Sample records for substantive differences exist

  1. Balancing stability and flexibility in adaptive governance: An analysis of tools available in U.S. environmental law

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Kundis Craig, Robin; Garmestani, Ahjond S.; Allen, Craig R.; Arnold, Craig Anthony (Tony); Birge, Hannah E.; DeCaro, Daniel A.; Fremier, Alexander K.; Gosnell, Hannah; Schlager, Edella

    2017-01-01

    Adaptive governance must work “on the ground,” that is, it must operate through structures and procedures that the people it governs perceive to be legitimate and fair, as well as incorporating processes and substantive goals that are effective in allowing social-ecological systems (SESs) to adapt to climate change and other impacts. To address the continuing and accelerating alterations that climate change is bringing to SESs, adaptive governance generally will require more flexibility than prior governance institutions have often allowed. However, to function as good governance, adaptive governance must pay real attention to the problem of how to balance this increased need for flexibility with continuing governance stability so that it can foster adaptation to change without being perceived or experienced as perpetually destabilizing, disruptive, and unfair. Flexibility and stability serve different purposes in governance, and a variety of tools exist to strike different balances between them while still preserving the governance institution’s legitimacy among the people governed. After reviewing those purposes and the implications of climate change for environmental governance, we examine psychological insights into the structuring of adaptive governance and the variety of legal tools available to incorporate those insights into adaptive governance regimes. Because the substantive goals of governance systems will differ among specific systems, we do not purport to comment on what the normative or substantive goals of law should be. Instead, we conclude that attention to process and procedure (including participation), as well as increased use of substantive standards (instead of rules), may allow an increased level of substantive flexibility to operate with legitimacy and fairness, providing the requisite levels of psychological, social, and economic stability needed for communities to adapt successfully to the Anthropocene.

  2. Balancing stability and flexibility in adaptive governance: an analysis of tools available in U.S. environmental law.

    PubMed

    Craig, Robin Kundis; Garmestani, Ahjond S; Allen, Craig R; Arnold, Craig Anthony Tony; Birgé, Hannah; DeCaro, Daniel A; Fremier, Alexander K; Gosnell, Hannah; Schlager, Edella

    2017-06-30

    Adaptive governance must work "on the ground," that is, it must operate through structures and procedures that the people it governs perceive to be legitimate and fair, as well as incorporating processes and substantive goals that are effective in allowing social-ecological systems (SESs) to adapt to climate change and other impacts. To address the continuing and accelerating alterations that climate change is bringing to SESs, adaptive governance generally will require more flexibility than prior governance institutions have often allowed. However, to function as good governance, adaptive governance must pay real attention to the problem of how to balance this increased need for flexibility with continuing governance stability so that it can foster adaptation to change without being perceived or experienced as perpetually destabilizing, disruptive, and unfair. Flexibility and stability serve different purposes in governance, and a variety of tools exist to strike different balances between them while still preserving the governance institution's legitimacy among the people governed. After reviewing those purposes and the implications of climate change for environmental governance, we examine psychological insights into the structuring of adaptive governance and the variety of legal tools available to incorporate those insights into adaptive governance regimes. Because the substantive goals of governance systems will differ among specific systems, we do not purport to comment on what the normative or substantive goals of law should be. Instead, we conclude that attention to process and procedure (including participation), as well as increased use of substantive standards (instead of rules), may allow an increased level of substantive flexibility to operate with legitimacy and fairness, providing the requisite levels of psychological, social, and economic stability needed for communities to adapt successfully to the Anthropocene.

  3. Examination of Sex Differences in a Large Sample of Young Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder and Typical Development

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Reinhardt, Vanessa P.; Wetherby, Amy M.; Schatschneider, Christopher; Lord, Catherine

    2015-01-01

    Despite consistent and substantive research documenting a large male to female ratio in Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), only a modest body of research exists examining sex differences in characteristics. This study examined sex differences in developmental functioning and early social communication in children with ASD as compared to children with…

  4. The Social Physique Anxiety Scale: an example of the potential consequence of negatively worded items in factorial validity studies.

