40 CFR 91.1107 - Warranty provisions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... ultimate purchaser and each subsequent purchaser that the engine is designed, built, and equipped so as to... spark plugs, points, condensers, and any other part, item, or device related to emission control (but not designed for emission control) under the terms of the last sentence of section 207(a)(3) of the...

40 CFR 90.1103 - Emission warranty, warranty period.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... purchaser and each subsequent purchaser that the engine is designed, built and equipped so as to conform at... the owner's choosing, such items as spark plugs, points, condensers, and any other part, item, or device related to emission control (but not designed for emission control) under the terms of the last...

78 FR 21422 - TSC Distributors LLC and TSC UITS; Notice of Application

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-04-10

... purchase Units on the secondary market at the current public offering price plus a front-end sales charge... Units are offered to the public through the Depositor and dealers at a price which, during the initial... front'' (i.e., at the time an investor purchases the Units). The DSC would be collected subsequently in...

31 CFR 561.204 - Additional petroleum-related sanctions on certain foreign financial institutions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

...: (1) With the National Iranian Oil Company (“NIOC”), the Naftiran Intertrade Company (“NICO”), or any... crude oil purchases from Iran, thus qualifying for the “significant reduction exception” for the 180-day... oil purchases from Iran to zero during a subsequent 180-day reporting period; and (2) The transaction...

31 CFR 561.204 - Additional petroleum-related sanctions on certain foreign financial institutions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

...: (1) With the National Iranian Oil Company (“NIOC”), the Naftiran Intertrade Company (“NICO”), or any... crude oil purchases from Iran, thus qualifying for the “significant reduction exception” for the 180-day... oil purchases from Iran to zero during a subsequent 180-day reporting period; and (2) The transaction...

31 CFR Appendix D to Part 359 - Tax Considerations

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

..., SERIES I Pt. 359, App. D Appendix D to Part 359—Tax Considerations 1. What are some general tax... subsequently acquired, and to any other obligations purchased on a discount basis, such as savings bonds of... owner. (d) The purchase of a Series I savings bonds as a gift may have gift tax consequences for the...

31 CFR Appendix D to Part 359 - Tax Considerations

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

..., SERIES I Pt. 359, App. D Appendix D to Part 359—Tax Considerations 1. What are some general tax... subsequently acquired, and to any other obligations purchased on a discount basis, such as savings bonds of... owner. (d) The purchase of a Series I savings bonds as a gift may have gift tax consequences for the...

Diverse outcomes of bovine viral diarrhea virus infections in a herd naturally infected during pregnancy - a case study

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

A beef producer purchased Angus crossbred cattle that were pregnant with nursing calves. The purchased cattle, their nursing calves, and subsequent born calves were not initially tested for BVDV. Bovine viral diarrhea virus subtype 2a (BVDV2a) was isolated from an aborted bovine fetus, 6.5 months,...

Association Between Connecticut's Permit-to-Purchase Handgun Law and Homicides.

PubMed

Rudolph, Kara E; Stuart, Elizabeth A; Vernick, Jon S; Webster, Daniel W

2015-08-01

We sought to estimate the effect of Connecticut's implementation of a handgun permit-to-purchase law in October 1995 on subsequent homicides. Using the synthetic control method, we compared Connecticut's homicide rates after the law's implementation to rates we would have expected had the law not been implemented. To estimate the counterfactual, we used longitudinal data from a weighted combination of comparison states identified based on the ability of their prelaw homicide trends and covariates to predict prelaw homicide trends in Connecticut. We estimated that the law was associated with a 40% reduction in Connecticut's firearm homicide rates during the first 10 years that the law was in place. By contrast, there was no evidence for a reduction in nonfirearm homicides. Consistent with prior research, this study demonstrated that Connecticut's handgun permit-to-purchase law was associated with a subsequent reduction in homicide rates. As would be expected if the law drove the reduction, the policy's effects were only evident for homicides committed with firearms.

[Consumer's psychological processes of hoarding and avoidant purchasing after the Tohoku earthquake].

PubMed

Ohtomo, Shoji; Hirose, Yukio

2014-02-01

This study examined psychological processes of consumers that had determined hoarding and avoidant purchasing behaviors after the Tohoku earthquake within a dual-process model. The model hypothesized that both intentional motivation based on reflective decision and reactive motivation based on non-reflective decision predicted the behaviors. This study assumed that attitude, subjective norm and descriptive norm in relation to hoarding and avoidant purchasing were determinants of motivations. Residents in the Tokyo metropolitan area (n = 667) completed internet longitudinal surveys at three times (April, June, and November, 2011). The results indicated that intentional and reactive motivation determined avoidant purchasing behaviors in June; only intentional motivation determined the behaviors in November. Attitude was a main determinant of the motivations each time. Moreover, previous behaviors predicted future behaviors. In conclusion, purchasing behaviors were intentional rather than reactive behaviors. Furthermore, attitude and previous behaviors were important determinants in the dual-process model. Attitude and behaviors formed in April continued to strengthen the subsequent decisions of purchasing behavior.

How Social Ties Influence Consumer: Evidence from Event-Related Potentials.

PubMed

Luan, Jing; Yao, Zhong; Bai, Yan

2017-01-01

A considerable amount of marketing research has reported that consumers are more saliently influenced by friends (strong social ties) than by acquaintances and strangers (weak social ties). To shed light on the neural and psychological processes underlying such phenomenon, in this study we designed an amended S1-S2 paradigm (product-[reviewer-review]) that is based on realistic consumer purchase experiences. After incoming all given information (product, reviewer, review), participants were required to state their purchase intentions. The neurocognitive and emotional processes related to friend and stranger stimuli were delineated to suggest how social ties influence consumers during their shopping processes. Larger P2 (fronto-central scalp areas) and P3 (central and posterior-parietal scalp areas) components under stranger condition were elicited successfully. These findings demonstrate that the cognitive and emotional processing of friend and stranger stimuli occurs at stages of neural activity, and can be indicated by the P2 and P3 components. Electrophysiological data also support the hypothesis that different neural and emotional processing magnitude and strength underlie friend and stranger effect in the context of consumer purchase. During this process, the perception of stimuli evoked P2, subsequently emotional processing and attention modulation were activated and indicated by P2 and P3. The friend dominated phenomenon can be interpreted as the result of distinctive neurocognitive and emotional processing magnitude, which suggests that psychological and emotional factors can guide consumer decision making. This study consolidates that event related potential (ERP) methodology is likely to be a more sensitive method for investigating consumer behaviors. From the perspectives of management and marketing, our findings show that the P2 and P3 components can be employed as an indicator to probe the influential factors of consumer purchase intentions.

How Social Ties Influence Consumer: Evidence from Event-Related Potentials

PubMed Central

Yao, Zhong

2017-01-01

A considerable amount of marketing research has reported that consumers are more saliently influenced by friends (strong social ties) than by acquaintances and strangers (weak social ties). To shed light on the neural and psychological processes underlying such phenomenon, in this study we designed an amended S1-S2 paradigm (product-[reviewer-review]) that is based on realistic consumer purchase experiences. After incoming all given information (product, reviewer, review), participants were required to state their purchase intentions. The neurocognitive and emotional processes related to friend and stranger stimuli were delineated to suggest how social ties influence consumers during their shopping processes. Larger P2 (fronto-central scalp areas) and P3 (central and posterior-parietal scalp areas) components under stranger condition were elicited successfully. These findings demonstrate that the cognitive and emotional processing of friend and stranger stimuli occurs at stages of neural activity, and can be indicated by the P2 and P3 components. Electrophysiological data also support the hypothesis that different neural and emotional processing magnitude and strength underlie friend and stranger effect in the context of consumer purchase. During this process, the perception of stimuli evoked P2, subsequently emotional processing and attention modulation were activated and indicated by P2 and P3. The friend dominated phenomenon can be interpreted as the result of distinctive neurocognitive and emotional processing magnitude, which suggests that psychological and emotional factors can guide consumer decision making. This study consolidates that event related potential (ERP) methodology is likely to be a more sensitive method for investigating consumer behaviors. From the perspectives of management and marketing, our findings show that the P2 and P3 components can be employed as an indicator to probe the influential factors of consumer purchase intentions. PMID:28081196

Heavy metal contaminants in yerberia shop products.

PubMed

Levine, Michael; Mihalic, Jason; Ruha, Anne-Michelle; French, Robert N E; Brooks, Daniel E

2013-03-01

Complementary and alternative medications, including the use of herbal medications, have become quite popular in the USA. Yerberias are found throughout the southwest and specialize in selling Hispanic herbal products. The products sold in these stores are not regulated by any governmental agency. Previous reports have found Ayurvedic medications contain high levels of lead, mercury, and arsenic. The primary purpose of this study is to examine the prevalence of heavy metal contaminants sold at Yerberia stores in the southwest. Yerberias in the Phoenix, Arizona area were identified via search of an on-line search engine using the words "Yerberia Phoenix." Every second store was selected, and products were purchased using a standard script. The products were subsequently analyzed for mercury, lead, and arsenic. The main outcome is the prevalence of heavy metal content in over-the-counter "cold" medications purchased at a Yerberia. Twenty-two samples were purchased. One product contained pure camphor (2-camphone) and was subsequently not further analyzed. Of the 21 samples analyzed, lead was found in 4/21 (19.4 %). Arsenic and mercury were in 1/21 (4.8 %) each. Because two samples contained two heavy metals, the total prevalence of heavy metals was 4/21 (19.4). Heavy metal contaminants are commonly encountered in over-the-counter herbal "cold" medications purchased at Yerberias in the southwest.

Can purchasing information be used to predict adherence to cardiovascular medications? An analysis of linked retail pharmacy and insurance claims data

PubMed Central

Krumme, Alexis A; Sanfélix-Gimeno, Gabriel; Franklin, Jessica M; Isaman, Danielle L; Mahesri, Mufaddal; Matlin, Olga S; Shrank, William H; Brennan, Troyen A; Brill, Gregory; Choudhry, Niteesh K

2016-01-01

Objective The use of retail purchasing data may improve adherence prediction over approaches using healthcare insurance claims alone. Design Retrospective. Setting and participants A cohort of patients who received prescription medication benefits through CVS Caremark, used a CVS Pharmacy ExtraCare Health Care (ECHC) loyalty card, and initiated a statin medication in 2011. Outcome We evaluated associations between retail purchasing patterns and optimal adherence to statins in the 12 subsequent months. Results Among 11 010 statin initiators, 43% were optimally adherent at 12 months of follow-up. Greater numbers of store visits per month and dollar amount per visit were positively associated with optimal adherence, as was making a purchase on the same day as filling a prescription (p<0.0001 for all). Models to predict adherence using retail purchase variables had low discriminative ability (C-statistic: 0.563), while models with both clinical and retail purchase variables achieved a C-statistic of 0.617. Conclusions While the use of retail purchases may improve the discriminative ability of claims-based approaches, these data alone appear inadequate for adherence prediction, even with the addition of more complex analytical approaches. Nevertheless, associations between retail purchasing behaviours and adherence could inform the development of quality improvement interventions. PMID:28186924

Pediatric counseling and subsequent use of smoke detectors

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Miller, R.E.; Reisinger, K.S.; Blatter, M.M.

Effects of a brief educational and purchase program concerning home fires and smoke detectors by two pediatricians were compared to ''routine'' counseling without such a program using two groups each of 120 patients of well children. Inspection performed four to six weeks after the office visits showed that of 55 experimental group parents without detectors prior to the program, 26 purchased and 19 installed them correctly. No control group parents did so.

76 FR 44089 - Agency Information Collection (Offer To Purchase and Contract of Sale) Activity Under OMB Review

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-07-22

... Purchase and Contract of Sale) Activity Under OMB Review AGENCY: Veterans Benefits Administration... Management and Budget (OMB) for review and comment. The PRA submission describes the nature of the... Purchase and Contract of Sale, VA Form 26-6705. b. Credit Statement of Prospective Purchaser, VA Form 26...

Association Between Connecticut’s Permit-to-Purchase Handgun Law and Homicides

PubMed Central

Rudolph, Kara E.; Stuart, Elizabeth A.; Vernick, Jon S.

2015-01-01

Objectives. We sought to estimate the effect of Connecticut’s implementation of a handgun permit-to-purchase law in October 1995 on subsequent homicides. Methods. Using the synthetic control method, we compared Connecticut’s homicide rates after the law’s implementation to rates we would have expected had the law not been implemented. To estimate the counterfactual, we used longitudinal data from a weighted combination of comparison states identified based on the ability of their prelaw homicide trends and covariates to predict prelaw homicide trends in Connecticut. Results. We estimated that the law was associated with a 40% reduction in Connecticut’s firearm homicide rates during the first 10 years that the law was in place. By contrast, there was no evidence for a reduction in nonfirearm homicides. Conclusions. Consistent with prior research, this study demonstrated that Connecticut’s handgun permit-to-purchase law was associated with a subsequent reduction in homicide rates. As would be expected if the law drove the reduction, the policy’s effects were only evident for homicides committed with firearms. PMID:26066959

Effects of deceptive packaging and product involvement on purchase intention: an elaboration likelihood model perspective.

PubMed

Lammers, H B

2000-04-01

From an Elaboration Likelihood Model perspective, it was hypothesized that postexposure awareness of deceptive packaging claims would have a greater negative effect on scores for purchase intention by consumers lowly involved rather than highly involved with a product (n = 40). Undergraduates who were classified as either highly or lowly (ns = 20 and 20) involved with M&Ms examined either a deceptive or non-deceptive package design for M&Ms candy and were subsequently informed of the deception employed in the packaging before finally rating their intention to purchase. As anticipated, highly deceived subjects who were low in involvement rated intention to purchase lower than their highly involved peers. Overall, the results attest to the robustness of the model and suggest that the model has implications beyond advertising effects and into packaging effects.

Assessing contributory risk using economic input-output life-cycle analysis.

PubMed

Miller, Ian; Shelly, Michael; Jonmaire, Paul; Lee, Richard V; Harbison, Raymond D

2005-04-01

The contribution of consumer purchases of non-essential products to environmental pollution is characterized. Purchase decisions by consumers induce a complex sequence of economy-wide production interactions that influence the production and consumption of chemicals and subsequent exposure and possible public health risks. An economic input-output life-cycle analysis (EIO-LCA) was used to link resource consumption and production by manufacturers to corresponding environmental impacts. Using the US Department of Commerce's input-output tables together with the US Environmental Protection Agency's Toxics Release Inventory and AIRData databases, the economy-wide air discharges resulting from purchases of household appliances, motor homes, and games and toys were quantified. The economic and environmental impacts generated from a hypothetical 10,000 US dollar purchase for selected consumer items were estimated. The analysis shows how purchases of seemingly benign consumer products increase the output of air pollutants along the supply chain and contribute to the potential risks associated with environmental chemical exposures to both consumers and non-consumers alike.

The effects of purchasing alcohol and marijuana among adolescents at-risk for future substance use.

PubMed

Osilla, Karen Chan; Pedersen, Eric R; Ewing, Brett A; Miles, Jeremy N V; Ramchand, Rajeev; D'Amico, Elizabeth J

2014-09-18

Among high-risk youth, those who may be at increased risk for adverse alcohol and other drug (AOD) use outcomes may benefit from targeted prevention efforts; how youth acquire AOD may provide an objective means of identifying youth at elevated risk. We assessed how youth acquired alcohol and marijuana (purchasing vs. other means), demographics, AOD behaviors/consequences, and environment among adolescents referred to a diversion program called Teen Court (N = 180) at two time points (prior to the program and 180 days from baseline). Participants were predominantly White and Hispanic/Latino(a). In cross-sectional analyses among alcohol and marijuana users, purchasing marijuana was associated with more frequent marijuana use and consequences, time spent around teens who use marijuana, higher likelihood of substance use disorders, and lower resistance self-efficacy compared to non-purchasers. Teens who purchased both alcohol and marijuana experienced similar outcomes to those who purchased only marijuana, and also reported more frequent and higher quantity of drinking, greater alcohol-related consequences, time spent around teens who use other drugs, and prescription drug misuse. Longitudinally, purchasing alcohol and marijuana at baseline was associated with more frequent and higher quantity of drinking compared to non-purchasers at follow-up. Marijuana only purchasers had a greater likelihood of substance use disorders at follow-up compared to non-purchasers. In an era where drinking is commonplace and attitudes towards marijuana use are becoming more tolerant, it is essential to evaluate how accessibility to AOD and subsequent purchasing behaviors affect youth consumption and intervene accordingly to prevent future consequences.

38 CFR 36.4285 - Subrogation and indemnity.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... default of the transferee or any subsequent purchaser of such property) if the Secretary has determined... liability with respect to such loan under 38 U.S.C. 3713(a) and a default subsequently occurs which results... risk at the time he or she acquired the property. (Authority: 38 U.S.C. 3713(b)) (g) If a veteran or...

The HackensackUMC Value-Based Care Model: Building Essentials for Value-Based Purchasing.

PubMed

Douglas, Claudia; Aroh, Dianne; Colella, Joan; Quadri, Mohammed

2016-01-01

The Affordable Care Act, 2010, and the subsequent shift from a quantity-focus to a value-centric reimbursement model led our organization to create the HackensackUMC Value-Based Care Model to improve our process capability and performance to meet and sustain the triple aims of value-based purchasing: higher quality, lower cost, and consumer perception. This article describes the basics of our model and illustrates how we used it to reduce the costs of our patient sitter program.

Frequency of and responses to illegal activity related to commerce in firearms: findings from the Firearms Licensee Survey.

PubMed

Wintemute, Garen J

2013-12-01

Firearms may be obtained illegally from federally-licensed dealers and pawnbrokers through surrogate (straw) purchases, undocumented purchases and theft. Some retailers knowingly make illegal sales. To obtain information about the frequency of and risk factors for these events, and retailers' reactions to them, directly from licensed retailers. Survey of a random sample of 1601 licensed dealers and pawnbrokers in 43 states who were believed to sell ≥50 firearms annually, conducted by mail during June-August 2011. The response rate was 36.9%, typical of establishment surveys using such methods. In the preceding year, 67.3% of respondents experienced attempted straw purchases; 42.4% experienced undocumented purchase attempts. For each event, 10% reported ≥1 occurrence/month. A quarter (25.6%) experienced firearm theft in the preceding 5 years. Pawnbroker status, sales volume, denied sales and sales of firearms that were subsequently traced by law enforcement were associated with all outcomes in multivariate analysis. Estimates of retailer involvement in illegal sales (median 3%, IQR 1-10%) were related in multivariate analysis to respondents' age and sex, and to denied sales. In a hypothetical case involving 50 illegal sales, respondents recommended prolonged incarceration (median 10 years, IQR 5-20 years) and a substantial fine (median $50 000, IQR $10 000-$250 000) for retailers and made similar recommendations for buyers. Attempts to acquire firearms illegally from licensed dealers and pawnbrokers are common. Characteristics associated with frequency of occurrence may facilitate prevention efforts. Licensed retailers consider selling and buying firearms illegally to be serious crimes.

The Good Buy.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Newsom, John

2002-01-01

Describes school purchasing process, examples of illegal or wasteful purchasing activities, a concise ethical guide to school purchasing excerpted from the Texas Agency's Financial Accountability System Resource Guide, and suggestions from experts on how schools can ensure legal and ethical purchasing practices. (PKP)

Severe methemoglobinemia and hemolytic anemia from aniline purchased as 2C-E (4-ethyl-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine), a recreational drug, on the Internet - Oregon, 2011.

PubMed

2012-02-10

In August 2011, two men in Oregon drank a liquid they believed to be 2C-E (4-ethyl-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine), a psychoactive stimulant used as a recreational drug, after purchasing it on the Internet. Fifteen minutes after ingestion, the men became cyanotic and subsequently were treated for refractory methemoglobinemia and hemolytic anemia. The Oregon Poison Center, Oregon Public Health Division, Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA), and Food and Drug Administration (FDA) jointly investigated to determine the cause of the poisoning and identify other cases. The Oregon Poison Center and Oregon Public Health Division promptly alerted health-care providers and public health agencies and searched for additional cases. DEA confiscated all product remaining in the men's possession, and FDA identified the substance as aniline, an industrial solvent known to cause methemoglobinemia. One patient reported purchasing the substance from the Internet site of a Chinese chemical company. No additional cases were identified by investigators. Purchase of chemicals from unregulated Internet sources poses a serious risk to purchasers from product contamination and substitution.

Can purchasing information be used to predict adherence to cardiovascular medications? An analysis of linked retail pharmacy and insurance claims data.

PubMed

Krumme, Alexis A; Sanfélix-Gimeno, Gabriel; Franklin, Jessica M; Isaman, Danielle L; Mahesri, Mufaddal; Matlin, Olga S; Shrank, William H; Brennan, Troyen A; Brill, Gregory; Choudhry, Niteesh K

2016-11-09

The use of retail purchasing data may improve adherence prediction over approaches using healthcare insurance claims alone. Retrospective. A cohort of patients who received prescription medication benefits through CVS Caremark, used a CVS Pharmacy ExtraCare Health Care (ECHC) loyalty card, and initiated a statin medication in 2011. We evaluated associations between retail purchasing patterns and optimal adherence to statins in the 12 subsequent months. Among 11 010 statin initiators, 43% were optimally adherent at 12 months of follow-up. Greater numbers of store visits per month and dollar amount per visit were positively associated with optimal adherence, as was making a purchase on the same day as filling a prescription (p<0.0001 for all). Models to predict adherence using retail purchase variables had low discriminative ability (C-statistic: 0.563), while models with both clinical and retail purchase variables achieved a C-statistic of 0.617. While the use of retail purchases may improve the discriminative ability of claims-based approaches, these data alone appear inadequate for adherence prediction, even with the addition of more complex analytical approaches. Nevertheless, associations between retail purchasing behaviours and adherence could inform the development of quality improvement interventions. Published by the BMJ Publishing Group Limited. For permission to use (where not already granted under a licence) please go to http://www.bmj.com/company/products-services/rights-and-licensing/.

The effects of price and perceived quality on the behavioural economics of alcohol, amphetamine, cannabis, cocaine, and ecstasy purchases.

PubMed

Goudie, Andrew J; Sumnall, Harry R; Field, Matt; Clayton, Hannah; Cole, Jon C

2007-07-10

Behavioural economic models of substance use describe the relationship between changes in unit price and consumption. However, these models rarely take account of the perceived quality (i.e. potency) of controlled drugs. Therefore we investigated the effects of both price and quality on the decision to purchase controlled drugs by polysubstance misusers. Forty current polysubstance misusers (29 males, 11 females; mean age 23.8) were recruited into the study. Participants were asked to hypothetically purchase drugs from a price list of alcohol, amphetamine, cannabis, cocaine and ecstasy at different levels of quality and price (i.e. better quality drugs cost more money). The disposable income available for those purchases was systematically varied in order to determine the impact of income on the decision to purchase drugs. Demand for both normal and strong alcohol was income inelastic. Demand for both poor and average quality cannabis and ecstasy was income inelastic, but demand for good quality cannabis and ecstasy was income elastic. The demand for poor quality cocaine was income inelastic, with the demand for both average and good quality cocaine being income elastic. Participants reported too few purchases of amphetamine, which precluded behavioural economic analysis. These results suggest that, like other goods, controlled drugs are purchased based upon the consumer's interpretations of their relative value. Therefore, it is probable that the purchase and subsequent use of controlled drugs by polysubstance misusers will be heavily influenced by the economic environment.

26 CFR 1.863-3 - Allocation and apportionment of income from certain sales of inventory.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... income from sources within and without the United States determined under the 50/50 method. Research and... Possession Purchase Sales—(A) Business activity method. Gross income from Possession Purchase Sales is... from Possession Purchase Sales computed under the business activity method, the amounts of expenses...

76 FR 27380 - Proposed Information Collection (Offer To Purchase and Contract of Sale) Activity: Comment Request

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-05-11

... To Purchase and Contract of Sale) Activity: Comment Request AGENCY: Veterans Benefits Administration... through the use of automated collection techniques or the use of other forms of information technology. Titles a. Offer to Purchase and Contract of Sale, VA Form 26-6705. b. Credit Statement of Prospective...

76 FR 15989 - Agency Information Collection Activities: Record of Vessel Foreign Repair or Equipment Purchase

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-03-22

... Activities: Record of Vessel Foreign Repair or Equipment Purchase AGENCY: U.S. Customs and Border Protection, Department of Homeland Security. ACTION: 30-Day notice and request for comments; Extension of an existing... Act: Record of Vessel Foreign Repair or Equipment Purchase (CBP Form 226). This is a proposed...

76 FR 3151 - Agency Information Collection Activities: Record of Vessel Foreign Repair or Equipment Purchase

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-01-19

... Activities: Record of Vessel Foreign Repair or Equipment Purchase AGENCY: U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP), Department of Homeland Security. ACTION: 60-Day Notice and request for comments; Extension of an... information collection requirement concerning the Record of Vessel Foreign Repair or Equipment Purchase (CBP...

26 CFR 1.179-4 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... acquired by purchase for use in the active conduct of the taxpayer's trade or business (as described in § 1... taxable year beginning after 2002 and before 2008 and is acquired by purchase for use in the active... it in section 48(a) and the regulations thereunder. (c) Purchase. (1)(i) Except as otherwise provided...

48 CFR 217.7003 - Purchase request.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 3 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Purchase request. 217.7003... Property 217.7003 Purchase request. Ensure that the requiring activity provides all of the following in support of the purchase request— (a) A certification that the property is eligible for exchange and...

ERP Correlates of Simulated Purchase Decisions

PubMed Central

Gajewski, Patrick D.; Drizinsky, Jessica; Zülch, Joachim; Falkenstein, Michael

2016-01-01

Decision making in economic context is an everyday activity but its neuronal correlates are poorly understood. The present study aimed at investigating the electrophysiological brain activity during simulated purchase decisions of technical products for a lower or higher price relative to a mean price estimated in a pilot study. Expectedly, participants mostly decided to buy a product when it was cheap and not to buy when it was expensive. However, in some trials they made counter-conformity decisions to buy a product for a higher than the average price or not to buy it despite an attractive price. These responses took more time and the variability of the response latency was enhanced relative to conformity responses. ERPs showed enhanced conflict related fronto-central N2 during both types of counter-conformity compared to conformity decisions. A reverse pattern was found for the P3a and P3b. The response-locked P3 (r-P3) was larger and the subsequent CNV smaller for counter-conformity than conformity decisions. We assume that counter-conformity decisions elevate the response threshold (larger N2), intensify response evaluation (r-P3) and attenuate the preparation for the next trial (CNV). These effects were discussed in the framework of the functional role of the fronto-parietal cortex in economic decision making. PMID:27551258

ERP Correlates of Simulated Purchase Decisions.

PubMed

Gajewski, Patrick D; Drizinsky, Jessica; Zülch, Joachim; Falkenstein, Michael

2016-01-01

Decision making in economic context is an everyday activity but its neuronal correlates are poorly understood. The present study aimed at investigating the electrophysiological brain activity during simulated purchase decisions of technical products for a lower or higher price relative to a mean price estimated in a pilot study. Expectedly, participants mostly decided to buy a product when it was cheap and not to buy when it was expensive. However, in some trials they made counter-conformity decisions to buy a product for a higher than the average price or not to buy it despite an attractive price. These responses took more time and the variability of the response latency was enhanced relative to conformity responses. ERPs showed enhanced conflict related fronto-central N2 during both types of counter-conformity compared to conformity decisions. A reverse pattern was found for the P3a and P3b. The response-locked P3 (r-P3) was larger and the subsequent CNV smaller for counter-conformity than conformity decisions. We assume that counter-conformity decisions elevate the response threshold (larger N2), intensify response evaluation (r-P3) and attenuate the preparation for the next trial (CNV). These effects were discussed in the framework of the functional role of the fronto-parietal cortex in economic decision making.

36 CFR 262.5 - Disposal of purchased property.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 36 Parks, Forests, and Public Property 2 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Disposal of purchased... LAW ENFORCEMENT SUPPORT ACTIVITIES Rewards and Payments § 262.5 Disposal of purchased property. All evidence purchased under the authority of this subpart shall be maintained in accordance with all laws...

78 FR 42820 - Agency Information Collection (Purchase of Shellfish) Activities Under OMB Review

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-07-17

... DEPARTMENT OF VETERANS AFFAIRS [OMB Control No. 2900-0589] Agency Information Collection (Purchase...: Revision of a currently approved collection. Abstract: VAAR clause 852.270-3, Purchase of Shellfish... approved producer or shipper. The information is used to ensure that shellfish purchased by VA comes from a...

Increased Urge to Gamble Following Near-Miss Outcomes May Drive Purchasing Behaviour in Scratch Card Gambling.

PubMed

Stange, Madison; Graydon, Candice; Dixon, Mike J

2017-09-01

Previous research into scratch card gambling has highlighted the effects of these games on players' arousal and affective states. Specifically, near-miss outcomes in scratch cards (uncovering 2 of 3 needed jackpot symbols) have been associated with high levels of physiological and subjective arousal and negative emotional evaluations, including increased frustration. We sought to extend this research by examining whether near-misses prompted increases in gambling urge, and the subsequent purchasing of additional scratch cards. Participants played two scratch cards with varying outcomes with half of the sample experiencing a near-miss for the jackpot prize, and the other half experiencing a regular loss. Players rated their urge to continue gambling after each game outcome, and following the initial playing phase, were then able to use their winnings to purchase additional cards. Our results indicated that near-misses increased the urge to gamble significantly more than regular losses, and urge to gamble in the near-miss group was significantly correlated with purchasing at least one additional card. Although some players in the loss group purchased another card, there was no correlation between urge to gamble and purchasing in this group. Additionally, participants in the near-miss group who purchased additional cards reported higher levels of urge than those who did not purchase more cards. This was not true for the loss group: participants who experienced solely losing outcomes reported similar levels of urge regardless of whether or not they purchased more scratch cards. Despite near-misses' objective status as monetary losses, the increased urge that follows near-miss outcomes may translate into further scratch card gambling for a subset of individuals .

Pro-tobacco advertisement exposure among African American smokers: An ecological momentary assessment study.

PubMed

Robinson, Cendrine D; Muench, Christine; Brede, Emily; Endrighi, Romano; Szeto, Edwin H; Sells, Joanna R; Lammers, John P; Okuyemi, Kolawole S; Izmirlian, Grant; Waters, Andrew J

2018-08-01

Many African Americans live in communities with a disproportionately high density of tobacco advertisements compared to Whites. Some research indicates that point-of-sale advertising is associated with impulse purchases of cigarettes and smoking. Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) can be used to examine associations between tobacco advertisement exposure and smoking variables in the natural environment. Non-treatment seeking African American smokers were given a mobile device for 2weeks (N=56). They were prompted four times per day and responded to questions about recent exposure to tobacco advertisements. Participants were also asked to indicate the number of cigarettes smoked, and if they made any purchase, or an impulse purchase, since the last assessment. Linear mixed models (LMMs) analyzed between- and within-subject associations between exposure and outcomes. Participants reported seeing at least one advertisement on 33% of assessments. Of those assessments, they reported seeing menthol advertisements on 87% of assessments. Between-subject analyses revealed that participants who on average saw more advertisements were generally more likely to report purchasing cigarettes and to purchase cigarettes on impulse. Within-subject analyses revealed that when an individual participant reported seeing more advertisements than usual they were more likely to have reported purchasing cigarettes, making an impulse purchase and smoking more cigarettes during the same period, but not the subsequent time period. Many African American smokers are frequently exposed to pro-tobacco marketing. Advertisement exposure is cross-sectionally associated with impulse purchases and smoking. Future research should assess prospective associations in more detail. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Point-of-Purchase Advertising. Learning Activity.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Shackelford, Ray

1998-01-01

In this technology education activity, students learn the importance of advertising, conduct a day-long survey of advertising strategies, and design and produce a tabletop point-of-purchase advertisement. (JOW)

75 FR 28858 - Agency Information Collection (Purchase of Shellfish) Activities Under OMB Review

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-05-24

... DEPARTMENT OF VETERANS AFFAIRS [OMB Control No. 2900-0589] Agency Information Collection (Purchase... 852.270-3, Purchase of Shellfish, requires that a firm furnishing shellfish to VA must ensure that the... of the approved producer or shipper. The information is used to ensure that shellfish purchased by VA...

Purchasing. School Business Management Handbook Number 5.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

New York State Education Dept., Albany.

Purchasing, one of the most highly specialized activities in school administration, involves securing material or service in the right quantity and quality, at the right time, and for the right price. This handbook, intended as a guide for purchasing agents, details principles essential for operating a school purchasing office in New York State.…

7 CFR 1412.78 - Violations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... AGRICULTURE LOANS, PURCHASES, AND OTHER OPERATIONS DIRECT AND COUNTER-CYCLICAL PROGRAM AND AVERAGE CROP REVENUE ELECTION PROGRAM FOR THE 2008 AND SUBSEQUENT CROP YEARS Average Crop Revenue Election (ACRE... contract and refund all payments previously received together with interest; (ii) Pay liquidated damages to...

Persistent leisure-time physical activity in adulthood and use of antidepressants: A follow-up study among twins.

PubMed

Waller, K; Kaprio, J; Korhonen, T; Tuulio-Henriksson, A; Kujala, U M

2016-08-01

To study whether persistent leisure-time physical activity (PA) during adulthood predicts use of antidepressants later in life. The Finnish Twin Cohort comprises same-sex twin pairs born before 1958, of whom 11 325 individuals answered PA questions in 1975, 1981 and 1990 at a mean age of 44 years (range 33-60). PA volume over 15-years was used as the predictor of subsequent use of antidepressants. Antidepressant use (measured as number of purchases) for 1995-2004 were collected from the Finnish Social Insurance Institution (KELA) prescription register. Conditional logistic regression was conducted to calculate odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the use of antidepressants in pairs discordant for PA (642, including 164 monozygotic (MZ) pairs). Altogether 229 persons had used at least one prescribed antidepressant during the study period. Active co-twins had a lower risk (unadjusted OR 0.80, 95%CI 0.67-0.95) for using any amount of antidepressants than their inactive co-twins; trends being similar for DZ (0.80, 0.67-0.97) and MZ pairs (0.78, 0.51-1.17). The lowest odds ratio (0.51, 0.26-0.98) was seen among MZ pairs after adjusting for BMI, smoking and binge drinking. The point estimates were similar but non-significant for long-term antidepressant use (4+purchases equivalent to 12 months use). Self-reported physical activity and low number of discordant MZ pairs. Use of antidepressants was less common among physically active co-twins even when shared childhood experiences and genetic background were controlled for. Physical activity in midlife may therefore be important in preventing mild depression later in life. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

46 CFR 287.10 - Withdrawals from fund.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... obligations or liquidation. (1) Checks, drafts, or other instruments of withdrawal to meet obligations under a... subsequently incurred purchase-money indebtedness, after having been executed by the taxpayer, shall be... proposed withdrawal, including properly certified invoices or other supporting papers. Such instruments of...

26 CFR 2.1-10 - Withdrawals from fund.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... liquidation. (1) Checks, drafts, or other instruments of withdrawal to meet obligations under a contract for... subsequently incurred purchase-money indebtedness, after having been executed by the taxpayer, shall be... proposed withdrawal, including properly certified invoices or other supporting papers. Such instruments of...

77 FR 10744 - Agency Information Collection Activities; Submission for OMB Review; Comment Request

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-02-23

... establish disclosure requirements that assist consumers in making informed purchasing decisions, and... establish disclosure requirements that assist consumers in making informed purchasing decisions and... disclosure requirements that assist consumers in making informed purchasing decisions, and recordkeeping...

76 FR 77230 - Agency Information Collection Activities; Proposed Collection; Comment Request

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-12-12

... consumers in making informed purchasing decisions, and recordkeeping requirements that assist the Commission... Rules establish disclosure requirements that assist consumers in making informed purchasing decisions... consumers in making informed purchasing decisions, and recordkeeping requirements that assist the Commission...

Limitations of and Barriers to Using Performance Measurement: Purchasers' Perspectives

PubMed Central

Ginsberg, Caren; Sheridan, Samantha

2001-01-01

Although health plan performance data are becoming increasingly more available, many purchasers are still not using these data to make their purchasing decisions. In this article, we review barriers that private purchasers face to using performance data. In addition, we consider the effects of the larger health care purchasing environment and employers' quality improvement activities on their use of the data. We conclude that a variety of factors, including trends, the health care purchasing environment, characteristics of firms, and problems with performance data and their presentation to users create barriers to incorporating this information into health care decisionmaking. PMID:25372184

Factors Affecting a Recently Purchased Handgun’s Risk for Use in Crime under Circumstances That Suggest Gun Trafficking

PubMed Central

Wintemute, Garen J.; Webster, Daniel W.

2010-01-01

While many handguns are used in crime each year in the USA, most are not. We conducted this study to identify factors present at the time of a handgun’s most recent retail sale that were associated with its subsequent use in crime under circumstances suggesting that the handgun had been trafficked—purchased with the intent of diverting it to criminal use. Handguns acquired in multiple-gun purchases were of particular interest. Using data for 180,321 handguns purchased from federally licensed retailers in California in 1996, we studied attributes of the handguns, the retailers selling them, the purchasers, and the sales transactions. Our outcome measure was a handgun’s recovery by a police agency, followed by a gun ownership trace, conducted by the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives, that determined (a) that the recovery had occurred within 3 years of the handgun’s most recent purchase from a licensed retailer and (b) that the person who possessed the gun when it was recovered by police was not its most recent purchaser. Altogether, 722 handguns were recovered and had trace results that met the additional criteria. Handguns acquired in multiple-gun, same-day transactions were more likely to be traced than were single-purchase handguns (odds ratio [OR] 1.33, 95% confidence intervals [CI] 1.08 to 1.63). This was not the case for multiple-purchase handguns defined more broadly as multiple handguns purchased by one individual over any 30-day period as used in “one-gun-a-month” laws. Bivariate regressions indicated increased risk of a handgun being traced when it sold new for $150 or less (OR 4.28, 95% CI 3.59 to 5.11) or had been purchased by a woman (OR 2.02, 95% CI 1.62 to 2.52). Handguns sold by retailers who also had a relatively high proportion (≥2%) of purchases denied because the prospective purchasers were prohibited from owning firearms were more likely to be traced than were those sold by other retailers (OR 4.09, 95% CI 3.39 to 4.94). These findings persisted in multivariate analyses. Our findings suggest specific strategies for intervention to prevent gun violence. PMID:20354912

Factors affecting a recently purchased handgun's risk for use in crime under circumstances that suggest gun trafficking.

PubMed

Wright, Mona A; Wintemute, Garen J; Webster, Daniel W

2010-05-01

While many handguns are used in crime each year in the USA, most are not. We conducted this study to identify factors present at the time of a handgun's most recent retail sale that were associated with its subsequent use in crime under circumstances suggesting that the handgun had been trafficked--purchased with the intent of diverting it to criminal use. Handguns acquired in multiple-gun purchases were of particular interest. Using data for 180,321 handguns purchased from federally licensed retailers in California in 1996, we studied attributes of the handguns, the retailers selling them, the purchasers, and the sales transactions. Our outcome measure was a handgun's recovery by a police agency, followed by a gun ownership trace, conducted by the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives, that determined (a) that the recovery had occurred within 3 years of the handgun's most recent purchase from a licensed retailer and (b) that the person who possessed the gun when it was recovered by police was not its most recent purchaser. Altogether, 722 handguns were recovered and had trace results that met the additional criteria. Handguns acquired in multiple-gun, same-day transactions were more likely to be traced than were single-purchase handguns (odds ratio [OR] 1.33, 95% confidence intervals [CI] 1.08 to 1.63). This was not the case for multiple-purchase handguns defined more broadly as multiple handguns purchased by one individual over any 30-day period as used in "one-gun-a-month" laws. Bivariate regressions indicated increased risk of a handgun being traced when it sold new for $150 or less (OR 4.28, 95% CI 3.59 to 5.11) or had been purchased by a woman (OR 2.02, 95% CI 1.62 to 2.52). Handguns sold by retailers who also had a relatively high proportion (>or=2%) of purchases denied because the prospective purchasers were prohibited from owning firearms were more likely to be traced than were those sold by other retailers (OR 4.09, 95% CI 3.39 to 4.94). These findings persisted in multivariate analyses. Our findings suggest specific strategies for intervention to prevent gun violence.

Environmental glasnost: protecting a resource you do not own

Treesearch

Malcomb Ross, Jr.

1992-01-01

The Upper Delaware River management plan offers an alternative to outright purchase and subsequent management of natural recreation areas. Advantages include providing for appropriate growth, pooling agency manpower and funding, and making the private sector more responsive to finding solutions to resource issues.

12 CFR 614.4255 - Independence requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... collateral supporting a loan shall subsequently participate in any decision related to the loan purchase. ... approve a loan decision on which such person performed a collateral evaluation; or (3) As a director... required to make a credit decision. (b) Officers and employees. If the institution's internal control...

The comparative mind-set: from animal comparisons to increased purchase intentions.

PubMed

Xu, Alison Jing; Wyer, Robert S

2008-09-01

Stimulating people to state a preference for one of two commercial products can increase their willingness to purchase not only one of these products, but also other products in a totally unrelated domain. However, willingness to make a purchase in a given domain (e.g., computers) can also be increased by asking individuals (a) to indicate which of two stimuli in a different domain (e.g., vacation packages) they dislike more, (b) to compare the relative attractiveness of wild animals, (c) to compare the animals with respect to physical attributes, and (d) to estimate how similar one object is to another. Moreover, the effects generalize to decisions about dating partners, as well as consumer products. In short, making any type of comparative judgment appears likely to give rise to a comparative-judgment mind-set and, therefore, to influence decisions in subsequent situations.

12 CFR 1282.16 - Special counting requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... activity of the Enterprise is substantially equivalent to a mortgage purchase and either creates a new market or adds liquidity to an existing market, provided however that such mortgage purchase actually... housing goals: (1) Equity investments in housing development projects; (2) Purchases of State and local...

Workplace bullying and subsequent psychotropic medication: a cohort study with register linkages

PubMed Central

Lallukka, Tea; Haukka, Jari; Partonen, Timo; Rahkonen, Ossi; Lahelma, Eero

2012-01-01

Objectives We aimed to examine longitudinally whether workplace bullying was associated with subsequent psychotropic medication among women and men. Design A cohort study. Setting Helsinki, Finland. Participants Employees of the City of Helsinki, Finland (n=6606, 80% women), 40–60 years at baseline in 2000–2002, and a register-based follow-up on medication. Primary and secondary outcome measures Workplace bullying comprised questions about current and earlier bullying as well as observing bullying. The Finnish Social Insurance Institution's register data on purchases of prescribed reimbursed psychotropic medication were linked with the survey data. All psychotropic medication 3 years prior to and 5 years after the baseline survey was included. Covariates included age, prior psychotropic medication, childhood bullying, occupational class, and body mass index. Cox proportional hazard models (HR, 95% CI) were fitted and days until the first purchase of prescribed psychotropic medication after baseline were used as the time axis. Results Workplace bullying was associated with subsequent psychotropic medication after adjusting for age and prior medication among both women (HR 1.51, 95% CI 1.18 to 1.93) and men (HR 2.15, 95% CI 1.36 to 3.41). Also observing bullying was associated with subsequent psychotropic medication among women (HR 1.53, 95% CI 1.25 to 1.88) and men (HR 1.92, 95% CI 1.23 to 2.99). The associations only modestly attenuated after full adjustment. Conclusions Our findings highlight the significance of workplace bullying to subsequent psychotropic medication reflecting medically confirmed mental problems. Tackling workplace bullying likely helps prevent mental problems among employees. PMID:23242240

Traffic-light labels and financial incentives to reduce sugar-sweetened beverage purchases by low-income Latino families: a randomized controlled trial.

PubMed

Franckle, Rebecca L; Levy, Douglas E; Macias-Navarro, Lorena; Rimm, Eric B; Thorndike, Anne N

2018-06-01

The objective of the present study was to test the effectiveness of financial incentives and traffic-light labels to reduce purchases of sugar-sweetened beverages in a community supermarket. In this randomized controlled trial, after a 2-month baseline period (February-March 2014), in-store traffic-light labels were posted to indicate healthy (green), less healthy (yellow) or unhealthy (red) beverages. During the subsequent five months (April-August 2014), participants in the intervention arm were eligible to earn a $US 25 in-store gift card each month they refrained from purchasing red-labelled beverages. Urban supermarket in Chelsea, MA, USA, a low-income Latino community. Participants were customers of this supermarket who had at least one child living at home. A total of 148 customers (n 77 in the intervention group and n 71 in the control group) were included in the final analyses. Outcomes were monthly in-store purchases tracked using a store loyalty card and self-reported consumption of red-labelled beverages. Compared with control participants, the proportion of intervention participants who purchased any red-labelled beverages decreased by 9 % more per month (P=0·002). More intervention than control participants reduced their consumption of red-labelled beverages (-23 % v. -2 % for consuming ≥1 red beverage/week, P=0·01). Overall, financial incentives paired with in-store traffic-light labels modestly reduced purchase and consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages by customers of a community supermarket.

Shopper marketing nutrition interventions.

PubMed

Payne, Collin R; Niculescu, Mihai; Just, David R; Kelly, Michael P

2014-09-01

Grocery stores represent a context in which a majority of people's food purchases occur. Considering the nutrition quality of the population's food intake has dramatically decreased, understanding how to improve food choice in the grocery store is paramount to healthier living. In this work, we detail the type of financial resources from which shoppers could draw (i.e., personal income and benefits from government food assistance programs to low income populations) and explain how these financial resources are allocated in the grocery store (i.e., planned, unplanned, error). Subsequently, we identify a conceptual framework for shopper marketing nutrition interventions that targets unplanned fruit and vegetable purchases (i.e., slack, or willingness to spend minus list items). Targeting slack for fresh fruit and vegetable purchases allows retailers to benefit economically (i.e., fruit and vegetables are higher margin) and allows shoppers to improve their nutrition without increasing their budgets (i.e., budget neutrality). We also provide preliminary evidence of what in-store marketing of fresh fruits and vegetables could entail by modifying grocery carts and grocery floors to provide information of what is common, normal, or appropriate fruit and vegetable purchases. In each example, fresh fruit and vegetable purchases increased and evidence suggested shopper budget neutrality. To provide context for these results, we detail measurement tools that can be used to measure shopper behaviors, purchases, and consumption patterns. Finally, we address theoretical, practical, and policy implications of shopper marketing nutrition interventions. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

The neural bases underlying social risk perception in purchase decisions.

