates from the same geographic area have a closer relationship. The isolates showed high levels of resistance to ampicillin (51/62, 82.2%). Resistance to streptomycin (11/62, 17.7%) and piperacillin (10/62, 16.1%) was also common. The presence of virulent and antibiotic-resistant K. pneumoniae in foods poses a potential health hazard for consumers. Our findings highlight the importance of surveillance of K. pneumoniae in foods.

Phenotypic and Genotypic Characterization of Klebsiella pneumoniae Isolated From Retail Foods in China

PubMed Central

Zhang, Shuhong; Yang, Guangzhu; Ye, Qinghua; Wu, Qingping; Zhang, Jumei; Huang, Yuanbin

2018-01-01

Klebsiella pneumoniae is not only a major hospital-acquired pathogen but also an important food-borne pathogen that can cause septicaemia, liver abscesses, and diarrhea in humans. The phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of K. pneumoniae in retail foods have not been thoroughly investigated in China. The objective of this study was to characterize K. pneumoniae isolates through biotyping, serotyping, determination of virulence factors, antibiotic resistance testing, enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus-polymerase chain reaction (ERIC-PCR), and (GTG)5-PCR molecular typing. From May 2013 to April 2014, a total of 61 K. pneumoniae isolates were collected from retail foods in China. Using API 20E test strips, five different biotype profiles were identified among these isolates. The majority of isolates belonged to biochemical profile “5215773” (50 isolates, 80.6%). The capsular serotypes of the 61 K. pneumoniae isolates and one reference strain were determined by PCR. Of the seven capsular serotypes tested, four different capsular serotypes were identified. Serotypes K1, K20, K57, and K2 were detected in two, three, two, and one isolates, respectively. Serotypes K3, K5, and K54 were not detected. The presence of 11 virulence genes was assessed by PCR. The most common virulence genes were fimH (85.5%), ureA (79.0%), wabG (77.4%), uge (56.5%), and kfuBC (29.0%). ERIC-PCR and (GTG)5-PCR molecular typing indicated high genetic diversity among K. pneumoniae isolates. We identified 60 different ERIC patterns and 56 distinct (GTG)5 patterns. Genotypic results indicated that isolates carrying similar virulence factors were generally genetically related. Some isolates from the same geographic area have a closer relationship. The isolates showed high levels of resistance to ampicillin (51/62, 82.2%). Resistance to streptomycin (11/62, 17.7%) and piperacillin (10/62, 16.1%) was also common. The presence of virulent and antibiotic-resistant K. pneumoniae in foods poses a potential health hazard for consumers. Our findings highlight the importance of surveillance of K. pneumoniae in foods. PMID:29545778

Rapid and Easy Identification of Capsular Serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae by Use of Fragment Analysis by Automated Fluorescence-Based Capillary Electrophoresis

PubMed Central

Selva, Laura; del Amo, Eva; Brotons, Pedro

2012-01-01

The purpose of this study was to develop a high-throughput method for the identification of pneumococcal capsular types. Multiplex PCR combined with fragment analysis and automated fluorescent capillary electrophoresis (FAF-mPCR) was utilized. FAF-mPCR was composed of only 3 PCRs for the specific detection of serotypes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6A/6B, 6C, 7F/7A, 7C/(7B/40), 8, 9V/9A, 9N/9L, 10A, 10F/(10C/33C), 11A/11D/11F, 12F/(12A/44/46), 13, 14, 15A/15F, 15B/15C, 16F, 17F, 18/(18A/18B/18C/18F), 19A, 19F, 20, 21, 22F/22A, 23A, 23B, 23F, 24/(24A/24B/24F), 31, 33F/(33A/37), 34, 35A/(35C/42), 35B, 35F/47F, 38/25F, and 39. In order to evaluate the assay, all invasive pneumococcal isolates (n = 394) characterized at Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain, from July 2010 to July 2011 were included in this study. The Wallace coefficient was used to evaluate the overall agreement between two typing methods (Quellung reaction versus FAF-mPCR). A high concordance with Quellung was found: 97.2% (383/394) of samples. The Wallace coefficient was 0.981 (range, 0.965 to 0.997). Only 11 results were discordant with the Quellung reaction. However, latex reaction and Quellung results of the second reference laboratory agreed with FAF-mPCR for 9 of these 11 strains (82%). Therefore, we considered that only 2 of 394 strains (0.5%) were not properly characterized by the new assay. The automation of the process allowed the typing of 30 isolates in a few hours with a lower cost than that of the Quellung reaction. These results indicate that FAF-mPCR is a good method to determine the capsular serotype of Streptococcus pneumoniae. PMID:22875895

