Molecular profiling of the developing avian telencephalon: regional timing and brain subdivision continuities.

PubMed

Chen, Chun-Chun; Winkler, Candace M; Pfenning, Andreas R; Jarvis, Erich D

2013-11-01

In our companion study (Jarvis et al. [2013] J Comp Neurol. doi: 10.1002/cne.23404) we used quantitative brain molecular profiling to discover that distinct subdivisions in the avian pallium above and below the ventricle and the associated mesopallium lamina have similar molecular profiles, leading to a hypothesis that they may form as continuous subdivisions around the lateral ventricle. To explore this hypothesis, here we profiled the expression of 16 genes at eight developmental stages. The genes included those that define brain subdivisions in the adult and some that are also involved in brain development. We found that phyletic hierarchical cluster and linear regression network analyses of gene expression profiles implicated single and mixed ancestry of these brain regions at early embryonic stages. Most gene expression-defined pallial subdivisions began as one ventral or dorsal domain that later formed specific folds around the lateral ventricle. Subsequently a clear ventricle boundary formed, partitioning them into dorsal and ventral pallial subdivisions surrounding the mesopallium lamina. These subdivisions each included two parts of the mesopallium, the nidopallium and hyperpallium, and the arcopallium and hippocampus, respectively. Each subdivision expression profile had a different temporal order of appearance, similar in timing to the order of analogous cell types of the mammalian cortex. Furthermore, like the mammalian pallium, expression in the ventral pallial subdivisions became distinct during prehatch development, whereas the dorsal portions did so during posthatch development. These findings support the continuum hypothesis of avian brain subdivision development around the ventricle and influence hypotheses on homologies of the avian pallium with other vertebrates. Copyright © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

41 CFR 102-75.375 - What happens once a State, or political subdivision, certifies that it needs a surplus power...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... State, or political subdivision, certifies that it needs a surplus power transmission line and the right... political subdivision, certifies that it needs a surplus power transmission line and the right-of-way... right-of-way, the disposal agency may sell the property to the state, or political subdivision thereof...

30 CFR 219.416 - How will the qualified OCS revenues be allocated to coastal political subdivisions within the...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... each coastal political subdivision's population bears to the population of all coastal political... political subdivision's miles of coastline bears to the number of miles of coastline of all coastal...

30 CFR 519.416 - How will the qualified OCS revenues be allocated to coastal political subdivisions within the...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... each coastal political subdivision's population bears to the population of all coastal political... political subdivision's miles of coastline bears to the number of miles of coastline of all coastal...

30 CFR 519.416 - How will the qualified OCS revenues be allocated to coastal political subdivisions within the...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... each coastal political subdivision's population bears to the population of all coastal political... political subdivision's miles of coastline bears to the number of miles of coastline of all coastal...

30 CFR 519.416 - How will the qualified OCS revenues be allocated to coastal political subdivisions within the...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... each coastal political subdivision's population bears to the population of all coastal political... political subdivision's miles of coastline bears to the number of miles of coastline of all coastal...

Subdivision of Texas watersheds for hydrologic modeling.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2009-06-01

The purpose of this report is to present a set of findings and examples for subdivision of watersheds for hydrologic modeling. Three approaches were used to examine the impact of watershed subdivision on modeled hydrologic response: (1) An equal-area...

Key Technical Aspects Influencing the Accuracy of Tablet Subdivision.

PubMed

Teixeira, Maíra T; Sá-Barreto, Lívia C L; Gratieri, Taís; Gelfuso, Guilherme M; Silva, Izabel C R; Cunha-Filho, Marcílio S S

2017-05-01

Tablet subdivision is a common practice used mainly for dose adjustment. The aim of this study was to investigate how the technical aspects of production as well as the method of tablets subdivision (employing a tablet splitter or a kitchen knife) influence the accuracy of this practice. Five drugs commonly used as subdivided tablets were selected. For each drug, the innovator drug product, a scored-generic and a non-scored generic were investigated totalizing fifteen drug products. Mechanical and physical tests, including image analysis, were performed. Additionally, comparisons were made between tablet subdivision method, score, shape, diluent composition and coating. Image analysis based on surface area was a useful tool as an alternative assay to evaluate the accuracy of tablet subdivision. The tablet splitter demonstrates an advantage relative to a knife as it showed better results in weight loss and friability tests. Oblong, coated and scored tablets had better results after subdivision than round, uncoated and non-scored tablets. The presence of elastic diluents such as starch and dibasic phosphate dehydrate conferred a more appropriate behaviour for the subdivision process than plastic materials such as microcrystalline cellulose and lactose. Finally, differences were observed between generics and their innovator products in all selected drugs with regard the quality control assays in divided tablet, which highlights the necessity of health regulations to consider subdivision performance at least in marketing authorization of generic products.

Functional condition of masseters muscles of patients with class ?? subdivision.

PubMed

Kuroyedova, Vera D; Makarova, Alexandra N; Chicor, Tatyana A

Main functional characteristics of masticator muscles in patients with class ?? malocclusions is activity dominance of m. temporalis in comparison with m. ?asseter. We have not found datum about functional status of the masticators in patients with class II subdivision. The purpose of our study was to investigate the functional characteristics of m. ?asseter, m. temporalis in adult patients with class II subdivision malocclusion. There have been carried out the surface electromyographic study of m. masseter, m. temporalis in 17 adult patients with class II subdivision. It was realized quantitative analysis of 271 electromyogram, it was determined the average bioelectric activity, index activity, symmetry and torsion index. It was observed predominance of the bioelectrical activity of m. temporales on m. masseter for all persons with class II subdivision. Bioelectrical activity for m. masseter was bigger on side of distal ratio and for m. temporales on side of neutral ratio. In class ?? subdivision right, the mandible was deviated to the left side and in class ?? subdivision left is deviated to the right side. Thus, rotational moment generated during compression of the jaws, causes deviation of the lower jaw to the side, with a neutral molar ratio. During voluntary chewing bioelectrical activity of m. masseter and m. temporalis was higher in the right side. In accordance with the functional condition of the masticatory muscles of class II subdivision is characterized with functional features of distal occlusion.

Architectonic subdivisions of the amygdalar complex of a primitive marsupial (Didelphis aurita).

PubMed

Rocha-Rego, V; Canteras, N S; Anomal, R F; Volchan, E; Franca, J G

2008-05-15

The architecture of the amygdaloid complex of a marsupial, the opossum Didelphis aurita, was analyzed using classical stains like Nissl staining and myelin (Gallyas) staining, and enzyme histochemistry for acetylcholinesterase and NADPH-diaphorase. Most of the subdivisions of the amygdaloid complex described in eutherian mammals were identified in the opossum brain. NADPH-diaphorase revealed reactivity in the neuropil of nearly all amygdaloid subdivisions with different intensities, allowing the identification of the medial and lateral subdivisions of the cortical posterior nucleus and the lateral subdivision of the lateral nucleus. The lateral, central, basolateral and basomedial nuclei exhibited acetylcholinesterase positivity, which provided a useful chemoarchitectural criterion for the identification of the anterior basolateral nucleus. Myelin stain allowed the identification of the medial subdivision of the lateral nucleus, and resulted in intense staining of the medial subdivisions of the central nucleus. The medial, posterior, and cortical nuclei, as well as the amygdalopiriform area did not exhibit positivity for myelin staining. On the basis of cyto- and chemoarchitectural criteria, the present study highlights that the opossum amygdaloid complex shares similarities with that of other species, thus supporting the idea that the organization of the amygdala is part of a basic plan conserved through mammalian evolution.

Research of subdivision driving technology for brushless DC motors in optical fiber positioning

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kan, Yi; Gu, Yonggang; Zhu, Ye; Zhai, Chao

2016-07-01

In fiber spectroscopic telescopes, optical fiber positioning units are used to position thousands of fibers on the focal plane quickly and precisely. Stepper motors are used in existing units, however, it has some inherent deficiencies, such as serious heating and low efficiency. In this work, the universally adopted subdivision driving technology for stepper motors is transplanted to brushless DC motors. It keeps the advantages of stepper motors such as high positioning accuracy and resolution, while overcomes the disadvantages mentioned above. Thus, this research mainly focuses on develop a novel subdivision driving technology for brushless DC motor. By the proving of experiments of online debug and subdivision speed and position, the proposed brushless DC motor subdivision technology can achieve the expected functions.

75 FR 49414 - Cooperative Agreements and Superfund State Contracts for Superfund Response Actions

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-08-13

... revisions affect States, Indian Tribes, intertribal consortia, and political subdivisions. The revisions... political subdivision participation in CERCLA implementation: Cooperative Agreements and Superfund State... funds to a State, political subdivision, or Indian Tribe that assumes responsibility as the lead or...

12 CFR 1010.215 - Subdivision characteristics and climate.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 12 Banks and Banking 8 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Subdivision characteristics and climate. 1010.215 Section 1010.215 Banks and Banking BUREAU OF CONSUMER FINANCIAL PROTECTION LAND REGISTRATION (REGULATION J) Reporting Requirements § 1010.215 Subdivision characteristics and climate. (a) Submit two...

12 CFR 1010.215 - Subdivision characteristics and climate.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 12 Banks and Banking 8 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Subdivision characteristics and climate. 1010.215 Section 1010.215 Banks and Banking BUREAU OF CONSUMER FINANCIAL PROTECTION LAND REGISTRATION (REGULATION J) Reporting Requirements § 1010.215 Subdivision characteristics and climate. (a) Submit two...

12 CFR 1010.215 - Subdivision characteristics and climate.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 12 Banks and Banking 8 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Subdivision characteristics and climate. 1010.215 Section 1010.215 Banks and Banking BUREAU OF CONSUMER FINANCIAL PROTECTION LAND REGISTRATION (REGULATION J) Reporting Requirements § 1010.215 Subdivision characteristics and climate. (a) Submit two...

20 CFR 404.1219 - Dissolution of political subdivision.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... 20 Employees' Benefits 2 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Dissolution of political subdivision. 404... Agreements Is Obtained and Continues § 404.1219 Dissolution of political subdivision. If a political... satisfactory evidence of its dissolution or nonexistence. The evidence must establish that the entity is not...

20 CFR 404.1219 - Dissolution of political subdivision.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... 20 Employees' Benefits 2 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Dissolution of political subdivision. 404... Agreements Is Obtained and Continues § 404.1219 Dissolution of political subdivision. If a political... satisfactory evidence of its dissolution or nonexistence. The evidence must establish that the entity is not...

20 CFR 404.1219 - Dissolution of political subdivision.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 20 Employees' Benefits 2 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Dissolution of political subdivision. 404... Agreements Is Obtained and Continues § 404.1219 Dissolution of political subdivision. If a political... satisfactory evidence of its dissolution or nonexistence. The evidence must establish that the entity is not...

20 CFR 404.1219 - Dissolution of political subdivision.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... 20 Employees' Benefits 2 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Dissolution of political subdivision. 404... Agreements Is Obtained and Continues § 404.1219 Dissolution of political subdivision. If a political... satisfactory evidence of its dissolution or nonexistence. The evidence must establish that the entity is not...

20 CFR 404.1219 - Dissolution of political subdivision.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... 20 Employees' Benefits 2 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Dissolution of political subdivision. 404... Agreements Is Obtained and Continues § 404.1219 Dissolution of political subdivision. If a political... satisfactory evidence of its dissolution or nonexistence. The evidence must establish that the entity is not...

46 CFR 179.212 - Watertight bulkheads for subdivision and damage stability.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... this chapter, a monohull vessel which undergoes a simplified stability proof test in accordance with... stability. 179.212 Section 179.212 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) SMALL PASSENGER VESSELS (UNDER 100 GROSS TONS) SUBDIVISION, DAMAGE STABILITY, AND WATERTIGHT INTEGRITY Subdivision...

46 CFR 179.212 - Watertight bulkheads for subdivision and damage stability.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... this chapter, a monohull vessel which undergoes a simplified stability proof test in accordance with... stability. 179.212 Section 179.212 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) SMALL PASSENGER VESSELS (UNDER 100 GROSS TONS) SUBDIVISION, DAMAGE STABILITY, AND WATERTIGHT INTEGRITY Subdivision...

46 CFR 179.212 - Watertight bulkheads for subdivision and damage stability.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... this chapter, a monohull vessel which undergoes a simplified stability proof test in accordance with... stability. 179.212 Section 179.212 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) SMALL PASSENGER VESSELS (UNDER 100 GROSS TONS) SUBDIVISION, DAMAGE STABILITY, AND WATERTIGHT INTEGRITY Subdivision...

46 CFR 179.212 - Watertight bulkheads for subdivision and damage stability.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... this chapter, a monohull vessel which undergoes a simplified stability proof test in accordance with... stability. 179.212 Section 179.212 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) SMALL PASSENGER VESSELS (UNDER 100 GROSS TONS) SUBDIVISION, DAMAGE STABILITY, AND WATERTIGHT INTEGRITY Subdivision...

38 CFR 3.1002 - Political subdivisions of United States.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... United States. 3.1002 Section 3.1002 Pensions, Bonuses, and Veterans' Relief DEPARTMENT OF VETERANS... Political subdivisions of United States. No part of any accrued benefits will be used to reimburse any political subdivision of the United States for expenses incurred in the last sickness or burial of any...

40 CFR 35.6155 - State, political subdivision or Indian Tribe-lead enforcement Cooperative Agreements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... Tribe-lead enforcement Cooperative Agreements. 35.6155 Section 35.6155 Protection of Environment... § 35.6155 State, political subdivision or Indian Tribe-lead enforcement Cooperative Agreements. (a) The State, political subdivision or Indian Tribe must comply with the requirements described in § 35.6105 (a...

40 CFR 35.6155 - State, political subdivision or Indian Tribe-lead enforcement Cooperative Agreements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... Tribe-lead enforcement Cooperative Agreements. 35.6155 Section 35.6155 Protection of Environment... § 35.6155 State, political subdivision or Indian Tribe-lead enforcement Cooperative Agreements. (a) The State, political subdivision or Indian Tribe must comply with the requirements described in § 35.6105 (a...

40 CFR 35.6155 - State, political subdivision or Indian Tribe-lead enforcement Cooperative Agreements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... Tribe-lead enforcement Cooperative Agreements. 35.6155 Section 35.6155 Protection of Environment... § 35.6155 State, political subdivision or Indian Tribe-lead enforcement Cooperative Agreements. (a) The State, political subdivision or Indian Tribe must comply with the requirements described in § 35.6105 (a...

15 CFR 241.2 - Legal standard barrels.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

..., VEGETABLES AND OTHER DRY COMMODITIES, AND FOR CRANBERRIES § 241.2 Legal standard barrels. (a) Any barrel..., other than cranberries, in section 1 of the standard-barrel law, or any barrel or a subdivision thereof... than cranberries, or a legal subdivision thereof. No other barrel or subdivision in barrel form is a...

15 CFR 241.2 - Legal standard barrels.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

..., VEGETABLES AND OTHER DRY COMMODITIES, AND FOR CRANBERRIES § 241.2 Legal standard barrels. (a) Any barrel..., other than cranberries, in section 1 of the standard-barrel law, or any barrel or a subdivision thereof... than cranberries, or a legal subdivision thereof. No other barrel or subdivision in barrel form is a...

15 CFR 241.2 - Legal standard barrels.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

..., VEGETABLES AND OTHER DRY COMMODITIES, AND FOR CRANBERRIES § 241.2 Legal standard barrels. (a) Any barrel..., other than cranberries, in section 1 of the standard-barrel law, or any barrel or a subdivision thereof... than cranberries, or a legal subdivision thereof. No other barrel or subdivision in barrel form is a...

26 CFR 1.103-1 - Interest upon obligations of a State, territory, etc.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

..., territory, a possession of the United States, the District of Columbia, or any political subdivision thereof... issued by a political subdivision for public improvements (such as sewers, sidewalks, streets, etc... against such property and which the political subdivision is required to enforce, are, for purposes of...

24 CFR 1710.215 - Subdivision characteristics and climate.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... 24 Housing and Urban Development 5 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Subdivision characteristics and climate. 1710.215 Section 1710.215 Housing and Urban Development Regulations Relating to Housing and Urban... Requirements § 1710.215 Subdivision characteristics and climate. (a) Submit two copies of a current geological...

24 CFR 1710.115 - Subdivision characteristics and climate.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... climate. 1710.115 Section 1710.115 Housing and Urban Development Regulations Relating to Housing and Urban... Requirements § 1710.115 Subdivision characteristics and climate. (a) General topography. What is the general... hazard, state the rating assigned to the land in the subdivision and explain its meaning. (h) Climate...

24 CFR 1710.115 - Subdivision characteristics and climate.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... climate. 1710.115 Section 1710.115 Housing and Urban Development Regulations Relating to Housing and Urban... Requirements § 1710.115 Subdivision characteristics and climate. (a) General topography. What is the general... hazard, state the rating assigned to the land in the subdivision and explain its meaning. (h) Climate...

24 CFR 1710.115 - Subdivision characteristics and climate.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... climate. 1710.115 Section 1710.115 Housing and Urban Development Regulations Relating to Housing and Urban... Requirements § 1710.115 Subdivision characteristics and climate. (a) General topography. What is the general... hazard, state the rating assigned to the land in the subdivision and explain its meaning. (h) Climate...

24 CFR 1710.215 - Subdivision characteristics and climate.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... 24 Housing and Urban Development 5 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Subdivision characteristics and climate. 1710.215 Section 1710.215 Housing and Urban Development Regulations Relating to Housing and Urban... Requirements § 1710.215 Subdivision characteristics and climate. (a) Submit two copies of a current geological...

24 CFR 1710.215 - Subdivision characteristics and climate.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... 24 Housing and Urban Development 5 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Subdivision characteristics and climate. 1710.215 Section 1710.215 Housing and Urban Development Regulations Relating to Housing and Urban... Requirements § 1710.215 Subdivision characteristics and climate. (a) Submit two copies of a current geological...

24 CFR 1710.215 - Subdivision characteristics and climate.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... 24 Housing and Urban Development 5 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Subdivision characteristics and climate. 1710.215 Section 1710.215 Housing and Urban Development Regulations Relating to Housing and Urban... Requirements § 1710.215 Subdivision characteristics and climate. (a) Submit two copies of a current geological...

24 CFR 1710.215 - Subdivision characteristics and climate.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 24 Housing and Urban Development 5 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Subdivision characteristics and climate. 1710.215 Section 1710.215 Housing and Urban Development Regulations Relating to Housing and Urban... Requirements § 1710.215 Subdivision characteristics and climate. (a) Submit two copies of a current geological...

45 CFR 30.7 - Subdivision of claims.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 45 Public Welfare 1 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Subdivision of claims. 30.7 Section 30.7 Public Welfare DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES GENERAL ADMINISTRATION CLAIMS COLLECTION General Provisions § 30.7 Subdivision of claims. Debts may not be subdivided to avoid the monetary ceiling...

Effects of artificial-recharge experiments at Ship Creek alluvial fan on water levels at Spring Acres Subdivision, Anchorage, Alaska

USGS Publications Warehouse

Meyer, William; Patrick, Leslie

1980-01-01

The effect of the artificial recharge experiments on water levels at Spring Acres subdivision, Anchorage, Alaska, was evaluated using two digital models constructed to simulate groundwater movement and water-level rises induced by the artificial recharge. The models predicted that the artificial recharge would have caused water levels in the aquifer immediately underlying Spring Acres subdivision to rise 0.2 foot from May 20 to August 7, 1975. The models also predicted a total rise in groundwater levels of 1.1 feet at this location from July 16, 1973 to August 7, 1975, as a result of the artificial-recharge experiments. Water-level data collected from auger holes in March 1975 by a consulting firm for the contractor indicated a depth to water of 6-7 feet below land surface at Spring Acres subdivision at this time. Water levels measured in and near Spring Acres subdivision several years before and after the 1973-75 artificial-recharge experiments showed seasonal rises of 2 to 12.4 feet. A depth to water below land surface of 2.6 feet was measured 600 feet from the subdivision in 1971 and in the subdivision in 1977. Average measured depth to water in the area was 7.0 feet from early 1976 to September 1979. (USGS)

30 CFR 219.411 - What definitions apply to this subpart?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... subdivision means a political subdivision of a Gulf producing State any part of which political subdivision is... U.S.C. 1453)) of the Gulf producing State as of December 20, 2006; and (2) Not more than 200..., dated February 2006. Gulf producing State means each of the States of Alabama, Louisiana, Mississippi...

12 CFR 1.110 - Taxing powers of a State or political subdivision.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... impact of any possible limitations regarding the State's or political subdivision's taxing powers, as... 12 Banks and Banking 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Taxing powers of a State or political subdivision. 1.110 Section 1.110 Banks and Banking COMPTROLLER OF THE CURRENCY, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY...

41 CFR 105-50.001-2 - Political subdivision or local government.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... local government. 105-50.001-2 Section 105-50.001-2 Public Contracts and Property Management Federal... OR TECHNICAL SERVICES TO STATE AND LOCAL UNITS OF GOVERNMENT § 105-50.001-2 Political subdivision or local government. Political subdivision or local government means a local unit of government, including...

30 CFR 519.418 - When will funds be disbursed to Gulf producing States and eligible coastal political subdivisions?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... Gulf producing States and eligible coastal political subdivisions? (a) The Office of Natural Resources... 30 Mineral Resources 2 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false When will funds be disbursed to Gulf producing States and eligible coastal political subdivisions? 519.418 Section 519.418 Mineral Resources BUREAU OF...

30 CFR 519.418 - When will funds be disbursed to Gulf producing States and eligible coastal political subdivisions?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... Gulf producing States and eligible coastal political subdivisions? (a) The Office of Natural Resources... 30 Mineral Resources 2 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false When will funds be disbursed to Gulf producing States and eligible coastal political subdivisions? 519.418 Section 519.418 Mineral Resources BUREAU OF...

30 CFR 519.418 - When will funds be disbursed to Gulf producing States and eligible coastal political subdivisions?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... Gulf producing States and eligible coastal political subdivisions? (a) The Office of Natural Resources... 30 Mineral Resources 2 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false When will funds be disbursed to Gulf producing States and eligible coastal political subdivisions? 519.418 Section 519.418 Mineral Resources BUREAU OF...

30 CFR 219.418 - When will funds be disbursed to Gulf producing States and eligible coastal political subdivisions?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... When will funds be disbursed to Gulf producing States and eligible coastal political subdivisions? (a... 30 Mineral Resources 2 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false When will funds be disbursed to Gulf producing States and eligible coastal political subdivisions? 219.418 Section 219.418 Mineral Resources BUREAU OF...

Reclassification to the NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision: A Case Study at Western Kentucky University

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Upright, Paula A.

2009-01-01

The purpose of this study was to describe the reclassification process of Western Kentucky University's football program from the Football Championship Subdivision (FCS) to the Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS), the highest and most visible level of NCAA competition. Three research questions guided the study: (a) Why did Western Kentucky University…

46 CFR 46.15-10 - Subdivision load lines.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 45 and a “diamond” shall be substituted for the “disk”. No “fresh water” line will be marked. [CGFR... located in line with the highest subdivision load line. (f) One fresh water line shall be marked. When a subdivision and a normal load line are combined, the normal fresh water line only shall be used unless the...

A fast and accurate dihedral interpolation loop subdivision scheme

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Shi, Zhuo; An, Yalei; Wang, Zhongshuai; Yu, Ke; Zhong, Si; Lan, Rushi; Luo, Xiaonan

2018-04-01

In this paper, we propose a fast and accurate dihedral interpolation Loop subdivision scheme for subdivision surfaces based on triangular meshes. In order to solve the problem of surface shrinkage, we keep the limit condition unchanged, which is important. Extraordinary vertices are handled using modified Butterfly rules. Subdivision schemes are computationally costly as the number of faces grows exponentially at higher levels of subdivision. To address this problem, our approach is to use local surface information to adaptively refine the model. This is achieved simply by changing the threshold value of the dihedral angle parameter, i.e., the angle between the normals of a triangular face and its adjacent faces. We then demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method for various 3D graphic triangular meshes, and extensive experimental results show that it can match or exceed the expected results at lower computational cost.

Hierarchical Volume Representation with 3{radical}2 Subdivision and Trivariate B-Spline Wavelets

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Linsen, L; Gray, JT; Pascucci, V

2002-01-11

Multiresolution methods provide a means for representing data at multiple levels of detail. They are typically based on a hierarchical data organization scheme and update rules needed for data value computation. We use a data organization that is based on what we call n{radical}2 subdivision. The main advantage of subdivision, compared to quadtree (n = 2) or octree (n = 3) organizations, is that the number of vertices is only doubled in each subdivision step instead of multiplied by a factor of four or eight, respectively. To update data values we use n-variate B-spline wavelets, which yields better approximations formore » each level of detail. We develop a lifting scheme for n = 2 and n = 3 based on the n{radical}2-subdivision scheme. We obtain narrow masks that could also provide a basis for view-dependent visualization and adaptive refinement.« less

30 CFR 219.413 - How will the coastal political subdivisions of Gulf producing States share in the qualified OCS...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Gulf producing States share in the qualified OCS revenues? 219.413 Section 219.413 Mineral Resources... subdivisions of Gulf producing States share in the qualified OCS revenues? Of the revenues allocated to a Gulf producing State, 20 percent will be distributed to the coastal political subdivisions within that State. ...

The role, use and benefits of natural recreation areas within and near residential subdivisions

Treesearch

Christine A. Vogt; Robert W. Marans

2002-01-01

This paper presents results from a recent study about the role of natural resources in residential development. Data were collected using focus groups and a home owner questionnaire in selected subdivisions in two rapidly growing counties located at the urban/rural fringe of the Detroit Metropolitan area. Developers of the selected subdivisions planned for and created...

The Development of a Subdivision Within the Parkway School District. Environmental Ecological Education Project. Revised.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Parkway School District, Chesterfield, MO.

This unit, designed for use with junior high school students, focuses on the factors involved in subdivision design and planning. Although it is specifically constructed for use in the Parkway School District, Chesterfield, Missouri, it could be adapted for use in any suburban area where subdivisions (multiple and/or single family units) exist. It…

46 CFR 42.09-10 - Stability, subdivision, and strength.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 46 Shipping 2 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Stability, subdivision, and strength. 42.09-10 Section..., subdivision, and strength. (a) All vessels. Where regulations in this part, or in part 46 of this subchapter... strength requirements are in §§ 42.09-1, 42.13-1, 42.13-5, and 42.15-1. The applicable flooded stability...

46 CFR 42.09-10 - Stability, subdivision, and strength.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 46 Shipping 2 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Stability, subdivision, and strength. 42.09-10 Section..., subdivision, and strength. (a) All vessels. Where regulations in this part, or in part 46 of this subchapter... strength requirements are in §§ 42.09-1, 42.13-1, 42.13-5, and 42.15-1. The applicable flooded stability...

Segregation of Form, Color, Movement, and Depth: Anatomy, Physiology, and Perception

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Livingstone, Margaret; Hubel, David

1988-05-01

Anatomical and physiological observations in monkeys indicate that the primate visual system consists of several separate and independent subdivisions that analyze different aspects of the same retinal image: cells in cortical visual areas 1 and 2 and higher visual areas are segregated into three interdigitating subdivisions that differ in their selectivity for color, stereopsis, movement, and orientation. The pathways selective for form and color seem to be derived mainly from the parvocellular geniculate subdivisions, the depth- and movement-selective components from the magnocellular. At lower levels, in the retina and in the geniculate, cells in these two subdivisions differ in their color selectivity, contrast sensitivity, temporal properties, and spatial resolution. These major differences in the properties of cells at lower levels in each of the subdivisions led to the prediction that different visual functions, such as color, depth, movement, and form perception, should exhibit corresponding differences. Human perceptual experiments are remarkably consistent with these predictions. Moreover, perceptual experiments can be designed to ask which subdivisions of the system are responsible for particular visual abilities, such as figure/ground discrimination or perception of depth from perspective or relative movement--functions that might be difficult to deduce from single-cell response properties.

Insular subdivisions functional connectivity dysfunction within major depressive disorder.

PubMed

Peng, Xiaolong; Lin, Pan; Wu, Xiaoping; Gong, Ruxue; Yang, Rui; Wang, Jue

2018-02-01

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a mental disorder characterized by cognitive and affective deficits. Previous studies suggested that insula is a crucial node of the salience network for initiating network switching, and dysfunctional connection to this region may be related to the mechanism of MDD. In this study, we systematically investigated and quantified the altered functional connectivity (FC) of the specific insular subdivisions and its relationship to psychopathology of MDD. Resting-state FC of insular subdivisions, including bilateral ventral/dorsal anterior insula and posterior insula, were estimated in 19 MDD patients and 19 healthy controls. Abnormal FC was quantified between groups. Additionally, we investigated the relationships between insular connectivity and depressive symptom severity. MDD patients demonstrated aberrant FC for insular subdivisions to superior temporal sulcus, inferior prefrontal gyrus, amygdala and posterior parietal cortex. Moreover, depression symptoms (Hamilton Depression Rating Scale and Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale scorers) were associated with the FC values of insular subdivisions. First, the sample size of our current study is relatively small, which may affect the statistic power. Second, using standardized insular subdivision seeds for FC analyses may neglect subtle natural differences in size and location of functional area across individuals and may thus affect connectivity maps. Abnormal FC of insular subdivisions to default network and central executive network may represent impaired intrinsic networks switching which may affect the underlying emotional and sensory disturbances in MDD. And our findings can help to understand the pathophysiology and underlying neural mechanisms of MDD. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Point-in-convex polygon and point-in-convex polyhedron algorithms with O(1) complexity using space subdivision

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Skala, Vaclav

2016-06-01

There are many space subdivision and space partitioning techniques used in many algorithms to speed up computations. They mostly rely on orthogonal space subdivision, resp. using hierarchical data structures, e.g. BSP trees, quadtrees, octrees, kd-trees, bounding volume hierarchies etc. However in some applications a non-orthogonal space subdivision can offer new ways for actual speed up. In the case of convex polygon in E2 a simple Point-in-Polygon test is of the O(N) complexity and the optimal algorithm is of O(log N) computational complexity. In the E3 case, the complexity is O(N) even for the convex polyhedron as no ordering is defined. New Point-in-Convex Polygon and Point-in-Convex Polyhedron algorithms are presented based on space subdivision in the preprocessing stage resulting to O(1) run-time complexity. The presented approach is simple to implement. Due to the principle of duality, dual problems, e.g. line-convex polygon, line clipping, can be solved in a similarly.

16S ribosomal RNA sequence analysis for determination of phylogenetic relationship among methylotrophs.

PubMed

Tsuji, K; Tsien, H C; Hanson, R S; DePalma, S R; Scholtz, R; LaRoche, S

1990-01-01

16S ribosomal RNAs (rRNA) of 12 methylotrophic bacteria have been almost completely sequenced to establish their phylogenetic relationships. Methylotrophs that are physiologically related are phylogenetically diverse and are scattered among the purple eubacteria (class Proteobacteria). Group I methylotrophs can be classified in the beta- and the gamma-subdivisions and group II methylotrophs in the alpha-subdivision of the purple eubacteria, respectively. Pink-pigmented facultative and non-pigmented obligate group II methylotrophs form two distinctly separate branches within the alpha-subdivision. The secondary structures of the 16S rRNA sequences of 'Methylocystis parvus' strain OBBP, 'Methylosinus trichosporium' strain OB3b, 'Methylosporovibrio methanica' strain 81Z and Hyphomicrobium sp. strain DM2 are similar, and these non-pigmented obligate group II methylotrophs form one tight cluster in the alpha-subdivision. The pink-pigmented facultative methylotrophs, Methylobacterium extorquens strain AM1, Methylobacterium sp. strain DM4 and Methylobacterium organophilum strain XX form another cluster within the alpha-subdivision. Although similar in phenotypic characteristics, Methylobacterium organophilum strain XX and Methylobacterium extorquens strain AM1 are clearly distinguishable by their 16S rRNA sequences. The group I methylotrophs, Methylophilus methylotrophus strain AS1 and methylotrophic species DM11, which do not utilize methane, are similar in 16S rRNA sequence to bacteria in the beta-subdivision. The methane-utilizing, obligate group I methanotrophs, Methylococcus capsulatus strain BATH and Methylomonas methanica, are placed in the gamma-subdivision. The results demonstrate that it is possible to distinguish and classify the methylotrophic bacteria using 16S rRNA sequence analysis.

ACR BI-RADS Assessment Category 4 Subdivisions in Diagnostic Mammography: Utilization and Outcomes in the National Mammography Database.

PubMed

Elezaby, Mai; Li, Geng; Bhargavan-Chatfield, Mythreyi; Burnside, Elizabeth S; DeMartini, Wendy B

2018-05-01

Purpose To determine the utilization and positive predictive value (PPV) of the American College of Radiology (ACR) Breast Imaging Data and Reporting System (BI-RADS) category 4 subdivisions in diagnostic mammography in the National Mammography Database (NMD). Materials and Methods This study involved retrospective review of diagnostic mammography data submitted to the NMD from January 1, 2008 to December 30, 2014. Utilization rates of BI-RADS category 4 subdivisions were compared by year, facility (type, location, census region), and examination (indication, finding type) characteristics. PPV3 (positive predictive value for biopsies performed) was calculated overall and according to category 4 subdivision. The χ 2 test was used to test for significant associations. Results Of 1 309 950 diagnostic mammograms, 125 447 (9.6%) were category 4, of which 33.3% (41 841 of 125 447) were subdivided. Subdivision utilization rates were higher (P < .001) in practices that were community, suburban, or in the West; for examination indication of prior history of breast cancer; and for the imaging finding of architectural distortion. Of 41 841 category 4 subdivided examinations, 4A constituted 55.6% (23 258 of 41 841) of the examinations; 4B, 31.8% (13 302 of 41 841) of the examinations; and 4C, 12.6% (5281 of 41 841) of the examinations. Pathologic outcomes were available in 91 563 examinations, and overall category 4 PPV3 was 21.1% (19 285 of 91 563). There was a statistically significant difference in PPV3 according to category 4 subdivision (P < .001): The PPV of 4A was 7.6% (1274 of 16 784), that of 4B was 22% (2317 of 10 408), and that of 4C was 69.3% (2839 of 4099). Conclusion Although BI-RADS suggests their use, subdivisions were utilized in the minority (33.3% [41 841 of 125 447]) of category 4 diagnostic mammograms, with variability based on facility and examination characteristics. When subdivisions were used, PPV3s were in BI-RADS-specified malignancy ranges. This analysis supports the use of subdivisions in broad practice and, given benefits for patient care, should motivate increased utilization. © RSNA, 2018 Online supplemental material is available for this article.

Match probabilities in a finite, subdivided population

PubMed Central

Malaspinas, Anna-Sapfo; Slatkin, Montgomery; Song, Yun S.

2011-01-01

We generalize a recently introduced graphical framework to compute the probability that haplotypes or genotypes of two individuals drawn from a finite, subdivided population match. As in the previous work, we assume an infinite-alleles model. We focus on the case of a population divided into two subpopulations, but the underlying framework can be applied to a general model of population subdivision. We examine the effect of population subdivision on the match probabilities and the accuracy of the product rule which approximates multi-locus match probabilities as a product of one-locus match probabilities. We quantify the deviation from predictions of the product rule by R, the ratio of the multi-locus match probability to the product of the one-locus match probabilities.We carry out the computation for two loci and find that ignoring subdivision can lead to underestimation of the match probabilities if the population under consideration actually has subdivision structure and the individuals originate from the same subpopulation. On the other hand, under a given model of population subdivision, we find that the ratio R for two loci is only slightly greater than 1 for a large range of symmetric and asymmetric migration rates. Keeping in mind that the infinite-alleles model is not the appropriate mutation model for STR loci, we conclude that, for two loci and biologically reasonable parameter values, population subdivision may lead to results that disfavor innocent suspects because of an increase in identity-by-descent in finite populations. On the other hand, for the same range of parameters, population subdivision does not lead to a substantial increase in linkage disequilibrium between loci. Those results are consistent with established practice. PMID:21266180

Quantifying the Role of Population Subdivision in Evolution on Rugged Fitness Landscapes

PubMed Central

Bitbol, Anne-Florence; Schwab, David J.

2014-01-01

Natural selection drives populations towards higher fitness, but crossing fitness valleys or plateaus may facilitate progress up a rugged fitness landscape involving epistasis. We investigate quantitatively the effect of subdividing an asexual population on the time it takes to cross a fitness valley or plateau. We focus on a generic and minimal model that includes only population subdivision into equivalent demes connected by global migration, and does not require significant size changes of the demes, environmental heterogeneity or specific geographic structure. We determine the optimal speedup of valley or plateau crossing that can be gained by subdivision, if the process is driven by the deme that crosses fastest. We show that isolated demes have to be in the sequential fixation regime for subdivision to significantly accelerate crossing. Using Markov chain theory, we obtain analytical expressions for the conditions under which optimal speedup is achieved: valley or plateau crossing by the subdivided population is then as fast as that of its fastest deme. We verify our analytical predictions through stochastic simulations. We demonstrate that subdivision can substantially accelerate the crossing of fitness valleys and plateaus in a wide range of parameters extending beyond the optimal window. We study the effect of varying the degree of subdivision of a population, and investigate the trade-off between the magnitude of the optimal speedup and the width of the parameter range over which it occurs. Our results, obtained for fitness valleys and plateaus, also hold for weakly beneficial intermediate mutations. Finally, we extend our work to the case of a population connected by migration to one or several smaller islands. Our results demonstrate that subdivision with migration alone can significantly accelerate the crossing of fitness valleys and plateaus, and shed light onto the quantitative conditions necessary for this to occur. PMID:25122220

Prospective relations between resting-state connectivity of parietal subdivisions and arithmetic competence.

PubMed

Price, Gavin R; Yeo, Darren J; Wilkey, Eric D; Cutting, Laurie E

2018-04-01

The present study investigates the relation between resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) of cytoarchitectonically defined subdivisions of the parietal cortex at the end of 1st grade and arithmetic performance at the end of 2nd grade. Results revealed a dissociable pattern of relations between rsFC and arithmetic competence among subdivisions of intraparietal sulcus (IPS) and angular gyrus (AG). rsFC between right hemisphere IPS subdivisions and contralateral IPS subdivisions positively correlated with arithmetic competence. In contrast, rsFC between the left hIP1 and the right medial temporal lobe, and rsFC between the left AG and left superior frontal gyrus, were negatively correlated with arithmetic competence. These results suggest that strong inter-hemispheric IPS connectivity is important for math development, reflecting either neurocognitive mechanisms specific to arithmetic processing, domain-general mechanisms that are particularly relevant to arithmetic competence, or structural 'cortical maturity'. Stronger connectivity between IPS, and AG, subdivisions and frontal and temporal cortices, however, appears to be negatively associated with math development, possibly reflecting the ability to disengage suboptimal problem-solving strategies during mathematical processing, or to flexibly reorient task-based networks. Importantly, the reported results pertain even when controlling for reading, spatial attention, and working memory, suggesting that the observed rsFC-behavior relations are specific to arithmetic competence. Copyright © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.