PubMed

Yokoyama, Ryoichi; Nozawa, Takayuki; Sugiura, Motoaki; Yomogida, Yukihito; Takeuchi, Hikaru; Akimoto, Yoritaka; Shibuya, Satoru; Kawashima, Ryuta

2014-05-01

Social considerations significantly influence daily purchase decisions, and the perception of social risk (i.e., the anticipated disapproval of others) is crucial in dissuading consumers from making purchases. However, the neural basis for consumers' perception of social risk remains undiscovered, and this novel study clarifies the relevant neural processes. A total of 26 volunteers were scanned while they evaluated purchase intention of products (purchase intention task) and their anticipation of others' disapproval for possessing a product (social risk task), using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). The fMRI data from the purchase intention task was used to identify the brain region associated with perception of social risk during purchase decision making by using subjective social risk ratings for a parametric modulation analysis. Furthermore, we aimed to explore if there was a difference between participants' purchase decisions and their explicit evaluations of social risk, with reference to the neural activity associated with social risk perception. For this, subjective social risk ratings were used for a parametric modulation analysis on fMRI data from the social risk task. Analysis of the purchase intention task revealed a significant positive correlation between ratings of social risk and activity in the anterior insula, an area of the brain that is known as part of the emotion-related network. Analysis of the social risk task revealed a significant positive correlation between ratings of social risk and activity in the temporal parietal junction and the medial prefrontal cortex, which are known as theory-of-mind regions. Our results suggest that the anterior insula processes consumers' social risk implicitly to prompt consumers not to buy socially unacceptable products, whereas ToM-related regions process such risk explicitly in considering the anticipated disapproval of others. These findings may prove helpful in understanding the mental processes involved in purchase decisions. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

7 CFR 3430.55 - Technical reporting.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... the Current Research Information System (CRIS). (b) Initial Documentation in the CRIS Database... identification of equipment purchased with any Federal funds under the award and any subsequent use of such equipment. (e) CRIS Web Site Via Internet. The CRIS database is available to the public on the worldwide web...

75 FR 78269 - Agency Information Collection Activities; Submission for OMB Review; Comment Request; Telephone...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-12-15

... for OMB Review; Comment Request; Telephone Point of Purchase Survey ACTION: Notice. SUMMARY: The... information collection request (ICR) titled, ``Telephone Point of Purchase Survey,'' to the Office [email protected] . SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The purpose of the Telephone Point of Purchase Survey is to...

7 CFR 1436.13 - Loan installments, delinquency, and acceleration of maturity date.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... each 12-month period of each of the partial and final loan disbursements, until the principal plus...) COMMODITY CREDIT CORPORATION, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE LOANS, PURCHASES, AND OTHER OPERATIONS FARM STORAGE... financial plan submitted by the debtor, CCC may send two subsequent written demands at approximately 30...

7 CFR 1436.13 - Loan installments, delinquency, and acceleration of maturity date.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... each 12-month period of each of the partial and final loan disbursements, until the principal plus...) COMMODITY CREDIT CORPORATION, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE LOANS, PURCHASES, AND OTHER OPERATIONS FARM STORAGE... financial plan submitted by the debtor, CCC may send two subsequent written demands at approximately 30...

7 CFR 1436.13 - Loan installments, delinquency, and acceleration of maturity date.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... each 12-month period of each of the partial and final loan disbursements, until the principal plus...) COMMODITY CREDIT CORPORATION, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE LOANS, PURCHASES, AND OTHER OPERATIONS FARM STORAGE... financial plan submitted by the debtor, CCC may send two subsequent written demands at approximately 30...

7 CFR 1436.13 - Loan installments, delinquency, and acceleration of maturity date.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... each 12-month period of each of the partial and final loan disbursements, until the principal plus...) COMMODITY CREDIT CORPORATION, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE LOANS, PURCHASES, AND OTHER OPERATIONS FARM STORAGE... financial plan submitted by the debtor, CCC may send two subsequent written demands at approximately 30...

26 CFR 1.1016-2 - Items properly chargeable to capital account.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

....1016-2 Section 1.1016-2 Internal Revenue INTERNAL REVENUE SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY (CONTINUED) INCOME TAX (CONTINUED) INCOME TAXES (CONTINUED) Basis Rules of General Application § 1.1016-2... basis, purchased property in 1941 for $10,000. He subsequently expended $6,000 for improvements...

40 CFR 51.363 - Quality assurance.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... per year per number of inspectors using covert vehicles set to fail (this requirement sets a minimum... stations that conduct both testing and repairs, at least one covert vehicle visit per station per year including the purchase of repairs and subsequent retesting if the vehicle is initially failed for tailpipe...

76 FR 70756 - Agency Information Collection Activities; Proposed Collection; Comments Requested; Certification...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-11-15

... Agency Letterhead Authorizing Purchase of Firearm for Official Duties of Law Enforcement Officer ACTION... Authorizing Purchase of Firearm for Official Duties of Law Enforcement Officer. (3) Agency form number, if any... Collection The letter is used by a law enforcement officer to purchase handguns to be used in his/her...

78 FR 78389 - Agency Information Collection Activities; Submission for OMB Review; Comment Request; Telephone...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-12-26

... for OMB Review; Comment Request; Telephone Point of Purchase Survey ACTION: Notice. SUMMARY: The... request (ICR) revision titled, ``Telephone Point of Purchase Survey,'' to the Office of Management and... seeks to make minor modifications to the Telephone Point of Purchase Survey (TPOPS) and extend its PRA...

Spend today, clean tomorrow: Predicting methamphetamine abstinence in a randomized controlled trial

PubMed Central

Murtaugh, Kimberly Ling; Krishnamurti, Tamar; Davis, Alexander L.; Reback, Cathy J.; Shoptaw, Steven

2013-01-01

Objective This secondary analysis of data from a randomized controlled trial tested two behavioral economics mechanisms (substitutability and delay discounting) to explain outcomes using contingency management (CM) for methamphetamine dependence. Frequency and purchase type (hedonic/utilitarian and consumable/durable) of CM payments were also examined. Methods 82 methamphetamine-dependent gay/bisexual men randomly assigned to conditions delivering CM received monetary vouchers in exchange for stimulant-negative urine samples in a 16-week trial requiring thrice weekly visits (Shoptaw et al., 2005). At any visit participants could redeem vouchers for goods. A time-lagged counting process Cox Proportional Hazards model for recurrent event survival analysis examined aspects of the frequency and type of these CM purchases. Results After controlling for severity of baseline methamphetamine use and accumulated CM wealth, as measured by cumulative successful earning days, participants who redeemed CM earnings at any visit (“spenders”) were significantly more likely to produce stimulant-negative urine samples in the subsequent visit, compared to those who did not redeem (“savers”) 1.011* [1.005, 1.017], Z=3.43, p<0.001. Conclusions Findings support the economic concept of substitutability of CM purchases and explain trial outcomes as a function of frequency of CM purchases rather than frequency or accumulated total CM earnings. Promotion of frequent purchases in incentive-based programs should facilitate substitution for the perceived value of methamphetamine and improve abstinence outcomes. PMID:24001246

The Determinants of Organic Vegetable Purchasing in Jabodetabek Region, Indonesia.

PubMed

Slamet, Alim Setiawan; Nakayasu, Akira; Bai, Hu

2016-12-07

Over the last few years, the global market of organic vegetables has grown. This is due to increased consumer concern regarding environmental and health issues, especially for food products. This study aims to examine factors that influence consumer behavior in purchasing organic vegetables. In this study, data were obtained from household surveys conducted in the Jabodetabek region (Greater Jakarta) from February to March 2015. Descriptive analysis, factor analysis, and a binary logit model were used to analyze the data. Subsequently, the results show that consumers with fewer family members and have a higher income, and are price tolerant, are more likely to purchase organic vegetables. Meanwhile, female consumers are less likely to buy organic vegetables. Another important finding is that positive attitude towards organic products, safety and health, environmental concerns, as well as degree of trust in organic attributes, are the determinants of organic vegetable purchasing among consumers. Therefore, based on the study results, the following recommendations are needed for organic vegetable development in Indonesia: (a) implementing an appropriate pricing strategy; (b) encouraging organic labeling and certification for vegetables; and (c) intensively promoting organic food with respect to consumers' motives and concerns on health, safety, as well as environmental sustainability.

The Determinants of Organic Vegetable Purchasing in Jabodetabek Region, Indonesia

PubMed Central

Slamet, Alim Setiawan; Nakayasu, Akira; Bai, Hu

2016-01-01

Over the last few years, the global market of organic vegetables has grown. This is due to increased consumer concern regarding environmental and health issues, especially for food products. This study aims to examine factors that influence consumer behavior in purchasing organic vegetables. In this study, data were obtained from household surveys conducted in the Jabodetabek region (Greater Jakarta) from February to March 2015. Descriptive analysis, factor analysis, and a binary logit model were used to analyze the data. Subsequently, the results show that consumers with fewer family members and have a higher income, and are price tolerant, are more likely to purchase organic vegetables. Meanwhile, female consumers are less likely to buy organic vegetables. Another important finding is that positive attitude towards organic products, safety and health, environmental concerns, as well as degree of trust in organic attributes, are the determinants of organic vegetable purchasing among consumers. Therefore, based on the study results, the following recommendations are needed for organic vegetable development in Indonesia: (a) implementing an appropriate pricing strategy; (b) encouraging organic labeling and certification for vegetables; and (c) intensively promoting organic food with respect to consumers’ motives and concerns on health, safety, as well as environmental sustainability. PMID:28231181

Cluster Randomized Trial to Compare Spectacle Delivery Systems at Outreach Eye Camps in South India

PubMed Central

Ramasamy, Dhivya; Joseph, Sanil; Valaguru, Vijayakumar; Mitta, Vinod P.; Ravilla, Thulasiraj D; Cotch, Mary Frances

2014-01-01

Purpose To study the optimal method for delivery of spectacles at eye camps to maximize procurement and use. Methods A cluster randomized controlled trial, undertaken in the catchment districts of Aravind Eye Hospital – Theni, in the state of Tamil Nadu, India. Community eye camps (n = 21) were allocated to offer one of three types of service for purchase of spectacles to correct refractive error: (1) Issuance of a prescription only; (2) booking orders for spectacles with subsequent delivery; (3) on-the-spot fitting and dispensing of spectacles. Follow-up questionnaires were administered 6 weeks after interventions to assess patient outcomes. The primary outcome measured was spectacle procurement at follow-up 6 weeks post-screening. Secondary outcomes included use of and satisfaction with spectacles. Reasons for purchase/non-purchase were also assessed. Results Compared to those who were issued only a prescription and adjusting for distance from base hospital, spectacle procurement was significantly higher for those allowed to book spectacles for subsequent delivery (odds ratio, OR, 8.79, 95% confidence interval, CI, 4.61–16.78) and for those receiving spectacles on the spot (OR 13.97, 95% CI 8.12–24.05). Among those with spectacles at 6 weeks, spectacle use was nearly universal and satisfaction with spectacles varied between 92 and 94% among the three different dispensing modalities. Conclusion Making spectacles available on the spot is important to ensure procurement in a context where availability and access to dispensing opticians is poor. PMID:24070102

Cluster randomized trial to compare spectacle delivery systems at outreach eye camps in South India.

PubMed

Ramasamy, Dhivya; Joseph, Sanil; Valaguru, Vijayakumar; Mitta, Vinod P; Ravilla, Thulasiraj D; Cotch, Mary Frances

2013-10-01

To study the optimal method for delivery of spectacles at eye camps to maximize procurement and use. A cluster randomized controlled trial, undertaken in the catchment districts of Aravind Eye Hospital - Theni, in the state of Tamil Nadu, India. Community eye camps (n = 21) were allocated to offer one of three types of service for purchase of spectacles to correct refractive error: (1) Issuance of a prescription only; (2) booking orders for spectacles with subsequent delivery; (3) on-the-spot fitting and dispensing of spectacles. Follow-up questionnaires were administered 6 weeks after interventions to assess patient outcomes. The primary outcome measured was spectacle procurement at follow-up 6 weeks post-screening. Secondary outcomes included use of and satisfaction with spectacles. Reasons for purchase/non-purchase were also assessed. Compared to those who were issued only a prescription and adjusting for distance from base hospital, spectacle procurement was significantly higher for those allowed to book spectacles for subsequent delivery (odds ratio, OR, 8.79, 95% confidence interval, CI, 4.61-16.78) and for those receiving spectacles on the spot (OR 13.97, 95% CI 8.12-24.05). Among those with spectacles at 6 weeks, spectacle use was nearly universal and satisfaction with spectacles varied between 92 and 94% among the three different dispensing modalities. Making spectacles available on the spot is important to ensure procurement in a context where availability and access to dispensing opticians is poor.

Buy Energy-Efficient Products: A Guide for Federal Purchasers and Specifiers

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

In a single year, energy-efficient product purchases could save the federal government almost a half billion dollars worth of energy. By purchasing products that exceed the minimum required efficiency levels, buyers can save the government even more energy and money. Federal employees and contractors must take an active role in ensuring that the government receives products that meet efficiency requirements. This document provides an overview of product purchasing requirements and shows you how to write compliant contracts, find funding, and confirm product compliance.

77 FR 71450 - Agency Information Collection Activities; Submission for OMB Review; Comment Request; Prohibited...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-11-30

... loan to a contributing employer; and to lease property and purchase services and goods from a party in... relief provided under PTE 76-1 part C for leasing property and purchasing goods and services. PTE 78-6 provides an exemption to a multi-employer apprenticeship plan for purchasing personal property or leasing...

Final Product Strategies in Purchasing and Their Impact on the Information Needs of the Organisation.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Inbar, David

Purchasing contributes significantly to an organization and to its business strategy only if its activities and contracts with suppliers are guided by support criteria for the final products that the organization sells. Outlined in this paper are four innovative purchasing strategies: capitation contracts; product life cycle cost contracts;…

48 CFR 8.405-1 - Ordering procedures for supplies, and services not requiring a statement of work.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

...) Orders at or below the micro-purchase threshold. Ordering activities may place orders at, or below, the micro-purchase threshold with any Federal Supply Schedule contractor that can meet the agency's needs... attempt to distribute orders among contractors. (c) Orders exceeding the micro-purchase threshold but not...

76 FR 46893 - Agency Information Collection Activity Under OMB Review

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-08-03

... manufacturer certifies to a FTA grantee that the bus the grantee is purchasing has been tested at the Center. Also, grantees about to purchase a bus use this report to assist them in making their purchasing decisions. PTI maintains a reference file for all the test reports which are made available to the public...

Using GPS and activity tracking to reveal the influence of adolescents' food environment exposure on junk food purchasing.

PubMed

Sadler, Richard C; Clark, Andrew F; Wilk, Piotr; O'Connor, Colleen; Gilliland, Jason A

2016-06-09

This study examines the influence of adolescents' exposure to unhealthy food outlets on junk food purchasing during trips between home and school, with particular attention to how exposure and purchasing differ according to child's biological sex, mode of transportation, and direction to or from school. Between 2010 and 2013, students (n = 654) aged 9-13 years from 25 schools in London and Middlesex County, ON, completed a socio-demographic survey and an activity diary (to identify food purchases), and were observed via a global positioning system for 2 weeks (to track routes for trips to/from school). Spatial data on routes and purchase data were integrated with a validated food outlet database in a geographic information system, and exposure was measured as the minutes a child spent within 50 m of an unhealthy food outlet (i.e., fast food restaurants, variety stores). For trips involving junk food exposure (n = 4588), multilevel logistic regression was used to assess the relationship between exposure and purchasing. Multilevel analyses indicated that adolescents' duration of exposure to unhealthy food outlets between home and school had a significant effect on the likelihood of junk food purchasing. This relationship remained significant when the data were stratified by sex (female/male), trip direction (to/from school) and travel mode (active/car), with the exception of adolescents who travelled by bus. Policies and programs that mitigate the concentration of unhealthy food outlets close to schools are critical for encouraging healthy eating behaviours among children and reducing diet-related health issues such as obesity.

27 CFR 53.175 - Readjustment for local advertising charges.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... 27 Alcohol, Tobacco Products and Firearms 2 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Readjustment for local... Readjustment for local advertising charges. (a) In general. If a manufacturer has paid the tax imposed by... portion of the price to the purchaser or any subsequent vendee in reimbursement of expenses for local...

26 CFR 1.25-4T - Qualified mortgage credit certificate program (Temporary).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... designed to ensure that only those individuals who could not otherwise purchase a residence will benefit... report is filed. The report need not be amended to reflect information learned subsequent to the date of... similar private mortgage insurance on an individual's mortgage are permissible so long as such amounts do...

26 CFR 48.6416(b)(1)-3 - Readjustment for local advertising charges.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... 26 Internal Revenue 16 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Readjustment for local advertising charges. 48... Readjustment for local advertising charges. (a) In general. If a manufacturer has paid the tax imposed by... price to the purchaser or any subsequent vendee in reimbursement of expenses for local advertising of...

41 CFR 51-9.405 - Request of review of refusal to amend a record.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... a personnel record of a current Committee employee to the Chairperson, Committee for Purchase from... statement of disagreement, and the procedures for doing so. The Chairperson also shall advise the individual that such statement of disagreement will be made available in any subsequent disclosures of the record...

40 CFR 91.1203 - Emission warranty, warranty period.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... subsequent purchaser, that the engine is designed, built, and equipped so as to conform at the time of sale... owner's choosing, such items as spark plugs, points, condensers, and any other part, item, or device related to emission control (but not designed for emission control) under the terms of the last sentence...

7 CFR 782.13 - Importer responsibilities.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

....12. (b) Immediately notify each subsequent buyer, grain handler, or end user that the wheat being purchased or handled originated in Canada and may only be commingled with U.S.-produced wheat by the end... wheat entered the U.S. (d) Submit to KCCO, within 15 workdays following the date of sale, form FSA-751...

17 CFR 210.8-05 - Pro forma financial information.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... consummated during the most recent fiscal year or subsequent interim period, pro forma statements of income... (2) If consummation of the transaction has occurred or is probable after the date of the most recent... combination as of the date of the most recent balance sheet. For a purchase, pro forma statements of income...

Online sales: profit without question.

PubMed

Bryant, J A; Cody, M J; Murphy, S T

2002-09-01

To examine the ease with which underage smokers can purchase cigarettes online using money orders and to evaluate the effectiveness of internet filtering programs in blocking access to internet cigarette vendors (ICVs). Four young people purchased 32 money orders using 32 different names to buy one carton of cigarettes for each named individual. Each money order was subsequently mailed to a different ICV in the USA. No age related information accompanied these online orders. Two internet filtering programs ("Bess" and filtertobacco.org) were tested for their relative efficacy in blocking access to ICV sites. Of the 32 orders placed, four orders never reached the intended ICV. Of the remaining 28 orders, 20 (71%) were filled despite a lack of age verification. Only four (14%) of the orders received were rejected because they lacked proof of age. "Bess" blocked access to 84% and filtertobacco.org to 94% of the ICV sites. Although underage smokers can easily purchase cigarettes online using money orders, access to these sites can be largely blocked if appropriate filtering devices are installed.

25 CFR Appendix A to Subpart G - List of Activities Eligible for Funding Under BIA Transportation Facility Maintenance Program

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

..., Subpt. G, App. A Appendix A to Subpart G—List of Activities Eligible for Funding Under BIA..., or purchasing of maintenance equipment. 13. Paying utilities cost for roadway lighting and traffic signals. 14. Purchasing maintenance materials. 15. Developing, implementing, and maintaining an IRR...

75 FR 17151 - Agency Information Collection Activities: Submission for OMB Review; Comment Request, OMB No...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-04-05

.... 1660--NEW; FEMA Form 089-23, Buffer Zone Plan; FEMA Form 089-23A, Vulnerability Reduction Purchasing...-23A, Vulnerability Reduction Purchasing Plan. Abstract: The information collection activity is the... enables FEMA to evaluate applications and make award decisions, monitor ongoing performance and manage the...

Activity space-based measures of the food environment and their relationships to food purchasing behaviours for young urban adults in Canada.

PubMed

Widener, Michael J; Minaker, Leia M; Reid, Jessica L; Patterson, Zachary; Ahmadi, Tara Kamal; Hammond, David

2018-03-16

To examine the potential links between activity spaces, the food retail environment and food shopping behaviours for the population of young, urban adults. Participants took part in the Canada Food Study, which collected information on demographics, food behaviour, diet and health, as well as an additional smartphone study that included a seven-day period of logging GPS (global positioning system) location and food purchases. Using a time-weighted, continuous representation of participant activity spaces generated from GPS trajectory data, the locations of food purchases and a geocoded food retail data set, negative binomial regression models were used to explore what types of food retailers participants were exposed to and where food purchases were made. Toronto, Montreal, Vancouver, Edmonton and Halifax, Canada. Young adults aged 16-30 years (n 496). These participants were a subset of the larger Canada Food Study. Demographics, household food shopper status and city of residence were significantly associated with different levels of exposure to various types of food retailers. Food shopping behaviours were also statistically significantly associated with demographics, the activity space-based food environment, self-reported health and city of residence. The study confirms that food behaviours are related to activity space-based food environment measures, which provide a more comprehensive accounting of food retail exposure than home-based measures. In addition, exposure to food retail and food purchasing behaviours of an understudied population are described.

Purchasing. School Business Management Handbook Number 5. Revised.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Clemens, Robert A.

Purchasing is a practical science and one of the most highly specialized activities of the school administration. Simply stated, it is the process of having the right material or service from the right source, in the right quantity, at the right place, at the right time, and at the right price. The purchasing agent is faced with a formidable task…

41 CFR 51-10.102 - Application.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... COMMITTEE FOR PURCHASE FROM PEOPLE WHO ARE BLIND OR SEVERELY DISABLED 10-ENFORCEMENT OF NONDISCRIMINATION ON THE BASIS OF HANDICAP IN PROGRAMS OR ACTIVITIES CONDUCTED BY THE COMMITTEE FOR PURCHASE FROM PEOPLE...

41 CFR 51-10.101 - Purpose.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... COMMITTEE FOR PURCHASE FROM PEOPLE WHO ARE BLIND OR SEVERELY DISABLED 10-ENFORCEMENT OF NONDISCRIMINATION ON THE BASIS OF HANDICAP IN PROGRAMS OR ACTIVITIES CONDUCTED BY THE COMMITTEE FOR PURCHASE FROM PEOPLE...

41 CFR 51-10.102 - Application.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... COMMITTEE FOR PURCHASE FROM PEOPLE WHO ARE BLIND OR SEVERELY DISABLED 10-ENFORCEMENT OF NONDISCRIMINATION ON THE BASIS OF HANDICAP IN PROGRAMS OR ACTIVITIES CONDUCTED BY THE COMMITTEE FOR PURCHASE FROM PEOPLE...

41 CFR 51-10.102 - Application.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... COMMITTEE FOR PURCHASE FROM PEOPLE WHO ARE BLIND OR SEVERELY DISABLED 10-ENFORCEMENT OF NONDISCRIMINATION ON THE BASIS OF HANDICAP IN PROGRAMS OR ACTIVITIES CONDUCTED BY THE COMMITTEE FOR PURCHASE FROM PEOPLE...

41 CFR 51-10.140 - Employment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... COMMITTEE FOR PURCHASE FROM PEOPLE WHO ARE BLIND OR SEVERELY DISABLED 10-ENFORCEMENT OF NONDISCRIMINATION ON THE BASIS OF HANDICAP IN PROGRAMS OR ACTIVITIES CONDUCTED BY THE COMMITTEE FOR PURCHASE FROM PEOPLE...

41 CFR 51-10.111 - Notice.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... COMMITTEE FOR PURCHASE FROM PEOPLE WHO ARE BLIND OR SEVERELY DISABLED 10-ENFORCEMENT OF NONDISCRIMINATION ON THE BASIS OF HANDICAP IN PROGRAMS OR ACTIVITIES CONDUCTED BY THE COMMITTEE FOR PURCHASE FROM PEOPLE...

41 CFR 51-10.111 - Notice.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... COMMITTEE FOR PURCHASE FROM PEOPLE WHO ARE BLIND OR SEVERELY DISABLED 10-ENFORCEMENT OF NONDISCRIMINATION ON THE BASIS OF HANDICAP IN PROGRAMS OR ACTIVITIES CONDUCTED BY THE COMMITTEE FOR PURCHASE FROM PEOPLE...

41 CFR 51-10.111 - Notice.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... COMMITTEE FOR PURCHASE FROM PEOPLE WHO ARE BLIND OR SEVERELY DISABLED 10-ENFORCEMENT OF NONDISCRIMINATION ON THE BASIS OF HANDICAP IN PROGRAMS OR ACTIVITIES CONDUCTED BY THE COMMITTEE FOR PURCHASE FROM PEOPLE...

41 CFR 51-10.101 - Purpose.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... COMMITTEE FOR PURCHASE FROM PEOPLE WHO ARE BLIND OR SEVERELY DISABLED 10-ENFORCEMENT OF NONDISCRIMINATION ON THE BASIS OF HANDICAP IN PROGRAMS OR ACTIVITIES CONDUCTED BY THE COMMITTEE FOR PURCHASE FROM PEOPLE...

41 CFR 51-10.101 - Purpose.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... COMMITTEE FOR PURCHASE FROM PEOPLE WHO ARE BLIND OR SEVERELY DISABLED 10-ENFORCEMENT OF NONDISCRIMINATION ON THE BASIS OF HANDICAP IN PROGRAMS OR ACTIVITIES CONDUCTED BY THE COMMITTEE FOR PURCHASE FROM PEOPLE...

41 CFR 51-10.102 - Application.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... COMMITTEE FOR PURCHASE FROM PEOPLE WHO ARE BLIND OR SEVERELY DISABLED 10-ENFORCEMENT OF NONDISCRIMINATION ON THE BASIS OF HANDICAP IN PROGRAMS OR ACTIVITIES CONDUCTED BY THE COMMITTEE FOR PURCHASE FROM PEOPLE...

41 CFR 51-10.101 - Purpose.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... COMMITTEE FOR PURCHASE FROM PEOPLE WHO ARE BLIND OR SEVERELY DISABLED 10-ENFORCEMENT OF NONDISCRIMINATION ON THE BASIS OF HANDICAP IN PROGRAMS OR ACTIVITIES CONDUCTED BY THE COMMITTEE FOR PURCHASE FROM PEOPLE...

41 CFR 51-10.140 - Employment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... COMMITTEE FOR PURCHASE FROM PEOPLE WHO ARE BLIND OR SEVERELY DISABLED 10-ENFORCEMENT OF NONDISCRIMINATION ON THE BASIS OF HANDICAP IN PROGRAMS OR ACTIVITIES CONDUCTED BY THE COMMITTEE FOR PURCHASE FROM PEOPLE...

41 CFR 51-10.111 - Notice.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... COMMITTEE FOR PURCHASE FROM PEOPLE WHO ARE BLIND OR SEVERELY DISABLED 10-ENFORCEMENT OF NONDISCRIMINATION ON THE BASIS OF HANDICAP IN PROGRAMS OR ACTIVITIES CONDUCTED BY THE COMMITTEE FOR PURCHASE FROM PEOPLE...

41 CFR 51-10.140 - Employment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... COMMITTEE FOR PURCHASE FROM PEOPLE WHO ARE BLIND OR SEVERELY DISABLED 10-ENFORCEMENT OF NONDISCRIMINATION ON THE BASIS OF HANDICAP IN PROGRAMS OR ACTIVITIES CONDUCTED BY THE COMMITTEE FOR PURCHASE FROM PEOPLE...

Characterising dark net marketplace purchasers in a sample of regular psychostimulant users.

PubMed

Van Buskirk, Joe; Roxburgh, Amanda; Bruno, Raimondo; Naicker, Sundresan; Lenton, Simon; Sutherland, Rachel; Whittaker, Elizabeth; Sindicich, Natasha; Matthews, Allison; Butler, Kerryn; Burns, Lucinda

2016-09-01

The past five years has seen a proliferation in marketplaces operating on the 'dark net' selling licit and illicit substances. While monitoring systems have investigated the specific substances for sale on these marketplaces, less is known about consumer motivations for accessing these marketplaces and factors associated with their use. An Australian national sample (n=800) recruited on the basis of regular psychostimulant use was recruited and asked about purchasing substances from dark net marketplaces and the reasons for doing so. Respondents who had purchased any drug from a dark net marketplace in the preceding year were compared to those who had not in terms of demographic information and factors including drug use, criminal activity, and sexual and mental health. Nine percent (n=68) of the sample had purchased from dark net markets in the past year. MDMA, LSD and cannabis were the three most commonly purchased substances, and the main benefits cited for purchasing online were the better quality and lower cost of drugs available. Controlling for other factors, participants who purchased from dark net marketplaces in the past year tended to be younger, more likely to be involved in recent property crime and to have used more classes of drugs in the preceding six months, specifically psychedelics and 'new psychoactive drugs'. Though a small minority of participants reported having purchased drugs online in the preceding six months, these appeared to be a more 'entrenched' group of consumers, with more diverse substance use and rates of criminal activity. For consumers in the current sample reporting recent dark net usage, country borders are now less of a significant barrier to purchase and there is a wider range of substances available than ever before. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

32 CFR Appendix B to Part 172 - Disposition of Amounts Collected From Successful Bidders

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... DEFENSE CONTRACTING DISPOSITION OF PROCEEDS FROM DOD SALES OF SURPLUS PERSONAL PROPERTY Pt. 172, App. B...) activities IF IF. 2. Usable personal property purchased by and turned in by IF activities IF IF. 3. Property purchased with funds from trust fund _ X8420, “Surcharge Collections, Sales of Commissary Stores” _ X8420...

32 CFR Appendix B to Part 172 - Disposition of Amounts Collected From Successful Bidders

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... DEFENSE CONTRACTING DISPOSITION OF PROCEEDS FROM DOD SALES OF SURPLUS PERSONAL PROPERTY Pt. 172, App. B...) activities IF IF. 2. Usable personal property purchased by and turned in by IF activities IF IF. 3. Property purchased with funds from trust fund _ X8420, “Surcharge Collections, Sales of Commissary Stores” _ X8420...

Influence of packaging information on consumer liking of chocolate milk.

PubMed

Kim, M K; Lopetcharat, K; Drake, M A

2013-08-01

Chocolate milk varies widely in flavor, color, and viscosity, and liking is influenced by these properties. Additionally, package labels (declared fat content) and brand are some of the extrinsic factors that may influence consumer perception. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of packaging labels and brand name on consumer liking and purchase intent of chocolate milk. A consumer acceptance test, conjoint analysis survey, and Kano analysis were conducted. One hundred eight consumers evaluated 7 chocolate milks with and without brand or package information in a 2-d crossover design. A conjoint analysis survey and Kano analysis were conducted after the consumer acceptance test. Results were evaluated by 2-way ANOVA and multivariate analyses. Declared fat content and brand influenced overall liking and purchase intent for chocolate milks to differing degrees. A subsequent conjoint analysis (n=250) revealed that fat content was a driver of choice for purchasing chocolate milk followed by sugar content and brand. Brand name was less important for purchase intent of chocolate milk than fat or sugar content. Among fat content of chocolate milk, 2 and 1% fat level were most appealing to consumers, and reduced sugar and regular sugar were equally important for purchase intent. Kano analysis confirmed that fat content (whole milk, 1, or 2% fat chocolate milk) was an attractive attribute for consumer satisfaction, more so than brand. Organic labeling did not affect the purchase decision of chocolate milk; however, Kano results revealed that having an organic label on a package positively influenced consumer satisfaction. Findings from this study can help chocolate milk producers as well as food marketers better target their product labels with attributes that drive consumer choice of chocolate milk. Copyright © 2013 American Dairy Science Association. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

26 CFR 1.1244(a)-1 - Loss on small business stock treated as ordinary loss.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... transaction treated as a sale or exchange, such as worthlessness) of section 1244 stock which would otherwise... other hand, stock purchased by an investment firm and subsequently resold does not qualify as section... 26 Internal Revenue 11 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 true Loss on small business stock treated as ordinary...

26 CFR 1.338-2 - Nomenclature and definitions; mechanics of the section 338 election.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... purchase of stock under section 338(a)(2), a reference to new target with respect to its own deemed... target is the common parent on the acquisition date. (17) Target; old target; new target. Target is the... before the close of target's acquisition date. New target refers to target for subsequent periods. (18...

26 CFR 1.338-2 - Nomenclature and definitions; mechanics of the section 338 election.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... corporation is, with respect to a deemed purchase of stock under section 338(a)(2), a reference to new target... date. (17) Target; old target; new target. Target is the target corporation as defined in section 338(d... date. New target refers to target for subsequent periods. (18) Target affiliate. The term target...

26 CFR 1.338-2 - Nomenclature and definitions; mechanics of the section 338 election.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... purchase of stock under section 338(a)(2), a reference to new target with respect to its own deemed... target is the common parent on the acquisition date. (17) Target; old target; new target. Target is the... before the close of target's acquisition date. New target refers to target for subsequent periods. (18...

26 CFR 1.338-2 - Nomenclature and definitions; mechanics of the section 338 election.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... corporation is, with respect to a deemed purchase of stock under section 338(a)(2), a reference to new target... date. (17) Target; old target; new target. Target is the target corporation as defined in section 338(d... date. New target refers to target for subsequent periods. (18) Target affiliate. The term target...

26 CFR 1.338-2 - Nomenclature and definitions; mechanics of the section 338 election.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... corporation is, with respect to a deemed purchase of stock under section 338(a)(2), a reference to new target... date. (17) Target; old target; new target. Target is the target corporation as defined in section 338(d... date. New target refers to target for subsequent periods. (18) Target affiliate. The term target...

75 FR 11224 - VFRC, LLC-Acquisition Exemption-Union Pacific Railroad Company

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-03-10

... the process of finalizing a Line Sale Contract with UP, pursuant to which UP will: (1) Convey to VFRC... jurisdiction over the involved purchase. If such a motion is filed, it will be addressed in a subsequent Board decision. VFRC certifies that its projected annual revenues as a result of the transaction will not exceed...

Purchase decision-making is modulated by vestibular stimulation.

PubMed

Preuss, Nora; Mast, Fred W; Hasler, Gregor

2014-01-01

Purchases are driven by consumers' product preferences and price considerations. Using caloric vestibular stimulation (CVS), we investigated the role of vestibular-affective circuits in purchase decision-making. CVS is an effective noninvasive brain stimulation method, which activates vestibular and overlapping emotional circuits (e.g., the insular cortex and the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC)). Subjects were exposed to CVS and sham stimulation while they performed two purchase decision-making tasks. In Experiment 1 subjects had to decide whether to purchase or not. CVS significantly reduced probability of buying a product. In Experiment 2 subjects had to rate desirability of the products and willingness to pay (WTP) while they were exposed to CVS and sham stimulation. CVS modulated desirability of the products but not WTP. The results suggest that CVS interfered with emotional circuits and thus attenuated the pleasant and rewarding effect of acquisition, which in turn reduced purchase probability. The present findings contribute to the rapidly growing literature on the neural basis of purchase decision-making.

Purchase decision-making is modulated by vestibular stimulation

PubMed Central

Preuss, Nora; Mast, Fred W.; Hasler, Gregor

2014-01-01

Purchases are driven by consumers’ product preferences and price considerations. Using caloric vestibular stimulation (CVS), we investigated the role of vestibular-affective circuits in purchase decision-making. CVS is an effective noninvasive brain stimulation method, which activates vestibular and overlapping emotional circuits (e.g., the insular cortex and the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC)). Subjects were exposed to CVS and sham stimulation while they performed two purchase decision-making tasks. In Experiment 1 subjects had to decide whether to purchase or not. CVS significantly reduced probability of buying a product. In Experiment 2 subjects had to rate desirability of the products and willingness to pay (WTP) while they were exposed to CVS and sham stimulation. CVS modulated desirability of the products but not WTP. The results suggest that CVS interfered with emotional circuits and thus attenuated the pleasant and rewarding effect of acquisition, which in turn reduced purchase probability. The present findings contribute to the rapidly growing literature on the neural basis of purchase decision-making. PMID:24600365

Food Program: Army Troop Issue Subsistence Activity Operating Policies

DTIC Science & Technology

1993-01-04

through 10). (2) Table, food preparation, stainless steel , 48 by 30 by 36, 3 each (tables should be numbered 1 through 3). d. Detailed instructions...installation Directorate of Contracting (DOC) in CONUS normally acquires subsistence authorized for local purchase on a free on-board (FOB) destination...blanket purchase agreement ( BPA ) and other local purchase contracts established at the installation. The proce- dures for such authorization are in the

76 FR 15281 - Agency Information Collection Activities: Proposed Collection; Comment Request-Evaluation of the...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-03-21

... periods. The questions posed in the study will help FNS better understand purchasing decisions and will... nutrition information needed for purchasing the widest variety of healthful foods, menu planning and...

From heavy-tailed to exponential distribution of interevent time in cellphone top-up behavior

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, Peng; Ma, Qiang

2017-05-01

Cellphone top-up is a kind of activities, to a great extent, driven by individual consumption rather than personal interest and this behavior should be stable in common sense. However, our researches find there are heavy-tails both in interevent time distribution and purchase frequency distribution at the global level. Moreover, we find both memories of interevent time and unit price series are negative, which is different from previous bursty activities. We divide individuals into five groups according to the purchase frequency and the average unit price respectively. Then, the group analysis shows some significant heterogeneity in this behavior. On one hand, we obtain only the individuals with high purchase frequency have the heavy-tailed nature in interevent time distribution. On the contrary, the negative memory is only caused by low purchase-frequency individuals without burstiness. On the other hand, the individuals with different preferential price also have different power-law exponents at the group level and there is no data collapse after rescaling between these distributions. Our findings produce the evidence for the significant heterogeneity of human activity in many aspects.

26 CFR 1.164-6 - Apportionment of taxes on real property between seller and purchaser.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... relates and the real property is sold subsequent to the time the tax becomes a personal liability or a...) and the application of section 164(d) do not depend upon what real property taxes were allocated nor... 26 Internal Revenue 2 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Apportionment of taxes on real property between...

26 CFR 1.164-6 - Apportionment of taxes on real property between seller and purchaser.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... relates and the real property is sold subsequent to the time the tax becomes a personal liability or a...) and the application of section 164(d) do not depend upon what real property taxes were allocated nor... 26 Internal Revenue 2 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Apportionment of taxes on real property between...

20 CFR 641.856 - What functions and activities constitute costs of administration?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

..., including: (i) Accounting, budgeting, financial, and cash management functions; (ii) Procurement and purchasing functions; (iii) Property management functions; (iv) Personnel management functions; (v) Payroll... example, personnel, procurement, purchasing, property management, accounting, and payroll systems...

75 FR 16895 - Reports, Forms and Record Keeping Requirements; Agency Information Collection Activity Under OMB...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-04-02

...., treadwear) in making their purchase decisions. Description of the Need for the Information and Use of the...), safety (i.e., wet traction), and durability (i.e., treadwear) in making their purchase decisions...

Survey Available Computer Software for Automated Production Planning and Inventory Control, and Software and Hardware for Data Logging and Monitoring Shop Floor Activities

DTIC Science & Technology

1993-08-01

pricing and sales, order processing , and purchasing. The class of manufacturing planning functions include aggregate production planning, materials...level. I Depending on the application, each control level will have a number of functions associated with it. For instance, order processing , purchasing...include accounting, sales forecasting, product costing, pricing and sales, order processing , and purchasing. The class of manufacturing planning functions

Green Power Marketing in the United States: A Status Report (Tenth Edition)

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Bird, L.; Dagher, L.; Swezey, B.

This report documents green power marketing activities and trends in the United States, focusing on consumer decisions to purchase electricity supplied from renewable energy sources and how this choice represents a powerful market support mechanism for renewable energy development. The report presents aggregate green power sales data for all voluntary purchase markets across the United States. It also provides summary data on utility green pricing programs offered in regulated electricity markets, on green power marketing activity in competitive electricity markets, and green power sold to voluntary purchasers in the form of renewable energy certificates. It also includes a discussion ofmore » key market trends and issues.« less

Green Power Marketing in the United States. A Status Report (Tenth Edition)

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Bird, Lori; Dagher, Leila; Swezey, Blair

This report documents green power marketing activities and trends in the United States, focusing on consumer decisions to purchase electricity supplied from renewable energy sources and how this choice represents a powerful market support mechanism for renewable energy development. The report presents aggregate green power sales data for all voluntary purchase markets across the United States. It also provides summary data on utility green pricing programs offered in regulated electricity markets, on green power marketing activity in competitive electricity markets, and green power sold to voluntary purchasers in the form of renewable energy certificates. It also includes a discussion ofmore » key market trends and issues.« less

Compliance with minimum price and legal age for cigarette purchase laws: evidence from NYC in advance of raising purchase age to 21.

PubMed

Silver, Diana; Bae, Jin Yung; Jimenez, Geronimo; Macinko, James

2016-05-01

New York City (NYC) raised the minimum purchase age for cigarettes from 18 to 21 on 1 August 2014. The new law is intended to decrease current smoking rates and smoking initiation among the city's youth. Assessment of compliance with existing cigarette sales and tax laws could aid in determining what may be needed for successful implementation of the city's new law. To assess compliance with minimum sales price and purchase age laws in NYC, before change in law. Ten trained field investigators purchased cigarettes from different types of retailers throughout all five NYC boroughs, resulting in 421 purchases. Investigators noted whether they were asked for identification and the price of their purchase. Multivariable logistic and Ordinary Least Squares regression techniques were used to assess predictors of retailer compliance with sales price and minimum purchase age laws. In 29% of purchases, investigators did not have to produce identification (p<0.05) to purchase cigarettes. Only 3.1% of sales were at prices lower than the minimum sales price. City borough was significantly associated with purchase without identification (p<0.001) and mean sales price (p<0.024). Vendor type (independent vs chain) was significantly related to investigators being able to purchase cigarettes without identification (p<0.001). Variation in compliance with existing laws suggests that more active monitoring of compliance with the new minimum legal purchase age will be required in order to realise the new law's public health potential. Published by the BMJ Publishing Group Limited. For permission to use (where not already granted under a licence) please go to http://www.bmj.com/company/products-services/rights-and-licensing/

Annual report: Purchasing and Materials Management Organization, Sandia National Laboratories, fiscal year 1992

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Zaeh, R.A.

1993-04-01

This report summarizes the purchasing and transportation activities of the Purchasing and Materials Management Organization for Fiscal Year 1992. Activities for both the New Mexico and California locations are included. Topics covered in this report include highlights for fiscal year 1992, personnel, procurements (small business procurements, disadvantaged business procurements, woman-owned business procurements, New Mexico commercial business procurements, Bay area commercial business procurements), commitments by states and foreign countries, and transportation activities. Also listed are the twenty-five commercial contractors receiving the largest dollar commitments, commercial contractors receiving commitments of $1,000 or more, integrated contractor and federal agency commitments of $1,000 ormore » more from Sandia National Laboratories/New Mexico and California, and transportation commitments of $1,000 or more from Sandia National Laboratories/New Mexico and California.« less

An fMRI-Based Neural Signature of Decisions to Smoke Cannabis.

PubMed

Bedi, Gillinder; Lindquist, Martin A; Haney, Margaret

2015-11-01

Drug dependence may be at its core a pathology of choice, defined by continued decisions to use drugs irrespective of negative consequences. Despite evidence of dysregulated decision making in addiction, little is known about the neural processes underlying the most clinically relevant decisions drug users make: decisions to use drugs. Here, we combined functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), machine learning, and human laboratory drug administration to investigate neural activation underlying decisions to smoke cannabis. Nontreatment-seeking daily cannabis smokers completed an fMRI choice task, making repeated decisions to purchase or decline 1-12 placebo or active cannabis 'puffs' ($0.25-$5/puff). One randomly selected decision was implemented. If the selected choice had been bought, the cost was deducted from study earnings and the purchased cannabis smoked in the laboratory; alternatively, the participant remained in the laboratory without cannabis. Machine learning with leave-one-subject-out cross-validation identified distributed neural activation patterns discriminating decisions to buy cannabis from declined offers. A total of 21 participants were included in behavioral analyses; 17 purchased cannabis and were thus included in fMRI analyses. Purchasing varied lawfully with dose and cost. The classifier discriminated with 100% accuracy between fMRI activation patterns for purchased vs declined cannabis at the level of the individual. Dorsal striatum, insula, posterior parietal regions, anterior and posterior cingulate, and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex all contributed reliably to this neural signature of decisions to smoke cannabis. These findings provide the basis for a brain-based characterization of drug-related decision making in drug abuse, including effects of psychological and pharmacological interventions on these processes.

Federal procurement of unlicensed medicines in Brazil; findings and implications.

PubMed

Teodoro, Cristiane Roberta Dos Santos; Caetano, Rosângela; Godman, Brian; Dos Reis, André Luís Almeida; Maia, Aurélio de Araújo; Ramos, Mariana de Carvalho Barbosa; Osorio-de-Castro, Claudia Garcia Serpa

2017-12-01

There are safety concerns with using unlicensed medicines across countries including Brazil. Consequently this needs to be evaluated and concerns address if pertinent. Investigate such purchases by the Brazilian Federal Government from 2004 to 2013. Procurement data from a public-access databank that contains procurement information of the Brazilian Federal Government. Each procured item was cross-referenced to its active drug approval status in the Brazilian National Register (DOU). Exploratory analysis and trend measures were performed for the variables for mapping and characterizing the purchases of non-market approved drugs. 614 (0.14%) purchases in ten years corresponding to 64 unlicensed medicines - some of which had orphan drug status - and 48 different active substances; with a growing trend in recent years. Medicines in 51% of purchases were procured before obtaining marketing approval - with eventual refusals occurring in 17.8% and cancellation due to lack of efficacy and/or safety concerns in 1.1%. Health litigation accounted for 81.9% of purchases and growing in recent years. Overall a low rate of unlicensed medicine use. However there are concerns given the current regulations in Brazil and the recent increase in the use of unlicensed medicines with increased litigation.

76 FR 55706 - Agency Information Collection Activities; Proposed Collection; Comments Requested

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-09-08

... of information collection: Certification on Agency Letterhead Authorizing Purchase of Firearm for... following four points: --Evaluate whether the proposed collection of information is necessary for the proper... Letterhead Authorizing Purchase of Firearm for Official Duties of Law Enforcement Officer. (3) Agency form...