The capsule of the fungal pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans

PubMed Central

Zaragoza, Oscar; Rodrigues, Marcio L.; De Jesus, Magdia; Frases, Susana; Dadachova, Ekaterina; Casadevall, Arturo

2009-01-01

The capsule of the fungal pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans has been studied extensively in recent decades, and a large body of information is now available to the scientific community. Well-known aspects of the capsule include its structure, antigenic properties and its function as a virulence factor. The capsule is composed primarily of two polysaccharides, glucuronoxylomannan (GXM) and galactoxylomannan (GalXM), in addition to a smaller proportion of mannoproteins (MP). Most of the studies on the composition of the capsule have focused on GXM, which comprises more than 90% of the capsule's polysaccharide mass. It is GalXM, however, that is of particular scientific interest because of its immunological properties. The molecular structure of these polysaccharides is very complex and has not yet been fully elucidated. Both GXM and GalXM are high molecular mass polymers with the mass of GXM equaling roughly 10 times that of GalXM. Recent findings suggest, however, that the actual Mw might be different to what it has traditionally been thought to be. In addition to their structural roles in the polysaccharide capsule, these molecules have been associated with many deleterious effects on the immune response. Capsular components are therefore considered key virulence determinants in Cryptococcus neoformans, which has motivated their use in vaccines and made them targets for monoclonal antibody treatments. In this review we will provide an update on the current knowledge of the C. neoformans capsule, covering aspects related to its structure, synthesis, and particularly, its role as a virulence factor. PMID:19426855

Self-assembly of hybrid organic-inorganic polyoxovanadates: functionalised mixed-valent clusters and molecular cages.

PubMed

Breen, John M; Clérac, Rodolphe; Zhang, Lei; Cloonan, Suzanne M; Kennedy, Elaine; Feeney, Martin; McCabe, Thomas; Williams, D Clive; Schmitt, Wolfgang

2012-03-14

Herein we report the intra- and inter-molecular assembly of a {V(5)O(9)} subunit. This mixed-valent structural motif can be stabilised as [V(5)O(9)(L(1-3))(4)](5-/9-) (1-3) by a range of organoarsonate ligands (L(1)-L(3)) whose secondary functionalities influence its packing arrangement within the crystal structures. Variation of the reaction conditions results in the dodecanuclear cage structure [V(12)O(14)(OH)(4)(L(1))(10)](4-) (4) where two modified convex building units are linked via two dimeric {O(4)V(IV)(OH)(2)V(IV)O(4)} moieties. Bi-functional phosphonate ligands, L(4)-L(6) allow the intramolecular connectivity of the {V(5)O(9)} subunit to give hybrid capsules [V(10)O(18)(L(4-6))(4)](10-) (5-7). The dimensions of the electrophilic cavities of the capsular entities are determined by the incorporated ligand type. Mass spectrometry experiments confirm the stability of the complexes in solution. We investigate and model the temperature-dependent magnetic properties of representative complexes 1, 4, 6 and 7 and provide preliminary cell-viability studies of three different cancer cell lines with respect to Na(8)H(2)[6]·36H(2)O and Na(8)H(2)[7]·2DMF·29H(2)O.

The extracellular matrix of rat pacinian corpuscles: an analysis of its fine structure.

PubMed

Dubový, P; Bednárová, J

1999-12-01

The Pacinian corpuscle consists of a sensory axon terminal that is enveloped by two different structures, the inner core and the capsule. Since proteoglycans are extremely water soluble and are extracted by conventional methods for electron microscopy, the current picture of the structural composition of the extracellular matrix in the inner core and the capsule of the Pacinian corpuscle is incomplete. To study the structural composition of the extracellular matrix of the Pacinian corpuscles, cationic dyes (ruthenium red, alcian blue, acridine orange) and tannic acid were applied simultaneously with the aldehyde fixation. The interosseal Pacinian corpuscles of the rat were fixed either in 2% formaldehyde and 1.5% glutaraldehyde, with the addition of one of these cationic dyes or, in Zamboni's fixative, with tannic acid added. The cationic dyes and tannic acid revealed a different structural pattern of proteoglycans in the extracellular matrix in the inner core and in the capsule of the rat Pacinian corpuscles. The inner core surrounding the sensory axon terminal is a compartment containing proteoglycans that were distributed not only in the extracellular matrix but also in the cytoplasm of the lamellae. In addition, this excitable domain was separated from the capsular fluid by a thick layer of proteoglycans on its surface. An enlarged interlamellar space of the capsule contained large amounts of proteoglycans that were removed by digestion with chondroitinase-ABC. Ruthenium red and alcian blue provided only electron dense granules, probably corresponding to collapsed monomeric proteoglycan molecules. Acridine orange and tannic acid preserved proteoglycans very well and made it possible to visualize them as "bottlebrush" structures in the electron microscope. These results show that the inner core and the capsule of rat Pacinian corpuscles have different structural patterns of proteoglycans, which are probably involved in different functions.