12 CFR 1010.113 - Local services.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... protection. (c) Schools. State whether elementary, junior high and senior high schools are available to residents of the subdivision. Is school bus transportation available from within the subdivision? (d...

12 CFR 1010.113 - Local services.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... protection. (c) Schools. State whether elementary, junior high and senior high schools are available to residents of the subdivision. Is school bus transportation available from within the subdivision? (d...

12 CFR 1010.113 - Local services.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... protection. (c) Schools. State whether elementary, junior high and senior high schools are available to residents of the subdivision. Is school bus transportation available from within the subdivision? (d...

The human amygdaloid complex: a cytologic and histochemical atlas using Nissl, myelin, acetylcholinesterase and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase staining.

PubMed

Sims, K S; Williams, R S

1990-01-01

We examined the distribution of acetylcholinesterase and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase enzyme activity in the human amygdala using histochemical techniques. Both methods revealed compartments of higher or lower enzyme activity, in cells or neuropil, which corresponded to the nuclear subdivisions of the amygdala as defined with classical Nissl and myelin methods. The boundaries between the histochemical compartments were usually so sharp that the identification of these nuclear subdivisions was enhanced. There was also variation of staining intensity within many of the nuclear subdivisions, such as the lateral and central nuclei, anterior amygdaloid area and the intercalated groups. This histochemical difference corresponded to more subtle differences in Nissl and myelin staining patterns, and suggests further structural subdivisions of potential functional significance. We present a revised scheme of anatomical parcellation of the human amygdala based upon serial analysis with all four techniques. Our expectation is that this will allow the delineation of a clearer homology between the cytoarchitectonic subdivisions of the human amygdala and those of experimental animals.

24 CFR 1710.113 - Local services.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

...) Schools. State whether elementary, junior high and senior high schools are available to residents of the subdivision. Is school bus transportation available from within the subdivision? (d) Hospital. Give the name...

24 CFR 1710.113 - Local services.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

...) Schools. State whether elementary, junior high and senior high schools are available to residents of the subdivision. Is school bus transportation available from within the subdivision? (d) Hospital. Give the name...

24 CFR 1710.113 - Local services.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

...) Schools. State whether elementary, junior high and senior high schools are available to residents of the subdivision. Is school bus transportation available from within the subdivision? (d) Hospital. Give the name...

24 CFR 1710.113 - Local services.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

...) Schools. State whether elementary, junior high and senior high schools are available to residents of the subdivision. Is school bus transportation available from within the subdivision? (d) Hospital. Give the name...

45 CFR 60.3 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... its subdivision, a Board of Dentistry or its subdivision, or an equivalent body as determined by the... practice dentistry by a State (or who, without authority, holds himself or herself out to be so authorized...

Roadway design standards for rural and suburban subdivisions.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2007-06-01

In Iowa, there are currently no uniform design standards for rural and suburban subdivision development roadways. Without uniform : design standards, many counties are unable to provide adequate guidance for public facilities, particularly roadways, ...

Research and design on orthogonal diffraction grating-based 3D nanometer displacement sensor

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Liu, Baoshuai; Yuan, Yibao; Yin, Zhehao

2017-10-01

This study concerns an orthogonal diffraction grating-based nanometer displacement sensor. In this study, we performed calculation of displacements in the XYZ directions. In the optical measured path part, we used a two-dimensional orthogonal motion grating and a two-dimensional orthogonal reference grating with the pitch of 0.5um to measure the displacement of XYZ in three directions by detecting ±1st diffraction fringes. The self-collimated structure of the grating greatly extended the Z-axis range. We also simulated the optical path of the sensor with ZEMAX software and verified the feasibility of the scheme. For signal subdivision and processing, we combined large number counting (completed grating line) with small number counting (digital subdivision), realizing high multiples of subdivision of grating interference signals. We used PC to process the interference fringes and greatly improved the processing speed. In the scheme, the theoretical multiples of subdivision could reach 1024 with 10-bit AD conversion, but the actual multiples of subdivision was limited by the quality of the grating interference signals. So we introduced an orthogonal compensation circuit and a filter circuit to improve the signal quality.

Optimal Subdivision for Treatment and Management of Catastrophic Landslides in a Watershed Using Topographic Factors.

PubMed

Lin, Chao-Yuan; Fu, Kuei-Lin; Lin, Cheng-Yu

2016-11-01

Recent extreme rainfall events led to many landslides due to climate changes in Taiwan. How to effectively promote post-disaster treatment and/or management works in a watershed/drainage basin is a crucial issue. Regarding the processes of watershed treatment and/or management works, disaster hotspot scanning and treatment priority setup should be carried out in advance. A scanning method using landslide ratio to determine the appropriate outlet of an interested watershed, and an optimal subdivision system with better homogeneity and accuracy in landslide ratio estimation were developed to help efficient executions of treatment and/or management works. Topography is a key factor affecting watershed landslide ratio. Considering the complexity and uncertainty of the natural phenomenon, multivariate analysis was applied to understand the relationship between topographic factors and landslide ratio in the interested watershed. The concept of species-area curve, which is usually adopted at on-site vegetation investigation to determinate the suitable quadrate size, was used to derive the optimal threshold in subdivisions. Results show that three main component axes including factors of scale, network and shape extracted from Digital Terrain Model coupled with areas of landslide can effectively explain the characteristics of landslide ratio in the interested watershed, and a relation curve obtained from the accuracy of landslide ratio classification and number of subdivisions could be established to derive optimal subdivision of the watershed. The subdivision method promoted in this study could be further used for priority rank and benefit assessment of landslide treatment in a watershed.

Landscape Patterns of Colonization by Subterranean Termites (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) in Missouri Neighborhoods.

PubMed

Botch, Paul S; Houseman, Richard M

2016-04-01

In Missouri, the relative abundances of subterranean termite species differ between undeveloped forest and urban landscapes. Reticulitermes hageni Banks occurs in greater relative proportions in forested landscapes, while Reticulitermes flavipes (Kollar) occurs in greater relative proportions in urban landscapes. Thus, subterranean termite communities appear to change at some point as landscapes are converted from undeveloped to urban. It is not known if communities change quickly in direct response to urban development, or if changes occur over time in altered urban landscapes. The purpose of this study is to examine how landscape factors are associated with subterranean termite communities and patterns of colonization as subdivisions are constructed and age. Subterranean termites were collected from 25 areas in Columbia, MO, that were classified along a gradient of urbanization to include 1) undeveloped landscapes; 2) recently disturbed transitional landscapes; 3) 10-yr-old subdivisions; and 4) 20-yr-old subdivisions. Subterranean termite communities were assessed by identifying species using polymerase chain reaction-based restriction fragment length polymorphisms. The interactions between landscape features and subterranean termites were examined using GIS software. Relative proportions of Reticulitermes spp. in communities of forest landscapes and urban areas are similar to previous reports for the state of Missouri. Termite communities appear to be locally eliminated after soils are disturbed or removed during subdivision development, although remnant colonies can persist in areas that are not disturbed. Reticulitermes flavipes appears to colonize subdivisions quickly regardless of historical or contemporary landscape; however, R. hageni colonization generally becomes more common as subdivisions age and gradually become more forested.

A time-efficient algorithm for implementing the Catmull-Clark subdivision method

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ioannou, G.; Savva, A.; Stylianou, V.

2015-10-01

Splines are the most popular methods in Figure Modeling and CAGD (Computer Aided Geometric Design) in generating smooth surfaces from a number of control points. The control points define the shape of a figure and splines calculate the required number of points which when displayed on a computer screen the result is a smooth surface. However, spline methods are based on a rectangular topological structure of points, i.e., a two-dimensional table of vertices, and thus cannot generate complex figures, such as the human and animal bodies that their complex structure does not allow them to be defined by a regular rectangular grid. On the other hand surface subdivision methods, which are derived by splines, generate surfaces which are defined by an arbitrary topology of control points. This is the reason that during the last fifteen years subdivision methods have taken the lead over regular spline methods in all areas of modeling in both industry and research. The cost of executing computer software developed to read control points and calculate the surface is run-time, due to the fact that the surface-structure required for handling arbitrary topological grids is very complicate. There are many software programs that have been developed related to the implementation of subdivision surfaces however, not many algorithms are documented in the literature, to support developers for writing efficient code. This paper aims to assist programmers by presenting a time-efficient algorithm for implementing subdivision splines. The Catmull-Clark which is the most popular of the subdivision methods has been employed to illustrate the algorithm.

Optimal Subdivision for Treatment and Management of Catastrophic Landslides in a Watershed Using Topographic Factors

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lin, Chao-Yuan; Fu, Kuei-Lin; Lin, Cheng-Yu

2016-11-01

Recent extreme rainfall events led to many landslides due to climate changes in Taiwan. How to effectively promote post-disaster treatment and/or management works in a watershed/drainage basin is a crucial issue. Regarding the processes of watershed treatment and/or management works, disaster hotspot scanning and treatment priority setup should be carried out in advance. A scanning method using landslide ratio to determine the appropriate outlet of an interested watershed, and an optimal subdivision system with better homogeneity and accuracy in landslide ratio estimation were developed to help efficient executions of treatment and/or management works. Topography is a key factor affecting watershed landslide ratio. Considering the complexity and uncertainty of the natural phenomenon, multivariate analysis was applied to understand the relationship between topographic factors and landslide ratio in the interested watershed. The concept of species-area curve, which is usually adopted at on-site vegetation investigation to determinate the suitable quadrate size, was used to derive the optimal threshold in subdivisions. Results show that three main component axes including factors of scale, network and shape extracted from Digital Terrain Model coupled with areas of landslide can effectively explain the characteristics of landslide ratio in the interested watershed, and a relation curve obtained from the accuracy of landslide ratio classification and number of subdivisions could be established to derive optimal subdivision of the watershed. The subdivision method promoted in this study could be further used for priority rank and benefit assessment of landslide treatment in a watershed.

Subdivision Roads : Minimum Construction Standards

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2000-01-01

Any person or corporation desiring to construct a new subdivision road which is to be dedicated as public, must submit the following information to the District Engineer for proper evaluation in order to obtain a certificate of approval as required b...

State of the art in the management of through traffic in residential subdivisions.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1977-01-01

Through traffic in residential subdivisions results from motorists seeking shortcuts between two arterial roads, or trying to avoid saturated intersections of two arterial roads. Control techniques to reduce through traffic could be classified into i...

A design guide for subdivision pavements in Virginia.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1973-01-01

The design method for secondary roads and that for subdivision roads are based on AASHO Road Test Results and Virginia's design experience. For flexible pavements, the methods are divided into two parts: (1) the evaluation of the soil support value o...

40 CFR 300.400 - General.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... unaltered form, or altered solely through naturally occurring processes or phenomena, from a location where... federal agency, and a state or political subdivision operating pursuant to a contract or cooperative... or political subdivision operating pursuant to a contract or cooperative agreement under CERCLA...

Image-based Multilevel Subdivision of M1 Category in TNM Staging System for Metastatic Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma.

PubMed

Shen, Lujun; Li, Wang; Wang, Siyang; Xie, Guofeng; Zeng, Qi; Chen, Chen; Shi, Feng; Zhang, Ying; Wu, Ming; Shu, Wanhong; Pan, Changchuan; Xia, Yunfei; Wu, Peihong

2016-09-01

Purpose To establish an image-based M1 category subdivision system for personalized prognosis prediction and treatment planning in patients with metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Materials and Methods A total of 1172 patients with metachronous metastasic NPC were retrospectively enrolled (the dataset is from Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center for derivation, and the combined datasets are from Guangzhou Medical University Cancer Center and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University for validation). The Ethics Committee of the three centers approved this study. A general subdivision system of the M1 category was established on the basis of the most influential metastatic features for overall survival (OS). The following multilevel subdivision system for precise subdivision of the M1 category was designed: M [number of locations]-Location [number of lesions], with B indicating bone, L indicating the lung, H indicating the liver, and N indicating a node. The correlation of the M1 subdivisions with OS was determined with Cox regression. The best treatment response was assessed with Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors 1.1 guidelines and modified Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors criteria. Results Multivariate analysis in the derivation cohort showed that the number of metastatic lesions (multiple or single), the number of metastatic locations (multiple or single), liver involvement, and bone involvement were independent prognostic factors for OS. In general, subdividing the cohort by the number of metastatic lesions and the number of metastatic locations resulted in three subcategories of differential OS: M1a, a single lesion in a single organ or location; M1b, multiple lesions in a single organ or location; and M1c, metastases in multiple locations (for M1b vs M1a, hazard ratio [HR] = 2.28, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.71, 3.05; for M1c vs M1a, HR = 3.65, 95% CI: 2.75, 4.85); these subdivisions were externally validated. The multilevel subdivision system could be further used to discriminate among subgroups of differential OS under the M1b subcategory. Findings from analysis of multilevel subgroups suggested that patients with a single metastatic lesion (M1-B1, M1-L1, M1-H1, M1-N1) or two lesions in the liver only (M1-H2) had high rates of complete response (CR) or complete surgical resection (CSR) and 3-year OS after treatment (CR plus CSR rates >30%, and 3-year OS rates >50%); there were high 3-year OS rates (>50%) in patients with stage M1-B2, M1-L2, or M1-H3 disease but relatively low rates of CR or CSR. Conclusion Use of the multilevel M1 subdivision system in patients with NPC could facilitate more precise prognosis prediction and better identification of patients who will respond well to treatment than the conventional subdivision strategy. (©) RSNA, 2016 Online supplemental material is available for this article.

Design of secondary and subdivision roads in Virginia based on thickness equivalency values.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1971-01-01

The design of secondary and subdivision roads in Virginia is based on the design charts recommended by the Highway Department. In view of recently gained knowledge of materials and design techniques, the Pavement Research Advisory Committee requested...

45 CFR 205.120 - Statewide operation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

...), ADMINISTRATION FOR CHILDREN AND FAMILIES, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES GENERAL ADMINISTRATION-PUBLIC... equitable standards for assistance and administration that are mandatory throughout the State; (2) If administered by political subdivisions of the State, the plan will be mandatory on such political subdivisions...

Of Settlements and Subdivisions...

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Williams, Harold S.

1991-01-01

Subdivisions are the dominant form of new housing, characterized by nonlinear patterns, pure residential land use, and resident homogeneity. Advocates traditional small town approach to development, which provides a range of residents and opportunities for frequent social interactions. Recommends strategies to overcome barriers to small town…

Ether- and Ester-Bound iso-Diabolic Acid and Other Lipids in Members of Acidobacteria Subdivision 4

PubMed Central

Rijpstra, W. Irene C.; Hopmans, Ellen C.; Foesel, Bärbel U.; Wüst, Pia K.; Overmann, Jörg; Tank, Marcus; Bryant, Donald A.; Dunfield, Peter F.; Houghton, Karen; Stott, Matthew B.

2014-01-01

Recently, iso-diabolic acid (13,16-dimethyl octacosanedioic acid) has been identified as a major membrane-spanning lipid of subdivisions 1 and 3 of the Acidobacteria, a highly diverse phylum within the Bacteria. This finding pointed to the Acidobacteria as a potential source for the bacterial glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers that occur ubiquitously in peat, soil, lakes, and hot springs. Here, we examined the lipid composition of seven phylogenetically divergent strains of subdivision 4 of the Acidobacteria, a bacterial group that is commonly encountered in soil. Acid hydrolysis of total cell material released iso-diabolic acid derivatives in substantial quantities (11 to 48% of all fatty acids). In contrast to subdivisions 1 and 3 of the Acidobacteria, 6 out of the 7 species of subdivision 4 (excepting “Candidatus Chloracidobacterium thermophilum”) contained iso-diabolic acid ether bound to a glycerol in larger fractional abundance than iso-diabolic acid itself. This is in agreement with the analysis of intact polar lipids (IPLs) by high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS), which showed the dominance of mixed ether-ester glycerides. iso-Diabolic acid-containing IPLs were not identified, because these IPLs are not released with a Bligh-Dyer extraction, as observed before when studying lipid compositions of subdivisions 1 and 3 of the Acidobacteria. The presence of ether bonds in the membrane lipids does not seem to be an adaptation to temperature, because the five mesophilic isolates contained a larger amount of ether lipids than the thermophile “Ca. Chloracidobacterium thermophilum.” Furthermore, experiments with Pyrinomonas methylaliphatogenes did not reveal a major influence of growth temperature over the 50 to 69°C range. PMID:24928878

Study on the integration of layered water injection technology and subdivision adjustment

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhang, Yancui

2018-06-01

With oil many infillings, thin and poor reservoir exploitation changes gradually to low permeability, thin and poor reservoir development characteristics of multiple layers thickness, low permeability, in the actual development process, the General Department of oil layers of encryption perforation long thin and poor mining, interlayer contradiction more prominent, by conventional layered water injection that can alleviate the contradiction between layers to a certain extent, by the injection interval and other factors can not fundamentally solve the problem, leading to the potential well area key strata or layers is difficult to determine, the layering test and slicing technology is difficult to adapt to the need of tap water control block. This paper through numerical simulation using the conceptual model and the actual block, it has a great influence on the low permeability reservoir of different stratified water permeability combination of permeability technology and application limits, profit and loss balance principle, low oil prices on the lower series of subdivision technical and economic limit, so the reservoir subdivision reorganization, narrow wells mining, reduce the interference between layers, from the maximum fundamental improvement of layered water injection efficiency. At the same time, in order to meet the needs of reservoir subdivision adjustment, subdividing distance with water, a small interlayer wells subdivision technology for further research in the pickup, solved using two ordinary bridge eccentric water regulator with injection of two layers, by throwing exercise distance limit card from the larger problem, the water distribution card size from 7.0m to 1.0m, and the testing efficiency is improved, and provide technical support for further subdivision water injection wells.

Brainstem projections of neurons located in various subdivisions of the dorsolateral hypothalamic area-an anterograde tract-tracing study.

PubMed

Papp, Rege S; Palkovits, Miklós

2014-01-01

The projections from the dorsolateral hypothalamic area (DLH) to the lower brainstem have been investigated by using biotinylated dextran amine (BDA), an anterograde tracer in rats. The DLH can be divided into 3 areas (dorsomedial hypothalamus, perifornical area, lateral hypothalamic area), and further subdivided into 8 subdivisions. After unilateral stereotaxic injections of BDA into individual DLH subdivisions, the correct sites of injections were controlled histologically, and the distribution patterns of BDA-positive fibers were mapped on serial sections between the hypothalamus and spinal cord in 22 rats. BDA-labeled fibers were observable over 100 different brainstem areas, nuclei, or subdivisions. Injections into the 8 DLH subdivisions established distinct topographical patterns. In general, the density of labeled fibers was low in the lower brainstem. High density of fibers was seen only 4 of the 116 areas: in the lateral and ventrolateral parts of the periaqueductal gray, the Barrington's, and the pedunculopontine tegmental nuclei. All of the biogenic amine cell groups in the lower brainstem (9 noradrenaline, 3 adrenaline, and 9 serotonin cell groups) received labeled fibers, some of them from all, or at least 7 DLH subdivisions, mainly from perifornical and ventral lateral hypothalamic neurons. Some of the tegmental nuclei and nuclei of the reticular formation were widely innervated, although the density of the BDA-labeled fibers was generally low. No definitive descending BDA-positive pathway, but long-run solitaire BDA-labeled fibers were seen in the lower brainstem. These descending fibers joined some of the large tracts or fasciculi in the brainstem. The distribution pattern of BDA-positive fibers of DLH origin throughout the lower brainstem was comparable to patterns of previously published orexin- or melanin-concentrating hormone-immunoreactive fibers with somewhat differences.

Brainstem projections of neurons located in various subdivisions of the dorsolateral hypothalamic area—an anterograde tract-tracing study

PubMed Central

Papp, Rege S.; Palkovits, Miklós

2014-01-01

The projections from the dorsolateral hypothalamic area (DLH) to the lower brainstem have been investigated by using biotinylated dextran amine (BDA), an anterograde tracer in rats. The DLH can be divided into 3 areas (dorsomedial hypothalamus, perifornical area, lateral hypothalamic area), and further subdivided into 8 subdivisions. After unilateral stereotaxic injections of BDA into individual DLH subdivisions, the correct sites of injections were controlled histologically, and the distribution patterns of BDA-positive fibers were mapped on serial sections between the hypothalamus and spinal cord in 22 rats. BDA-labeled fibers were observable over 100 different brainstem areas, nuclei, or subdivisions. Injections into the 8 DLH subdivisions established distinct topographical patterns. In general, the density of labeled fibers was low in the lower brainstem. High density of fibers was seen only 4 of the 116 areas: in the lateral and ventrolateral parts of the periaqueductal gray, the Barrington's, and the pedunculopontine tegmental nuclei. All of the biogenic amine cell groups in the lower brainstem (9 noradrenaline, 3 adrenaline, and 9 serotonin cell groups) received labeled fibers, some of them from all, or at least 7 DLH subdivisions, mainly from perifornical and ventral lateral hypothalamic neurons. Some of the tegmental nuclei and nuclei of the reticular formation were widely innervated, although the density of the BDA-labeled fibers was generally low. No definitive descending BDA-positive pathway, but long-run solitaire BDA-labeled fibers were seen in the lower brainstem. These descending fibers joined some of the large tracts or fasciculi in the brainstem. The distribution pattern of BDA-positive fibers of DLH origin throughout the lower brainstem was comparable to patterns of previously published orexin- or melanin-concentrating hormone-immunoreactive fibers with somewhat differences. PMID:24904303

Afferent projections to the different medial amygdala subdivisions: a retrograde tracing study in the mouse.

PubMed

Cádiz-Moretti, Bernardita; Otero-García, Marcos; Martínez-García, Fernando; Lanuza, Enrique

2016-03-01

The medial amygdaloid nucleus (Me) is a key node in the socio-sexual brain, composed of anterior (MeA), posteroventral (MePV) and posterodorsal (MePD) subdivisions. These subdivisions have been suggested to play a different role in reproductive and defensive behaviours. In the present work we analyse the afferents of the three Me subdivisions using restricted injections of fluorogold in female outbred CD1 mice. The results reveal that the MeA, MePV and MePD share a common pattern of afferents, with some differences in the density of retrograde labelling in several nuclei. Common afferents to Me subdivisions include: the accessory olfactory bulbs, piriform cortex and endopiriform nucleus, chemosensory amygdala (receiving direct inputs from the olfactory bulbs), posterior part of the medial bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BSTM), CA1 in the ventral hippocampus and posterior intralaminar thalamus. Minor projections originate from the basolateral amygdala and amygdalo-hippocampal area, septum, ventral striatum, several allocortical and periallocortical areas, claustrum, several hypothalamic structures, raphe and parabrachial complex. MeA and MePV share minor inputs from the frontal cortex (medial orbital, prelimbic, infralimbic and dorsal peduncular cortices), but differ in the lack of main olfactory projections to the MePV. By contrast, the MePD receives preferential projections from the rostral accessory olfactory bulb, the posteromedial BSTM and the ventral premammillary nucleus. In summary, the common pattern of afferents to the Me subdivisions and their interconnections suggest that they play cooperative instead of differential roles in the various behaviours (e.g., sociosexual, defensive) in which the Me has been shown to be involved.

24 CFR 1710.115 - Subdivision characteristics and climate.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... erosion, sedimentation or periodic flooding throughout the subdivision? (2) If there is a program... seeding in areas of heavy grading or cut and fill along with the construction of diversion channels, ditches, outlet channels, waterway stabilizers and sediment control basins.) (f) Nuisances. Are there any...

24 CFR 1710.115 - Subdivision characteristics and climate.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... erosion, sedimentation or periodic flooding throughout the subdivision? (2) If there is a program... seeding in areas of heavy grading or cut and fill along with the construction of diversion channels, ditches, outlet channels, waterway stabilizers and sediment control basins.) (f) Nuisances. Are there any...

15 CFR 241.1 - Capacities.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... OTHER DRY COMMODITIES, AND FOR CRANBERRIES § 241.1 Capacities. (a) The capacities of the standard barrel for fruits, vegetables, and other dry commodities, other than cranberries, and its subdivisions, are... standard cranberry barrel and its subdivisions are as follows: Size Cubic inches Bushels 1 Quarts 1...

15 CFR 241.1 - Capacities.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... OTHER DRY COMMODITIES, AND FOR CRANBERRIES § 241.1 Capacities. (a) The capacities of the standard barrel for fruits, vegetables, and other dry commodities, other than cranberries, and its subdivisions, are... standard cranberry barrel and its subdivisions are as follows: Size Cubic inches Bushels 1 Quarts 1...

15 CFR 241.1 - Capacities.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... OTHER DRY COMMODITIES, AND FOR CRANBERRIES § 241.1 Capacities. (a) The capacities of the standard barrel for fruits, vegetables, and other dry commodities, other than cranberries, and its subdivisions, are... standard cranberry barrel and its subdivisions are as follows: Size Cubic inches Bushels 1 Quarts 1...

15 CFR 241.1 - Capacities.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... OTHER DRY COMMODITIES, AND FOR CRANBERRIES § 241.1 Capacities. (a) The capacities of the standard barrel for fruits, vegetables, and other dry commodities, other than cranberries, and its subdivisions, are... standard cranberry barrel and its subdivisions are as follows: Size Cubic inches Bushels 1 Quarts 1...

15 CFR 241.1 - Capacities.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... OTHER DRY COMMODITIES, AND FOR CRANBERRIES § 241.1 Capacities. (a) The capacities of the standard barrel for fruits, vegetables, and other dry commodities, other than cranberries, and its subdivisions, are... standard cranberry barrel and its subdivisions are as follows: Size Cubic inches Bushels 1 Quarts 1...

44 CFR 79.2 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... SECURITY INSURANCE AND HAZARD MITIGATION National Flood Insurance Program FLOOD MITIGATION GRANTS § 79.2... special flood hazards, and is participating in the NFIP; or (2) A political subdivision of a State, or other authority that is designated by a political subdivision to develop and administer a mitigation...

A subdivision-based parametric deformable model for surface extraction and statistical shape modeling of the knee cartilages

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fripp, Jurgen; Crozier, Stuart; Warfield, Simon K.; Ourselin, Sébastien

2006-03-01

Subdivision surfaces and parameterization are desirable for many algorithms that are commonly used in Medical Image Analysis. However, extracting an accurate surface and parameterization can be difficult for many anatomical objects of interest, due to noisy segmentations and the inherent variability of the object. The thin cartilages of the knee are an example of this, especially after damage is incurred from injuries or conditions like osteoarthritis. As a result, the cartilages can have different topologies or exist in multiple pieces. In this paper we present a topology preserving (genus 0) subdivision-based parametric deformable model that is used to extract the surfaces of the patella and tibial cartilages in the knee. These surfaces have minimal thickness in areas without cartilage. The algorithm inherently incorporates several desirable properties, including: shape based interpolation, sub-division remeshing and parameterization. To illustrate the usefulness of this approach, the surfaces and parameterizations of the patella cartilage are used to generate a 3D statistical shape model.

Space Subdivision in Indoor Mobile Laser Scanning Point Clouds Based on Scanline Analysis.

PubMed

Zheng, Yi; Peter, Michael; Zhong, Ruofei; Oude Elberink, Sander; Zhou, Quan

2018-06-05

Indoor space subdivision is an important aspect of scene analysis that provides essential information for many applications, such as indoor navigation and evacuation route planning. Until now, most proposed scene understanding algorithms have been based on whole point clouds, which has led to complicated operations, high computational loads and low processing speed. This paper presents novel methods to efficiently extract the location of openings (e.g., doors and windows) and to subdivide space by analyzing scanlines. An opening detection method is demonstrated that analyses the local geometric regularity in scanlines to refine the extracted opening. Moreover, a space subdivision method based on the extracted openings and the scanning system trajectory is described. Finally, the opening detection and space subdivision results are saved as point cloud labels which will be used for further investigations. The method has been tested on a real dataset collected by ZEB-REVO. The experimental results validate the completeness and correctness of the proposed method for different indoor environment and scanning paths.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Skala, Vaclav

There are many space subdivision and space partitioning techniques used in many algorithms to speed up computations. They mostly rely on orthogonal space subdivision, resp. using hierarchical data structures, e.g. BSP trees, quadtrees, octrees, kd-trees, bounding volume hierarchies etc. However in some applications a non-orthogonal space subdivision can offer new ways for actual speed up. In the case of convex polygon in E{sup 2} a simple Point-in-Polygon test is of the O(N) complexity and the optimal algorithm is of O(log N) computational complexity. In the E{sup 3} case, the complexity is O(N) even for the convex polyhedron as no orderingmore » is defined. New Point-in-Convex Polygon and Point-in-Convex Polyhedron algorithms are presented based on space subdivision in the preprocessing stage resulting to O(1) run-time complexity. The presented approach is simple to implement. Due to the principle of duality, dual problems, e.g. line-convex polygon, line clipping, can be solved in a similarly.« less

Hardware implementation of hierarchical volume subdivision-based elastic registration.

PubMed

Dandekar, Omkar; Walimbe, Vivek; Shekhar, Raj

2006-01-01

Real-time, elastic and fully automated 3D image registration is critical to the efficiency and effectiveness of many image-guided diagnostic and treatment procedures relying on multimodality image fusion or serial image comparison. True, real-time performance will make many 3D image registration-based techniques clinically viable. Hierarchical volume subdivision-based image registration techniques are inherently faster than most elastic registration techniques, e.g. free-form deformation (FFD)-based techniques, and are more amenable for achieving real-time performance through hardware acceleration. Our group has previously reported an FPGA-based architecture for accelerating FFD-based image registration. In this article we show how our existing architecture can be adapted to support hierarchical volume subdivision-based image registration. A proof-of-concept implementation of the architecture achieved speedups of 100 for elastic registration against an optimized software implementation on a 3.2 GHz Pentium III Xeon workstation. Due to inherent parallel nature of the hierarchical volume subdivision-based image registration techniques further speedup can be achieved by using several computing modules in parallel.

Current management of functional dyspepsia: impact of Rome III subdivision

PubMed Central

Karamanolis, Georgios P.; Tack, Jan

2012-01-01

Functional dyspepsia (FD) is a highly prevalent disease characterized by symptoms originating from the gastroduodenal region in the absence of underlying organic disease. The Rome III consensus made a distinction between meal-induced and meal-unrelated symptoms and proposed subdivision of FD into postprandial distress syndrome and epigastric pain syndrome. The applicability of this subdivision and the impact on management are areas of active research. So far, empirical approaches are still employed for the treatment of FD, although various therapeutic modalities for FD have been explored; acid-suppressive, prokinetic, and fundic relaxant drugs, antidepressants and psychological therapies. FD remains a challenge and presents unmet clinical needs. PMID:24714074

46 CFR 46.10-65 - Construction.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 46 Shipping 2 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Construction. 46.10-65 Section 46.10-65 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) LOAD LINES SUBDIVISION LOAD LINES FOR PASSENGER VESSELS Administration § 46.10-65 Construction. (a) The watertight subdivision of every passenger vessel...

46 CFR 46.10-65 - Construction.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 46 Shipping 2 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Construction. 46.10-65 Section 46.10-65 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) LOAD LINES SUBDIVISION LOAD LINES FOR PASSENGER VESSELS Administration § 46.10-65 Construction. (a) The watertight subdivision of every passenger vessel...

46 CFR 46.10-65 - Construction.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 46 Shipping 2 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Construction. 46.10-65 Section 46.10-65 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) LOAD LINES SUBDIVISION LOAD LINES FOR PASSENGER VESSELS Administration § 46.10-65 Construction. (a) The watertight subdivision of every passenger vessel...

46 CFR 46.10-65 - Construction.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 46 Shipping 2 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Construction. 46.10-65 Section 46.10-65 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) LOAD LINES SUBDIVISION LOAD LINES FOR PASSENGER VESSELS Administration § 46.10-65 Construction. (a) The watertight subdivision of every passenger vessel...

46 CFR 46.10-65 - Construction.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 46 Shipping 2 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Construction. 46.10-65 Section 46.10-65 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) LOAD LINES SUBDIVISION LOAD LINES FOR PASSENGER VESSELS Administration § 46.10-65 Construction. (a) The watertight subdivision of every passenger vessel...

45 CFR 303.52 - Pass-through of incentives to political subdivisions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 45 Public Welfare 2 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Pass-through of incentives to political subdivisions. 303.52 Section 303.52 Public Welfare Regulations Relating to Public Welfare OFFICE OF CHILD SUPPORT ENFORCEMENT (CHILD SUPPORT ENFORCEMENT PROGRAM), ADMINISTRATION FOR CHILDREN AND FAMILIES...

24 CFR 1710.15 - Regulatory exemption-multiple site subdivision-determination required.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

.... Any development will likely have some impact on the surrounding environment. Development which... 24 Housing and Urban Development 5 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Regulatory exemption-multiple site subdivision-determination required. 1710.15 Section 1710.15 Housing and Urban Development Regulations Relating...

24 CFR 1710.15 - Regulatory exemption-multiple site subdivision-determination required.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

.... Any development will likely have some impact on the surrounding environment. Development which... 24 Housing and Urban Development 5 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Regulatory exemption-multiple site subdivision-determination required. 1710.15 Section 1710.15 Housing and Urban Development Regulations Relating...

24 CFR 1710.15 - Regulatory exemption-multiple site subdivision-determination required.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

.... Any development will likely have some impact on the surrounding environment. Development which... 24 Housing and Urban Development 5 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Regulatory exemption-multiple site subdivision-determination required. 1710.15 Section 1710.15 Housing and Urban Development Regulations Relating...

24 CFR 1710.15 - Regulatory exemption-multiple site subdivision-determination required.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

.... Any development will likely have some impact on the surrounding environment. Development which... 24 Housing and Urban Development 5 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Regulatory exemption-multiple site subdivision-determination required. 1710.15 Section 1710.15 Housing and Urban Development Regulations Relating...

29 CFR 1601.70 - FEP agency qualifications.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

...) That the State or political subdivision has a fair employment practice law which makes unlawful... State or political subdivision has either established a State or local authority or authorized an...; or to institute criminal proceedings with respect to the practice. (b) Any State or local agency or...

29 CFR 541.103 - Department or subdivision.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... example, a large employer's human resources department might have subdivisions for labor relations, pensions and other benefits, equal employment opportunity, and personnel management, each of which has a... to time to a specific job or series of jobs and a unit with permanent status and function. A...

Assessment of Changes in Microbial Community Structure during Operation of an Ammonia Biofilter with Molecular Tools

PubMed Central

Sakano, Y.; Kerkhof, L.

1998-01-01

Biofiltration has been used for two decades to remove odors and various volatile organic and inorganic compounds in contaminated off-gas streams. Although biofiltration is widely practiced, there have been few studies of the bacteria responsible for the removal of air contaminants in biofilters. In this study, molecular techniques were used to identify bacteria in a laboratory-scale ammonia biofilter. Both 16S rRNA and ammonia monooxygenase (amoA) genes were used to characterize the heterotrophic and ammonia-oxidizing bacteria collected from the biofilter during a 102-day experiment. The overall diversity of the heterotrophic microbial population appeared to decrease by 38% at the end of the experiment. The community structure of the heterotrophic population also shifted from predominantly members of two subdivisions of the Proteobacteria (the beta and gamma subdivisions) to members of one subdivision (the gamma subdivision). An overall decrease in the diversity of ammonia monooxygenase genes was not observed. However, a shift from groups dominated by organisms containing Nitrosomonas-like and Nitrosospira-like amoA genes to groups dominated by organisms containing only Nitrosospira-like amoA genes was observed. In addition, a new amoA gene was discovered. This new gene is the first freshwater amoA gene that is closely affiliated with Nitrosococcus oceanus and the particulate methane monooxygenase gene from the methane oxidizers belonging to the gamma subdivision of the Proteobacteria. PMID:9835577

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Christensen, C.; Horowitz, S.

In subdivisions, house orientations are largely determined by street layout. The resulting house orientations affect energy consumption (annual and on-peak) for heating and cooling, depending on window area distributions and shading from neighboring houses. House orientations also affect energy production (annual and on-peak) from solar thermal and photovoltaic systems, depending on available roof surfaces. Therefore, house orientations fundamentally influence both energy consumption and production, and an appropriate street layout is a prerequisite for taking full advantage of energy efficiency and renewable energy opportunities. The potential influence of street layout on solar performance is often acknowledged, but solar and energy issuesmore » must compete with many other criteria and constraints that influence subdivision street layout. When only general guidelines regarding energy are available, these factors may be ignored or have limited effect. Also, typical guidelines are often not site-specific and do not account for local parameters such as climate and the time value of energy. For energy to be given its due consideration in subdivision design, energy impacts need to be accurately quantified and displayed interactively to facilitate analysis of design alternatives. This paper describes a new computerized Subdivision Energy Analysis Tool being developed to allow users to interactively design subdivision street layouts while receiving feedback about energy impacts based on user-specified building design variants and availability of roof surfaces for photovoltaic and solar water heating systems.« less

Assessment of changes in microbial community structure during operation of an ammonia biofilter with molecular tools

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Sakano, Y.; Kerkhof, L.; Janes, H. W. (Principal Investigator)

1998-01-01

Biofiltration has been used for two decades to remove odors and various volatile organic and inorganic compounds in contaminated off-gas streams. Although biofiltration is widely practiced, there have been few studies of the bacteria responsible for the removal of air contaminants in biofilters. In this study, molecular techniques were used to identify bacteria in a laboratory-scale ammonia biofilter. Both 16S rRNA and ammonia monooxygenase (amoA) genes were used to characterize the heterotrophic and ammonia-oxidizing bacteria collected from the biofilter during a 102-day experiment. The overall diversity of the heterotrophic microbial population appeared to decrease by 38% at the end of the experiment. The community structure of the heterotrophic population also shifted from predominantly members of two subdivisions of the Proteobacteria (the beta and gamma subdivisions) to members of one subdivision (the gamma subdivision). An overall decrease in the diversity of ammonia monooxygenase genes was not observed. However, a shift from groups dominated by organisms containing Nitrosomonas-like and Nitrosospira-like amoA genes to groups dominated by organisms containing only Nitrosospira-like amoA genes was observed. In addition, a new amoA gene was discovered. This new gene is the first freshwater amoA gene that is closely affiliated with Nitrosococcus oceanus and the particulate methane monooxygenase gene from the methane oxidizers belonging to the gamma subdivision of the Proteobacteria.