Fabrication and testing of low-temperature catalytically active washcoat materials for next-generation vehicle catalytic converters.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2014-01-01

With funds from this grant, Youngstown State University has purchased a : Quantachrome iQ Chemisorption Analyzer and built a Chemical Reactor with Gas : Chromatographer for catalyst characterization. PI has been involved in the purchase and : install...

Buying best value health care: Evolution of purchasing among Australian private health insurers

PubMed Central

Willcox, Sharon

2005-01-01

Since 1995 Australian health insurers have been able to purchase health services pro-actively through negotiating contracts with hospitals, but little is known about their experience of purchasing. This paper examines the current status of purchasing through interviews with senior managers representing all Australian private health insurers. Many of the traditional tools used to generate competition and enhance efficiency (such as selective contracting and co-payments) have had limited use due to public and political opposition. Adoption of bundled case payment models using diagnosis related groups (DRGs) has been slow. Insurers cite multiple reasons including poor understanding of private hospital costs, unfamiliarity with DRGs, resistance from the medical profession and concerns about premature discharge. Innovation in payment models has been limited, although some insurers are considering introduction of volume-outcome purchasing and pay for performance incentives. Private health insurers also face a complex web of regulation, some of which appears to impede moves towards more efficient purchasing. PMID:15801982

The criminal purchase of firearm ammunition.

PubMed

Tita, G E; Braga, A A; Ridgeway, G; Pierce, G L

2006-10-01

Laws that prohibit certain individuals from owning firearms also pertain to ammunition. Whereas retail sales of firearms to criminals are regularly disrupted by instant background checks, sales of ammunition are essentially unchecked and the rate at which criminals acquire ammunition is unknown. This research describes the ammunition market and estimates the rate at which criminals are acquiring ammunition. Criminal background checks conducted on individuals purchasing ammunition in the City of Los Angeles in April and May 2004. Los Angeles, CA, USA. Ammunition purchasers. Criminal activity that prohibits one from owning, purchasing, or possessing ammunition. 2.6% (95% CI 1.9% to 3.2%) of ammunition purchasers had a prior felony conviction or another condition that prohibited them from possessing ammunition. During the study period prohibited possessors purchased 10,050 rounds of ammunition in Los Angeles. These estimates suggest that monitoring ammunition transactions may help reduce the supply of ammunition to criminals and the frequency of injuries from felonious gun assaults. Such a record can also provide information for generating leads on illegal firearm possession.

Secondary analysis of a marketing research database reveals patterns in dairy product purchases over time.

PubMed

Van Wave, Timothy W; Decker, Michael

2003-04-01

Development of a method using marketing research data to assess food purchase behavior and consequent nutrient availability for purposes of nutrition surveillance, evaluation of intervention effects, and epidemiologic studies of diet-health relationships. Data collected on household food purchases accrued over a 13-week period were selected by using Universal Product Code numbers and household characteristics from a marketing research database. Universal Product Code numbers for 39,408 dairy product purchases were linked to a standard reference for food composition to estimate the nutrient content of foods purchased over time. Two thousand one hundred sixty-one households located in Victoria, Texas, and surrounding communities who were active members of a frequent shopper program. Demographic characteristics of sample households and the nutrient content of their dairy product purchases were analyzed using frequency distribution, cross tabulation, analysis of variance, and t test procedures. A method for using marketing research data was successfully used to estimate household purchases of specific foods and their nutrient content from a marketing database containing hundreds of thousands of records. Distribution of dairy product purchases and their concomitant nutrients between Hispanic and non-Hispanic households were significant (P<.01, P<.001, respectively) and sustained over time. Purchase records from large, nationally representative panels of shoppers, such as those maintained by major market research companies, might be used to accomplish detailed longitudinal epidemiologic studies or surveillance of national food- and nutrient-purchasing patterns within and between countries and segments of their respective populations.

Collective purchase behavior toward retail price changes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ueno, Hiromichi; Watanabe, Tsutomu; Takayasu, Hideki; Takayasu, Misako

2011-02-01

By analyzing a huge amount of point-of-sale data collected from Japanese supermarkets, we find power law relationships between price and sales numbers. The estimated values of the exponents of these power laws depend on the category of products; however, they are independent of the stores, thereby implying the existence of universal human purchase behavior. The rate of sales numbers around these power laws are generally approximated by log-normal distributions implying that there are hidden random parameters, which might proportionally affect the purchase activity.

Professional, Organizational, and Training Weaknesses in Small Purchase within the Department of the Navy

DTIC Science & Technology

1984-06-01

attempt to take a leading role in the develcrzen’ of a basic perfcrmance appraisal system for field level activities. Such a system should be flrxible...the small purchase environment. Buyers desire that suiervisors take an active role in recognizing the achievemerts of individual buyers, and...organizational resources necessary to * indep •ed•ntly verify data included on reguests. c . Summary cl Solutions "The researchers recommend that refresler

Using Respondent-Driven Sampling to Recruit Illegal Drug Purchasers to Evaluate a Drug Market Intervention.

PubMed

Ober, Allison J; Sussell, Jesse; Kilmer, Beau; Saunders, Jessica; Heckathorn, Douglas D

2016-04-01

Violent drug markets are not as prominent as they once were in the United States, but they still exist and are associated with significant crime and lower quality of life. The drug market intervention (DMI) is an innovative strategy that uses focused deterrence, community engagement, and incapacitation to reduce crime and disorder associated with these markets. Although studies show that DMI can reduce crime and overt drug activity, one perspective is prominently missing from these evaluations: those who purchase drugs. This study explores the use of respondent-driven sampling (RDS)-a statistical sampling method-to approximate a representative sample of drug users who purchased drugs in a targeted DMI market to gain insight into the effect of a DMI on market dynamics. Using RDS, we recruited individuals who reported hard drug use (crack or powder cocaine, heroin, methamphetamine, or illicit use of prescriptions opioids) in the last month to participate in a survey. The main survey asked about drug use, drug purchasing, and drug market activity before and after DMI; a secondary survey asked about network characteristics and recruitment. Our sample of 212 respondents met key RDS assumptions, suggesting that the characteristics of our weighted sample approximate the characteristics of the drug user network. The weighted estimates for market purchasers are generally valid for inferences about the aggregate population of customers, but a larger sample size is needed to make stronger inferences about the effects of a DMI on drug market activity. © The Author(s) 2016.

77 FR 39486 - Agency Information Collection Activities; Proposed Information Collection; Comment Request

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-07-03

... COMMITTEE FOR PURCHASE FROM PEOPLE WHO ARE BLIND OR SEVERELY DISABLED Agency Information...; Comment Request. AGENCY: Committee for Purchase From People Who Are Blind or Severely Disabled. SUMMARY... Certification--Qualified Nonprofit Agency Serving People Who Are Blind. Committee From 404--Annual Certification...

48 CFR 846.408-70 - Inspection of subsistence.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... inspect for specification compliance before shipment; or (2) Personnel of the purchasing activity will... suppliers' own quality control system. (3) Experience with the proposed suppliers. (4) The pre-qualifying of... address where inspection will occur. (e) The contracting officer must furnish a copy of the purchase...

7 CFR 4274.307 - Eligibility requirements-Intermediary.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

..., such operations as producing, purchasing, marketing, processing, or other activities aimed at improving the income of their members as producers or their purchasing power as consumers. (b) The intermediary... experience in loan making and servicing with loans that are similar in nature to those proposed for the IRP...

Vicariously touching products through observing others' hand actions increases purchasing intention, and the effect of visual perspective in this process: An fMRI study.

PubMed

Liu, Yi; Zang, Xuelian; Chen, Lihan; Assumpção, Leonardo; Li, Hong

2018-01-01

The growth of online shopping increases consumers' dependence on vicarious sensory experiences, such as observing others touching products in commercials. However, empirical evidence on whether observing others' sensory experiences increases purchasing intention is still scarce. In the present study, participants observed others interacting with products in the first- or third-person perspective in video clips, and their neural responses were measured with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). We investigated (1) whether and how vicariously touching certain products affected purchasing intention, and the neural correlates of this process; and (2) how visual perspective interacts with vicarious tactility. Vicarious tactile experiences were manipulated by hand actions touching or not touching the products, while the visual perspective was manipulated by showing the hand actions either in first- or third-person perspective. During the fMRI scanning, participants watched the video clips and rated their purchasing intention for each product. The results showed that, observing others touching (vs. not touching) the products increased purchasing intention, with vicarious neural responses found in mirror neuron systems (MNS) and lateral occipital complex (LOC). Moreover, the stronger neural activities in MNS was associated with higher purchasing intention. The effects of visual perspectives were found in left superior parietal lobule (SPL), while the interaction of tactility and visual perspective was shown in precuneus and precuneus-LOC connectivity. The present study provides the first evidence that vicariously touching a given product increased purchasing intention and the neural activities in bilateral MNS, LOC, left SPL and precuneus are involved in this process. Hum Brain Mapp 39:332-343, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Tobacco control environment in the United States and individual consumer characteristics in relation to continued smoking: Differential responses among menthol smokers?

PubMed Central

Lewis, Michael; Wang, Yanwen; Berg, Carla J.

2014-01-01

Objective We used a consumer panel augmented with state-specific measures of tobacco control activities to examine main effects and interactions among consumer behaviors, particularly menthol cigarette smoking, and tobacco control environment on cessation over a six-year period. Methods We used the Nielson Homescan Panel, which tracks consumer purchasing behaviors, and tobacco control information matched to panelist zip code. We focused on 1,582 households purchasing ≥20 packs from 2004–2009. Our analysis included demographics; purchasing behavior including menthol versus nonmenthol use (≥80% of cigarettes purchased being menthol), quality preferences (average price/pack), purchase recency, and nicotine intake (nicotine levels of cigarettes purchased); and tobacco control metrics (taxation, anti-tobacco advertising, smoke-free policies). Results Menthol smoking (Hazards Ratio [HR]=0.79, 95% Confidence Interval [CI] 0.64, 0.99), being African American (HR=0.67, CI 0.46, 0.98), being male (HR=0.46; CI 0.28, 0.74), higher quality premium preferences (HR=0.80, CI0.77, 0.91), lower recency (HR=1.04, CI 1.02, 1.05), and higher nicotine intake rates (HR=0.99, CI 0.99, 0.99) were related to continued smoking. No significant interactions were found. Conclusion While there were no interactions between menthol use and effects of tobacco control activities, we did find additional support for the decreased cessation rates among menthol cigarette smokers, particularly in the African American population. PMID:24780527

Tobacco control environment in the United States and individual consumer characteristics in relation to continued smoking: differential responses among menthol smokers?

PubMed

Lewis, Michael; Wang, Yanwen; Berg, Carla J

2014-08-01

We used a consumer panel augmented with state-specific measures of tobacco control activities to examine the main effects and interactions among consumer behaviors, particularly menthol cigarette smoking, and tobacco control environment on cessation over a six-year period. We used the Nielson Homescan Panel, which tracks consumer purchasing behaviors, and tobacco control information matched to panelist zip code. We focused on 1582 households purchasing ≥20 packs from 2004 to 2009. Our analysis included demographics; purchasing behavior including menthol versus nonmenthol use (≥80% of cigarettes purchased being menthol), quality preferences (average price/pack), purchase recency, and nicotine intake (nicotine levels of cigarettes purchased); and tobacco control metrics (taxation, anti-tobacco advertising, smoke-free policies). Menthol smoking (Hazard Ratio [HR]=0.79, 95% Confidence Interval [CI] 0.64, 0.99), being African American (HR=0.67, CI 0.46, 0.98), being male (HR=0.46, CI 0.28, 0.74), higher quality premium preferences (HR=0.80, CI 0.77, 0.91), lower recency (HR=1.04, CI 1.02, 1.05), and higher nicotine intake rates (HR=0.99, CI 0.99, 0.99) were related to continued smoking. No significant interactions were found. While there were no interactions between menthol use and effects of tobacco control activities, we did find additional support for the decreased cessation rates among menthol cigarette smokers, particularly in the African American population. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

76 FR 21393 - Agency Information Collection Activities: Proposed Collection; Comment Request

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-04-15

... startup cost components or annual operation, maintenance, and purchase of service components. You should describe the methods you use to estimate major cost factors, including system and technology acquisition.... Capital and startup costs include, among other items, computers and software you purchase to prepare for...

76 FR 25367 - Agency Information Collection Activities: Proposed Collection, Comment Request

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-05-04

... startup cost components or annual operation, maintenance, and purchase of service components. You should describe the methods you use to estimate major cost factors, including system and technology acquisition.... Capital and startup costs include, among other items, computers and software you purchase to prepare for...

25 CFR 117.20 - Purchase orders.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 25 Indians 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Purchase orders. 117.20 Section 117.20 Indians BUREAU OF INDIAN AFFAIRS, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR FINANCIAL ACTIVITIES DEPOSIT AND EXPENDITURE OF INDIVIDUAL FUNDS OF MEMBERS OF THE OSAGE TRIBE OF INDIANS WHO DO NOT HAVE CERTIFICATES OF COMPETENCY § 117.20...

7 CFR 1485.23 - Miscellaneous provisions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

...., participation fees, proceeds of sales, refunds of value added taxes (VAT), the expenditures for which have been... goods with a value of $100 acquired in furtherance of program activities. The inventory shall list and number each item and include the date of purchase or acquisition, cost of purchase, replacement value...

7 CFR 4285.46 - Prohibited use of cooperative agreement funds.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... excluded as the research on cooperatives program activities. (b) Federal funds cannot be used to purchase... purchase: (1) Promotional pieces such as point-of-sale materials, promotional kits, billboard space and... gift nature. (d) Cooperative agreement funds cannot be used to conduct general publicity or information...

20 CFR 645.235 - What types of activities are subject to the administrative cost limit on Welfare-to-Work grants?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... WtW including: (i) Accounting, budgeting, financial and cash management functions; (ii) Procurement and purchasing functions; (iii) Property management functions; (iv) Personnel management functions; (v... administrative functions (for example, personnel, procurement, purchasing, property management, accounting and...

76 FR 144 - Agency Information Collection Activities; Submission for OMB Review; Comment Request; Extension

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-01-03

... 60603, (312) 960-5634. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The Used Car Rule facilitates informed purchasing decisions by requiring used car dealers to disclose information about warranty coverage, if any, and the... other components of the annual hours burden, i.e., purchasing Buyers Guides and revising them for...

Gulf Security and the Iran-Iraq War

DTIC Science & Technology

1985-01-01

subsequent massacre of Palestinians in the Sabra and Shatila refugee camps (which prompted Egypt to recall its ambassador from Tel Aviv) have contributed...purchase of agri- cultural land by returning migrants has driven selling land- owners into urban areas where additional demands are being placed on the...and the ap- pearance of urban guerrilla and other subversive elements intensified the regime’s reliance on the armed forces. A strong military force

Developing a pharmaceutical purchasing strategy.

PubMed

Hynniman, C E

1992-09-01

The process commonly used by group purchasing organizations to contract for multisource pharmaceuticals and a strategic approach for the director of pharmacy in working with the purchasing group and the P & T Committee is described. The pharmacist should be knowledgeable concerning the group's contract commitment requirements, product specifications, terms and conditions and procedures for vendor selection, product award, contract implementation, and performance monitoring. To ensure results that meet the needs of the medical staff, it is important that the P & T Committee actively participate. The P & T Committee should understand the reasons for selecting a particular purchasing group, understand the necessary steps in obtaining the most favorable economic advantage, review products with potential brand interchange concerns, recommend product specifications, and reaffirm formulary procedures regarding the principle of current consent.

Cultivating gratitude and giving through experiential consumption.

PubMed

Walker, Jesse; Kumar, Amit; Gilovich, Thomas

2016-12-01

Gratitude promotes well-being and prompts prosocial behavior. Here, we examine a novel way to cultivate this beneficial emotion. We demonstrate that 2 different types of consumption-material consumption (buying for the sake of having) and experiential consumption (buying for the sake of doing)-differentially foster gratitude and giving. In 6 studies we show that reflecting on experiential purchases (e.g., travel, meals out, tickets to events) inspires more gratitude than reflecting on material purchases (e.g., clothing, jewelry, furniture), and that thinking about experiences leads to more subsequent altruistic behavior than thinking about possessions. In Studies 1-2b, we use within-subject and between-subjects designs to test our main hypothesis: that people are more grateful for what they've done than what they have. Study 3 finds evidence for this effect in the real-world setting of online customer reviews: Consumers are more likely to spontaneously mention feeling grateful for experiences they have bought than for material goods they have bought. In our final 2 studies, we show that experiential consumption also makes people more likely to be generous to others. Participants who contemplated a significant experiential purchase behaved more generously toward anonymous others in an economic game than those who contemplated a significant material purchase. It thus appears that shifting spending toward experiential consumption can improve people's everyday lives as well as the lives of those around them. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved).

Can existing mobile apps support healthier food purchasing behaviour? Content analysis of nutrition content, behaviour change theory and user quality integration.

PubMed

Flaherty, Sarah-Jane; McCarthy, Mary; Collins, Alan; McAuliffe, Fionnuala

2018-02-01

To assess the quality of nutrition content and the integration of user quality components and behaviour change theory relevant to food purchasing behaviour in a sample of existing mobile apps. Descriptive comparative analysis of eleven mobile apps comprising an assessment of their alignment with existing evidence on nutrition, behaviour change and user quality, and their potential ability to support healthier food purchasing behaviour. Mobile apps freely available for public use in GoogePlay were assessed and scored according to agreed criteria to assess nutrition content quality and integration of behaviour change theory and user quality components. A sample of eleven mobile apps that met predefined inclusion criteria to ensure relevance and good quality. The quality of the nutrition content varied. Improvements to the accuracy and appropriateness of nutrition content are needed to ensure mobile apps support a healthy behaviour change process and are accessible to a wider population. There appears to be a narrow focus towards behaviour change with an overemphasis on behavioural outcomes and a small number of behaviour change techniques, which may limit effectiveness. A significant effort from the user was required to use the mobile apps appropriately which may negatively influence user acceptability and subsequent utilisation. Existing mobile apps may offer a potentially effective approach to supporting healthier food purchasing behaviour but improvements in mobile app design are required to maximise their potential effectiveness. Engagement of mobile app users and nutrition professionals is recommended to support effective design.

The criminal purchase of firearm ammunition

PubMed Central

Tita, G E; Braga, A A; Ridgeway, G; Pierce, G L

2006-01-01

Objective Laws that prohibit certain individuals from owning firearms also pertain to ammunition. Whereas retail sales of firearms to criminals are regularly disrupted by instant background checks, sales of ammunition are essentially unchecked and the rate at which criminals acquire ammunition is unknown. This research describes the ammunition market and estimates the rate at which criminals are acquiring ammunition. Design Criminal background checks conducted on individuals purchasing ammunition in the City of Los Angeles in April and May 2004. Setting Los Angeles, CA, USA. Subjects Ammunition purchasers. Main outcome measures Criminal activity that prohibits one from owning, purchasing, or possessing ammunition. Results 2.6% (95% CI 1.9% to 3.2%) of ammunition purchasers had a prior felony conviction or another condition that prohibited them from possessing ammunition. During the study period prohibited possessors purchased 10 050 rounds of ammunition in Los Angeles. Conclusions These estimates suggest that monitoring ammunition transactions may help reduce the supply of ammunition to criminals and the frequency of injuries from felonious gun assaults. Such a record can also provide information for generating leads on illegal firearm possession. PMID:17018671

Effect of restricting the legal supply of prescription opioids on buying through online illicit marketplaces: interrupted time series analysis

PubMed Central

Martin, James; Décary-Hétu, David; Aldridge, Judith

2018-01-01

Abstract Objective To examine the effect on the trade in opioids through online illicit markets (“cryptomarkets”) of the US Drug Enforcement Administration’s ruling in 2014 to reschedule hydrocodone combination products. Design Interrupted time series analysis. Setting 31 of the world’s largest cryptomarkets operating from October 2013 to July 2016. Main outcome measures The proportion of total transactions, advertised and active listings for prescription opioids, prescription sedatives, prescription steroids, prescription stimulants, and illicit opioids, and the composition of the prescription opioid market between the US and elsewhere. Results The sale of prescription opioids through US cryptomarkets increased after the schedule change, with no statistically significant changes in sales of prescription sedatives, prescription steroids, prescription stimulants, or illicit opioids. In July 2016 sales of opioids through US cryptomarkets represented 13.7% of all drug sales (95% confidence interval 11.5% to 16.0%) compared with a modelled estimate of 6.7% of all sales (3.7% to 9.6%) had the new schedule not been introduced. This corresponds to a 4 percentage point yearly increase in the amount of trade that prescription opioids represent in the US market, set against no corresponding changes for comparable products or for prescription opioids sold outside the US. This change was first observed for sales, and later observed for product availability. There was also a change in the composition of the prescription opioid market: fentanyl was the least purchased product during July to September 2014, then the second most frequently purchased by July 2016. Conclusions The scheduling change in hydrocodone combination products coincided with a statistically significant, sustained increase in illicit trading of opioids through online US cryptomarkets. These changes were not observed for other drug groups or in other countries. A subsequent move was observed towards the purchase of more potent forms of prescription opioids, particularly oxycodone and fentanyl. PMID:29899119

Electric system restructuring and system reliability

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Horiuchi, Catherine Miller

In 1996 the California legislature passed AB 1890, explicitly defining economic benefits and detailing specific mechanisms for initiating a partial restructuring the state's electric system. Critics have since sought re-regulation and proponents have asked for patience as the new institutions and markets take shape. Other states' electric system restructuring activities have been tempered by real and perceived problems in the California model. This study examines the reduced regulatory controls and new constraints introduced in California's limited restructuring model using utility and regulatory agency records from the 1990's to investigate effects of new institutions and practices on system reliability for the state's five largest public and private utilities. Logit and negative binomial regressions indicate negative impact from the California model of restructuring on system reliability as measured by customer interruptions. Time series analysis of outage data could not predict the wholesale power market collapse and the subsequent rolling blackouts in early 2001; inclusion of near-outage reliability disturbances---load shedding and energy emergencies---provided a measure of forewarning. Analysis of system disruptions, generation capacity and demand, and the role of purchased power challenge conventional wisdom on the causality of Californian's power problems. The quantitative analysis was supplemented by a targeted survey of electric system restructuring participants. Findings suggest each utility and the organization controlling the state's electric grid provided protection from power outages comparable to pre-restructuring operations through 2000; however, this reliability has come at an inflated cost, resulting in reduced system purchases and decreased marginal protection. The historic margin of operating safety has fully eroded, increasing mandatory load shedding and emergency declarations for voluntary and mandatory conservation. Proposed remedies focused on state-funded contracts and government-managed power authorities may not help, as the findings suggest pricing models, market uncertainty, interjurisdictional conflict and an inability to respond to market perturbations are more significant contributors to reduced regional generation availability than the particular contract mechanisms and funding sources used for power purchases.

Effect of restricting the legal supply of prescription opioids on buying through online illicit marketplaces: interrupted time series analysis.

PubMed

Martin, James; Cunliffe, Jack; Décary-Hétu, David; Aldridge, Judith

2018-06-13

To examine the effect on the trade in opioids through online illicit markets ("cryptomarkets") of the US Drug Enforcement Administration's ruling in 2014 to reschedule hydrocodone combination products. Interrupted time series analysis. 31 of the world's largest cryptomarkets operating from October 2013 to July 2016. The proportion of total transactions, advertised and active listings for prescription opioids, prescription sedatives, prescription steroids, prescription stimulants, and illicit opioids, and the composition of the prescription opioid market between the US and elsewhere. The sale of prescription opioids through US cryptomarkets increased after the schedule change, with no statistically significant changes in sales of prescription sedatives, prescription steroids, prescription stimulants, or illicit opioids. In July 2016 sales of opioids through US cryptomarkets represented 13.7% of all drug sales (95% confidence interval 11.5% to 16.0%) compared with a modelled estimate of 6.7% of all sales (3.7% to 9.6%) had the new schedule not been introduced. This corresponds to a 4 percentage point yearly increase in the amount of trade that prescription opioids represent in the US market, set against no corresponding changes for comparable products or for prescription opioids sold outside the US. This change was first observed for sales, and later observed for product availability. There was also a change in the composition of the prescription opioid market: fentanyl was the least purchased product during July to September 2014, then the second most frequently purchased by July 2016. The scheduling change in hydrocodone combination products coincided with a statistically significant, sustained increase in illicit trading of opioids through online US cryptomarkets. These changes were not observed for other drug groups or in other countries. A subsequent move was observed towards the purchase of more potent forms of prescription opioids, particularly oxycodone and fentanyl. Published by the BMJ Publishing Group Limited. For permission to use (where not already granted under a licence) please go to http://group.bmj.com/group/rights-licensing/permissions.

Felonious or violent criminal activity that prohibits gun ownership among prior purchasers of handguns: incidence and risk factors.

PubMed

Wright, Mona A; Wintemute, Garen J

2010-10-01

Federal law prohibits firearm possession by felons and certain others. Little is known about criminal activity resulting in new ineligibility to possess firearms among persons who have previously purchased them. Cohort study of handgun purchasers ages 21 to 49 in California in 1991, 2,761 with a non-prohibiting criminal history at the time of purchase and 4,495 with no prior criminal record, followed for up to 5 years. The primary outcome measures were the incidence and relative risk of conviction for a felony or violent misdemeanor resulting in ineligibility to possess firearms under (a) California law or (b) federal law. Secondary measures were the incidence and relative risk of conviction for murder, forcible rape, robbery, or aggravated assault; and of arrest for any crime. A new conviction for a felony or violent misdemeanor leading to ineligibility to possess firearms under federal law was identified for 0.9% of subjects with no prior criminal history and 4.5% of those with 1 or more prior convictions (hazard ratio, 5.1; 95% confidence interval, 3.3-7.7). Risk was related inversely to age and directly to the extent of the prior criminal history; incidence rates varied by a factor of 200 or more among subgroups based on these characteristics. Among legal purchasers of handguns, the incidence of new felonious and violent criminal activity resulting in ineligibility to possess firearms is low for those with no prior criminal history but is substantially higher for those with a prior criminal record and is affected by demographic characteristics.

11 CFR 106.4 - Allocation of polling expenses.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 11 Federal Elections 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Allocation of polling expenses. 106.4 Section... ACTIVITIES § 106.4 Allocation of polling expenses. (a) The purchase of opinion poll results by a candidate or... cost allocation formula of the polling firm from which the results are purchased. Under this method the...

49 CFR Appendix B to Part 24 - Statistical Report Form

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... ACQUISITION FOR FEDERAL AND FEDERALLY-ASSISTED PROGRAMS Pt. 24, App. B Appendix B to Part 24—Statistical... the purchase price for the property exceeded the amount offered as just compensation and efforts to... the fiscal year by project or program activities, and who purchased and moved to their replacement...

25 CFR 117.8 - Purchase of land.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 25 Indians 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Purchase of land. 117.8 Section 117.8 Indians BUREAU OF INDIAN AFFAIRS, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR FINANCIAL ACTIVITIES DEPOSIT AND EXPENDITURE OF INDIVIDUAL FUNDS OF MEMBERS OF THE OSAGE TRIBE OF INDIANS WHO DO NOT HAVE CERTIFICATES OF COMPETENCY § 117.8...

41 CFR 109-38.105 - Agency purchase and lease of motor vehicles.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... lease of motor vehicles. 109-38.105 Section 109-38.105 Public Contracts and Property Management Federal... AVIATION, TRANSPORTATION, AND MOTOR VEHICLES 38-MOTOR EQUIPMENT MANAGEMENT 38.1-Fuel Efficient Motor Vehicles § 109-38.105 Agency purchase and lease of motor vehicles. (a) DOE activities shall submit a copy...

78 FR 43871 - Commission Information Collection Activities (FERC-580); Comment Request

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-07-22

... submitting the information collection, FERC Form No. 580 (Interrogatory on Fuel and Energy Purchase Practices.... SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Title: Interrogatory on Fuel and Energy Purchase Practices (FERC Form No. 580), OMB...: Three-year approval of the FERC Form No. 580. Abstract: FERC Form No. 580 is collected in even numbered...

76 FR 72238 - Agency Information Collection Activities: Requests for Comments; Clearance of Renewed Approval of...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-11-22

... Non-Federal Navigation Facilities AGENCY: Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), DOT. ACTION: Notice... navigation which are purchased, installed, operated, and maintained by an entity other than the FAA and are... private and public other than FAA, to purchase, install, operate, and maintain electronic navaids for use...

77 FR 67026 - Agency Information Collection Activities: Proposed Collection; Comments Requested: Report of...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-11-08

... Lost ATF Form 5400.30, Intrastate Purchase of Explosives Coupon ACTION: 60-day notice. The Department... the following four points: --Evaluate whether the proposed collection of information is necessary for... or Lost ATF F 5400.30, Intrastate Purchase Explosives Coupon. (3) Agency form number, if any, and the...

48 CFR 13.306 - SF 44, Purchase Order-Invoice-Voucher.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... supplies and nonpersonal services while away from the purchasing office or at isolated activities. It also...) The supplies or services are immediately available; (3) One delivery and one payment will be made; and... and on the inside front cover of each book of forms. (c) Since there is, for all practical purposes...

Green Power Marketing in the United States. A Status Report (11th Edition)

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Bird, Lori; Kreycik, Claire; Friedman, Barry

This report documents green power marketing activities and trends in the United States. It presents aggregate green power sales data for all voluntary purchase markets across the United States. It also provides summary data on utility green pricing programs offered in regulated electricity markets and green power marketing activity in competitive electricity markets, as well as green power sold to voluntary purchasers in the form of renewable energy certificates. Key market trends and issues are also discussed.

Green Power Marketing in the United States: A Status Report (11th Edition)

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Bird, L.; Kreycik, C.; Friedman, B.

This report documents green power marketing activities and trends in the United States. It presents aggregate green power sales data for all voluntary purchase markets across the United States. It also provides summary data on utility green pricing programs offered in regulated electricity markets and green power marketing activity in competitive electricity markets, as well as green power sold to voluntary purchasers in the form of renewable energy certificates. Key market trends and issues are also discussed.

Discovery of novel aldose reductase inhibitors using a protein structure-based approach: 3D-database search followed by design and synthesis.

PubMed

Iwata, Y; Arisawa, M; Hamada, R; Kita, Y; Mizutani, M Y; Tomioka, N; Itai, A; Miyamoto, S

2001-05-24

Aldose reductase (AR) has been implicated in the etiology of diabetic complications. Due to the limited number of currently available drugs for the treatment of diabetic complications, we have carried out structure-based drug design and synthesis in an attempt to find new types of AR inhibitors. With the ADAM&EVE program, a three-dimensional database (ACD3D) was searched using the ligand binding site of the AR crystal structure. Out of 179 compounds selected through this search followed by visual inspection, 36 compounds were purchased and subjected to a biological assay. Ten compounds showed more than 40% inhibition of AR at a 15 microg/mL concentration. In a subsequent lead optimization, a series of analogues of the most active compound were synthesized based on the docking mode derived by ADAM&EVE. Many of these congeners exhibited higher activities compared to the mother compound. Indeed, the most potent, synthesized compound showed an approximately 20-fold increase in inhibitory activity (IC(50) = 0.21 vs 4.3 microM). Furthermore, a hydrophobic subsite was newly inferred, which would be useful for the design of inhibitors with improved affinity for AR.

Web-based Factors Affecting Online Purchasing Behaviour

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ariff, Mohd Shoki Md; Sze Yan, Ng; Zakuan, Norhayati; Zaidi Bahari, Ahamad; Jusoh, Ahmad

2013-06-01

The growing use of internet and online purchasing among young consumers in Malaysia provides a huge prospect in e-commerce market, specifically for B2C segment. In this market, if E-marketers know the web-based factors affecting online buyers' behaviour, and the effect of these factors on behaviour of online consumers, then they can develop their marketing strategies to convert potential customers into active one, while retaining existing online customers. Review of previous studies related to the online purchasing behaviour in B2C market has point out that the conceptualization and empirical validation of the online purchasing behaviour of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) literate users, or ICT professional, in Malaysia has not been clearly addressed. This paper focuses on (i) web-based factors which online buyers (ICT professional) keep in mind while shopping online; and (ii) the effect of web-based factors on online purchasing behaviour. Based on the extensive literature review, a conceptual framework of 24 items of five factors was constructed to determine web-based factors affecting online purchasing behaviour of ICT professional. Analysis of data was performed based on the 310 questionnaires, which were collected using a stratified random sampling method, from ICT undergraduate students in a public university in Malaysia. The Exploratory factor analysis performed showed that five factors affecting online purchase behaviour are Information Quality, Fulfilment/Reliability/Customer Service, Website Design, Quick and Details, and Privacy/Security. The result of Multiple Regression Analysis indicated that Information Quality, Quick and Details, and Privacy/Security affect positively online purchase behaviour. The results provide a usable model for measuring web-based factors affecting buyers' online purchase behaviour in B2C market, as well as for online shopping companies to focus on the factors that will increase customers' online purchase.

Sales effects of product health information at points of purchase: a systematic review.

PubMed

van 't Riet, Jonathan

2013-03-01

Information about healthy and unhealthy nutrients is increasingly conveyed at the point of purchase. Many studies have investigated the effects of product health information on attitudes and intentions, but the empirical evidence becomes sketchier when the focus of research is actual purchase behaviour. The present paper provides an overview of empirical evidence on the effectiveness of product health information for food products at the point of purchase. A systematic literature review was conducted. Only studies were included that assessed the effect of product health information at the point of purchase on actual purchase behaviour, using data provided by stores' sales records or obtained by investigating customer receipts as the primary outcome measure. The included studies' target group comprised supermarket clientele. Several studies found no significant effects of product health information on actual purchase behaviour. Interventions were more likely to be effective when they lasted for a longer time, when they included additional intervention components, and when they targeted the absence of unhealthy nutrients instead of or in addition to the presence of healthy nutrients. No strong evidence for the effectiveness of product health information was found. The effect of intervention duration, additional promotional activities and targeting of healthy v. unhealthy nutrients should be closely examined in future studies.

The Demand for, and Impact of, Learning HIV Status

PubMed Central

Thornton, Rebecca L.

2011-01-01

This paper evaluates an experiment in which individuals in rural Malawi were randomly assigned monetary incentives to learn their HIV results after being tested. Distance to the HIV results centers was also randomly assigned. Without any incentive, 34 percent of the participants learned their HIV results. However, even the smallest incentive doubled that share. Using the randomly assigned incentives and distance from results centers as instruments for the knowledge of HIV status, sexually active HIV-positive individuals who learned their results are three times more likely to purchase condoms two months later than sexually active HIV-positive individuals who did not learn their results; however, HIV-positive individuals who learned their results purchase only two additional condoms than those who did not. There is no significant effect of learning HIV-negative status on the purchase of condoms. PMID:21687831

DUI pre-arrest alcohol purchases: a survey of Sonoma County drunk drivers.

PubMed

Fontaine, R A

1992-07-01

Based on a sample of 1,052 drunk drivers in northern California, less than 1% (0.80%) of those arrested for DUI had purchased and consumed alcohol prior to arrest from a convenience/gas store (gasmart). Data from both "on-sale" (on-premises consumption) and "off-sale" (off-premises consumption) alcohol outlets were compared. When off-sale outlets were compared only 2% of the DUI offenders had purchased and consumed alcohol from gasmarts prior to the arrest event. Gasmarts were the least frequent source of DUI-offender alcohol purchases. This report also describes the distribution of alcohol outlets for Sonoma and San Diego counties with respect to type of license and activity. Convenience stores that sold gas and alcohol concurrently were not overrepresented in either county.

76 FR 71436 - Agency Information Collection Activities Proposed Information Collection; Submission for OMB Review

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-11-17

... before the customer completes the purchase of the contract. There are special rules for transactions by... customers who buy DCCs and DSAs from national banks and ensure that national banks provide these products in... appropriate: Anti-tying--A bank must inform the customer that purchase of the product is optional and neither...

78 FR 2441 - Agency Information Collection Activities: Proposed Collection; Comments Requested; Report of Lost...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-01-11

... Stolen ATF F 5400.30, Intrastate Purchase of Explosives Coupon ACTION: 30-Day notice. The Department of... encouraged. Your comments should address one or more of the following four points: --Evaluate whether the... collection. (2) Title of the Form/Collection: Report of Stolen or Lost ATF F 5400.30, Intrastate Purchase of...

Economic importance of elk hunting in Jackson Hole, Wyoming

USGS Publications Warehouse

Koontz, Lynne; Loomis, John B.

2005-01-01

As more hunters come to an area, local businesses will purchase extra labor and supplies to meet the increase in demand for additional services. The income and employment resulting from purchases by hunter at local businesses represent the direct effects of hunter spending within the economy. In order to increase supplies to local businesses, input suppliers must also increase their purchases of inputs from other industries. The income and employment resulting from these secondary purchases by input suppliers are the indirect effects of hunter spending within the local economy. The input supplier’s new employees use their incomes to purchase goods and services. The resulting increased economic activity from new employee income is the induced effect associated with hunter spending. The indirect and induced effects are known as the secondary effects. Multipliers capture the size of the secondary effects, usually as a ratio of total effects to direct effects (Stynes, 1998). The sums of the direct and secondary effects describe the total economic impact of hunter spending in the local economy.

Bidirectional longitudinal relationship between leisure-time physical activity and psychotropic medication usage: A register linked follow-up study.

PubMed

Stubbs, Brendon; Vancampfort, Davy; Mänty, Minna; Svärd, Anna; Rahkonen, Ossi; Lahti, Jouni

2017-01-01

This study aimed to examine the bidirectional relationship between psychotropic medication use and changes in leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) among a population cohort study. Phase 1 data were collected by mail surveys in 2000-2002 among 40-60-year-old employees of the City of Helsinki, Finland, and phase 2 follow up survey was conducted in 2007. Based on self-report, the respondents were classified as inactive and active (≥14.75 MET-hours/week) at the phases 1 and 2. Hazard ratios (HR) were calculated for subsequent (2007-10) psychotropic medication purchasing according to changes in physical activity (phases 1-2). Odds ratios (OR) for physical inactivity at phase 2 were calculated according to the amount of psychotropic medication between phases 1-2. Overall, 5361 respondents were included (mean age 50 years, 80% women). Compared with the persistently active, the persistently inactive, those decreasing and adopting LTPA had an increased risk for psychotropic medication. Only the persistently inactive remained at increased risk for psychotropic medication use, following the adjustment for prior psychotropic medication use. Compared with those having no medication, the risk for physical inactivity increased as the psychotropic medication increased. Our data suggest that physical activity has an important role in maintaining wellbeing and reducing psychotropic medication usage. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

Online Sellers’ Website Quality Influencing Online Buyers’ Purchase Intention

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Shea Lee, Tan; Ariff, Mohd Shoki Md; Zakuan, Norhayati; Sulaiman, Zuraidah; Zameri Mat Saman, Muhamad

2016-05-01

The increase adoption of Internet among young users in Malaysia provides high prospect for online seller. Young users aged between 18 and 25 years old are important to online sellers because they are actively involved in online purchasing and this group of online buyers is expected to dominate future online market. Therefore, examining online sellers’ website quality and online buyers’ purchase intention is crucial. Based on the Theory of planned behavior (TPB), a conceptual model of online sellers’ website quality and purchase intention of online buyers was developed. E-tailQ instrument was adapted in this study which composed of website design, reliability/fulfillment, security, privacy & trust, and customer service. Using online questionnaire and convenience sampling procedure, primary data were obtained from 240 online buyers aged between 18 to 25 years old. It was discovered that website design, website reliability/fulfillment, website security, privacy & trust, and website customer service positively and significantly influence intention of online buyers to continuously purchase via online channels. This study concludes that online sellers’ website quality is important in predicting online buyers’ purchase intention. Recommendation and implication of this study were discussed focusing on how online sellers should improve their website quality to stay competitive in online business.

A step-by-step approach to improve data quality when using commercial business lists to characterize retail food environments.

PubMed

Jones, Kelly K; Zenk, Shannon N; Tarlov, Elizabeth; Powell, Lisa M; Matthews, Stephen A; Horoi, Irina

2017-01-07

Food environment characterization in health studies often requires data on the location of food stores and restaurants. While commercial business lists are commonly used as data sources for such studies, current literature provides little guidance on how to use validation study results to make decisions on which commercial business list to use and how to maximize the accuracy of those lists. Using data from a retrospective cohort study [Weight And Veterans' Environments Study (WAVES)], we (a) explain how validity and bias information from existing validation studies (count accuracy, classification accuracy, locational accuracy, as well as potential bias by neighborhood racial/ethnic composition, economic characteristics, and urbanicity) were used to determine which commercial business listing to purchase for retail food outlet data and (b) describe the methods used to maximize the quality of the data and results of this approach. We developed data improvement methods based on existing validation studies. These methods included purchasing records from commercial business lists (InfoUSA and Dun and Bradstreet) based on store/restaurant names as well as standard industrial classification (SIC) codes, reclassifying records by store type, improving geographic accuracy of records, and deduplicating records. We examined the impact of these procedures on food outlet counts in US census tracts. After cleaning and deduplicating, our strategy resulted in a 17.5% reduction in the count of food stores that were valid from those purchased from InfoUSA and 5.6% reduction in valid counts of restaurants purchased from Dun and Bradstreet. Locational accuracy was improved for 7.5% of records by applying street addresses of subsequent years to records with post-office (PO) box addresses. In total, up to 83% of US census tracts annually experienced a change (either positive or negative) in the count of retail food outlets between the initial purchase and the final dataset. Our study provides a step-by-step approach to purchase and process business list data obtained from commercial vendors. The approach can be followed by studies of any size, including those with datasets too large to process each record by hand and will promote consistency in characterization of the retail food environment across studies.

Lifecourse, immigrant status and acculturation in food purchasing and preparation among low-income mothers.

PubMed

Dubowitz, Tamara; Acevedo-Garcia, Dolores; Salkeld, Judy; Lindsay, Ana Cristina; Subramanian, S V; Peterson, Karen E

2007-04-01

This study investigates how lifecourse, immigrant status and acculturation, and neighbourhood of residence influence food purchasing and preparation among low-income women with children, living in the USA. This research sought to understand physical and economic access to food, from both 'individual' and 'community' perspectives. This study used qualitative methodology (focus groups) to examine the mechanisms and pathways of food preparation and purchasing within the context of daily life activity for US- and foreign-born women, living in the USA. The study methodology analysed notes and verbatim transcripts, summarised recurring responses and identified new themes in the discussions. A total of 44 women were purposively sampled from two metropolitan areas in Massachusetts, USA, based on (1) neighbourhood of residence and (2) primary language spoken. All focus groups were conducted in community health centres and community centres co-located with offices of the special supplemental nutritional programme for Women, Infants, and Children. Analysis of key response themes suggested that scarcity of food and physical access to food purchasing points did not influence food purchasing and preparation as much as (1) limited time for food shopping, cooking and family activities; and (2) challenges in transportation to stores and childcare. The study results demonstrated differing attitudes toward food acquisition and preparation between immigrant and US-born women and between women who lived in two metropolitan areas in the western and eastern regions of the state of Massachusetts, USA. The findings illustrate 'hidden' constraints that need to be captured in measures of physical and economic access and availability of food. US policies and programmes that aim to improve access, availability and diet quality would benefit from considering the social context of food preparation and purchasing, and the residential environments of low-income women and families.

Accuracy Evaluation of a CE-Marked Glucometer System for Self-Monitoring of Blood Glucose With Three Reagent Lots Following ISO 15197:2013.

PubMed

Hehmke, Bernd; Berg, Sabine; Salzsieder, Eckhard

2017-05-01

Continuous standardized verification of the accuracy of blood glucose meter systems for self-monitoring after their introduction into the market is an important clinically tool to assure reliable performance of subsequently released lots of strips. Moreover, such published verification studies permit comparison of different blood glucose monitoring systems and, thus, are increasingly involved in the process of evidence-based purchase decision making.

A systematic literature review of nutrition interventions in vending machines that encourage consumers to make healthier choices.

PubMed

Grech, A; Allman-Farinelli, M

2015-12-01

Internationally, vending machines are scrutinized for selling energy-dense nutrient-poor foods and beverages, and the contribution to overconsumption and subsequent risk of obesity. The aim of this review is to determine the efficacy of nutrition interventions in vending machine in eliciting behaviour change to improve diet quality or weight status of consumers. Electronic databases Cochrane, EMBASE, CINAHL, Science Direct and PubMed were searched from inception. (i) populations that have access to vending machines; (ii) nutrition interventions; (iii) measured outcomes of behaviour change (e.g. sales data, dietary intake or weight change); and (iv) experimental trials where controls were not exposed to the intervention. Risk of bias was assessed independently by two researchers, and higher quality research formed the basis of this qualitative review. Twelve articles from 136 searched were included for synthesis. Intervention settings included schools, universities and workplaces. Reducing price or increasing the availability increased sales of healthier choices. The results of point-of-purchase nutrition information interventions were heterogeneous and when measured changes to purchases were small. This review offers evidence that pricing and availability strategies are effective at improving the nutritional quality foods and beverages purchased from vending machines. Evidence on how these interventions alter consumer's overall diet or body mass index is needed. © 2015 World Obesity.

Quality-based purchasing in health care.

PubMed

Waters, Hugh R; Morlock, Laura L; Hatt, Laurel

2004-01-01

Quality-based purchasing is a growing trend that seeks to improve healthcare quality through the purchaser-provider relationship. This article provides a unifying conceptual framework, presents examples of the purchaser-provider relationship in countries at different income levels, and identifies important supporting mechanisms for quality-based purchasing. As countries become wealthier, a higher proportion of healthcare spending is channeled through pooled arrangements, allowing for greater involvement of purchasers in promoting the quality of service provision. Global and line item budgets are the most common type of provider payment system in low and middle-income countries. In these countries, improving public hospital performance through contracting and incentives is a key issue. In middle and high-income countries, there are several documented examples of governments contracting to private or non-governmental health care providers, resulting in higher perceived quality of care and lower delivery costs. Encouraging quality through employer purchasing arrangements has been promoted in several countries, particularly the United States. Community-based financing schemes are an increasingly common form of health financing in parts of sub-Saharan Africa and Asia, but these schemes still cover less than 10% of national populations in countries in which they are active. To date, there is little evidence of their impact on healthcare quality. The availability of information--concerning healthcare service provision and outcomes--determines the options for establishing and monitoring contract provisions and promoting quality. Regardless of the context, quality-based purchasing depends critically on informa-tion--reporting, monitoring, and providing useful information to healthcare consumers. In many low and middle-income countries, the lack of availability of information is the principal constraint on measuring performance, a critical component of quality-based purchasing.