    PubMed

    Motl, R W; Conroy, D E; Horan, P M

    2000-01-01

    Social physique anxiety (SPA) based on Hart, Leary, and Rejeski's (1989) Social Physique Anxiety Scale (SPAS) was originally conceptualized to be a unidimensional construct. Empirical evidence on the factorial validity of the SPAS has been contradictory, yielding both one- and two-factor models. The two-factor model, which consists of separate factors associated with positively and negatively worded items, has stimulated an ongoing debate about the dimensionality and content of the SPAS. The present study employed confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to examine whether the two-factor solution to the 12-item SPAS was substantively meaningful or a methodological artifact. Results of the CFAs, which were performed on responses from four different samples (Eklund, Kelley, and Wilson, 1997; Eklund, Mack, and Hart, 1996), supported the existence of a single substantive SPA factor underlying responses to the 12-item SPAS. There were, in addition, method effects associated with the negatively worded items that could be modeled to achieve good fit. Therefore, it was concluded that a single substantive factor and a non-substantive method effect primarily related to the negatively worded items best represented the 12-item SPAS.

  5. Research Note: The consequences of different methods for handling missing network data in Stochastic Actor Based Models

    PubMed Central

    Hipp, John R.; Wang, Cheng; Butts, Carter T.; Jose, Rupa; Lakon, Cynthia M.

    2015-01-01

    Although stochastic actor based models (e.g., as implemented in the SIENA software program) are growing in popularity as a technique for estimating longitudinal network data, a relatively understudied issue is the consequence of missing network data for longitudinal analysis. We explore this issue in our research note by utilizing data from four schools in an existing dataset (the AddHealth dataset) over three time points, assessing the substantive consequences of using four different strategies for addressing missing network data. The results indicate that whereas some measures in such models are estimated relatively robustly regardless of the strategy chosen for addressing missing network data, some of the substantive conclusions will differ based on the missing data strategy chosen. These results have important implications for this burgeoning applied research area, implying that researchers should more carefully consider how they address missing data when estimating such models. PMID:25745276

  6. Research Note: The consequences of different methods for handling missing network data in Stochastic Actor Based Models.

    PubMed

    Hipp, John R; Wang, Cheng; Butts, Carter T; Jose, Rupa; Lakon, Cynthia M

    2015-05-01

    Although stochastic actor based models (e.g., as implemented in the SIENA software program) are growing in popularity as a technique for estimating longitudinal network data, a relatively understudied issue is the consequence of missing network data for longitudinal analysis. We explore this issue in our research note by utilizing data from four schools in an existing dataset (the AddHealth dataset) over three time points, assessing the substantive consequences of using four different strategies for addressing missing network data. The results indicate that whereas some measures in such models are estimated relatively robustly regardless of the strategy chosen for addressing missing network data, some of the substantive conclusions will differ based on the missing data strategy chosen. These results have important implications for this burgeoning applied research area, implying that researchers should more carefully consider how they address missing data when estimating such models.

  7. Multiple imputation of covariates by fully conditional specification: Accommodating the substantive model

    PubMed Central

    Seaman, Shaun R; White, Ian R; Carpenter, James R

    2015-01-01

    Missing covariate data commonly occur in epidemiological and clinical research, and are often dealt with using multiple imputation. Imputation of partially observed covariates is complicated if the substantive model is non-linear (e.g. Cox proportional hazards model), or contains non-linear (e.g. squared) or interaction terms, and standard software implementations of multiple imputation may impute covariates from models that are incompatible with such substantive models. We show how imputation by fully conditional specification, a popular approach for performing multiple imputation, can be modified so that covariates are imputed from models which are compatible with the substantive model. We investigate through simulation the performance of this proposal, and compare it with existing approaches. Simulation results suggest our proposal gives consistent estimates for a range of common substantive models, including models which contain non-linear covariate effects or interactions, provided data are missing at random and the assumed imputation models are correctly specified and mutually compatible. Stata software implementing the approach is freely available. PMID:24525487