1 CFR 22.1 - Name of issuing agency and subdivision.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 1 General Provisions 1 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Name of issuing agency and subdivision. 22.1 Section 22.1 General Provisions ADMINISTRATIVE COMMITTEE OF THE FEDERAL REGISTER PREPARATION, TRANSMITTAL, AND PROCESSING OF DOCUMENTS PREPARATION OF NOTICES AND PROPOSED RULES Notices § 22.1 Name of issuing...

1 CFR 22.1 - Name of issuing agency and subdivision.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 1 General Provisions 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Name of issuing agency and subdivision. 22.1 Section 22.1 General Provisions ADMINISTRATIVE COMMITTEE OF THE FEDERAL REGISTER PREPARATION, TRANSMITTAL, AND PROCESSING OF DOCUMENTS PREPARATION OF NOTICES AND PROPOSED RULES Notices § 22.1 Name of issuing...

24 CFR 1710.107 - Risks of buying land.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... own sales program and local real estate brokers may not be interested in listing your lot. (4) Any subdivision will have an impact on the surrounding environment. Whether or not the impact is adverse and the degree of impact, will depend on the location, size, planning and extent of development. Subdivisions...

26 CFR 1.995-5 - Foreign investment attributable to producer's loans.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... under the foreign direct investment program and the amounts described in subdivision (iv) of this... this subdivision of certain capital raised under the foreign direct investment program is the excess...-term borrowing (see 15 CFR 1000.324 1) for purposes of the foreign direct investment program (see 15...

46 CFR 42.09-10 - Stability, subdivision, and strength.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... approval of test results (light ship data) and stability information shall be furnished by the owner. In... a stability test performed under the supervision of the Commandant. Results of such tests, if... 46 Shipping 2 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Stability, subdivision, and strength. 42.09-10 Section...

46 CFR 42.09-10 - Stability, subdivision, and strength.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... approval of test results (light ship data) and stability information shall be furnished by the owner. In... a stability test performed under the supervision of the Commandant. Results of such tests, if... 46 Shipping 2 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Stability, subdivision, and strength. 42.09-10 Section...

46 CFR 42.09-10 - Stability, subdivision, and strength.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... approval of test results (light ship data) and stability information shall be furnished by the owner. In... a stability test performed under the supervision of the Commandant. Results of such tests, if... 46 Shipping 2 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Stability, subdivision, and strength. 42.09-10 Section...

Theatre for Development: An Overview.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Nogueira, Marcia Pompeo

2002-01-01

Discusses the term Theatre for Development (TFD) by addressing the theatre practice developed by a group of women in Mundemba Sub-Division, Cameroon, which was presented in Anne Tanyi-Tang's article "Theatre for Change: An Analysis of Two Performances by Women in Mundemba Sub-Division" in an earlier issue of this journal. Considers…

DNR Land Records Search Portal

Science.gov Websites

- ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE 513 - PARK USE PERMIT 521 - SUBDIVISION SALE COMP 522 - AGRICULTURAL SALE COMP 523 - ODDLOT UPLAND 539 - OTHER SALE NON-COMP 541 - SUBDIVISION LEASE COMP 542 - AGRICULTURAL LEASE COMP 543 - ODDLOT - RESIDENTIAL HOMESTEAD 567 - AGRICULTURAL HOMESTEAD 568 - REAA SCHOOL CONVEYANCE 569 - DISPOSAL OF ACCRETED

31 CFR 515.510 - Payments to the United States, States and political subdivisions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Payments to the United States, States and political subdivisions. 515.510 Section 515.510 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating... ASSETS CONTROL REGULATIONS Licenses, Authorizations, and Statements of Licensing Policy § 515.510...

Alaska Department of Natural Resources

Science.gov Websites

/ Coastal Impact Assistance Program Alaska CIAP Plan December 2010 Amendment - APPROVED FEBRUARY 4, 2011 On state and its eligible Coastal Political Subdivisions (CPSs) will use and manage their CIAP allocation : Project Lists A-1: Direct to State Funding A-2: Direct to Coastal Political Subdivisions Appendix B-1

31 CFR 515.510 - Payments to the United States, States and political subdivisions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Payments to the United States, States and political subdivisions. 515.510 Section 515.510 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating... ASSETS CONTROL REGULATIONS Licenses, Authorizations, and Statements of Licensing Policy § 515.510...

31 CFR 515.510 - Payments to the United States, States and political subdivisions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Payments to the United States, States and political subdivisions. 515.510 Section 515.510 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating... ASSETS CONTROL REGULATIONS Licenses, Authorizations, and Statements of Licensing Policy § 515.510...

24 CFR 1710.111 - Utilities.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... used (e.g., central system, comfort stations or individual on-site systems such as septic tanks, holding tanks, etc.) in the subdivision? Of the following items, only those which apply to the subdivision... similar storage tanks are to be used, state where water to fill them can be secured; the cost of the water...

27 CFR 9.172 - West Elks.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... W.); (1) The boundary proceeds east following the center subdivision lines of Sections 20 and 21 to its intersection with Colorado Highway 133; (2) Then northeasterly following Colorado Highway 133 to its intersection with the N-S center subdivision line of Section 14, T. 13 S., R. 91 W., near Juanita...

27 CFR 9.172 - West Elks.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... W.); (1) The boundary proceeds east following the center subdivision lines of Sections 20 and 21 to its intersection with Colorado Highway 133; (2) Then northeasterly following Colorado Highway 133 to its intersection with the N-S center subdivision line of Section 14, T. 13 S., R. 91 W., near Juanita...

27 CFR 9.172 - West Elks.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... W.); (1) The boundary proceeds east following the center subdivision lines of Sections 20 and 21 to its intersection with Colorado Highway 133; (2) Then northeasterly following Colorado Highway 133 to its intersection with the N-S center subdivision line of Section 14, T. 13 S., R. 91 W., near Juanita...

27 CFR 9.172 - West Elks.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... W.); (1) The boundary proceeds east following the center subdivision lines of Sections 20 and 21 to its intersection with Colorado Highway 133; (2) Then northeasterly following Colorado Highway 133 to its intersection with the N-S center subdivision line of Section 14, T. 13 S., R. 91 W., near Juanita...

27 CFR 9.172 - West Elks.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... W.); (1) The boundary proceeds east following the center subdivision lines of Sections 20 and 21 to its intersection with Colorado Highway 133; (2) Then northeasterly following Colorado Highway 133 to its intersection with the N-S center subdivision line of Section 14, T. 13 S., R. 91 W., near Juanita...

17 CFR 146.6 - Disclosure to third parties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... control of the United States for a civil or criminal law enforcement activity if the activity is... political subdivision thereof acting within the scope of its jurisdiction as permitted by section 8(e) of... information may be furnished to a department or agency of any state or political subdivision thereof upon...

48 CFR 702.170-8 - Government, Federal, State, local and political subdivisions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 5 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Government, Federal, State, local and political subdivisions. 702.170-8 Section 702.170-8 Federal Acquisition Regulations System AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT GENERAL DEFINITIONS OF WORDS AND TERMS Definitions 702.170-8...

13. Dry Dock No. 4. Plan. Subdivision IV (Frederic R. ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

13. Dry Dock No. 4. Plan. Subdivision IV (Frederic R. Harris, Inc., January 10, 1941). In Files of Cushman & Wakefield, Building No. 501, Philadelphia Naval Business Center. - Naval Base Philadelphia-Philadelphia Naval Shipyard, Dry Dock No. 4, Broad Street south of Government Avenue, Philadelphia, Philadelphia County, PA

10. Dry Dock No. 4. Plan. Subdivision I (Frederic R. ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

10. Dry Dock No. 4. Plan. Subdivision I (Frederic R. Harris, Inc., January 10, 1941). In Files of Cushman & Wakefield, Building No. 501, Philadelphia Naval Business Center. - Naval Base Philadelphia-Philadelphia Naval Shipyard, Dry Dock No. 4, Broad Street south of Government Avenue, Philadelphia, Philadelphia County, PA

12. Dry Dock No. 4. Plan. Subdivision III (Frederic R. ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

12. Dry Dock No. 4. Plan. Subdivision III (Frederic R. Harris, Inc., January 10, 1941). In Files of Cushman & Wakefield, Building No. 501, Philadelphia Naval Business Center. - Naval Base Philadelphia-Philadelphia Naval Shipyard, Dry Dock No. 4, Broad Street south of Government Avenue, Philadelphia, Philadelphia County, PA

11. Dry Dock No. 4. Plan. Subdivision II (Frederic R. ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

11. Dry Dock No. 4. Plan. Subdivision II (Frederic R. Harris, Inc., January 10, 1941). In Files of Cushman & Wakefield, Building No. 501, Philadelphia Naval Business Center. - Naval Base Philadelphia-Philadelphia Naval Shipyard, Dry Dock No. 4, Broad Street south of Government Avenue, Philadelphia, Philadelphia County, PA

76 FR 32266 - Maine Northern Railway Company-Trackage Rights Exemption-Montreal, Maine & Atlantic Railway, Ltd.

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-06-03

... written trackage rights agreement, Montreal, Maine & Atlantic Railway, Ltd. (MMA) has agreed to grant... milepost 109 on MMA's Millinocket Subdivision) and Brownville Junction, Me. (at or about milepost 104.84 on the Mattawamkeag Subdivision of the Eastern Maine Railway (EMR)), including MMA's Brownville Junction...

33 CFR 157.21 - Subdivision and stability.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

.... vessel must meet the following subdivision and damage stability criteria after assuming side and bottom damages, as defined in appendix B of this part. A U.S. vessel that meets the requirements in this section... account sinkage, heel, and trim, must be below the lower edge of an opening through which progressive...

33 CFR 157.21 - Subdivision and stability.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

.... vessel must meet the following subdivision and damage stability criteria after assuming side and bottom damages, as defined in appendix B of this part. A U.S. vessel that meets the requirements in this section... account sinkage, heel, and trim, must be below the lower edge of an opening through which progressive...

33 CFR 157.21 - Subdivision and stability.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

.... vessel must meet the following subdivision and damage stability criteria after assuming side and bottom damages, as defined in appendix B of this part. A U.S. vessel that meets the requirements in this section... account sinkage, heel, and trim, must be below the lower edge of an opening through which progressive...

1 CFR 22.1 - Name of issuing agency and subdivision.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 1 General Provisions 1 2014-01-01 2012-01-01 true Name of issuing agency and subdivision. 22.1 Section 22.1 General Provisions ADMINISTRATIVE COMMITTEE OF THE FEDERAL REGISTER PREPARATION, TRANSMITTAL, AND PROCESSING OF DOCUMENTS PREPARATION OF NOTICES AND PROPOSED RULES Notices § 22.1 Name of issuing...

1 CFR 22.1 - Name of issuing agency and subdivision.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 1 General Provisions 1 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Name of issuing agency and subdivision. 22.1 Section 22.1 General Provisions ADMINISTRATIVE COMMITTEE OF THE FEDERAL REGISTER PREPARATION, TRANSMITTAL, AND PROCESSING OF DOCUMENTS PREPARATION OF NOTICES AND PROPOSED RULES Notices § 22.1 Name of issuing...

1 CFR 22.1 - Name of issuing agency and subdivision.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 1 General Provisions 1 2013-01-01 2012-01-01 true Name of issuing agency and subdivision. 22.1 Section 22.1 General Provisions ADMINISTRATIVE COMMITTEE OF THE FEDERAL REGISTER PREPARATION, TRANSMITTAL, AND PROCESSING OF DOCUMENTS PREPARATION OF NOTICES AND PROPOSED RULES Notices § 22.1 Name of issuing...

40 CFR 35.6105 - State-lead remedial Cooperative Agreements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... supplies), the nature of the release (contaminant type and affected media), past response actions at each... 300.510(c)(1) of the NCP. In addition, even if a political subdivision is designated as being... and maintenance activities in the event of default by the political subdivision. (2) Cost sharing. The...

30 CFR 519.411 - What definitions apply to this subpart?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... political subdivision means a political subdivision of a Gulf producing State any part of which political... 1972 (16 U.S.C. 1453)) of the Gulf producing State as of December 20, 2006; and (2) Not more than 200..., dated February 2006. Gulf producing State means each of the States of Alabama, Louisiana, Mississippi...

30 CFR 219.411 - What definitions apply to this subpart?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... February 2006. Coastal political subdivision means a political subdivision of a Gulf producing State any... Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972 (16 U.S.C. 1453)) of the Gulf producing State as of December 20, 2006... Program 2007-2012, dated February 2006. Gulf producing State means each of the States of Alabama...

30 CFR 519.411 - What definitions apply to this subpart?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... political subdivision means a political subdivision of a Gulf producing State any part of which political... 1972 (16 U.S.C. 1453)) of the Gulf producing State as of December 20, 2006; and (2) Not more than 200..., dated February 2006. Gulf producing State means each of the States of Alabama, Louisiana, Mississippi...

30 CFR 519.411 - What definitions apply to this subpart?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... political subdivision means a political subdivision of a Gulf producing State any part of which political... 1972 (16 U.S.C. 1453)) of the Gulf producing State as of December 20, 2006; and (2) Not more than 200..., dated February 2006. Gulf producing State means each of the States of Alabama, Louisiana, Mississippi...

20 CFR 1002.39 - Are States (and their political subdivisions), the District of Columbia, the Commonwealth of...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

...), the District of Columbia, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, and United States territories, considered... States (and their political subdivisions), the District of Columbia, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, and.... The District of Columbia, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, Guam, the Virgin Islands, and territories...

20 CFR 1002.39 - Are States (and their political subdivisions), the District of Columbia, the Commonwealth of...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

...), the District of Columbia, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, and United States territories, considered... States (and their political subdivisions), the District of Columbia, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, and.... The District of Columbia, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, Guam, the Virgin Islands, and territories...

20 CFR 1002.39 - Are States (and their political subdivisions), the District of Columbia, the Commonwealth of...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

...), the District of Columbia, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, and United States territories, considered... States (and their political subdivisions), the District of Columbia, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, and.... The District of Columbia, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, Guam, the Virgin Islands, and territories...

20 CFR 1002.39 - Are States (and their political subdivisions), the District of Columbia, the Commonwealth of...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

...), the District of Columbia, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, and United States territories, considered... States (and their political subdivisions), the District of Columbia, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, and.... The District of Columbia, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, Guam, the Virgin Islands, and territories...

20 CFR 1002.39 - Are States (and their political subdivisions), the District of Columbia, the Commonwealth of...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

...), the District of Columbia, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, and United States territories, considered... States (and their political subdivisions), the District of Columbia, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, and.... The District of Columbia, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, Guam, the Virgin Islands, and territories...

A Critical Analysis of Football Bowl Subdivision Coaching Contract Components

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Nichols, Justin Keith

2012-01-01

This exploratory study is designed to inventory and analyze contract components used by Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS) institutions in the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) to further contribute to the body research. The FBS is comprised of 120 institutions and 94 of those institutions submitted contracts to "USA Today"…

78 FR 65762 - Union Pacific Railroad Company-Trackage Rights Exemption-CSX Transportation, Inc.

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-11-01

... subject trackage at: (1) CSXT's connection with GTW at or near milepost 31.07 (Munster) on the Elsdon Subdivision in Munster, Ind.; (2) CSXT's northeast connection with UP at or near milepost 25.20 (Thornton Junction) on the Elsdon Subdivision in Thornton, Ill.; (3) CSXT's connection with Grand Trunk Western...

31 CFR 515.510 - Payments to the United States, States and political subdivisions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 31 Money and Finance: Treasury 3 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Payments to the United States, States and political subdivisions. 515.510 Section 515.510 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued) OFFICE OF FOREIGN ASSETS CONTROL, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY CUBAN...

31 CFR 500.510 - Payments to the United States, States and political subdivisions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 31 Money and Finance: Treasury 3 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Payments to the United States, States and political subdivisions. 500.510 Section 500.510 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued) OFFICE OF FOREIGN ASSETS CONTROL, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY FOREIGN...

24 CFR 1710.211 - Utilities.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... regulated by a governmental agency but which is not affiliated with or under the control of the developer... anticipated population of the subdivision or how many homes or connections it can and will serve and that the... supply of water to serve the anticipated population of the subdivision. (4) If the supplier of water is...

34 CFR 110.3 - What definitions apply?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

..., rule, standard, or method of administration, or the use of any policy, rule, standard, or method of... necessarily imply a particular age or range of ages (e.g., “children,” “adult,” “older persons,” but not... State or its political subdivision, any instrumentality of a State or its political subdivision, any...

32 CFR 644.431 - Power transmission lines.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 1944, as amended (50 U.S.C., App. 1622(d)), any state, or political subdivision thereof, or any state... transmission line and the right of way acquired for its construction is needed for or adaptable to the... in all cases. (b) Procedure. Whenever a State, or political subdivision thereof, or state or Federal...

20 CFR 416.1901 - Scope of subpart S.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... to the State (or a political subdivision of the State) as repayment for interim assistance it gave... you must have given written authorization for us to repay the State (or a political subdivision of the... State. (4) Appeals. Sections 416.1920 through 416.1922 describe your appeal rights in the State and in...

46 CFR 173.055 - Watertight subdivision and damage stability standards for existing sailing school vessels.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... for existing sailing school vessels. 173.055 Section 173.055 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF... § 173.055 Watertight subdivision and damage stability standards for existing sailing school vessels. (a) Except as provided in paragraph (c) of this section, an existing sailing school vessel which carries more...

46 CFR 173.055 - Watertight subdivision and damage stability standards for existing sailing school vessels.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... for existing sailing school vessels. 173.055 Section 173.055 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF... § 173.055 Watertight subdivision and damage stability standards for existing sailing school vessels. (a) Except as provided in paragraph (c) of this section, an existing sailing school vessel which carries more...

17. Dry Dock No. 4. Longitudinal Section. Subdivision V and ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

17. Dry Dock No. 4. Longitudinal Section. Subdivision V and Stair Details (Frederic R. Harris, Inc., January 10, 1941). In Files of Cushman & Wakefield, Building No. 501, Philadelphia Naval Business Center. - Naval Base Philadelphia-Philadelphia Naval Shipyard, Dry Dock No. 4, Broad Street south of Government Avenue, Philadelphia, Philadelphia County, PA

15. Dry Dock No. 4. Longitudinal Section. Subdivision Nos. I ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

15. Dry Dock No. 4. Longitudinal Section. Subdivision Nos. I and II (Frederic R. Harris, Inc., January 10, 1941). In Files of Cushman & Wakefield, Building no. 501, Philadelphia Naval Business Center. - Naval Base Philadelphia-Philadelphia Naval Shipyard, Dry Dock No. 4, Broad Street south of Government Avenue, Philadelphia, Philadelphia County, PA

16. Dry Dock No. 4. Longitudinal Section. Subdivision Nos. III ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

16. Dry Dock No. 4. Longitudinal Section. Subdivision Nos. III and IV (Frederic R. Harris, Inc., January 10, 1941). In Files of Cushman & Wakefield, Building no. 501, Philadelphia Naval Business Center. - Naval Base Philadelphia-Philadelphia Naval Shipyard, Dry Dock No. 4, Broad Street south of Government Avenue, Philadelphia, Philadelphia County, PA

27 CFR 30.22 - Hydrometers and thermometers.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... subdivisions of degrees as follows: Type Range Subdivision Pencil type 10° to 100° 1° V-back 10° to 100° 1° Glass shell (earlier model) 40° to 100° 1/2° Glass shell (later model) 40° to 100° 1/4° (Sec. 201, Pub...

27 CFR 30.22 - Hydrometers and thermometers.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... subdivisions of degrees as follows: Type Range Subdivision Pencil type 10° to 100° 1° V-back 10° to 100° 1° Glass shell (earlier model) 40° to 100° 1/2° Glass shell (later model) 40° to 100° 1/4° (Sec. 201, Pub...

27 CFR 30.22 - Hydrometers and thermometers.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... subdivisions of degrees as follows: Type Range Subdivision Pencil type 10° to 100° 1° V-back 10° to 100° 1° Glass shell (earlier model) 40° to 100° 1/2° Glass shell (later model) 40° to 100° 1/4° (Sec. 201, Pub...

78 FR 5195 - Filing of Plats of Survey: California

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-01-24

... sections accepted October 18, 2012. T. 18 N., R. 10 W., dependent resurvey and subdivision accepted... Meridian, California T. 11 N., R. 3 E., corrective dependent resurvey, resurvey and subdivision accepted November 27, 2012. T. 2 N., R. 2 and 3 W., dependent resurvey and metes-and-bounds survey accepted November...

28 CFR 55.6 - Coverage under section 203(c).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... THE VOTING RIGHTS ACT REGARDING LANGUAGE MINORITY GROUPS Nature of Coverage § 55.6 Coverage under... subdivision approach. A political subdivision is covered if— (i) More than 5 percent of its voting age... which more than 5 percent of the voting age citizens are members of a single language minority and are...

28 CFR 55.6 - Coverage under section 203(c).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... THE VOTING RIGHTS ACT REGARDING LANGUAGE MINORITY GROUPS Nature of Coverage § 55.6 Coverage under... subdivision approach. A political subdivision is covered if— (i) More than 5 percent of its voting age... which more than 5 percent of the voting age citizens are members of a single language minority and are...

14. Dry Dock No. 4. Plan of subdivision V and ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

14. Dry Dock No. 4. Plan of subdivision V and Welding Set Platform Details (Frederick R. Harris, Inc., January 10, 1941). In Files of Cushman & Wakefield, Building No. 501, Philadelphia Naval Business Center. - Naval Base Philadelphia-Philadelphia Naval Shipyard, Dry Dock No. 4, Broad Street south of Government Avenue, Philadelphia, Philadelphia County, PA

28 CFR 55.6 - Coverage under section 203(c).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... illiteracy rate of such language minority citizens in the political subdivision is higher than the national illiteracy rate. (2) State approach. A political subdivision is covered if— (i) It is located in a state in... limited-English proficient; (ii) The illiteracy rate of such language minority citizens in the state is...

28 CFR 55.6 - Coverage under section 203(c).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... illiteracy rate of such language minority citizens in the political subdivision is higher than the national illiteracy rate. (2) State approach. A political subdivision is covered if— (i) It is located in a state in... limited-English proficient; (ii) The illiteracy rate of such language minority citizens in the state is...

28 CFR 55.6 - Coverage under section 203(c).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... illiteracy rate of such language minority citizens in the political subdivision is higher than the national illiteracy rate. (2) State approach. A political subdivision is covered if— (i) It is located in a state in... limited-English proficient; (ii) The illiteracy rate of such language minority citizens in the state is...

20 CFR 665.330 - Are the NAFTA-TAA program requirements for rapid response also required activities?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... TRAINING ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF LABOR STATEWIDE WORKFORCE INVESTMENT ACTIVITIES UNDER TITLE I OF THE... members of a group of workers (including those in any agricultural firm or subdivision of an agricultural... sales or production, or both, of such firm or subdivision have decreased absolutely; and (2) Imports...

49 CFR 172.822 - Limitation on actions by states, local governments, and Indian tribes.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... REGULATIONS HAZARDOUS MATERIALS TABLE, SPECIAL PROVISIONS, HAZARDOUS MATERIALS COMMUNICATIONS, EMERGENCY... state, political subdivision of a state, or an Indian tribe that designates, limits, or prohibits the use of a rail line (other than a rail line owned by a state, political subdivision of a state, or an...

Assessing background ground water chemistry beneath a new unsewered subdivision

USGS Publications Warehouse

Wilcox, J.D.; Bradbury, K.R.; Thomas, C.L.; Bahr, J.M.

2005-01-01

Previous site-specific studies designed to assess the impacts of unsewered subdivisions on ground water quality have relied on upgradient monitoring wells or very limited background data to characterize conditions prior to development. In this study, an extensive monitoring program was designed to document ground water conditions prior to construction of a rural subdivision in south-central Wisconsin. Previous agricultural land use has impacted ground water quality; concentrations of chloride, nitrate-nitrogen, and atrazine ranged from below the level of detection to 296 mg/L, 36 mg/L, and 0.8 ??g/L, respectively, and were highly variable from well to well and through time. Seasonal variations in recharge, surface topography, aquifer heterogeneities, surficial loading patterns, and well casing depth explain observed variations in ground water chemistry. This variability would not have been detected if background conditions were determined from only a few monitoring wells or inferred from wells located upgradient of the subdivision site. This project demonstrates the importance of characterizing both ground water quality and chemical variability prior to land-use change to detect any changes once homes are constructed. Copyright ?? 2005 National Ground Water Association.

Optimal algorithm to improve the calculation accuracy of energy deposition for betavoltaic MEMS batteries design

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Li, Sui-xian; Chen, Haiyang; Sun, Min; Cheng, Zaijun

2009-11-01

Aimed at improving the calculation accuracy when calculating the energy deposition of electrons traveling in solids, a method we call optimal subdivision number searching algorithm is proposed. When treating the energy deposition of electrons traveling in solids, large calculation errors are found, we are conscious of that it is the result of dividing and summing when calculating the integral. Based on the results of former research, we propose a further subdividing and summing method. For β particles with the energy in the entire spectrum span, the energy data is set only to be the integral multiple of keV, and the subdivision number is set to be from 1 to 30, then the energy deposition calculation error collections are obtained. Searching for the minimum error in the collections, we can obtain the corresponding energy and subdivision number pairs, as well as the optimal subdivision number. The method is carried out in four kinds of solid materials, Al, Si, Ni and Au to calculate energy deposition. The result shows that the calculation error is reduced by one order with the improved algorithm.

Comparative analysis of nitrifying bacteria associated with freshwater and marine aquaria.

PubMed Central

Hovanec, T A; DeLong, E F

1996-01-01

Three nucleic acid probes, two for autotrophic ammonia-oxidizing bacteria of the beta subdivision of the class Proteobacteria and one for alpha subdivision nitrite-oxidizing bacteria, were developed and used to study nitrifying bacterial phylotypes associated with various freshwater and seawater aquarium biofilters. Nitrosomonas europaea and related species were detected in all nitrifying seawater systems and accounted for as much as 20% of the total eubacterial rRNA. In contrast, nitrifying bacteria belonging to the beta-proteobacterial subdivision were detected in only two samples from freshwater aquaria showing vigorous nitrification rates. rRNA originating from nitrite-oxidizing alpha subdivision proteobacteria was not detected in samples from either aquarium environment. The data obtained indicate that chemolithotrophic ammonia oxidation in the freshwater aquaria was not due to beta-proteobacterial phylotypes related to members of the genus Nitrosomonas and their close relatives, the organisms usually implicated in freshwater nitrification. It is likely that nitrification in natural environments is even more complex than nitrification in these simple systems and is less well characterized with regard to the microorganisms responsible. PMID:8702281

Identifying Common Patterns in Diverse Systems: Effects of Exurban Development on Birds of the Adirondack Park and the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem, USA

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Glennon, Michale J.; Kretser, Heidi E.; Hilty, Jodi A.

2015-02-01

We examined the impacts of exurban development on bird communities in Essex County, New York and Madison County, Montana by comparing differences in abundance of songbirds between subdivisions and control sites in both regions. We hypothesized that impacts to bird communities would be greater in the relatively homogeneous, closed canopy Adirondack forest of northern New York State than they would be in the more naturally heterogeneous grasslands interspersed with trees and shrubs of the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem. We examined birds in five functional groups expected to be responsive to exurban development, and determined relative abundance within subdivisions and control sites across these two distinct regions. We found little support for our hypothesis. For birds in the area-sensitive, low nesting, and Neotropical migrant functional groups, relative abundance was lower in subdivisions in the Adirondacks and in Madison County, while relative abundance of edge specialists was greater in subdivisions in both regions. The direction and magnitude of change in the avian communities between subdivisions and controls was similar in both regions for all guilds except microhabitat specialists. These similarities across diverse ecosystems suggest that the ecological context of the encompassing region may be less important than other elements in shaping avian communities in exurban systems. This finding suggests that humans and their specific behaviors and activities in exurban areas may be underappreciated but potentially important drivers of change in these regions.

Geologic controls of subdivision damage near Denver, Colorado

USGS Publications Warehouse

Noe, D.C.

2005-01-01

This case study investigates the geologic controls on damaging ground deformations in a residential subdivision near Denver, Colo. Moderate to severe damage has occurred in certain areas where linear, parallel heave features with up to 0.3 in (1 ft) of differential displacement have formed across roads and under houses. Other areas have small, localized depressions that have formed in the roadsides with no discernable damage to nearby houses. Still other areas show no evidence of ground movements. The bedrock beneath the subdivision consists of steeply dipping Cretaceous strata of the Benton Shale, Niobrara Formation, and Pierre Shale. Quaternary soil deposits and fill, 0-16 m (0-53 ft) thick, overlie the bedrock. The most pronounced and damaging linear-heave features are coincident with steeply dipping, silty claystone with thin layers of very highly plastic bentonite. These heave features diminish as the depth to bedrock increases, and become small to negligible where the bedrock is overlain by 3 m (10 ft) or more of overburden soil deposits or fill. In contrast, areas having no visible damage and those having localized surface depressions are typically underlain by 1-12 m (3-39 ft) of alluvial-terrace deposits or fill. The depressions appear to have been caused by settlement over improperly filled water-and-sewer line trenches. The overall relationship between geology and ground deformations as seen in this subdivision may be useful for predicting, and thereby reducing, damage for future subdivision projects. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering ?? ASCE.

A robust and efficient polyhedron subdivision and intersection algorithm for three-dimensional MMALE remapping

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chen, Xiang; Zhang, Xiong; Jia, Zupeng

2017-06-01

The Multi-Material Arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian (MMALE) method is an effective way to simulate the multi-material flow with severe surface deformation. Comparing with the traditional Arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian (ALE) method, the MMALE method allows for multiple materials in a single cell which overcomes the difficulties in grid refinement process. In recent decades, many researches have been conducted for the Lagrangian, rezoning and surface reconstruction phases, but less attention has been paid to the multi-material remapping phase especially for the three-dimensional problems due to two complex geometric problems: the polyhedron subdivision and the polyhedron intersection. In this paper, we propose a ;Clipping and Projecting; algorithm for polyhedron intersection whose basic idea comes from the commonly used method by Grandy (1999) [29] and Jia et al. (2013) [34]. Our new algorithm solves the geometric problem by an incremental modification of the topology based on segment-plane intersections. A comparison with Jia et al. (2013) [34] shows our new method improves the efficiency by 55% to 65% when calculating polyhedron intersections. Moreover, the instability caused by the geometric degeneracy can be thoroughly avoided because the geometry integrity is preserved in the new algorithm. We also focus on the polyhedron subdivision process and describe an algorithm which could automatically and precisely tackle the various situations including convex, non-convex and multiple subdivisions. Numerical studies indicate that by using our polyhedron subdivision and intersection algorithm, the volume conversation of the remapping phase can be exactly preserved in the MMALE simulation.

Genetic identification of the central nucleus and other components of the central extended amygdala in chicken during development

PubMed Central

Vicario, Alba; Abellán, Antonio; Desfilis, Ester; Medina, Loreta

2014-01-01

In mammals, the central extended amygdala shows a highly complex organization, and is essential for animal survival due to its implication in fear responses. However, many aspects of its evolution are still unknown, and this structure is especially poorly understood in birds. The aim of this study was to define the central extended amygdala in chicken, by means of a battery of region-specific transcription factors (Pax6, Islet1, Nkx2.1) and phenotypic markers that characterize these different subdivisions in mammals. Our results allowed the identification of at least six distinct subdivisions in the lateral part of the avian central extended amygdala: (1) capsular central subdivision; (2) a group of intercalated-like cell patches; (3) oval central nucleus; (4) peri-intrapeduncular (peri-INP) island field; (5) perioval zone; and (6) a rostral part of the subpallial extended amygdala. In addition, we identified three subdivisions of the laterodorsal bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BSTLd) belonging to the medial region of the chicken central extended amygdala complex. Based on their genetic profile, cellular composition and apparent embryonic origin of the cells, we discuss the similarity of these different subdivisions of chicken with different parts of the mouse central amygdala and surrounding cell masses, including the intercalated amygdalar masses and the sublenticular part of the central extended amygdala. Most of the subdivisions include various subpopulations of cells that apparently originate in the dorsal striatal, ventral striatal, pallidal, and preoptic embryonic domains, reaching their final location by either radial or tangential migrations. Similarly to mammals, the central amygdala and BSTLd of chicken project to the hypothalamus, and include different neurons expressing proenkephalin, corticotropin-releasing factor, somatostatin or tyrosine hydroxylase, which may be involved in the control of different aspects of fear/anxiety-related behavior. PMID:25309337

Gender differences in functional connectivities between insular subdivisions and selective pain-related brain structures.

PubMed

Dai, Yu-Jie; Zhang, Xin; Yang, Yang; Nan, Hai-Yan; Yu, Ying; Sun, Qian; Yan, Lin-Feng; Hu, Bo; Zhang, Jin; Qiu, Zi-Yu; Gao, Yi; Cui, Guang-Bin; Chen, Bi-Liang; Wang, Wen

2018-03-14

The incidence of pain disorders in women is higher than in men, making gender differences in pain a research focus. The human insular cortex is an important brain hub structure for pain processing and is divided into several subdivisions, serving different functions in pain perception. Here we aimed to examine the gender differences of the functional connectivities (FCs) between the twelve insular subdivisions and selected pain-related brain structures in healthy adults. Twenty-six healthy males and 11 age-matched healthy females were recruited in this cross-sectional study. FCs between the 12 insular subdivisions (as 12 regions of interest (ROIs)) and the whole brain (ROI-whole brain level) or 64 selected pain-related brain regions (64 ROIs, ROI-ROI level) were measured between the males and females. Significant gender differences in the FCs of the insular subdivisions were revealed: (1) The FCs between the dorsal dysgranular insula (dId) and other brain regions were significantly increased in males using two different techniques (ROI-whole brain and ROI-ROI analyses); (2) Based on the ROI-whole brain analysis, the FC increases in 4 FC-pairs were observed in males, including the left dId - the right median cingulate and paracingulate/ right posterior cingulate gyrus/ right precuneus, the left dId - the right median cingulate and paracingulate, the left dId - the left angular as well as the left dId - the left middle frontal gyrus; (3) According to the ROI-ROI analysis, increased FC between the left dId and the right rostral anterior cingulate cortex was investigated in males. In summary, the gender differences in the FCs of the insular subdivisions with pain-related brain regions were revealed in the current study, offering neuroimaging evidence for gender differences in pain processing. ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02820974 . Registered 28 June 2016.

Three-dimensional visualization of morphology and ventilation procedure (air flow and diffusion) of a subdivision of the acinus using synchrotron radiation microtomography of the human lung specimens

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Shimizu, Kenji; Ikura, Hirohiko; Ikezoe, Junpei; Nagareda, Tomofumi; Yagi, Naoto; Umetani, Keiji; Imai, Yutaka

2004-04-01

We have previously reported a synchrotron radiation (SR) microtomography system constructed at the bending magnet beamline at the SPring-8. This system has been applied to the lungs obtained at autopsy and inflated and fixed by Heitzman"s method. Normal lung and lung specimens with two different types of pathologic processes (fibrosis and emphysema) were included. Serial SR microtomographic images were stacked to yield the isotropic volumetric data with high-resolution (12 μm3 in voxel size). Within the air spaces of a subdivision of the acinus, each voxel is segmented three-dimensionally using a region growing algorithm ("rolling ball algorithm"). For each voxel within the segmented air spaces, two types of voxel coding have been performed: single-seeded (SS) coding and boundary-seeded (BS) coding, in which the minimum distance from an initial point as the only seed point and all object boundary voxels as a seed set were calculated and assigned as the code values to each voxel, respectively. With these two codes, combinations of surface rendering and volume rendering techniques were applied to visualize three-dimensional morphology of a subdivision of the acinus. Furthermore, sequentially filling process of air into a subdivision of the acinus was simulated under several conditions to visualize the ventilation procedure (air flow and diffusion). A subdivision of the acinus was reconstructed three-dimensionally, demonstrating the normal architecture of the human lung. Significant differences in appearance of ventilation procedure were observed between normal and two pathologic processes due to the alteration of the lung architecture. Three-dimensional reconstruction of the microstructure of a subdivision of the acinus and visualization of the ventilation procedure (air flow and diffusion) with SR microtomography would offer a new approach to study the morphology, physiology, and pathophysiology of the human respiratory system.

30 CFR 519.413 - How will the coastal political subdivisions of Gulf producing States share in the qualified OCS...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... Gulf producing States share in the qualified OCS revenues? 519.413 Section 519.413 Mineral Resources... coastal political subdivisions of Gulf producing States share in the qualified OCS revenues? Of the revenues allocated to a Gulf producing State, 20 percent will be distributed to the coastal political...

30 CFR 519.413 - How will the coastal political subdivisions of Gulf producing States share in the qualified OCS...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... Gulf producing States share in the qualified OCS revenues? 519.413 Section 519.413 Mineral Resources... coastal political subdivisions of Gulf producing States share in the qualified OCS revenues? Of the revenues allocated to a Gulf producing State, 20 percent will be distributed to the coastal political...

30 CFR 519.413 - How will the coastal political subdivisions of Gulf producing States share in the qualified OCS...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... Gulf producing States share in the qualified OCS revenues? 519.413 Section 519.413 Mineral Resources... coastal political subdivisions of Gulf producing States share in the qualified OCS revenues? Of the revenues allocated to a Gulf producing State, 20 percent will be distributed to the coastal political...

Population subdivision of Fusarium graminearum from barley and wheat in the upper Midwestern United States at the turn of the century

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Fusarium graminearum, the causal agent of Fusarium head blight (FHB) in wheat and barley, is one of the most economically destructive pathogens of these grains worldwide. Recent population genetic studies of the pathogen obtained from wheat in North America supported population subdivision in part c...

Does Becoming a Member of the Football Bowl Subdivision Increase Institutional Attractiveness to Potential Students

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Jones, Willis A.

2014-01-01

In recent years, a number of colleges and universities have made the decision to pursue membership in the NCAA's Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS) with the idea that participating in higher profile intercollegiate football can help attract students to their institution. This belief, however, has not been empirically examined. Using…

78 FR 53766 - Agency Information Collection Activities: Submission for OMB Review; Comment Request

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-08-30

... did not have the premium paid for by a state, a political subdivision of a state, or an agency or instrumentality of one or more states or political subdivisions) may have the Part A premium reduced to zero... in Medicaid & Children's Health Insurance Program (CHIP); Use: The Improper Payments Information Act...