Monetary Valuations of University Course Delivery: The Case for Face-to-Face Learning Activities in Accounting Education

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Taplin, Ross; Kerr, Rosy; Brown, Alistair

2017-01-01

Student preferences for delivery options were obtained within a monetary framework by asking students to purchase their ideal course structure. Results show that accounting students prefer to spend more on tutorials but purchase less lecture time; the difference due to the higher cost of tutorials compared to lectures. Face-to-face classes were…

The National School Lunch and Competitive Food Offerings and Purchasing Behaviors of High School Students

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Snelling, Anastasia M.; Korba, Casey; Burkey, Alyvia

2007-01-01

Background: Across the nation, schools have become actively involved in developing obesity prevention strategies both in classrooms and in cafeterias. We sought to determine the type of foods being offered during lunch in the cafeteria of 3 public high schools in 1 county and if this reflects the purchasing patterns of students. By labeling foods…

Enhancing the Professionalism of Purchasing Agents (GS 1105s) within the Department of the Army.

DTIC Science & Technology

1987-09-01

automated small purchase process offers distinct advantages, as well as cost savings in both time and money , for activities with a large volume of small...resident) Massasoit Northeast $1,888 $6,400 Boston, MA Broward Southeast 1,327 2,765 Ft. Lauder - dale, FL Rock Valley Midwest 1,728 7,552 Rockford, IL De

Medicare and Medicaid fraud and abuse regulations.

PubMed

Liang, F Z; Black, B L

1991-11-01

Specific business arrangements that are protected under legislation and regulations governing parties doing business with Medicare or Medicaid are discussed. Regulations implementing the Medicare and Medicaid Patient Protection Act of 1987 specify practices and activities that are not subject to criminal penalties under the antikickback provisions of the Social Security Act or to exclusion from Medicare or state health-care programs. As of July 29, 1991, all organized health-care settings that receive payments from either Medicare or state health-care programs must comply with these regulations. The final rule sets forth "safe harbors"--exceptions to prohibitions against (1) kickbacks, bribes, rebates, and other illegal activities involving remunerations for patient referrals and (2) inducements to purchase or lease goods paid for by Medicare or state health-care programs. The safe harbors comprise 11 broad categories--investment interests, space rental, equipment rental, personal services and management contracts, purchase of a medical practice, referral services, warranties, discounts, employees, group purchasing organizations, and waiver of deductibles and coinsurance. Implications for pharmacy are discussed. These regulations will affect the purchase of pharmaceuticals by institutional pharmacies. Each institution should review its current practices to determine whether they are within the safe harbors.

Wine glass size and wine sales: a replication study in two bars.

PubMed

Pechey, Rachel; Couturier, Dominique-Laurent; Hollands, Gareth J; Mantzari, Eleni; Zupan, Zorana; Marteau, Theresa M

2017-08-01

Wine glass size may influence perceived volume and subsequently purchasing and consumption. Using a larger glass to serve the same portions of wine was found to increase wine sales by 9.4% (95% CI 1.9, 17.5) in a recent study conducted in one bar. The current study aimed to replicate this previous work in two other bars using a wider range of glass sizes. To match the previous study, a repeated multiple treatment reversal design, during which wine was served in glasses of the same design but different sizes, was used. The study was conducted in two bars in Cambridge, England, using glass sizes of 300, 370, 510 ml (Bar 1) and 300 and 510 ml (Bar 2). Customers purchased their choice of a 750 ml bottle, or standard UK measures of 125, 175 or 250 ml of wine, each of which was served with the same glass. Bar 1 Daily wine volume (ml) purchased was 10.5% (95% CI 1.0, 20.9) higher when sold in 510 ml compared to 370 ml glasses; but sales were not significantly higher with 370 ml versus 300 ml glasses (6.5%, 95% CI -5.2, 19.6). Bar 2 Findings were inconclusive as to whether daily wine purchased differed when using 510 ml versus 300 ml glasses (-1.1%, 95% CI -12.6, 11.9). These results provide a partial replication of previous work showing that introducing larger glasses (without manipulating portion size) increases purchasing. Understanding the mechanisms by which wine glass size influences consumption may elucidate when the effect can be expected and when not. Trial registration This study is a replication study, based on the procedure set out in the trial registration for the study that it attempts to replicate (ISRCTN registry: ISRCTN12018175).

Effects of physical activity calorie expenditure (PACE) labeling: study design and baseline sample characteristics.

PubMed

Viera, Anthony J; Tuttle, Laura; Olsson, Emily; Gras-Najjar, Julie; Gizlice, Ziya; Hales, Derek; Linnan, Laura; Lin, Feng-Chang; Noar, Seth M; Ammerman, Alice

2017-09-12

Obesity and physical inactivity are responsible for more than 365,000 deaths per year and contribute substantially to rising healthcare costs in the US, making clear the need for effective public health interventions. Calorie labeling on menus has been implemented to guide consumer ordering behaviors, but effects on calories purchased has been minimal. In this project, we tested the effect of physical activity calorie expenditure (PACE) food labels on actual point-of-decision food purchasing behavior as well as physical activity. Using a two-group interrupted time series cohort study design in three worksite cafeterias, one cafeteria was assigned to the intervention condition, and the other two served as controls. Calories from food purchased in the cafeteria were assessed by photographs of meals (accompanied by notes made on-site) using a standardized calorie database and portion size-estimation protocol. Primary outcomes will be average calories purchased and minutes of moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) by individuals in the cohorts. We will compare pre-post changes in study outcomes between study groups using piecewise generalized linear mixed model regressions (segmented regressions) with a single change point in our interrupted time-series study. The results of this project will provide evidence of the effectiveness of worksite cafeteria menu labeling, which could potentially inform policy intervention approaches. Labels that convey information in a more readily understandable manner may be more effective at motivating behavior change. Strengths of this study include its cohort design and its robust data capture methods using food photographs and accelerometry.

The dilemma of healthy eating and environmental sustainability: the case of fish.

PubMed

Clonan, Angie; Holdsworth, Michelle; Swift, Judy A; Leibovici, Didier; Wilson, Paul

2012-02-01

Despite widespread concern over exploitation of the European Union's fish stocks, dietary guidelines in the UK continue to recommend two portions of fish per week. The present study sought to investigate whether health and/or sustainability are motivating factors when purchasing and consuming fish and whether there are sociodemographic trends. A structured, self-completion postal questionnaire exploring consumers' attitudes towards purchasing fish, their dietary intake, stated purchasing behaviour and sociodemographic information. Nottinghamshire, UK. Adults from 842 households randomly selected from the electoral register. Over half of the participants (57·0 %) were aware of the health benefits of fish consumption and reported health as a primary motivator for purchasing fish; however, only 26·8 % actively sought to purchase fish from a sustainable source (e.g. Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) certified fish). Only 30·6 % of participants met current dietary recommendations for fish intake. Older respondents (>60 years of age) were more likely to report purchasing fish for health reasons and to buy MSC fish. Participants were significantly less likely to report MSC purchases if they agreed with the statement 'I am confused about which type of fish I should be eating to protect fish stocks' (P < 0·001). The number of consumers purchasing fish for health reasons was more than those seeking sustainably sourced fish; yet, they still failed to meet the recommended intake set by the Food Standards Agency. Dietary advice to the public to increase consumption of fish conflicts with the prevailing pressure on fish stocks. Clear advice should be communicated enabling consumers to meet nutritional needs while protecting fish stocks.

The mere green effect: An fMRI study of pro-environmental advertisements.

PubMed

Vezich, I Stephanie; Gunter, Benjamin C; Lieberman, Matthew D

2017-08-01

Self-report evidence suggests that consumers prefer green products (i.e., pro-environmental) to standard products, but this is not reflected in purchase behaviors. To understand this disconnect, we exposed participants in a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanner to green and standard ads. After viewing each ad, participants rated liking and perceived sustainability. Ratings were more favorable for green ads than for control ads, but the functional MRI data suggested an opposite pattern-participants showed greater activation in regions associated with personal value and reward (ventromedial prefrontal cortex and ventral striatum) in response to control ads relative to green ads. In addition, participants showed greater activity in these regions to the extent that they reported liking control ads, but there was no such trend for green ads. In line with a neuroeconomic account, we suggest that activity in these regions may be indexing a value signal computed during message exposure that may influence downstream purchase decisions, in contrast to self-reported evaluations that may reflect social desirability concerns absent at the point of purchase.

Foreign Military Sales: A Historical Review of Argentina’s Purchases

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-03-01

Management Science, 2009. 3. Douglas M Lambert, “ Supply Chain Management Processes, Partnership, Performance”, Third Edition, 2008. 4. Sunil Chopra...Science in Logistics and Supply Chain Management Juan E. Perot, MBA LtCol, AAF March 2013 APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE; DISTRIBUTION...ago, and they manage various purchasing activities in each year for several systems. Therefore a particular and specific Supply Chain

29 CFR 779.208 - Auxiliary activities which are “related activities.”

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 29 Labor 3 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Auxiliary activities which are ârelated activities.â 779...; Enterprise Coverage Related Activities § 779.208 Auxiliary activities which are “related activities.” As... activities, such as central office and warehousing activities and bookkeeping, auditing, purchasing...

7 CFR 1470.24 - Payments.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... associated waste transport or transfer devices for animal feeding operations; or (3) Conservation activities... AGRICULTURE LOANS, PURCHASES, AND OTHER OPERATIONS CONSERVATION STEWARDSHIP PROGRAM Contracts and Payments... additional conservation activities, and improving, maintaining, and managing existing conservation activities...

7 CFR 1470.24 - Payments.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... associated waste transport or transfer devices for animal feeding operations; or (3) Conservation activities... AGRICULTURE LOANS, PURCHASES, AND OTHER OPERATIONS CONSERVATION STEWARDSHIP PROGRAM Contracts and Payments... additional conservation activities, and improving, maintaining, and managing existing conservation activities...

7 CFR 1470.24 - Payments.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... associated waste transport or transfer devices for animal feeding operations; or (3) Conservation activities... AGRICULTURE LOANS, PURCHASES, AND OTHER OPERATIONS CONSERVATION STEWARDSHIP PROGRAM Contracts and Payments... additional conservation activities, and improving, maintaining, and managing existing conservation activities...

7 CFR 1470.24 - Payments.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... associated waste transport or transfer devices for animal feeding operations; or (3) Conservation activities... AGRICULTURE LOANS, PURCHASES, AND OTHER OPERATIONS CONSERVATION STEWARDSHIP PROGRAM Contracts and Payments... additional conservation activities, and improving, maintaining, and managing existing conservation activities...

Special Inspector General for Iraq Reconstruction Quarterly Report to the United States Congress

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-04-30

fewer than 100,000 troops on the ground in Iraq,24 down from about A UH-60 Black Hawk hovers above the ancient Ziggurat of Ur near Nassiriya. The...sustain- ing) due to political wrangling over the budget and a political stalemate in the Provincial Council. The PRT also noted a significant black ...enforcement authorities. Rus- sell admitted that she subsequently used the crimi- nal proceeds to purchase, among other things, a car, cosmetic surgery, and

Initial experience with a donor egg bank.

PubMed

Akin, James W; Bell, Katrina A; Thomas, Diana; Boldt, Jeffrey

2007-08-01

To report on the establishment of a commercial donor egg bank (CryoEggs International, LP) and to present our initial experience from the first four patients to receive eggs. Case report. Private fertility clinic. The four recipient women were aged 43, 43, 40, and 33 years. All had cycle day FSH levels greater than 25 mIU/mL. All were given the option of fresh donor egg IVF but opted to use frozen donor oocytes. Purchased and quarantined frozen donor eggs were thawed and inseminated using intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). Subsequent embryos were transferred on day 3. Clinical pregnancy as defined by presence of cardiac activity. There was a thawed egg survival rate of 76%, a fertilization rate of 74%, a pregnancy rate (PR) of 50%, with an average of 2.75 embryos per transfer and an implantation rate of 27%. Although very preliminary, these results indicate that more widespread use of frozen donor eggs obtained from a commercial egg bank may be feasible in the future, changing the landscape of donor egg IVF.

Doctrine and Elements of a Successful Coin Mentorship Protege Program

DTIC Science & Technology

2014-03-01

performers for award of Blanket Purchase Agreements ( BPAs ). Concept: Pools of vendor competition at four (4) differing dollar thresholds. 91...until they reached Pool IV. These are identified as “Top Tier” and become eligible for BPAs and more demanding contracts. A losing bid or bad...companies. Background: Bagram RCC’s vendor database consists of approximately 120 contractors, of which 20 have active Blanket Purchase Agreements. BPAs

High spatial resolution satellite observations for validation of MODIS land products: IKONOS observations acquired under the NASA scientific data purchase.

Treesearch

Jeffrey T. Morisette; Jaime E. Nickeson; Paul Davis; Yujie Wang; Yuhong Tian; Curtis E. Woodcock; Nikolay Shabanov; Matthew Hansen; Warren B. Cohen; Doug R. Oetter; Robert E. Kennedy

2003-01-01

Phase 1I of the Scientific Data Purchase (SDP) has provided NASA investigators access to data from four different satellite and airborne data sources. The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS) land discipline team (MODLAND) sought to utilize these data in support of land product validation activities with a lbcus on tile EOS Land Validation Core Sites. These...

pH-Responsive Layer-by-Layer Nanoshells for Direct Regulation of Cell Activity

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-01-01

PVPON1,300), a monomer of metharcylic acid (MAA), hydrochloric acid, sodium hydroxide, sodium chloride , monobasic sodium phosphate, and 1-ethyl-3...dimethylamino- propyl )carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Initiator, 2,20-azobis(2-methylpropionitrile) (AIBN), was purchased...butoxycarbonylaminopropyl)methacrylamide (t-BOCAPMA) for synthesis of amine-functionalized PMAA, and 4.0 ( 0.2 μm silica particles as 10% aqueous suspension were

An Empirical Examination of Counterdrug Interdiction Program Effectiveness.

DTIC Science & Technology

1997-01-01

inversely correlated with the street price index. Chapter IV examines the time dependence of the street price index and argues that interdiction activities...essentially asymptotic behavior in which the cumulative distribution function, for large values of the independent variable, converges to an inverse power-law...log(S) /log(M). Such an inverse power-law relation between unit purchase price and purchase volume is indeed observed within the STRIDE data

Ontology-Based Gap Analysis for Technology Selection: A Knowledge Management Framework for the Support of Equipment Purchasing Processes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Macris, Aristomenis M.; Georgakellos, Dimitrios A.

Technology selection decisions such as equipment purchasing and supplier selection are decisions of strategic importance to companies. The nature of these decisions usually is complex, unstructured and thus, difficult to be captured in a way that will be efficiently reusable. Knowledge reusability is of paramount importance since it enables users participate actively in process design/redesign activities stimulated by the changing technology selection environment. This paper addresses the technology selection problem through an ontology-based approach that captures and makes reusable the equipment purchasing process and assists in identifying (a) the specifications requested by the users' organization, (b) those offered by various candidate vendors' organizations and (c) in performing specifications gap analysis as a prerequisite for effective and efficient technology selection. This approach has practical appeal, operational simplicity, and the potential for both immediate and long-term strategic impact. An example from the iron and steel industry is also presented to illustrate the approach.

Predicted Biological Activity of Purchasable Chemical Space

PubMed Central

2017-01-01

Whereas 400 million distinct compounds are now purchasable within the span of a few weeks, the biological activities of most are unknown. To facilitate access to new chemistry for biology, we have combined the Similarity Ensemble Approach (SEA) with the maximum Tanimoto similarity to the nearest bioactive to predict activity for every commercially available molecule in ZINC. This method, which we label SEA+TC, outperforms both SEA and a naïve-Bayesian classifier via predictive performance on a 5-fold cross-validation of ChEMBL’s bioactivity data set (version 21). Using this method, predictions for over 40% of compounds (>160 million) have either high significance (pSEA ≥ 40), high similarity (ECFP4MaxTc ≥ 0.4), or both, for one or more of 1382 targets well described by ligands in the literature. Using a further 1347 less-well-described targets, we predict activities for an additional 11 million compounds. To gauge whether these predictions are sensible, we investigate 75 predictions for 50 drugs lacking a binding affinity annotation in ChEMBL. The 535 million predictions for over 171 million compounds at 2629 targets are linked to purchasing information and evidence to support each prediction and are freely available via https://zinc15.docking.org and https://files.docking.org. PMID:29193970

Effects of exposure to anti-vaping public service announcements among current smokers and dual users of cigarettes and electronic nicotine delivery systems.

PubMed

Tan, Andy S L; Rees, Vaughan W; Rodgers, Justin; Agudile, Emeka; Sokol, Natasha A; Yie, Kyeungyeun; Sanders-Jackson, Ashley

2018-07-01

Anti-vaping public service announcements (PSAs) are intended to discourage vaping or use of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS). However, vaping portrayals in PSAs may have unintended effects if they increase smoking or vaping urges. This study examined benefits and unintended effects of anti-vaping PSAs with vapor portrayals on smoking and vaping-related outcomes. Young adult smokers (N = 171) and dual users (N = 122) aged 21-30 years were randomly assigned to view: 1) anti-vaping PSAs with vapor; 2) anti-vaping PSAs without vapor; 3) physical activity PSAs; or 4) anti-smoking PSAs with smoking cues. Outcomes were changes in vaping and smoking urges before and after viewing PSAs, post-test vaping and smoking intentions in the next hour, and post-test intention to purchase ENDS and traditional cigarettes. Smokers only: Exposure to anti-vaping PSAs with vapor (vs. physical activity) was associated with lower intention to vape and to purchase ENDS (ps < 0.001) and lower intention to smoke and purchase cigarettes (ps < 0.05). Exposure to anti-vaping PSAs with vapor (vs. PSAs without vapor and vs. anti-smoking PSAs with smoking cues) was associated with lower intention to vape in the next hour (ps < 0.05). Exposure to anti-vaping PSAs without vapor (vs. physical activity) was associated with lower change in vaping urge (p < 0.05) and intention to purchase ENDS (p < 0.001). Dual users: Exposure to anti-vaping PSAs without vapor (vs. anti-smoking PSAs) was associated with lower intention to purchase ENDS (p < 0.05). Viewing anti-vaping PSAs with vapor was not associated with unintended effects and may have benefits on reducing smoking and vaping-related outcomes. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

A role for two-stage pharmacoeconomic appraisal? Is there a role for interim approval of a drug for reimbursement based on modelling studies with subsequent full approval using phase III data?

PubMed

Hill, Suzanne; Freemantle, Nick

2003-01-01

Healthcare decision makers and pharmaceutical companies are increasingly using techniques of economic evaluation, particularly modelling, to assist them in their decisions about drug purchasing and drug development. The use of models in other types of policy decisions is also well established. One option, to shorten the time to a purchasing decision, would be for an interim decision for approval for reimbursement to be based on an economic model. Such a system would mainly benefit the drug development process and thus the pharmaceutical industry; however the approach could also lead to poor decision making, unethical marketing and withdrawal of drugs from the consumer. In this article, we consider the option of a two-stage economic appraisal process from the point of view of the seller, the purchaser and the patient and public. Although a two-stage process may offer some advantages in terms of early return on investment and access, there are significant disadvantages in terms of certainty about effects and public policy and expenditure. Until there are better methods of predicting the effectiveness of a new product, it is unlikely that interim decisions can be seen as a reasonable health policy alternative, although it seems likely that industry may continue to lobby for such an approach.

Unemployment and subsequent depression: A mediation analysis using the parametric G-formula.

PubMed

Bijlsma, Maarten J; Tarkiainen, Lasse; Myrskylä, Mikko; Martikainen, Pekka

2017-12-01

The effects of unemployment on depression are difficult to establish because of confounding and limited understanding of the mechanisms at the population level. In particular, due to longitudinal interdependencies between exposures, mediators and outcomes, intermediate confounding is an obstacle for mediation analyses. Using longitudinal Finnish register data on socio-economic characteristics and medication purchases, we extracted individuals who entered the labor market between ages 16 and 25 in the period 1996 to 2001 and followed them until the year 2007 (n = 42,172). With the parametric G-formula we estimated the population-averaged effect on first antidepressant purchase of a simulated intervention which set all unemployed person-years to employed. In the data, 74% of person-years were employed and 8% unemployed, the rest belonging to studying or other status. In the intervention scenario, employment rose to 85% and the hazard of first antidepressant purchase decreased by 7.6%. Of this reduction 61% was mediated, operating primarily through changes in income and household status, while mediation through other health conditions was negligible. These effects were negligible for women and particularly prominent among less educated men. By taking complex interdependencies into account in a framework of observed repeated measures data, we found that eradicating unemployment raises income levels, promotes family formation, and thereby reduces antidepressant consumption at the population-level. Copyright © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.

Changes in Consumer Purchases in Stores Participating in an Obesity Prevention Initiative.

PubMed

Woodward-Lopez, Gail; Kao, Janice; Kuo, Elena S; Rauzon, Suzanne; Taylor, Anthony C; Goette, Christina; Collins, Carole; Gonzalez, Esmeralda P; Ronshausen, Danielle R; Boyle, Kathryn; Williamson, Dana; Cheadle, Allen

2018-05-01

From 2011 to 2014, small stores in three communities participated in a community-wide obesity prevention initiative. The study aimed to determine how participation in the initiative influenced store environments and consumer purchases. Pre- and post-intervention without control. Structured observations of the store environments and intercept surveys of adult shoppers at all stores, and of children at two stores, conducted at baseline and follow-up. Manager/owner interviews regarding perceived impacts of the intervention conducted at follow-up. Shoppers at nine small stores in three diverse, low-income communities in Northern California. The store interventions were determined locally with combinations of strategies such as product displays, healthier options, marketing and promotion, store layout, and facility improvements that were implemented to varying degrees at each site. Changes in store environments and purchases of select foods and beverages. Stores experienced consistent, but not always significant, declines in purchases of sweets and chips and increases in purchases of fruits and vegetables at select stores. Decreases in purchases of targeted sugar-sweetened beverages were offset by increases in purchases of other sugar-sweetened beverages. Changes in store environments and promotional activities varied widely from store to store and corresponded to variations in changes in purchasing. The owners/managers perceived benefits to their bottom line and community/customer relations, but challenges were identified that may account for the varied degree of implementation. Substantive improvements in fruit and vegetable availability and promotion were needed to achieve a measurable impact on purchases but reducing purchases of unhealthy foods, like sweets and chips, required a less consistent intensive effort. These findings suggest it may be challenging to achieve the consistent and targeted implementation of changes and ongoing promotional efforts at a large enough proportion of stores where residents shop that would be required to get measurable impacts at the community level. This article is part of a supplement entitled Building Thriving Communities Through Comprehensive Community Health Initiatives, which is sponsored by Kaiser Permanente, Community Health. Copyright © 2018 American Journal of Preventive Medicine. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Nonprescription syringe sales: a missed opportunity for HIV prevention in California.

PubMed

Pollini, Robin A; Rudolph, Abby E; Case, Patricia

2015-01-01

To assess implementation of California Senate Bill SB41 in two inland California counties where prevalence of injection drug use is among the highest in the nation. Syringe purchase trial. Fresno and Kern counties, California. All 248 community pharmacies in the counties. Successful or unsuccessful syringe purchase attempt. Only 52 (21.0%) syringe purchase attempts were successful. The proportion of successful attempts did not vary by county or by data collector ethnicity. The most common reasons for unsuccessful syringe purchase attempts were prescription requirements (45.7%), the requested syringe size was not available (10.7%), and the pharmacy did not sell syringes (9.7%). In addition, some syringe purchase attempts (4.1%) were unsuccessful because the data collector was asked to purchase more syringes than allowed by law. Although 80% and 78% of Fresno and Kern residents, respectively, live within a 5-minute drive of a community pharmacy, less than one-half live within a 5-minute drive of a community pharmacy that sold syringes. SB41 has not resulted in broad pharmacy-based syringe access in California's inland counties, where a disproportionate number of cases of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections are associated with injection drug use. Additional steps by legislative bodies, regulatory agencies, and professional organizations are needed to actively engage pharmacies in expanding nonprescription syringe sales to reduce HIV transmission among injection drug users.

Marketing occupational health: exploring the purchaser perspective.

PubMed

Keyes-Evans, O; Woods, A

2013-01-01

There may be scope for providers of occupational health (OH) services to improve their communication and marketing to those who purchase their services, but the research literature contains little information about purchasers' perceptions of OH. There is no documented overview that fully captures the purchasers' perspective. To explore current and potential purchasers' thinking about OH. Iterative purposive sampling was carried out to identify participants for semi-structured interviews. Respondents were obtained through progressively wider networking, starting with personal and organizational contacts and networking events. This was continued until no major new information was appearing. Health issues were not always recognized as related to OH. Some respondents had little understanding of OH or perceived it with very negative connotations. Some also sought information at first from the internet and personal contacts. The giving of expert advice on a situation was generally seen as a central feature of OH services. Most believed OH included sickness absence management. Respondents spoke of problems such as insufficient, inappropriate or partisan recommendations and also process or turnaround time problems. Clarity and building good working relationships were identified as positive factors. OH providers should review their various activities to address these points, as well as reviewing the knowledge and skills that their staff can contribute.

Nudging to prevent the purchase of incompatible digital products online: An experimental study.

PubMed

Esposito, Gabriele; Hernández, Penélope; van Bavel, René; Vila, José

2017-01-01

Ensuring safe and satisfactory online shopping activity, especially among vulnerable consumers such as elderly and less educated citizens, is part of a larger set of consumer policy objectives seeking to strengthen trust in the electronic marketplace. This article contributes to that goal by testing the effectiveness of nudges intended to prevent the purchase of 'incompatible' digital products (i.e., those which cannot be used with the devices owned by consumers or the systems they operate). We ran a computerised lab experiment (n = 626) examining three types of nudges, the effects of age and education, and interaction effects between these variables and the nudges. Results show that emotive warning messages and placing incompatibility information at the checkout page rather than earlier in the purchasing process were effective in reducing the purchase of incompatible goods. Age was also a relevant factor: older participants were more likely to purchase incompatible goods. In addition, there was an interaction effect between all nudges and age: two nudges exacerbated the effect of age, while another mitigated it. These results suggest nudges can be an effective policy tool, confirm a generational gap in online behaviour, and highlight how nudges can moderate the effect of socio-demographic variables.

Nudging to prevent the purchase of incompatible digital products online: An experimental study

PubMed Central

Esposito, Gabriele; Hernández, Penélope; van Bavel, René; Vila, José

2017-01-01

Ensuring safe and satisfactory online shopping activity, especially among vulnerable consumers such as elderly and less educated citizens, is part of a larger set of consumer policy objectives seeking to strengthen trust in the electronic marketplace. This article contributes to that goal by testing the effectiveness of nudges intended to prevent the purchase of 'incompatible' digital products (i.e., those which cannot be used with the devices owned by consumers or the systems they operate). We ran a computerised lab experiment (n = 626) examining three types of nudges, the effects of age and education, and interaction effects between these variables and the nudges. Results show that emotive warning messages and placing incompatibility information at the checkout page rather than earlier in the purchasing process were effective in reducing the purchase of incompatible goods. Age was also a relevant factor: older participants were more likely to purchase incompatible goods. In addition, there was an interaction effect between all nudges and age: two nudges exacerbated the effect of age, while another mitigated it. These results suggest nudges can be an effective policy tool, confirm a generational gap in online behaviour, and highlight how nudges can moderate the effect of socio-demographic variables. PMID:28282401

Reduction in Purchases of Sugar-Sweetened Beverages Among Low-Income Black Adolescents After Exposure to Caloric Information

PubMed Central

Herring, Bradley J.; Flagg, Desmond D.; Gary-Webb, Tiffany L.

2012-01-01

Objectives. We examined the effect of an intervention to provide caloric information about sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) on the number of SSB purchases. Methods. We used a case-crossover design with 4 corner stores located in low-income, predominately Black neighborhoods in Baltimore, Maryland. The intervention randomly posted 1 of 3 signs with the following caloric information: (1) absolute caloric count, (2) percentage of total recommended daily intake, and (3) physical activity equivalent. We collected data for 1600 beverage sales by Black adolescents, aged 12–18 years, including 400 during a baseline period and 400 for each of the 3 caloric condition interventions. Results. Providing Black adolescents with any caloric information significantly reduced the odds of SSB purchases relative to the baseline (odds ratio [OR] = 0.56; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.36, 0.89). When examining the 3 caloric conditions separately, the significant effect was observed when caloric information was provided as a physical activity equivalent (OR = 0.51; 95% CI = 0.31, 0.85). Conclusions. Providing easily understandable caloric information—particularly a physical activity equivalent—may reduce calorie intake from SSBs among low-income, Black adolescents. PMID:22390447

Consumer choice: Linking consumer intentions to actual purchase of GM labeled food products.

PubMed

Sleenhoff, Susanne; Osseweijer, Patricia

2013-01-01

With a mandatory labeling scheme for GM food in Europe since 2004 measuring actual consumer choice in practice has become possible. Anticipating Europeans negative attitude toward GM food, the labeling was enforced to allow consumers to make an informed choice. We studied consumers actual purchase behavior of GM food products and compared this with their attitude and behavioral intention for buying GM food. We found that despite a majority of consumers voicing a negative attitude toward GM food over 50% of our European respondents stated that they did not actively avoid the purchase of GM food and 6% actually purchased one of the few available GM labeled food products in the period between September 2006 and October 2007. Our results imply that a voiced negative attitude of consumers in responses to questionnaires about their intentions is not a reliable guide for what they actually do in supermarkets. We conclude that the assumption of a negative attitude with regard to GM food is at least in part construed.

Annual report procurement and logistics management center Sandia National Laboratories fiscal year 2002.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Palmer, David L.

This report summarizes the purchasing and transportation activities of the Procurement and Logistics Management Center for Fiscal Year 2002. Activities for both the New Mexico and California locations are included.

Public expenditure for plasma-derived and recombinant medicinal products in Italy.

PubMed

Lanzoni, Monica; Candura, Fabio; Calizzani, Gabriele; Biffoli, Claudia; Grazzini, Giuliano

2013-09-01

In Italy, the supply of plasma-derived medicinal products funded by the National Health Service can be through public healthcare facilities, accredited pharmacies or toll fractionation agreements between Regions and the manufacturer. Pharmaceutical public expenditure includes the supply related to the first two channels and costs can significantly vary because of channel-specific price reductions. This paper describes 2011 public expenditure for plasma-derived medicinal products purchased on the market, as well as the cost analysis per active substance. Analysis of the usage of plasma-derived medicinal products and of the related expenditure in public facilities has been carried out using medicinal product traceability data. The analysis related to the accredited pharmacies channel has been carried out using quantities for every medicinal package recorded by Pharmacy Associations and applying reference prices in force on March 1(st), 2012 as well as discounts for the accredited pharmaceutical expenditure imposed by law. At national and regional level, total and total per capita expenditures on plasma-derived medicinal products by market channel and funded by the National Health Service are shown. Analysis was conducted considering the active substances in three groups: substances included in toll fractionation agreements, recombinant coagulation factors, and other substances not included in toll fractionation agreements. In 2011, the national expenditure estimate for plasma-derived and recombinant medicinal product acquisition on the market was about € 535 million. The purchased volumes and mean purchased prices per unit of each substance have a significant influence on the observed regional variability of the pharmaceutical public expenditure. A strategy of regional comparison aimed at both sharing a national range of reference for purchase prices and evaluating modalities for centralised purchasing is desirable.

Defense Science Board 2006 Summer Study on 21st Century Strategic Technology Vectors. Volume 4. Accelerating the Transition of Technologies into U.S. Capabilities

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-04-01

perform more research on future defense technology, the DOD should invest in companies that are leaders in the development of innovative sources of next...well. In fact, the kit from one vender out-performed the standard up-armor kits being produced for the Army’s acquisition team. That Army company ...subsequently purchased the company that had built the improved performance kit. As part of the process to look at alternatives, the Army Material

Obesity and psychotropic medication: a prospective register linkage study among midlife women and men.

PubMed

Svärd, Anna; Lahti, Jouni; Rahkonen, Ossi; Lahelma, Eero; Lallukka, Tea

2016-06-06

Both obesity and mental health are major public health issues. This study aimed to examine whether overweight and obesity among midlife employees are associated with subsequent psychotropic medication. A further aim was to examine the potential effect of key covariates on the association. The Helsinki Health Study baseline survey was conducted in 2000-2002 among 40-60-year-old employees of the City of Helsinki, Finland (n = 8960). The participants were classified as of normal weight (18.5-24.9 kg/m(2)), overweight (25-29.9 kg/m(2)), obese (30-34.9 kg/m(2)) or severely obese (≥35 kg/m(2)) based on self-reported body mass index. Data on psychotropic medication purchases from baseline to 2009 were derived from registers of the Social Insurance Institution of Finland. The final analysis included 4760 women and 1338 men. Antidepressants and sedatives were examined separately. Covariates included socio-demographic factors, workload, health behaviours, physical functioning, somatic ill-health and psychotropic medication prior to baseline. Hazard ratios (HR) for the first psychotropic medication purchase were calculated using Cox regression analysis. Third of women and quarter of men made at least one psychotropic medication purchase during the follow-up. Adjusting for age, obese (HR = 1.57; 95 % CI = 1.10-2.24) and severely obese (HR = 2.15; 95 % CI = 1.29-3.56) men were at risk of having psychotropic medication compared to men of normal weight. These associations disappeared after further adjustment. Severe obesity remained associated with subsequent sedative medication among the men even after full adjustment (HR = 2.12; 95 % CI = 1.17-3.84). No associations were found among the women. Obese and severely obese men, but not women, were at risk of psychotropic medication. Further studies are needed to deepen understanding of the relationship between obesity and mental ill-health, and the possible protecting effects of age, employment, and living environment.

41 CFR 51-10.103 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... mental or physical impairment that substantially limits one or more major life activities. (4) Is... physical or mental impairment that substantially limits major life activities only as a result of the... THE BASIS OF HANDICAP IN PROGRAMS OR ACTIVITIES CONDUCTED BY THE COMMITTEE FOR PURCHASE FROM PEOPLE...

Achieving universal health coverage goals in Thailand: the vital role of strategic purchasing

PubMed Central

Tangcharoensathien, Viroj; Limwattananon, Supon; Patcharanarumol, Walaiporn; Thammatacharee, Jadej; Jongudomsuk, Pongpisut; Sirilak, Supakit

2015-01-01

Strategic purchasing is one of the key policy instruments to achieve the universal health coverage (UHC) goals of improved and equitable access and financial risk protection. Given favourable outcomes of Universal Coverage Scheme (UCS), this study synthesized strategic purchasing experiences in the National Health Security Office (NHSO) responsible for the UCS in contributing to achieving UHC goals. The UCS applied the purchaser–provider split concept where NHSO, as a purchaser, is in a good position to enforce accountability by public and private providers to the UCS beneficiaries, through active purchasing. A comprehensive benefit package resulted in high level of financial risk protection as reflected by low incidence of catastrophic health spending and impoverished households. The NHSO contracted the District Health System (DHS) network, to provide outpatient, health promotion and disease prevention services to the whole district population, based on an annual age-adjusted capitation payment. In most cases, the DHS was the only provider in a district without competitors. Geographical monopoly hampered the NHSO to introduce a competitive contractual agreement, but a durable, mutually dependent relationship based on trust was gradually evolved, while accreditation is an important channel for quality improvement. Strategic purchasing services from DHS achieved a pro-poor utilization due to geographical proximity, where travel time and costs were minimal. Inpatient services paid by Diagnostic Related Group within a global budget ceiling, which is estimated based on unit costs, admission rates and admission profiles, contained cost effectively. To prevent potential under-provisions of the services, some high cost interventions were unbundled from closed end payment and paid on an agreed fee schedule. Executing monopsonistic purchasing power by NHSO brought down price of services given assured quality. Cost saving resulted in more patients served within a finite annual budget. PMID:25378527

12 CFR 343.50 - Where insurance activities may take place.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... OF GENERAL POLICY CONSUMER PROTECTION IN SALES OF INSURANCE § 343.50 Where insurance activities may... consumer who seeks to purchase an insurance product or annuity to a qualified person who sells that product...

Food Purchasing Behaviors and Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Consumption among Canadian Secondary School Students in the COMPASS Study.

PubMed

Godin, Katelyn M; Chaurasia, Ashok; Hammond, David; Leatherdale, Scott T

2018-02-23

To examine whether several food purchasing behaviors (ie, sources of meals or snacks) are associated with adolescents' sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) consumption and whether these associations vary by province. Cross-sectional observational study. Alberta and Ontario, Canada. Secondary school students from Alberta (n = 3,300) and Ontario (n = 37,999) participating in year 2 (2013-2014) of the Cannabis Use, Obesity, Mental Health, Physical Activity, Alcohol Use, Smoking, Sedentary Behavior (COMPASS) study. Participants' self-reported frequency of consuming 3 SSB types (soft drinks, sweetened coffees/teas, and energy drinks) in a typical week. Hierarchical Poisson regression analyses. Participants from Alberta had a significantly (P < .05) higher rate of consuming SSBs and purchasing meals or snacks from school food outlets compared with their Ontario counterparts. Most of the food purchasing behaviors were significantly (P < .05) and positively associated with greater rates of SSB consumption. Meal or snack purchases on weekends (vs weekdays) and from food outlets off school property (vs on school property) had a greater association with SSB consumption. Eating a home-packed lunch was protective against SSB consumption across models. Adolescents' food purchasing behaviors have a significant impact on their propensity for SSB consumption. These data demonstrate potentially important contexts for SSB consumption and have implications for possible settings and strategies for future interventions to reduce adolescents' SSB intake. Copyright © 2017 Society for Nutrition Education and Behavior. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Achieving universal health coverage goals in Thailand: the vital role of strategic purchasing.

PubMed

Tangcharoensathien, Viroj; Limwattananon, Supon; Patcharanarumol, Walaiporn; Thammatacharee, Jadej; Jongudomsuk, Pongpisut; Sirilak, Supakit

2015-11-01

Strategic purchasing is one of the key policy instruments to achieve the universal health coverage (UHC) goals of improved and equitable access and financial risk protection. Given favourable outcomes of Universal Coverage Scheme (UCS), this study synthesized strategic purchasing experiences in the National Health Security Office (NHSO) responsible for the UCS in contributing to achieving UHC goals. The UCS applied the purchaser-provider split concept where NHSO, as a purchaser, is in a good position to enforce accountability by public and private providers to the UCS beneficiaries, through active purchasing. A comprehensive benefit package resulted in high level of financial risk protection as reflected by low incidence of catastrophic health spending and impoverished households. The NHSO contracted the District Health System (DHS) network, to provide outpatient, health promotion and disease prevention services to the whole district population, based on an annual age-adjusted capitation payment. In most cases, the DHS was the only provider in a district without competitors. Geographical monopoly hampered the NHSO to introduce a competitive contractual agreement, but a durable, mutually dependent relationship based on trust was gradually evolved, while accreditation is an important channel for quality improvement. Strategic purchasing services from DHS achieved a pro-poor utilization due to geographical proximity, where travel time and costs were minimal. Inpatient services paid by Diagnostic Related Group within a global budget ceiling, which is estimated based on unit costs, admission rates and admission profiles, contained cost effectively. To prevent potential under-provisions of the services, some high cost interventions were unbundled from closed end payment and paid on an agreed fee schedule. Executing monopsonistic purchasing power by NHSO brought down price of services given assured quality. Cost saving resulted in more patients served within a finite annual budget. Published by Oxford University Press in association with The London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine © The Author 2014.

BIOMASS REBURNING - MEDELING/ENGINEERING STUDIES

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Vladimir Zamansky; Michael Booth

This project is designed to develop engineering and modeling tools for a family of NO{sub x} control technologies utilizing biomass as a reburning fuel. During the seventh reporting period (April 1--June 30, 1999), no information was received at EER on scheduled FETC R&D group's project activities. EER activities were on hold due to the pending purchase of the Niagara Mohawk's Dunkirk Station, a target demonstration site in this program, and then by the actual purchase of the Station by NRG. This report includes information about the current project status, recently submitted to NRG for soliciting their interest to proceed withmore » biomass reburn demonstration, and notes on alternative demonstrative partners.« less

Green Power Marketing in the United States: A Status Report (Eighth Edition)

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Bird, L.; Swezey, B.

Voluntary consumer decisions to purchase electricity supplied by renewable energy sources represent a powerful market support mechanism for renewable energy development. Beginning in the early 1990s, a small number of U.S. utilities began offering "green power" options to their customers. Since then, these products have become more prevalent, both from utilities and in states that have introduced competition into their retail electricity markets. Today, more than 50% of all U.S. consumers have an option to purchase some type of green power product from a retail electricity provider. This report provides an overview of green power marketing activity in the Unitedmore » States. The first section provides an overview of green power markets, consumer response, and recent industry trends. The second section provides brief descriptions of utility green pricing programs. The third section describes companies that actively market green power in competitive markets and those that market renewable energy certificates nationally or regionally. The final section provides information on a select number of large, nonresidential green power purchasers, including businesses, universities, and government agencies.« less

Green Power Marketing in the United States: A Status Report; Seventh Edition

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Bird, L.; Swezey, B.

Voluntary consumer decisions to purchase electricity supplied from renewable energy sources represent a powerful market support mechanism for renewable energy development. Beginning in the early 1990s, a small number of U.S. utilities began offering ''green power'' options to their customers. Since then, these products have become more prevalent both from utilities and in states that have introduced competition into their retail electricity markets. Today, more than 50% of all U.S. consumers have an option to purchase some type of green power product from a retail electricity provider. This report provides an overview of green power marketing activity in the Unitedmore » States. The first section provides an overview of green power markets, consumer response, and recent industry trends. Section 2 provides brief descriptions of the utility green pricing programs available nationally. Section 3 describes companies that actively market green power in competitive markets and those that market renew able energy certificates nationally or regionally. The last section provides information on a select number of large, nonresidential green power purchasers, including governmental agencies, universities, and businesses.« less

The Role of the Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex in Purchase Intent Among Older Adults.

PubMed

Koestner, Bryan P; Hedgcock, William; Halfmann, Kameko; Denburg, Natalie L

2016-01-01

Older adults are frequently the targets of scams and deception, with millions of individuals being affected each year in the United States alone. Previous research has shown that the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) may play a role in vulnerability to fraud. The current study examined brain activation patterns in relation to susceptibility to scams and fraud using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Twenty-eight healthy, community-dwelling older adults were subdivided into groups of impaired and unimpaired decision makers as determined by their performance on the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT). While in the scanner, the participants viewed advertisements that were created directly from cases deemed deceptive by the Federal Trade Commission (FTC). We then obtained behavioral measures involving comprehension of claims and purchase intention of the product in each advertisement. Contrasts show brain activity in the vmPFC was less correlated with purchase intention in impaired vs. unimpaired older adult decision makers. Our results have important implications for both future research and recognizing the possible causes of fraud susceptibility among older adults.

The Role of the Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex in Purchase Intent Among Older Adults

PubMed Central

Koestner, Bryan P.; Hedgcock, William; Halfmann, Kameko; Denburg, Natalie L.

2016-01-01

Older adults are frequently the targets of scams and deception, with millions of individuals being affected each year in the United States alone. Previous research has shown that the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) may play a role in vulnerability to fraud. The current study examined brain activation patterns in relation to susceptibility to scams and fraud using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Twenty-eight healthy, community-dwelling older adults were subdivided into groups of impaired and unimpaired decision makers as determined by their performance on the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT). While in the scanner, the participants viewed advertisements that were created directly from cases deemed deceptive by the Federal Trade Commission (FTC). We then obtained behavioral measures involving comprehension of claims and purchase intention of the product in each advertisement. Contrasts show brain activity in the vmPFC was less correlated with purchase intention in impaired vs. unimpaired older adult decision makers. Our results have important implications for both future research and recognizing the possible causes of fraud susceptibility among older adults. PMID:27536238

Extending overjustification: the effect of perceived reward-giver intention on response to rewards.

PubMed

Forehand, M R

2000-12-01

The perceived intention model incorporates a new moderator, beliefs about reward-giver intention, into the overjustification paradigm. In 2 simulated shopping studies featuring products paired with promotional rewards, consumers who believed the marketer was promotion focused (reward used to encourage purchase) reported lower purchase intentions and brand attitudes for promoted products after promotion, whereas consumers who believed the marketer was reward focused (promotion used to distribute the reward) showed no attitude change. Promotion-focus beliefs lowered attitudes by heightening the contingency between the promotion and purchase and thereby increasing the perceived causal role of the reward. This effect was contingent on initial behavior--postpromotion attitude change occurred for consumers who actively engaged in product decisions but not for consumers who passively observed the choice sets.

Purification of pharmaceutical preparations using thin-layer chromatography to obtain mass spectra with Direct Analysis in Real Time and accurate mass spectrometry.

PubMed

Wood, Jessica L; Steiner, Robert R

2011-06-01

Forensic analysis of pharmaceutical preparations requires a comparative analysis with a standard of the suspected drug in order to identify the active ingredient. Purchasing analytical standards can be expensive or unattainable from the drug manufacturers. Direct Analysis in Real Time (DART™) is a novel, ambient ionization technique, typically coupled with a JEOL AccuTOF™ (accurate mass) mass spectrometer. While a fast and easy technique to perform, a drawback of using DART™ is the lack of component separation of mixtures prior to ionization. Various in-house pharmaceutical preparations were purified using thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and mass spectra were subsequently obtained using the AccuTOF™- DART™ technique. Utilizing TLC prior to sample introduction provides a simple, low-cost solution to acquiring mass spectra of the purified preparation. Each spectrum was compared against an in-house molecular formula list to confirm the accurate mass elemental compositions. Spectra of purified ingredients of known pharmaceuticals were added to an in-house library for use as comparators for casework samples. Resolving isomers from one another can be accomplished using collision-induced dissociation after ionization. Challenges arose when the pharmaceutical preparation required an optimized TLC solvent to achieve proper separation and purity of the standard. Purified spectra were obtained for 91 preparations and included in an in-house drug standard library. Primary standards would only need to be purchased when pharmaceutical preparations not previously encountered are submitted for comparative analysis. TLC prior to DART™ analysis demonstrates a time efficient and cost saving technique for the forensic drug analysis community. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Effect of private health insurance on health care utilization in a universal public insurance system: a case of South Korea.