Neuroprotective effect of grape seed extract against cadmium toxicity in male albino rats

PubMed Central

El-Tarras, Adel El-Sayed; Attia, Hossam Fouad; Soliman, Mohammed Mohamed; El Awady, Mohammed Abdelhamid; Amin, Adnan Abelghani

2016-01-01

Cadmium toxicity can disturb brain chemistry leading to depression, anxiety, and weakened immunity. Cadmium disturbs the neurotransmitter dopamine, resulting in low energy, lack of motivation, and depression, which are predisposing factors for violence. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the ameliorative effect of grape seed extract (GSE) on the brain of 40 male albino rats after exposure to cadmium chloride (Cd) toxicity. The rats were separated into either the control group, the Cd group, the GSE group, or the GSE and Cd mixture (treated) group. The cerebrum showed evidence of degeneration of some nerve fibers and cells. Fibrosis, vacuolations, and congestion in the blood vessels were demonstrated. Satelletosis was located in the capsular cells. Immunohistochemical expression of Bax was strongly positive in the Cd group and decreased in the treated group. These histopathological changes were decreased in the brain tissue of the treated group, but a few blood vessels still had evidence of congestion. Cadmium administration increased the level of MDA and decreased MAO-A, acetylcholinesterase, and glutathione reductase (GR), while the treatment with GSE affected the alterations in these parameters. In addition, cadmium downregulated the mRNA expression levels of GST and GPx, while GSE treatment normalized the transcript levels. The expression of both dopamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine transporter was downregulated in the rats administered cadmium and the addition of GSE normalized the expression of these aggression associated genes. PMID:27271977

Patterning of novel breast implant surfaces by enhancing silicone biocompatibility, using biomimetic topographies.

PubMed

Barr, S; Hill, E; Bayat, A

2010-04-26

Silicone biocompatibility is dictated by cell-surface interaction and its understanding is important in the field of implantation. The role of surface topography and its associated cellular morphology needs investigation to identify qualities that enhance silicone surface biocompatability. This study aims to create well-defined silicone topographies and examine how breast tissue-derived fibroblasts react and align to these surfaces. Photolithographic microelectronic techniques were modified to produce naturally inspired topographies in silicone, which were cultured with breast tissue-derived human fibroblasts. Using light, immunofluorescent and atomic force microscopy, the cytoskeletal reaction of fibroblasts to these silicone surfaces was investigated. Numerous, well-defined micron-sized pillars, pores, grooves, and ridges were manufactured and characterized in medical grade silicone. Inimitable immunofluorescent microscopy represented in our high magnification images of vinculin, vimentin, and the actin cytoskeleton highlights the differences in fibroblast adhesion between fabricated silicone surfaces. These unique figures illustrate that fibroblast adhesion and the reactions these cells have to silicone can be manipulated to enhance biointegration between the implant and the breast tissue. An alteration of fibroblast phenotype was also observed, exhibiting the propensity of these surfaces to induce categorical remodeling of fibroblasts. This unique study shows that fibroblast reactions to silicone topographies can be tailored to induce physiological changes in cells. This paves the way for further research necessary to develop more biocompatible constructs capable of eliminating capsular contracture by subverting the foreign body response.

Clinical and histopathological factors affecting failed sentinel node localization in axillary staging for breast cancer.

PubMed

Dordea, Matei; Colvin, Hugh; Cox, Phil; Pujol Nicolas, Andrea; Kanakala, Venkat; Iwuchukwu, Obi

2013-04-01

Sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) has become the standard of care in axillary staging of clinically node-negative breast cancer patients. To analyze reasons for failure of SLN localization by means of a multivariate analysis of clinical and histopathological factors. We performed a review of 164 consecutive breast cancer patients who underwent SLNB. A superficial injection technique was used. 9/164 patients failed to show nodes. In 7/9 patients no evidence of radioactivity or blue dye was observed. Age and nodal status were the only statistically significant factors (p < 0.05). For every unit increase in age there was a 9% reduced chance of failed SLN localization. Patients with negative nodal status have 90% reduced risk of failed sentinel node localization than patients with macro or extra capsular nodal invasion. The results suggest that altered lymphatic dynamics secondary to tumour burden may play a role in failed sentinel node localization. We showed that in all failed localizations the radiocolloid persisted around the injection site, showing limited local diffusion only. While clinical and histopathological data may provide some clues as to why sentinel node localization fails, we further hypothesize that integrity of peri-areolar lymphatics is important for successful localization. Copyright © 2012 Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh (Scottish charity number SC005317) and Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Neuroanatomical distribution of mechanoreceptors in the human cadaveric shoulder capsule and labrum