Cultural Resources Survey of Gretna Phase 2 Levee Enlargement Item M-99.4 to 95.5-R, Jefferson Parish, Louisiana

DTIC Science & Technology

1990-01-01

7 Figure 4. Excerpt from Springbett and Pilie’s 1839 map of New Orleans showing Destrehan property and Cosmopolite City subdivision...Figure 4. Excerpt from Springbett and Pille’s 1839 map of New Orleans showing Destrehan property and Cosmopolite City subdivision (Louisiana

Effects of subdivision and access restrictions on private land recreation opportunities

Treesearch

H. Ken Cordell; Donald B.K. English; Sharon A. Randall

1993-01-01

Continuing conversion of woodlands, greater restrictions on recreational access, and subdivision are trends seeming to have important implicaitons for future public recreation supply. The nature of these implicaitons has not been adequately explored in previous research, a void that has led to questions about the actual effects these factors have on future recreational...

46 CFR 171.067 - Treatment of stepped and recessed bulkheads in Type I subdivision.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 46 Shipping 7 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Treatment of stepped and recessed bulkheads in Type I... Treatment of stepped and recessed bulkheads in Type I subdivision. (a) For the purpose of this section— (1) The main transverse watertight bulkhead immediately forward of a stepped bulkhead is referred to as...

46 CFR 171.073 - Treatment of stepped and recessed bulkheads in Type II subdivision.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 46 Shipping 7 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Treatment of stepped and recessed bulkheads in Type II... Treatment of stepped and recessed bulkheads in Type II subdivision. (a) A main transverse watertight bulkhead may not be stepped unless additional watertight bulkheads are located as shown in Figure 171.067(a...

46 CFR 173.054 - Watertight subdivision and damage stability standards for new sailing school vessels.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... for new sailing school vessels. 173.054 Section 173.054 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND....054 Watertight subdivision and damage stability standards for new sailing school vessels. (a) Each new sailing school vessel which has a mean length greater than 75 feet (22.8 meters) or which carries more...

46 CFR 173.054 - Watertight subdivision and damage stability standards for new sailing school vessels.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... for new sailing school vessels. 173.054 Section 173.054 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND....054 Watertight subdivision and damage stability standards for new sailing school vessels. (a) Each new sailing school vessel which has a mean length greater than 75 feet (22.8 meters) or which carries more...

Valley segments, stream reaches, and channel units [Chapter 2

Treesearch

Peter A. Bisson; David R. Montgomery; John M. Buffington

2006-01-01

Valley segments, stream reaches, and channel units are three hierarchically nested subdivisions of the drainage network (Frissell et al. 1986), falling in size between landscapes and watersheds (see Chapter 1) and individual point measurements made along the stream network (Table 2.1; also see Chapters 3 and 4). These three subdivisions compose the habitat for large,...

Arsenic Removal from Drinking Water by Adsorptive Media - U.S. EPA Demonstration Project at Geneseo Hills Subdivision, in Geneseo, IL Final Performance Evaluation Report

EPA Science Inventory

This report documents the activities performed and the results obtained from the arsenic removal treatment technology demonstration project at the Geneseo Hills Subdivision in Geneseo, IL. The main objective of the project was to evaluate the effectiveness of AdEdge Technologies...

Theatre for Change: An Analysis of Two Performances by Women in Mundemba Sub-Division.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Tanyi-Tang, Anne

2001-01-01

Contends that theatre has the power to induce oppressors to change their attitudes permanently towards the groups they oppress. Describes theatrical performances by women in Mundemba Sub-Division, Cameroon, which created lasting changes in men's attitudes. Concludes that theatre calls for sociocultural and economic changes and it has the power to…

78 FR 28621 - Filing of Plats of Survey: California

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-05-15

... Diablo Meridian, California T. 33 N., R. 10 W., supplemental plat of the S \\1/2\\ of section 18 accepted April 15, 2013. T. 26 N., R. 15 E., dependent resurvey and subdivision of section accepted April 16, 2013. T. 12 N., R. 18 E., dependent resurvey and subdivision of sections 12 and 13 accepted April 23...

76 FR 31010 - Iowa Northern Railway Company-Trackage Rights Exemption-Dakota, Minnesota & Eastern Railroad...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-05-27

... Corporation d/b/a Canadian Pacific (CP) will agree to grant overhead trackage rights to Iowa Northern Railway..., and milepost 116.70 at the connection with CP's Mason City Subdivision, a distance of approximately 20.80 miles; (2) milepost 116.70 at the connection with CP's Mason City Subdivision and milepost 107.30...

76 FR 32265 - Maine Northern Railway Company-Trackage Rights Exemption-Montreal, Maine & Atlantic Railway, Ltd.

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-06-03

... written trackage rights agreement, Montreal, Maine & Atlantic Railway, Ltd. (MMA) has agreed to grant... milepost 260 on MMA's Madawaska Subdivision) and the connection to the Canadian National Railway (CN) in St... ``* * * between MP 260 and the connection with MMA's Van Buren Subdivision at MP 264 and between the connection...

Resident perspectives of the open space conservation subdivision in Hamburg Township, Michigan

Treesearch

Maureen E. Austin

2004-01-01

The open space conservation subdivision (R.G. Arendt, 1996) has been presented as an alternative to conventional large lot residential development. A form of clustering, this planning approach emphasizes the quality as well as the quantity of land preserved. The format offers a means for local planning officials to accommodate residential growth while preserving...

26 CFR 1.119-1 - Meals and lodging furnished for the convenience of the employer.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... are furnished for the convenience of the employer is one of fact to be determined by analysis of all the facts and circumstances in each case. If the tests described in subdivisions (i) and (ii) of this... be based upon an examination of all the surrounding facts and circumstances. In subdivision (ii) of...

30 CFR 219.413 - How will the coastal political subdivisions of Gulf producing States share in the qualified OCS...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... Gulf producing States share in the qualified OCS revenues? 219.413 Section 219.413 Mineral Resources... § 219.413 How will the coastal political subdivisions of Gulf producing States share in the qualified OCS revenues? Of the revenues allocated to a Gulf producing State, 20 percent will be distributed to...

30 CFR 219.418 - When will funds be disbursed to Gulf producing States and eligible coastal political subdivisions?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 2 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false When will funds be disbursed to Gulf producing States and eligible coastal political subdivisions? 219.418 Section 219.418 Mineral Resources MINERALS... ROYALTIES, RENTALS, AND BONUSES Oil and Gas, Offshore § 219.418 When will funds be disbursed to Gulf...

75 FR 82109 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NASDAQ OMX BX, Inc.; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-12-29

... subdivision thereof, or options or other derivatives on any of the foregoing; or (b) interest rate futures or... subdivision thereof, or options or other derivatives on any of the foregoing; or (b) interest rate futures or... (multiple or inverse) performance of an index or indexes of futures contracts or options or derivatives on...

Sampling affects the detection of genetic subdivision and conservation implications for fisher in the Sierra Nevada

Treesearch

Jody M. Tucker; Michael K. Schwartz; Richard L. Truex; Samantha M. Wisely; Fred W. Allendorf

2014-01-01

The small population of fisher (Pekania pennanti) in the southern Sierra Nevada is completely geographically and genetically isolated putting it at increased risk of extinction. Previous research using a clustered sampling scheme found a high amount of genetic subdivision within the southern Sierra Nevada population hypothesized to be caused by the Kings River Canyon....

75 FR 76038 - Zach System Corporation a Subdivision of Zambon Company, SPA Including On-Site Leased Workers of...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-12-07

... Subdivision of Zambon Company, SPA Including On-Site Leased Workers of Turner Industries and Go Johnson, La..., including on-site leased workers from Turner Industries and Go Johnson, La Porte, Texas. The Department's..., including on-site leased workers of Turner Industries and Go Johnson, La Porte, Texas, who became totally or...

Minnesota State Teacher Development, Evaluation, and Peer Support Model Evaluation Report

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Dretzke, Beverly; Ingram, Debra; Peterson, Kristin; Sheldon, Timothy; Wahlstrom, Kyla; Baker, Julia; Crampton, Anne; Farnsworth, Elyse; Lim, Alicia Zhi Hoon; Yap, Shannen

2015-01-01

Minnesota Statutes 122A.40, Subdivision 8 and 122A.41, Subdivision 5, require that all districts evaluate teachers beginning in the 2014-2015 school year. In response to the statutes, the Minnesota Department of Education (MDE) convened a work group in early winter 2011 to consult with the MDE Commissioner to develop a state model for teacher…

17 CFR 249.318 - Form 18-K, annual report for foreign governments and political subdivisions thereof.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... 17 Commodity and Securities Exchanges 3 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Form 18-K, annual report for... of 1934 § 249.318 Form 18-K, annual report for foreign governments and political subdivisions thereof.... [47 FR 54790, Dec. 6, 1982] Editorial Note: For Federal Register citations affecting Form 18-K, see...

17 CFR 249.318 - Form 18-K, annual report for foreign governments and political subdivisions thereof.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... 17 Commodity and Securities Exchanges 3 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Form 18-K, annual report for... of 1934 § 249.318 Form 18-K, annual report for foreign governments and political subdivisions thereof.... [47 FR 54790, Dec. 6, 1982] Editorial Note: For Federal Register citations affecting Form 18-K, see...

76 FR 45622 - Notice of Determinations Regarding Eligibility To Apply for Worker Adjustment Assistance and...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-07-29

... accordance with Section 223 of the Trade Act of 1974, as amended (19 U.S.C. 2273) the Department of Labor... sales or production, or both, of such firm or subdivision have decreased absolutely; and C. Increased... subdivision; and C. One of the following must be satisfied: 1. The country to which the workers' firm has...

78 FR 77789 - Petition for Waiver of Compliance

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-12-24

... Subdivision, from Control Point (CP) Y901 and Kedzie may be made in accordance with signal indication and at... and from the CP Y901 with the ATC cut out and back-up moves; or, With the ATC cut out due to failure. 2. Operations on the Chicago Service Unit, Geneva Subdivision, from Kedzie and Park CP Y015, engines...

75 FR 82137 - Notice of Application for Approval of Discontinuance or Modification of a Railroad Signal System

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-12-29

...) on the Chicago Division near Gary, Indiana. The proposed discontinuance is from control point (CP) Kirk Yard Junction to, but not including, CP Stockton 2 on the Matteson Subdivision Main 1 and Main 2; and from CP Kirk Yard Junction to, but not including, Stockton 1 on the Lake Front Subdivision Main...

75 FR 72869 - Louisville & Indiana Railroad Company-Trackage Rights Exemption-CSX Transportation, Inc.

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-11-26

... Belt Subdivision via Dale southeast wye or Dale northeast wye at milepost QSL 1.7, a distance of 2.3... at Dale and milepost QIB 3.2 at CP Woods; (ii) Crawfordsville Branch extending between milepost QSC 1... milepost QIB 5.9 at Dale and milepost QIB 2.9 at CP 1; and (ii) Indianapolis Terminal Subdivision extending...

Exploring land developer perspectives on conservation subdivision design and environmentally sustainable land development.

PubMed

Göçmen, Z Aslıgül

2014-11-01

Insight into land developers' perspectives on alternative residential developments and the barriers they experience in trying to develop them can be crucial in efforts to change environmentally damaging low-density, large-lot, and automobile-dependent residential patterns. Using a semi-structured interview instrument followed by short surveys, I examined the views of 16 developers in Waukesha County, WI, USA, a county that has experienced significant development pressures and widespread implementation of conservation subdivision design. The land developer investigation focused on conservation subdivision design familiarity and implementation, and identified a number of barriers that developers experienced in implementing the design. While the majority of the developers appeared familiar with the design and had experience developing conservation subdivisions, their motivations for developing them varied, as did their on-site conservation practices. The barriers included the lack of land use regulations supporting the design, economic factors, community opposition, and a lack of knowledge about sustainable residential development practices. Strategies to promote more environmentally sustainable residential land development patterns include providing a more supportive institutional environment, enacting different regulations and guidelines for natural resources protection, and offering education on ecologically sound development and planning practices.

Exploring Land Developer Perspectives on Conservation Subdivision Design and Environmentally Sustainable Land Development

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Göçmen, Z. Aslıgül

2014-11-01

Insight into land developers' perspectives on alternative residential developments and the barriers they experience in trying to develop them can be crucial in efforts to change environmentally damaging low-density, large-lot, and automobile-dependent residential patterns. Using a semi-structured interview instrument followed by short surveys, I examined the views of 16 developers in Waukesha County, WI, USA, a county that has experienced significant development pressures and widespread implementation of conservation subdivision design. The land developer investigation focused on conservation subdivision design familiarity and implementation, and identified a number of barriers that developers experienced in implementing the design. While the majority of the developers appeared familiar with the design and had experience developing conservation subdivisions, their motivations for developing them varied, as did their on-site conservation practices. The barriers included the lack of land use regulations supporting the design, economic factors, community opposition, and a lack of knowledge about sustainable residential development practices. Strategies to promote more environmentally sustainable residential land development patterns include providing a more supportive institutional environment, enacting different regulations and guidelines for natural resources protection, and offering education on ecologically sound development and planning practices.

Serenbe Nest Cottages

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Butler, T.; Curtis, O.; Kim, E.

2012-12-01

As part of the NAHB Research Center Industry Partnership, Southface partnered with Martin Dodson Builders and the Serenbe community on the construction of a new test home in the suburbs of Atlanta, GA, in the mixed humid climate zone. The most recent subdivision within the Serenbe community, the Nest, will contain 15 small footprint cottage-style homes, and Southface has selected Lot Nine, as the test home for this study. This Nest subdivision serves as a project showcase for both the builder partner and the Serenbe community as a whole. The planning and design incorporated into the Nest cottages will bemore » implemented in each home within the subdivision. These homes addresses Building America savings targets and serve as a basis of design for other homes Martin Dodson plans to build within the Serenbe community.« less

Serenbe Nest Cottages

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Butler, T.; Curtis, O.; Kim, E.

2012-12-01

As part of the NAHB Research Center Industry Partnership, Southface partnered with Martin Dodson Builders and the Serenbe community on the construction of a new test home in the suburbs of Atlanta, GA in the mixed humid climate zone. The most recent subdivision within the Serenbe community, the Nest, will contain 15 small footprint cottage style homes, and Southface has selected Lot Nine, as the test home for this study. This Nest subdivision serves as a project showcase for both the builder partner and the Serenbe community as a whole. The planning and design incorporated into the Nest cottages willmore » be implemented in each home within the subdivision. These homes addresses Building America Savings targets and serve as a basis of design for other homes Martin Dodson plans to build within the Serenbe community.« less

41 CFR 102-75.370 - May a State, or any political subdivision thereof, certify to a disposal agency that it needs a...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... political subdivision thereof, certify to a disposal agency that it needs a surplus power transmission line and the right-of-way acquired for its construction to meet the requirements of a public or cooperative... DISPOSAL Surplus Real Property Disposal Power Transmission Lines § 102-75.370 May a State, or any political...

Topographic organizations of taste-responsive neurons in the parabrachial nucleus of C57BL/6J mice: An electrophysiological mapping study.

PubMed

Tokita, K; Boughter, J D

2016-03-01

The activities of 178 taste-responsive neurons were recorded extracellularly from the parabrachial nucleus (PbN) in the anesthetized C57BL/6J mouse. Taste stimuli included those representative of five basic taste qualities, sweet, salty, sour, bitter and umami. Umami synergism was represented by all sucrose-best and sweet-sensitive sodium chloride-best neurons. Mediolaterally the PbN was divided into medial, brachium conjunctivum (BC) and lateral subdivisions while rostrocaudally the PbN was divided into rostral and caudal subdivisions for mapping and reconstruction of recording sites. Neurons in the medial and BC subdivisions had a significantly greater magnitude of response to sucrose and to the mixture of monopotassium glutamate and inosine monophosphate than those found in the lateral subdivision. In contrast, neurons in the lateral subdivision possessed a more robust response to quinine hydrochloride. Rostrocaudally no difference was found in the mean magnitude of response. Analysis on the distribution pattern of neuron types classified by their best stimulus revealed that the proportion of neuron types in the medial vs. lateral and BC vs. lateral subdivisions was significantly different, with a greater amount of sucrose-best neurons found medially and within the BC, and a greater amount of sodium chloride-, citric acid- and quinine hydrochloride-best neurons found laterally. There was no significant difference in the neuron-type distribution between rostral and caudal PbN. We also assessed breadth of tuning in these neurons by calculating entropy (H) and noise-to-signal (N/S) ratio. The mean N/S ratio of all neurons (0.43) was significantly lower than that of H value (0.64). Neurons in the caudal PbN had a significantly higher H value than in the rostral PbN. In contrast, mean N/S ratios were not different both mediolaterally and rostrocaudally. These results suggest that although there is overlap in taste quality representation in the mouse PbN, taste-responsive neurons still possessed a topographic organization. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Cone-beam computed tomographic evaluation of the temporomandibular joint and dental characteristics of patients with Class II subdivision malocclusion and asymmetry

PubMed Central

Huang, Mingna; Hu, Yun; Yu, Jinfeng; Sun, Jicheng; Ming, Ye

2017-01-01

Objective Treating Class II subdivision malocclusion with asymmetry has been a challenge for orthodontists because of the complicated characteristics of asymmetry. This study aimed to explore the characteristics of dental and skeletal asymmetry in Class II subdivision malocclusion, and to assess the relationship between the condyle-glenoid fossa and first molar. Methods Cone-beam computed tomographic images of 32 patients with Class II subdivision malocclusion were three-dimensionally reconstructed using the Mimics software. Forty-five anatomic landmarks on the reconstructed structures were selected and 27 linear and angular measurements were performed. Paired-samples t-tests were used to compare the average differences between the Class I and Class II sides; Pearson correlation coefficient (r) was used for analyzing the linear association. Results The faciolingual crown angulation of the mandibular first molar (p < 0.05), sagittal position of the maxillary and mandibular first molars (p < 0.01), condylar head height (p < 0.01), condylar process height (p < 0.05), and angle of the posterior wall of the articular tubercle and coronal position of the glenoid fossa (p < 0.01) were significantly different between the two sides. The morphology and position of the condyle-glenoid fossa significantly correlated with the three-dimensional changes in the first molar. Conclusions Asymmetry in the sagittal position of the maxillary and mandibular first molars between the two sides and significant lingual inclination of the mandibular first molar on the Class II side were the dental characteristics of Class II subdivision malocclusion. Condylar morphology and glenoid fossa position asymmetries were the major components of skeletal asymmetry and were well correlated with the three-dimensional position of the first molar. PMID:28861389

Exposure to high- and low-light conditions in an open-field test of anxiety increases c-Fos expression in specific subdivisions of the rat basolateral amygdaloid complex.

PubMed

Hale, Matthew W; Bouwknecht, J Adriaan; Spiga, Francesca; Shekhar, Anantha; Lowry, Christopher A

2006-12-11

Anxiety states and anxiety-related behaviors appear to be regulated by a distributed and highly interconnected system of forebrain structures including the basolateral amygdaloid complex (basolateral amygdala). Despite a wealth of research examining the role of the basolateral amygdala in anxiety-related behaviors and anxiety states, the specific subdivisions of the basolateral amygdala that are involved in responses to anxiogenic stimuli have not been examined. In this study, we investigated the effects of exposure to a novel open-field environment, with either low- or high-levels of illumination, on expression of the protein product of the immediate-early gene c-Fos in subdivisions of the rat basolateral amygdala. The subdivisions studied included the lateral, ventrolateral and ventromedial parts of the lateral amygdaloid nucleus, the anterior, posterior and ventral parts of the basolateral amygdaloid nucleus and the anterior and posterior part of the basomedial amygdaloid nucleus. Small increases in the number of c-Fos-immunoreactive cells were observed in several, but not all, of the subdivisions of the basolateral amygdala studied following exposure of rats to either the high- or low-light conditions, compared to home cage or handled control groups. Open-field exposure in both the high- and low-light conditions resulted in a marked increase in c-Fos expression in the anterior part of the basolateral amygdaloid nucleus compared to either home cage or handled control groups. These findings point toward anatomical and functional heterogeneity within the basolateral amygdaloid complex and an important role of the anterior part of the basolateral amygdaloid nucleus in the neural mechanisms underlying physiological or behavioral responses to this anxiety-related stimulus.

Testing block subdivision algorithms on block designs

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wiseman, Natalie; Patterson, Zachary

2016-01-01

Integrated land use-transportation models predict future transportation demand taking into account how households and firms arrange themselves partly as a function of the transportation system. Recent integrated models require parcels as inputs and produce household and employment predictions at the parcel scale. Block subdivision algorithms automatically generate parcel patterns within blocks. Evaluating block subdivision algorithms is done by way of generating parcels and comparing them to those in a parcel database. Three block subdivision algorithms are evaluated on how closely they reproduce parcels of different block types found in a parcel database from Montreal, Canada. While the authors who developed each of the algorithms have evaluated them, they have used their own metrics and block types to evaluate their own algorithms. This makes it difficult to compare their strengths and weaknesses. The contribution of this paper is in resolving this difficulty with the aim of finding a better algorithm suited to subdividing each block type. The proposed hypothesis is that given the different approaches that block subdivision algorithms take, it's likely that different algorithms are better adapted to subdividing different block types. To test this, a standardized block type classification is used that consists of mutually exclusive and comprehensive categories. A statistical method is used for finding a better algorithm and the probability it will perform well for a given block type. Results suggest the oriented bounding box algorithm performs better for warped non-uniform sites, as well as gridiron and fragmented uniform sites. It also produces more similar parcel areas and widths. The Generalized Parcel Divider 1 algorithm performs better for gridiron non-uniform sites. The Straight Skeleton algorithm performs better for loop and lollipop networks as well as fragmented non-uniform and warped uniform sites. It also produces more similar parcel shapes and patterns.

Study of Fos, androgen receptor and testosterone expression in the sub-regions of medial amygdala, bed nucleus of stria terminalis and medial preoptic area in male Mandarin voles in response to chemosensory stimulation.

PubMed

He, Fengqin; Wu, Ruiyong; Yu, Peng

2014-01-01

In many rodent species, including mandarin voles (Microtus mandarinus), the behavioral response to odors is regulated by a network of steroid-sensitive ventral forebrain nuclei including the medial amygdala (Me), bed nucleus of the striaterminalis (BNST), and medial preoptic area (MPOA). Although it is well-known that Me, BNST, and MPOA are closely interconnected, function independently in regulating odor-guided social behaviors, little is known about how order information is processed in the sub-regions of Me, BNST, and MPOA. In order to answer this question, we let male mandarin voles expose to two different odors including female vaginal fluid (FVF) and male flank gland secretion (MFGS) and detect the expression of Fos, androgen receptor (AR) and testosterone (T) in the sub-regions of Me, BNST, and MPOA. We found that FVF stimulus caused increased Fos, AR and T expression in the posterior subdivision of the Me (MeP), the posterior medial subdivision of the BNST (BNSTpm), and the medial preoptic nucleus (MPN), while MFGS stimulus did not change Fos, AR and T expression neither in the MeP, BNSTpm, and MPN nor in the anterior subdivision of the Me (MeA), the posterointermediate subdivision of the BNST (BNSTpi), and the lateral subdivision of the MPOA (MPOAl). Serum testosterone levels were increased after 1h in males exposed to FVF. This study provides insight in understanding the relationship between female odor stimulation and Fos, AR and T expression in specific brain areas in males, and the regulatory role of testosterone in this biochemical process. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

The spectrum and some subdivisions of the spectrum of discrete generalized Cesàro operators on [Formula: see text] ([Formula: see text]).

PubMed

Yıldırım, Mustafa; Durna, Nuh

2017-01-01

The discrete generalized Cesàro matrix [Formula: see text] is the triangular matrix with nonzero entries [Formula: see text], where [Formula: see text]. In this paper, boundedness, compactness, spectra, the fine spectra and subdivisions of the spectra of discrete generalized Cesàro operator on [Formula: see text] ([Formula: see text]) have been determined.

Hydrologic models for land-atmosphere retrospective studies of the use of LANDSAT and AVHRR data

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Duchon, Claude E.; Williams, T. H. Lee; Nicks, Arlin D.

1988-01-01

The use of a Geographic Information System (GIS) and LANDSAT analysis in conjunction with the Simulator for Water Resources on a Rural Basin (SWRRB) hydrologic model to examine the water balance on the Little Washita River basin is discussed. LANDSAT analysis was used to divide the basin into eight non-contiguous land covers or subareas: rangeland, grazed range, winter wheat, alfalfa/pasture, bare soil, water, woodland, and impervious land (roads, quarry). The use of a geographic information system allowed for the calculation of SWRRB model parameters in each subarea. Four data sets were constructed in order to compare SWRRB estimates of hydrologic processes using two methods of maximum LAI and two methods of watershed subdivision. Maximum LAI was determined from a continental scale map, which provided a value of 4.5 for the entire basin, and from its association with the type of land-cover (eight values). The two methods of watershed subdivision were determined according to drainage subbasin (four) and the eight land-covers. These data sets were used with the SWRRB model to obtain daily hydrologic estimates for 1985. The results of the one year analysis lead to the conclusion that the greater homogeneity of a land-cover subdivision provides better water yield estimates than those based on a drainage properties subdivision.

Population subdivision and molecular sequence variation: theory and analysis of Drosophila ananassae data.

PubMed

Vogl, Claus; Das, Aparup; Beaumont, Mark; Mohanty, Sujata; Stephan, Wolfgang

2003-11-01

Population subdivision complicates analysis of molecular variation. Even if neutrality is assumed, three evolutionary forces need to be considered: migration, mutation, and drift. Simplification can be achieved by assuming that the process of migration among and drift within subpopulations is occurring fast compared to mutation and drift in the entire population. This allows a two-step approach in the analysis: (i) analysis of population subdivision and (ii) analysis of molecular variation in the migrant pool. We model population subdivision using an infinite island model, where we allow the migration/drift parameter Theta to vary among populations. Thus, central and peripheral populations can be differentiated. For inference of Theta, we use a coalescence approach, implemented via a Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) integration method that allows estimation of allele frequencies in the migrant pool. The second step of this approach (analysis of molecular variation in the migrant pool) uses the estimated allele frequencies in the migrant pool for the study of molecular variation. We apply this method to a Drosophila ananassae sequence data set. We find little indication of isolation by distance, but large differences in the migration parameter among populations. The population as a whole seems to be expanding. A population from Bogor (Java, Indonesia) shows the highest variation and seems closest to the species center.

Optimal Synthesis of Compliant Mechanisms using Subdivision and Commercial FEA (DETC2004-57497)

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Hull, Patrick V.; Canfield, Stephen

2004-01-01

The field of distributed-compliance mechanisms has seen significant work in developing suitable topology optimization tools for their design. These optimal design tools have grown out of the techniques of structural optimization. This paper will build on the previous work in topology optimization and compliant mechanism design by proposing an alternative design space parameterization through control points and adding another step to the process, that of subdivision. The control points allow a specific design to be represented as a solid model during the optimization process. The process of subdivision creates an additional number of control points that help smooth the surface (for example a C(sup 2) continuous surface depending on the method of subdivision chosen) creating a manufacturable design free of some traditional numerical instabilities. Note that these additional control points do not add to the number of design parameters. This alternative parameterization and description as a solid model effectively and completely separates the design variables from the analysis variables during the optimization procedure. The motivation behind this work is to create an automated design tool from task definition to functional prototype created on a CNC or rapid-prototype machine. This paper will describe the proposed compliant mechanism design process and will demonstrate the procedure on several examples common in the literature.

Integration and management of massive remote-sensing data based on GeoSOT subdivision model

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Li, Shuang; Cheng, Chengqi; Chen, Bo; Meng, Li

2016-07-01

Owing to the rapid development of earth observation technology, the volume of spatial information is growing rapidly; therefore, improving query retrieval speed from large, rich data sources for remote-sensing data management systems is quite urgent. A global subdivision model, geographic coordinate subdivision grid with one-dimension integer coding on 2n-tree, which we propose as a solution, has been used in data management organizations. However, because a spatial object may cover several grids, ample data redundancy will occur when data are stored in relational databases. To solve this redundancy problem, we first combined the subdivision model with the spatial array database containing the inverted index. We proposed an improved approach for integrating and managing massive remote-sensing data. By adding a spatial code column in an array format in a database, spatial information in remote-sensing metadata can be stored and logically subdivided. We implemented our method in a Kingbase Enterprise Server database system and compared the results with the Oracle platform by simulating worldwide image data. Experimental results showed that our approach performed better than Oracle in terms of data integration and time and space efficiency. Our approach also offers an efficient storage management system for existing storage centers and management systems.

Meshless Geometric Subdivision

DTIC Science & Technology

2004-10-01

Michelangelo Youthful data set is shown on the right. for p ∈ M and with boundary condition dM (q, q) = 0 is approximated by |∇dΩrP (p, ·)| = F̃ (p), (2...dealing with more complex geometry. We apply our meshless subdivision operator to a base point set of 10088 points generated from the Michelangelo ...acknowledge the permission to use the Michelangelo point sets granted by the Stanford Computer Graphics group. The Isis, 50% decimated and non

27 CFR 30.22 - Hydrometers and thermometers.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... 105 to 125 0.2° N 125 to 145 0.2° P 145 to 165 0.2° Q 165 to 185 0.2° R 185 to 206 0.2° Thermometers are designated by type according to range of degrees Fahrenheit and are provided in ranges and subdivisions of degrees as follows: Type Range Subdivision Pencil type 10° to 100° 1° V-back 10° to 100° 1...

Regulatory gene expression patterns reveal transverse and longitudinal subdivisions of the embryonic zebrafish forebrain.

PubMed

Hauptmann, G; Gerster, T

2000-03-01

To shed light on the organization of the rostral embryonic brain of a lower vertebrate, we have directly compared the expression patterns of dlx, fgf, hh, hlx, otx, pax, POU, winged helix and wnt gene family members in the fore- and midbrain of the zebrafish. We show that the analyzed genes are expressed in distinct transverse and longitudinal domains and share expression boundaries at stereotypic positions within the fore- and midbrain. Some of these shared expression boundaries coincide with morphological landmarks like the pathways of primary axon tracts. We identified a series of eight transverse diencephalic domains suggestive of neuromeric subdivisions within the rostral brain. In addition, we identified four molecularly distinct longitudinal subdivisions and provide evidence for a strong bending of the longitudinal rostral brain axis at the cephalic flexure. Our data suggest a strong conservation of early forebrain organization between lower and higher vertebrates.

An Adaptive Unstructured Grid Method by Grid Subdivision, Local Remeshing, and Grid Movement

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Pirzadeh, Shahyar Z.

1999-01-01

An unstructured grid adaptation technique has been developed and successfully applied to several three dimensional inviscid flow test cases. The approach is based on a combination of grid subdivision, local remeshing, and grid movement. For solution adaptive grids, the surface triangulation is locally refined by grid subdivision, and the tetrahedral grid in the field is partially remeshed at locations of dominant flow features. A grid redistribution strategy is employed for geometric adaptation of volume grids to moving or deforming surfaces. The method is automatic and fast and is designed for modular coupling with different solvers. Several steady state test cases with different inviscid flow features were tested for grid/solution adaptation. In all cases, the dominant flow features, such as shocks and vortices, were accurately and efficiently predicted with the present approach. A new and robust method of moving tetrahedral "viscous" grids is also presented and demonstrated on a three-dimensional example.

[Genetic subdivision of the Buryat population].

PubMed

Babushkina, N P; Eremina, E R; Kucher, A N

2014-03-01

The results of an estimation of the level of subdivision in the Buryat ethnos (obtained oh the basis of data published by a number of research teams) are given. Altogether, information about 34 loci, including 25 diallelic loci and 9 STR loci, was analyzed. The results of the analysis, both for the diallelic polymorphic variants in genes predisposed to multifactorial diseases and for neutral STR markers, indicate the subdivision of the genetic structure of the different territorial groups of Buryats. The peculiarities of the ethnogenesis and heterogeneity of the settlement of Buryat tribes on the territory of residence are considered as one possible (but not the sole) explanation of the genetic heterogeneity of different territorial groups of Buryats. It is indicated that it is important to take into account information about the territorial, ethnic, and tribal affiliation of individuals (included in the studied groups) when planning studies aiming to establish a genetic component of the determination of pathological states in humans.

Substance P binding sites in the nucleus tractus solitarius of the cat

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Maley, B.E.; Sasek, C.A.; Seybold, V.S.

1988-11-01

Substance P binding sites in the nucleus tractus solitarius were visualized with receptor autoradiography using Bolton-Hunter (/sup 125/I)substance P. Substance P binding sites were found to have distinct patterns within the cat nucleus tractus solitarius. The majority of substance P binding sites were present in the medial, intermediate and the peripheral rim of the parvocellular subdivisions. Lower amounts of substance P binding sites were present in the commissural, ventrolateral, interstitial and dorsolateral subdivisions. No substance P binding sites were present in the central region of the parvocellular subdivision or the solitary tract. The localization of substance P binding sites inmore » the nucleus tractus solitarius is very similar to the patterns of substance P immunoreactive fibers previously described for this region. Results of this study add further support for a functional role of substance P in synaptic circuits of the nucleus tractus solitarius.« less

MR-DTI and PET multimodal imaging of dopamine release within subdivisions of basal ganglia

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tziortzi, A.; Searle, G.; Tsoumpas, C.; Long, C.; Shotbolt, P.; Rabiner, E.; Jenkinson, M.; Gunn, R. N.

2011-09-01

The basal ganglia is a group of anatomical nuclei, functionally organised into limbic, associative and sensorimotor regions, which plays a central role in dopamine related neurological and psychiatric disorders. In this study, we combine two imaging modalities to enable the measurement of dopamine release in functionally related subdivisions of the basal ganglia. [11C]-(+)-PHNO Positron Emission Tomography (PET) measurements in the living human brain pre- and post-administration of amphetamine allow for the estimation of regional dopamine release. Combined Magnetic Resonance Diffusion Tensor Imaging (MR-DTI) data allows for the definition of functional territories of the basal ganglia from connectivity information. The results suggest that there is a difference in dopamine release among the connectivity derived functional subdivisions. Dopamine release is highest in the limbic area followed by the sensorimotor and then the associative area with this pattern reflected in both striatum and pallidum.

Investigating the mixture and subdivision of perceptual and conceptual processing in Japanese memory tests.

PubMed

Gabeza, R

1995-03-01

The dual nature of the Japanese writing system was used to investigate two assumptions of the processing view of memory transfer: (1) that both perceptual and conceptual processing can contribute to the same memory test (mixture assumption) and (2) that both can be broken into more specific processes (subdivision assumption). Supporting the mixture assumption, a word fragment completion test based on ideographic kanji characters (kanji fragment completion test) was affected by both perceptual (hiragana/kanji script shift) and conceptual (levels-of-processing) study manipulations kanji fragments, because it did not occur with the use of meaningless hiragana fragments. The mixture assumption is also supported by an effect of study script on an implicit conceptual test (sentence completion), and the subdivision assumption is supported by a crossover dissociation between hiragana and kanji fragment completion as a function of study script.

Subdivision of Holocene Baltic sea sediments by their physical properties [Gliederung holozaner ostseesedimente nach physikalischen Eigenschaften

USGS Publications Warehouse

Harff, Jan; Bohling, Geoffrey C.; Endler, R.; Davis, J.C.; Olea, R.A.

1999-01-01

The Holocene sediment sequence of a core taken within the centre of the Eastern Gotland Basin was subdivided into 12 lithostratigraphic units based on MSCL-data (sound velocity, wet bulk density, magnetic susceptibility) using a multivariate classification method. The lower 6 units embrace the sediments until the Litorina transgression, and the upper 6 units subdivide the brackish-marine Litorina- and post-Litorina sediments. The upper lithostratigraphic units reflect a change of anoxic (laminated) and oxic (non-laminated) sediments. By application of a numerical stratigraphic correlation method the zonation was extended laterally onto contiguous sediment cores within the central basin. Consequently the change of anoxic and oxic sediments can be used for a general lithostratigraphic subdivision of sediments of the Gotland Basin. A quantitative criterion based on the sediment-physical lithofacies is added to existing subdivisions of the Holocene in the Baltic Sea.

Availability, Sustainability, and Suitability of Ground Water, Rogers Mesa, Delta County, Colorado - Types of Analyses and Data for Use in Subdivision Water-Supply Reports

USGS Publications Warehouse

Watts, Kenneth R.

2008-01-01

The population of Delta County, Colorado, like that in much of the Western United States, is forecast to increase substantially in the next few decades. A substantial portion of the increased population likely will reside in rural subdivisions and use residential wells for domestic water supplies. In Colorado, a subdivision developer is required to submit a water-supply plan through the county for approval by the Colorado Division of Water Resources. If the water supply is to be provided by wells, the water-supply plan must include a water-supply report. The water-supply report demonstrates the availability, sustainability, and suitability of the water supply for the proposed subdivision. During 2006, the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with Delta County, Colorado, began a study to develop criteria that the Delta County Land Use Department can use to evaluate water-supply reports for proposed subdivisions. A table was prepared that lists the types of analyses and data that may be needed in a water-supply report for a water-supply plan that proposes the use of ground water. A preliminary analysis of the availability, sustainability, and suitability of the ground-water resources of Rogers Mesa, Delta County, Colorado, was prepared for a hypothetical subdivision to demonstrate hydrologic analyses and data that may be needed for water-supply reports for proposed subdivisions. Rogers Mesa is a 12-square-mile upland mesa located along the north side of the North Fork Gunnison River about 15 miles east of Delta, Colorado. The principal land use on Rogers Mesa is irrigated agriculture, with about 5,651 acres of irrigated cropland, grass pasture, and orchards. The principal source of irrigation water is surface water diverted from the North Fork Gunnison River and Leroux Creek. The estimated area of platted subdivisions on or partially on Rogers Mesa in 2007 was about 4,792 acres of which about 2,756 acres was irrigated land in 2000. The principal aquifer on Rogers Mesa consists of alluvial-fan deposits that overlie shale and, locally, sandstone. Maps of the base of the aquifer, the water table, and the saturated thickness of the aquifer were prepared from data from the well files of the Colorado Division of Water Resources. The base of the aquifer generally is topographically higher than the valleys of the North Fork Gunnison River and Leroux Creek, and direct hydraulic connection of the aquifer to North Fork Gunnison River and Leroux Creek is limited. The aquifer is recharged primarily by infiltration of surface water diverted for irrigation. Ground water discharges to seeps and springs and through slope deposits at the boundaries of the aquifer. Data from the well files also were used to estimate the specific capacity of wells and to estimate the transmissivity and hydraulic conductivity of the aquifer. A water budget was used to estimate recharge to and discharge from the aquifer. Although storage within the aquifer likely varies seasonally and from year to year, it was assumed that there were no long-term changes in ground-water storage. Estimated average annual recharge to and discharge from the aquifer during November 1998 through October 2006 were about 30,767 acre-feet per year. Although sufficient ground water is available on Rogers Mesa for additional domestic water supplies, conversion of irrigated land to residential land use likely would reduce recharge to the aquifer, affecting the sustainability of ground-water supplies on Rogers Mesa. Stream-depletion analyses indicate that the ground water in the aquifer likely would be considered tributary ground water and additional uses of ground water to supply new subdivisions likely would require implementation of augmentation plans. Although sufficient ground water is available on Rogers Mesa for additional domestic water supplies, conversion of irrigated land to residential land use likely would reduce recharge to the aquifer, affecting the sustainability

Construction of higher order accurate vortex and particle methods

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Nicolaides, R. A.