PubMed

Jeon, Boyoung; Kwon, Soonman

2013-11-01

This study examined the effect of private health insurance (PHI) on health care utilization in South Korea using a nationally representative sample of 9512 adults participating in Korea Health Panel Survey (KHPS). We compared the health care utilization and subsequent expenditure according to whether or not and how many PHIs are purchased, controlling for the endogeneity of insurance purchase by propensity score matching method and Heckman-type treatment effect model. The results of this study show that the probability of any health care utilization, both outpatient care and inpatient care, is higher for the people who have PHI. For those who utilize health care, PHI has a positive impact on outpatient expenditure, but not on the number of outpatient visits. The effect of PHI on the number of inpatient days and expenditure is not statistically significant among the users of inpatient care. These results imply a need for policy options to mitigate the moral hazard effect of PHI in the outpatient care sector. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

The role of individual differences on perceptions of wearable fitness device trust, usability, and motivational impact.

PubMed

Rupp, Michael A; Michaelis, Jessica R; McConnell, Daniel S; Smither, Janan A

2018-07-01

Lack of physical activity is a severe health concern in the United States with fewer than half of all Americans meeting the recommended weekly physical activity guidelines. Although wearable fitness devices can be effective in motivating people to be active, consumers are abandoning this technology soon after purchase. We examined the impact of several user (i.e. personality, age, computer self-efficacy, physical activity level) and device characteristics (trust, usability, and motivational affordances) on the behavioral intentions to use a wearable fitness device. Novice users completed a brief interaction with a fitness device similar to a first purchase experience before completing questionnaires about their interaction. We found computer self-efficacy, physical activity level, as well as personality traits indirectly increased the desire to use a fitness device and influenced the saliency of perceived motivational affordances. Additionally, trust, usability, and perceived motivational affordances were associated with increased intentions to use fitness devices. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Monitoring Implementation of Active Learning Classrooms at Lethbridge College, 2014-2015

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Benoit, Andy

2017-01-01

Having experienced preliminary success in designing two active learning classrooms, Lethbridge College developed an additional eight active learning classrooms as part of a three-year initiative spanning 2014-2017. Year one of the initiative entailed purchasing new audio-visual equipment and classroom furniture followed by installation. This…

77 FR 29339 - Agency Information Collection Activities; Submission to OMB for Review and Approval; Comment...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-05-17

... Activities; Submission to OMB for Review and Approval; Comment Request; Foreign Purchaser Acknowledgement... nature of the information collection activity and its expected burden and costs. DATES: Additional...(a)(2) of the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) requires an exporter of any...

The impact of grape skin bioactive functionality information on the acceptability of tea infusions made from wine by-products.

PubMed

Cheng, Vern Jou; Bekhit, Alaa El-Din A; Sedcole, Richard; Hamid, Nazimah

2010-05-01

The effect of information on the health benefits of bio-active compounds on the acceptability of 5 tea infusions made from grape skins generated from wine processing waste (from Vitis vinifera var. Pinot Noir and Pinot Gris) was investigated. Samples of tea infusions with natural additives (PNHGT25 and PGGT50) and without additives (control PN, control PG, and PNPG50) were evaluated by 45 in-home consumer panels (30 female, 15 male) before and after information on the health benefits of grape skins were provided. Information significantly increased the overall acceptability, overall aroma, flavor, and aftertaste of the infusions. The results obtained showed a clear tendency toward increased purchase intention (by 29%) when information on the health benefits of the tea infusion samples was provided to consumers. Interactions existed between gender/infusion samples and stage of information on the purchase intention. Females recorded a significant increase (by 53%) in purchase intention, whereas no change in the males' purchase intention was found after information was provided.

Activities to Stimulate Critical Thinking.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Haynes, Thomas B.; Schroeder, Connie

1989-01-01

Describes sample vocational activities that stimulate critical thinking: (1) setting up an accounting system (business education); (2) developing a marketing plan (marketing education); (3) developing a fertilizer application plan (agricultural education); (4) making the best purchase (home economics); (5) planning a repair/remodeling project…

7 CFR 1469.8 - Conservation practices and activities.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 10 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Conservation practices and activities. 1469.8 Section 1469.8 Agriculture Regulations of the Department of Agriculture (Continued) COMMODITY CREDIT CORPORATION, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE LOANS, PURCHASES, AND OTHER OPERATIONS CONSERVATION SECURITY PROGRAM...

The Feedback-Related Negativity and the P300 Brain Potential Are Sensitive to Price Expectation Violations in a Virtual Shopping Task.

PubMed

Schaefer, Alexandre; Buratto, Luciano G; Goto, Nobuhiko; Brotherhood, Emilie V

A large body of evidence shows that buying behaviour is strongly determined by consumers' price expectations and the extent to which real prices violate these expectations. Despite the importance of this phenomenon, little is known regarding its neural mechanisms. Here we show that two patterns of electrical brain activity known to index prediction errors-the Feedback-Related Negativity (FRN) and the feedback-related P300 -were sensitive to price offers that were cheaper than participants' expectations. In addition, we also found that FRN amplitude time-locked to price offers predicted whether a product would be subsequently purchased or not, and further analyses suggest that this result was driven by the sensitivity of the FRN to positive price expectation violations. This finding strongly suggests that ensembles of neurons coding positive prediction errors play a critical role in real-life consumer behaviour. Further, these findings indicate that theoretical models based on the notion of prediction error, such as the Reinforcement Learning Theory, can provide a neurobiologically grounded account of consumer behavior.

Cleaning without chlorinated solvents

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Thompson, L. M.; Simandl, R. F.

1995-01-01

Because of health and environmental concerns, many regulations have been passed in recent years regarding the use of chlorinated solvents. The Oak Ridge Y-12 Plant has had an active program to find alternatives for these solvents used in cleaning applications for the past 7 years. During this time frame, the quantity of solvents purchased has been reduced by 92 percent. The program has been a twofold effort. Vapor degreasers used in batch cleaning operations have been replaced by ultrasonic cleaning with aqueous detergent, and other organic solvents have been identified for use in hand-wiping or specialty operations. In order to qualify these alternatives for use, experimentation was conducted on cleaning ability as well as effects on subsequent operations such as welding, painting, and bonding. Cleaning ability was determined using techniques such as x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) which are capable of examining monolayer levels of contamination on a surface. Solvents have been identified for removal of rust preventative oils, lapping oils, machining coolants, lubricants, greases, and mold releases. Solvents have also been evaluated for cleaning urethane foam spray guns, swelling of urethanes, and swelling of epoxies.

The Feedback-Related Negativity and the P300 Brain Potential Are Sensitive to Price Expectation Violations in a Virtual Shopping Task

PubMed Central

Schaefer, Alexandre; Buratto, Luciano G.; Goto, Nobuhiko; Brotherhood, Emilie V.

2016-01-01

A large body of evidence shows that buying behaviour is strongly determined by consumers’ price expectations and the extent to which real prices violate these expectations. Despite the importance of this phenomenon, little is known regarding its neural mechanisms. Here we show that two patterns of electrical brain activity known to index prediction errors–the Feedback-Related Negativity (FRN) and the feedback-related P300 –were sensitive to price offers that were cheaper than participants’ expectations. In addition, we also found that FRN amplitude time-locked to price offers predicted whether a product would be subsequently purchased or not, and further analyses suggest that this result was driven by the sensitivity of the FRN to positive price expectation violations. This finding strongly suggests that ensembles of neurons coding positive prediction errors play a critical role in real-life consumer behaviour. Further, these findings indicate that theoretical models based on the notion of prediction error, such as the Reinforcement Learning Theory, can provide a neurobiologically grounded account of consumer behavior. PMID:27658301

Secretary | Center for Cancer Research

Cancer.gov

The Basic Science Program (BSP) pursues independent, multidisciplinary research programs in basic or applied molecular biology, immunology, retrovirology, cancer biology, or human genetics. Research efforts and support are an integral part of the Center for Cancer Research (CCR) at the Frederick national Laboratory for Cancer Research (FNLCR). The BSP Office provides procurement and logistical assistance in support of the research activities of the Center for Cancer Research.KEY ROLES/RESPONSIBILITIES The Secretary III will: Provide heavy-volume procurement support to a large customer base of laboratory staff, both Leidos Biomed and CCR (gov’t), using blanket orders, purchase requisitions, credit card, and online warehouse system Data entry into appropriate financial system component (CostPoint, Cor360), status checks on orders, maintenance of orders log, reconciliation of credit card transactions, maintenance of electronic filing systems Providing logistical support for the facilitation of travel packages (both pre-travel and post travel) for Leidos Biomed employees, as well as the coordination of seminar speakers and subsequent reimbursements Composing and answering emails/correspondence Communicating with all levels of personnel, both verbally and in writing, to gather and clearly convey information

Nonprescription Syringe Sales: A Missed Opportunity for HIV Prevention in California

PubMed Central

Pollini, Robin A.; Rudolph, Abby E.; Case, Patricia

2014-01-01

Background California Senate Bill 41 (SB41), effective January 2012, is an HIV prevention measure designed to expand syringe access among injection drug users (IDUs) by allowing pharmacists to sell up to 30 syringes without a prescription. Objective We assessed SB41 implementation in two inland California counties where prevalence of injection drug use is among the highest in the nation. Design Syringe purchase trial. Setting Fresno and Kern counties, California. Participants All retail pharmacies (N=248). Main outcome measure Successful or unsuccessful syringe purchase attempt. Results Only 52 (21.0%) syringe purchase attempts were successful. The proportion of successful attempts did not vary by county or by data collector ethnicity. The most common reasons for unsuccessful syringe purchase attempts were prescription requirements (45.7%), the requested syringe size was not available (10.7%), and the pharmacy did not sell syringes (9.7%). In addition, some syringe purchase attempts (4.1%) were unsuccessful because the data collector was asked to purchase more syringes than allowed by law. Although 80% and 78% of Fresno and Kern residents, respectively, live within a 5-minute drive of a retail pharmacy, less than half live within a 5-minute drive of a pharmacy that sold syringes. Conclusion SB41 has not resulted in broad pharmacy-based syringe access in California's inland counties, where a disproportionate number of HIV/AIDS cases are associated with injection drug use. Additional steps by legislative bodies, regulatory agencies, and professional organizations are needed to actively engage pharmacies in expanding nonprescription syringe sales to reduce HIV transmission among IDUs. PMID:25575149

Green Power Marketing in the United States. A Status Report (2009 Data)

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Bird, Lori; Sumner, Jenny

This report documents green power marketing activities and trends in the United States. First, aggregate green power sales data for all voluntary purchase markets across the United States are presented. Next, we summarize data on utility green pricing programs offered in regulated electricity markets; green power marketing activity in competitive electricity markets, as well as green power sold to voluntary purchasers in the form of RECs; and renewable energy sold as greenhouse gas offsets in the United States. Finally, this is followed by a discussion of key market trends and issues. The data presented in this report are based primarilymore » on figures provided to NREL by utilities and independent renewable energy marketers.« less

Green Power Marketing in the United States: A Status Report (2009 Data)

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Bird, L.; Sumner, J.

This report documents green power marketing activities and trends in the United States. First, aggregate green power sales data for all voluntary purchase markets across the United States are presented. Next, we summarize data on utility green pricing programs offered in regulated electricity markets; green power marketing activity in competitive electricity markets, as well as green power sold to voluntary purchasers in the form of RECs; and renewable energy sold as greenhouse gas offsets in the United States. Finally, this is followed by a discussion of key market trends and issues. The data presented in this report are based primarilymore » on figures provided to NREL by utilities and independent renewable energy marketers.« less

Associations among occupational roles, independence, assistive technology, and purchasing power of individuals with physical disabilities.

PubMed

da Cruz, Daniel Marinho Cezar; Emmel, Maria Luisa Guillaumon

2013-01-01

to verify whether there are associations among occupational roles, independence to perform Activities of Daily Living, purchasing power, and assistive technology for individuals with physical disabilities. 91 individuals with physical disabilities participated in the study. The instruments used were: Role Checklist, Brazilian Economic Classification Criterion, Barthel Index, and a Questionnaire to characterize the subjects. an association with a greater number of roles was found among more independent individuals using a lower number of technological devices. Higher purchasing power was associated with a lower functional status of dependence. even though technology was not directly associated with independence, the latter was associated with a greater number of occupational roles, which requires reflection upon independence issues when considering the participation in occupational roles. These findings support interdisciplinary actions designed to promote occupational roles in individuals with physical disabilities.

Individual and combined effects of cannabis and tobacco on drug reward processing in non-dependent users.

PubMed

Hindocha, Chandni; Lawn, Will; Freeman, Tom P; Curran, H Valerie

2017-11-01

Cannabis and tobacco are often smoked simultaneously in joints, and this practice may increase the risks of developing tobacco and/or cannabis use disorders. Currently, there is no human experimental research on how these drugs interact on addiction-related measures. This study aimed to investigate how cannabis and tobacco, each alone and combined together in joints, affected individuals' demand for cannabis puffs and cigarettes, explicit liking of drug and non-drug-related stimuli and craving. A double-blind, 2 (active cannabis, placebo cannabis) × 2 (active tobacco, placebo tobacco) crossover design was used with 24 non-dependent cannabis and tobacco smokers. They completed a pleasantness rating task (PRT), a marijuana purchase task (MPT) and a cigarette purchase task (CPT) alongside measures of craving pre- and post-drug administration. Relative to placebo cannabis, active cannabis reduced liking of cannabis-associated stimuli and increased response time to all stimuli except cigarette-related stimuli. Relative to placebo cannabis, active cannabis decreased demand for cannabis puffs (trends for breakpoint and elasticity) and cigarettes (breakpoint, P max , O max ) on several characteristics of the purchase tasks. We found no evidence that active tobacco, both alone or combined with cannabis, had an effect on liking, demand or craving. Acutely, cannabis reduced liking of cannabis-related stimuli and demand for cannabis itself. Acute cannabis also reduced demand for cigarettes on the CPT. Acute tobacco administration did not affect demand or pleasantness ratings for cigarettes themselves or cannabis. In non-dependent cannabis and tobacco co-users, tobacco did not influence the rewarding effects of cannabis.

12 CFR 225.28 - List of permissible nonbanking activities.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... management official of the client institution, except where such interlocking relationship is permitted... conducting management consulting activities may provide management consulting services to customers not... customers in payment for goods and services, and purchasing from the merchant validly authorized checks that...

77 FR 13610 - Proposed Information Collection Activity; Comment Request

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-03-07

... Information Collection Activity; Comment Request Proposed Project Title: Head Start Facilities Construction, Purchase and Major Renovations. OMB No.: 0970-0193. Description: The Head Start Bureau is proposing to.... The part contains the administrative requirements applicable to Head Start and Early Head Start...

Results from a post-launch monitoring survey on consumer purchases of foods with added phytosterols in five European countries.

PubMed

Willems, Julie I; Blommaert, Mireille A E; Trautwein, Elke A

2013-12-01

Phytosterols (plant sterols and stanols), in the form of phytosterol-esters, are used in food products as active ingredients to lower elevated blood low density lipoprotein-cholesterol concentrations. In Europe, plant sterol-esters gained Novel Foods authorisation in 2000. As a requirement of the authorisation, Unilever developed a post-launch monitoring program to monitor the use of products with added phytosterols. This paper reports findings from the 2011 post-launch monitoring survey on consumer purchase behaviour of foods with added phytosterols. 91,000 households in the Netherlands, Belgium, United Kingdom, France and Germany were included. 11,612 purchased foods with added phytosterols, including spreads, salad dressings, milk- and yoghurt-type products. The results show that 71-82% of households purchasing products with added phytosterols were 1-2 person households. These households were also purchasing the majority of the volume sold in each country (75-85%). The average phytosterol intakes per household were 0.35-0.86 g/day; well below the 1.5-3.0 g/day phytosterols needed to achieve a significant blood cholesterol lowering benefit. Post-launch monitoring is an accepted and useful tool to estimate the consumption behaviour amongst different consumer groups. Data show that average phytosterol intakes per household were well below 1g/day, suggesting that overconsumption is unlikely. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Activity-Based Costing for Agile Manufacturing Control

DTIC Science & Technology

1998-08-01

INVESTMENT FOR A PROPOSED CAPITAL EQUIPMENT .... PURCHASE...to maintain a complex accounting system to meet your decision-making needs and the requirements of GAAP (Generally Accepted Accounting Principles). An...to be used primarily for job quotation, then some of the secondary activities can be consolidated into "higher" level activities that would shorten the

76 FR 23479 - Civilian Health and Medical Program of the Uniformed Services (CHAMPUS); TRICARE Young Adult

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-04-27

... depending on whether the dependent's sponsor is active duty, retired or eligible under another plan such as... catastrophic caps upon purchasing TRICARE Young Adult coverage. Young adult dependents of members on active... services sponsor's status (active duty, retired, Selected Reserve, or Retired Reserve) and the availability...

Human Body Explorations: Hands-On Investigations of What Makes Us Tick.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kalumuck, Karen E.

This book presents science activities on the human body with materials that can be purchased in a grocery store or pharmacy. Each activity includes an explorer and facilitator guide. Activities include: (1) "Naked Egg"; (2) "Cellular Soap Opera"; (3) "Acid in Your Stomach"; (4) "How Much Do You C?"; (5)…

Automobile or other conveyance and adaptive equipment certificate of eligibility for veterans or members of the armed forces with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Interim final rule.

PubMed

2015-02-25

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) is amending its adjudication regulation regarding certificates of eligibility for financial assistance in the purchase of an automobile or other conveyance and adaptive equipment. The amendment authorizes automatic issuance of a certificate of eligibility for financial assistance in the purchase of an automobile or other conveyance and adaptive equipment to all veterans with service-connected amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and members of the Armed Forces serving on active duty with ALS.

ZINC: A Free Tool to Discover Chemistry for Biology

PubMed Central

2012-01-01

ZINC is a free public resource for ligand discovery. The database contains over twenty million commercially available molecules in biologically relevant representations that may be downloaded in popular ready-to-dock formats and subsets. The Web site also enables searches by structure, biological activity, physical property, vendor, catalog number, name, and CAS number. Small custom subsets may be created, edited, shared, docked, downloaded, and conveyed to a vendor for purchase. The database is maintained and curated for a high purchasing success rate and is freely available at zinc.docking.org. PMID:22587354

Economic evaluation of price discounts and skill-building strategies on purchase and consumption of healthy food and beverages: The SHELf randomized controlled trial.

PubMed

Le, Ha N D; Gold, Lisa; Abbott, Gavin; Crawford, David; McNaughton, Sarah A; Mhurchu, Cliona Ni; Pollard, Christina; Ball, Kylie

2016-06-01

Pricing strategies are a promising approach for promoting healthier dietary choices. However, robust evidence of the cost-effectiveness of pricing manipulations on dietary behaviour is limited. We aimed to assess the cost-effectiveness of a 20% price reduction on fruits and vegetables and a combined skills-based behaviour change and price reduction intervention. Cost-effectiveness analysis from a societal perspective was undertaken for the randomized controlled trial Supermarket Healthy Eating for Life (SHELf). Female shoppers in Melbourne, Australia were randomized to: (1) skill-building (n = 160); (2) price reductions (n = 161); (3) combined skill-building and price reduction (n = 161); or (4) control group (n = 161). The intervention was implemented for three months followed by a six month follow-up. Costs were measured in 2012 Australian dollars. Fruit and vegetable purchasing and consumption were measured in grams/week. At three months, compared to control participants, price reduction participants increased vegetable purchases by 233 g/week (95% CI 4 to 462, p = 0.046) and fruit purchases by 364 g/week (95% CI 95 to 633, p = 0.008). Participants in the combined group purchased 280 g/week more fruits (95% CI 27 to 533, p = 0.03) than participants in the control group. Increases were not maintained six-month post intervention. No effect was noticed in the skill-building group. Compared to the control group, the price reduction intervention cost an additional A$2.3 per increased serving of vegetables purchased per week or an additional A$3 per increased serving of fruit purchased per week. The combined intervention cost an additional A$12 per increased serving of fruit purchased per week compared to the control group. A 20% discount on fruits and vegetables was effective in promoting overall fruit and vegetable purchases during the period the discount was active and may be cost-effective. The price discount program gave better value for money than the combined price reduction and skill-building intervention. The SHELf trial is registered with Current Controlled Trials Registration ISRCTN39432901. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Support for a comprehensive background check requirement and expanded denial criteria for firearm transfers: findings from the firearms licensee survey.

PubMed

Wintemute, Garen J

2014-04-01

Federal and state policies on eligibility to purchase and possess firearms and background check requirements for firearm transfers are undergoing intensive review and, in some cases, modification. Our objective in this third report from the Firearms Licensee Survey (FLS) is to assess support among federally licensed firearms retailers (gun dealers and pawnbrokers) for a background check requirement on all firearm transfers and selected criteria for denying the purchase of handguns based on criminal convictions, alcohol abuse, and serious mental illness. The FLS was conducted by mail during June-August, 2011 on a random sample of 1,601 licensed dealers and pawnbrokers in 43 states who were believed to sell at least 50 firearms annually. The response rate was 36.9%, typical of establishment surveys using such methods. Most respondents (55.4%) endorsed a comprehensive background check requirement; 37.5% strongly favored it. Support was more common and stronger among pawnbrokers than dealers and among respondents who believed that "it is too easy for criminals to get guns." Support was positively associated with many establishment characteristics, including sales of inexpensive handguns, sales that were denied when the purchasers failed background checks, and sales of firearms that were later subjected to ownership tracing, and were negatively associated with sales at gun shows. Support for three existing and nine potential criteria for denial of handgun purchase involving criminal activity, alcohol abuse, and mental illness exceeded 90% in six cases and fell below 2/3 in one. Support again increased with sales of inexpensive handguns and denied sales and decreased with sales of tactical (assault-type) rifles. In this survey, which was conducted prior to mass shootings in Aurora, Colorado; Oak Creek, Wisconsin; Newtown, Connecticut; and elsewhere, licensed firearm sellers exhibited moderate support for a comprehensive background check requirement and very strong support for additional criteria for denial of handgun purchases. In both cases, support was associated with the intensity of respondents' exposure to illegal activities.

Georgia 4-H Consumer Judging.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Blackburn, Mary Ellen; Hall, Doris N.

Materials are provided for a consumer education activity designed to help teenagers make knowledgeable, rational decisions when purchasing goods and services. A student manual describes how the activity--a consumer judging contest--works. Information is provided on how consumers make decisions. Topics include: needs versus wants; sources of…

23 CFR 771.113 - Timing of Administration activities.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... a finding of no significant impact (FONSI) or a record of decision (ROD) and comply with other related environmental laws and regulations to the maximum extent possible during the NEPA process. This... involvement. However, final design activities, property acquisition, purchase of construction materials or...

Green Power Marketing in the United States. A Status Report (2008 Data)

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Bird, Lori; Kreycik, Claire; Friedman, Barry

Voluntary consumer decisions to buy electricity supplied from renewable energy sources represent a powerful market support mechanism for renewable energy development. In the early 1990s, a small number of U.S. utilities began offering 'green power' options to their customers. Since then, these products have become more prevalent, both from traditional utilities and from renewable energy marketers operating in states that have introduced competition into their retail electricity markets or offering renewable energy certificates (RECs) online. Today, more than half of all U.S. electricity customers have an option to purchase some type of green power product directly from a retail electricitymore » provider, while all consumers have the option to purchase RECs. This report documents green power marketing activities and trends in the United States including utility green pricing programs offered in regulated electricity markets; green power marketing activity in competitive electricity markets, as well as green power sold to voluntary purchasers in the form of RECs; and renewable energy sold as greenhouse gas offsets in the United States. These sections are followed by a discussion of key market trends and issues. The final section offers conclusions and observations.« less

Green Power Marketing in the United States: A Status Report (2008 Data)

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Bird, L.; Kreycik, C.; Friedman, B.

Voluntary consumer decisions to buy electricity supplied from renewable energy sources represent a powerful market support mechanism for renewable energy development. In the early 1990s, a small number of U.S. utilities began offering 'green power' options to their customers. Since then, these products have become more prevalent, both from traditional utilities and from renewable energy marketers operating in states that have introduced competition into their retail electricity markets or offering renewable energy certificates (RECs) online. Today, more than half of all U.S. electricity customers have an option to purchase some type of green power product directly from a retail electricitymore » provider, while all consumers have the option to purchase RECs. This report documents green power marketing activities and trends in the United States including utility green pricing programs offered in regulated electricity markets; green power marketing activity in competitive electricity markets, as well as green power sold to voluntary purchasers in the form of RECs; and renewable energy sold as greenhouse gas offsets in the United States. These sections are followed by a discussion of key market trends and issues. The final section offers conclusions and observations.« less

Employers' use of value-based purchasing strategies.

PubMed

Rosenthal, Meredith B; Landon, Bruce E; Normand, Sharon-Lise T; Frank, Richard G; Ahmad, Thaniyyah S; Epstein, Arnold M

2007-11-21

Value-based purchasing by employers has often been portrayed as the lynchpin to quality improvement in a market-based health care system. Although a small group of the largest national employers has been actively engaged in promoting quality measurement, reporting, and pay for performance, it is unknown whether these ideas have significantly permeated employer-sponsored health benefit purchasing. To provide systematic descriptions and analyses of value-based purchasing and related efforts to improve quality of care by health care purchasers. We conducted telephone interviews with executives at 609 of the largest employers across 41 US markets between July 2005 and March 2006. The 41 randomly selected markets have at least 100,000 persons enrolled in health maintenance organizations, include approximately 91% of individuals enrolled in health maintenance organizations nationally, and represent roughly 78% of the US metropolitan population. Using the Dun & Bradstreet database of US employers, we identified the 26 largest firms in each market. Firms ranged in size from 60 to 250,000 employees. The degree to which value-based purchasing and related strategies are reported being used by employers. Percentages were weighted by number of employees. Of 1041 companies contacted, 609 employer representatives completed the survey (response rate, 64%). A large percentage of surveyed executives reported that they examine health plan quality data (269 respondents; 65% [95% confidence interval {CI}, 57%-74%]; P<.001), but few reported using it for performance rewards (49 respondents; 17% [95% CI, 7%-27%]; P=.008) or to influence employees (71 respondents; 23% [95% CI, 13%-33%]). Physician quality information is even less commonly examined (71 respondents; 16% [95% CI, 9%-23%]) or used by employers to reward performance (8 respondents; 2% [95% CI, 0%-3%]) or influence employee choice of providers (34 respondents; 8% [95% CI, 3%-12%]). Surveyed employers as a whole do not appear to be individually implementing incentives and programs in line with value-based purchasing ideals.

Double standards for community sports: promoting active lifestyles but unhealthy diets.

PubMed

Kelly, Bridget; Chapman, Kathy; King, Lesley; Hardy, Louise; Farrell, Louise

2008-12-01

Overweight and obesity in Australia is an emerging health concern. Obesity prevention initiatives must consider both physical activity and nutrition to be effective. Community sports venues have the capacity to promote healthy lifestyles through physical activity as well as healthy food choices. A telephone survey was conducted on parents of children aged 5-17 years in NSW to determine the nature of food and beverages purchased by children at community sporting venues and to determine parent's perception of the role that government should play in regulating the types of food and beverages sold at these outlets. The majority of canteens at children's sporting venues were considered to sell mostly unhealthy food and beverages (53%). Very few parents reported that canteens sold mostly healthy food and beverages. Parents reported that their child's most frequently purchased food and beverage items at outdoor sports fields were water, chocolate and confectionery, soft drink and sports drinks, and ice cream. At community swimming pools the most frequently purchased items were ice cream, followed by snack foods, including chips, cakes and biscuits. Most parents (63%) agreed that government should restrict the types of food and beverages that can be sold at children's sporting venues. Children are receiving inconsistent health messages at sporting venues, with healthy lifestyles being promoted through sports participation, but unhealthy dietary choices being provided at sports canteens.

The effects of material and experiential discretionary purchases on consumer happiness: moderators and mediators.

PubMed

Thomas, Rebecca; Millar, Murray

2013-01-01

Experiential purchases are differentiated from material purchases in terms of objective; experiential purchases serve the purpose of acquiring a life experience, while material purchases serve the purpose of acquiring an object. Research has demonstrated that experiential purchases are associated with more happiness than material purchases. The current study investigated two explanations for this relationship that focused on the how the purchase influenced the self and how the purchase influenced interpersonal relationships. In addition, the study explored whether social economic status would influence the strength of the relationship between the type of purchase and happiness. Participants were required to recall either a recent experiential or material purchase and rate their happiness with the purchase. Then participants completed scales designed to measure the purchase's impact on the self and interpersonal relationships. Last, participants completed a scale to measure social economic status. It was found that Impacts on the Self mediated the relationship between purchase type and happiness and Socioeconomic Status moderated the relationship.

Initial outcomes of the VERB campaign: tweens' awareness and understanding of campaign messages.

PubMed

Huhman, Marian; Bauman, Adrian; Bowles, Heather R

2008-06-01

Assessing the immediate effects of mass-media campaigns provides early evidence of campaign reach into the defined target populations. Assessing these effects early in a multi-year campaign allows for better message targeting in subsequent years. Cross-sectional analysis of a population cohort. Data were collected annually; this paper reports on 1-year outcome data following a mass-media-led intervention to increase physical activity among children aged 9-13 years. The groups initially reached by the campaign and those that understood the campaign messages were identified. Analysis was carried out using logistic regression. Nationally representative cohort of 2729 children aged 9-13 years (tweens). National mass-communications campaign (VERB) from June 2002 to June 2003, using television, print, and radio as the primary communication channels. In addition, there were promotions in communities, in schools, and on the Internet. Prompted and unprompted awareness of the VERB campaign and understanding of the key campaign message. After 1 year, tweens' unprompted awareness of VERB was 17.3%; prompted awareness was 57%; 25.6% had no awareness of VERB. Prompted awareness did not differ by child's age, gender, or ethnicity but was associated with being from a middle- or high-income household, having a parent who was a college graduate, and being active on 7 or more days the previous week. Unprompted awareness was significantly associated with being a girl, being aged 12-14 years, being white, being from a moderate- or high-income household, having a parent with a college degree, and doing 7 or more sessions of physical activity during the week before the survey. The variables associated with high levels of understanding of the campaign message were similar to those for campaign awareness, except there were no differences in campaign understanding by age, and a significant association was found between campaign understanding and parental approval of physical activity. Measuring initial campaign impact identified the magnitude of immediate effects on population target groups achieved through a mass-media campaign. Campaign planners used the information to develop new messages and adjust media purchases in subsequent years of the VERB campaign.

Spring Breaks and Cigarette Tax Noncompliance: Evidence From a New York City College Sample.

PubMed

Consroe, Kimberly; Kurti, Marin; Merriman, David; von Lampe, Klaus

2016-08-01

Estimate cigarette tax noncompliance (tax avoidance and evasion) before and after mid-semester recesses in a New York City college campus, where the majority of students are residents of nearby lower-tax states, using data derived from garbology, an archaeological method that reconstructs patterns of human behavior from discarded materials. We systematically divided the college campus into four geographic areas and established a total of 12 transects (survey lines) and five quadrats (survey spheres) in those areas to encompass 74 outdoor trash cans. Weekly collections of discarded cigarette packs (n = 174) in the four areas during Spring 2012 and 2013 were conducted to quantify the percentage of cigarette packs that were tax noncompliant. Overall, we find that 72.4% of the cigarette packs collected in Spring 2012 and 2013 did not bear the required joint New York City and New York State tax stamp. Additionally, we find that cigarette tax avoidance significantly increased after recesses (mid-March and early April) in Spring 2012 and subsequently declined. We also find that packs with a Virginia tax stamp became more prevalent as time elapsed after each recess. College students practice tax avoidance, drawing on legal purchases from their own home states as the primary source of cheap cigarettes. As stocks decline, some students shift to tax evasion by illegally purchasing cigarettes in New York City that have been bootlegged from low tax states (eg, Virginia). Our study adds to the growing literature on cigarette tax noncompliance (ie, tax avoidance and evasion). First, we provide evidence that college students in our New York City sample avoid the payment of taxes in high tax states by purchasing low taxed cigarettes in their home state. Second, we find that once those sources are depleted, students find access to the black market nearby campus. This black market functions through cigarette tax evasion: the resale of cigarettes purchased in low tax states. Our study suggests that institutions of higher education operating in states with high cigarette taxes and a student body that resides in lower tax states should increase cessation services prior to breaks to discourage bulk purchases of cheap cigarettes. © The Author 2016. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.

Campus sustainable food projects: critique and engagement.

PubMed

Barlett, Peggy F

2011-01-01

Campus sustainable food projects recently have expanded rapidly. A review of four components - purchasing goals, academic programs, direct marketing, and experiential learning - shows both intent and capacity to contribute to transformational change toward an alternative food system. The published rationales for campus projects and specific purchasing guidelines join curricular and cocurricular activities to evaluate, disseminate, and legitimize environmental, economic, social justice, and health concerns about conventional food. Emerging new metrics of food service practices mark a potential shift from rhetoric to market clout, and experiential learning builds new coalitions and can reshape relations with food and place. Campus projects are relatively new and their resilience is not assured, but leading projects have had regional, state, and national impact. The emergence of sustainability rankings in higher education and contract-based compliance around purchasing goals suggests that if support continues, higher education's leadership can extend to the broader agrifood system.

Sales promotion strategies and youth drinking in Australia.

PubMed

Pettigrew, Simone; Biagioni, Nicole; Jones, Sandra C; Daube, Mike; Kirby, Gary; Stafford, Julia; Chikritzhs, Tanya

2015-09-01

This study employed an exploratory approach to generate detailed information about how in-store shopping experiences and exposure to sales promotion activities feature in the alcohol choices of Australian 18-21 year old drinkers. The qualitative methods of interviews, focus groups, and emailed narratives were used during 2014 to collect relevant data. The findings suggest that young drinkers' in-store shopping experiences and exposure to sales promotions influence the type, range, and quantity of alcohol purchased. In particular, the role of sales staff can be critical in increasing the amount of alcohol purchased by drawing drinkers' attention to and encouraging their participation in sales promotions. There thus appears to be an important interaction between promotional practices and young drinkers purchasing substantially larger quantities of alcohol than originally intended. Such practices need review in light of the high risk of alcohol-related harm experienced by many members of this age group. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

The current state of nursing performance measurement, public reporting, and value-based purchasing.

PubMed

Kurtzman, Ellen T; Dawson, Ellen M; Johnson, Jean E

2008-08-01

Over the last decade, there has been a substantial investment in holding health care providers accountable for the quality of care provided in hospitals and other settings of care. This investment has been realized through the proliferation of national policies that address performance measurement, public reporting, and value-based purchasing. Although nurses represent the largest segment of the health care workforce and despite their acknowledged role in patient safety and health care outcomes, they have been largely absent from policy setting in these areas. This article provides an analysis of current nursing performance measurement and public reporting initiatives and presents a summary of emerging trends in value-based purchasing, with an emphasis on activities in the United States. The article synthesizes issues of relevance to advancing the current climate for nursing quality and concludes with key issues for future policy setting.

Accessibility and potency of uterotonic drugs purchased by simulated clients in four districts in India.

PubMed

Stanton, Cynthia; Nand, Deepak Nitya; Koski, Alissa; Mirzabagi, Ellie; Brooke, Steve; Grady, Breanne; Mullany, Luke C

2014-11-13

Surveillance of drug quality for antibiotics, antiretrovirals, antimalarials and vaccines is better established than surveillance for maternal health drugs in low-income countries, particularly uterotonic drugs for the prevention and treatment of postpartum hemorrhage. The objectives of this study are to: assess private sector accessibility of four drugs used for uterotonic purposes (oxytocin, methylergometrine, misoprostol, valethamate bromide); and to assess potency of oxytocin and methylergometrine ampoules purchased by simulated clients. The study was conducted in Hassan and Bagalkot districts in Karnataka state and Agra and Gorakhpur districts in Uttar Pradesh state. A sample of 877 private pharmacies was selected (using a stratified, systematic sampling with random start), among which 847 were successfully visited. The target sample size for assessment of accessibility was 50 pharmacies per drug, per district. The target sample size for potency assessment was 100 purchases each of oxytocin and methylergometrine across all districts. Successful drug purchases varied by state. In Agra and Gorakhpur, 90%-100% of visits for each of the drugs resulted in a purchase. In Bagalkot and Hassan, only 29%-52% of visits for each drug resulted in a purchase. Regarding potency, the percent of active pharmaceutical ingredient was assessed using United States Pharmacopeia monograph #33 for both drugs; 193 and 188 ampoules of oxytocin and methylergometrine, respectively, were assessed. The percent of oxytocin ampoules outside manufacturer specification ranged from 33%-40% in Karnataka and from 22%-50% in Uttar Pradesh. In Bagalkot and Hassan, 96% and 100% of the methylergometrine ampoules were outside manufacturer specification, respectively. In Agra and Gorakhpur, 54% and 44% were outside manufacturer specification, respectively. Private sector accessibility of uterotonic drugs in study districts in Karnataka warrants attention. Most importantly, interventions to assure quality oxytocin and particularly methylergometrine are needed in study districts in both states.

Assessing the problem of counterfeit medications in the United Kingdom.

PubMed

Jackson, G; Patel, S; Khan, S

2012-03-01

Counterfeit medicines pose an ever-increasing threat to public health, although precise tracking of illegal counterfeit prescription drug activity is difficult. Available data indicate that all types of medications have been targeted. Adverse health effects, including death, have resulted from using counterfeit medications; consumers who self-medicate without appropriate interactions with the healthcare system rarely receive adequate healthcare. The Internet provides a large, convenient route for counterfeiters to reach potential buyers with unregulated, often dangerous, products. The majority of medicines purchased via unverified Internet sites are counterfeit; often, these products lack the purported drug compound or have variable concentrations of active ingredients and sometimes contain dangerous toxins. Although many consumers acknowledge some degree of risk with purchasing medications via the Internet, speed, convenience and cost often prompt these purchases. Counterfeit medications also have been detected in the legitimate supply chain, but represent a significantly smaller proportion of sales than those purchased via the Internet. Pilot programmes in Europe have demonstrated that product verification systems prevent penetration of counterfeit products into the legitimate supply chain. Significant EU legislation, including stronger penalties for counterfeiting, is in development. In the United Kingdom, the Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) launched an initiative against counterfeit medication. Healthcare professionals should report suspected cases of counterfeit medication to the MHRA, be alert to threats to the medicine supply, and provide practical advice to patients about ordering medications online, including avoiding unregulated Internet pharmacies, and being suspicious of sites offering substantial discounts and prescription-only medication without a prescription. © 2011 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.

The Difficult Airway Society 'ADEPT' guidance on selecting airway devices: the basis of a strategy for equipment evaluation.

PubMed

Pandit, J J; Popat, M T; Cook, T M; Wilkes, A R; Groom, P; Cooke, H; Kapila, A; O'Sullivan, E

2011-08-01

Faced with the concern that an increasing number of airway management devices were being introduced into clinical practice with little or no prior evidence of their clinical efficacy or safety, the Difficult Airway Society formed a working party (Airway Device Evaluation Project Team) to establish a process by which the airway management community within the profession could itself lead a process of formal device/equipment evaluation. Although there are several national and international regulations governing which products can come on to the market and be legitimately sold, there has hitherto been no formal professional guidance relating to how products should be selected (i.e. purchased). The Airway Device Evaluation Project Team's first task was to formulate such advice, emphasising evidence-based principles. Team discussions led to a definition of the minimum level of evidence needed to make a pragmatic decision about the purchase or selection of an airway device. The Team concluded that this definition should form the basis of a professional standard, guiding those with responsibility for selecting airway devices. We describe how widespread adoption of this professional standard can act as a driver to create an infrastructure in which the required evidence can be obtained. Essential elements are that: (i) the Difficult Airway Society facilitates a coherent national network of research-active units; and (ii) individual anaesthetists in hospital trusts play a more active role in local purchasing decisions, applying the relevant evidence and communicating their purchasing decisions to the Difficult Airway Society. © 2011 The Authors. Anaesthesia © 2011 The Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland.

Mr. Wizard's Supermarket Science.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Herbert, Don

Activities which can be done with items purchased in supermarkets form the basis of this book. The activities are arranged into sections by type of item; breakfast foods; dried foods; soups; baking ingredients; gelatin; condiments; coffee; salad dressing; dairy products; meats; cleaning supplies; cookware; juices; picnic supplies; paper towels;…

A Nationwide Survey of Environmental Protection.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Erdos & Morgan, Inc., New York, NY.

This study was made in two phases. Phase I was conducted to obtain extensive information about "The Wall Street Journal's" subscribers on their business activities, purchasing influence, involvement in pollution control, personal resources, etc. Those personally active in anti-pollution programs received a second survey dealing with environmental…

Universal coverage and its impact on reproductive health services in Thailand.

PubMed

Tangcharoensathien, Viroj; Tantivess, Sripen; Teerawattananon, Yot; Auamkul, Nanta; Jongudoumsuk, Pongpisut

2002-11-01

Thailand has recently introduced universal health care coverage for 45 million of its people, financed by general tax revenue. A capitation contract model was adopted to purchase ambulatory and hospital care, and preventive care and promotion, including reproductive health services, from public and private service providers. This paper describes the health financing system prior to universal coverage, and the extent to which Thailand has achieved reproductive health objectives prior to this reform. It then analyses the potential impact of universal coverage on reproductive health services. Whether there are positive or negative effects on reproductive health services will depend on the interaction between three key aspects: awareness of entitlement on the part of intended beneficiaries of services, the response of health care providers to capitation, and the capacity of purchasers to monitor and enforce contracts. In rural areas, the district public health system is the sole service provider and the contractual relationship requires trust and positive engagement with purchasers. We recommend an evidence-based approach to fine-tune the reproductive health services benefits package under universal coverage, as well as improved institutional capacity for purchasers and the active participation of civil society and other partners to empower beneficiaries.

36 CFR 72.45 - Fundable elements: Innovation grants.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

...., schools, community centers, libraries; unique program expansions or increases in services; purchase of... must be open to the public, incorporate some activities for the general population, and address needs...

Lopez Energy Alternatives project. Final report

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Forbes, R.B.

1985-01-01

The activities reported include: purchase of books and periodical subscriptions on energy-related topics for a community library; organization of energy-related workshops; and monitoring of solar radiation and wind. (LEW)

[Revelation of purchase system of developed nation to large medical equipment group purchase in our country].

PubMed

Tao, Lin; Guan, Bing; Liu, Shan

2011-01-01

There were some features of purchase system in developed nation, such as clear purchase objectives flexible methods, standard programming, emphasis on competition and open process. The measures suggested include playing the role of competition purchasing; establishing the e-business modern purchasing information system; establishing legislation system; and completing business purchasing.

43 CFR 30.160 - What may be purchased at probate?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 43 Public Lands: Interior 1 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false What may be purchased at probate? 30.160... PROCEDURES Purchase at Probate § 30.160 What may be purchased at probate? An eligible purchaser may purchase... survives the decedent), may be purchased at probate with the following exceptions: (1) If an interest is...

[Transparency in public sector acquisitions. The case of hospitals in the City of Buenos Aires].

PubMed

Rossi, T; Murillo Fort, C; Puente Karolys, J C

2002-01-01

This paper deals with corruption and the lack of transparency in public sector purchases as well as with the main instruments to obtain adequate results in purchase negotiation.Firstly, we discuss how corruption causes concern to national governments, international organizations, academic centers, non-governmental organizations and society in general. The consequences of corruption in Argentina and other Latin American countries are highlighted, especially the effect of corruption on economic growth and the way it creates economic inefficiency and inequality.Secondly, the database created by the Subsecretary of Strategic Management of the Autonomous Government of the City of Buenos Aires is analyzed. The central purpose of this study is to evaluate the impact of the Administrative Reform of 1998 on the prices of 24 products acquired by 13 general acute care hospitals from 1998-1999. The weighted prices, the number of units purchased and the total number of contracts given in this period, as well as the products with the greatest utilization rate, are analyzed. Multivariante analysis was used to identify hospitals with appropriate activity and efficient budget administration (activity and negotiation indicators). Price development was analyzed using the regression technique (ordinary least squares), which demonstrated an 8% reduction in prices for the year 1999. The contribution of each hospital to this variation is presented using dummy variables. Thus, six of the 13 hospitals significantly contributed to the decrease in prices. Of these six, three hospitals also contributed to reduction in price dispersion. The results obtained allow us to conclude that, if public hospitals have adequate purchase negotiation instruments and a uniform legal framework, they can achieve a good level of activity. Furthermore, public hospitals can contribute to reductions in price and price dispersion, at the same time as improving efficiency in the assignation and utilization of resources.

Gel Electrophoresis--The Easy Way for Students

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

VanRooy, Wilhelmina; Sultana, Khalida

2010-01-01

This article describes a simple, inexpensive, easy to conduct gel-electrophoresis activity using food dyes. It is an alternative to the more expensive counterparts which require agarose gel, DNA samples, purchased chamber and Tris-borate-EDTA buffer. We suggest some learning activities for senior biology students along with comments on several…

76 FR 10022 - Agency Information Collection Activities; Proposed Collection; Comment Request; Reporting and...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-02-23

... businesses and other organizations to reduce solid waste through waste prevention, recycling, and the... accomplishments of their waste prevention and recycling activities. Partners report the amount of waste prevented... total waste prevention revenue, total recycling revenue, total avoided purchasing costs due to waste...

20 CFR 667.220 - What Workforce Investment Act title I functions and activities constitute the costs of...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... cash management functions; (ii) Procurement and purchasing functions; (iii) Property management functions; (iv) Personnel management functions; (v) Payroll functions; (vi) Coordinating the resolution of... for official business in carrying out administrative activities or the overall management of the WIA...

Tobacco 21: An Important Public Policy to Protect Our Youth.