PubMed Central

Witherspoon, Jessica W; Smirnova, Irina V; McIff, Terence E

2014-01-01

The distribution, location, and spatial arrangement of mechanoreceptors are important for neural signal conciseness and accuracy in proprioceptive information required to maintain functional joint stability. The glenohumeral joint capsule and labrum are mechanoreceptor-containing tissues for which the distribution of mechanoreceptors has not been determined despite the importance of these tissues in stabilizing the shoulder. More recently, it has been shown that damage to articular mechanoreceptors can result in proprioceptive deficits that may lead to recurrent instability. Awareness of mechanoreceptor distribution in the glenohumeral joint capsule and labrum may allow preservation of the mechanoreceptors during surgical treatment for shoulder instability, and in turn retain the joint's proprioceptive integrity. For this reason, we sought to develop a neuroanatomical map of the mechanoreceptors within the capsule and labrum. We postulated that the mechanoreceptors in these tissues are distributed in a unique pattern, with mechanoreceptor-scarce regions that may be more appropriate for surgical dissection. We determined the neuroanatomical distribution of mechanoreceptors and their associated fascicles in the capsule and labrum from eight human cadaver shoulder pairs using our improved gold chloride staining technique and light microscopy. A distribution pattern was consistently observed in the capsule and labrum from which we derived a neuroanatomical map. Both tissues demonstrated mechanoreceptor-dense and -scarce regions that may be considered during surgical treatment for instability. Capsular fascicles were located in the subsynovial layer, whereas labral fascicles were concentrated in the peri-core zone. The capsular fascicles presented as a lattice network and with a plexiform appearance. Fascicles within the labrum resembled a cable structure with the fascicles running in parallel. Our findings contribute to the neuroanatomical knowledge of the two glenohumeral joint stabilizers, namely, capsule and labrum, primarily involved in the onset of shoulder instability and recurrent instability. Neuroanatomical knowledge of articular mechanoreceptors is important for (i) developing a topographical map that reflects correspondence between the joint and surrounding musculature, (ii) understanding proprioceptive deficits that are only partially restored post surgical and post rehabilitative treatment, and (iii) gaining further knowledge about articular mechanoreceptors. PMID:25040358

Prostate Specific or Enriched Genes as Composite Biomarkers for Prostate Cancer

DTIC Science & Technology

2008-02-01

isotope dilution by comparing to the 13C- or 15N-labeled reference peptides. The MRM method is best practiced utilizing a triple quadrupole mass...specific, androgen- regulated gene. Here, we evaluate its utility as a prostate cancer tissue marker for diagnosis and prognostic evaluation. Experimental...prevalence of adverse prognostic factors such as capsular penetration, seminal vesicle invasion, and positive surgical margins is rather high compared with

Discrimination of Major Capsular Types of Campylobacter jejuni by Multiplex PCR

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-05-01

strains of known Pcnnt:r type No. ,,f s1r.1ins with !he following result: %" 11 rimcr set Tl•tat TrUt: pu~illVC: Fat ~~ pus it iw F:.tsc u~gativc Trm...D., B. Kuzniar. B. Shames . L. :\\, Kurjunczyk, and .J, L. Penner. 1992. Variation of the 0 antigen of Campyh•hacter jejuni in viv’’· J. Med

Genomic Diversity of Burkholderia pseudomallei Clinical Isolates: Subtractive Hybridization Reveals a Burkholderia mallei-Specific Propage in B. pseudomallei 1026b

DTIC Science & Technology

2004-06-01

identification of several new virulence gene candidates. In particular, K96243 harbors multiple genomic islands with relatively low GC contents, suggesting...coli, Streptococcus pyogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, S. enterica, and Xylella fastidiosa (11, 16, 17). The genomic sequencing results for multiple... virulence genes by subtractive hybridization: identifica- tion of capsular polysaccharide of Burkholderia pseudomallei as a major virulence determinant

Purification of preparative quantities of group B Streptococcus type III oligosaccharides.