1986-01-01

The standard point vortex method has recently been shown to be of high order of accuracy for problems on the whole plane, when using a uniform initial subdivision for assigning the vorticity to the points. If obstacles are present in the flow, this high order deteriorates to first or second order. New vortex methods are introduced which are of arbitrary accuracy (under regularity assumptions) regardless of the presence of bodies and the uniformity of the initial subdivision.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

none,

This builder built fourteen homes in the Gordon Estates subdivision that achieved Challenge Home certification with HERS 38–58 on an affordable budget for homeowners. Every Mandalay home in the development also met the National Green Building Standard gold level. The Gordon Estates subdivision is also serving as a showcase of energy efficiency, and Mandalay is hosting education workshops for realtors, state and local officials, other builders, students, potential homeowners, and the public. The builder won a 2013 Housing Innovation Award in the affordable builder category.

Both Isochronous and Non-Isochronous Metrical Subdivision Afford Precise and Stable Ensemble Entrainment: A Corpus Study of Malian Jembe Drumming.

PubMed

Polak, Rainer; London, Justin; Jacoby, Nori

2016-01-01

Most approaches to musical rhythm, whether in music theory, music psychology, or musical neuroscience, presume that musical rhythms are based on isochronous (temporally equidistant) beats and/or beat subdivisions. However, rhythms that are based on non-isochronous, or unequal patterns of time are prominent in the music of Southeast Europe, the Near East and Southern Asia, and in the music of Africa and the African diaspora. The present study examines one such style found in contemporary Malian jembe percussion music. A corpus of 15 representative performances of three different pieces ("Manjanin," "Maraka," and "Woloso") containing ~43,000 data points was analyzed. Manjanin and Woloso are characterized by non-isochronous beat subdivisions (a short IOI followed by two longer IOIs), while Maraka subdivisions are quasi-isochronous. Analyses of onsets and asynchronies show no significant differences in timing precision and coordination between the isochronously timed Maraka vs. the non-isochronously timed Woloso performances, though both pieces were slightly less variable than non-isochronous Manjanin. Thus, the precision and stability of rhythm and entrainment in human music does not necessarily depend on metric isochrony, consistent with the hypothesis that isochrony is not a biologically-based constraint on human rhythmic behavior. Rather, it may represent a historically popular option within a variety of culturally contingent options for metric organization.

Differences in the activation and co-activation ratios of the four subdivisions of trapezius between genders following a computer typing task.

PubMed

Szucs, Kimberly A; Molnar, Megan

2017-04-01

The aim of this study was to provide a description of gender differences of the activation patterns of the four subdivisions of the trapezius (clavicular, upper, middle, lower) following a 60min computer work task. Surface EMG was collected from these subdivisions from 21 healthy subjects during bilateral arm elevation pre-/post- task. Subjects completed a standardized 60min computer work task at a standard, ergonomic workstation. Normalized activation and activation ratios of each trapezius subdivision were compared between genders and condition with repeated measures ANOVAs. The interaction effect of Gender×Condition for upper trapezius% activation approached significance at p=0.051with males demonstrating greater activation post-task. The main effect of Condition was statistically significant for% activation of middle and lower trapezius (p<0.05), with both muscles demonstrating increase activation post-task. There was a statistically significant interaction effect of Gender×Condition for the Middle Trapezius/Upper Trapezius ratio and main effect of Condition for the Clavicular Trapezius/Upper Trapezius ratio, with a decreased ratio post-typing. Gender differences exist following 60min of a low force computer typing task. Imbalances in muscle activation and activation ratios following computer work may affect total shoulder kinematics and should be further explored. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Geologic framework and hydrogeologic characteristics of the Edwards Aquifer outcrop, Hays County, Texas

USGS Publications Warehouse

Hanson, John A.; Small, Ted A.

1995-01-01

All of the hydrogeologic subdivisions within the Edwards aquifer outcrop in Hays County have some porosity and permeability. The most porous and permeable appear to be hydrogeologic subdivision VI, the Kirschberg evaporite member of the Kainer Formation; hydrogeologic subdivision III, the leached and collapsed members, undivided; and hydrogeologic subdivision II, the cyclic and marine members, undivided, of the Person Formation. The two types of porosity in the Edwards aquifer outcrop are fabric selective, which is related to depositional or diagenetic elements and typically exists in specific stratigraphic horizons; and not fabric selective, which can exist in any lithostratigraphic horizon. Permeability, the capacity of porous rock to transmit water, depends on the physical properties of the rock such as size, shape, and distribution of pores, and fissuring and dissolution. Two faults, San Marcos Springs and Mustang Branch, completely, or almost completely, offset the Edwards aquifer by juxtaposing Edwards aquifer limestone against nearly impermeable upper confining units along parts of their traces across Hays County. These faults are thought to be barriers, or partial barriers, to groundwater flow where the beds are juxtaposed. In Hays County, the Edwards aquifer probably is most vulnerable to surface contamination in the rapidly urbanizing areas on the Edwards aquifer outcrop. Contamination can result from spills or leakage of hazardous materials; or runoff on the intensely faulted and fractured, karstic limestone outcrops characteristic of the recharge zone.

Evaluation of skeletal and dental asymmetries in Angle Class II subdivision malocclusions with cone-beam computed tomography.

PubMed

Minich, Craig M; Araújo, Eustáquio A; Behrents, Rolf G; Buschang, Peter H; Tanaka, Orlando M; Kim, Ki Beom

2013-07-01

The purpose of this study was to determine whether Angle Class II subdivision malocclusions have skeletal or dental asymmetries between the Class II and Class I sides. A sample of 54 untreated Angle Class II subdivision patients with pretreatment photos and cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans was used. The photos were used to identify the Class II subdivision malocclusion and to record the amount of crowding per quadrant. Landmarks were plotted on each CBCT volume so that direct 3-dimensional measurements could be made to compare the positions and dimensions of the skeletal and dental structures on the Class II side vs the Class I side. Significant differences were found for 2 skeletal measurements: the position of the maxilla relative to the cranial base, and the mandibular dimension from the mandibular foramen to the mental foramen. Statistically significant dental differences were found for the position of the mandibular first molars and canines in relation to the maxilla and the mandible. Statistically significant differences were found for the maxillary first molars and canines in relation to the mandible. There were significant skeletal and dental differences between the Class I and Class II sides. The dental asymmetries accounted for about two thirds of the total asymmetry. Copyright © 2013 American Association of Orthodontists. Published by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.

Both Isochronous and Non-Isochronous Metrical Subdivision Afford Precise and Stable Ensemble Entrainment: A Corpus Study of Malian Jembe Drumming

PubMed Central

Polak, Rainer; London, Justin; Jacoby, Nori

2016-01-01

Most approaches to musical rhythm, whether in music theory, music psychology, or musical neuroscience, presume that musical rhythms are based on isochronous (temporally equidistant) beats and/or beat subdivisions. However, rhythms that are based on non-isochronous, or unequal patterns of time are prominent in the music of Southeast Europe, the Near East and Southern Asia, and in the music of Africa and the African diaspora. The present study examines one such style found in contemporary Malian jembe percussion music. A corpus of 15 representative performances of three different pieces (“Manjanin,” “Maraka,” and “Woloso”) containing ~43,000 data points was analyzed. Manjanin and Woloso are characterized by non-isochronous beat subdivisions (a short IOI followed by two longer IOIs), while Maraka subdivisions are quasi-isochronous. Analyses of onsets and asynchronies show no significant differences in timing precision and coordination between the isochronously timed Maraka vs. the non-isochronously timed Woloso performances, though both pieces were slightly less variable than non-isochronous Manjanin. Thus, the precision and stability of rhythm and entrainment in human music does not necessarily depend on metric isochrony, consistent with the hypothesis that isochrony is not a biologically-based constraint on human rhythmic behavior. Rather, it may represent a historically popular option within a variety of culturally contingent options for metric organization. PMID:27445659

Receptor-driven, multimodal mapping of the human amygdala.

PubMed

Kedo, Olga; Zilles, Karl; Palomero-Gallagher, Nicola; Schleicher, Axel; Mohlberg, Hartmut; Bludau, Sebastian; Amunts, Katrin

2018-05-01

The human amygdala consists of subdivisions contributing to various functions. However, principles of structural organization at the cellular and molecular level are not well understood. Thus, we re-analyzed the cytoarchitecture of the amygdala and generated cytoarchitectonic probabilistic maps of ten subdivisions in stereotaxic space based on novel workflows and mapping tools. This parcellation was then used as a basis for analyzing the receptor expression for 15 receptor types. Receptor fingerprints, i.e., the characteristic balance between densities of all receptor types, were generated in each subdivision to comprehensively visualize differences and similarities in receptor architecture between the subdivisions. Fingerprints of the central and medial nuclei and the anterior amygdaloid area were highly similar. Fingerprints of the lateral, basolateral and basomedial nuclei were also similar to each other, while those of the remaining nuclei were distinct in shape. Similarities were further investigated by a hierarchical cluster analysis: a two-cluster solution subdivided the phylogenetically older part (central, medial nuclei, anterior amygdaloid area) from the remaining parts of the amygdala. A more fine-grained three-cluster solution replicated our previous parcellation including a laterobasal, superficial and centromedial group. Furthermore, it helped to better characterize the paralaminar nucleus with a molecular organization in-between the laterobasal and the superficial group. The multimodal cyto- and receptor-architectonic analysis of the human amygdala provides new insights into its microstructural organization, intersubject variability, localization in stereotaxic space and principles of receptor-based neurochemical differences.

Cross-cultural consistency and diversity in intrinsic functional organization of Broca's Region.

PubMed

Zhang, Yu; Fan, Lingzhong; Caspers, Svenja; Heim, Stefan; Song, Ming; Liu, Cirong; Mo, Yin; Eickhoff, Simon B; Amunts, Katrin; Jiang, Tianzi

2017-04-15

As a core language area, Broca's region was consistently activated in a variety of language studies even across different language systems. Moreover, a high degree of structural and functional heterogeneity in Broca's region has been reported in many studies. This raised the issue of how the intrinsic organization of Broca's region effects by different language experiences in light of its subdivisions. To address this question, we used multi-center resting-state fMRI data to explore the cross-cultural consistency and diversity of Broca's region in terms of its subdivisions, connectivity patterns and modularity organization in Chinese and German speakers. A consistent topological organization of the 13 subdivisions within the extended Broca's region was revealed on the basis of a new in-vivo parcellation map, which corresponded well to the previously reported receptorarchitectonic map. Based on this parcellation map, consistent functional connectivity patterns and modularity organization of these subdivisions were found. Some cultural difference in the functional connectivity patterns was also found, for instance stronger connectivity in Chinese subjects between area 6v2 and the motor hand area, as well as higher correlations between area 45p and middle frontal gyrus. Our study suggests that a generally invariant organization of Broca's region, together with certain regulations of different language experiences on functional connectivity, might exists to support language processing in human brain. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

A Comparison of Three Curve Intersection Algorithms

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Sederberg, T. W.; Parry, S. R.

1985-01-01

An empirical comparison is made between three algorithms for computing the points of intersection of two planar Bezier curves. The algorithms compared are: the well known Bezier subdivision algorithm, which is discussed in Lane 80; a subdivision algorithm based on interval analysis due to Koparkar and Mudur; and an algorithm due to Sederberg, Anderson and Goldman which reduces the problem to one of finding the roots of a univariate polynomial. The details of these three algorithms are presented in their respective references.

Vertex shading of the three-dimensional model based on ray-tracing algorithm

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hu, Xiaoming; Sang, Xinzhu; Xing, Shujun; Yan, Binbin; Wang, Kuiru; Dou, Wenhua; Xiao, Liquan

2016-10-01

Ray Tracing Algorithm is one of the research hotspots in Photorealistic Graphics. It is an important light and shadow technology in many industries with the three-dimensional (3D) structure, such as aerospace, game, video and so on. Unlike the traditional method of pixel shading based on ray tracing, a novel ray tracing algorithm is presented to color and render vertices of the 3D model directly. Rendering results are related to the degree of subdivision of the 3D model. A good light and shade effect is achieved by realizing the quad-tree data structure to get adaptive subdivision of a triangle according to the brightness difference of its vertices. The uniform grid algorithm is adopted to improve the rendering efficiency. Besides, the rendering time is independent of the screen resolution. In theory, as long as the subdivision of a model is adequate, cool effects as the same as the way of pixel shading will be obtained. Our practical application can be compromised between the efficiency and the effectiveness.

A Subdivision-Based Representation for Vector Image Editing.

PubMed

Liao, Zicheng; Hoppe, Hugues; Forsyth, David; Yu, Yizhou

2012-11-01

Vector graphics has been employed in a wide variety of applications due to its scalability and editability. Editability is a high priority for artists and designers who wish to produce vector-based graphical content with user interaction. In this paper, we introduce a new vector image representation based on piecewise smooth subdivision surfaces, which is a simple, unified and flexible framework that supports a variety of operations, including shape editing, color editing, image stylization, and vector image processing. These operations effectively create novel vector graphics by reusing and altering existing image vectorization results. Because image vectorization yields an abstraction of the original raster image, controlling the level of detail of this abstraction is highly desirable. To this end, we design a feature-oriented vector image pyramid that offers multiple levels of abstraction simultaneously. Our new vector image representation can be rasterized efficiently using GPU-accelerated subdivision. Experiments indicate that our vector image representation achieves high visual quality and better supports editing operations than existing representations.

Flora of the Mayacmas Mountains. [Listing of 679 species in the Geysers Geothermal Resource area

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Neilson, J.A.

1981-09-01

This flora describes the plants that occur within the Mayacmas Mountain Range of northern California. It is the result of ten years of environmental assessment by the author in the Geysers Geothermal Resource area, located in the center of the Mayacmas Range. The flora includes notes on plant communities and ecology of the area, as well as habitat and collection data for most of the 679 species covered. Altogether 74 families, 299 genera and 679 species are included in the flora. The work is divided into eight subdivisions: trees; shrubs; ferns and fern allies; aquatic plants; tules, sedges, and rushes;more » lilies and related plants; dicot herbs; and grasses. Within each subdivision, family, genera and species are listed alphabetically. Keys are provided at the beginning of each subdivision. A unique combination of physical, environmental and geologic factors have resulted in a rich and diverse flora in the Mayacmas. Maps have been provided indicating known locations for species of rare or limited occurrence.« less

Quadrature errors in the partical derivatives required for the direct recovery of gravity anomalies from satellite observations

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Hajela, D. P.

1972-01-01

The equations of motion of a geodetic satellite in the earth's gravitational field expressed by gravity anomalies require the evaluation, amongst others, of the partial derivatives of the disturbing force with respect to individual gravity anomalies. Data are discussed on how anomaly blocks should be subdivided so that the partial derivatives may be numerically evaluated for each subdivision, and then finally meaned to give the value representative of the whole blocks, with accuracies better than 2 to 3 percent for all blocks. The number of subdivisions is large for the blocks nearest to the satellite subpoint and decreases away from it. The actual values of this spherical distance and the actual subdivision of the mean gravity anomaly blocks was determined numerically for 184 15 deg x 15 deg equal area blocks. Satellite heights above the earth of 400 km, 800 km and 1600 km were considered. The computer times for the suggested scheme were compared with alternative solutions.

Medial prefrontal aberrations in major depressive disorder revealed by cytoarchitectonically informed voxel-based morphometry

PubMed Central

Bludau, Sebastian; Bzdok, Danilo; Gruber, Oliver; Kohn, Nils; Riedl, Valentin; Sorg, Christian; Palomero-Gallagher, Nicola; Müller, Veronika I.; Hoffstaedter, Felix; Amunts, Katrin; Eickhoff, Simon B.

2017-01-01

Objective The heterogeneous human frontal pole has been identified as a node in the dysfunctional network of major depressive disorder. The contribution of the medial (socio-affective) versus lateral (cognitive) frontal pole to major depression pathogenesis is currently unclear. The present study performs morphometric comparison of the microstructurally informed subdivisions of human frontal pole between depressed patients and controls using both uni- and multivariate statistics. Methods Multi-site voxel- and region-based morphometric MRI analysis of 73 depressed patients and 73 matched controls without psychiatric history. Frontal pole volume was first compared between depressed patients and controls by subdivision-wise classical morphometric analysis. In a second approach, frontal pole volume was compared by subdivision-naive multivariate searchlight analysis based on support vector machines. Results Subdivision-wise morphometric analysis found a significantly smaller medial frontal pole in depressed patients with a negative correlation of disease severity and duration. Histologically uninformed multivariate voxel-wise statistics provided converging evidence for structural aberrations specific to the microstructurally defined medial area of the frontal pole in depressed patients. Conclusions Across disparate methods, we demonstrated subregion specificity in the left medial frontal pole volume in depressed patients. Indeed, the frontal pole was shown to structurally and functionally connect to other key regions in major depression pathology like the anterior cingulate cortex and the amygdala via the uncinate fasciculus. Present and previous findings consolidate the left medial portion of the frontal pole as particularly altered in major depression. PMID:26621569

A Feature-adaptive Subdivision Method for Real-time 3D Reconstruction of Repeated Topology Surfaces

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lin, Jinhua; Wang, Yanjie; Sun, Honghai

2017-03-01

It's well known that rendering for a large number of triangles with GPU hardware tessellation has made great progress. However, due to the fixed nature of GPU pipeline, many off-line methods that perform well can not meet the on-line requirements. In this paper, an optimized Feature-adaptive subdivision method is proposed, which is more suitable for reconstructing surfaces with repeated cusps or creases. An Octree primitive is established in irregular regions where there are the same sharp vertices or creases, this method can find the neighbor geometry information quickly. Because of having the same topology structure between Octree primitive and feature region, the Octree feature points can match the arbitrary vertices in feature region more precisely. In the meanwhile, the patches is re-encoded in the Octree primitive by using the breadth-first strategy, resulting in a meta-table which allows for real-time reconstruction by GPU hardware tessellation unit. There is only one feature region needed to be calculated under Octree primitive, other regions with the same repeated feature generate their own meta-table directly, the reconstruction time is saved greatly for this step. With regard to the meshes having a large number of repeated topology feature, our algorithm improves the subdivision time by 17.575% and increases the average frame drawing time by 0.2373 ms compared to the traditional FAS (Feature-adaptive Subdivision), at the same time the model can be reconstructed in a watertight manner.

Efferent connections of the olfactory bulb in the opossum (Didelphis marsupialis aurita): a Fink-Heimer study.

PubMed

Shammah-Lagnado, S J; Negrão, N

1981-09-01

The efferent concentrations of the olfactory bulb (OB) in the opossum (Didelphis marsupialis aurita) were studied by the aid of the Fink-Heimer technique. Following lesions restricted to the OB, ipsilateral degenerating fibers entered the lateral olfactory tract and were treated to terminal fields essentially limited to the outer portion of the plexiform layer (sublamina IA) of the following structures: all the subdivisions of the anterior olfactory nucleus, the rostroventral tenia tecta, the full extent of the olfactory tubercle, the nucleus of the lateral olfactory tract, the anterior portion of the medial amygdaloid nucleus, the whole cortical amygdaloid nucleus (in the posteromedial subdivision of this structure the degeneration was very scanty), and the sulcal, piriform, and lateral entorhinal cortices. Some degree of topographical organization in the OB projections was noticed in the rostral portion of the lateral olfactory tract and within the external and lateral subdivisions of the anterior olfactory nucleus. In another series of experiments, when the lesion also involved the accessory olfactory bulb, heavy terminal degeneration occurred along the whole extent of the medial amygdaloid nucleus and in the posteromedial subdivision of the cortical amygdaloid nucleus. These findings indicate that, although very similar to those described in other mammals, the OB efferent connections in the opossum present some peculiarities; namely, the existence of dense terminal fields in the sulcal cortex and in the rostral district of the medial amygdaloid nucleus.

A multidisciplinary approach to reservoir subdivision of the Maastrichtian chalk in the Dan field, Danish North Sea

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Kristensen, L.; Dons, T.; Schioler, P.

1995-11-01

Correlation of wireline log data from the North Sea chalk reservoirs is frequently hampered by rather subtle log patterns in the chalk section due to the apparent monotonous nature of the chalk sediments, which may lead to ambiguous correlations. This study deals with a correlation technique based on an integration of biostratigraphic data, seismic interpretation, and wireline log correlation; this technique aims at producing a consistent reservoir subdivision that honors both the well data and the seismic data. This multidisciplinary approach has been used to subdivide and correlate the Maastrichtian chalk in the Dan field. The biostratigraphic subdivision is basedmore » on a new detailed dinoflagellate study of core samples from eight wells. Integrating the biostratigraphic results with three-dimensional seismic data allows recognition of four stratigraphic units within the Maastrichtian, bounded by assumed chronostratigraphic horizons. This subdivision is further refined by adding a seismic horizon and four horizons from wireline log correlations, establishing a total of nine reservoir units. The approximate chronostratigraphic nature of these units provides an improved interpretation of the depositional and structural patterns in this area. The three upper reservoir units pinch out and disappear in a northeasterly direction across the field. We interpret this stratal pattern as reflecting a relative sea level fall or regional basinal subsidence during the latest Maastrichtian, possibly combined with local synsedimentary uplift due to salt tectonics. Isochore maps indicate that the underlying six non-wedging units are unaffected by salt tectonics.« less

Ontology-Driven Information Integration

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Tissot, Florence; Menzel, Chris

2005-01-01

Ontology-driven information integration (ODII) is a method of computerized, automated sharing of information among specialists who have expertise in different domains and who are members of subdivisions of a large, complex enterprise (e.g., an engineering project, a government agency, or a business). In ODII, one uses rigorous mathematical techniques to develop computational models of engineering and/or business information and processes. These models are then used to develop software tools that support the reliable processing and exchange of information among the subdivisions of this enterprise or between this enterprise and other enterprises.

A method on error analysis for large-aperture optical telescope control system

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Su, Yanrui; Wang, Qiang; Yan, Fabao; Liu, Xiang; Huang, Yongmei

2016-10-01

For large-aperture optical telescope, compared with the performance of azimuth in the control system, arc second-level jitters exist in elevation under different speeds' working mode, especially low-speed working mode in the process of its acquisition, tracking and pointing. The jitters are closely related to the working speed of the elevation, resulting in the reduction of accuracy and low-speed stability of the telescope. By collecting a large number of measured data to the elevation, we do analysis on jitters in the time domain, frequency domain and space domain respectively. And the relation between jitter points and the leading speed of elevation and the corresponding space angle is concluded that the jitters perform as periodic disturbance in space domain and the period of the corresponding space angle of the jitter points is 79.1″ approximately. Then we did simulation, analysis and comparison to the influence of the disturbance sources, like PWM power level output disturbance, torque (acceleration) disturbance, speed feedback disturbance and position feedback disturbance on the elevation to find that the space periodic disturbance still exist in the elevation performance. It leads us to infer that the problems maybe exist in angle measurement unit. The telescope employs a 24-bit photoelectric encoder and we can calculate the encoder grating angular resolution as 79.1016'', which is as the corresponding angle value in the whole encoder system of one period of the subdivision signal. The value is approximately equal to the space frequency of the jitters. Therefore, the working elevation of the telescope is affected by subdivision errors and the period of the subdivision error is identical to the period of encoder grating angular. Through comprehensive consideration and mathematical analysis, that DC subdivision error of subdivision error sources causes the jitters is determined, which is verified in the practical engineering. The method that analyze error sources from time domain, frequency domain and space domain respectively has a very good role in guiding to find disturbance sources for large-aperture optical telescope.

Graphics Processing Unit-Accelerated Nonrigid Registration of MR Images to CT Images During CT-Guided Percutaneous Liver Tumor Ablations.

PubMed

Tokuda, Junichi; Plishker, William; Torabi, Meysam; Olubiyi, Olutayo I; Zaki, George; Tatli, Servet; Silverman, Stuart G; Shekher, Raj; Hata, Nobuhiko

2015-06-01

Accuracy and speed are essential for the intraprocedural nonrigid magnetic resonance (MR) to computed tomography (CT) image registration in the assessment of tumor margins during CT-guided liver tumor ablations. Although both accuracy and speed can be improved by limiting the registration to a region of interest (ROI), manual contouring of the ROI prolongs the registration process substantially. To achieve accurate and fast registration without the use of an ROI, we combined a nonrigid registration technique on the basis of volume subdivision with hardware acceleration using a graphics processing unit (GPU). We compared the registration accuracy and processing time of GPU-accelerated volume subdivision-based nonrigid registration technique to the conventional nonrigid B-spline registration technique. Fourteen image data sets of preprocedural MR and intraprocedural CT images for percutaneous CT-guided liver tumor ablations were obtained. Each set of images was registered using the GPU-accelerated volume subdivision technique and the B-spline technique. Manual contouring of ROI was used only for the B-spline technique. Registration accuracies (Dice similarity coefficient [DSC] and 95% Hausdorff distance [HD]) and total processing time including contouring of ROIs and computation were compared using a paired Student t test. Accuracies of the GPU-accelerated registrations and B-spline registrations, respectively, were 88.3 ± 3.7% versus 89.3 ± 4.9% (P = .41) for DSC and 13.1 ± 5.2 versus 11.4 ± 6.3 mm (P = .15) for HD. Total processing time of the GPU-accelerated registration and B-spline registration techniques was 88 ± 14 versus 557 ± 116 seconds (P < .000000002), respectively; there was no significant difference in computation time despite the difference in the complexity of the algorithms (P = .71). The GPU-accelerated volume subdivision technique was as accurate as the B-spline technique and required significantly less processing time. The GPU-accelerated volume subdivision technique may enable the implementation of nonrigid registration into routine clinical practice. Copyright © 2015 AUR. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Subdivision design and stewardship affect bird and mammal use of conservation developments.

PubMed

Farr, Cooper M; Pejchar, Liba; Reed, Sarah E

2017-06-01

Developing effective tools for conservation on private lands is increasingly important for global biodiversity conservation; private lands are located in more productive and biologically diverse areas, and they face accelerated rates of land conversion. One strategy is conservation development (CD) subdivisions, which cluster houses in a small portion of a property and preserve the remaining land as protected open space. Despite widespread use, the characteristics that make CD more or less effective at achieving biodiversity conservation are not well understood. We investigated CD's ability to successfully protect animal populations by examining bird and mammal occurrences in 14 CD subdivisions and four undeveloped areas (range: 14-432 ha) in northern Colorado, USA. Using point count and camera trap data in an occupancy modeling framework, we evaluated the relative importance of nine subdivision design factors (e.g., housing density, proportion of CD protected) and 14 stewardship factors (e.g., presence of livestock, percent native vegetation cover) in influencing the overall community composition and the probability of use by 16 birds and six mammals. We found that habitat use by 75% of birds and 83% of mammals was associated with design characteristics that maximized the natural or undisturbed land area both within and near the development (e.g., proportion of CD protected, total area of protected open space, proportion of natural land cover in the surrounding landscape). These factors were also associated with an increasing dominance of human-sensitive bird species, larger-bodied mammals, and mammals with larger home ranges. Habitat use by birds was also influenced by local land use composition and quality, and use by several bird and mammal species decreased with increased localized disturbances. We found few differences in habitat use between sampling sites in undeveloped areas and in CD subdivisions. These similarities indicate that, if CDs are large enough or located within a matrix of undeveloped land, they can provide habitat that supports similar use patterns as protected areas without housing development. By incorporating characteristics that promote the persistence of sensitive birds and mammals on private lands, CDs have potential to preserve native biodiversity in areas threatened by expanding residential development. © 2017 by the Ecological Society of America.

Islands increase genetic subdivision and disrupt patterns of connectivity of intertidal snails in a complex archipelago.

PubMed

Johnson, Michael S; Black, Robert

2006-12-01

The view that marine species with planktonic dispersal have highly connected, demographically open populations is giving way to recognition that populations may often be largely self-recruiting, or demographically closed. This raises the question of what local conditions might favor isolation of populations. To test the importance of islands for local isolation in species with planktonic larvae, we examined allozyme variation among 35 populations of the intertidal snail Austrocochlea constricta in the Houtman Abrolhos Islands, Western Australia, spanning 60 km. Heterogeneity of allozyme frequencies among populations was high, with average F(ST) of 0.237, indicating highly localized populations. Increased subdivision was associated with islands at different scales: between island groups, separated by deep water gaps, and between disconnected sets of islands within groups. At short distances, up to two km, subdivision increased fivefold between islands compared with that between populations on the same island. Along 11 km of continuous, sheltered shore, there was isolation by distance but among a linear series of islands over similar distance, there was greater subdivision at short distances but no association with distance. These patterns had been seen previously in the direct-developing snail Bembicium vittatum, but its finding in A. constricta confirms for a planktonic disperser the importance of this complex archipelago for both retention of locally produced larvae and disruption of patterns of connectivity. Taken together, these results indicate that islands can increase both the "open" and the "closed" components of recruitment and that applicable models of genetic connectivity depend substantially on local conditions.

Community structure and elevational diversity patterns of soil Acidobacteria.

PubMed

Zhang, Yuguang; Cong, Jing; Lu, Hui; Li, Guangliang; Qu, Yuanyuan; Su, Xiujiang; Zhou, Jizhong; Li, Diqiang

2014-08-01

Acidobacteria is one of the most dominant and abundant phyla in soil, and was believed to have a wide range of metabolic and genetic functions. Relatively little is known about its community structure and elevational diversity patterns. We selected four elevation gradients from 1000 to 2800 m with typical vegetation types of the northern slope of Shennongjia Mountain in central China. The vegetation types were evergreen broadleaved forest, deciduous broadleaved forest, coniferous forest and sub-alpine shrubs. We analyzed the soil acidobacterial community composition, elevational patterns and the relationship between Acidobacteria subdivisions and soil enzyme activities by using the 16S rRNA meta-sequencing technique and multivariate statistical analysis. The result found that 19 known subdivisions as well as an unclassified phylotype were presented in these forest sites, and Subdivision 6 has the highest number of detectable operational taxonomic units (OTUs). A significant single peak distribution pattern (P<0.05) between the OTU number and the elevation was observed. The Jaccard and Bray-Curtis index analysis showed that the soil Acidobacteria compositional similarity significantly decreased (P<0.01) with the increase in elevation distance. Mantel test analysis showed the most of the soil Acidobacteria subdivisions had the significant relationship (P<0.01) with different soil enzymes. Therefore, soil Acidobacteria may be involved in different ecosystem functions in global elemental cycles. Partial Mantel tests and CCA analysis showed that soil pH, soil temperature and plant diversity may be the key factors in shaping the soil Acidobacterial community structure. Copyright © 2014. Published by Elsevier B.V.

SiSSR: Simultaneous subdivision surface registration for the quantification of cardiac function from computed tomography in canines.

PubMed

Vigneault, Davis M; Pourmorteza, Amir; Thomas, Marvin L; Bluemke, David A; Noble, J Alison

2018-05-01

Recent improvements in cardiac computed tomography (CCT) allow for whole-heart functional studies to be acquired at low radiation dose (<2mSv) and high-temporal resolution (<100ms) in a single heart beat. Although the extraction of regional functional information from these images is of great clinical interest, there is a paucity of research into the quantification of regional function from CCT, contrasting with the large body of work in echocardiography and cardiac MR. Here we present the Simultaneous Subdivision Surface Registration (SiSSR) method: a fast, semi-automated image analysis pipeline for quantifying regional function from contrast-enhanced CCT. For each of thirteen adult male canines, we construct an anatomical reference mesh representing the left ventricular (LV) endocardium, obviating the need for a template mesh to be manually sculpted and initialized. We treat this generated mesh as a Loop subdivision surface, and adapt a technique previously described in the context of 3-D echocardiography to register these surfaces to the endocardium efficiently across all cardiac frames simultaneously. Although previous work performs the registration at a single resolution, we observe that subdivision surfaces naturally suggest a multiresolution approach, leading to faster convergence and avoiding local minima. We additionally make two notable changes to the cost function of the optimization, explicitly encouraging plausible biological motion and high mesh quality. Finally, we calculate an accepted functional metric for CCT from the registered surfaces, and compare our results to an alternate state-of-the-art CCT method. Published by Elsevier B.V.

Molecular taxonomy and phylogenetic position of lactic acid bacteria.

PubMed

Stackebrandt, E; Teuber, M

1988-03-01

Lactic acid bacteria, important in food technology, are Gram-positive organisms exhibiting a DNA G + C content of less than 50 mol%. Phylogenetically they are members of the Clostridium-Bacillus subdivision of Gram-positive eubacteria. Lactobacillus and streptococci together with related facultatively anaerobic taxa evolved as individual lines of descent about 1.5-2 billion years ago when the earth passed from an anaerobic to an aerobic environment. In contrast to the traditional, morphology-based classification, the genus Lactobacillus is intermixed with strains of Pediococcus and Leuconostoc. Similarly, the physiology-based clustering of lactobacilli into Thermo-, Strepto- and Betabacterium does not agree with their phylogenetic relationships. On the other hand, the phenotypically defined genus Streptococcus is not a phylogenetic coherent genus but its members fall into at least 3 moderately related genera, i.e. Streptococcus, Lactococcus and Enterococcus. The genus Bifidobacterium, frequently grouped with the lactobacilli, is the most ancient group of the second, the Actinomycetes subdivision of the Gram-positive eubacteria. In addition, propionibacteria, microbacteria and brevibacteria belong to this subdivision but the latter organisms appear as offshoots of non-lactic acid bacteria.

Performance Evaluation of Various STL File Mesh Refining Algorithms Applied for FDM-RP Process

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ledalla, Siva Rama Krishna; Tirupathi, Balaji; Sriram, Venkatesh

2018-06-01

Layered manufacturing machines use the stereolithography (STL) file to build parts. When a curved surface is converted from a computer aided design (CAD) file to STL, it results in a geometrical distortion and chordal error. Parts manufactured with this file, might not satisfy geometric dimensioning and tolerance requirements due to approximated geometry. Current algorithms built in CAD packages have export options to globally reduce this distortion, which leads to an increase in the file size and pre-processing time. In this work, different mesh subdivision algorithms are applied on STL file of a complex geometric features using MeshLab software. The mesh subdivision algorithms considered in this work are modified butterfly subdivision technique, loops sub division technique and general triangular midpoint sub division technique. A comparative study is made with respect to volume and the build time using the above techniques. It is found that triangular midpoint sub division algorithm is more suitable for the geometry under consideration. Only the wheel cap part is then manufactured on Stratasys MOJO FDM machine. The surface roughness of the part is measured on Talysurf surface roughness tester.

Functional subdivision of group-ICA results of fMRI data collected during cinema viewing.

PubMed

Pamilo, Siina; Malinen, Sanna; Hlushchuk, Yevhen; Seppä, Mika; Tikka, Pia; Hari, Riitta

2012-01-01

Independent component analysis (ICA) can unravel functional brain networks from functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data. The number of the estimated components affects both the spatial pattern of the identified networks and their time-course estimates. Here group-ICA was applied at four dimensionalities (10, 20, 40, and 58 components) to fMRI data collected from 15 subjects who viewed a 15-min silent film ("At land" by Maya Deren). We focused on the dorsal attention network, the default-mode network, and the sensorimotor network. The lowest dimensionalities demonstrated most prominent activity within the dorsal attention network, combined with the visual areas, and in the default-mode network; the sensorimotor network only appeared with ICA comprising at least 20 components. The results suggest that even very low-dimensional ICA can unravel the most prominent functionally-connected brain networks. However, increasing the number of components gives a more detailed picture and functionally feasible subdivision of the major networks. These results improve our understanding of the hierarchical subdivision of brain networks during viewing of a movie that provides continuous stimulation embedded in an attention-directing narrative.

Land use classification utilizing remote multispectral scanner data and computer analysis techniques

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Leblanc, P. N.; Johannsen, C. J.; Yanner, J. E.

1973-01-01

An airborne multispectral scanner was used to collect the visible and reflective infrared data. A small subdivision near Lafayette, Indiana was selected as the test site for the urban land use study. Multispectral scanner data were collected over the subdivision on May 1, 1970 from an altitude of 915 meters. The data were collected in twelve wavelength bands from 0.40 to 1.00 micrometers by the scanner. The results indicated that computer analysis of multispectral data can be very accurate in classifying and estimating the natural and man-made materials that characterize land uses in an urban scene.