PubMed

Farber, Harold J; Pakhale, Smita; Neptune, Enid R

2016-12-01

An important approach to reduce youth tobacco use is the adoption of regulations to prohibit tobacco product sale to individuals younger than 21 years, termed Tobacco 21. In the United States, close to 90% of current smokers started smoking before the age of 18 years, and 99% before age 26 years. Earlier age of tobacco use initiation is associated with lower rates of smoking cessation. Increasing minimum age to purchase has been shown to reduce tobacco product use among youth. The critical determinant is likely the loss of social sources of tobacco products. Enforcement activities are important for age-of-purchase laws to be effective. Raising the minimum legal age to purchase tobacco products to 21 years is highly supported among both the smoking and nonsmoking public. Tobacco sales to those younger than 21 years account for just 2% of total tobacco sales, yet produce 90% of new smokers. The short-term effect on small business of raising the minimum age to purchase would be minimal. Small businesses will have time to adapt to the decrease in tobacco sales as fewer youth grow up nicotine addicted. Raising the minimum age to purchase of tobacco and nicotine products to 21 years, combined with enforcement of those restrictions, will help protect future generations from a lifetime of tobacco dependence and associated morbidity. These regulations should apply to all tobacco products, including electronic nicotine delivery systems. Respiratory health care providers should educate their local, state, and federal policy makers on the importance of Tobacco 21.

50 CFR 18.128 - What are the mitigation, monitoring, and reporting requirements?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

..., DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR (CONTINUED) TAKING, POSSESSION, TRANSPORTATION, SALE, PURCHASE, BARTER... early detection system in regards to proximate bear activity to Industry facilities. (4) Offshore sites...

78 FR 43887 - Agency Information Collection Activities: Proposed Collection; Comment Request

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-07-22

... manufacturers and applicable group purchasing organizations (GPOs) of covered drugs, devices, biologicals, or..., applicable manufacturers of covered drugs, devices, biologicals, and medical supplies are required to submit...

48 CFR 339.7000 - Policy.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... Commercial Independent Risk Analysis Services Blanket Purchase Agreements (BPA), dated February 4, 2008, available on the OMB Web site. HHS policy is for contracting activities to use the GSA BPA sources to the...

48 CFR 339.7000 - Policy.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... Commercial Independent Risk Analysis Services Blanket Purchase Agreements (BPA), dated February 4, 2008, available on the OMB Web site. HHS policy is for contracting activities to use the GSA BPA sources to the...

48 CFR 339.7000 - Policy.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... Commercial Independent Risk Analysis Services Blanket Purchase Agreements (BPA), dated February 4, 2008, available on the OMB Web site. HHS policy is for contracting activities to use the GSA BPA sources to the...

48 CFR 339.7000 - Policy.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... Commercial Independent Risk Analysis Services Blanket Purchase Agreements (BPA), dated February 4, 2008, available on the OMB Web site. HHS policy is for contracting activities to use the GSA BPA sources to the...

48 CFR 339.7000 - Policy.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... Commercial Independent Risk Analysis Services Blanket Purchase Agreements (BPA), dated February 4, 2008, available on the OMB Web site. HHS policy is for contracting activities to use the GSA BPA sources to the...

7 CFR 3560.102 - Housing project management.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

..., unless the machine becomes the property of the project after purchase. (iii) Determining if Expenses are... computer learning center activities benefiting tenants are not covered in this prohibition. (viii) It is...

48 CFR 213.306 - SF 44, Purchase Order-Invoice-Voucher.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... REGULATIONS SYSTEM, DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE CONTRACTING METHODS AND CONTRACT TYPES SIMPLIFIED ACQUISITION...) Transactions in support of intelligence and other specialized activities addressed by Part 2.7 of Executive...

12 CFR 225.22 - Exempt nonbanking activities and acquisitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... (ix) Selling, purchasing, or underwriting insurance, such as blanket bond insurance, group insurance... risk-weighted assets (on a consolidated basis) of the acquiring lending company or industrial bank, or...

12 CFR 225.22 - Exempt nonbanking activities and acquisitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... (ix) Selling, purchasing, or underwriting insurance, such as blanket bond insurance, group insurance... risk-weighted assets (on a consolidated basis) of the acquiring lending company or industrial bank, or...

12 CFR 225.22 - Exempt nonbanking activities and acquisitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... (ix) Selling, purchasing, or underwriting insurance, such as blanket bond insurance, group insurance... risk-weighted assets (on a consolidated basis) of the acquiring lending company or industrial bank, or...

7 CFR 3560.102 - Housing project management.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

..., unless the machine becomes the property of the project after purchase. (iii) Determining if Expenses are... computer learning center activities benefiting tenants are not covered in this prohibition. (viii) It is...

7 CFR 3560.102 - Housing project management.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

..., unless the machine becomes the property of the project after purchase. (iii) Determining if Expenses are... computer learning center activities benefiting tenants are not covered in this prohibition. (viii) It is...

7 CFR 3560.102 - Housing project management.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

..., unless the machine becomes the property of the project after purchase. (iii) Determining if Expenses are... computer learning center activities benefiting tenants are not covered in this prohibition. (viii) It is...

38 CFR 17.250 - Scope of the grant program.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... information. The purpose of these grants is to assist medical schools, hospitals, and research centers in... purchasing of equipment, research, training or demonstration activities when necessary to implement exchange...

Mealworms in the Classroom.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

McGlathery, Glenn

1989-01-01

Describes a lesson in which the life-cycle of an insect is studied. Provides information on the purchase and care of the animal and directions for student observations. Questions and activities are included. (RT)

48 CFR 2913.301 - Governmentwide commercial purchase card.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... purchase card. 2913.301 Section 2913.301 Federal Acquisition Regulations System DEPARTMENT OF LABOR... commercial purchase card. (a) The Government purchase card has far fewer requirements for documentation than other methods of purchasing. However, the same legal restrictions apply to credit card purchases that...

Alcohol advertising: what makes it attractive to youth?

PubMed

Chen, Meng-Jinn; Grube, Joel W; Bersamin, Melina; Waiters, Elizabeth; Keefe, Deborah B

2005-09-01

This paper investigates the affective responses of youth toward specific elements featured in television alcohol advertisements (i.e., people character, animal character, music, story, and humor). It also examines the associations between advertising likeability and its potential influence. Respondents were 253 children and adolescents in California (47% male; aged 10-17). Data were collected using self-administered questionnaires in group settings. Respondents were shown a stimulus tape containing television advertisements for beer and soft drinks. The tape was stopped at the end of each advertisement to allow respondents to answer questions about that advertisement before viewing the next. Perceived likeability of beer advertisements is a function of the positive affective responses evoked by the specific elements featured in the advertisements. Liking of specific elements featured in beer advertisements significantly contributed to the overall likeability of these advertisements and subsequently to advertising effectiveness indicated by purchase intent of product and brand promoted by these advertisements. Advertisements that focus primarily on product qualities or send a message of legal drinking age were rated less favorably and evoked less desire to purchase the product. Implications for countering the effects of alcohol advertising on young people are discussed.

Attacking the obesity epidemic: the potential health benefits of providing nutrition information in restaurants.

PubMed

Burton, Scot; Creyer, Elizabeth H; Kees, Jeremy; Huggins, Kyle

2006-09-01

Requiring restaurants to present nutrition information on menus is under consideration as a potential way to slow the increasing prevalence of obesity. Using a survey methodology, we examined how accurately consumers estimate the nutrient content of typical restaurant meals. Based on these results, we then conducted an experiment to address how the provision of nutrition information on menus influences purchase intentions and reported preferences. For both the survey and experiment, data were analyzed using analysis of variance techniques. Survey results showed that levels of calories, fat, and saturated fat in less-healthful restaurant items were significantly underestimated by consumers. Actual fat and saturated fat levels were twice consumers' estimates and calories approached 2 times more than what consumers expected. In the subsequent experiment, for items for which levels of calories, fat, and saturated fat substantially exceeded consumers' expectations, the provision of nutrition information had a significant influence on product attitude, purchase intention, and choice. Most consumers are unaware of the high levels of calories, fat, saturated fat, and sodium found in many menu items. Provision of nutrition information on restaurant menus could potentially have a positive impact on public health by reducing the consumption of less-healthful foods.

19 CFR 200.735-111 - Gambling, betting, and lotteries.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... AND CONDUCT Provisions Governing Ethical and Other Conduct and Responsibilities of Employees § 200.735... or purchasing a numbers slip or ticket. However, this section does not preclude activities: (a...

12 CFR 925.20 - Stock purchase.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 12 Banks and Banking 7 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Stock purchase. 925.20 Section 925.20 Banks and... BANKS Stock Requirements § 925.20 Stock purchase. (a) Minimum stock purchase. Each member shall purchase... outstanding advances. (b) Timing of minimum stock purchase. (1) Within 60 calendar days after an institution...

48 CFR 313.303-5 - Purchases under blanket purchase agreements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 4 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Purchases under blanket purchase agreements. 313.303-5 Section 313.303-5 Federal Acquisition Regulations System HEALTH AND HUMAN... Methods 313.303-5 Purchases under blanket purchase agreements. (e)(5) HHS personnel that sign delivery...

12 CFR 167.12 - Purchased credit card relationships, servicing assets, intangible assets (other than purchased...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 12 Banks and Banking 1 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Purchased credit card relationships, servicing assets, intangible assets (other than purchased credit card relationships and servicing assets), credit... Purchased credit card relationships, servicing assets, intangible assets (other than purchased credit card...

12 CFR 167.12 - Purchased credit card relationships, servicing assets, intangible assets (other than purchased...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 12 Banks and Banking 1 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Purchased credit card relationships, servicing assets, intangible assets (other than purchased credit card relationships and servicing assets), credit... Purchased credit card relationships, servicing assets, intangible assets (other than purchased credit card...

12 CFR 167.12 - Purchased credit card relationships, servicing assets, intangible assets (other than purchased...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 12 Banks and Banking 1 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Purchased credit card relationships, servicing assets, intangible assets (other than purchased credit card relationships and servicing assets), credit... Purchased credit card relationships, servicing assets, intangible assets (other than purchased credit card...

Qualitative Assessment of an Electronic Activity-Tracking Device: Strengths, Weaknesses, and Considerations in Behavior Change Interventions for Health Educators

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Ball, James W.; Bice, Matthew R.; Adkins, Megan M.

2015-01-01

Motivating people to engage in regular physical activity (PA) is a constant struggle for many health education professionals. The purchase of activity-tracking devices (Fitbit, Nike Fuel Band, etc…) has been a popular trend in recent years, presumably to assist users to increase their PA. However, limited research has examined consumer feedback…

Business coalitions on health: their activities and impact.

PubMed

Cronin, C

1994-07-01

Business coalitions on health-generally nonprofit, community-based membership organizations primarily composed of local employers-attempt to manage the cost and quality of health care delivery. They are also active in other areas, including member education, data collection, and selective contracting. With reference to projects related to public accountability for hospital quality of care, coalitions have been involved in legislative support of state public databases, efforts to develop severity-adjusted information on hospital quality, group purchasing from selected hospitals based on cost and quality-an activity conducted in more than 20 locales, and consumer education. With health care reform, coalitions will need to shift from looking solely at individual physicians and hospitals to looking at them in the context of managed care. Balancing the tension between continuous quality improvement activities and public accountability will also be an important issue for coalitions. The future of coalitions after health care reform is uncertain, with scenarios ranging from their demise to their expansion as active purchasing coalitions or their assumption of new roles and activities. Whatever the future viability and focus of health care coalitions, they have effectively served as change agents in their communities.

Off-premise alcohol purchasing in Australia: Variations by age group, income level and annual amount purchased.

PubMed

Jiang, Heng; Callinan, Sarah; Livingston, Michael; Room, Robin

2017-03-01

To delineate what type and how much alcohol is purchased from different types of off-licence premises and how this varies across demographic sub-groups, as a basis for public debate and decisions on pricing and planning policies to reduce alcohol-related harm in Australia. The data on alcohol purchasing from off-licence premises are taken from the Australian Alcohol Consumption and Purchasing survey-a nationally representative landline and mobile telephone survey in 2013 on the experiences with alcohol consumption and purchasing of 2020 Australians aged 16+. The present analysis uses data from 1730 respondents who purchased alcohol from off-licence premises in the previous 6 months. The majority (54%) of alcohol purchased from off-licence premises was sold from liquor barns (large warehouse-style alcohol stores), with bottle shops (31%) the second most common outlet. Cask wine was the cheapest alcohol available at off-licence premises in Australia. Respondents in higher alcohol purchasing quintiles and with those with lower income purchased a higher percentage of cheaper alcohol in their total volume of purchasing than lower purchasing quintiles and those with middle and higher income, and younger respondents purchased more expensive alcohol than older age groups. A minimum unit price or increasing alcohol taxes may effectively reduce alcohol purchasing for lower income heavy alcohol purchasers and older age groups from off-licence premise sources, and may be less effective on younger age groups. [Jiang H, Callinan S, Livingston M, Room R. Off-premise alcohol purchasing in Australia: Variations by age group, income level and annual amount purchased. Drug Alcohol Rev 2017;36:210-219]. © 2016 Australasian Professional Society on Alcohol and other Drugs.

The impact of embarrassment on condom purchase behaviour.

PubMed

Dahl, D W; Gorn, G J; Weinberg, C B

1998-01-01

A survey on the impact of embarrassment on condom purchase behavior was conducted among 130 individuals. The survey sample (93 males, 37 females) were recruited at the University of British Columbia. The primary independent variable of interest was the embarrassment of the respondents when purchasing condoms. The background variables were also considered which included the assessments of sexual behavior, gender, age, and residency status. A 4-point scale was used to measure the intensity of embarrassment and a 5-category scale was used to determine the frequency of condom purchase. The results for purchase embarrassment indicate that 41% of females and 34% of males expressed no embarrassment when making a condom purchase. Gender, age, number of sexual partners in the past year, and residency status were not significantly correlated with purchase embarrassment. 62% of males vs. 40% of females purchased at least once every 6 months. In summary, young people feel embarrassed about purchasing condoms, thus affecting their purchase behavior. The people who reported being more embarrassed purchasing condoms did so less often and purchased fewer condoms per visit. Subjects also tended to purchase from vending machines when possible in lieu of from store clerks or pharmacists.

7 CFR 1484.38 - Can a Cooperator keep proceeds generated from an activity?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

...) COMMODITY CREDIT CORPORATION, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE LOANS, PURCHASES, AND OTHER OPERATIONS PROGRAMS TO HELP DEVELOP FOREIGN MARKETS FOR AGRICULTURAL COMMODITIES Program Operations § 1484.38 Can a Cooperator...

48 CFR 6.302-5 - Authorized or required by statute.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... Academy of Sciences to investigate, examine, or experiment upon any subject of science or art of..., these purchases will involve articles desired or preferred by customers of the selling activities (but...

Topical Pain Relievers May Cause Burns

MedlinePlus

... and joint pain relievers containing the active ingredients menthol, methyl salicylate and capsaicin. These cases were uncovered ... of people who purchase these products, Tan notes. Menthol, methyl salicylate and capsaicin create sensations of local ...

Automobile or Other Conveyance and Adaptive Equipment Certificate of Eligibility for Veterans or Members of the Armed Forces With Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Connected to Military Service. Final rule.

PubMed

2016-01-13

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) published an Interim Final Rule on February 25, 2015, to amend its adjudication regulations to provide a certificate of eligibility for financial assistance in the purchase of an automobile or other conveyance and adaptive equipment for all veterans with service-connected amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and servicemembers serving on active duty with ALS. The amendment authorized automatic issuance of a certificate of eligibility for financial assistance in the purchase of an automobile or other conveyance and adaptive equipment to all veterans with service-connected ALS and members of the Armed Forces serving on active duty with ALS. The intent of this final rule is to confirm the amendment made by the interim final rule without change.

The impact of the internet on community pharmacy practice: a comparison of a Delphi panel's forecast with emerging trends.

PubMed

Holmes, Erin R; Tipton, David J; Desselle, Shane P

2002-01-01

The purpose of this study was to forecast the impact of Internet pharmacy commerce on various stakeholders. A panel of experts assembled from a list of academicians in the social and administrative pharmaceutical sciences participated in a three-iteration Delphi procedure. Feedback from the aggregate responses of the panel was used to construct questionnaires employed in subsequent iterations of the Delphi. The panel converged to form a consensus upon a variety of issues. They forecasted the attainment of a 10-15% share in the market of prescription and over-the-counter pharmaceuticals through on-line purchases, the formation of strategic alliances among stakeholders in the drug distribution process, a shift in marketing strategies by brick-and-mortar stores, an increase in the prevalence of niching among pharmacy service providers and a subsequent growth in the implementation of cognitive services throughout the industry. With few exceptions, the forecast produced by the Delphi panel appears to be coming to fruition.

The challenges of strategic purchasing of healthcare services in Iran Health Insurance Organization: a qualitative study.

PubMed

Gorji, Hasan Abolghasem; Mousavi, Sayyed Masoud Shajari Pour; Shojaei, Ali; Keshavarzi, Anahita; Zare, Hossein

2018-02-01

Strategic purchasing in healthcare services is a key component in improving health system performance, and it has been one of the most important issues in health system reform around the world, especially Europe in the last decade. Iran health system and insurance, although sometimes considered the issue of strategic purchasing goals, has not been made possible to achieve or even to implement, due to the associated problems. To determine the associated problems of strategic purchasing in the Iran Health Insurance Organization (IHIO). This study is a qualitative study, and framework analysis which was conducted in Iran in 2014-15. The participants in this study were 34 individuals from decision-makers and executives in the IHIO purchasing process, and university experts who have been chosen purposefully. This study conducted frame analysis, by using MAXQDA 10. The findings included associated problems of IHIO strategic purchasing in 12 themes and 65 subthemes. The themes included: Laws and regulations for purchasing, Organization of purchasing, Qualified and authorized providers, Right type of services, Right type of contracts, Target groups for purchasing, Resources allocation, financing and pricing system, Purchasing as improving performance and quality, Purchasing as shaping the market and competition, Purchasing as health progress state of people and society, Guided purchasing and stewardship of government, Structure of decision-making process in the health and welfare ministries. The findings of this study showed associated problems in IHIO strategic purchasing. To achieve strategic purchasing goals in Iran, identification of all issues and factors of the total insurers and health system sets which affect strategic purchasing is essential.

78 FR 40953 - Loan Participations; Purchase, Sale and Pledge of Eligible Obligations; Purchase of Assets and...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-07-09

...; Purchase, Sale and Pledge of Eligible Obligations; Purchase of Assets and Assumption of Liabilities...- day effective date, a final rule titled Loan Participations; Purchase, Sale and Pledge of Eligible Obligations; Purchase of Assets and Assumption of Liabilities, effective July 25, 2013. The Board extends the...

Ruminant methane reduction through livestock development in Tanzania. Final report for US Department of Energy and US Initiative on Joint Implementation--Activities Implemented Jointly

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Livingston, Roderick

1999-07-01

This project was designed to help develop the US Initiative on Joint Implementation activities in Eastern Africa. It has been communicated in meetings with representatives from the Ministry of Environment of Tanzania and the consultant group that developed Tanzania's National Climate Change Action Plan, the Centre for Energy, Environment, Science and Technology, that this project fits very well with the developmental and environmental goals of the Government of Tanzania. The goal of the Activities Implemented Jointly ruminant livestock project is to reduce ruminant methane emissions in Eastern Africa. The project plans a sustainable cattle multiplication unit (CMU) at Mabuki Ranchmore » in the Mwanza Region of Tanzania. This CMU will focus on raising genetically improved animals to be purchased by farmers, developmental organizations, and other CMUs in Tanzania. Through the purchase of these animals farmers will raise their income generation potential and reduce ruminant methane emissions.« less

Pedometer Ownership, Motivation, and Walking: Do People Walk the Talk?

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Berry, Tanya R.; Fraser, Shawn N.; Spence, John C.; Bengoechea, Enrique Garcia

2007-01-01

The purpose of this research was to examine whether pedometer ownership and source of pedometer (i.e., self-purchased, a gift, a promotion) was related to physical activity self-efficacy and outcome expectations in relation to physical activity. Further, the authors examined whether there was a relationship between pedometer ownership and…

26 CFR 1.45D-1 - New markets tax credit.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... close of the taxable year of the taxpayer conducting such trade or business, the sum of the aggregate... qualified active low-income community business (ii) Purchase of certain loans from CDEs (A) In general (B...) Example (3) Special rule for reserves (4) Qualified active low-income community business (i) In general (A...

77 FR 37706 - Agency Information Collection Activities: 30-Day Notice of Intention To Request Clearance of...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-06-22

... purchase price is attributable either directly or indirectly to such assets, the transaction may not be... DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR National Park Service [NPS-BSD-CONC-10370; 2410-OYC] Agency Information Collection Activities: 30-Day Notice of Intention To Request Clearance of Collection of Information...

12 CFR 208.85 - Where insurance activities may take place.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... SYSTEM MEMBERSHIP OF STATE BANKING INSTITUTIONS IN THE FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEM (REGULATION H) Consumer Protection in Sales of Insurance § 208.85 Where insurance activities may take place. (a) General rule. A bank... transactions are routinely conducted in the bank may refer a consumer who seeks to purchase an insurance...

12 CFR 14.50 - Where insurance activities may take place.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

....50 Section 14.50 Banks and Banking COMPTROLLER OF THE CURRENCY, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY CONSUMER PROTECTION IN SALES OF INSURANCE § 14.50 Where insurance activities may take place. (a) General rule. A bank... transactions are routinely conducted in the bank may refer a consumer who seeks to purchase an insurance...

12 CFR 536.50 - Where insurance activities may take place.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

....50 Section 536.50 Banks and Banking OFFICE OF THRIFT SUPERVISION, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY CONSUMER PROTECTION IN SALES OF INSURANCE § 536.50 Where insurance activities may take place. (a) General rule. A... savings association may refer a consumer who seeks to purchase an insurance product or annuity to a...

78 FR 26766 - Commission Information Collection Activities (FERC Form 580); Comment Request; Revision

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-05-08

... Information Collection Activities (FERC Form 580); Comment Request; Revision AGENCY: Federal Energy Regulatory... collection, FERC Form No. 580 (Interrogatory on Fuel and Energy Purchase Practices). DATES: Comments on the... (FERC Form No. 580). OMB Control No.: 1902-0131. Type of Request: Three-year approval of the FERC Form...

24 CFR 1000.136 - What insurance requirements apply to housing units assisted with NAHASDA grants?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 24 Housing and Urban Development 4 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false What insurance requirements apply... ACTIVITIES Affordable Housing Activities § 1000.136 What insurance requirements apply to housing units assisted with NAHASDA grants? (a) The recipient shall provide adequate insurance either by purchasing...

48 CFR 231.205-70 - External restructuring costs.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... sale/purchase of assets. (2) External restructuring activities means restructuring activities occurring... a factor of at least two to one; or (B) The costs allowed, and the business combination will result... will exceed the costs allowed by a factor of at least two to one on a present value basis. (ii) The...

43 CFR 30.175 - When does a purchased interest vest in the purchaser?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 43 Public Lands: Interior 1 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false When does a purchased interest vest in the purchaser? 30.175 Section 30.175 Public Lands: Interior Office of the Secretary of the Interior INDIAN PROBATE HEARINGS PROCEDURES Purchase at Probate § 30.175 When does a purchased interest vest in the...

43 CFR 30.175 - When does a purchased interest vest in the purchaser?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 43 Public Lands: Interior 1 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false When does a purchased interest vest in the purchaser? 30.175 Section 30.175 Public Lands: Interior Office of the Secretary of the Interior INDIAN PROBATE HEARINGS PROCEDURES Purchase at Probate § 30.175 When does a purchased interest vest in the...

43 CFR 30.175 - When does a purchased interest vest in the purchaser?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 43 Public Lands: Interior 1 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false When does a purchased interest vest in the purchaser? 30.175 Section 30.175 Public Lands: Interior Office of the Secretary of the Interior INDIAN PROBATE HEARINGS PROCEDURES Purchase at Probate § 30.175 When does a purchased interest vest in the...

43 CFR 30.175 - When does a purchased interest vest in the purchaser?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 43 Public Lands: Interior 1 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false When does a purchased interest vest in the purchaser? 30.175 Section 30.175 Public Lands: Interior Office of the Secretary of the Interior INDIAN PROBATE HEARINGS PROCEDURES Purchase at Probate § 30.175 When does a purchased interest vest in the...

43 CFR 30.175 - When does a purchased interest vest in the purchaser?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 43 Public Lands: Interior 1 2012-10-01 2011-10-01 true When does a purchased interest vest in the purchaser? 30.175 Section 30.175 Public Lands: Interior Office of the Secretary of the Interior INDIAN PROBATE HEARINGS PROCEDURES Purchase at Probate § 30.175 When does a purchased interest vest in the...

Where do people purchase food? A novel approach to investigating food purchasing locations.

PubMed

Thornton, Lukar E; Crawford, David A; Lamb, Karen E; Ball, Kylie

2017-03-07

Studies exploring associations between food environments and food purchasing behaviours have been limited by the absence of data on where food purchases occur. Determining where food purchases occur relative to home and how these locations differ by individual, neighbourhood and trip characteristics is an important step to better understanding the association between food environments and food behaviours. Conducted in Melbourne, Australia, this study recruited participants within sixteen neighbourhoods that were selected based on their socioeconomic characteristics and proximity to supermarkets. The survey material contained a short questionnaire on individual and household characteristics and a food purchasing diary. Participants were asked to record details related to all food purchases made over a 2-week period including food store address. Fifty-six participants recorded a total of 952 food purchases of which 893 were considered valid for analysis. Households and food purchase locations were geocoded and the network distance between these calculated. Linear mixed models were used to determine associations between individual, neighbourhood, and trip characteristics and distance to each food purchase location from home. Additional analysis was conducted limiting the outcome to: (a) purchase made when home was the prior origin (n. 484); and (b) purchases made within supermarkets (n. 317). Food purchases occurred a median distance of 3.6 km (IQR 1.8, 7.2) from participants' homes. This distance was similar when home was reported as the origin (median 3.4 km; IQR 1.6, 6.4) whilst it was shorter for purchases made within supermarkets (median 2.8 km; IQR 1.6, 5.6). For all purchases, the reported food purchase location was further from home amongst the youngest age group (compared to the oldest age group), when workplace was the origin of the food purchase trip (compared to home), and on weekends (compared to weekdays). Differences were also observed by neighbourhood characteristics. This study has demonstrated that many food purchases occur outside what is traditionally considered the residential neighbourhood food environment. To better understand the role of food environments on food purchasing behaviours, further work is needed to develop more appropriate food environment exposure measures.

The challenges of strategic purchasing of healthcare services in Iran Health Insurance Organization: a qualitative study

PubMed Central

Gorji, Hasan Abolghasem; Shojaei, Ali; Keshavarzi, Anahita; Zare, Hossein

2018-01-01

Background Strategic purchasing in healthcare services is a key component in improving health system performance, and it has been one of the most important issues in health system reform around the world, especially Europe in the last decade. Iran health system and insurance, although sometimes considered the issue of strategic purchasing goals, has not been made possible to achieve or even to implement, due to the associated problems. Objective To determine the associated problems of strategic purchasing in the Iran Health Insurance Organization (IHIO). Methods This study is a qualitative study, and framework analysis which was conducted in Iran in 2014–15. The participants in this study were 34 individuals from decision-makers and executives in the IHIO purchasing process, and university experts who have been chosen purposefully. This study conducted frame analysis, by using MAXQDA 10. Results The findings included associated problems of IHIO strategic purchasing in 12 themes and 65 subthemes. The themes included: Laws and regulations for purchasing, Organization of purchasing, Qualified and authorized providers, Right type of services, Right type of contracts, Target groups for purchasing, Resources allocation, financing and pricing system, Purchasing as improving performance and quality, Purchasing as shaping the market and competition, Purchasing as health progress state of people and society, Guided purchasing and stewardship of government, Structure of decision-making process in the health and welfare ministries. Conclusion The findings of this study showed associated problems in IHIO strategic purchasing. To achieve strategic purchasing goals in Iran, identification of all issues and factors of the total insurers and health system sets which affect strategic purchasing is essential. PMID:29629051

Willingness-To-Accept Pharmaceutical Retail Inconvenience: Evidence from a Contingent Choice Experiment

PubMed Central

Finlay, Keith; Stoecker, Charles; Cunningham, Scott

2015-01-01

Objectives Restrictions on retail purchases of pseudoephedrine are one regulatory approach to reduce the social costs of methamphetamine production and use, but may impose costs on legitimate users of nasal decongestants. This is the first study to evaluate the costs of restricting access to medications on consumer welfare. Our objective was to measure the inconvenience cost consumers place on restrictions for cold medication purchases including identification requirements, purchase limits, over-the-counter availability, prescription requirements, and the active ingredient. Methods We conducted a contingent choice experiment with Amazon Mechanical Turk workers that presented participants with randomized, hypothetical product prices and combinations of restrictions that reflect the range of public policies. We used a conditional logit model to calculate willingness-to-accept each restriction. Results Respondents’ willingness-to-accept prescription requirements was $14.17 ($9.76–$18.58) and behind-the-counter restrictions was $9.68 ($7.03–$12.33) per box of pseudoephedrine product. Participants were willing to pay $4.09 ($1.66–$6.52) per box to purchase pseudoephedrine-based products over phenylephrine-based products. Conclusions Restricting access to medicines as a means of reducing the social costs of non-medical use can imply large inconvenience costs for legitimate consumers. These results are relevant to discussions of retail access restrictions on other medications. PMID:26024444

Willingness-to-accept pharmaceutical retail inconvenience: evidence from a contingent choice experiment.

PubMed

Finlay, Keith; Stoecker, Charles; Cunningham, Scott

2015-01-01

Restrictions on retail purchases of pseudoephedrine are one regulatory approach to reduce the social costs of methamphetamine production and use, but may impose costs on legitimate users of nasal decongestants. This is the first study to evaluate the costs of restricting access to medications on consumer welfare. Our objective was to measure the inconvenience cost consumers place on restrictions for cold medication purchases including identification requirements, purchase limits, over-the-counter availability, prescription requirements, and the active ingredient. We conducted a contingent choice experiment with Amazon Mechanical Turk workers that presented participants with randomized, hypothetical product prices and combinations of restrictions that reflect the range of public policies. We used a conditional logit model to calculate willingness-to-accept each restriction. Respondents' willingness-to-accept prescription requirements was $14.17 ($9.76-$18.58) and behind-the-counter restrictions was $9.68 ($7.03-$12.33) per box of pseudoephedrine product. Participants were willing to pay $4.09 ($1.66-$6.52) per box to purchase pseudoephedrine-based products over phenylephrine-based products. Restricting access to medicines as a means of reducing the social costs of non-medical use can imply large inconvenience costs for legitimate consumers. These results are relevant to discussions of retail access restrictions on other medications.

Individuals’ Acceptance to Free-Floating Electric Carsharing Mode: A Web-Based Survey in China

PubMed Central

Wang, Yun; Yan, Xuedong; Zhou, Yu; Xue, Qingwan; Sun, Li

2017-01-01

Carsharing is growing rapidly in popularity worldwide. When the vehicles involved are Battery Electric Vehicles (BEV), carsharing has been proven to remarkably contribute to easing energy and environment crises. In this study, individuals’ acceptance to carsharing in China was measured from three aspects: carsharing mode choice behavior, highest acceptable price to use carsharing, and willingness to forgo car purchases. The data were collected by a web-based survey. The hierarchical tree-based regression (HTBR) method was applied to explore the effects of potential influencing factors on individuals’ acceptance, and some interesting findings were obtained: participants who know about carsharing were more likely to use carsharing, pay higher prices and forgo car purchases; the most competitive trip purpose and trip distance for choosing carsharing were, respectively, business activities and 11–20 km; most participants (47.1%) were willing to pay 1–2 Yuan per minute to use carsharing, and males or participants with higher income-level could accept higher price; and when car purchase restrain policy (CPRP) was carried out in a city or the urban public transport service level (UPTSL) was high, participants were more willing to forgo car purchases. Based on the above findings, corresponding policies were proposed to provide guidance for successful establishment of carsharing in China. PMID:28468318

Individual and group dynamics in purchasing activity

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gao, Lei; Guo, Jin-Li; Fan, Chao; Liu, Xue-Jiao

2013-01-01

As a major part of the daily operation in an enterprise, purchasing frequency is in constant change. Recent approaches on the human dynamics can provide some new insights into the economic behavior of companies in the supply chain. This paper captures the attributes of creation times of purchase orders to an individual vendor, as well as to all vendors, and further investigates whether they have some kind of dynamics by applying logarithmic binning to the construction of distribution plots. It’s found that the former displays a power-law distribution with approximate exponent 2.0, while the latter is fitted by a mixture distribution with both power-law and exponential characteristics. Obviously, two distinctive characteristics are presented for the interval time distribution from the perspective of individual dynamics and group dynamics. Actually, this mixing feature can be attributed to the fitting deviations as they are negligible for individual dynamics, but those of different vendors are cumulated and then lead to an exponential factor for group dynamics. To better describe the mechanism generating the heterogeneity of the purchase order assignment process from the objective company to all its vendors, a model driven by product life cycle is introduced, and then the analytical distribution and the simulation result are obtained, which are in good agreement with the empirical data.

Individuals' Acceptance to Free-Floating Electric Carsharing Mode: A Web-Based Survey in China.

PubMed

Wang, Yun; Yan, Xuedong; Zhou, Yu; Xue, Qingwan; Sun, Li

2017-05-02

Carsharing is growing rapidly in popularity worldwide. When the vehicles involved are Battery Electric Vehicles (BEV), carsharing has been proven to remarkably contribute to easing energy and environment crises. In this study, individuals' acceptance to carsharing in China was measured from three aspects: carsharing mode choice behavior, highest acceptable price to use carsharing, and willingness to forgo car purchases. The data were collected by a web-based survey. The hierarchical tree-based regression (HTBR) method was applied to explore the effects of potential influencing factors on individuals' acceptance, and some interesting findings were obtained: participants who know about carsharing were more likely to use carsharing, pay higher prices and forgo car purchases; the most competitive trip purpose and trip distance for choosing carsharing were, respectively, business activities and 11-20 km; most participants (47.1%) were willing to pay 1-2 Yuan per minute to use carsharing, and males or participants with higher income-level could accept higher price; and when car purchase restrain policy (CPRP) was carried out in a city or the urban public transport service level (UPTSL) was high, participants were more willing to forgo car purchases. Based on the above findings, corresponding policies were proposed to provide guidance for successful establishment of carsharing in China.

Association between consistent purchase of anticonvulsants or lithium and suicide risk: a longitudinal cohort study from Denmark, 1995-2001.

PubMed

Smith, Eric G; Søndergård, Lars; Lopez, Ana Garcia; Andersen, Per Kragh; Kessing, Lars Vedel

2009-10-01

Prior studies suggest anticonvulsants purchasers may be at greater risk of suicide than lithium purchasers. Longitudinal, retrospective cohort study of all individuals in Denmark purchasing anticonvulsants (valproic acid, carbamazepine, oxcarbazepine or lamotrigine) (n=9952) or lithium (n=6693) from 1995-2001 who also purchased antipsychotics at least once (to select out nonpsychiatric anticonvulsant use). Poisson regression of suicides by medication purchased (anticonvulsants or lithium) was conducted, controlling for age, sex, and calendar year. Confounding by indication was addressed by restricting the comparison to individuals prescribed the same medication: individuals with minimal medication exposure (e.g., who purchased only a single prescription of anticonvulsants) were compared to those individuals with more consistent medication exposure (i.e., purchasing > or = 6 prescriptions of anticonvulsants). Demographics and frequency of anticonvulsant, lithium, or antipsychotic use were similar between lithium and anticonvulsant purchasers. Among patients who also purchased antipsychotic at least once during the study period, purchasing anticonvulsants more consistently (> or = 6 prescriptions) was associated with a substantial reduction in the risk of suicide (RR=0.22, 95% CI=0.11-0.42, p<0.0001), similar to patients consistently purchasing lithium (RR=0.27, 95% CI=0.12-0.62, p=0.006). Absolute suicide risks of consistent anticonvulsant and consistent lithium purchasers were similar. Lack of information about diagnoses and potential confounders, as well as other covariates that may differ between minimal and consistent medication purchasers, are limitations to this study. In this longitudinal study of anticonvulsant purchasers likely to have psychiatric disorders, consistent anticonvulsant treatment was associated with decreased risk of completed suicide.

12 CFR 250.143 - Member bank purchase of stock of foreign operations subsidiaries.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... sections taken together already give member banks a great deal of organizational flexibility in conducting... engaged in activities that the bank itself could perform directly as an alternative organizational...

43 CFR 30.164 - What must I do to purchase at probate?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... HEARINGS PROCEDURES Purchase at Probate § 30.164 What must I do to purchase at probate? Any eligible purchaser must submit a written request to OHA to purchase at probate before the decision or order is issued. ... 43 Public Lands: Interior 1 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false What must I do to purchase at probate? 30...

Factors Influencing the Use of Biomedical Health Care by Rural Bolivian Anemic Women: Structural Barriers, Reproductive Status, Gender Roles, and Concepts of Anemia.

PubMed

Bedwell, Rebecca M; Spielvogel, Hilde; Bellido, Diva; Vitzthum, Virginia J

2017-01-01

Non-pregnant women from a rural town and its surrounding region were tested for anemia. During phase 1 (n = 181), anemic women received a written recommendation for low-cost purchase of iron pills at the nearest health center. They were subsequently interviewed on their actions and experiences. Estimated anemia prevalence among these non-pregnant women was 50% higher than the national average. Despite holding conceptualizations of anemia generally aligned with biomedical concepts, only 40% of anemic women attempted to obtain iron supplements from the health center. Town residents were about twice as likely to attempt to purchase pills as outside-town residents. Town women who were concurrently breastfeeding and menstruating, considered anemia most serious for women, and considered family health the shared responsibility of spouses were most likely to decide to purchase iron pills. Age, education, or native language did not negatively influence this health care behavior. Securing iron supplements involves individual trade-offs in the allocation of time, cost and effort. Nonetheless, suitably tailored programs can potentially harness local perceptions in the service of reducing anemia. Because of their comparatively high motivation to obtain iron supplements, targeting concurrently breastfeeding and menstruating women could have a positive cascade effect such that these women continue attending to their iron needs once they stop breastfeeding and if they become pregnant again. Because a sense of shared responsibility for family health appears to encourage women to attend to their own health, programs for women could involve their spouses. Complementing centralized availability, biomedical and traditional healers could distribute iron supplements on rotating visits to outlying areas and/or at highly attended weekly markets.

Clinical Outcomes of Continuation of Metformin Titration Instructions with Electronic Prescribing.

PubMed

Delate, Thomas; Rader, Nathan; Rawlings, Julia E; Smith, Karen; Herner, Sheryl J

2015-06-01

Anecdotal evidence suggests that metformin titration instructions are not being updated and refill requests are approved without modification of the titration instructions such that the titration instructions is continued for patients newly initiated on metformin. This was a retrospective cohort analysis of adult patients who received newly initiated metformin pharmacotherapy. Patients were followed from their initial metformin purchase through two subsequent metformin refill purchases. Outcomes, including the 3-year incidence rate of patients with at least one set of continued titration instructions and proportions of patients with at least one gastrointestinal adverse effect (AE) and those with an elevated glucose measurement at follow-up, were assessed during the time period between patients' second and third metformin purchases. Analyses were performed comparing the exposure (i.e., patients with continued instructions) group to the control (i.e., patients without continued instructions) group. The exposure group had a higher mean age and chronic disease score but lower metformin starting dose than the control group (all p < 0.05). The 3-year incidence rate of patients with at least one continuation of titration instructions was 60.3 % (95 % CI 58.3-62.3). Gastrointestinal AEs were rare with equivalent proportions of patients in each group experiencing an event (p > 0.05). Control patients (48.7 % of patients with a measurement) were more likely to have had poorly controlled glucose than exposure patients (35.7 % of patients with a measurement) (p < 0.001). A high rate of continuation of titration instructions for patients newly initiated on metformin was observed; however, such continuation did not negatively affect clinical outcomes.

Pharmacovigilance of over-the-counter products based in community pharmacy: methodological issues from pilot work conducted in Hampshire and Grampian, UK.

PubMed

Layton, D; Sinclair, H K; Bond, C M; Hannaford, P C; Shakir, S A W

2002-09-01

The incidence of serious adverse events from non-prescription medicines remains to be established. The aim of this initial pilot work, using an observational cohort design, was to determine the feasibility of conducting a pharmacovigilance study of a non-prescription medicine, based in community pharmacies. Community pharmacists from Grampian, Scotland, and Hampshire, England, recruited user-purchasers of ibuprofen. Exposure data were collected from a series of self-completed questionnaires. Outcome data were any new symptoms, use of concomitant medication and subsequent health-care utilization. A total of 1021 eligible customers were recruited, 6.4% (466/7320) and 48.2% (555/1152) by the Hampshire and Grampian networks respectively. The cohorts differed with regard to age, smoking and socio-economic status, reason for purchase and recommendation, and duration of use. The two cohorts reported different use of concomitant medication (46.0 and 65.5%), asthma (7.2 and 10.5%), stomach/peptic ulcer (3.5 and 2.1%), a higher prevalence of gastrointestinal symptoms post-compared to pre-purchase (12.9 vs. 7.2%, p = 0.0006 and 8.8 vs. 5.8%, p = 0.034), ingestion of doses in excess of the licensed non-prescription dose by 5.1 and 3.9%, and discontinuation of treatment because the medicine upset them by 4.5 and 3.1%, respectively. Most participants did not seek medical advice for their symptoms. Greater vigilance is required for adverse events that may be attributable to non-prescription product use. Development of pharmacovigilance models using community pharmacies is one means of systematically collecting information regarding drug safety. Further work is needed to identify a method which maximizes patient recruitment whilst maintaining acceptable follow-up rates.

Trends in the Purchase of Surgical Care in the Community by the Veterans Health Administration.

PubMed

Rosen, Amy K; O'Brien, William; Chen, Qi; Shwartz, Michael; Itani, Kamal F M; Gunnar, William

2017-07-01

The 2014 implementation of the Veterans Choice Program increased opportunities for Veterans to receive care in the community. Although surgical care is a Veterans Health Administration (VHA) priority, little is known about the types of surgeries provided in the VHA versus those referred to community care (CC), and whether Veterans are increasing their use of surgical care through CC with these additional opportunities. To examine national trends across VHA facilities in the frequencies and types of surgeries provided in the VHA and through CC, and explore the association between facilities' purchase of care with rurality and surgical complexity designation. Retrospective study using Veterans Administration (VA) outpatient and CC data from the VA's Corporate Data Warehouse (October 1, 2013-September 30, 2016). Veterans' demographics, outpatient surgeries, facility rurality, and surgical complexity. Our sample included 525,283 outpatient surgeries; 79% occurred in the VHA over the study timeframe. The proportion of CC surgeries increased from 16% in October 2013 to 29% in December 2014, and then subsequently declined, leveling off at 21% in June 2016 (trend, P<0.05). These trends varied by surgery type. Increases in CC surgeries were evident for 4 surgery types: cardiovascular, digestive, eye and ocular, and male genital surgeries (all trends, P<0.05). Rural and low-complexity facilities were more likely to purchase surgical CC than their urban and high-complexity counterparts (P<0.0001). Although the VHA remains the primary provider of surgical care for Veterans, Veterans Choice Program implementation increased Veterans' use of CC relative to the VHA for certain types of surgeries, potentially bringing challenges to the VHA in delivering and coordinating surgical care across settings.

Assessment of the management practices facilitating the establishment and spread of exotic diseases of pigs in the Sydney region.

PubMed

Schembri, N; Hart, K; Petersen, R; Whittington, R

2006-10-01

To assess management factors that would influence the establishment and spread of exotic diseases in pigs in the Sydney region. Saleyard and pig producer practices that could assist the initiation and subsequent spread of exotic diseases in pigs were surveyed and assessed over a 12 month period. Two saleyards in the Sydney region selling pigs were attended weekly for 12 months (2002-2003) to collect details on vendors and purchasers of pigs. Pig producer locations were mapped. All pig farmers on the Department of Primary Industries temporary brand register were surveyed to record management practices and knowledge of exotic diseases. Swine brands were inspected to determine their quality as a tracing mechanism. There were 101 pig sale days during the survey period with 13,869 pigs sold. There were 305 vendors, of whom 95% were identifiable through saleyard records. However, only 40% of the 377 purchasers were identifiable. More than one third of the 1749 transactions were for cash without the identity of the purchaser being recorded at the saleyards. Some 3% of pigs failed to sell and were returned to the property of origin. A total of 64 of 132 pig producers in the Sydney region were surveyed and 52 responded with survey information. The production systems of pig producers were predominately intensive or semi-intensive (88%) with 69% of these operators being small hobby producers. Pigs were mostly fed household and commercial scraps that were free of meat scraps, however, 2 producers were found to be feeding meat scraps (swill) illegally. Some 56% of producers surveyed did not have a tattoo swine brand and of the 23 producers with registered brands, 3 were not available for inspection or were not functional and 2 used the brand irregularly. This survey has identified factors that would assist the establishment and spread of vesicular and other exotic diseases in pigs. The factors included feeding meat scraps (swill), poor farmer knowledge of exotic diseases, ineffective pig owner identification at saleyards, the practice of cash sales that precluded the collection of purchaser details, and inadequate identification of pigs. Tracing the movements of pigs under these circumstances would be difficult.

Observation and assessment of the nutritional quality of 'out of school' foods popular with secondary school pupils at lunchtime.

PubMed

Crawford, Fiona; Mackison, Dionne; Mooney, John D; Ellaway, Anne

2017-11-17

The contemporary Scottish diet is unhealthy and a risk factor for poor health outcomes including obesity. Over a third of Scottish children are at risk of being overweight or obese, and there have been calls to strengthen the evidence base on the role of the food retail environment around schools in influencing the consumption of unhealthy foods. We examined the food retail environment around five secondary schools in Glasgow city, Scotland. Trained fieldworkers observed the food purchasing behaviour of school pupils in local shops. Samples of the most popular foods were subsequently purchased by the research team and assessed for nutritional content, including energy, total and saturated fat, and salt. This was compared with the nutrient standards for school lunches established by the Scottish Government. There was marked variation in the number of outlets identified within a 10 min walk from each school, ranging from five in the area with the lowest number of outlets to thirty in the area with the highest number of outlets. Outlets identified were heterogeneous and included fish and chip shops, kebab shops, convenience stores, newsagents, bakeries, mobile catering units, cafés, pizzerias, sandwich shops and supermarkets. Lunchtime offers and other marketing strategies targeting school pupils were observed at most outlets. Nutritional analysis of the 45 savoury food items purchased was conducted by laboratory staff. Of the foods analysed, 49% of the samples exceeded recommended calorie intake, 58% exceeded total fat recommendations and 64% exceeded saturated fat recommendations, 42% exceeded recommended salt levels. Over 80% of the 45 food items sampled did not comply with one of more of the nutrient standards for fat, saturated fat and salt. Meal deals and promotions of unhealthy foods aimed at pupils were widely available. The majority of pupils purchased unhealthy convenience food of poor nutritional value at lunchtime in local shops around their school. Further effort is required to implement regulatory levers such as taxation on unhealthy foods, restriction on the concentration of outlets selling unhealthy foods as well as the development of partnerships and additional measures within and beyond schools to promote healthy foods.