  8. "The Slightest Gesture": Deligny, the Ritornello and Subjectivity in Socially Just Pedagogical Praxis

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    van Heerden, Chantelle Gray

    2017-01-01

    Positing existence in terms of difference and becoming as substantive, Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari are interested in ways of thinking and being that lie outside of institutionalised knowledge and the semiotic chains and regimes of power that sustain it. Although this line of thinking is not applied to pedagogy itself in a sustained manner in…

  9. Army Financial Improvement Plans Generally Managed Effectively, but Better Contract Management Needed

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2014-04-08

    assertions are free of material misstatement . There are two types of substantive testing: substantive analytical procedures and tests of details...identified internal control weaknesses continue to exist and are significant enough to result in material misstatements or a conclusion that account...records properly. As a result, CEHNC personnel processed $21.5 million in contractor payments, citing an incorrect obligation, and was at increased risk

  10. Mental health consequences of international migration for Vietnamese Americans and the mediating effects of physical health and social networks: results from a natural experiment approach.

    PubMed

    Fu, Hongyun; VanLandingham, Mark J

    2012-05-01

    Although the existing literature on immigrant mental health is extensive, major substantive and methodological gaps remain. Substantively, there is little population-based research that focuses on the mental health consequences of migration for Vietnamese Americans. More generally, although a wide range of mental health problems among immigrants has been identified, the potential causal or mediating mechanisms underlying these problems remain elusive. This latter substantive shortcoming is related to a key methodological challenge involving the potentially confounding effects of selection on migration-related outcomes. This article addresses these challenges by employing a "natural experiment" design, involving comparisons among three population-based samples of Vietnamese immigrants, never-leavers, and returnees (N=709). Data were collected in Ho Chi Minh City and in New Orleans between 2003 and 2005. The study investigates the long-term impact of international migration on Vietnamese mental health, and the potential mediating effects of social networks and physical health on these migration-related outcomes. The results reveal both mental health advantages and disadvantages among Vietnamese immigrants relative to the two groups of Vietnamese nationals. Selection can be ruled out for some of these differences, and both social networks and physical health are found to play important explanatory roles.

  11. 34 CFR 602.22 - Substantive change.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... departure from the existing offerings of educational programs, or method of delivery, from those that were... site at which the institution is conducting a teach-out for students of another institution that has...

  12. 34 CFR 602.22 - Substantive change.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... departure from the existing offerings of educational programs, or method of delivery, from those that were... site at which the institution is conducting a teach-out for students of another institution that has...

  13. 34 CFR 602.22 - Substantive change.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... departure from the existing offerings of educational programs, or method of delivery, from those that were... site at which the institution is conducting a teach-out for students of another institution that has...

  14. 77 FR 46361 - Partial Approval and Disapproval of Air Quality Implementation Plans; Nevada; Infrastructure...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-08-03

    ... as explicit or implicit reapproval of any existing provisions that relate to these four substantive... information concerning funding and personnel supporting the functions of the three air pollution control...

  15. The Mathematics Textbook as a Story: A Novel Approach to the Interrogation of Mathematics Curriculum

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Dietiker, Leslie C.

    2012-01-01

    Both the purpose and overarching goal of this dissertation can be summarized with this quote by Buckminster Fuller: "You never change things by fighting the existing reality. To change something, build a new model that makes the existing model obsolete." That is, to enable substantive positive change in mathematics education, this…

  16. Balancing stability and flexibility in adaptive governance: an ...

    EPA Pesticide Factsheets

    Adaptive governance must work “on the ground,” that is, it must operate through structures and procedures that the people it governs perceive to be legitimate and fair, as well as incorporating processes and substantive goals that are effective in allowing social-ecological systems (SESs) to adapt to climate change and other impacts. To address the continuing and accelerating alterations that climate change is bringing to SESs, adaptive governance generally will require more flexibility than prior governance institutions have often allowed. However, to function as good governance, adaptive governance must pay real attention to the problem of how to balance this increased need for flexibility with continuing governance stability so that it can foster adaptation to change without being perceived or experienced as perpetually destabilizing, disruptive, and unfair. Flexibility and stability serve different purposes in governance, and a variety of tools exist to strike different balances between them while still preserving the governance institution’s legitimacy among the people governed. After reviewing those purposes and the implications of climate change for environmental governance, we examine psychological insights into the structuring of adaptive governance and the variety of legal tools available to incorporate those insights into adaptive governance regimes. Because the substantive goals of governance systems will differ among specific systems, we do no