Large-area landslide susceptibility with optimized slope-units

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Alvioli, Massimiliano; Marchesini, Ivan; Reichenbach, Paola; Rossi, Mauro; Ardizzone, Francesca; Fiorucci, Federica; Guzzetti, Fausto

2017-04-01

A Slope-Unit (SU) is a type of morphological terrain unit bounded by drainage and divide lines that maximize the within-unit homogeneity and the between-unit heterogeneity across distinct physical and geographical boundaries [1]. Compared to other terrain subdivisions, SU are morphological terrain unit well related to the natural (i.e., geological, geomorphological, hydrological) processes that shape and characterize natural slopes. This makes SU easily recognizable in the field or in topographic base maps, and well suited for environmental and geomorphological analysis, in particular for landslide susceptibility (LS) modelling. An optimal subdivision of an area into a set of SU depends on multiple factors: size and complexity of the study area, quality and resolution of the available terrain elevation data, purpose of the terrain subdivision, scale and resolution of the phenomena for which SU are delineated. We use the recently developed r.slopeunits software [2,3] for the automatic, parametric delineation of SU within the open source GRASS GIS based on terrain elevation data and a small number of user-defined parameters. The software provides subdivisions consisting of SU with different shapes and sizes, as a function of the input parameters. In this work, we describe a procedure for the optimal selection of the user parameters through the production of a large number of realizations of the LS model. We tested the software and the optimization procedure in a 2,000 km2 area in Umbria, Central Italy. For LS zonation we adopt a logistic regression model implemented in an well-known software [4,5], using about 50 independent variables. To select the optimal SU partition for LS zonation, we want to define a metric which is able to quantify simultaneously: (i) slope-unit internal homogeneity (ii) slope-unit external heterogeneity (iii) landslide susceptibility model performance. To this end, we define a comprehensive objective function S, as the product of three normalized objective functions dealing with the points (i)-(ii)-(iii) independently. We use an intra-segment variance function V, the Moran's autocorrelation index I and the AUCROC function R arising from the application of the logistic regression model. Maximization of the objective function S = f(I,V,R) as a function of the r.slopeunits input parameters provides an objective and reproducible way to select the optimal parameter combination for a proper SU subdivision for LS modelling. We further perform an analysis of the statistical significance of the LS models as a function of the r.slopeunits input parameters, focusing on the degree of coarseness of each subdivision. We find that the LRM, when applied to subdivisions with large average SU size, has a very poor statistical significance, resulting in only few (5%, typically lithological) variables being used in the regression due to the large heterogeneity of all variables within each unit, while up to 35% of the variables are used when SU are very small. This behavior was largely expected and provides further evidence that an objective method to select SU size is highly desirable. [1] Guzzetti, F. et al., Geomorphology 31, (1999) 181-216 [2] Alvioli, M. et al., Geoscientific Model Development 9 (2016), 3975-3991 [3] http://geomorphology.irpi.cnr.it/tools/slope-units [4] Rossi, M. et al., Geomorphology 114, (2010) 129-142 [5] Rossi, M. and Reichenbach, P., Geoscientific Model Development 9 (2016), 3533-3543

Probability of occurrence of monthly and seasonal winter precipitation over Northwest India based on antecedent-monthly precipitation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Nageswararao, M. M.; Mohanty, U. C.; Dimri, A. P.; Osuri, Krishna K.

2018-05-01

Winter (December, January, and February (DJF)) precipitation over northwest India (NWI) is mainly associated with the eastward moving mid-latitude synoptic systems, western disturbances (WDs), embedded within the subtropical westerly jet (SWJ), and is crucial for Rabi (DJF) crops. In this study, the role of winter precipitation at seasonal and monthly scale over NWI and its nine meteorological subdivisions has been analyzed. High-resolution (0.25° × 0.25°) gridded precipitation data set of India Meteorological Department (IMD) for the period of 1901-2013 is used. Results indicated that the seasonal precipitation over NWI is below (above) the long-term mean in most of the years, when precipitation in any of the month (December/January/February) is in deficit (excess). The contribution of December precipitation (15-20%) to the seasonal (DJF) precipitation is lesser than January (35-40%) and February (35-50%) over all the subdivisions. December (0.60), January (0.57), and February (0.69) precipitation is in-phase (correlation) with the corresponding winter season precipitation. However, January precipitation is not in-phase with the corresponding December (0.083) and February (-0.03) precipitation, while December is in-phase with the February (0.21). When monthly precipitation (December or January or December-January or February) at subdivision level over NWI is excess (deficit); then, the probability of occurrence of seasonal excess (deficit) precipitation is high (almost nil). When antecedent-monthly precipitation is a deficit or excess, the probability of monthly (January or February or January + February) precipitation to be a normal category is >60% over all the subdivisions. This study concludes that the December precipitation is a good indicator to estimate the performance of January, February, January-February, and the seasonal (DJF) precipitation.

A whole brain atlas with sub-parcellation of cortical gyri using resting fMRI

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Joshi, Anand A.; Choi, Soyoung; Sonkar, Gaurav; Chong, Minqi; Gonzalez-Martinez, Jorge; Nair, Dileep; Shattuck, David W.; Damasio, Hanna; Leahy, Richard M.

2017-02-01

The new hybrid-BCI-DNI atlas is a high-resolution MPRAGE, single-subject atlas, constructed using both anatomical and functional information to guide the parcellation of the cerebral cortex. Anatomical labeling was performed manually on coronal single-slice images guided by sulcal and gyral landmarks to generate the original (non-hybrid) BCI-DNI atlas. Functional sub-parcellations of the gyral ROIs were then generated from 40 minimally preprocessed resting fMRI datasets from the HCP database. Gyral ROIs were transferred from the BCI-DNI atlas to the 40 subjects using the HCP grayordinate space as a reference. For each subject, each gyral ROI was subdivided using the fMRI data by applying spectral clustering to a similarity matrix computed from the fMRI time-series correlations between each vertex pair. The sub-parcellations were then transferred back to the original cortical mesh to create the subparcellated hBCI-DNI atlas with a total of 67 cortical regions per hemisphere. To assess the stability of the gyral subdivisons, a separate set of 60 HCP datasets were processed as follows: 1) coregistration of the structural scans to the hBCI-DNI atlas; 2) coregistration of the anatomical BCI-DNI atlas without functional subdivisions, followed by sub-parcellation of each subject's resting fMRI data as described above. We then computed consistency between the anatomically-driven delineation of each gyral subdivision and that obtained per subject using individual fMRI data. The gyral sub-parcellations generated by atlas-based registration show variable but generally good overlap of the confidence intervals with the resting fMRI-based subdivisions. These consistency measures will provide a quantitative measure of reliability of each subdivision to users of the atlas.

Rule-Guided Executive Control of Response Inhibition: Functional Topography of the Inferior Frontal Cortex

PubMed Central

Cai, Weidong; Leung, Hoi-Chung

2011-01-01

Background The human inferior frontal cortex (IFC) is a large heterogeneous structure with distinct cytoarchitectonic subdivisions and fiber connections. It has been found involved in a wide range of executive control processes from target detection, rule retrieval to response control. Since these processes are often being studied separately, the functional organization of executive control processes within the IFC remains unclear. Methodology/Principal Findings We conducted an fMRI study to examine the activities of the subdivisions of IFC during the presentation of a task cue (rule retrieval) and during the performance of a stop-signal task (requiring response generation and inhibition) in comparison to a not-stop task (requiring response generation but not inhibition). We utilized a mixed event-related and block design to separate brain activity in correspondence to transient control processes from rule-related and sustained control processes. We found differentiation in control processes within the IFC. Our findings reveal that the bilateral ventral-posterior IFC/anterior insula are more active on both successful and unsuccessful stop trials relative to not-stop trials, suggesting their potential role in the early stage of stopping such as triggering the stop process. Direct countermanding seems to be outside of the IFC. In contrast, the dorsal-posterior IFC/inferior frontal junction (IFJ) showed transient activity in correspondence to the infrequent presentation of the stop signal in both tasks and the left anterior IFC showed differential activity in response to the task cues. The IFC subdivisions also exhibited similar but distinct patterns of functional connectivity during response control. Conclusions/Significance Our findings suggest that executive control processes are distributed across the IFC and that the different subdivisions of IFC may support different control operations through parallel cortico-cortical and cortico-striatal circuits. PMID:21673969

Dynamic tracking down-conversion signal processing method based on reference signal for grating heterodyne interferometer

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, Guochao; Yan, Shuhua; Zhou, Weihong; Gu, Chenhui

2012-08-01

Traditional displacement measurement systems by grating, which purely make use of fringe intensity to implement fringe count and subdivision, have rigid demands for signal quality and measurement condition, so they are not easy to realize measurement with nanometer precision. Displacement measurement with the dual-wavelength and single-grating design takes advantage of the single grating diffraction theory and the heterodyne interference theory, solving quite well the contradiction between large range and high precision in grating displacement measurement. To obtain nanometer resolution and nanometer precision, high-power subdivision of interference fringes must be realized accurately. A dynamic tracking down-conversion signal processing method based on the reference signal is proposed. Accordingly, a digital phase measurement module to realize high-power subdivision on field programmable gate array (FPGA) was designed, as well as a dynamic tracking down-conversion module using phase-locked loop (PLL). Experiments validated that a carrier signal after down-conversion can constantly maintain close to 100 kHz, and the phase-measurement resolution and phase precision are more than 0.05 and 0.2 deg, respectively. The displacement resolution and the displacement precision, corresponding to the phase results, are 0.139 and 0.556 nm, respectively.

Geologic framework and hydrogeologic characteristics of the Edwards Aquifer outcrop, Medina County, Texas

USGS Publications Warehouse

Small, Ted A.; Clark, Allan K.

2000-01-01

The hydrogeologic subdivisions of the Edwards aquifer outcrop in Medina County generally are porous and permeable. The most porous and permeable appear to be hydrogeologic subdivision VI, the Kirschberg evaporite member of the Kainer Formation; and hydrogeologic subdivision III, the leached and collapsed members, undivided, of the Person Formation. The most porous and permeable rocks of the Devils River Formation in Medina County appear to be in the top layer. The upper member of the Glen Rose Limestone, the lower confining unit, has much less porosity and permeability than that observed in the Edwards aquifer.The Edwards aquifer has relatively large porosity and permeability resulting, in part, from the development or redistribution of secondary porosity. Lithology, stratigraphy, diagenesis, and karstification account for the effective porosity and permeability in the Edwards aquifer outcrop. Karst features that can greatly enhance effective porosity and permeability in the Edwards aquifer outcrop include sinkholes, dolines, and caves. The Edwards aquifer rocks in Medina County change from the eight-member Edwards Group to the essentially indivisible Devils River Formation. The facies change occurs along a line extending northwestward from just south of Medina Lake.

Genomic insights into the Acidobacteria reveal strategies for their success in terrestrial environments

PubMed Central

Trojan, Daniela; Roux, Simon; Herbold, Craig; Rattei, Thomas; Woebken, Dagmar

2018-01-01

Summary Members of the phylum Acidobacteria are abundant and ubiquitous across soils. We performed a large‐scale comparative genome analysis spanning subdivisions 1, 3, 4, 6, 8 and 23 (n = 24) with the goal to identify features to help explain their prevalence in soils and understand their ecophysiology. Our analysis revealed that bacteriophage integration events along with transposable and mobile elements influenced the structure and plasticity of these genomes. Low‐ and high‐affinity respiratory oxygen reductases were detected in multiple genomes, suggesting the capacity for growing across different oxygen gradients. Among many genomes, the capacity to use a diverse collection of carbohydrates, as well as inorganic and organic nitrogen sources (such as via extracellular peptidases), was detected – both advantageous traits in environments with fluctuating nutrient environments. We also identified multiple soil acidobacteria with the potential to scavenge atmospheric concentrations of H2, now encompassing mesophilic soil strains within the subdivision 1 and 3, in addition to a previously identified thermophilic strain in subdivision 4. This large‐scale acidobacteria genome analysis reveal traits that provide genomic, physiological and metabolic versatility, presumably allowing flexibility and versatility in the challenging and fluctuating soil environment. PMID:29327410

Contribution of Genoarchitecture to Understanding Hippocampal Evolution and Development.

PubMed

Medina, Loreta; Abellán, Antonio; Desfilis, Ester

2017-01-01

The hippocampal formation is a highly conserved structure of the medial pallium that works in association with the entorhinal cortex, playing a key role in memory formation and spatial navigation. Although it has been described in several vertebrates, the presence of comparable subdivisions across species remained unclear. This panorama has started to change in recent years thanks to the identification of some of the genes that regulate the development of the hippocampal formation in the mouse and help to delineate its subdivisions based on molecular features. Some of these genes have been used to try to identify subdivisions in chicken and lizards comparable to those of the mammalian hippocampal formation and the entorhinal cortex. Here, we review some of these data, which suggest the existence of fields comparable to the dentate gyrus, CA3, CA1, subiculum, as well as medial and lateral parts of the entorhinal cortex in all amniotes. We also analyze available data suggesting the existence of serial connections between these fields, speculate on the possible existence of auto-associative loops in CA3, and discuss general principles governing the formation of the connections. © 2017 S. Karger AG, Basel.

A genetic discontinuity in moose (Alces alces) in Alaska corresponds with fenced transportation infrastructure

USGS Publications Warehouse

Wilson, Robert E.; Farley, Sean D.; McDonough, Thomas J.; Talbot, Sandra L.; Barboza, Perry S.

2015-01-01

The strength and arrangement of movement barriers can impact the connectivity among habitat patches. Anthropogenic barriers (e.g. roads) are a source of habitat fragmentation that can disrupt these resource networks and can have an influence on the spatial genetic structure of populations. Using microsatellite data, we evaluated whether observed genetic structure of moose (Alces alces) populations were associated with human activities (e.g. roads) in the urban habitat of Anchorage and rural habitat on the Kenai Peninsula, Alaska. We found evidence of a recent genetic subdivision among moose in Anchorage that corresponds to a major highway and associated infrastructure. This subdivision is most likely due to restrictions in gene flow due to alterations to the highway (e.g. moose-resistant fencing with one-way gates) and a significant increase in traffic volume over the past 30 years; genetic subdivision was not detected on the Kenai Peninsula in an area not bisected by a major highway. This study illustrates that anthropogenic barriers can substructure wildlife populations within a few generations and highlights the value of genetic assessments to determine the effects on connectivity among habitat patches in conjunction with behavioral and ecological data..

Functional Subdivision of Group-ICA Results of fMRI Data Collected during Cinema Viewing

PubMed Central

Pamilo, Siina; Malinen, Sanna; Hlushchuk, Yevhen; Seppä, Mika; Tikka, Pia; Hari, Riitta

2012-01-01

Independent component analysis (ICA) can unravel functional brain networks from functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data. The number of the estimated components affects both the spatial pattern of the identified networks and their time-course estimates. Here group-ICA was applied at four dimensionalities (10, 20, 40, and 58 components) to fMRI data collected from 15 subjects who viewed a 15-min silent film (“At land” by Maya Deren). We focused on the dorsal attention network, the default-mode network, and the sensorimotor network. The lowest dimensionalities demonstrated most prominent activity within the dorsal attention network, combined with the visual areas, and in the default-mode network; the sensorimotor network only appeared with ICA comprising at least 20 components. The results suggest that even very low-dimensional ICA can unravel the most prominent functionally-connected brain networks. However, increasing the number of components gives a more detailed picture and functionally feasible subdivision of the major networks. These results improve our understanding of the hierarchical subdivision of brain networks during viewing of a movie that provides continuous stimulation embedded in an attention-directing narrative. PMID:22860044

R&D policy, agency costs and innovation in personalized medicine.

PubMed

Yin, Wesley

2009-09-01

The Orphan Drug Act (ODA) was designed to spur the development of drugs for rare diseases. In principle, its design also incentivizes pharmaceutical firms to develop drugs for "rare" subdivisions of more prevalent diseases. I find that in response to this incentive, firms develop drugs for ODA-qualifying subdivisions of non-rare diseases. The impact in these tailored drug markets represents half of the total R&D response to the ODA. I also find that 10-percent of the innovation in subdivided disease drugs induced by the ODA would have been conducted without the policy. While modest in size, this inefficiency suggests that agency problems should be considered when designing innovation policy.

About the specialized myocardial conducting tissue.

PubMed

de Micheli Serra, Alfredo; Iturralde Torres, Pedro; Aranda Fraustro, Alberto

2013-01-01

The chronological succession of discoveries on the location and structure of the atrio-ventricular conducting system are described. The starting point of this system is located in the sinus atrial node, identified by the English scientists A. Keith and M. W. Flack in 1907. The atrioventricular conducting system was pointed out by the Swiss physician Wilhelm His Jr. in 1893. The atrioventricular node (AV) was first identified by the Japanese pathologist Sumao Tawara and his German professor Ludwig Aschoff in 1906. Likewise the structure and routes of the three internodal bundles are described. These bundles include: Bachmann's bundle (1916) connecting the right with the left atrium and the AV node; the middle Wenckebach's bundle (1910) and the posterior or Thörel's bundle (1910), extending from the region of the sinus atrial node towards the posterior margin of the AV node. Lastly, the ventricular left and right conduction systems are detailed. These include the main trunk and their peripheral subdivisions with respective networks. Regarding the controversial existence of the left middle subdivision, it can exist in animal and human hearts. Nevertheless, an intermediate left septal network of specialized fibers seems to act as a functional equivalent of this subdivision. Copyright © 2012 Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez. Published by Masson Doyma México S.A. All rights reserved.

A meta-analysis of the anterior cingulate contribution to social pain

PubMed Central

Lemogne, Cedric; Hinfray, Sophie; Huguet, Pascal; Grynszpan, Ouriel; Tartour, Eric; George, Nathalie; Fossati, Philippe

2015-01-01

Many functional magnetic resonance imaging studies have explored the neural correlates of social pain that results from social threat, exclusion, rejection, loss or negative evaluation. Although activations have consistently been reported within the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), it remains unclear which ACC subdivision is particularly involved. To provide a quantitative estimation of the specific involvement of ACC subdivisions in social pain, we conducted a voxel-based meta-analysis. The literature search identified 46 articles that included 940 subjects, the majority of which used the cyberball task. Significant likelihoods of activation were found in both the ventral and dorsal ACC for both social pain elicitation and self-reported distress during social pain. Self-reported distress involved more specifically the subgenual and pregenual ACC than social pain-related contrasts. The cyberball task involved the anterior midcingulate cortex to a lesser extent than other experimental tasks. During social pain, children exhibited subgenual activations to a greater extent than adults. Finally, the ventro-dorsal gradient of ACC activations in cyberball studies was related to the length of exclusion phases. The present meta-analysis contributes to a better understanding of the role of ACC subdivisions in social pain, and it could be of particular importance for guiding future studies of social pain and its neural underpinnings. PMID:25140048

Sensori-motor synchronisation variability decreases as the number of metrical levels in the stimulus signal increases.

PubMed

Madison, Guy

2014-03-01

Timing performance becomes less precise for longer intervals, which makes it difficult to achieve simultaneity in synchronisation with a rhythm. The metrical structure of music, characterised by hierarchical levels of binary or ternary subdivisions of time, may function to increase precision by providing additional timing information when the subdivisions are explicit. This hypothesis was tested by comparing synchronisation performance across different numbers of metrical levels conveyed by loudness of sounds, such that the slowest level was loudest and the fastest was softest. Fifteen participants moved their hand with one of 9 inter-beat intervals (IBIs) ranging from 524 to 3,125 ms in 4 metrical level (ML) conditions ranging from 1 (one movement for each sound) to 4 (one movement for every 8th sound). The lowest relative variability (SD/IBI<1.5%) was obtained for the 3 longest IBIs (1600-3,125 ms) and MLs 3-4, significantly less than the smallest value (4-5% at 524-1024 ms) for any ML 1 condition in which all sounds are identical. Asynchronies were also more negative with higher ML. In conclusion, metrical subdivision provides information that facilitates temporal performance, which suggests an underlying neural multi-level mechanism capable of integrating information across levels. © 2013.

Effects of septic-tank effluent on ground-water quality in northern Williamson County and southern Davidson County, Tennessee

USGS Publications Warehouse

Hanchar, D.W.

1991-01-01

An investigation of the potential contamination of ground water from septic tank systems blasted in bedrock in Williamson and Davidson Counties, Tennessee, was conducted during 1988-89. Water samples were collected from domestic and observation wells, springs, and surface-water sites in a residential subdivision in the northern part of Williamson County near Nashville. The subdivision has a high density of septic-tank field lines installed into blasted bedrock Water samples also were collected from a well located in an area of Davidson County where field lines were installed in 5 feet of soil. Samples were analyzed for major inorganic constituents, nutrients, total organic carbon, optical brighteners, and bacteria. Although results of analyses of water samples from wells indicate no effect of septic-tank effluent on ground-water quality at these sites, water from two springs located downgradient from the subdivision had slightly larger concentrations of nitrite plus nitrate (2.2 and 2.7 milligrams per liter N), and much larger concentrations of fecal coliform and fecal streptococci bacteria (2,000 to 3,200 and 700 to 900 colonies per 100 milliliters of sample, respectively), than other wells and springs sampled during 1988. Water from one of these springs contained optical brighteners, which indicates that septic-tank effluent is affecting ground-water quality.

Fine-scale population genetic structure of arctic foxes (Vulpes lagopus) in the High Arctic.

PubMed

Lai, Sandra; Quiles, Adrien; Lambourdière, Josie; Berteaux, Dominique; Lalis, Aude

2017-12-01

The arctic fox (Vulpes lagopus) is a circumpolar species inhabiting all accessible Arctic tundra habitats. The species forms a panmictic population over areas connected by sea ice, but recently, kin clustering and population differentiation were detected even in regions where sea ice was present. The purpose of this study was to examine the genetic structure of a population in the High Arctic using a robust panel of highly polymorphic microsatellites. We analyzed the genotypes of 210 individuals from Bylot Island, Nunavut, Canada, using 15 microsatellite loci. No pattern of isolation-by-distance was detected, but a spatial principal component analysis (sPCA) revealed the presence of genetic subdivisions. Overall, the sPCA revealed two spatially distinct genetic clusters corresponding to the northern and southern parts of the study area, plus another subdivision within each of these two clusters. The north-south genetic differentiation partly matched the distribution of a snow goose colony, which could reflect a preference for settling into familiar ecological environments. Secondary clusters may result from higher-order social structures (neighbourhoods) that use landscape features to delimit their borders. The cryptic genetic subdivisions found in our population may highlight ecological processes deserving further investigations in arctic foxes at larger, regional spatial scales.

Comparative histological study of the mammalian facial nucleus.

PubMed

Furutani, Rui; Sugita, Shoei

2008-04-01

We performed comparative Nissl, Klüver-Barrera and Golgi staining studies of the mammalian facial nucleus to classify the morphologically distinct subdivisions and the neuronal types in the rat, rabbit, ferret, Japanese monkey (Macaca fuscata), pig, horse, Risso's dolphin (Grampus griseus), and bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus). The medial subnucleus was observed in all examined species; however, that of the Risso's and bottlenose dolphins was a poorly-developed structure comprised of scattered neurons. The medial subnuclei of terrestrial mammals were well-developed cytoarchitectonic structures, usually a rounded column comprised of densely clustered neurons. Intermediate and lateral subnuclei were found in all studied mammals, with differences in columnar shape and neuronal types from species to species. The dorsolateral subnucleus was detected in all mammals but the Japanese monkey, whose facial neurons converged into the intermediate subnucleus. The dorsolateral subnuclei of the two dolphin species studied were expanded subdivisions comprised of densely clustered cells. The ventromedial subnuclei of the ferret, pig, and horse were richly-developed columns comprised of large multipolar neurons. Pig and horse facial nuclei contained another ventral cluster, the ventrolateral subnucleus. The facial nuclei of the Japanese monkey and the bottlenose dolphin were similar in their ventral subnuclear organization. Our findings show species-specific subnuclear organization and distribution patterns of distinct types of neurons within morphological discrete subdivisions, reflecting functional differences.

Analysis of trends and dominant periodicities in drought variables in India: A wavelet transform based approach

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Joshi, Nitin; Gupta, Divya; Suryavanshi, Shakti; Adamowski, Jan; Madramootoo, Chandra A.

2016-12-01

In this study, seasonal trends as well as dominant and significant periods of variability of drought variables were analyzed for 30 rainfall subdivisions in India over 141 years (1871-2012). Standardized precipitation index (SPI) was used as a meteorological drought indicator, and various drought variables (monsoon SPI, non-monsoon SPI, yearly SPI, annual drought duration, annual drought severity and annual drought peak) were analyzed. Discrete wavelet transform was used in conjunction with the Mann-Kendall test to analyze trends and dominant periodicities associated with the drought variables. Furthermore, continuous wavelet transform (CWT) based global wavelet spectrum was used to analyze significant periods of variability associated with the drought variables. From the trend analysis, we observed that over the second half of the 20th century, drought occurrences increased significantly in subdivisions of Northeast and Central India. In both short-term (2-8 years) and decadal (16-32 years) periodicities, the drought variables were found to influence the trend. However, CWT analysis indicated that the dominant periodic components were not significant for most of the geographical subdivisions. Although inter-annual and inter-decadal periodic components play an important role, they may not completely explain the variability associated with the drought variables across the country.

Evaluating differences in forest fragmentation and restoration between western natural forests and southeastern plantation forests in the United States.

PubMed

Ren, Xinyu; Lv, Yingying; Li, Mingshi

2017-03-01

Changes in forest ecosystem structure and functions are considered some of the research issues in landscape ecology. In this study, advancing Forman's theory, we considered five spatially explicit processes associated with fragmentation, including perforation, dissection, subdivision, shrinkage, and attrition, and two processes associated with restoration, i.e., increment and expansion processes. Following this theory, a forest fragmentation and restoration process model that can detect the spatially explicit processes and ecological consequences of forest landscape change was developed and tested in the current analysis. Using the National Land Cover Databases (2001, 2006 and 2011), the forest fragmentation and restoration process model was applied to US western natural forests and southeastern plantation forests to quantify and classify forest patch losses into one of the four fragmentation processes (the dissection process was merged into the subdivision process) and to classify the newly gained forest patches based on the two restoration processes. At the same time, the spatio-temporal differences in fragmentation and restoration patterns and trends between natural forests and plantations were further compared. Then, through overlaying the forest fragmentation/restoration processes maps with targeting year land cover data and land ownership vectors, the results from forest fragmentation and the contributors to forest restoration in federal and nonfederal lands were identified. Results showed that, in natural forests, the forest change patches concentrated around the urban/forest, cultivated/forest, and shrubland/forest interfaces, while the patterns of plantation change patches were scattered sparsely and irregularly. The shrinkage process was the most common type in forest fragmentation, and the average size was the smallest. Expansion, the most common restoration process, was observed in both natural forests and plantations and often occurred around the previous expansion or covered the previous subdivision or shrinkage processes. The overall temporal fragmentation pattern of natural forests had a "perforation-subdivision/shrinkage-attrition" pathway, which corresponded to Forman's landscape fragmentation rule, while the plantation forests did not follow the rule strictly. The main land cover types resulted from forest fragmentation in natural forests and plantation forests were shrubland and herbaceous, mainly through subdivision and shrinkages process. The processes and effects of restoration of plantation forests were more diverse and efficient, compared to the natural forest, which were simpler with a lower regrowth rate. The fragmentation mostly occurred in nonfederal lands. In natural forests, forest fragmentation pattern differed in different land tenures, yet plantations remained the same in federal and nonfederal lands. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Multiple approaches to valuation of conservation design and low-impact development features in residential subdivisions.

PubMed

Bowman, Troy; Tyndall, John C; Thompson, Janette; Kliebenstein, James; Colletti, Joe P

2012-08-15

Residents, developers and civic officials are often faced with difficult decisions about appropriate land uses in and around metropolitan boundaries. Urban expansion brings with it the potential for negative environmental impacts, but there are alternatives, such as conservation subdivision design (CSD) or low-impact development (LID), which offer the possibility of mitigating some of these effects at the development site. Many urban planning jurisdictions across the Midwest do not currently have any examples of these designs and lack information to identify public support or barriers to use of these methods. This is a case study examining consumer value for conservation and low-impact design features in one housing market by using four different valuation techniques to estimate residents' willingness to pay for CSD and LID features in residential subdivisions. A contingent valuation survey of 1804 residents in Ames, IA assessed familiarity with and perceptions of subdivision development and used an ordered value approach to estimate willingness to pay for CSD and LID features. A majority of residents were not familiar with CSD or LID practices. Residents indicated a willingness to pay for most CSD and LID features with the exception of clustered housing. Gender, age, income, familiarity with LID practices, perceptions of attractiveness of features and the perceived effect of CSD and LID features on ease of future home sales were important factors influencing residents' willingness to pay. A hypothetical referendum measured willingness to pay for tax-funded conservation land purchases and estimated that a property tax of around $50 would be the maximum increase that would pass. Twenty-seven survey respondents participated in a subsequent series of experimental real estate negotiations that used an experimental auction mechanism to estimate willingness to pay for CSD and LID features. Participants indicated that clustered housing (with interspersed preserved forest or open space areas), rain gardens, and neighborhood streams with a forested buffer were the features they were most willing to pay for. Participants were not willing to pay for neighborhood streams without buffers. Finally, a spatial hedonic price model using 2093 homes in Ames, IA was used to estimate the effect of public and private open space on housing values. The model indicated that presence of neighborhood association-owned forest and water features as well as proximity to public parks had significant positive effects on housing prices. However, proximity to a public lake had a negative effect on home values. The four methods used in this study include both stated and revealed preference techniques. Although the relative magnitude of value expressed varied, all methods indicated that residents value CSD and LID subdivision features. Subdivision features that included explicit environmental benefits were also consistently preferred over features that did not. Familiarity with alternative designs was an important factor influencing resident willingness to pay for neighborhood features, and developers and civic officials should consider ways to educate citizens about CSD and LID development techniques to increase interest in these designs. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

7 CFR 966.14 - Varieties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... and Orders; Fruits, Vegetables, Nuts), DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE TOMATOES GROWN IN FLORIDA Order... subdivisions of tomatoes according to those definitive characteristics now or hereafter recognized by the...

7 CFR 945.6 - Varieties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... Orders; Fruits, Vegetables, Nuts), DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE IRISH POTATOES GROWN IN CERTAIN DESIGNATED.... Varieties means and includes all classifications or subdivisions of Irish potatoes according to those...

7 CFR 945.6 - Varieties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... ORDERS; FRUITS, VEGETABLES, NUTS), DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE IRISH POTATOES GROWN IN CERTAIN DESIGNATED.... Varieties means and includes all classifications or subdivisions of Irish potatoes according to those...

Trypanosoma cruzi I: Towards the need of genetic subdivision?, Part II.

PubMed

Ramírez, Juan David; Hernández, Carolina

2018-08-01

Chagas disease is a complex zoonosis caused by the kinetoplastid parasite Trypanosoma cruzi. This protozoan exhibits remarkable genetic diversity evinced in at least six Discrete Typing Units (DTUs) with the foreseen emergence of a genotype associated to bats (TcBat). T. cruzi I is the DTU with the broadest geographical distribution and associated to severe cardiomyopathies. In 2011, we published a review questioning the need for genetic subdivision within TcI. However, after six years of intensive research. Herein, we attempted to determine if TcI should be subdivided or not in the light of the current genetic, biological, clinical and ecological data. The future perspectives are discussed. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

36 CFR 228.57 - Types of disposal.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Federal, State, county, local unit, subdivision, municipality, or county road district for use in public... various Forest Service programs involving construction and maintenance of physical improvements. ...

78 FR 56612 - Seagoing Barges

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-09-13

..., measured parallel to the centerline. \\2\\ Subchapters E (Load Lines), F (Marine Engineering), J (Electrical Engineering), N (Dangerous Cargoes), S (Subdivision and Stability), and W (Lifesaving Appliances and...

33 CFR 211.14 - Definition.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

..., partnerships, associations or corporations, including States, territories, and political subdivisions thereof... by the Department of the Army or the Army, including right of entry permits, options to purchase, and...

7 CFR 956.11 - Varieties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... AND ORDERS; FRUITS, VEGETABLES, NUTS), DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE SWEET ONIONS GROWN IN THE WALLA WALLA... includes all classifications, subdivisions, or types of Walla Walla Sweet Onions according to those...

7 CFR 956.11 - Varieties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... and Orders; Fruits, Vegetables, Nuts), DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE SWEET ONIONS GROWN IN THE WALLA WALLA... includes all classifications, subdivisions, or types of Walla Walla Sweet Onions according to those...

7 CFR 956.11 - Varieties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... AND ORDERS; FRUITS, VEGETABLES, NUTS), DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE SWEET ONIONS GROWN IN THE WALLA WALLA... includes all classifications, subdivisions, or types of Walla Walla Sweet Onions according to those...

7 CFR 956.11 - Varieties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... and Orders; Fruits, Vegetables, Nuts), DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE SWEET ONIONS GROWN IN THE WALLA WALLA... includes all classifications, subdivisions, or types of Walla Walla Sweet Onions according to those...

7 CFR 956.11 - Varieties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... and Orders; Fruits, Vegetables, Nuts), DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE SWEET ONIONS GROWN IN THE WALLA WALLA... includes all classifications, subdivisions, or types of Walla Walla Sweet Onions according to those...

A meta-analysis of the anterior cingulate contribution to social pain.

PubMed

Rotge, Jean-Yves; Lemogne, Cedric; Hinfray, Sophie; Huguet, Pascal; Grynszpan, Ouriel; Tartour, Eric; George, Nathalie; Fossati, Philippe

2015-01-01

Many functional magnetic resonance imaging studies have explored the neural correlates of social pain that results from social threat, exclusion, rejection, loss or negative evaluation. Although activations have consistently been reported within the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), it remains unclear which ACC subdivision is particularly involved. To provide a quantitative estimation of the specific involvement of ACC subdivisions in social pain, we conducted a voxel-based meta-analysis. The literature search identified 46 articles that included 940 subjects, the majority of which used the cyberball task. Significant likelihoods of activation were found in both the ventral and dorsal ACC for both social pain elicitation and self-reported distress during social pain. Self-reported distress involved more specifically the subgenual and pregenual ACC than social pain-related contrasts. The cyberball task involved the anterior midcingulate cortex to a lesser extent than other experimental tasks. During social pain, children exhibited subgenual activations to a greater extent than adults. Finally, the ventro-dorsal gradient of ACC activations in cyberball studies was related to the length of exclusion phases. The present meta-analysis contributes to a better understanding of the role of ACC subdivisions in social pain, and it could be of particular importance for guiding future studies of social pain and its neural underpinnings. © The Author (2014). Published by Oxford University Press. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com.

Image space subdivision for fast ray tracing

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yu, Billy T.; Yu, William W.

1999-09-01

Ray-tracing is notorious of its computational requirement. There were a number of techniques to speed up the process. However, a famous statistic indicated that ray-object intersections occupies over 95% of the total image generation time. Thus, it is most beneficial to work on this bottle-neck. There were a number of ray-object intersection reduction techniques and they could be classified into three major categories: bounding volume hierarchies, space subdivision, and directional subdivision. This paper introduces a technique falling into the third category. To further speed up the process, it takes advantages of hierarchy by adopting a MX-CIF quadtree in the image space. This special kind of quadtree provides simple objects allocation and ease of implementation. The text also included a theoretical proof of the expected performance. For ray-polygon comparison, the technique reduces the order of complexity from linear to square-root, O(n) -> O(2(root)n). Experiments with various shape, size and complexity were conducted to verify the expectation. Results shown that computational improvement grew with the complexity of the sceneries. The experimental improvement was more than 90% and it agreed with the theoretical value when the number of polygons exceeded 3000. The more complex was the scene, the more efficient was the acceleration. The algorithm described was implemented in the polygonal level, however, it could be easily enhanced and extended to the object or higher levels.

Genetic Diversity and Population Structure of Vibrio cholerae

PubMed Central

Beltrán, Pilar; Delgado, Gabriela; Navarro, Armando; Trujillo, Francisca; Selander, Robert K.; Cravioto, Alejandro

1999-01-01

Multilocus enzyme electrophoresis (MLEE) of 397 Vibrio cholerae isolates, including 143 serogroup reference strains and 244 strains from Mexico and Guatemala, identified 279 electrophoretic types (ETs) distributed in two major divisions (I and II). Linkage disequilibrium was demonstrated in both divisions and in subdivision Ic of division I but not in subdivision Ia, which includes 76% of the ETs. Despite this evidence of relatively frequent recombination, clonal lineages may persist for periods of time measured in at least decades. In addition to the pandemic clones of serogroups O1 and O139, which form a tight cluster of four ETs in subdivision Ia, MLEE analysis identified numerous apparent clonal lineages of non-O1 strains with intercontinental distributions. A clone of serogroup O37 that demonstrated epidemic potential in the 1960s is closely related to the pandemic O1/O139 clones, but the nontoxigenic O1 Inaba El Tor reference strain is not. A strain of serogroup O22, which has been identified as the most likely donor of exogenous rfb region DNA to the O1 progenitor of the O139 clone, is distantly related to the O1/O139 clones. The close evolutionary relationships of the O1, O139, and O37 epidemic clones indicates that new cholera clones are likely to arise by the modification of a lineage that is already epidemic or is closely related to such a clone. PMID:9986816

Genetic diversity and population structure of Vibrio cholerae.

PubMed

Beltrán, P; Delgado, G; Navarro, A; Trujillo, F; Selander, R K; Cravioto, A

1999-03-01

Multilocus enzyme electrophoresis (MLEE) of 397 Vibrio cholerae isolates, including 143 serogroup reference strains and 244 strains from Mexico and Guatemala, identified 279 electrophoretic types (ETs) distributed in two major divisions (I and II). Linkage disequilibrium was demonstrated in both divisions and in subdivision Ic of division I but not in subdivision Ia, which includes 76% of the ETs. Despite this evidence of relatively frequent recombination, clonal lineages may persist for periods of time measured in at least decades. In addition to the pandemic clones of serogroups O1 and O139, which form a tight cluster of four ETs in subdivision Ia, MLEE analysis identified numerous apparent clonal lineages of non-O1 strains with intercontinental distributions. A clone of serogroup O37 that demonstrated epidemic potential in the 1960s is closely related to the pandemic O1/O139 clones, but the nontoxigenic O1 Inaba El Tor reference strain is not. A strain of serogroup O22, which has been identified as the most likely donor of exogenous rfb region DNA to the O1 progenitor of the O139 clone, is distantly related to the O1/O139 clones. The close evolutionary relationships of the O1, O139, and O37 epidemic clones indicates that new cholera clones are likely to arise by the modification of a lineage that is already epidemic or is closely related to such a clone.

Mapping the involvement of BA 4a and 4p during Motor Imagery.

PubMed

Sharma, Nikhil; Jones, P S; Carpenter, T A; Baron, Jean-Claude

2008-05-15

Motor Imagery (MI) is an attractive but intriguing means to access the motor network. There are marked inconsistencies in the functional imaging literature regarding the degree, extent and distribution of the primary motor cortex (BA 4) involvement during MI as compared to Executed Movement (EM), which may in part be related to the diverse role of BA 4 and its two subdivisions (i.e., 4a and 4p) in motor processes as well as to methodological issues. Here we used fMRI with monitoring of compliance to show that in healthy volunteers optimally screened for their ability to perform MI the contralateral BA 4 is involved during MI of a finger opposition sequence (2, 3, 4, 5; paced at 1 Hz), albeit less than during EM of the same sequence, and in a location sparing the hand area. Furthermore, both 4a and 4p subdivisions were found to be involved in MI, but the relative involvement of BA 4p appeared more robust and closer to that seen with EM. We suggest that during MI the role of BA 4 and its subdivisions may be non-executive, perhaps related to spatial encoding, though clearly further studies are needed. Finally, we report a similar hemispheric activation balance within BA 4 with both tasks, which extends the commonalities between EM and MI.