Quality Testing of Artemisinin-Based Antimalarial Drugs in Myanmar.

PubMed

Guo, Suqin; Kyaw, Myat Phone; He, Lishan; Min, Myo; Ning, Xiangxue; Zhang, Wei; Wang, Baomin; Cui, Liwang

2017-10-01

Artemisinin-based combination therapies are the frontline treatment of Plasmodium falciparum malaria. The circulation of falsified and substandard artemisinin-based antimalarials in Southeast Asia has been a major predicament for the malaria elimination campaign. To provide an update of this situation, we purchased 153 artemisinin-containing antimalarials, as convenience samples, in private drug stores from different regions of Myanmar. The quality of these drugs in terms of their artemisinin derivative content was tested using specific dipsticks for these artemisinin derivatives, as point-of-care devices. A subset of these samples was further tested by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). This survey identified that > 35% of the collected drugs were oral artesunate and artemether monotherapies. When tested with the dipsticks, all but one sample passed the assays, indicating that the detected artemisinin derivative content corresponded approximately to the labeled contents. However, one artesunate injection sample was found to contain no active ingredient at all by the dipstick assay and subsequent HPLC analysis. The continued circulation of oral monotherapies and the description, for the first time, of falsified parenteral artesunate provides a worrisome picture of the antimalarial drug quality in Myanmar during the malaria elimination phase, a situation that deserves more oversight from regulatory authorities.

Making connections: New Orleans Evacuees' experiences in obtaining drugs.

PubMed

Dunlap, Eloise; Johnson, Bruce D; Kotarba, Joseph A; Fackler, Jennifer

2009-09-01

Between August 29 and September 7, 2005, almost all New Orleans residents were evacuated from the area in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina. News reports indicate that almost 130,000 New Orleans Evacuees (NOEs) were evacuated to Houston, Texas, the largest recipient of the civilian population from New Orleans. Some of these NOEs were active participants in the illicit drug market in New Orleans prior to the hurricane. The period between the flooding and the nearly complete evacuation of New Orleans as well as their subsequent displacement to Houston and other locations provided unique opportunities to study what occurs when illicit drug markets are disrupted, since populations of illicit drug users and purchasers could no longer routinely obtain their drugs in predictable ways. Utilizing qualitative data from in-depth interviews and focus groups, this article describes the ways NOEs (1) managed their drug acquisition and use following evacuation; (2) located new sources of drugs in Houston and elsewhere by tapping into shared drug culture; and (3) gained access to and learned the argot for drugs in the local drug market in new settings. This report contributes to the nascent literature on disrupted drug markets.

Discovery of novel InhA reductase inhibitors: application of pharmacophore- and shape-based screening approach.

PubMed

Kumar, Uday Chandra; Bvs, Suneel Kumar; Mahmood, Shaik; D, Sriram; Kumar-Sahu, Prashanta; Pulakanam, Sridevi; Ballell, Lluís; Alvarez-Gomez, Daniel; Malik, Siddharth; Jarp, Sarma

2013-03-01

InhA is a promising and attractive target in antimycobacterial drug development. InhA is involved in the reduction of long-chain trans-2-enoyl-ACP in the type II fatty acid biosynthesis pathway of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Recent studies have demonstrated that InhA is one of the targets for the second line antitubercular drug ethionamide. In the current study, we have generated quantitative pharmacophore models using known InhA inhibitors and validated using a large test set. The validated pharmacophore model was used as a query to screen an in-house database of 400,000 compounds and retrieved 25,000 hits. These hits were further ranked based on its shape and feature similarity with potent InhA inhibitor using rapid overlay of chemical structures (OpenEye™) and subsequent hits were subjected for docking. Based on the pharmacophore, rapid overlay of chemical structures model and docking interactions, 32 compounds with more than eight chemotypes were selected, purchased and assayed for InhA inhibitory activity. Out of the 32 compounds, 28 demonstrated 10-38% inhibition against InhA at 10 µM. Further optimization of these analogues is in progress and will update in due course.

Are users' most recent drug purchases representative?

PubMed

Bond, Brittany; Caulkins, Jonathan P; Scott, Nick; Kilmer, Beau; Dietze, Paul

2014-09-01

Various surveys now ask respondents to describe their most recent purchase of illicit drugs, as one mechanism through which market size can be estimated. This raises the question of whether issues surrounding the timing of survey administration might make a sample of most recent purchases differ from a random sample of all purchases. We investigate these issues through a series of questions which ask about the three most recent purchases, and about drug use. Data were drawn from 688 respondents in the Melbourne Injecting Drug User Cohort Study across the period 2008-2013 and 2782 respondents to the Washington Cannabis Consumption Study in 2013. Responses to questions about the most recent purchases were compared to larger subsets of all recent purchases. For heroin, methamphetamine and cannabis no differences were found between the amount spent by participants on their most recent purchase and the average amount spent on three or more recent purchases. There were also no differences concerning the locations and types of deals, and the duration between consecutive cannabis purchases was the same for first and second most recent, and second and third most recent. Asking about the most recent purchase appears to be an economical way to learn about purchases more generally, with little evidence of substantial variation between the most recent purchase and other recent purchases reported by participants. In spite of consistent findings across our two surveys, further replication of the work reported in this paper involving other populations of users is warranted. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

Domestic uptake of green energy promoted by opt-out tariffs

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ebeling, Felix; Lotz, Sebastian

2015-09-01

Motivating individuals to choose energy from sustainable sources over conventionally produced power constitutes one of the biggest policy challenges for societies. Here we present the results of a randomized controlled trial in Germany that tested the impact of default rules (that is, a type of `nudging’) on voluntary purchases of `green’ energy contracts that entirely stem from renewable resources. Setting the default choice to more expensive `green’ energy (that is, where consumers have to actively opt out if they do not want it) increased purchases of such nearly tenfold. Furthermore, county-level political preference for the green party uniquely predicted behaviour in the absence of the nudge, suggesting that default setting potentially overrules motivational aspects of green energy purchases. In follow-up experiments, we provide further evidence that the effect does not seem to be driven by unawareness. Summarizing, the present research provides an example of using behavioural science for climate change mitigation and shows alternatives to the use of subsidies or other economic incentives.

Highly Processed and Ready-to-Eat Packaged Food and Beverage Purchases Differ by Race/Ethnicity among US Households.

PubMed

Poti, Jennifer M; Mendez, Michelle A; Ng, Shu Wen; Popkin, Barry M

2016-09-01

Racial/ethnic disparities in dietary quality persist among Americans, but it is unclear whether highly processed foods or convenience foods contribute to these inequalities. We examined the independent associations of race/ethnicity with highly processed and ready-to-eat (RTE) food purchases among US households. We determined whether controlling for between-group differences in purchases of these products attenuated associations between race/ethnicity and the nutritional quality of purchases. The 2000-2012 Homescan Panel followed US households (n = 157,142) that scanned their consumer packaged goods (CPG) food and beverage purchases. By using repeated-measures regression models adjusted for sociodemographic characteristics, we examined time-varying associations of race/ethnicity with processed and convenience food purchases, expressed as a percentage of calories purchased. We estimated associations between race/ethnicity and saturated fat, sugar, or energy density of total purchases with and without adjustment for processed and convenience food purchases. Compared with white households, black households had significantly lower purchases of highly processed foods (-4.1% kcal) and RTE convenience foods (-4.9% kcal) and had higher purchases of basic processed foods, particularly cooking oils and sugar (+5.4% kcal), foods requiring cooking/preparation (+4.5% kcal), and highly processed beverages (+7.1% kcal). Hispanics also had lower purchases of highly processed and RTE foods than whites. Blacks had CPG purchases with significantly higher median sugar (+2.2% kcal) and energy density (+72 kcal/1000 g), whereas Hispanics had purchases with lower saturated fat (-0.6% kcal) and energy density (-25 kcal/1000 g) than whites. Racial/ethnic differences remained significant after adjustment for processed and convenience food purchases. In our study, compared with white households, both black and Hispanic households had lower purchases of highly processed and RTE foods, yet had total CPG purchases with differing nutritional quality. Our findings suggest that highly processed convenience foods are associated with, but cannot fully explain, racial/ethnic disparities in the nutritional quality of CPG purchases. © 2016 American Society for Nutrition.

Highly Processed and Ready-to-Eat Packaged Food and Beverage Purchases Differ by Race/Ethnicity among US Households123

PubMed Central

Mendez, Michelle A

2016-01-01

Background: Racial/ethnic disparities in dietary quality persist among Americans, but it is unclear whether highly processed foods or convenience foods contribute to these inequalities. Objective: We examined the independent associations of race/ethnicity with highly processed and ready-to-eat (RTE) food purchases among US households. We determined whether controlling for between-group differences in purchases of these products attenuated associations between race/ethnicity and the nutritional quality of purchases. Methods: The 2000–2012 Homescan Panel followed US households (n = 157,142) that scanned their consumer packaged goods (CPG) food and beverage purchases. By using repeated-measures regression models adjusted for sociodemographic characteristics, we examined time-varying associations of race/ethnicity with processed and convenience food purchases, expressed as a percentage of calories purchased. We estimated associations between race/ethnicity and saturated fat, sugar, or energy density of total purchases with and without adjustment for processed and convenience food purchases. Results: Compared with white households, black households had significantly lower purchases of highly processed foods (–4.1% kcal) and RTE convenience foods (–4.9% kcal) and had higher purchases of basic processed foods, particularly cooking oils and sugar (+5.4% kcal), foods requiring cooking/preparation (+4.5% kcal), and highly processed beverages (+7.1% kcal). Hispanics also had lower purchases of highly processed and RTE foods than whites. Blacks had CPG purchases with significantly higher median sugar (+2.2% kcal) and energy density (+72 kcal/1000 g), whereas Hispanics had purchases with lower saturated fat (–0.6% kcal) and energy density (–25 kcal/1000 g) than whites. Racial/ethnic differences remained significant after adjustment for processed and convenience food purchases. Conclusions: In our study, compared with white households, both black and Hispanic households had lower purchases of highly processed and RTE foods, yet had total CPG purchases with differing nutritional quality. Our findings suggest that highly processed convenience foods are associated with, but cannot fully explain, racial/ethnic disparities in the nutritional quality of CPG purchases. PMID:27466605

Deal or no deal? The prevalence and nutritional quality of price promotions among U.S. food and beverage purchases.

PubMed

Taillie, Lindsey Smith; Ng, Shu Wen; Xue, Ya; Harding, Matthew

2017-10-01

This study examines trends in the prevalence of price promotions among packaged food and beverage purchases, differences in prevalence by household race/ethnicity or income, and the association between price promotions and the nutritional profile of purchases. This cross-sectional study utilizes a dataset of 90 million purchases from 38,744 (2008) to 45,042 (2012) US households in 2008-2012. Chi-square tests were used to examine whether the proportion of purchases with price promotions changed over time or differed by household race/ethnicity or income. T-tests were used to compare purchased products' nutritional profiles. Prevalence of price promotions among packaged food and beverage purchases increased by 8% and 6%, respectively, from 2008 to 2012, with both reaching 34% by 2012. Higher-income households had greater proportions of purchases with price promotions than lower-income households. Asian households had the highest proportion of purchases with any price promotion, followed by non-Hispanic whites. While total price-promoted packaged food purchases had higher mean energy, total sugar, and saturated fat densities than purchases with no price promotions, absolute differences were small. Prevalence of price promotions among US household purchases increased from 2008 to 2012 and was greater for higher-income households. No clear associations emerged between presence of price promotions and nutritional quality of purchases. Copyright © 2017. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Strategic purchasing and health system efficiency: A comparison of two financing schemes in Thailand.

PubMed

Patcharanarumol, Walaiporn; Panichkriangkrai, Warisa; Sommanuttaweechai, Angkana; Hanson, Kara; Wanwong, Yaowaluk; Tangcharoensathien, Viroj

2018-01-01

Strategic purchasing is an essential health financing function. This paper compares the strategic purchasing practices of Thailand's two tax-financed health insurance schemes, the Universal Coverage Scheme (UCS) and the Civil Servant Medical Benefit Scheme (CSMBS), and identifies factors contributing to successful universal health coverage outcomes by analysing the relationships between the purchaser and government, providers and members. The study uses a cross-sectional mixed-methods design, including document review and interviews with 56 key informants. The Comptroller General Department (CGD) of Ministry of Finance manages CSMBS as one among civil servant welfare programmes. Their purchasing is passive. Fee for service payment for outpatient care has resulted in rapid cost escalation and overspending of their annual budget. In contrast, National Health Security Office (NHSO) manages purchasing for UCS, which undertakes a range of strategic purchasing actions, including applying closed ended provider payment, promoting primary healthcare's gate keeping functions, exercising collective purchasing power and engaging views of members in decision making process. This difference in purchasing arrangements resulted in expenditure per CSMBS member being 4 times higher than UCS in 2014. The governance of the purchaser organization, the design of the purchasing arrangements including incentives and use of information, and the institutional capacities to implement purchasing functions are essential for effective strategic purchasing which can improve health system efficiency as a whole.

Strategic purchasing and health system efficiency: A comparison of two financing schemes in Thailand

PubMed Central

2018-01-01

Strategic purchasing is an essential health financing function. This paper compares the strategic purchasing practices of Thailand’s two tax-financed health insurance schemes, the Universal Coverage Scheme (UCS) and the Civil Servant Medical Benefit Scheme (CSMBS), and identifies factors contributing to successful universal health coverage outcomes by analysing the relationships between the purchaser and government, providers and members. The study uses a cross-sectional mixed-methods design, including document review and interviews with 56 key informants. The Comptroller General Department (CGD) of Ministry of Finance manages CSMBS as one among civil servant welfare programmes. Their purchasing is passive. Fee for service payment for outpatient care has resulted in rapid cost escalation and overspending of their annual budget. In contrast, National Health Security Office (NHSO) manages purchasing for UCS, which undertakes a range of strategic purchasing actions, including applying closed ended provider payment, promoting primary healthcare’s gate keeping functions, exercising collective purchasing power and engaging views of members in decision making process. This difference in purchasing arrangements resulted in expenditure per CSMBS member being 4 times higher than UCS in 2014. The governance of the purchaser organization, the design of the purchasing arrangements including incentives and use of information, and the institutional capacities to implement purchasing functions are essential for effective strategic purchasing which can improve health system efficiency as a whole. PMID:29608610

48 CFR 2913.301 - Governmentwide commercial purchase card.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... other methods of purchasing. However, the same legal restrictions apply to credit card purchases that.../Agency Purchase/Credit Card Program procedures. A number of the more common restrictions which... purchase card. 2913.301 Section 2913.301 Federal Acquisition Regulations System DEPARTMENT OF LABOR...

48 CFR 2913.301 - Governmentwide commercial purchase card.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... other methods of purchasing. However, the same legal restrictions apply to credit card purchases that.../Agency Purchase/Credit Card Program procedures. A number of the more common restrictions which... purchase card. 2913.301 Section 2913.301 Federal Acquisition Regulations System DEPARTMENT OF LABOR...

48 CFR 2913.301 - Governmentwide commercial purchase card.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... other methods of purchasing. However, the same legal restrictions apply to credit card purchases that.../Agency Purchase/Credit Card Program procedures. A number of the more common restrictions which... purchase card. 2913.301 Section 2913.301 Federal Acquisition Regulations System DEPARTMENT OF LABOR...

Trends in Cigarette Pricing and Purchasing Patterns in a Sample of US Smokers: Findings from the ITC US Surveys (2002-2011)

PubMed Central

Cornelius, Monica E.; Driezen, Pete; Hyland, Andrew; Fong, Geoffrey T.; Chaloupka, Frank J.; Cummings, K. Michael

2015-01-01

Objective This paper examines trends in cigarette prices and corresponding purchasing patterns over a 9 year period and explores characteristics associated with the quantity and location of cigarettes purchased by adult smokers in the United States. Methods The data for this paper come from a nationally representative longitudinal survey of 6,669 adult smokers (18 years and older) who were recruited and surveyed between 2002 and 2011. Telephone interviews were conducted annually, and smokers were asked a series of questions about the location, quantity (i.e., single vs. multiple packs or cartons), and price paid for their most recent cigarette purchase. Generalized estimating equations were used to assess trends and model characteristics associated with cigarette purchasing behaviors. Results Between 2002 and 2011, the reported purchase of cigarette cartons and the use of coupons declined while multi-pack purchases increased. Compared with those purchasing by single packs, those who purchased by multi-packs and cartons saved an average of $0.53 and $1.63, respectively. Purchases in grocery and discount stores declined, while purchases in tobacco only outlets increased slightly. Female, older, white smokers were more likely to purchase cigarettes by the carton or in multi-packs and in locations commonly associated with tax avoidance (i.e., duty free shops, Indian reservations). Conclusions As cigarette prices have risen, smokers have begun purchasing via multi-packs instead of cartons. As carton sales have declined, purchases from grocery and discount stores have also declined, while an increasing number of smokers report low tax sources as their usual purchase location for cigarettes. PMID:24917617

Trends in cigarette pricing and purchasing patterns in a sample of US smokers: findings from the ITC US Surveys (2002-2011).

PubMed

Cornelius, Monica E; Driezen, Pete; Hyland, Andrew; Fong, Geoffrey T; Chaloupka, Frank J; Cummings, K Michael

2015-07-01

This paper examines trends in cigarette prices and corresponding purchasing patterns over a 9-year period and explores characteristics associated with the quantity and location of cigarettes purchased by adult smokers in the USA. The data for this paper come from a nationally representative longitudinal survey of 6669 adult smokers (18 years and older) who were recruited and surveyed between 2002 and 2011. Telephone interviews were conducted annually, and smokers were asked a series of questions about the location, quantity (ie, single vs multiple packs or cartons) and price paid for their most recent cigarette purchase. Generalised estimating equations were used to assess trends and model characteristics associated with cigarette purchasing behaviours. Between 2002 and 2011, the reported purchase of cigarette cartons and the use of coupons declined while multipack purchases increased. Compared with those purchasing by single packs, those who purchased by multipacks and cartons saved an average of $0.53 and $1.63, respectively. Purchases in grocery and discount stores declined, while purchases in tobacco only outlets increased slightly. Female, older, white smokers were more likely to purchase cigarettes by the carton or in multipacks and in locations commonly associated with tax avoidance (ie, duty free shops, Indian reservations). As cigarette prices have risen, smokers have begun purchasing via multipacks instead of cartons. As carton sales have declined, purchases from grocery and discount stores have also declined, while an increasing number of smokers report low tax sources as their usual purchase location for cigarettes. Published by the BMJ Publishing Group Limited. For permission to use (where not already granted under a licence) please go to http://group.bmj.com/group/rights-licensing/permissions.

Effects of yearling sale purchase price, exercise history, lameness, and athletic performance on purchase price of Thoroughbreds at 2-year-old in-training sales.

PubMed

Preston, Stephanie A; Brown, Murray P; Chmielewski, Terese L; Trumble, Troy N; Zimmel, Dana N; Hernandez, Jorge A

2012-12-01

To determine the effects of yearling sale purchase price, exercise history, lameness, and athletic performance (speed) on purchase price of 2-year-old in-training Thoroughbreds and to compare the distance exercised within 60 days prior to 2-year-old in-training sales between horses with high yearling sale purchase prices versus those with low yearling sale purchase prices and between horses with lameness during training and those without lameness during training. Prospective study. 51 Thoroughbreds. Thoroughbreds purchased at a yearling sale were trained prior to resale at 2-year-old in-training sales. Amount of exercise and lameness status during training and speed of horses at 2-year-old in-training sales were determined. Data were analyzed via the Wilcoxon rank sum test and ANOVA. Median purchase price of horses at 2-year-old in-training sales was $37,000. The 2-year-old in-training sale purchase price was associated with yearling sale purchase price and distance galloped within 60 days prior to and speed recorded at 2-year-old in-training sales. Horses with high yearling sale purchase prices typically had high 2-year-old in-training sale purchase prices, had low distances galloped within 60 days prior to 2-year-old in-training sales, and were classified as fast at 2-year-old in-training sales. Lameness alone was not associated with 2-year-old in-training sales purchase price. However, lameness was associated with a low distance galloped before 2-year-old in-training sales, particularly for horses with a high yearling sale purchase price; this finding suggested that yearling sale purchase price can affect training management decisions for horses with lameness.

Bid purchasing of pharmaceuticals.

PubMed

Swift, R G; Ryan, M R

1978-11-01

The effects of bid purchasing of drug products by hospitals and the factors to consider in bid purchasing of pharmaceuticals are reviewed; further, the prices available with bid purchasing to a specific hospital in 1974 and 1977 are presented. Factors important for a successful bid purchasing system of pharmaceuticals are: (1) use of a formulary policy, (2) an effective procedure for handling bid purchasing and (3) criteria for evaluation of drug products. Significant differences were found between prices available with and without bid purchasing for 50 nonproprietary drug products in 1974 and for 19 products in 1977. Although monetary savings to hospitals do exist with bid purchasing of pharmaceuticals, the degree of savings is dependent upon the drug usage for that hospital.

Constraints and efficiency of cattle marketing in semiarid pastoral system in Kenya.

PubMed

Onono, Joshua Orungo; Amimo, Joshua Oluoch; Rushton, Jonathan

2015-04-01

Livestock keeping is regarded as a store of wealth for pastoralists in Kenya, besides their social and cultural functions. The objective of this study was to prioritize constraints to cattle marketing in a semiarid pastoral area of Narok in Kenya and to analyze efficiency of cattle marketing in transit markets located in Garissa, Kajiado and Narok counties. Primary data collection from traders was done through participatory interviews and market surveys, while time series market price data were obtained from secondary sources. Five focus group interviews were organized with a total of 61 traders in markets from Narok County, while a total of 187 traders who purchased cattle from transit markets provided data on a number of cattle purchased, purpose of purchase, buying prices and mode of transport. Market performance was analyzed through trader's market share, gross margins, Gini coefficient and coefficient of correlation between time series price data. The marketing constraints which were ranked high included lack of market for meat, trekking of cattle to markets, lack of price information and occurrence of diseases. About 10 % of traders purchased over 50 % of cattle which were supplied in markets, revealing a high concentration index. Further, a gross marketing margin per cattle purchased was positive in all markets revealing profitability. Moderate correlation coefficients existed between time series market price data for cattle purchased from Ewaso Ngiro and Mulot markets (r = 0.5; p < 0.05), while those between Dagoretti and Garissa markets were weak (r = 0.2; p > 0.05). The integration of markets, occurrence of diseases and trekking of cattle to markets are factors which may increase a risk of infectious disease spread. These results call for support of disease surveillance activities within markets in pastoral areas so that farms and systems which are connected are protected from threats of infectious diseases.

ORNL Direct Purchase Information System (DPIS) user's manual. [For PDP-10

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Grubb, J.W.; Lovin, J.K.; Smith, M.B.

1980-08-01

The ORNL Management Information System (MIS) Direct Purchase Information System (DPIS) is an on-line interactive system of computer programs. The system can provide a manager with commitment and delivery schedule information on current direct purchase requisitions. The commitment data accounts for the orders that have been placed and those requisitions yet to be placed with a vendor. Information can be summarized at many different levels, and individuals can quickly determine the status of their requisitions. DPIS contains data only on active outside direct purchases, but has the capability to access historical data. It provides sufficient flexibility to be used tomore » answer many questions pertinent to the status of these direct purchases and their obligating costs. Even an inexperienced computer user should have little difficulty in learning to use DPIS. The User Module prompts the user on what type of response it is expecting. If the user has doubts as to the response, or if the meaning of the response is not clear, the module will give a detailed list of the options available at that level. The user has control of what data are to be considered, how they are to be grouped, and what format the output will take. As the user selects the options available at a given level, the module proceeds to the next lower level until sufficient input has been supplied to provide the requested information. A major benefit of this interactive, user-oriented system is that the manager can specify the information requirements and does not have to spend time going through a great deal of other data to locate what is needed. Because it is interactive, a search can begin at a summary level and then resort to a more detailed level if needed. DPIS allows the user direct control for selecting the type of commitment data, output, funds, and direct purchase.« less

48 CFR 1313.303-5 - Purchases under BPAs.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 5 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Purchases under BPAs. 1313... Purchases under BPAs. (a) Individual purchases shall not exceed the simplified acquisition threshold, subject to the following: (1) The limitations for individual purchases against BPAs established against...

48 CFR 32.1108 - Payment by Governmentwide commercial purchase card.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... commercial purchase card. 32.1108 Section 32.1108 Federal Acquisition Regulations System FEDERAL ACQUISITION... Governmentwide commercial purchase card. A Governmentwide commercial purchase card charge authorizes the third party (e.g., financial institution) that issued the purchase card to make immediate payment to the...

48 CFR 2901.603-3 - Appointment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... all warrants above the micro-purchase threshold. In addition, appointments may be made for specific... functions. (a) Purchase Cards (micro-purchase threshold). Purchase cardholders will be appointed in accordance with the DOL Guidelines for Purchase Card Use and the Agency/Office procedures approved by the HCA...

Parent outcome expectancies for purchasing fruit and vegetables: a validation.

PubMed

Baranowski, Tom; Watson, Kathy; Missaghian, Mariam; Broadfoot, Alison; Baranowski, Janice; Cullen, Karen; Nicklas, Theresa; Fisher, Jennifer; O'Donnell, Sharon

2007-03-01

To validate four scales -- outcome expectancies for purchasing fruit and for purchasing vegetables, and comparative outcome expectancies for purchasing fresh fruit and for purchasing fresh vegetables versus other forms of fruit and vegetables (F&V). Survey instruments were administered twice, separated by 6 weeks. Recruited in front of supermarkets and grocery stores; interviews conducted by telephone. One hundred and sixty-one food shoppers with children (18 years or younger). Single dimension scales were specified for fruit and for vegetable purchasing outcome expectancies, and for comparative (fresh vs. other) fruit and vegetable purchasing outcome expectancies. Item Response Theory parameter estimates revealed easily interpreted patterns in the sequence of items by difficulty of response. Fruit and vegetable purchasing and fresh fruit comparative purchasing outcome expectancy scales were significantly correlated with home F&V availability, after controlling for social desirability of response. Comparative fresh vegetable outcome expectancy scale was significantly bivariately correlated with home vegetable availability, but not after controlling for social desirability. These scales are available to help better understand family F&V purchasing decisions.

Documentation Supporting D.C. Water's Request for Reimbursement After the 2009 Presidential Inauguration

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

DC Water located in Washington, DC incurred costs for activities related to the Presidential Inauguration in January 2009. Support included the purchase and installation of special manhole covers with security features.

Use These Seven Checklists to Maintain Firm Control over Business Procedures.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Scebra, J. Boyd

1983-01-01

Checklist for evaluating school management covers (1) budgeting, revenues, expenditures; (2) accounting and payroll; (3) purchasing and warehousing; (4) debts and captial outlay; (5) insurance; (6) property control; and (7) school activity funds. (JBM)

12 CFR 563.22 - Merger, consolidation, purchase or sale of assets, or assumption of liabilities.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... stockholders (if any) of each savings association—giving proper recognition of and protection to their... may consider commuting patterns, newspaper and other advertising activities, or other factors as the...

12 CFR 563.22 - Merger, consolidation, purchase or sale of assets, or assumption of liabilities.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... stockholders (if any) of each savings association—giving proper recognition of and protection to their... may consider commuting patterns, newspaper and other advertising activities, or other factors as the...

41 CFR 51-10.151 - Program accessibility: New construction and alterations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... SEVERELY DISABLED 10-ENFORCEMENT OF NONDISCRIMINATION ON THE BASIS OF HANDICAP IN PROGRAMS OR ACTIVITIES CONDUCTED BY THE COMMITTEE FOR PURCHASE FROM PEOPLE WHO ARE BLIND OR SEVERELY DISABLED § 51-10.151 Program...

78 FR 64194 - Revocation of Statement of Policy on Public Participation in Rulemaking

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-10-28

... assertion with respect to the meat purchasing activities of USDA's Agricultural Marketing Service (AMS). In... legal or policy issue arising out of legal mandates, the President's priorities, or the principles set...

HRIS Vendor Selection.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Moore, James C.

1985-01-01

Questions administrators need to answer when selecting or evaluating a computerized personnel and/or payroll information system cover the type of system, resources for purchasing and/or developing it, activities needed and used for, its use, and issues of responsibility. (MSE)

Report: EPA Should Timely Deobligate Unneeded Contract, Purchase and Miscellaneous Funds

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

Report #16-P-0135, April 11, 2016. When the EPA does not deobligate unliquidated obligations timely, the funds cannot be used for other EPA environmental activities that would benefit human health and the environment.

78 FR 70044 - Agency Information Collection Activities: Comment Request

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-11-22

... seeks to obtain feedback from customers on trade credit insurance policy purchases made in a Fiscal Year...' experiences working with Ex-Im Bank. The survey can be reviewed at: https://www.surveymonkey.com/s/SBCustomer...

Gregg O. Lehman on healthcare business coalitions, purchasing, and health policy. Interview by Joann Genovich-Richards.

PubMed

Lehman, G O

2000-01-01

As President and CEO of the National Business Coalition on Health (NBCH), Gregg Lehman leads a movement of 90 business coalitions nationwide seeking cost-effective, better quality healthcare for employees and their families. Member coalitions represent more than 8,000 employers with more than 32 million employees and dependents. Dr. Lehman has 25 years of leadership experience in higher education, private business, and a national association. In his current position, Dr. Lehman is actively working with coalitions to promote their role in relation to value-based healthcare purchasing and health policy issues. In addition, he is actively developing NBCH into an enterprise that assists local coalitions in developing national contracts and strategic partnerships for healthcare products and services. Dr. Lehman earned a PhD in higher education administration, with a minor in finance and economics, from Purdue University.

The 'third class' of medications: Sales and purchasing behavior are associated with pharmacist only and pharmacy medicine classifications in Australia.

PubMed

Emmerton, Lynne

2009-01-01

Nonprescription (over-the-counter) medications in Australia are classified as Pharmacist Only Medicines, Pharmacy Medicines, or unscheduled medications. This report characterizes these medication classifications using key sales and purchasing behavior variables. Descriptive, nonexperimental, cross-sectional study. 15 pharmacies in southeast Queensland, Australia, with data recorded over 36 hours per pharmacy in mid-August, 2006. Eligible purchasers (n = 3,470 medication purchases) of all nonprescription medications (including nutritional supplements). Researchers documented details of all observed nonprescription medication sales and interviewed all available patients following the transaction. Incidence of product-related consultation, products purchased (brand, dosage form, classification), and purchasing behavior data (including previous purchase, intended use, intended user, and intention to purchase a particular brand). More restrictive classification of the purchased medication was significantly (P < 0.01) associated with younger purchasers, purchase of a single nonprescription medication, intent to self-use the medication, intent to purchase a particular brand, repeat purchase, brand-switching interventions by pharmacy staff, pharmacy staff influence on first-time purchases, and observed consultation by pharmacists. Legislative compliance issues were identified: Pharmacists consulted in only 54.7% of Pharmacist Only Medicine sales and 13 cases (1.7% of observed sales) occurred in which Pharmacist Only and Pharmacy Medicines had been sourced from publicly accessible areas of the store. Pharmacist Only Medicines received greater levels of professional involvement during their sale than Pharmacy Medicines and unscheduled medications, despite higher levels of product familiarity among patients. To optimize the benefits of this classification system, emphasis on professional guidelines is recommended.

Parental Characteristics and Reasons Associated With Purchasing Kids' Meals for Their Children.

PubMed

Lee-Kwan, Seung Hee; Park, Sohyun; Maynard, Leah M; Blanck, Heidi M; McGuire, Lisa C; Collins, Janet L

2018-02-01

Characteristics of parents who purchased kids' meals, reasons for the purchase, and desire for healthy options were examined. Quantitative, cross-sectional study. National. The SummerStyles survey data of 1147 parents (≥18 years). Self-reported outcome variables were purchase of kids' meals (yes/no), reasons for the purchase (13 choices), and desire for healthy options (yes/no). We used multivariable logistic regression to estimate odds ratios (ORs) for purchasing kids' meals based on parental sociodemographic and behavioral characteristics. Over half (51%) of parents reported purchasing kids' meals in the past month. The adjusted OR of purchasing kids' meals were significantly higher among younger parents (OR = 3.44 vs ≥50 years) and among parents who consumed sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) daily (OR = 2.70 vs none). No differences were found for race/ethnicity, income, and education. Parents who purchased kids' meals reported that the top 3 reasons for purchase were (1) because their children asked for kids' meals, (2) habit, and (3) offering of healthier sides such as fruits or fruit cups. Thirty-seven percent of parents who did not purchase kids' meals expressed willingness to purchase kids' meals if healthy options were available; this willingness was highest among younger parents (47%; P < .05). Kids' meal purchases were somewhat common. Our findings on characteristics of parents who frequently bought kids' meals (ie, younger parents and SSB consumers), common reasons for purchasing kids' meals, and willingness to buy healthier kids' meal can be used to inform intervention efforts to improve quality of kids' meals.

48 CFR 619.803-71 - Simplified procedures for 8(a) acquisitions under MOUs.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... activities may use the simplified acquisition procedures of FAR part 13 and DOSAR part 613 to issue purchase orders or contracts, not exceeding $100,000, to 8(a) participants. The $100,000 limitation for use of FAR... letters from, the SBA are required. (b) The contracting activity shall use the Central Contractor...

Recess Physical Activity Packs in Elementary Schools: A Qualitative Investigation

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Elliott, Steven; Combs, Sue; Boyce, Robert

2011-01-01

To supplement the present weekly allotment of 30 minutes of physical education, a school district in southeastern North Carolina identified recess time as part of the state mandated (HSP-S-000) 150 minutes of physical activity (PA) per week and have purchased fitness equipment (recess packs) for the children to use. Twelve participants were…

48 CFR 52.207-5 - Option To Purchase Equipment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 2 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Option To Purchase....207-5 Option To Purchase Equipment. As prescribed in 7.404, insert a clause substantially the same as the following: Option To Purchase Equipment (FEB 1995) (a) The Government may purchase the equipment...

41 CFR 101-25.203 - Centralized purchases by GSA.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 41 Public Contracts and Property Management 2 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 true Centralized purchases by...-Interagency Purchase Assignments § 101-25.203 Centralized purchases by GSA. GSA will exclusively, or with specified limited exceptions, make purchases and contracts on a continuing basis for articles and services...

48 CFR 213.7002 - Purchase orders.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 3 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Purchase orders. 213.7002... Acquisition Procedures Under the 8(a) Program 213.7002 Purchase orders. The contracting officer need not obtain a contractor's written acceptance of a purchase order or modification of a purchase order for an...

22 CFR 132.1 - Purchase.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 22 Foreign Relations 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Purchase. 132.1 Section 132.1 Foreign Relations DEPARTMENT OF STATE MISCELLANEOUS BOOKS, MAPS, NEWSPAPERS, ETC. § 132.1 Purchase. The purchase by the... determination has been made by the Secretary, as permitted by the provisions of the act, that such purchase is...

48 CFR 1553.213 - Small purchases and other simplified purchase procedures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 6 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 true Small purchases and other simplified purchase procedures. 1553.213 Section 1553.213 Federal Acquisition Regulations System ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY CLAUSES AND FORMS FORMS Prescription of Forms 1553.213 Small purchases and other...

12 CFR 390.471 - Purchased credit card relationships, servicing assets, intangible assets (other than purchased...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 12 Banks and Banking 5 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Purchased credit card relationships, servicing assets, intangible assets (other than purchased credit card relationships and servicing assets), credit... THE OFFICE OF THRIFT SUPERVISION Capital § 390.471 Purchased credit card relationships, servicing...

12 CFR 390.471 - Purchased credit card relationships, servicing assets, intangible assets (other than purchased...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 12 Banks and Banking 5 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Purchased credit card relationships, servicing assets, intangible assets (other than purchased credit card relationships and servicing assets), credit... THE OFFICE OF THRIFT SUPERVISION Capital § 390.471 Purchased credit card relationships, servicing...

12 CFR 567.12 - Purchased credit card relationships, servicing assets, intangible assets (other than purchased...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 12 Banks and Banking 6 2013-01-01 2012-01-01 true Purchased credit card relationships, servicing assets, intangible assets (other than purchased credit card relationships and servicing assets), credit... credit card relationships, servicing assets, intangible assets (other than purchased credit card...

12 CFR 567.12 - Purchased credit card relationships, servicing assets, intangible assets (other than purchased...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 12 Banks and Banking 6 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Purchased credit card relationships, servicing assets, intangible assets (other than purchased credit card relationships and servicing assets), credit... credit card relationships, servicing assets, intangible assets (other than purchased credit card...

12 CFR 390.471 - Purchased credit card relationships, servicing assets, intangible assets (other than purchased...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 12 Banks and Banking 5 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Purchased credit card relationships, servicing assets, intangible assets (other than purchased credit card relationships and servicing assets), credit... THE OFFICE OF THRIFT SUPERVISION Capital § 390.471 Purchased credit card relationships, servicing...

12 CFR 567.12 - Purchased credit card relationships, servicing assets, intangible assets (other than purchased...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 12 Banks and Banking 6 2014-01-01 2012-01-01 true Purchased credit card relationships, servicing assets, intangible assets (other than purchased credit card relationships and servicing assets), credit... credit card relationships, servicing assets, intangible assets (other than purchased credit card...

12 CFR 563g.4 - Non-public offering.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... or other organization which was not specifically formed for the purpose of purchasing the security... persons, or by reason of their business or financial experience or the business or financial experience of... that the purchaser is purchasing for the purchaser's own account (or a trust account if the purchaser...

7 CFR 1780.62 - Utility purchase contracts.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 12 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Utility purchase contracts. 1780.62 Section 1780.62..., Constructing and Inspections § 1780.62 Utility purchase contracts. Applicants proposing to purchase water or... may be requested. Form RD 442-30, “Water Purchase Contract,” may be used when appropriate. If the...

41 CFR 51-5.4 - Purchase exceptions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 41 Public Contracts and Property Management 1 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 true Purchase exceptions. 51-5... Contracts COMMITTEE FOR PURCHASE FROM PEOPLE WHO ARE BLIND OR SEVERELY DISABLED 5-CONTRACTING REQUIREMENTS § 51-5.4 Purchase exceptions. (a) A central nonprofit agency will normally grant a purchase exception...

Impact of CVS Pharmacy's Discontinuance of Tobacco Sales on Cigarette Purchasing (2012-2014).

PubMed

Polinski, Jennifer M; Howell, Benjamin; Gagnon, Michael A; Kymes, Steven M; Brennan, Troyen A; Shrank, William H

2017-04-01

To assess the impact of CVS Health's discontinuation of tobacco sales on cigarette purchasing. We used households' purchasing data to assess rates at which households stopped cigarette purchasing for at least 6 months during September 2014 to August 2015 among 3 baseline groups: CVS-exclusive cigarette purchasers, CVS+ (CVS and other retailers), and other-exclusive (only non-CVS retailers). In state-level analyses using retailers' point-of-sale purchase data, an interrupted time series compared cigarette purchasing before (January 2012 to August 2014) and after (September 2014 to April 2015) tobacco removal in 13 intervention states with CVS market share of at least 15% versus 3 control states with no CVS stores. Compared with other-exclusive purchasers, CVS-exclusive purchasers were 38% likelier (95% confidence interval = 1.06, 1.81) to stop cigarette purchasing after tobacco removal. Compared with control states, intervention states had a significant mean decrease of 0.14 (95% confidence interval = 0.06, 0.22) in packs per smoker per month. After CVS's tobacco removal, household- and population-level cigarette purchasing declined significantly. Private retailers can play a meaningful role in restricting access to tobacco. This highlights one approach to reducing tobacco use and improving public health.

Financial incentives and purchase restrictions in a food benefit program affect the types of foods and beverages purchased: results from a randomized trial.

PubMed

French, Simone A; Rydell, Sarah A; Mitchell, Nathan R; Michael Oakes, J; Elbel, Brian; Harnack, Lisa

2017-09-16

This research evaluated the effects of financial incentives and purchase restrictions on food purchasing in a food benefit program for low income people. Participants (n=279) were randomized to groups: 1) Incentive- 30% financial incentive for fruits and vegetables purchased with food benefits; 2) Restriction- no purchase of sugar-sweetened beverages, sweet baked goods, or candies with food benefits; 3) Incentive plus Restriction; or 4) Control- no incentive or restrictions. Participants received a study-specific debit card where funds were added monthly for 12-weeks. Food purchase receipts were collected over 16 weeks. Total dollars spent on grocery purchases and by targeted food categories were computed from receipts. Group differences were examined using general linear models. Weekly purchases of fruit significantly increased in the Incentive plus Restriction ($4.8) compared to the Restriction ($1.7) and Control ($2.1) groups (p <.01). Sugar-sweetened beverage purchases significantly decreased in the Incentive plus Restriction (-$0.8 per week) and Restriction ($-1.4 per week) groups compared to the Control group (+$1.5; p< .0001). Sweet baked goods purchases significantly decreased in the Restriction (-$0.70 per week) compared to the Control group (+$0.82 per week; p < .01). Paired financial incentives and restrictions on foods and beverages purchased with food program funds may support more healthful food purchases compared to no incentives or restrictions. Clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT02643576 .

Consumer purchase behaviour of foods with added phytosterols in six European countries: Data from a post-launch monitoring survey.

PubMed

Ras, Rouyanne T; Trautwein, Elke A

2017-12-01

A variety of foods with added phytosterols (plant sterols and stanols, PS) known to lower elevated blood cholesterol is available on the European market. This paper reports findings from a 2015 post-launch monitoring survey on consumer purchase behaviour of foods with added PS in UK, Germany, France, Netherlands, Belgium and Greece. Data from 80,825 households were included. Households were divided into categories depending on number of purchases, household size, age of primary shopper and presence of children <5 years. Penetration rates of households purchasing foods with added PS ranged between 3 and 34%. Of households purchasing PS, 34-61% purchased infrequently (≤2 times/year), 29-36% occasionally (

Food and drink purchasing habits out of school at lunchtime: a national survey of secondary school pupils in Scotland.

PubMed

Macdiarmid, Jennie I; Wills, Wendy J; Masson, Lindsey F; Craig, Leone C A; Bromley, Catherine; McNeill, Geraldine

2015-08-04

Food and drink purchasing habits of pupils out of school at lunchtime may be contributing to poor dietary intakes and overweight and obesity. The aim of this study was to identify the places from which purchases were made, types of food and drinks purchased and, the reasons for purchasing food or drinks out of school. A survey of the food and drinks purchasing habits of secondary school pupils (11-16 yrs) out of school at lunchtime was conducted in Scotland in 2010. A face-to-face interview and a self-completion questionnaire was designed to identify the food outlets used at lunchtime, types of food and drinks purchased and pupils' reasons for purchasing food or drinks out of school. Height and weight were measured and BMI centiles used to classify pupils as normal weight, overweight or obese. Results were compared by age group, sex, BMI group and level of socio-economic deprivation. Of the 612 pupils who completed the survey, 97 % reported having access to places selling food or drinks out of school at lunchtime, and of these 63 % made purchases. A higher proportion of pupils from more deprived areas reported purchasing food or drinks out of school, but the proportion making purchases did not differ significantly by sex or BMI group. Supermarkets were the outlets from which pupils reported most often making purchases, with fewer purchasing food or drinks from fast food takeaways, and this did not differ significantly by socio-economic deprivation. Reasons for making purchases included availability of preferred food and drinks, some of which are restricted for sale in schools, and social reasons, such as wanting to be with friends. Sandwiches and non-diet soft drinks were items most commonly purchased, followed by confectionery and diet soft drinks. However, less than 10 % of all the secondary school pupils reported purchasing these foods every day. Supermarkets, not just fast food outlets, should be considered when developing strategies to improve the dietary habits of pupils at lunchtime. The importance of food preferences and social reasons for purchasing food and drinks need to be acknowledged and integrated in future interventions.

Impact of a point-of-sale tobacco display ban on smokers' spontaneous purchases: comparisons from postpurchase interviews before and after the ban in Western Australia.

PubMed

Carter, Owen B J; Phan, Tina; Mills, Brennen W

2015-03-01

To assess the impact of the Western Australian tobacco point-of-sale display ban on spontaneous purchase behaviours. Daily adult smokers (n=402) observed purchasing cigarettes were recruited via exit interviews either 2 months before or after the implementation of the display ban. Smokers were asked if they had intended to purchase cigarettes before entering the store to assess spontaneous purchase behaviours. Whether smokers had noticed the displays before their purchase and the extent to which this influenced their purchase decision was also assessed via non-prompting questions. When compared with before the ban, fewer smokers after the ban noticed the displays (27.1% vs 1.1%, p<0.001), fewer reported making spontaneous purchases (28.2% vs 19.8%, p<0.05) and fewer claimed the displays influenced their purchase decisions (free recall 5.0% vs 1.1%, p<0.05; cued recall 22.1% vs 3.8%, p<0.001). Before the ban, spontaneous purchasers were more likely than planned purchasers to suggest the displays influenced their purchase decisions (free recall 9.7% vs 3.2%, p<0.05; cued recall 40.0% vs 17.9%, p<0.01). After the ban, spontaneous purchasers nominating the influence of displays fell substantially (free recall 9.7% vs 5.6%, p=NS; cued recall 40.0% vs 11.1%, p<0.01) as it did for planned purchasers (free recall 3.2% vs 0.0%, p<0.05; cued recall 17.9% vs 2.1%, p<0.01). We observed a 30% reduction in smokers making spontaneous tobacco purchases after implementation of the Western Australian tobacco display ban and between a fivefold and sixfold reduction in the proportion suggesting displays influenced their decision to purchase cigarettes. These data are consistent with previous research suggesting tobacco displays encourage spontaneous purchases and their removal corresponds to reductions in the same. Published by the BMJ Publishing Group Limited. For permission to use (where not already granted under a licence) please go to http://group.bmj.com/group/rights-licensing/permissions.