PubMed

Paoletti, L C; Johnson, K D

1995-06-30

Many bacterial capsular polysaccharides are regularly repeating units of oligosaccharides. Bacterial oligosaccharides have been used in neoglycoconjugate vaccines and as reagents in the study of specific antibody binding. Unfortunately, separation methods have not been adequate for the purification of preparative quantities of bacterial oligosaccharides. Here we describe a size-exclusion procedure that resulted in the resolution of group B Streptococcus type III oligosaccharides composed of 4-25 sugars.

EDTA Inhibits Biofilm Formation, Extracellular Vesicular Secretion, and Shedding of the Capsular Polysaccharide Glucuronoxylomannan by Cryptococcus neoformans

PubMed Central

Robertson, Emma J.; Wolf, Julie M.

2012-01-01

The fungal pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans can grow as a biofilm on a range of synthetic and prosthetic materials. Cryptococcal biofilm formation can complicate the placement of shunts used to relieve increased intracranial pressure in cryptococcal meningitis and can serve as a nidus for chronic infection. Biofilms are generally advantageous to pathogens in vivo, as they can confer resistance to antimicrobial compounds, including fluconazole and voriconazole in the case of C. neoformans. EDTA can inhibit biofilm formation by several microbes and enhances the susceptibility of biofilms to antifungal drugs. In this study, we evaluated the effect of sublethal concentrations of EDTA on the growth of cryptococcal biofilms. EDTA inhibited biofilm growth by C. neoformans, and the inhibition could be reversed by the addition of magnesium or calcium, implying that the inhibitory effect was by divalent cation starvation. EDTA also reduced the amount of the capsular polysaccharide glucuronoxylomannan shed into the biofilm matrix and decreased vesicular secretion from the cell, thus providing a potential mechanism for the inhibitory effect of this cation-chelating compound. Our data imply that the growth of C. neoformans biofilms requires the presence of divalent metals in the growth medium and suggest that cations are required for the export of materials needed for biofilm formation, possibly including extracellular vesicles. PMID:22941091

Experiences with sheep as an animal model for shoulder surgery: strengths and shortcomings.

PubMed

Turner, A Simon

2007-01-01

Sheep (and goats) are a convenient large-animal model for rotator cuff repair because of availability, ease of handling and housing, animal cost, and acceptance to society as a research animal. Tenotomy of the infraspinatus tendon and subsequent reattachment to the proximal humerus is useful to address the biomechanical, histologic, and biochemical processes of rotator cuff repair. Detaching this tendon and immediately reattaching it does not represent the clinical picture but serves as a relatively rapid way to screen different suture anchors, suture patterns, scaffolds, growth factors, and other biologics or a combination of these treatments to enhance the healing process. To minimize spontaneous reattachment and reproduce a chronic rotator cuff injury, the end of the tendon can be covered and then reattached 4 weeks later if bone-to-tendon healing is to be evaluated. This chronic model is useful to understand the biology (degree of muscle atrophy and fatty infiltration) of rotator cuff muscles as well as innovative methods of repair. Close-stall confinement is required during the convalescence in acute and chronic studies. Ultrasound in the awake animal can be used to monitor gap formation and tissue organization. Sheep have also been used to determine whether capsular healing after plication is equivalent to open capsular shift.

Hip Arthroscopy Update

PubMed Central

Buly, Robert L.

2005-01-01

The management of hip injuries in the athlete has evolved significantly in the past few years with theadvancement of arthroscopic techniques. The application of minimally invasive surgical techniques has facilitated relatively rapid returns to sporting activity in recreational and elite athletes alike. Recent advancements in both hip arthroscopy and magnetic resonance imaging have elucidated several sources of intraarticular pathology that result in chronic and disabling hip symptoms. Many of these conditions were previously unrecognized and thus, left untreated. Current indications for hip arthroscopy include management of labral tears, osteoplasty for femoroacetabular impingement, thermal capsulorrhaphy and capsular plication for subtle rotational instability and capsular laxity, lateral impact injury and chondral lesions, osteochondritis dissecans, ligamentum teres injuries, internal and external snapping hip, removal of loose bodies, synovial biopsy, subtotal synovectomy, synovial chondromatosis, infection, and certain cases of mild to moderate osteoarthritis with associated mechanical symptoms. In addition, patients with long-standing, unresolved hip joint pain and positive physical findings may benefit from arthroscopic evaluation. Patients with reproducible symptoms and physical findings that reveal limited functioning, and who have failed an adequate trial of conservative treatment will have the greatest likelihood of success after surgical intervention. Strict attention to thorough diagnostic examination, detailed imaging, and adherence to safe and reproducible surgical techniques, as described in this review, are essential for the success of this procedure. PMID:18751808