Influence of volcanic activity on the population genetic structure of Hawaiian Tetragnatha spiders: Fragmentation, rapid population growth and the potential for accelerated evolution

USGS Publications Warehouse

Vandergast, A.G.; Gillespie, R.G.; Roderick, G.K.

2004-01-01

Volcanic activity on the island of Hawaii results in a cyclical pattern of habitat destruction and fragmentation by lava, followed by habitat regeneration on newly formed substrates. While this pattern has been hypothesized to promote the diversification of Hawaiian lineages, there have been few attempts to link geological processes to measurable changes in population structure. We investigated the genetic structure of three species of Hawaiian spiders in forests fragmented by a 150-year-old lava flow on Mauna Loa Volcano, island of Hawaii: Tetragnatha quasimodo (forest and lava flow generalist), T. anuenue and T. brevignatha (forest specialists). To estimate fragmentation effects on population subdivision in each species, we examined variation in mitochondrial and nuclear genomes (DNA sequences and allozymes, respectively). Population subdivision was higher for forest specialists than for the generalist in fragments separated by lava. Patterns of mtDNA sequence evolution also revealed that forest specialists have undergone rapid expansion, while the generalist has experienced more gradual population growth. Results confirm that patterns of neutral genetic variation reflect patterns of volcanic activity in some Tetragnatha species. Our study further suggests that population subdivision and expansion can occur across small spatial and temporal scales, which may facilitate the rapid spread of new character states, leading to speciation as hypothesized by H. L. Carson 30 years ago.

Morphologic correlation between liver epithelium and mesenchyme allows insight into histogenesis of focal nodular hyperplasia (FNH) of the liver.

PubMed

Fischer, H P; Lankes, G

1991-01-01

The microanatomic organization of focal nodular hyperplasia (FNH) of the liver was analyzed to obtain information about the histogenesis of this tumor-like lesion. All of the 11 examples of FNH studied showed subdivision into multiple pseudolobules, which were characterized by fibrovascular and ductular areas radiating from perilobular septa, and an expanding periphery of normal appearing hepatocytes. Immunohistochemical analysis showed continuous transitions from normal hepatocytes in the periphery of the pseudolobules, which expressed only the keratins 8 and 18, to small hepatocytes and ductular aggregates in the center of the pseudolobules, both of which also expressed the keratins 7 and 19. Ductular metaplasia of hepatocytes was always accompanied by sinusoidal endothelial cells stained by the endothelial markers BMA 120, M 616, and by an increase in collagenous fibers especially of type III. Further development of this fibrovascular and ductular transformation lead to subdivision of the involved pseudolobules. The pseudolobules had similar mean sizes, irrespective of their site in the periphery or the center of the FNHs, showing that proliferation, fibrovascular and ductular transformation and subdivision of these micronodules are a basic histogenetic phenomenon in FNH. The findings indicate that local changes in the interrelations between liver epithelial and mesenchymal cells influence substantially the abnormal but nevertheless regulated growth of liver parenchyma which gives rise to FNH.

78 FR 10128 - Information Collection Activity; Comment Request

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-02-13

...: [email protected] . Title: Emergency and Imminent Community Water Assistance Grants. OMB Control..., incorporated towns and villages, boroughs, authorities, districts, and other political subdivisions of a state...

32 CFR 643.83 - Consideration.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Easements § 643.83 Consideration. Although the statutes authorizing grants of rights of way or easements do... an exception to this rule, grants to States, counties, municipalities, or political subdivisions...

15 CFR 255.1 - Type of fellowships.

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2013-01-01

... standardization and testing. (b) Practical laboratory training in various branches of physics, chemistry, and... include the usual subdivisions of physics (weights and measures, heat, optics, mechanics, atomic physics...

15 CFR 255.1 - Type of fellowships.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... standardization and testing. (b) Practical laboratory training in various branches of physics, chemistry, and... include the usual subdivisions of physics (weights and measures, heat, optics, mechanics, atomic physics...

15 CFR 255.1 - Type of fellowships.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... standardization and testing. (b) Practical laboratory training in various branches of physics, chemistry, and... include the usual subdivisions of physics (weights and measures, heat, optics, mechanics, atomic physics...

15 CFR 255.1 - Type of fellowships.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... standardization and testing. (b) Practical laboratory training in various branches of physics, chemistry, and... include the usual subdivisions of physics (weights and measures, heat, optics, mechanics, atomic physics...

24 CFR 1710.100 - Statement of Record-format.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

....113 Recreational Facilities 1710.114 Subdivision Characteristics and Climate 1710.115 (a) General...) Nuisances (g) Hazards (h) Climate (i) Occupancy Additional Information 1710.116 (a) Property Owners...

24 CFR 1710.100 - Statement of Record-format.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

....113 Recreational Facilities 1710.114 Subdivision Characteristics and Climate 1710.115 (a) General...) Nuisances (g) Hazards (h) Climate (i) Occupancy Additional Information 1710.116 (a) Property Owners...

24 CFR 1710.100 - Statement of Record-format.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

....113 Recreational Facilities 1710.114 Subdivision Characteristics and Climate 1710.115 (a) General...) Nuisances (g) Hazards (h) Climate (i) Occupancy Additional Information 1710.116 (a) Property Owners...

24 CFR 1710.100 - Statement of Record-format.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

....113 Recreational Facilities 1710.114 Subdivision Characteristics and Climate 1710.115 (a) General...) Nuisances (g) Hazards (h) Climate (i) Occupancy Additional Information 1710.116 (a) Property Owners...

24 CFR 1710.100 - Statement of Record-format.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

....113 Recreational Facilities 1710.114 Subdivision Characteristics and Climate 1710.115 (a) General...) Nuisances (g) Hazards (h) Climate (i) Occupancy Additional Information 1710.116 (a) Property Owners...

7 CFR 930.21 - Reestablishment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... Administrative Body § 930.21 Reestablishment. Districts, subdivisions of districts, and the distribution of... production within the districts and the production area; (e) Changes in the proportion and role of growers...

7 CFR 930.21 - Reestablishment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... Administrative Body § 930.21 Reestablishment. Districts, subdivisions of districts, and the distribution of... production within the districts and the production area; (e) Changes in the proportion and role of growers...

7 CFR 930.21 - Reestablishment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... Administrative Body § 930.21 Reestablishment. Districts, subdivisions of districts, and the distribution of... production within the districts and the production area; (e) Changes in the proportion and role of growers...

7 CFR 930.21 - Reestablishment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... Administrative Body § 930.21 Reestablishment. Districts, subdivisions of districts, and the distribution of... production within the districts and the production area; (e) Changes in the proportion and role of growers...

7 CFR 930.21 - Reestablishment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... Administrative Body § 930.21 Reestablishment. Districts, subdivisions of districts, and the distribution of... production within the districts and the production area; (e) Changes in the proportion and role of growers...

29 CFR 1975.5 - States and political subdivisions thereof.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... penal institutions; State, county, and municipal judicial bodies; State University Boards of Trustees; State, county, and municipal public school boards and commissions; and public libraries. (2) Depending...

7 CFR 1400.102 - States, political subdivisions, and agencies thereof.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

...) COMMODITY CREDIT CORPORATION, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE GENERAL REGULATIONS AND POLICIES PAYMENT LIMITATION AND PAYMENT ELIGIBILITY FOR 2009 AND SUBSEQUENT CROP, PROGRAM, OR FISCAL YEARS Payment Limitation...

Visual discrimination in the pigeon (Columba livia): effects of selective lesions of the nucleus rotundus

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Laverghetta, A. V.; Shimizu, T.

1999-01-01

The nucleus rotundus is a large thalamic nucleus in birds and plays a critical role in many visual discrimination tasks. In order to test the hypothesis that there are functionally distinct subdivisions in the nucleus rotundus, effects of selective lesions of the nucleus were studied in pigeons. The birds were trained to discriminate between different types of stationary objects and between different directions of moving objects. Multiple regression analyses revealed that lesions in the anterior, but not posterior, division caused deficits in discrimination of small stationary stimuli. Lesions in neither the anterior nor posterior divisions predicted effects in discrimination of moving stimuli. These results are consistent with a prediction led from the hypothesis that the nucleus is composed of functional subdivisions.

H.R. 944: A Bill to provide rules regarding the payment by certain political subdivisions in the State of Montana of charges imposed by the United States with respect to a hydroelectric project located in Granite and Deer Lodge Counties, Montana. Introduced in the House of Representatives, One Hundred Fourth Congress, First session

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

NONE

1995-12-31

This legislation grants a 5 year waiver on the payment of fees for the use of lands for the operating and maintaining of a hydroelectric development licensed by the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, to any political subdivision of the state of Montana which takes the license, for FERC project 1473. Following the 5 year period the licensee would be required to pay the lesser of $20,000 or the annual charge for the use of the land imposed by any department or agency of the Federal Government.

Processes and subdivisions in diogenites, a multivariate statistical analysis

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Harriott, T. A.; Hewins, R. H.

1984-01-01

Multivariate statistical techniques used on diogenite orthopyroxene analyses show the relationships that occur within diogenites and the two orthopyroxenite components (class I and II) in the polymict diogenite Garland. Cluster analysis shows that only Peckelsheim is similar to Garland class I (Fe-rich) and the other diogenites resemble Garland class II. The unique diogenite Y 75032 may be related to type I by fractionation. Factor analysis confirms the subdivision and shows that Fe does not correlate with the weakly incompatible elements across the entire pyroxene composition range, indicating that igneous fractionation is not the process controlling total diogenite composition variation. The occurrence of two groups of diogenites is interpreted as the result of sampling or mixing of two main sequences of orthopyroxene cumulates with slightly different compositions.

Parallelized Stochastic Cutoff Method for Long-Range Interacting Systems

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Endo, Eishin; Toga, Yuta; Sasaki, Munetaka

2015-07-01

We present a method of parallelizing the stochastic cutoff (SCO) method, which is a Monte-Carlo method for long-range interacting systems. After interactions are eliminated by the SCO method, we subdivide a lattice into noninteracting interpenetrating sublattices. This subdivision enables us to parallelize the Monte-Carlo calculation in the SCO method. Such subdivision is found by numerically solving the vertex coloring of a graph created by the SCO method. We use an algorithm proposed by Kuhn and Wattenhofer to solve the vertex coloring by parallel computation. This method was applied to a two-dimensional magnetic dipolar system on an L × L square lattice to examine its parallelization efficiency. The result showed that, in the case of L = 2304, the speed of computation increased about 102 times by parallel computation with 288 processors.

Emotional processing in anterior cingulate and medial prefrontal cortex

PubMed Central

Etkin, Amit; Egner, Tobias; Kalisch, Raffael

2010-01-01

Negative emotional stimuli activate a broad network, including the medial prefrontal (mPFC) and anterior cingulate (ACC) cortices. An early influential view dichotomized these regions into dorsal-caudal “cognitive” and ventral-rostral “affective” subdivisions. In this review, we examine a wealth of recent research on negative emotions in animals and humans, using the example of fear/anxiety, and conclude that, contrary to the traditional dichotomy, both subdivisions make key contributions to emotional processing. Specifically, dorsal-caudal regions of the ACC/mPFC are involved in appraisal and expression of negative emotion, while ventral-rostral portions of the ACC/mPFC have a regulatory role with respect to limbic regions involved in generating emotional responses. Moreover, this new framework is broadly consistent with emerging data on other negative and positive emotions. PMID:21167765

A Two-Year Longitudinal MRI Study of the Corpus Callosum in Autism

PubMed Central

Frazier, Thomas W.; Keshavan, Matcheri S.; Minshew, Nancy J.; Hardan, Antonio Y.

2015-01-01

A growing body of literature has identified size reductions of the corpus callosum (CC) in autism. However, to our knowledge, no published studies have reported on the growth of CC volumes in youth with autism. Volumes of the total CC and its sub-divisions were obtained from 23 male children with autism and 23 age-matched male controls at baseline and 2-year follow-up. Persistent reductions in total CC volume were observed in participants with autism relative to controls. Only the rostral body sub-division showed a normalization of size over time. Persistent reductions are consistent with the diagnostic stability and life-long impairment observed in many individuals with autism. Multimodal imaging studies are needed to identify specific fiber tracks contributing to CC reductions. PMID:22350341

Alternative Fuels Data Center

Science.gov Websites

educational institution fleet light-duty vehicles purchased must be HEVs or bi-fuel or dedicated AFVs loan fund for AFV acquisitions by state agencies, political subdivisions, and educational institutions

24 CFR 590.5 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

..., village, or other general purpose political subdivision of a State, Guam, the Virgin Islands, or American... Territory of the Pacific Islands; and Indian tribes, bands, groups, and nations of the United States...

47 CFR 5.5 - Definition of terms.

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2012-10-01

... of providing essential communications for research projects that could not be conducted without the... service and fixed service. In a regulatory sense, the subdivisions may be descriptive of particular groups...

47 CFR 5.5 - Definition of terms.

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2011-10-01

... of providing essential communications for research projects that could not be conducted without the... service and fixed service. In a regulatory sense, the subdivisions may be descriptive of particular groups...

47 CFR 5.5 - Definition of terms.

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2010-10-01

... of providing essential communications for research projects that could not be conducted without the... service and fixed service. In a regulatory sense, the subdivisions may be descriptive of particular groups...

29 CFR 1601.23 - Preliminary or temporary relief.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

..., or political subdivision. (b) In a case involving a government, governmental agency, or political... private individuals from exercising their rights to seek temporary or preliminary relief on their own...

7 CFR 301.1-2 - Criteria for special need requests.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... must contain the following: (1) Data drawn from a scientifically sound detection survey, showing that... State or political subdivision. The request should contain detailed information, including quantitative...

7 CFR 301.1-2 - Criteria for special need requests.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... must contain the following: (1) Data drawn from a scientifically sound detection survey, showing that... State or political subdivision. The request should contain detailed information, including quantitative...

7 CFR 301.1-2 - Criteria for special need requests.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... must contain the following: (1) Data drawn from a scientifically sound detection survey, showing that... State or political subdivision. The request should contain detailed information, including quantitative...

7 CFR 301.1-2 - Criteria for special need requests.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... must contain the following: (1) Data drawn from a scientifically sound detection survey, showing that... State or political subdivision. The request should contain detailed information, including quantitative...

7 CFR 301.1-2 - Criteria for special need requests.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... must contain the following: (1) Data drawn from a scientifically sound detection survey, showing that... State or political subdivision. The request should contain detailed information, including quantitative...

78 FR 11670 - Eastern Great Lakes Area Maritime Security Committee; Vacancies

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-02-19

... government; the State government and political subdivisions of the State; local public safety, crisis management, and emergency response agencies; law enforcement and security organizations; maritime industry...

32 CFR 215.3 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... disturbances are group acts of violence and disorders prejudicial to public law and order within the 50 States... subdivision thereof. The term civil disturbance includes all domestic conditions requiring the use of Federal...

77 FR 6133 - Sector Upper Mississippi River Area Maritime Security Committee; Vacancies

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-02-07

... government; the State government and political subdivisions of the State; local public safety, crisis management, and emergency response agencies; law enforcement and security organizations; maritime industry...

7 CFR 1924.104 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... to the local public body for use with local climate, soil, gradient, and volume and character of... public body for use with local climate, soil, gradient, and volume and character of traffic. Subdivision...

7 CFR 1924.104 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... to the local public body for use with local climate, soil, gradient, and volume and character of... public body for use with local climate, soil, gradient, and volume and character of traffic. Subdivision...

7 CFR 1924.104 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... to the local public body for use with local climate, soil, gradient, and volume and character of... public body for use with local climate, soil, gradient, and volume and character of traffic. Subdivision...

7 CFR 1924.104 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... to the local public body for use with local climate, soil, gradient, and volume and character of... public body for use with local climate, soil, gradient, and volume and character of traffic. Subdivision...

7 CFR 1924.104 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... to the local public body for use with local climate, soil, gradient, and volume and character of... public body for use with local climate, soil, gradient, and volume and character of traffic. Subdivision...

Pressure pain sensitivity maps of the neck-shoulder and the low back regions in men and women.

PubMed

Binderup, Asbjørn T; Arendt-Nielsen, Lars; Madeleine, Pascal

2010-10-12

Musculoskeletal pain in the low back and neck-shoulder regions is a major problem among the working population all over the world. The prevalence of musculoskeletal pain is found to be higher among women. Women also have lower pressure pain thresholds (PPTs) than men. Pressure pain topography aims at mapping the spatial distribution of PPT within a muscle in an attempt to track changes in mechanical sensitivity. In order to assess gender differences in the pain topography, it is necessary to map the distribution in both healthy men and women. The aim of this study was to assess PPT maps from the cervico-thoracic and lumbar regions in men and women. Eleven men and eleven women without any known musculoskeletal disorders participated in the study. PPT was measured twice at 36 points over the trapezius muscle of the dominant arm, at 36 points over the trapezius muscle on the contralateral side and at 12 points over the spine between the left and right trapezius. Further, 11 points were measured over the erector spinae muscle on the left side of the spine between the first and the fifth lumbar vertebrae, 11 on the right side and 5 points on the spine itself. The measurements on each trapezius muscle were divided according to anatomical subdivisions. Three-way and two-way ANOVAs were used to analyse the differences in PPTs with the following factors: gender, locations and sub-divisions (only for cervico-thoracic region). There were no differences between left and right side in neither the cervico-thoracic nor the lumbar region, but there were (large effect) differences between the subdivisions in the trapezius with the lowest values in the upper part (P < 0.001; partial η2 = 0.19). Women had (small effect) lower PPT in both cervico-thoracic and lumbar regions (P ≤ 0.001; partial η2 = 0.02 for both regions), but gender had no effect on neither location nor subdivisions. The pain topography was not found to be different between genders in the cervico-thoracic and lumbar regions. This study can be used as basis for further clinical studies on musculoskeletal disorders.

Range Management Affects Native Ungulate Populations in Península Valdés, a World Natural Heritage

PubMed Central

Nabte, Marcela J.; Marino, Andrea I.; Rodríguez, María Victoria; Monjeau, Adrián; Saba, Sergio L.

2013-01-01

Sheep rearing is the main productive activity in Patagonian rangelands, where guanacos are the only native ungulate. Ranchers perceive a decrease in range carrying capacity as guanaco numbers increase, therefore guanaco conservation within private lands becomes a considerable challenge. This issue is particularly evident in the World Natural Heritage Península Valdés (PV), where there is a need to harmonize livestock production and biodiversity conservation. While sheep rearing prevails as the primary land use in the area, some ecotourism initiatives have been implemented to complement livestock production. In order to study how land use affected guanaco distribution, we characterized PV's ranches in terms of land subdivision, primary productivity, stocking-rate and management type, and assess how these variables affected guanaco encounter rates. Smaller ranches were composed of smaller paddocks (mean size 4.8 km2), which showed higher values of the remote-sensing derived Enhance Vegetation Index (EVI) (mean 0.14) and held higher sheep densities (mean 108.0 sheep/km2), while larger management units (mean size 23.8 km2), showed lower EVI values (mean 0.12) and lower stocking-rates (mean 36.7 sheep/km2). This pattern suggests that primary productivity has been a decisive factor to determine the minimal paddock size set by ranchers in PV, apparently precluding excessive land-subdivision in less productive areas. Guanaco encounter rate, expressed as number of guanacos per travelled kilometre, was inversely related to EVI and stocking-rate. However, land subdivision was the better predictor of guanaco encounter-rate within only sheep ranches, finding more guanacos per kilometre as paddock size increased. In contrast, in ranches where ecotourism was implemented as a complementary activity, guanaco encounter-rates were greater, regardless of paddock size. Our results suggest that the implementation of an additional activity by which landowners derive benefits from wildlife has prompted a beneficial outcome for guanacos, presumably through a decrease in harassment intensity. Finally, we propose possible mechanisms by which land subdivision may affect guanaco distribution and potential alternatives for the inclusion of wildlife conservation in a context of extensive livestock production. PMID:23390546

Range management affects native ungulate populations in Península Valdés, a World Natural Heritage.

PubMed

Nabte, Marcela J; Marino, Andrea I; Rodríguez, María Victoria; Monjeau, Adrián; Saba, Sergio L

2013-01-01

Sheep rearing is the main productive activity in Patagonian rangelands, where guanacos are the only native ungulate. Ranchers perceive a decrease in range carrying capacity as guanaco numbers increase, therefore guanaco conservation within private lands becomes a considerable challenge. This issue is particularly evident in the World Natural Heritage Península Valdés (PV), where there is a need to harmonize livestock production and biodiversity conservation. While sheep rearing prevails as the primary land use in the area, some ecotourism initiatives have been implemented to complement livestock production. In order to study how land use affected guanaco distribution, we characterized PV's ranches in terms of land subdivision, primary productivity, stocking-rate and management type, and assess how these variables affected guanaco encounter rates. Smaller ranches were composed of smaller paddocks (mean size 4.8 km(2)), which showed higher values of the remote-sensing derived Enhance Vegetation Index (EVI) (mean 0.14) and held higher sheep densities (mean 108.0 sheep/km(2)), while larger management units (mean size 23.8 km(2)), showed lower EVI values (mean 0.12) and lower stocking-rates (mean 36.7 sheep/km(2)). This pattern suggests that primary productivity has been a decisive factor to determine the minimal paddock size set by ranchers in PV, apparently precluding excessive land-subdivision in less productive areas. Guanaco encounter rate, expressed as number of guanacos per travelled kilometre, was inversely related to EVI and stocking-rate. However, land subdivision was the better predictor of guanaco encounter-rate within only sheep ranches, finding more guanacos per kilometre as paddock size increased. In contrast, in ranches where ecotourism was implemented as a complementary activity, guanaco encounter-rates were greater, regardless of paddock size. Our results suggest that the implementation of an additional activity by which landowners derive benefits from wildlife has prompted a beneficial outcome for guanacos, presumably through a decrease in harassment intensity. Finally, we propose possible mechanisms by which land subdivision may affect guanaco distribution and potential alternatives for the inclusion of wildlife conservation in a context of extensive livestock production.

PET Imaging of D2/3 agonist binding in healthy human subjects with the radiotracer [11C]-N-propyl-nor-apomorphine (NPA): preliminary evaluation and reproducibility studies

PubMed Central

Narendran, Rajesh; Frankle, W. Gordon; Mason, N. Scott; Laymon, Charles M.; Lopresti, Brian J; Price, Julie C.; Kendro, Steve; Vora, Shivangi; Litschge, Maralee; Mountz, James M.; Mathis, Chester A.

2009-01-01

Objective (-)-N-[11C]-Propyl-norapomorphine (NPA) is a full dopamine D2/3 receptor agonist radiotracer suitable for imaging D2/3 receptors configured in a state of high affinity for agonists using Positron Emission Tomography (PET). The aim of the present study was to define the optimal analytic method to derive accurate and reliable D2/3 receptor parameters with [11C]NPA. Methods Six healthy subjects (4 females/2 males) underwent two [11C]NPA scans in the same day. D2/3 receptor binding parameters were estimated using kinetic analysis (using 1- and 2- tissue compartment models) as well as simplified reference tissue method in the three functional subdivisions of the striatum (associative striatum, AST; limbic striatum LST and sensorimotor striatum SMST). The test-retest variability and intraclass correlation coefficient were assessed for distribution volume (VT), binding potential relative to plasma concentration (BPP), and binding potential relative to nondisplaceable uptake (BPND) Results A two-tissue compartment kinetic model adequately described the functional subdivisions of the striatum as well as cerebellum time-activity data. The reproducibility of VT was excellent (≤ 10%) in all regions, for this approach. The reproducibility of both BPP (≤ 12%) and BPND (≤ 10%) was also excellent. The intraclass correlation coefficient of BPP and BPND were acceptable as well (> 0.75) in the three functional subdivisions of the striatum. Although SRTM led to an underestimation of BPND values relative to that estimated by kinetic analysis by 8 to 13%, the values derived using both the methods were reasonably well correlated (r2 = 0.89, n = 84). Both methods were similarly effective at detecting the differences in [11C]NPA BPND between subjects. Conclusion The results of this study indicate that [11C]NPA can be used to measure D2/3 receptors configured in a state of high affinity for the agonists with high reliability and reproducibility in the functional subdivisions of the human striatum. PMID:19301416

32 CFR Appendix A to Part 623 - Explanation of Terms

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

..., or other political subdivision of any State. Major disaster. Any hurricane, tornado, storm, flood.... Threatened major disaster. Any hurricane, tornado, storm, flood, high water, wind-driven water, tidal wave...

32 CFR Appendix A to Part 623 - Explanation of Terms

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

..., or other political subdivision of any State. Major disaster. Any hurricane, tornado, storm, flood.... Threatened major disaster. Any hurricane, tornado, storm, flood, high water, wind-driven water, tidal wave...

32 CFR Appendix A to Part 623 - Explanation of Terms

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

..., or other political subdivision of any State. Major disaster. Any hurricane, tornado, storm, flood.... Threatened major disaster. Any hurricane, tornado, storm, flood, high water, wind-driven water, tidal wave...

32 CFR Appendix A to Part 623 - Explanation of Terms

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

..., or other political subdivision of any State. Major disaster. Any hurricane, tornado, storm, flood.... Threatened major disaster. Any hurricane, tornado, storm, flood, high water, wind-driven water, tidal wave...

32 CFR Appendix A to Part 623 - Explanation of Terms

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

..., or other political subdivision of any State. Major disaster. Any hurricane, tornado, storm, flood.... Threatened major disaster. Any hurricane, tornado, storm, flood, high water, wind-driven water, tidal wave...

GOETHALS BRIDGE FROM NORTH SIDE OVER ARTHUR KILL. RAILROAD BRIDGE ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

GOETHALS BRIDGE FROM NORTH SIDE OVER ARTHUR KILL. RAILROAD BRIDGE IN FOREGROUND - Goethals Bridge, Spanning Arthur Kill from New Jersey to Staten Island, Staten Island (subdivision), Richmond County, NY

20 CFR 645.500 - Who are eligible applicants for competitive grants?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

..., community action agencies, and public and private colleges and universities, and other qualified private... boards or alternate administering agencies (2) Political subdivisions of a State; and (3) Private...

20 CFR 645.500 - Who are eligible applicants for competitive grants?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

..., community action agencies, and public and private colleges and universities, and other qualified private... boards or alternate administering agencies (2) Political subdivisions of a State; and (3) Private...

20 CFR 645.500 - Who are eligible applicants for competitive grants?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

..., community action agencies, and public and private colleges and universities, and other qualified private... boards or alternate administering agencies (2) Political subdivisions of a State; and (3) Private...

20 CFR 645.500 - Who are eligible applicants for competitive grants?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

..., community action agencies, and public and private colleges and universities, and other qualified private... boards or alternate administering agencies (2) Political subdivisions of a State; and (3) Private...

49 CFR 195.234 - Welds: Nondestructive testing.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... offshore area; (2) Within railroad or public road rights-of-way; (3) At overhead road crossings and within tunnels; (4) Within the limits of any incorporated subdivision of a State government; and (5) Within...

49 CFR 195.234 - Welds: Nondestructive testing.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... offshore area; (2) Within railroad or public road rights-of-way; (3) At overhead road crossings and within tunnels; (4) Within the limits of any incorporated subdivision of a State government; and (5) Within...

49 CFR 195.234 - Welds: Nondestructive testing.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... offshore area; (2) Within railroad or public road rights-of-way; (3) At overhead road crossings and within tunnels; (4) Within the limits of any incorporated subdivision of a State government; and (5) Within...

49 CFR 195.234 - Welds: Nondestructive testing.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... offshore area; (2) Within railroad or public road rights-of-way; (3) At overhead road crossings and within tunnels; (4) Within the limits of any incorporated subdivision of a State government; and (5) Within...

46 CFR 32.65-5 - Scantlings, material, and workmanship-TB/ALL.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... deck houses shall be of steel or iron construction except that the pilothouse and decks over quarters may be constructed of wood. Scantlings, material, and workmanship, subdivision of cargo spaces...

44 CFR 206.223 - General work eligibility.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... facilities must be submitted through a State or political subdivision of the State. (e) Negligence. No assistance will be provided to an applicant for damages caused by its own negligence. If negligence by...

49 CFR 107.336 - Limitation on fines and penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... MATERIALS PROGRAM PROCEDURES Enforcement Criminal Penalties § 107.336 Limitation on fines and penalties. If a State or political subdivision or Indian tribe assesses any fine or penalty determined by the...

Waterford Ventures, LLC

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

The EPA is providing notice of a proposed Administrative Penalty Assessment against Waterford Ventures, LLC, a business located at 3100 White Pine Court, Waukee, IA 50263, for alleged violations at the Waterford Pointe Subdivision, located at the intersect

46 CFR 78.17-3 - Watertight doors.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... doors in subdivision bulkheads that may be opened at sea, and all mechanisms, remote controls, and... navigated to be assured that they are in proper operating condition. On vessels in which the voyage exceeds...

46 CFR 78.17-3 - Watertight doors.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... doors in subdivision bulkheads that may be opened at sea, and all mechanisms, remote controls, and... navigated to be assured that they are in proper operating condition. On vessels in which the voyage exceeds...

46 CFR 78.17-3 - Watertight doors.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... doors in subdivision bulkheads that may be opened at sea, and all mechanisms, remote controls, and... navigated to be assured that they are in proper operating condition. On vessels in which the voyage exceeds...

46 CFR 78.17-3 - Watertight doors.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... doors in subdivision bulkheads that may be opened at sea, and all mechanisms, remote controls, and... navigated to be assured that they are in proper operating condition. On vessels in which the voyage exceeds...

46 CFR 78.17-3 - Watertight doors.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... doors in subdivision bulkheads that may be opened at sea, and all mechanisms, remote controls, and... navigated to be assured that they are in proper operating condition. On vessels in which the voyage exceeds...

7 CFR 30.6 - Type.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... Classification of Leaf Tobacco Covering Classes, Types and Groups of Grades § 30.6 Type. A subdivision of a class of leaf tobacco, having certain common characteristics which permit of its being divided into a...

7 CFR 30.6 - Type.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... Classification of Leaf Tobacco Covering Classes, Types and Groups of Grades § 30.6 Type. A subdivision of a class of leaf tobacco, having certain common characteristics which permit of its being divided into a...

7 CFR 30.6 - Type.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... Classification of Leaf Tobacco Covering Classes, Types and Groups of Grades § 30.6 Type. A subdivision of a class of leaf tobacco, having certain common characteristics which permit of its being divided into a...

7 CFR 30.6 - Type.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... Classification of Leaf Tobacco Covering Classes, Types and Groups of Grades § 30.6 Type. A subdivision of a class of leaf tobacco, having certain common characteristics which permit of its being divided into a...

7 CFR 30.6 - Type.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... Classification of Leaf Tobacco Covering Classes, Types and Groups of Grades § 30.6 Type. A subdivision of a class of leaf tobacco, having certain common characteristics which permit of its being divided into a...

26 CFR 48.4041-15 - Sales to States or political subdivisions thereof.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... TREASURY (CONTINUED) MISCELLANEOUS EXCISE TAXES MANUFACTURERS AND RETAILERS EXCISE TAXES Special Fuels § 48... certificate; and that (Check applicable type of certificate) ___the liquid or liquids specified in the...

A method of detection to the grinding wheel layer thickness based on computer vision

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ji, Yuchen; Fu, Luhua; Yang, Dujuan; Wang, Lei; Liu, Changjie; Wang, Zhong

2018-01-01

This paper proposed a method of detection to the grinding wheel layer thickness based on computer vision. A camera is used to capture images of grinding wheel layer on the whole circle. Forward lighting and back lighting are used to enables a clear image to be acquired. Image processing is then executed on the images captured, which consists of image preprocessing, binarization and subpixel subdivision. The aim of binarization is to help the location of a chord and the corresponding ring width. After subpixel subdivision, the thickness of the grinding layer can be calculated finally. Compared with methods usually used to detect grinding wheel wear, method in this paper can directly and quickly get the information of thickness. Also, the eccentric error and the error of pixel equivalent are discussed in this paper.

Boundary element based multiresolution shape optimisation in electrostatics

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bandara, Kosala; Cirak, Fehmi; Of, Günther; Steinbach, Olaf; Zapletal, Jan

2015-09-01

We consider the shape optimisation of high-voltage devices subject to electrostatic field equations by combining fast boundary elements with multiresolution subdivision surfaces. The geometry of the domain is described with subdivision surfaces and different resolutions of the same geometry are used for optimisation and analysis. The primal and adjoint problems are discretised with the boundary element method using a sufficiently fine control mesh. For shape optimisation the geometry is updated starting from the coarsest control mesh with increasingly finer control meshes. The multiresolution approach effectively prevents the appearance of non-physical geometry oscillations in the optimised shapes. Moreover, there is no need for mesh regeneration or smoothing during the optimisation due to the absence of a volume mesh. We present several numerical experiments and one industrial application to demonstrate the robustness and versatility of the developed approach.

Specializations for reward-guided decision-making in the primate ventral prefrontal cortex.

PubMed

Murray, Elisabeth A; Rudebeck, Peter H

2018-05-23

The estimated values of choices, and therefore decision-making based on those values, are influenced by both the chance that the chosen items or goods can be obtained (availability) and their current worth (desirability) as well as by the ability to link the estimated values to choices (a process sometimes called credit assignment). In primates, the prefrontal cortex (PFC) has been thought to contribute to each of these processes; however, causal relationships between particular subdivisions of the PFC and specific functions have been difficult to establish. Recent lesion-based research studies have defined the roles of two different parts of the primate PFC - the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and the ventral lateral frontal cortex (VLFC) - and their subdivisions in evaluating each of these factors and in mediating credit assignment during reward-based decision-making.

Commissural axons of the mouse cochlear nucleus.

PubMed

Brown, M Christian; Drottar, Marie; Benson, Thane E; Darrow, Keith

2013-05-01

The axons of commissural neurons that project from one cochlear nucleus to the other were studied after labeling with anterograde tracer. Injections were made into the dorsal subdivision of the cochlear nucleus in order to restrict labeling only to the group of commissural neurons that gave off collaterals to, or were located in, this subdivision. The number of labeled commissural axons in each injection was correlated with the number of labeled radiate multipolar neurons, suggesting radiate neurons as the predominant origin of the axons. The radiate commissural axons are thick and myelinated, and they exit the dorsal acoustic stria of the injected cochlear nucleus to cross the brainstem in the dorsal half, near the crossing position of the olivocochlear bundle. They enter the opposite cochlear nucleus via the dorsal and ventral acoustic stria and at its medial border. Reconstructions of single axons demonstrate that terminations are mostly in the core and typically within a single subdivision of the cochlear nucleus. Extents of termination range from narrow to broad along both the dorsoventral (i.e., tonotopic) and the rostrocaudal dimensions. In the electron microscope, labeled swellings form synapses that are symmetric (in that there is little postsynaptic density), a characteristic of inhibitory synapses. Our labeled axons do not appear to include excitatory commissural axons that end in edge regions of the nucleus. Radiate commissural axons could mediate the broadband inhibition observed in responses to contralateral sound, and they may balance input from the two ears with a quick time course. Copyright © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Commissural Axons of the Mouse Cochlear Nucleus

PubMed Central

Brown, M. Christian; Drottar, Marie; Benson, Thane E.; Darrow, Keith

2012-01-01

The axons of commissural neurons that project from one cochlear nucleus to the other were studied after labeling with anterograde tracer. Injections were made into the dorsal subdivision of the cochlear nucleus in order to restrict labeling only to the group of commissural neurons that gave off collaterals to, or were located in, this subdivision. The number of labeled commissural axons in each injection was correlated with the number of labeled radiate multipolar neurons, suggesting radiate neurons as the predominant origin of the axons. The radiate commissural axons are thick and myelinated, and they exit the dorsal acoustic stria of the injected cochlear nucleus to cross the brainstem in the dorsal half, near the crossing position of the olivocochlear bundle. They enter the opposite cochlear nucleus via the dorsal and ventral acoustic stria and at its medial border. Reconstructions of single axons demonstrate that terminations are mostly in the core and typically within a single subdivision of the cochlear nucleus. Extents of termination range from narrow to broad along both the dorso-ventral (i.e. tonotopic) and rostro-caudal dimensions. In the electron microscope, labeled swellings form synapses that are symmetric (in that there is little postsynaptic density), a characteristic of inhibitory synapses. Our labeled axons do not appear to include excitatory commissural axons that end in edge regions of the nucleus. Radiate commissural axons could mediate the broad-band inhibition observed in responses to contralateral sound, and they may balance input from the two ears on a quick time course. PMID:23124982

The high accuracy data processing system of laser interferometry signals based on MSP430

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Qi, Yong-yue; Lin, Yu-chi; Zhao, Mei-rong

2009-07-01

Generally speaking there are two orthogonal signals used in single-frequency laser interferometer for differentiating direction and electronic subdivision. However there usually exist three errors with the interferential signals: zero offsets error, unequal amplitude error and quadrature phase shift error. These three errors have a serious impact on subdivision precision. Based on Heydemann error compensation algorithm, it is proposed to achieve compensation of the three errors. Due to complicated operation of the Heydemann mode, a improved arithmetic is advanced to decrease the calculating time effectively in accordance with the special characteristic that only one item of data will be changed in each fitting algorithm operation. Then a real-time and dynamic compensatory circuit is designed. Taking microchip MSP430 as the core of hardware system, two input signals with the three errors are turned into digital quantity by the AD7862. After data processing in line with improved arithmetic, two ideal signals without errors are output by the AD7225. At the same time two original signals are turned into relevant square wave and imported to the differentiating direction circuit. The impulse exported from the distinguishing direction circuit is counted by the timer of the microchip. According to the number of the pulse and the soft subdivision the final result is showed by LED. The arithmetic and the circuit are adopted to test the capability of a laser interferometer with 8 times optical path difference and the measuring accuracy of 12-14nm is achieved.

Impacts of a Rural Subdivision on Groundwater Quality: Results of Long-Term Monitoring.

PubMed

Rayne, Todd W; Bradbury, Kenneth R; Krause, Jacob J

2018-03-30

A rural subdivision in south central Wisconsin was instrumented with monitoring wells and lysimeters before, during, and after its construction to examine the impacts of the unsewered subdivision on groundwater quality and quantity. Prior to construction, the 78-acre (32 ha) site was farmland. Sixteen homes were constructed beginning in 2003. Initial monitoring from 2002 to 2005 showed that groundwater beneath the site had been impacted by previous agricultural use, with nitrate-N values as high as 30 mg/L and some detections of the herbicide atrazine. Our 12-year study shows that the transition from agricultural to residential land use has changed groundwater quality in both negative and positive ways. Although groundwater elevations showed typical seasonal fluctuations each year, there were no measurable changes in groundwater levels or general flow directions during the 12-year study period. Chloride values increased in many wells, possibly as a result of road salting or water softener discharge. Nitrate concentrations varied spatially and temporally over the study period, with some initial concentrations substantially above the drinking water standard. In some wells, nitrate and atrazine levels have declined substantially since agriculture ceased. However, atrazine was still present at trace concentrations throughout the site in 2014. Wastewater tracers show there are small but detectable impacts from septic effluent on groundwater quality. Particle traces based on a groundwater flow model are consistent with the hypothesis that septic leachate has impacted groundwater quality. © 2018, National Ground Water Association.