48 CFR 2913.201 - General.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... ACQUISITION PROCEDURES Actions at or Below the Micro-Purchase Threshold 2913.201 General. The Government... micro-purchase threshold. Other small purchase methods (blanket purchase agreements, third party drafts...

Purchase rates and energy content of nutritionally promoted and traditional fast foods purchased at lunchtime in Australia - a pilot study.

PubMed

Atkinson, Louise F; Palmer, Michelle A

2012-03-01

Nutritionally promoted foods are now available at fast-food establishments. Little is known about their popularity, who is purchasing them, or their impact on dietary intake. Our study aimed to determine: how often nutritionally promoted fast foods were purchased; the demographic characteristics of people purchasing these foods; and if purchasing these foods resulted in reduced energy, and increased vegetable, content of lunches compared with those who purchased traditional fast foods. A survey collecting lunchtime fast-food purchases and demographic details was administered over two months. Nutritionally promoted products included the McDonalds' 'Heart Foundation Tick Approved' range and Subway's 'Six grams of fat or less' range. Energy and vegetable contents were estimated using information from fast-food companies' websites. Differences in demographics, energy and vegetable contents between individuals purchasing nutritionally promoted and traditional lunches were assessed using χ2 and t tests. Queensland, Australia. Lunchtime diners aged over 16 years at Subway and McDonalds. Surveys were collected from 927 respondents (58 % male, median age 25 (range 16-84) years; 73 % response rate). Only 3 % (n 24/910) of respondents who ordered a main option had purchased a nutritionally promoted item. Purchasers of nutritionally promoted foods were ∼13 years older, predominantly female (79 %), and more often reported involvement in a health-related profession (29 % v. 11 %) than purchasers of traditional foods (P < 0·05). Purchasers of nutritionally promoted foods ordered 1·5 fewer megajoules and 0·6 more vegetable servings than purchasers of traditional foods (P < 0·05). Nutritionally promoted fast foods may reduce lunchtime energy content, however these foods were infrequently chosen.

Experimental analysis of the effect of taxes and subsides on calories purchased in an on-line supermarket.

PubMed

Epstein, Leonard H; Finkelstein, Eric; Raynor, Hollie; Nederkoorn, Chantal; Fletcher, Kelly D; Jankowiak, Noelle; Paluch, Rocco A

2015-12-01

Taxes and subsidies are a public health approach to improving nutrient quality of food purchases. While taxes or subsidies influence purchasing, it is unclear whether they influence total energy or overall diet quality of foods purchased. Using a within subjects design, selected low nutrient dense foods (e.g. sweetened beverages, candy, salty snacks) were taxed, and fruits and vegetables and bottled water were subsidized by 12.5% or 25% in comparison to a usual price condition for 199 female shoppers in an experimental store. Results showed taxes reduced calories purchased of taxed foods (coefficient = -6.61, CI = -11.94 to -1.28) and subsidies increased calories purchased of subsidized foods (coefficient = 13.74, CI = 8.51 to 18.97). However, no overall effect was observed on total calories purchased. Both taxes and subsidies were associated with a reduction in calories purchased for grains (taxes: coefficient = -6.58, CI = -11.91 to -1.24, subsidies: coefficient = -12.86, CI = -18.08 to -7.63) and subsidies were associated with a reduction in calories purchased for miscellaneous foods (coefficient = -7.40, CI = -12.62 to -2.17) (mostly fats, oils and sugars). Subsidies improved the nutrient quality of foods purchased (coefficient = 0.14, CI = 0.07 to 0.21). These results suggest that taxes and subsidies can influence energy purchased for products taxed or subsidized, but not total energy purchased. However, the improvement in nutrient quality with subsidies indicates that pricing can shift nutritional quality of foods purchased. Research is needed to evaluate if differential pricing strategies based on nutrient quality are associated with reduction in calories and improvement in nutrient quality of foods purchased. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Price and maternal obesity influence purchasing of low- and high-energy-dense foods2

PubMed Central

Epstein, Leonard H; Dearing, Kelly K; Paluch, Rocco A; Roemmich, James N; Cho, David

2007-01-01

Background Price can influence food purchases, which can influence consumption. Limited laboratory research has assessed the effect of price changes on food purchases, and no research on individual differences that may interact with price to influence purchases exists. Objective We aimed to assess the influence of price changes of low-energy-density (LED) and high-energy-density (HED) foods on mother’s food purchases in a laboratory food-purchasing analogue. Design Mothers were randomly assigned to price conditions in which the price of either LED or HED foods was manipulated from 75% to 125% of the reference purchase price, whereas the price of the alternative foods was kept at the reference value. Mothers completed purchases for 2 income levels ($15 or $30 per family member). Results Purchases were reduced when prices of LED (P < 0.01) and HED (P < 0.001) foods were increased. Maternal BMI interacted with price to influence purchases of HED foods when the price of HED foods increased (P = 0.016) and interacted with price to influence purchases of LED foods when the price of HED foods increased (P = 0.008). Conclusion These results show the relevance of considering price change as a way to influence food purchases of LED compared with HED foods and the possibility that individual differences may influence the own-price elasticity of HED foods and substitution of LED for HED foods. PMID:17921365

Price and maternal obesity influence purchasing of low- and high-energy-dense foods.

PubMed

Epstein, Leonard H; Dearing, Kelly K; Paluch, Rocco A; Roemmich, James N; Cho, David

2007-10-01

Price can influence food purchases, which can influence consumption. Limited laboratory research has assessed the effect of price changes on food purchases, and no research on individual differences that may interact with price to influence purchases exists. We aimed to assess the influence of price changes of low-energy-density (LED) and high-energy-density (HED) foods on mother's food purchases in a laboratory food-purchasing analogue. Mothers were randomly assigned to price conditions in which the price of either LED or HED foods was manipulated from 75% to 125% of the reference purchase price, whereas the price of the alternative foods was kept at the reference value. Mothers completed purchases for 2 income levels ($15 or $30 per family member). Purchases were reduced when prices of LED (P < 0.01) and HED (P < 0.001) foods were increased. Maternal BMI interacted with price to influence purchases of HED foods when the price of HED foods increased (P = 0.016) and interacted with price to influence purchases of LED foods when the price of HED foods increased (P = 0.008). These results show the relevance of considering price change as a way to influence food purchases of LED compared with HED foods and the possibility that individual differences may influence the own-price elasticity of HED foods and substitution of LED for HED foods.

31 CFR 315.11 - Excess purchases.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 31 Money and Finance: Treasury 2 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Excess purchases. 315.11 Section 315..., D, E, F, G, H, J, AND K, AND U.S. SAVINGS NOTES Limitations on Annual Purchases § 315.11 Excess purchases. The Commissioner of the Public Debt may permit excess purchases to stand in any particular case...

24 CFR 291.545 - Financing purchase of the home.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... 24 Housing and Urban Development 2 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Financing purchase of the home. 291... Neighbor Next Door Sales Program § 291.545 Financing purchase of the home. (a) Purchase using conventional... conventional financing to purchase a home under the GNND Sales Program, the amount of the mortgage may not...

24 CFR 291.545 - Financing purchase of the home.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 24 Housing and Urban Development 2 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Financing purchase of the home. 291... Neighbor Next Door Sales Program § 291.545 Financing purchase of the home. (a) Purchase using conventional... conventional financing to purchase a home under the GNND Sales Program, the amount of the mortgage may not...

24 CFR 291.545 - Financing purchase of the home.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... 24 Housing and Urban Development 2 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Financing purchase of the home. 291... Neighbor Next Door Sales Program § 291.545 Financing purchase of the home. (a) Purchase using conventional... conventional financing to purchase a home under the GNND Sales Program, the amount of the mortgage may not...

24 CFR 291.545 - Financing purchase of the home.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... 24 Housing and Urban Development 2 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Financing purchase of the home. 291... Neighbor Next Door Sales Program § 291.545 Financing purchase of the home. (a) Purchase using conventional... conventional financing to purchase a home under the GNND Sales Program, the amount of the mortgage may not...

24 CFR 291.545 - Financing purchase of the home.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... 24 Housing and Urban Development 2 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Financing purchase of the home. 291... Neighbor Next Door Sales Program § 291.545 Financing purchase of the home. (a) Purchase using conventional... conventional financing to purchase a home under the GNND Sales Program, the amount of the mortgage may not...

Pennsylvania roundwood purchases and movements by origin and destination

Treesearch

Jamie A. Murphy; Paul M. Smith; Bruce G. Hansen

2008-01-01

A mail survey of all identified roundwood purchasers in Pennsylvania was conducted in 2004 to quantify the roundwood purchasing industry in terms of roundwood volume, origin, destination, roundwood type, and species of 2003 purchases. An adjusted response rate of 50 percent was obtained from the estimated overall population of 334 Pennsylvania roundwood purchasers....

12 CFR 7.1020 - Purchase of open accounts.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 12 Banks and Banking 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Purchase of open accounts. 7.1020 Section 7... OPERATIONS Bank Powers § 7.1020 Purchase of open accounts. (a) General. The purchase of open accounts is a... national bank may purchase open accounts in connection with export transactions; the accounts should be...

12 CFR 7.1020 - Purchase of open accounts.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 12 Banks and Banking 1 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Purchase of open accounts. 7.1020 Section 7... OPERATIONS Bank Powers § 7.1020 Purchase of open accounts. (a) General. The purchase of open accounts is a... national bank may purchase open accounts in connection with export transactions; the accounts should be...

12 CFR 7.1020 - Purchase of open accounts.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 12 Banks and Banking 1 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Purchase of open accounts. 7.1020 Section 7... OPERATIONS Bank Powers § 7.1020 Purchase of open accounts. (a) General. The purchase of open accounts is a... national bank may purchase open accounts in connection with export transactions; the accounts should be...

12 CFR 7.1020 - Purchase of open accounts.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 12 Banks and Banking 1 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Purchase of open accounts. 7.1020 Section 7... OPERATIONS Bank Powers § 7.1020 Purchase of open accounts. (a) General. The purchase of open accounts is a... national bank may purchase open accounts in connection with export transactions; the accounts should be...

12 CFR 7.1020 - Purchase of open accounts.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 12 Banks and Banking 1 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Purchase of open accounts. 7.1020 Section 7... OPERATIONS Bank Powers § 7.1020 Purchase of open accounts. (a) General. The purchase of open accounts is a... national bank may purchase open accounts in connection with export transactions; the accounts should be...

7 CFR 1435.602 - Eligible sugar to be purchased by CCC.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 10 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Eligible sugar to be purchased by CCC. 1435.602... CORPORATION, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE LOANS, PURCHASES, AND OTHER OPERATIONS SUGAR PROGRAM Feedstock Flexibility Program § 1435.602 Eligible sugar to be purchased by CCC. (a) CCC will only purchase raw sugar...

Strategic Purchasing in Practice: Comparing Ten European Countries.

PubMed

Klasa, Katarzyna; Greer, Scott L; van Ginneken, Ewout

2018-02-05

Strategic purchasing of health care services is widely recommended as a policy instrument. We conducted a review of literature of material drawn from the European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies Health Systems in Transition series, other European Observatory databases, and selected country-specific literature to augment the comparative analysis by providing the most recent healthcare trends in ten selected countries. There is little evidence of purchasing being strategic according to any of the established definitions. There is little or no literature suggesting that existing purchasing mechanisms in Europe deliver improved population health, citizen empowerment, stronger governance and stewardship, or develop purchaser organization and capacity. Strategic purchasing has not generally been implemented. Policymakers considering adopting strategic purchasing policies should be aware of this systemic implementation problem. Policymakers in systems with strategic purchasing built into policy should not assume that a purchasing system is strategic or that it is delivering any expected objectives. However, there are individual components of strategic purchasing that are worth pursuing and can provide benefits to health systems. Copyright © 2018. Published by Elsevier B.V.

12 CFR 1807.101 - Summary.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... Banking COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS FUND, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY CAPITAL MAGNET FUND..., Preservation, Rehabilitation or Purchase of Affordable Housing primarily for Low-Income Families; and (2) Financing Economic Development Activities or Community Service Facilities. (b) The CDFI Fund will select...

How Metric Conversion Affects Administrative Practices

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Straka, M. K.

1977-01-01

Changes necessary in the administrative activities of educational institutions following conversion to the metric system are outlined for secretarial practices, purchasing, internal reporting and forms, computer operations, travel, publications, buildings and plant, new buildings, sport facilities, and health services. (MF)

76 FR 4420 - Reports, Forms and Record Keeping Requirements Agency Information Collection Activity Under OMB...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-01-25

... compare tire quality in making their purchase decisions. The information is provided in several different... Budget, 725-17th Street, NW., Washington, DC 20503, Attention NHTSA Desk Officer. Comments are invited on...

26 CFR 1.522-2 - Manner of taxation of cooperative associations subject to section 522.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... amortization with respect to such premium from the date of acquisition of the bond. (For principles governing... related to the marketing, purchasing, or service activities of the cooperative association. For example...

Coping with Marketing Change

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Mason, Ralph E.; Ross, Herbert L.

1975-01-01

The effective teacher-coordinator is actively aware of changes occurring in marketing today: impact of ethnic group purchasing power, retailing response to variables, marketing of services, and using data processing in decision-making. Teaching strategies and instructional materials should be chosen accordingly. (BP)

50 CFR 17.21 - Prohibitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

..., POSSESSION, TRANSPORTATION, SALE, PURCHASE, BARTER, EXPORTATION, AND IMPORTATION OF WILDLIFE AND PLANTS (CONTINUED) ENDANGERED AND THREATENED WILDLIFE AND PLANTS Endangered Wildlife § 17.21 Prohibitions. (a..., by any means whatsoever, and in the course of a commercial activity, any endangered wildlife. (f...

50 CFR 17.21 - Prohibitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

..., POSSESSION, TRANSPORTATION, SALE, PURCHASE, BARTER, EXPORTATION, AND IMPORTATION OF WILDLIFE AND PLANTS (CONTINUED) ENDANGERED AND THREATENED WILDLIFE AND PLANTS Endangered Wildlife § 17.21 Prohibitions. (a..., by any means whatsoever, and in the course of a commercial activity, any endangered wildlife. (f...

50 CFR 17.21 - Prohibitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

..., POSSESSION, TRANSPORTATION, SALE, PURCHASE, BARTER, EXPORTATION, AND IMPORTATION OF WILDLIFE AND PLANTS (CONTINUED) ENDANGERED AND THREATENED WILDLIFE AND PLANTS Endangered Wildlife § 17.21 Prohibitions. (a..., by any means whatsoever, and in the course of a commercial activity, any endangered wildlife. (f...

50 CFR 17.21 - Prohibitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

..., POSSESSION, TRANSPORTATION, SALE, PURCHASE, BARTER, EXPORTATION, AND IMPORTATION OF WILDLIFE AND PLANTS (CONTINUED) ENDANGERED AND THREATENED WILDLIFE AND PLANTS Endangered Wildlife § 17.21 Prohibitions. (a..., by any means whatsoever, and in the course of a commercial activity, any endangered wildlife. (f...

7 CFR 1470.22 - Conservation stewardship plan.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

..., DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE LOANS, PURCHASES, AND OTHER OPERATIONS CONSERVATION STEWARDSHIP PROGRAM Contracts... process as outlined in the National Planning Procedures Handbook to encourage participants to address... the participant's decisions that describes the schedule of conservation activities to be implemented...

Quality of Artemisinin-based Combination Therapy for malaria found in Ghanaian markets and public health implications of their use.

PubMed

Tivura, Mathilda; Asante, Isaac; van Wyk, Albert; Gyaase, Stephaney; Malik, Naiela; Mahama, Emmanuel; Hostetler, Dana M; Fernandez, Facundo M; Asante, Kwaku Poku; Kaur, Harparkash; Owusu-Agyei, Seth

2016-10-28

Ghana changed their antimalarial drug policy from monotherapies to Artemisinin-based Combination Therapies in 2004 in order to provide more efficacious medicines for treatment of malaria. The policy change can be eroded if poor quality Artemisinin-based Combination Therapies are allowed to remain on the Ghanaian market unchecked by regulatory bodies and law enforcement agencies. The presence and prevalence of substandard and counterfeit Artemisinin-based Combination Therapies need to be determined on open markets in Ghana; a review of the current policy; identifying any gaps and making recommendations on actions to be taken in addressing gaps identified are essential as the data provided and recommendations made will help in ensuring effective control of malaria in Ghana. A field survey of antimalarial drugs was conducted in the central part of Ghana. The amount of active pharmaceutical ingredient in each Artemisinin-based Combination Therapy sample identified in the survey was measured using high performance liquid chromatographic analyses. Active pharmaceutical ingredient within the range of 85-115 % was considered as standard and active pharmaceutical ingredient results out of the range were considered as substandard. All samples were screened to confirm stated active pharmaceutical ingredient presence using mass spectrometry. A total of 256 Artemisinin-based Combination Therapies were purchased from known medicine outlets, including market stalls, hospitals/clinics, pharmacies, drug stores. Artemether lumefantrine (52.5 %) and artesunate amodiaquine (43.2 %) were the predominant Artemisinin-based Combination Therapies purchased. Of the 256 Artemisinin-based Combination Therapies purchased, 254 were tested, excluding two samples of Artesunate-SP. About 35 % of Artemisinin-based Combination Therapies were found to be substandard. Nine percent of Artemisinin-based Combination Therapies purchased were past their expiry date; no counterfeit (falsified) medicine samples were detected by either high performance liquid chromatographic or mass spectrometry. A high proportion of Artemisinin-based Combination Therapies sold in central Ghana were found to be substandard. Manufacturing of medicines that do not adhere to good manufacturing practices may have contributed to the poor quality of the Artemisinin-based Combination Therapies procured. A strict law enforcement and quality monitoring systems is recommended to ensure effective malaria case management as part of malaria control.

39 CFR 601.104 - Postal purchasing authority.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

...: INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS OTHER THAN PATENTS PURCHASING OF PROPERTY AND SERVICES § 601.104 Postal purchasing..., or terminating any contract regarding the acquisition of property, services, and related purchasing...

Tobacco Metabolites and Caffeine in Human Milk Purchased via the Internet

PubMed Central

McNamara, Kelly; Kwiek, Jesse J.; Rogers, Lynette; Klebanoff, Mark A.; Augustine, Molly; Keim, Sarah A.

2015-01-01

Abstract Background: Chemicals inhaled or ingested by mothers can be present in their milk. Our objective was to determine levels of nicotine, cotinine, and caffeine in human milk purchased via the Internet. Materials and Methods: We purchased human milk (n=102) via the Internet and abstracted seller advertisements for information volunteered about tobacco and caffeine use. Nicotine, cotinine, and caffeine levels in the milk were quantified by mass spectrometry according to published protocols. Results: No sellers indicated smoking in their advertisement. Many of the milk samples (58%) had detectable nicotine or cotinine; four (4%) of the samples had nicotine or cotinine levels high enough to indicate active smoking. Twelve (12%) sellers said in their advertisements that they specifically limit (4%) or avoid (8%) caffeine entirely. Five (5%) of the samples had caffeine levels consistent with consuming at least 1 cup of coffee 2 hours prior to milk expression. Detectable amounts of caffeine were found in almost all of the samples (97%). Conclusions: In 102 milk samples, we detected evidence of active smoking, secondhand smoke exposure, and almost ubiquitous caffeine consumption. Buyers of human milk on the Internet should be aware that advertisements do not always include accurate information as to what substances may be present. Sellers may misrepresent their health behaviors or be unaware of lifestyle factors that can lead to exposure to nicotine and caffeine. PMID:26394021

Consumers' purchase of organic food products. A matter of convenience and reflexive practices.

PubMed

Hjelmar, Ulf

2011-04-01

The aim of this study was to gain insight into the purchase of organic food products by consumers and to explore the main factors driving this process. This paper uses evidence from 16 in-depth interviews with consumers in Denmark carried out in 2008-2009. On the basis of the analysis two broad concepts are suggested: convenience behaviours and reflexive practices. Convenience behaviours are characteristic of pragmatic organic consumers. This type of shopping behaviour requires organic foods to be available in the local supermarket, they have to be clearly visible (preferably with an eco-label), and the price differential vis-à-vis conventional products have to be minimal. The analysis also showed that politically/ethically minded consumers have reflexive practices when purchasing organic food products: health considerations, ethical considerations (animal welfare), political considerations (environmentalism) and quality considerations (taste) play an important part for these consumers. Reflexive shopping practices can be sparked by life events (e.g. having children), "shocking" news about conventional food products and similar events, and news capable of creating a "cognitive dissonance" among consumers. The Danish case illustrates that the government needs to actively implement reforms and promote activities which make organic products a convenient choice for the pragmatic oriented consumer if their market share is to increase substantially. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Purchasing Behavior and Calorie Information at Fast-Food Chains in New York City, 2007

PubMed Central

Bassett, Mary T.; Dumanovsky, Tamara; Huang, Christina; Silver, Lynn D.; Young, Candace; Nonas, Cathy; Matte, Thomas D.; Chideya, Sekai; Frieden, Thomas R.

2008-01-01

We surveyed 7318 customers from 275 randomly selected restaurants of 11 fast food chains. Participants purchased a mean of 827 calories, with 34% purchasing 1000 calories or more. Unlike other chains, Subway posted calorie information at point of purchase and its patrons more often reported seeing calorie infomation than patrons of other chains (32% vs 4%; P<.001); Subway patrons who saw calorie information purchased 52 fewer calories than did other Subway patrons (P<.01). Fast-food chains should display calorie information prominently at point of purchase, where it can be seen and used to inform purchases. PMID:18556597

Do high vs. low purchasers respond differently to a nonessential energy-dense food tax? Two-year evaluation of Mexico's 8% nonessential food tax.

PubMed

Taillie, Lindsey Smith; Rivera, Juan A; Popkin, Barry M; Batis, Carolina

2017-12-01

It is unclear whether response to a nonessential food tax varies across time or for high vs. low-consuming households. The objective is to examine whether the effect of Mexico's 2014 8% nonessential energy-dense foods tax increased in the second year post-implementation and whether it differentially affected households by pre-tax purchasing pattern. We used longitudinal data on Mexican household food purchases (n=6089 households) from 2012 to 2015. Households were classified based on median pre-tax purchases: low untaxed/low taxed ("low"), low untaxed/high taxed ("unhealthy"), high untaxed/low taxed ("healthy"), and high untaxed/high taxed ("high") purchasers. Fixed effects models tested whether observed post-tax purchases differed from the counterfactual, or what would have been expected based on pre-tax trends. Post-tax declines in the % taxed food purchases increased from -4.8% in year one to -7.4% in year two, yielding a 2-year mean decline of 6.0% beyond the counterfactual (p<0.01). Post-tax change in % taxed food purchases varied by pre-tax purchasing level. Healthy purchasers showed no post-tax change in % taxed food purchases beyond the counterfactual, while unhealthy, low and high purchasers decreased (-12.3%, -5.3% and -4.4%, respectively) (p<0.01). The positive effect of Mexico's junk food tax continued in the second year, and households with greater preferences for taxed foods showed a larger decline in taxed food purchases. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Propensity for illegal alcohol sales to underage youth in Chicago.

PubMed

Toomey, Traci L; Komro, Kelli A; Oakes, J Michael; Lenk, Kathleen M

2008-06-01

To assess youth's ability to purchase alcohol in a city previously not assessed-Chicago, Illinois-we hired individuals aged 21 and older who appeared to be aged 18-20 (i.e., pseudo-underage buyers) to make alcohol purchase attempts without age identification in off-premise licensed alcohol establishments. We conducted two purchase attempts at each establishment across 44 community areas, resulting in a total of 652 purchase attempts. Our dependent variable was purchase attempt outcome (purchase, no purchase) and we used four categories of independent variables: characteristics of sellers, establishments, purchase attempts, and community areas. We analyzed our data using a logistic regression model, with purchase attempt outcome regressed on the independent variables. The overall purchase rate was 35.1%, ranging from 0% to 72% across community areas. Buyers were less likely to purchase alcohol in community areas that had populations with higher percentages of Hispanics (OR = 0.99; CI = 0.98, 1.0), and more likely to purchase alcohol in establishments that had more expensive beer (OR = 2.0; CI = 1.50, 2.67) and in areas with higher percentages of unemployed individuals (OR = 1.1; CI = 1.07, 1.14). Although progress has been made since the early 1990s in reducing sales to underage youth, youth still have relatively easy access to alcohol from licensed establishments. We recommend increased use of compliance checks-underage youth attempt to purchase alcohol under the supervision of enforcement agents; if alcohol is sold, the server/seller and/or license holder are penalized-which scientific studies have shown to be the most effective strategy in reducing sales to minors.

Purchasing health care in China: experiences, opportunities and challenges.

PubMed

Yip, Winnie; Hanson, Kara

2009-01-01

Purchasing has been promoted as a key policy instrument to improve health system performance. Despite its widespread adoption, there is little empirical evidence on how it works, the challenges surrounding its implementation, its impact, and the preconditions for it to function effectively, particularly in low- and middle-income settings. The objective of this chapter is to analyze critically the extent to which purchasing could be, and has been used strategically in China and to identify modifications that are needed for purchasing to be effective in assuring that the government's new funding for health care will result in efficient and effective health services. We present a conceptual framework for purchasing, which identifies three critical principal-agent relationships in purchasing. We draw on evidence from secondary data, results of other research studies, interviews, and the impact evaluation of a social experiment in rural China that explicitly used purchasing to improve quality and efficiency. This information is used to examine purchasing relationships in urban social health insurance (SHI), the rural medical insurance scheme, and purchasing of public health services. To date, use of strategic purchasing is limited in China. Both the urban and the rural health insurance schemes act as passive third-party payers, failing to take advantage of the opportunities to strengthen incentives to improve quality and efficiency. This may be because as government agencies, the extent to which the Ministries of Health and Labor and Social Security can act independently from provider interests, or act in the best interest of the population, is unclear. Other important challenges include ensuring adequate representation of the population's views and preferences and making better use of the leverage provided by purchasing to create appropriate provider incentives, through better integration of financing and improved coordination among purchasers. In designing purchasing arrangements, attention needs to be paid to all three principal-agent relationships. Successful purchasing appears to require mechanisms to mobilize and represent community preferences and more strategic contracting with providers. More research is needed to strengthen the evidence on which purchasing arrangements work, which do not work, and under what conditions different purchasing configurations can work most effectively.

Attacking the Obesity Epidemic: The Potential Health Benefits of Providing Nutrition Information in Restaurants

PubMed Central

Burton, Scot; Creyer, Elizabeth H.; Kees, Jeremy; Huggins, Kyle

2006-01-01

Objectives. Requiring restaurants to present nutrition information on menus is under consideration as a potential way to slow the increasing prevalence of obesity. Using a survey methodology, we examined how accurately consumers estimate the nutrient content of typical restaurant meals. Based on these results, we then conducted an experiment to address how the provision of nutrition information on menus influences purchase intentions and reported preferences. Methods. For both the survey and experiment, data were analyzed using analysis of variance techniques. Results. Survey results showed that levels of calories, fat, and saturated fat in less-healthful restaurant items were significantly underestimated by consumers. Actual fat and saturated fat levels were twice consumers’ estimates and calories approached 2 times more than what consumers expected. In the subsequent experiment, for items for which levels of calories, fat, and saturated fat substantially exceeded consumers’ expectations, the provision of nutrition information had a significant influence on product attitude, purchase intention, and choice. Conclusions. Most consumers are unaware of the high levels of calories, fat, saturated fat, and sodium found in many menu items. Provision of nutrition information on restaurant menus could potentially have a positive impact on public health by reducing the consumption of less-healthful foods. PMID:16873758

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Broadbridge, Christine C.

DOE grant used for partial fulfillment of necessary laboratory equipment for course enrichment and new graduate programs in nanotechnology at the four institutions of the Connecticut State University System (CSUS). Equipment in this initial phase included variable pressure scanning electron microscope with energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy elemental analysis capability [at Southern Connecticut State University]; power x-ray diffractometer [at Central Connecticut State University]; a spectrophotometer and spectrofluorimeter [at Eastern Connecticut State University; and a Raman Spectrometer [at Western Connecticut State University]. DOE's funding was allocated for purchase and installation of this scientific equipment and instrumentation. Subsequently, DOE funding was allocated tomore » fund the curriculum, faculty development and travel necessary to continue development and implementation of the System's Graduate Certificate in Nanotechnology (GCNT) program and the ConnSCU Nanotechnology Center (ConnSCU-NC) at Southern Connecticut State University. All of the established outcomes have been successfully achieved. The courses and structure of the GCNT program have been determined and the program will be completely implemented in the fall of 2013. The instrumentation has been purchased, installed and has been utilized at each campus for the implementation of the nanotechnology courses, CSUS GCNT and the ConnSCU-NC. Additional outcomes for this grant include curriculum development for non-majors as well as faculty and student research.« less

24 CFR 291.515 - Purchaser qualifications.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... in § 291.530) at the time he/she submits a bid to purchase a home through the program and at the time of closing on the purchase of the home; (b) The person must certify to his/her good faith intention... Next Door Sales Program § 291.515 Purchaser qualifications. To qualify to purchase a home through the...

17 CFR 240.14e-5 - Prohibiting purchases outside of a tender offer.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... making or principal purchases by such market maker or principal trader to the extent that this... principal for its own account if the dealer-manager or its affiliate is not a market maker, and the purchase... purchase are not made to facilitate the tender offer; (9) Purchases by connected exempt market makers or...

17 CFR 240.14e-5 - Prohibiting purchases outside of a tender offer.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... making or principal purchases by such market maker or principal trader to the extent that this... principal for its own account if the dealer-manager or its affiliate is not a market maker, and the purchase... purchase are not made to facilitate the tender offer; (9) Purchases by connected exempt market makers or...

17 CFR 240.14e-5 - Prohibiting purchases outside of a tender offer.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... making or principal purchases by such market maker or principal trader to the extent that this... principal for its own account if the dealer-manager or its affiliate is not a market maker, and the purchase... purchase are not made to facilitate the tender offer; (9) Purchases by connected exempt market makers or...

17 CFR 240.14e-5 - Prohibiting purchases outside of a tender offer.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... making or principal purchases by such market maker or principal trader to the extent that this... principal for its own account if the dealer-manager or its affiliate is not a market maker, and the purchase... purchase are not made to facilitate the tender offer; (9) Purchases by connected exempt market makers or...

17 CFR 240.14e-5 - Prohibiting purchases outside of a tender offer.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... making or principal purchases by such market maker or principal trader to the extent that this... principal for its own account if the dealer-manager or its affiliate is not a market maker, and the purchase... purchase are not made to facilitate the tender offer; (9) Purchases by connected exempt market makers or...

12 CFR 614.4325 - Purchase and sale of interests in loans.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... collateral supporting a loan shall participate in the decision to purchase that loan. The independent credit... 12 Banks and Banking 6 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Purchase and sale of interests in loans. 614... OPERATIONS Loan Purchases and Sales § 614.4325 Purchase and sale of interests in loans. (a) Definitions. For...

24 CFR 906.15 - Requirements applicable to a family purchasing a property under a homeownership program.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... purchasing a property under a homeownership program. 906.15 Section 906.15 Housing and Urban Development... Purchaser Requirements § 906.15 Requirements applicable to a family purchasing a property under a... resident occupying the unit under § 906.13, a family purchasing a property under a PHA homeownership...

Quit and Smoking Reduction Rates in Vape Shop Consumers: A Prospective 12-Month Survey

PubMed Central

Polosa, Riccardo; Caponnetto, Pasquale; Cibella, Fabio; Le-Houezec, Jacques

2015-01-01

Aims: Here, we present results from a prospective pilot study that was aimed at surveying changes in daily cigarette consumption in smokers making their first purchase at vape shops. Modifications in products purchase were also noted. Design: Participants were instructed how to charge, fill, activate and use their e-cigarettes (e-cigs). Participants were encouraged to use these products in the anticipation of reducing the number of cig/day smoked. Settings: Staff from LIAF contacted 10 vape shops in the province of the city of Catania (Italy) that acted as sponsors to the 2013 No Tobacco Day. Participants: 71 adult smokers (≥18 years old) making their first purchase at local participating vape shops were asked by professional retail staff to complete a form. Measurements: Their cigarette consumption was followed-up prospectively at 6 and 12 months. Details of products purchase (i.e., e-cigs hardware, e-liquid nicotine strengths and flavours) were also noted. Findings: Retention rate was elevated, with 69% of participants attending their final follow-up visit. At 12 month, 40.8% subjects could be classified as quitters, 25.4% as reducers and 33.8% as failures. Switching from standard refillables (initial choice) to more advanced devices (MODs) was observed in this study (from 8.5% at baseline to 18.4% at 12 month) as well as a trend in decreasing the e-liquid nicotine strength, with more participants adopting low nicotine strength (from 49.3% at baseline to 57.1% at 12 month). Conclusions: We have found that smokers purchasing e-cigarettes from vape shops with professional advice and support can achieve high success rates. PMID:25811767

How online sales and promotion of snus contravenes current European Union legislation.

PubMed

Peeters, Silvy; Gilmore, Anna B

2013-07-01

The European Union (EU) Tobacco Products Directive that bans sales of snus (a form of oral tobacco) in EU countries other than Sweden is currently under review. Major tobacco companies favour the ban being overturned. This study aims to explore compliance with the current ban on snus sales and examines the conduct of online snus vendors, including their compliance with two other EU Directives on excise and tobacco advertising and Swedish legislation banning sales of snus outside Sweden. To determine who is currently distributing snus via the internet in the EU, searches were carried out in Google, followed by searches in the WHOIS and Amadeus databases. Five online test purchases of snus were made in each of 10 EU Member States using a standardised protocol. Feedback from the test purchases and further analysis of the websites accessed for test purchases were used to critically examine snus retailers' conduct. The majority of online vendors operate from Sweden and target non-Swedish EU citizens. Test purchases were successfully made in all 10 EU Member States; of 43 orders placed, only two failed. Age verification relied only on self-report. The majority of sales applied Swedish taxes, contrary to EU requirements. Copious sales promotion activities, many price based, are incorporated in these websites contravening the EU regulation, and three test purchases were delivered with gifts. Snus is currently being sold on the single market via the internet in contravention of Swedish legislation and three EU Directives. The apparent willingness of the tobacco industry to contravene EU and Swedish legislation and profit from unlawful sales raises questions about their status as stakeholders in consultations on future policy developments. The findings highlight how national and regional tobacco control legislation can be undermined in an increasingly globalised world.

Children's snack consumption: role of parents, peers and child snack-purchasing behaviour. Results from the INPACT study.

PubMed

van Ansem, Wilke J C; Schrijvers, Carola T M; Rodenburg, Gerda; van de Mheen, Dike

2015-12-01

Parents and peers are both likely to influence children's dietary behaviour. However, their actual influence may depend on the age and life stage of the individual child. Therefore, this study examined the influence of parents (home snack availability and consumption rules) and peers on 11-year-old children's snack consumption, and whether these associations were mediated by children's snack-purchasing behaviour. It was hypothesized that children are more likely to buy unhealthy snacks if these are not always available at home, if restrictive rules apply to their consumption and if a child is sensitive to peer influence. It was also assumed that children who buy snacks out of their pocket money would consume more snacks. Data were taken from 1203 parent-child dyads who completed a questionnaire in the INPACT study (IVO Physical Activity Child cohorT). Multivariable regression models were used to (i) analyze associations between children's consumption and parents' and peers' influence and (ii) determine whether these associations were mediated by children's snack-purchasing behaviour. Of the parental factors, home availability of snacks was associated with higher snack consumption (B = 1.03, P < 0.05). Parental factors and children's snack-purchasing behaviour were not associated. Children who were sensitive to peer influence consumed more snacks (B = 3ċ07, P < 0.01) and bought more snacks out of their pocket money (odds ratio 3.27, P < 0.0.01). Children's snack-purchasing behaviour explained part (8.6%) of the association between peer influence and children's snack consumption. As these findings indicate that both parents and peers influence children's snack consumption, health promotion may benefit from targeting the broader social environment. © The Author 2015. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the European Public Health Association. All rights reserved.

Impact of food advertising on food purchases by students in primary and secondary schools in south-eastern Poland.

PubMed

Mazur, A; Telega, G; Kotowicz, A; Małek, H; Jarochowicz, S; Gierczak, B; Mazurkiewicz, M; Pop, T; Zajkiewicz, K; Drużbicki, M; Mazur, D

2008-09-01

The aim of the present study was to determine the impact of food advertising in primary and secondary schools on the food purchasing habits of children. All forty-four primary and secondary schools in Rzeszow, Poland were included in the investigation; 15000 children attend primary and secondary schools in the region. Schools were visited by members of the research team, who filled in a questionnaire regarding the type of food products displayed or advertised in the school shop window and recorded the presence of direct corporate advertising in the proximity of the school shop. Shop owners were asked to fill in a form describing food purchases by students within the week preceding the visit. The school principal (or one of teachers) completed a form describing the school's policy regarding food advertising and the sponsorship of school activities by food companies. Recommended foods like milk, yogurts and fruit were offered by only 40.9 % of shops. There was a correlation between foods offered in the shop and foods purchased by students. In schools, 40.9% (95% CI 25.8, 56.0%) of shop windows displayed or advertised 'healthy' foods while 9.1% (95% CI 0.0, 17.9%) of shops displayed advertisements of food companies. The difference between display of 'healthy' food in shop windows and display of food on company advertisements was significant (likelihood ratio chi2 test, P < 0.04). Type of school (primary v. secondary) was not significant factor in advertising or purchasing pattern. Educational programmes should be introduced in schools with the aim of improving the understanding of nutritional principles among pupils, teachers and parents.

An exploratory analysis of cigarette price premium, market share and consumer loyalty in relation to continued consumption versus cessation in a national US panel

PubMed Central

Lewis, Michael; Wang, Yanwen; Cahn, Zachary; Berg, Carla J

2015-01-01

Introduction Brand equity and consumer loyalty play a role in continued purchasing behaviour; however, this research has largely focused on non-addictive products without counter-marketing tactics. We examined the impact of brand equity (price premium, market share) and consumer loyalty (switching rates) on smoking cessation (discontinued cigarette purchases for 1 year) among smokers in a consumer panel. Methods In Spring 2015, we analysed 1077 cigarette-purchasing households in the Nielsen Homescan Panel. We analysed cessation in relation to brand equity, consumer loyalty, other purchasing behaviours (nicotine intake, frequency), sociodemographics and tobacco control activities (per state-specific data) over a 6-year period (2004–2009) using Cox proportional hazard modelling. Results The sample was 13.28% African-American; the average income was $52 334 (SD=31 445). The average price premium and market share of smokers’ dominant brands were $1.31 (SD=0.49) and 15.41% (SD=19.15), respectively. The mean brand loyalty level was 0.90 (SD=0.17), indicating high loyalty. In our final model, a higher price premium and market share were associated with lower quit rates (p=0.039); however, an interaction effect suggested that greater market share was not associated with lower cessation rates for African-American smokers (p=0.006). Consumer loyalty was not associated with cessation. Other predictors of lower quit rates included a higher nicotine intake (p=0.006) and baseline purchase frequency (p<0.001). Tobacco control factors were not significantly associated. Conclusions Smokers of high-equity cigarette brands are less likely to quit, perhaps due to strong brand–consumer relationships. Thus, continued efforts should aim to regulate tobacco marketing efforts in order to disrupt these relationships to promote cessation. PMID:26534732

48 CFR 970.4402 - Contractor purchasing system.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 5 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Contractor purchasing... SUPPLEMENTARY REGULATIONS DOE MANAGEMENT AND OPERATING CONTRACTS Management and Operating Contractor Purchasing 970.4402 Contractor purchasing system. ...

Corner Store Purchases in a Low-Income Urban Community in NYC.

PubMed

Kiszko, Kamila; Cantor, Jonathan; Abrams, Courtney; Ruddock, Charmaine; Moltzen, Kelly; Devia, Carlos; McFarline, Bernice; Singh, Hardeep; Elbel, Brian

2015-12-01

We assessed purchases made, motivations for shopping, and frequency of shopping at four New York City corner stores (bodegas). Surveys and purchase inventories (n = 779) were collected from consumers at four bodegas in Bronx, NY. We use Chi square tests to compare types of consumers, items purchased and characteristics of purchases based on how frequently the consumer shops at the specific store and the time of day the purchase was made. Most consumers shopped at the bodega because it was close to their home (52 %). The majority (68 %) reported shopping at the bodega at least once per day. The five most commonly purchased items were sugary beverages, (29.27 %), sugary snacks (22.34 %), coffee, (13.99 %), sandwiches, (13.09 %) and non-baked potato chips (12.2 %). Nearly 60 % of bodega customers reported their purchase to be healthy. Most of the participants shopped at the bodega frequently, valued its convenient location, and purchased unhealthy items. Work is needed to discover ways to encourage healthier choices at these stores.

Sugar and total energy content of household food purchases in Brazil.

PubMed

Levy, Renata Bertazzi; Claro, Rafael Moreira; Monteiro, Carlos Augusto

2009-11-01

To study the role of energy derived from sugar (both table sugar and sugar added to processed foods) in the total energy content of food purchases in Brazil. Food purchase data were collected during a national household budget survey carried out between June 2002 and July 2003 on a probabilistic sample representative of all households in the country. The amount of food purchased in this 12-month period was transformed into energy and energy from sugar using food composition tables. Multiple linear regression models were used to study the association between amount of energy from sugar and total energy content of food purchases, controlling for sociodemographic variables and potential interactions between these variables and sugar purchases. There was a positive and significant association between energy from sugar and total household energy purchases. A 1 kJ increase in sugar purchase corresponded to a 3.637 kJ increase in total energy. In the absence of expenditure on meals outside the home, i.e. when household food purchases tend to approximate actual food consumption by household members, sugar purchase of 1926.35 kJ/d (the 90th percentile of the distribution of sugar purchases in Brazil) was associated, depending on income strata, with total energy purchase over 40-60 % of the recommended daily value for energy intake in Brazil. The present results corroborate the recommendations of the WHO and the Brazilian Ministry of Health regarding limiting the consumption of sugar.

Distance travelled to purchase alcohol and the mediating effect of price.

PubMed

Hobday, M; Lensvelt, E; Gordon, E; Liang, W; Meuleners, L; Chikritzhs, T

2017-03-01

Little research has been done into the distance travelled by consumers to purchase alcohol, whether this is influenced by demographic characteristics or drinking levels of consumers, and the effect of price on purchase distance. This study aimed to explore distances drinkers were prepared to travel to purchase alcohol at on- and off-site outlets and how these decisions were affected by price discounting. Online survey. The study, including 831 alcohol consumers aged 18 years and older living in Australian capital cities, was undertaken in 2012. The survey was used to gather data on the distances which participants anticipated that they usually travelled to purchase alcohol. The data provided insight into which factors influence where participants would choose to purchase alcohol and the possible effects of price discounts on purchase distance. Most participants would choose to travel less than 10 km to purchase alcohol. Data indicated that price discounting might increase the purchase distance that most participants would be prepared to travel to purchase alcohol; this was more marked regarding off-site outlets and among high-risk drinking groups including young males and participants with risky drinking levels. Price discounting affects hypothetical purchase distance choices, indicating the importance of price when implementing alcohol control policies. Purchase distance might be more affected by price discounting among consumers visiting off-site outlets, but less useful when exploring associations with on-site outlets. Copyright © 2016 The Royal Society for Public Health. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

United States and Russian Cooperation on Issues of Nuclear Nonproliferation

DTIC Science & Technology

2005-06-01

Reactors ( RERTR ) This project works with Russia to facilitate conversion of its research and test reactors from highly enriched uranium (HEU) fuel...reactor fuel purchase, accelerated RERTR activities, and accelerated Material Conversion and Consolidation implementation. 89 j. Fissile Materials

5 CFR 7501.105 - Outside activities.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... services, title search services, construction, construction financing, land planning, or real estate... real estate agent in relation to purchasing or selling a single family property for use as the employee's primary residence, or the primary residence of the employee's immediate family member. (2...

5 CFR 7501.105 - Outside activities.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... services, title search services, construction, construction financing, land planning, or real estate... real estate agent in relation to purchasing or selling a single family property for use as the employee's primary residence, or the primary residence of the employee's immediate family member. (2...

20 CFR 641.856 - What functions and activities constitute administrative costs?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

..., including: (i) Accounting, budgeting, financial, and cash management functions; (ii) Procurement and... management, accounting, and payroll systems) including the purchase, systems development, and operating costs of such systems and; (6) Costs of technical assistance, professional organization membership dues...

20 CFR 641.856 - What functions and activities constitute administrative costs?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

..., including: (i) Accounting, budgeting, financial, and cash management functions; (ii) Procurement and... management, accounting, and payroll systems) including the purchase, systems development, and operating costs of such systems and; (6) Costs of technical assistance, professional organization membership dues...

20 CFR 641.856 - What functions and activities constitute administrative costs?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

..., including: (i) Accounting, budgeting, financial, and cash management functions; (ii) Procurement and... management, accounting, and payroll systems) including the purchase, systems development, and operating costs of such systems and; (6) Costs of technical assistance, professional organization membership dues...

20 CFR 641.856 - What functions and activities constitute administrative costs?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

..., including: (i) Accounting, budgeting, financial, and cash management functions; (ii) Procurement and... management, accounting, and payroll systems) including the purchase, systems development, and operating costs of such systems and; (6) Costs of technical assistance, professional organization membership dues...

50 CFR 17.21 - Prohibitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

..., POSSESSION, TRANSPORTATION, SALE, PURCHASE, BARTER, EXPORTATION, AND IMPORTATION OF WILDLIFE AND PLANTS (CONTINUED) ENDANGERED AND THREATENED WILDLIFE AND PLANTS Endangered Wildlife § 17.21 Prohibitions. (a... of a commercial activity, any endangered wildlife. (f) Sale or offer for sale. (1) It is unlawful to...

Problems of One School Board Attorney.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Fisher, M. Bryon

The speaker, a school board attorney, outlines four legal problems he has had to deal with. The cases concern teacher dismissal, the district's responsibility in the case of "hazardous transportation," school district purchases for student activities (student photographs), and school bus leasing. (IRT)

Libraries and the Environment.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

LaRue, James; And Others

1991-01-01

Three articles address issues that relate to libraries and the environment. Highlights include recycling projects; buying recycled paper products and other ecology-minded purchasing ideas; energy-efficient libraries; indoor pollution problems; a list of environmental information sources; designing library buildings; and activities that libraries…