Radiation-induced grain subdivision and bubble formation in U3Si2 at LWR temperature

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yao, Tiankai; Gong, Bowen; He, Lingfeng; Harp, Jason; Tonks, Michael; Lian, Jie

2018-01-01

U3Si2, an advanced fuel form proposed for light water reactors (LWRs), has excellent thermal conductivity and a high fissile element density. However, limited understanding of the radiation performance and fission gas behavior of U3Si2 is available at LWR conditions. This study explores the irradiation behavior of U3Si2 by 300 keV Xe+ ion beam bombardment combining with in-situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observation. The crystal structure of U3Si2 is stable against radiation-induced amorphization at 350 °C even up to a very high dose of 64 displacements per atom (dpa). Grain subdivision of U3Si2 occurs at a relatively low dose of 0.8 dpa and continues to above 48 dpa, leading to the formation of high-density nanoparticles. Nano-sized Xe gas bubbles prevail at a dose of 24 dpa, and Xe bubble coalescence was identified with the increase of irradiation dose. The volumetric swelling resulting from Xe gas bubble formation and coalescence was estimated with respect to radiation dose, and a 2.2% volumetric swelling was observed for U3Si2 irradiated at 64 dpa. Due to extremely high susceptibility to oxidation, the nano-sized U3Si2 grains upon radiation-induced grain subdivision were oxidized to nanocrystalline UO2 in a high vacuum chamber for TEM observation, eventually leading to the formation of UO2 nanocrystallites stable up to 80 dpa.

Conceptual design study of geothermal district heating of a thirty-house subdivision in Elko, Nevada, using existing water-distribution systems, Phase III. Final technical report, October 1, 1979-September 30, 1980

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Pitts, D.R.

1980-09-30

A conceptual design study for district heating of a 30-home subdivision located near the southeast extremity of the city of Elko, Nevada is presented. While a specific residential community was used in the study, the overall approach and methodologies are believed to be generally applicable for a large number of communities where low temperature geothermal fluid is available. The proposed district heating system utilizes moderate temperature, clean domestic water and existing community culinary water supply lines. The culinary water supply is heated by a moderate temperature geothermal source using a single heat exchanger at entry to the subdivision. The heatedmore » culinary water is then pumped to the houses in the community where energy is extracted by means of a water supplied heat pump. The use of heat pumps at the individual houses allows economic heating to result from supply of relatively cool water to the community, and this precludes the necessity of supplying objectionably hot water for normal household consumption use. Each heat pump unit is isolated from the consumptive water flow such that contamination of the water supply is avoided. The community water delivery system is modified to allow recirculation within the community, and very little rework of existing water lines is required. The entire system coefficient of performance (COP) for a typical year of heating is 3.36, exclusive of well pumping energy.« less

Denver area post-World War II suburbs.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2011-02-01

Historic Residential Subdivisions of Metropolitan Denver, 1940-1965, documents the development of : mid-century suburbs in CDOT Region 6. The report follows the National Register of Historic Places : format for multiple property documentation, and is...

42 CFR 3.212 - Nonidentification of patient safety work product.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... subdivisions smaller than a State, including street address, city, county, precinct, zip code and equivalent... three initial digits contains more than 20,000 people; (C) All elements of dates (except year) for dates...

33 CFR 157.21 - Subdivision and stability.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... account sinkage, heel, and trim, must be below the lower edge of an opening through which progressive.... (b) In the final stage of flooding, the angle of heel due to unsymmetrical flooding must not exceed...

33 CFR 157.21 - Subdivision and stability.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... account sinkage, heel, and trim, must be below the lower edge of an opening through which progressive.... (b) In the final stage of flooding, the angle of heel due to unsymmetrical flooding must not exceed...

Special land use trip generation in Virginia.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1981-01-01

Vehicle trip rates at shopping centers, apartment complexes, and subdivisions throughout Virginia were determined from seven-day volume counts. These rates were then compared with rates reported in four recognized sources of trip rate statistics and ...

19 CFR 10.454 - Regional value content.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... Agreement Rules of Origin § 10.454 Regional value content. Where General Note 26, subdivision (n), HTSUS, sets forth a rule that specifies a regional value content test for a good, the regional value content...

Land Development and Subdivision Regulations that Support Access Management

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1993-01-01

This report examines the role of the comprehensive plan in developing an access : management program, aspects of current regulatory practice that contribute to : access problems, and regulatory techniques that support access management : principles. ...

34 CFR 110.37 - Procedure for disbursal of funds to an alternate recipient.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... FOR CIVIL RIGHTS, DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION NONDISCRIMINATION ON THE BASIS OF AGE IN PROGRAMS OR... political subdivision of the State. (b) The Secretary requires any alternate recipient to demonstrate— (1...

43 CFR 4.808 - Participation by a party.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... Department of the Interior-Effectuation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 Appearance and Practice... thereof, a political subdivision of the State or instrumentality thereof, or a corporation may appear by...

28 CFR 51.5 - Termination of coverage (bailout).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... OF SECTION 5 OF THE VOTING RIGHTS ACT OF 1965, AS AMENDED General Provisions § 51.5 Termination of coverage (bailout). A covered jurisdiction or a political subdivision of a covered State may terminate the...

40 CFR 300.525 - State involvement in removal actions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

...) SUPERFUND, EMERGENCY PLANNING, AND COMMUNITY RIGHT-TO-KNOW PROGRAMS NATIONAL OIL AND HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES... removal is conducted at an NPL site that was operated by a state or political subdivision at the time of...

24 CFR 1715.30 - Persons to whom subpart B is inapplicable.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... inapplicable. Newspaper or periodical publishers, job printers, broadcasters, or telecasters, or any of the... subdivision advertised or (c) Also serve directly or indirectly as the advertising agent or agency for the...

78 FR 70391 - Shipping Coordinating Committee; Notice of Committee Meeting

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-11-25

... II-1 subdivision and damage stability regulations --Development of guidelines on safe return to port... SOLAS regulation II-1/13.6 on means of escape from ro-ro cargo spaces --Classification of offshore...

43 CFR 3203.10 - How are lands included in a competitive sale?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... within the legal subdivision, section, township, and range; (2) For unsurveyed lands, describe the lands..., include an entire section, township, and range. Do not divide protracted sections into aliquot parts; (4...

43 CFR 9185.4-3 - Three-fourths of land owners.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... the township are required to join in the application, and all petitioners in whom ownership is vested... legal subdivision, section, township, and range of the lands to which title is claimed. Moreover, it...

26 CFR 301.6362-5 - Qualified nonresident tax.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... which bears the same ratio to such sum as the amount described in subdivision (i) of this subparagraph... tracing of the profitability of each phase and aspect of the partnership's operations, and shows the State...

7 CFR 948.53 - Reestablishment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... Regulations of the Department of Agriculture (Continued) AGRICULTURAL MARKETING SERVICE (Marketing Agreements... distribution of representation among the subdivision of areas, or among marketing organizations within... changes, the committee shall consider (a) the relative importance of new producing sections, (b) relative...

A Survey: The Teaching of Film in English Departments

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Armour, Robert

1975-01-01

Discusses a study designed to determine the extent to which film study is considered in the English curricula and concludes that it is presently a respectable sub-division of a majority of college English departments. (MH)

33 CFR 157.24 - Submission of calculations, plans, and specifications.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... that vessel enters the navigable waters of the United States or the U.S. Exclusive Economic Zone. (a... compliance with subdivisions and damage stability requirements under § 157.21. (c) Plans and calculations to...

Investigation of the impacts of rural development on Iowa's secondary road systems.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2010-09-01

"Today, many of Iowas counties are experiencing an increase in rural development. Two specific types of development were focused on : for this research: rural residential subdivisions and livestock production operations. Rural residential developm...

26 CFR 1.61-15 - Options received as payment of income.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

...). For rules relating to the taxation of options described in this subdivision, see section 1234 and the...) Restrictions (if any) on exercise or transfer of option; (iv) Restrictions (if any) on transfer of securities...

42 CFR 431.205 - Provision of hearing system.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... hearing at the local level, with a right of appeal to a State agency hearing. (c) The agency may offer local hearings in some political subdivisions and not in others. (d) The hearing system must meet the...

HYPOTHESIS TESTING WITH THE SIMILARITY INDEX

EPA Science Inventory

Mulltilocus DNA fingerprinting methods have been used extensively to address genetic issues in wildlife populations. Hypotheses concerning population subdivision and differing levels of diversity can be addressed through the use of the similarity index (S), a band-sharing coeffic...

Investigation of the impacts of rural development on Iowa's secondary road systems.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2010-09-01

Today, many of Iowas counties are experiencing an increase in rural development. Two specific types of development were focused on : for this research: rural residential subdivisions and livestock production operations. Rural residential developme...

18 CFR 35.24 - Tax normalization for public utilities.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... provision for deferred taxes becomes deficient in or in excess of amounts necessary to meet future tax... subdivision of a State (including franchise taxes). (5) Income tax component means that part of the cost of...

Franz Kossmat - Subdivision of the Variscan Mountains - a translation of the German text with supplementary notes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Meinhold, Guido

2017-04-01

This work is in honour of Franz Kossmat (1871-1938) and his esteemed paper the Gliederung des varistischen Gebirgsbaues published 1927 in Abhandlungen des Sächsischen Geologischen Landesamts, Volume 1, pages 1 to 39. It constitutes the foundation of the general subdivision of the Central European Variscides into several geotectonic zones and the idea of large-scale nappe transport of individual units. In the English translation presented here an attempt is made to provide a readable text, which should still reflect Kossmat's style but would also be readable for a non-German speaking community either working in the Variscan Mountains or having specific interests in historical aspects of geosciences. Supplementary notes provide information about Kossmat's life and the content of the text. Kossmat's work is a superb example of how important geological fieldwork and mapping are for progress in geoscientific research.

Observations on the connectivity of the parvicellular reticular formation with respect to a vomiting center

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Mehler, W. R.

1983-01-01

The intrinsic and extrinsic connections of the parvicellular reticular formation (PCRF) that have been demonstrated by fiber degeneration studies and studied by more recently introduced horseradish peroxidase retrograde cell labeling are reviewed in an attempt to delimit the connectivity of the region in the PCRF where electrical stimulation produced emesis. Evidence is presented that certain specific functional subdivisions in PCRF such as the salivatory nuclei and the cells which give rise to the vestibular efferent projections can be delimited. An attempt is made to differentiate the sources of brain stem afferent connections with the nucleus of the tractus solitarius, the vagal nucleus and the nucleus ambiguus complex. The literature bearing on the histochemistry of the brain stem is reviewed in a search for clues to possible unique histo- or immunochemical cytological subdivisions in the parvicellular reticular formation.

Islands in the sea: extreme female natal site fidelity in the Australian sea lion, Neophoca cinerea.

PubMed

Campbell, R A; Gales, N J; Lento, G M; Baker, C S

2008-02-23

Pinnipeds (seals, fur seals, sea lions and walrus) form large breeding aggregations with females often remaining faithful to a natal site or area. In these cases, females are philopatric to regional areas on broad geographical scales of hundreds to thousands of kilometers. An investigation of variation in a control region sequence of mtDNA in the Australian sea lion (Neophoca cinerea) has shown a case of extreme female natal site fidelity that has resulted in almost fixed population differentiation across its range (PhiST=0.93). This high level of population subdivision over short geographical distances (approx. 60 km) is unparalleled in any social marine mammal and reflects the unique life-history traits of this rare species. The high level of population subdivision and exclusive female natal site fidelity has important ramifications for conservation management, and poses many interesting questions of both academic and applied interest.

Dual mechanisms of grain refinement in a FeCoCrNi high-entropy alloy processed by high-pressure torsion

PubMed Central

Wu, Wenqian; Song, Min; Ni, Song; Wang, Jingshi; Liu, Yong; Liu, Bin; Liao, Xiaozhou

2017-01-01

An equiatomic FeCoCrNi high-entropy alloy with a face-centered cubic structure was fabricated by a powder metallurgy route, and then processed by high-pressure torsion. Detailed microscopy investigations revealed that grain refinement from coarse grains to nanocrystalline grains occurred mainly via concurrent nanoband (NB) subdivision and deformation twinning. NB–NB, twin–NB and twin–twin interactions contributed to the deformation process. The twin–twin interactions resulted in severe lattice distortion and accumulation of high densities of dislocations in the interaction areas. With increasing strain, NB subdivision and interactions between primary twins and inclined secondary stacking faults (SFs)/nanotwins occurred. Secondary nanotwins divided the primary twins into many equiaxed parts, leading to further grain refinement. The interactions between secondary SFs/nanotwins associated with the presence of Shockley partials and primary twins also transformed the primary twin boundaries into incoherent high-angle grain boundaries. PMID:28429759

[The Dagestan gene pool: interethnic and intraethnic differentiation of eight aboriginal ethnic groups: analysis based on data on the AB0 and Rhesus erythrocyte antigen systems].

PubMed

Radzhabov, M O; Mamaev, I A; Shamov, I A; Gasaev, D G; Shneĭder, Iu V

2009-03-01

Analysis of the genetic variation of eight aboriginal Dagestan ethnic groups based on data on the AB0 and Rhesus blood groups has been carried out in a total sample of 18 348 subjects. The degree of genetic differentiation (G(ST)) and the levels of intraethnic (H(S) and interethnic (H(T)) variations of Dagestan ethnic groups have been estimated at two hierarchical levels of the population system. Prevalence of intraethnic diversity over interethnic one has been found in Dagestan populations. The parameters of subdivision of Dagestan populations were compared with those for the populations of all other regions of the Caucasus and the Pamir. The population subdivision of ethnic groups of Dagestan and other regions of the Caucasus is lower than that of Pamir ethnic groups.

Kilauea volcano eruption seen from orbit

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1993-01-01

The STS-51 crew had a clear view of the erupting Kilauea volcano during the early morning pass over the Hawaiian islands. Kilauea, on the southwest side of the island of Hawaii, has been erupting almost continuously since January, 1983. Kilauea's summit caldera, with the smaller Halemaumau crater nestled within, is highlighted in the early morning sun (just above the center of the picture). The lava flows which covered roads and subdivisions in 1983-90 can be seen as dark flows to the east (toward the upper right) of the steam plumes on this photo. The summit crater and lava flows of Mauna Loa volcano make up the left side of the photo. Features like the Volcano House and Kilauea Visitor Center on the edge of the caldera, the small subdivisions east of the summit, Ola's Rain Forest north of the summit, and agricultural land along the coast are easily identified.

Genetic characterization of Colombian Bahman cattle using microsatellites markers.

PubMed

Gómez, Y M; Fernandez, M; Rivera, D; Gómez, G; Bernal, J E

2013-07-01

Genetic structure and diversity of 3789 animals of the Brahman breed from 23 Colombian regions were assessed. Considering the Brahman Zebu cattle as a single population, the multilocus test based on the HW equilibrium, shows significant differences (P < 0.001). Genetic characterization made on the cattle population allowed to examine the genetic variability, calculating a H(o) = 0.6621. Brahman population in Colombia was a small subdivision within populations (F(it) = 0.045), a geographic subdivision almost non-existent or low differentiation (F(st) = 0.003) and the F(is) calculated (0.042) indicates no detriment to the variability in the population, despite the narrow mating takes place or there is a force that causes the variability is sustained without inbreeding actually affect the cattle population. The outcomes of multivariate analyses, Bayesian inferences and interindividual genetic distances suggested that there is no genetic sub-structure in the population, because of the high rate of animal migration among regions.

Effects of an overload of animal protein on the rat: brain DNA alterations and tissue morphological modifications during fetal and post-natal stage.

PubMed

Greco, A M; Sticchi, R; Boschi, G; Vetrani, A; Salvatore, G

1985-01-01

On account of many literature reports about the definite correlation between high animal protein intake and cardiovascular diseases, we have studied the effect of a hyperproteic purified diet (casein 40%, lactalbumin 20%) on fetal and post-natal (not further than 40th day) stage of the rat, when cell subdivision process is faster and therefore damage by nutritional imbalance is certainly more serious. Litters of rats were grouped according to mother's (either hyperproteic or common basic) and rat's (after lactation) diet. Brain DNA and histology of various organs were studied. Hyperproteic diet during fetal stage and lactation would inhibit brain cell subdivision since overall content of brain DNA would be decreased on autoptic finding. Structural changes were also shown in liver, heart, kidney and adrenal cortex, especially when hyperproteic diet was continued even after lactation.

Tag ID Subdivision Scheme for Efficient Authentication and Security-Enhancement of RFID System in USN

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lee, Kijeong; Park, Byungjoo; Park, Gil-Cheol

Radio frequency identification (RFID) is a generic term that is used to describe a system that transmits the identity (in the form of a unique serial number) of an object or person wirelessly, using radio waves. However, there are security threats in the RFID system related to its technical components. For example, illegal RFID tag readers can read tag ID and recognize most RFID Readers, a security threat that needs in-depth attention. Previous studies show some ideas on how to minimize these security threats like studying the security protocols between tag, reader and Back-end DB. In this research, the team proposes an RFID Tag ID Subdivision Scheme to authenticate the permitted tag only in USN (Ubiquitous Sensor Network). Using the proposed scheme, the Back-end DB authenticates selected tags only to minimize security threats like eavesdropping and decreasing traffic in Back-end DB.

Far infrared radiation (FIR): its biological effects and medical applications

PubMed Central

Vatansever, Fatma; Hamblin, Michael R.

2013-01-01

Far infrared (FIR) radiation (λ = 3–100 μm) is a subdivision of the electromagnetic spectrum that has been investigated for biological effects. The goal of this review is to cover the use of a further sub-division (3– 12 μm) of this waveband, that has been observed in both in vitro and in vivo studies, to stimulate cells and tissue, and is considered a promising treatment modality for certain medical conditions. Technological advances have provided new techniques for delivering FIR radiation to the human body. Specialty lamps and saunas, delivering pure FIR radiation (eliminating completely the near and mid infrared bands), have became safe, effective, and widely used sources to generate therapeutic effects. Fibers impregnated with FIR emitting ceramic nanoparticles and woven into fabrics, are being used as garments and wraps to generate FIR radiation, and attain health benefits from its effects. PMID:23833705

Interactive Display of Surfaces Using Subdivision Surfaces and Wavelets

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Duchaineau, M A; Bertram, M; Porumbescu, S

2001-10-03

Complex surfaces and solids are produced by large-scale modeling and simulation activities in a variety of disciplines. Productive interaction with these simulations requires that these surfaces or solids be viewable at interactive rates--yet many of these surfaced solids can contain hundreds of millions of polygondpolyhedra. Interactive display of these objects requires compression techniques to minimize storage, and fast view-dependent triangulation techniques to drive the graphics hardware. In this paper, we review recent advances in subdivision-surface wavelet compression and optimization that can be used to provide a framework for both compression and triangulation. These techniques can be used to produce suitablemore » approximations of complex surfaces of arbitrary topology, and can be used to determine suitable triangulations for display. The techniques can be used in a variety of applications in computer graphics, computer animation and visualization.« less

Sexual risk behaviours of high school female learners in Mbonge subdivision of rural Cameroon.

PubMed

Tarkang, Elvis Enowbeyang

2015-01-01

Since female learners in high schools in Cameroon fall within the age group hardest hit by HIV/AIDS, it is assumed that these learners might be exposed to sexual risk behaviours. However, little has been explored on the sexual risk behaviours of high school female learners in Cameroon. This study aimed at examining the sexual risk behaviours of high school female learners in Mbonge subdivision of rural Cameroon. A cross sectional design was adopted, using a self-administered questionnaire for data collection. Respondents were selected through disproportional stratified simple random sampling resulting in 210 female grade 10 to grade 12 learners from three participating high schools in Mbonge subdivision, Cameroon. Descriptive and inferential statistics were calculated using SPSS version 20 software program. Majority of the respondents, 54.0% reported being sexually active, of whom only 39.8% used condoms during first sex; 49.5% used condoms during last sex and 29.6% used condoms consistently. Up to 32% of the sexually active respondents had multiple sexual partners in the past one year before the study, while 9.3% had multiple sexual partners during the study period. The mean age of first sex was 15.6 years. Lack of parental control, religion, academic profile, poverty, place of residence and perception of risk of HIV infection were the main factors significantly associated with sexual risk behaviours. The findings indicate that sexual risk behaviours exist among high school female learners in Mbonge, Cameroon. There is need for campaigns and interventions to bring about sexual behaviour change.

Substrate-induced growth and isolation of Acidobacteria from acidic Sphagnum peat.

PubMed

Pankratov, Timofei A; Serkebaeva, Yulia M; Kulichevskaya, Irina S; Liesack, Werner; Dedysh, Svetlana N

2008-05-01

Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) was applied to estimate the population size of the poorly characterized phylum Acidobacteria in acidic peat sampled from nine different Sphagnum-dominated wetlands of Northern Russia. The cell numbers of these bacteria in oxic peat layers ranged from 0.4 x 10(6) to 1.3 x 10(7) cells per g of wet peat, comprising up to 4% of total bacterial cells. Substrate-induced growth of acidobacteria was observed after amendment of peat samples with glucose, pectin, xylan, starch, ethanol and methanol, while weak or no response was obtained for acetate, pyruvate, mannitol and cellobiose. Using low-nutrient media and FISH-mediated monitoring of the isolation procedure, we succeeded in obtaining nine strains of acidobacteria in pure cultures. These strains belonged to subdivisions 1 and 3 of the Acidobacteria and represented strictly aerobic, heterotrophic organisms. Except for methanol, the substrate utilization patterns of these isolates matched the results obtained in our substrate-amendment experiments with native peat. All strains were also capable of utilizing galacturonic acid, a characteristic component of the cell wall in Sphagnum spp, which is released during moss decomposition. Most isolates from subdivision 1 were truly acidophilic organisms with the growth optimum at pH 3.5-4.5, while the isolates from subdivision 3 grew optimally at pH 5.5-6.5. Another important phenotypic trait of novel strains was their capability of active growth at low temperatures. Both acidophily and low-temperature growth are consistent with the occurrence of acidobacteria in cold and acidic northern wetlands.

Calretinin immunoreactivity in the claustrum of the rat

PubMed Central

Druga, Rastislav; Salaj, Martin; Barinka, Filip; Edelstein, Lawrence; Kubová, Hana

2015-01-01

The claustrum is a telencephalic structure which consists of dorsal segment adjoining the insular cortex and a ventral segment termed also endopiriform nucleus (END). The dorsal segment (claustrum) is divided into a dorsal and ventral zone, while the END is parcellated into dorsal, ventral and intermediate END. The claustrum and the END consist of glutamatergic projection neurons and GABAergic local interneurons coexpressing calcium binding proteins. Among neurons expressing calcium binding proteins the calretinin (CR)-immunoreactive interneurons exert specific functions in neuronal circuits, including disinhibition of excitatory neurons. Previous anatomical data indicate extensive and reciprocally organized claustral projections with cerebral cortex. We asked if the distribution of cells immunoreactive for CR delineates anatomical or functional subdivisions in the claustrum and in the END. Both segments of the claustrum and all subdivisions of the END contained CR immunoreactive neurons with varying distribution. The ventral zone of the claustrum exhibited weak labeling with isolated cell bodies and thin fibers and is devoid of immunoreactive puncta. Within the medial margin of the intermediate END we noted a group of strongly positive neurons. Cells immunoreactive for CR in all subdivisions of the claustrum and END were bipolar, multipolar and oval with smooth, beaded aspiny dendrites. Small number of CR-immunoreactive neurons displayed thin dendrites which enter to adjoining structures. Penetration of dendrites was reciprocal. These results show an inhomogenity over the claustrum and the END in distribution and types of CR immunoreactive neurons. The distribution of the CR-immunoreactive neurons respects the anatomical but not functional zones of the claustral complex. PMID:25653596

Sexual risk behaviours of high school female learners in Mbonge subdivision of rural Cameroon

PubMed Central

Tarkang, Elvis Enowbeyang

2015-01-01

Introduction Since female learners in high schools in Cameroon fall within the age group hardest hit by HIV/AIDS, it is assumed that these learners might be exposed to sexual risk behaviours. However, little has been explored on the sexual risk behaviours of high school female learners in Cameroon. This study aimed at examining the sexual risk behaviours of high school female learners in Mbonge subdivision of rural Cameroon. Methods A cross sectional design was adopted, using a self-administered questionnaire for data collection. Respondents were selected through disproportional stratified simple random sampling resulting in 210 female grade 10 to grade 12 learners from three participating high schools in Mbonge subdivision, Cameroon. Descriptive and inferential statistics were calculated using SPSS version 20 software program. Results Majority of the respondents, 54.0% reported being sexually active, of whom only 39.8% used condoms during first sex; 49.5% used condoms during last sex and 29.6% used condoms consistently. Up to 32% of the sexually active respondents had multiple sexual partners in the past one year before the study, while 9.3% had multiple sexual partners during the study period. The mean age of first sex was 15.6 years. Lack of parental control, religion, academic profile, poverty, place of residence and perception of risk of HIV infection were the main factors significantly associated with sexual risk behaviours. Conclusion The findings indicate that sexual risk behaviours exist among high school female learners in Mbonge, Cameroon. There is need for campaigns and interventions to bring about sexual behaviour change. PMID:26090007

Architectonic subdivisions of neocortex in the tree shrew (Tupaia belangeri)

PubMed Central

Wong, Peiyan; Kaas, Jon H.

2010-01-01

Tree shrews are small mammals that bear some semblance to squirrels, but are actually close relatives of primates. Thus, they have been extensively studied as a model for the early stages of primate evolution. In the present study, subdivisions of cortex were reconstructed from brain sections cut in the coronal, sagittal or horizontal planes, and processed for parvalbumin (PV), SMI-32 immunopositive neurofilament protein epitopes, vesicle glutamate transporter 2 (VGluT2), free ionic zinc, myelin, cytochrome oxidase (CO) and Nissl substance. These different procedures revealed similar boundaries between areas, suggesting the detection of functionally relevant borders and allowed a more precise demarcation of cortical areal boundaries. Primary cortical areas were most clearly revealed by the zinc stain, due to the poor staining of layer 4, as thalamocortical terminations lack free ionic zinc. Area 17 (V1) was especially prominent, as the broad layer 4 was nearly free of zinc stain. However, this feature was less pronounced in primary auditory and somatosensory, cortex. In primary sensory areas, thalamocortical terminations in layer 4 densely express VGluT2. Auditory cortex consists of two architectonically distinct subdivisions, a primary core region (Ac), surrounded by a belt region (Ab) that had a slightly less developed koniocellular appearance. Primary motor cortex (M1) was identified by the absence of VGluT2 staining in the poorly developed granular layer 4 and the presence of SMI-32 labeled pyramidal cells in layers 3 and 5. The presence of well-differentiated cortical areas in tree shrews indicates their usefulness in studies of cortical organization and function. PMID:19462403

Differential reward coding in the subdivisions of the primate caudate during an oculomotor task.

PubMed

Nakamura, Kae; Santos, Gustavo S; Matsuzaki, Ryuichi; Nakahara, Hiroyuki

2012-11-07

The basal ganglia play a pivotal role in reward-oriented behavior. The striatum, an input channel of the basal ganglia, is composed of subdivisions that are topographically connected with different cortical and subcortical areas. To test whether reward information is differentially processed in the different parts of the striatum, we compared reward-related neuronal activity along the dorsolateral-ventromedial axis in the caudate nucleus of monkeys performing an asymmetrically rewarded oculomotor task. In a given block, a target in one position was associated with a large reward, whereas the other target was associated with a small reward. The target position-reward value contingency was switched between blocks. We found the following: (1) activity that reflected the block-wise reward contingency emerged before the appearance of a visual target, and it was more prevalent in the dorsal, rather than central and ventral, caudate; (2) activity that was positively related to the reward size of the current trial was evident, especially after reward delivery, and it was more prevalent in the ventral and central, rather than dorsal, caudate; and (3) activity that was modulated by the memory of the outcomes of the previous trials was evident in the dorsal and central caudate. This multiple reward information, together with the target-direction information, was represented primarily by individual caudate neurons, and the different reward information was represented in caudate subpopulations with distinct electrophysiological properties, e.g., baseline firing and spike width. These results suggest parallel processing of different reward information by the basal ganglia subdivisions defined by extrinsic connections and intrinsic properties.

Functional Connectivity Parcellation of the Human Thalamus by Independent Component Analysis.

PubMed

Zhang, Sheng; Li, Chiang-Shan R

2017-11-01

As a key structure to relay and integrate information, the thalamus supports multiple cognitive and affective functions through the connectivity between its subnuclei and cortical and subcortical regions. Although extant studies have largely described thalamic regional functions in anatomical terms, evidence accumulates to suggest a more complex picture of subareal activities and connectivities of the thalamus. In this study, we aimed to parcellate the thalamus and examine whole-brain connectivity of its functional clusters. With resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging data from 96 adults, we used independent component analysis (ICA) to parcellate the thalamus into 10 components. On the basis of the independence assumption, ICA helps to identify how subclusters overlap spatially. Whole brain functional connectivity of each subdivision was computed for independent component's time course (ICtc), which is a unique time series to represent an IC. For comparison, we computed seed-region-based functional connectivity using the averaged time course across all voxels within a thalamic subdivision. The results showed that, at p < 10 -6 , corrected, 49% of voxels on average overlapped among subdivisions. Compared with seed-region analysis, ICtc analysis revealed patterns of connectivity that were more distinguished between thalamic clusters. ICtc analysis demonstrated thalamic connectivity to the primary motor cortex, which has eluded the analysis as well as previous studies based on averaged time series, and clarified thalamic connectivity to the hippocampus, caudate nucleus, and precuneus. The new findings elucidate functional organization of the thalamus and suggest that ICA clustering in combination with ICtc rather than seed-region analysis better distinguishes whole-brain connectivities among functional clusters of a brain region.

Waterford Ventures, LLC - Clean Water Act Public Notice

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

The EPA is providing notice of a proposed Administrative Penalty Assessment against Waterford Ventures, LLC, a business located at 3100 White Pine Court, Waukee, IA 50263, for alleged violations at the Waterford Pointe Subdivision, located at the intersect

Measurements of Solar Vector Magnetic Fields

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Hagyard, M. J. (Editor)

1985-01-01

Various aspects of the measurement of solar magnetic fields are presented. The four major subdivisions of the study are: (1) theoretical understanding of solar vector magnetic fields; (3) techniques for interpretation of observational data; and (4) techniques for data display.

EPA's evaluation of the carcinogenic potential of glyphosate

EPA Science Inventory

Recently, several international agencies have evaluated the carcinogenic potential of glyphosate. In March 2015, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), a subdivision of the World Health Organization (WHO), determined that glyphosate was a probable carcinogen (gro...

Automated watershed subdivision for simulations using multi-objective optimization

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

The development of watershed management plans to evaluate placement of conservation practices typically involves application of watershed models. Incorporating spatially variable watershed characteristics into a model often requires subdividing the watershed into small areas to accurately account f...

38 CFR Appendix B to Subpart A of... - Illustrative Applications

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

...-EFFECTUATION OF TITLE VI OF THE CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1964 General Pt. 18, Subpt. A, App. B Appendix B to Subpart... purchased or otherwise obtained by the grantee (or political subdivision) from hospitals, nursing homes...

38 CFR Appendix B to Subpart A of... - Illustrative Applications

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

...-EFFECTUATION OF TITLE VI OF THE CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1964 General Pt. 18, Subpt. A, App. B Appendix B to Subpart... purchased or otherwise obtained by the grantee (or political subdivision) from hospitals, nursing homes...

42 CFR 51b.203 - Who is eligible for a grant under this subpart?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... GRANTS PROJECT GRANTS FOR PREVENTIVE HEALTH SERVICES Grants for Childhood Immunization Programs § 51b.203... political subdivision of a State which has legal responsibility for disease control under the laws of a...

42 CFR 51b.203 - Who is eligible for a grant under this subpart?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... GRANTS PROJECT GRANTS FOR PREVENTIVE HEALTH SERVICES Grants for Childhood Immunization Programs § 51b.203... political subdivision of a State which has legal responsibility for disease control under the laws of a...

42 CFR 51b.203 - Who is eligible for a grant under this subpart?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... GRANTS PROJECT GRANTS FOR PREVENTIVE HEALTH SERVICES Grants for Childhood Immunization Programs § 51b.203... political subdivision of a State which has legal responsibility for disease control under the laws of a...

42 CFR 51b.203 - Who is eligible for a grant under this subpart?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... GRANTS PROJECT GRANTS FOR PREVENTIVE HEALTH SERVICES Grants for Childhood Immunization Programs § 51b.203... political subdivision of a State which has legal responsibility for disease control under the laws of a...

42 CFR 51b.203 - Who is eligible for a grant under this subpart?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... GRANTS PROJECT GRANTS FOR PREVENTIVE HEALTH SERVICES Grants for Childhood Immunization Programs § 51b.203... political subdivision of a State which has legal responsibility for disease control under the laws of a...

20 CFR 404.1020 - Work for States and their political subdivisions and instrumentalities.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... ADMINISTRATION FEDERAL OLD-AGE, SURVIVORS AND DISABILITY INSURANCE (1950- ) Employment, Wages, Self-Employment...) of the Act, as a trade or business for purposes of inclusion of the fees in net earnings from self...

24 CFR 1715.50 - Advertising disclaimers; subdivisions registered and effective with HUD.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... disclaimer statement shall be displayed below the text of all printed material and literature used in... file with the Secretary. If the material or literature consists of more than one page, it shall appear...

24 CFR 1715.50 - Advertising disclaimers; subdivisions registered and effective with HUD.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... disclaimer statement shall be displayed below the text of all printed material and literature used in... file with the Secretary. If the material or literature consists of more than one page, it shall appear...

24 CFR 1715.50 - Advertising disclaimers; subdivisions registered and effective with HUD.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... disclaimer statement shall be displayed below the text of all printed material and literature used in... file with the Secretary. If the material or literature consists of more than one page, it shall appear...

24 CFR 1715.50 - Advertising disclaimers; subdivisions registered and effective with HUD.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... disclaimer statement shall be displayed below the text of all printed material and literature used in... file with the Secretary. If the material or literature consists of more than one page, it shall appear...

75 FR 5073 - Alabama Power Company; Notice of Application for Amendment of License and Soliciting Comments...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-02-01

... facilities associated with the Willow Glynn at Willow Point residential subdivision. These facilities include 2 floating docks, with 16 double-slips each, a wooden pedestrian bridge, a wooden boardwalk along 1...

75 FR 44901 - Qualified Zone Academy Bonds; Obligations of States and Political Subdivisions

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-07-30

... remedial actions for QZABs. A public hearing was scheduled for July 21, 2004. The public hearing was...) Retirement from service. The retirement from service of financed property due to normal wear or obsolescence...

Identification of potential fee structures for land development reviews by the Virginia Department of Transportation.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2007-01-01

This report describes an effort to determine the costs incurred by the Virginia Department of Transportation (VDOT) when reviewing land development proposals, such as traffic impact studies, comprehensive plan amendments, rezonings, and subdivision a...

7 CFR 920.6 - Varieties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 8 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Varieties. 920.6 Section 920.6 Agriculture Regulations of the Department of Agriculture (Continued) AGRICULTURAL MARKETING SERVICE (Marketing Agreements and... § 920.6 Varieties. Varieties means and includes all classifications or subdivisions of kiwifruit. ...

7 CFR 920.6 - Varieties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 8 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Varieties. 920.6 Section 920.6 Agriculture Regulations of the Department of Agriculture (Continued) AGRICULTURAL MARKETING SERVICE (Marketing Agreements and... § 920.6 Varieties. Varieties means and includes all classifications or subdivisions of kiwifruit. ...

22 CFR 130.6 - Political contribution.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... services to or for the use of the armed forces of a foreign country or international organization. Taxes... Foreign Relations DEPARTMENT OF STATE INTERNATIONAL TRAFFIC IN ARMS REGULATIONS POLITICAL CONTRIBUTIONS... candidate, committee, political party, political faction, or government or governmental subdivision, or any...

Bridge 232, view looking east in Rock Creek Canyon at ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

Bridge 23-2, view looking east in Rock Creek Canyon at Milepost 23.23 - Camas Prairie Railroad, Second Subdivision, From Spalding in Nez Perce County, through Lewis County, to Grangeville in Idaho County, Spalding, Nez Perce County, ID

LSU rDNA phylogeny for Entomophthoromycotina

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

The recently elevated subdivision Entomophthoromycotina Humber (D.S. Hibbett et al., 2007) includes zygomycetous parasites of many diverse arthropod hosts and saprotrophs. Species in this group are of special interest as agents of biological control for the populations of economically important inse...

25 CFR 161.1 - What definitions do I need to know?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... following: (1) One adult sheep or goat is equivalent to one-fifth (0.20) of an AU; (2) One adult horse, mule..., cattle, sheep, goats, mules, burros, donkeys, and llamas. Management Unit is a subdivision of a...

25 CFR 161.1 - What definitions do I need to know?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... following: (1) One adult sheep or goat is equivalent to one-fifth (0.20) of an AU; (2) One adult horse, mule..., cattle, sheep, goats, mules, burros, donkeys, and llamas. Management Unit is a subdivision of a...

25 CFR 161.1 - What definitions do I need to know?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... following: (1) One adult sheep or goat is equivalent to one-fifth (0.20) of an AU; (2) One adult horse, mule..., cattle, sheep, goats, mules, burros, donkeys, and llamas. Management Unit is a subdivision of a...

30 CFR 219.410 - What does this subpart contain?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... coastal protection, including conservation, coastal restoration, hurricane protection, and infrastructure directly affected by coastal wetland losses. (2) Mitigation of damage to fish, wildlife, or natural... coastal political subdivisions within those States; and to the Land and Water Conservation Fund. Shared...

44 CFR 79.2 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 44 Emergency Management and Assistance 1 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Definitions. 79.2 Section 79.2 Emergency Management and Assistance FEDERAL EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT AGENCY, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND... political subdivision, including any Indian Tribe, authorized Tribal organization, Alaska Native village or...