  17. Measurement invariance study of the training satisfaction questionnaire (TSQ).

    PubMed

    Sanduvete-Chaves, Susana; Holgado-Tello, F Pablo; Chacón-Moscoso, Salvador; Barbero-García, M Isabel

    2013-01-01

    This article presents an empirical measurement invariance study in the substantive area of satisfaction evaluation in training programs. Specifically, it (I) provides an empirical solution to the lack of explicit measurement models of satisfaction scales, offering a way of analyzing and operationalizing the substantive theoretical dimensions; (II) outlines and discusses the analytical consequences of considering the effects of categorizing supposedly continuous variables, which are not usually taken into account; (III) presents empirical results from a measurement invariance study based on 5,272 participants' responses to a training satisfaction questionnaire in three different organizations and in two different training methods, taking into account the factor structure of the measured construct and the ordinal nature of the recorded data; and (IV) describes the substantive implications in the area of training satisfaction evaluation, such as the usefulness of the training satisfaction questionnaire to measure satisfaction in different organizations and different training methods. It also discusses further research based on these findings.

  18. 49 CFR 229.207 - New locomotive crashworthiness design standards and changes to existing FRA-approved locomotive...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... requirements of § 229.205 for the type of locomotive design or provides at least an equivalent level of safety... least an equivalent level of safety. Types of data and analysis to be considered are described in § 229.211(c)(1). (d) Petitions for FRA approval of non-substantive changes to the existing FRA-approved...

  19. Barriers to Research and Capacity Building at Hispanic-Serving Institutions: The Case of HIV/AIDS Research at the University of Puerto Rico

    PubMed Central

    Ortiz-Torres, Blanca

    2009-01-01

    Substantive barriers to research, such as cultural, language, and methodological variables, exist in Hispanic-serving institutions. Historical and contextual variables account for the differences between academic settings with research-intensive centers and those with limited infrastructure for competitive research. We provide a case example to serve as a model for developing and strengthening the research infrastructure in Hispanic-serving institutions and for providing the mentorship Latino investigators may need to compete with other investigators in research-intensive centers. We present recommendations to reduce these barriers. PMID:19246676

  20. Incentives for college student participation in web-based substance use surveys.

    PubMed

    Patrick, Megan E; Singer, Eleanor; Boyd, Carol J; Cranford, James A; McCabe, Sean Esteban

    2013-03-01

    The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of two incentive conditions (a $10 pre-incentive only vs. a $2 pre-incentive and a $10 promised incentive) on response rates, sample composition, substantive data, and cost-efficiency in a survey of college student substance use and related behaviors. Participants were 3000 randomly-selected college students invited to participate in a survey on substance use. Registrar data on all invitees was used to compare response rates and respondents, and web-based data collection on participants was used to compare substantive findings. Participants randomized to the pre-incentive plus promised incentive condition were more likely to complete the survey and less likely to give partial responses. Subgroup differences by sex, class year, and race were evaluated among complete responders, although only sex differences were significant. Men were more likely to respond in the pre-incentive plus promised incentive condition than the pre-incentive only condition. Substantive data did not differ across incentive structure, although the pre-incentive plus promised incentive condition was more cost-efficient. Survey research on college student populations is warranted to support the most scientifically sound and cost-efficient studies possible. Although substantive data did not differ, altering the incentive structure could yield cost savings with better response rates and more representative samples. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  1. 78 FR 9391 - Agency Information Collection Activities; Proposed Collection; Comment Request

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-02-08

    ... extend the existing PRA clearance for the information collection requirements associated with the... burden of the FCLCA and Rule based on its knowledge of, and information from, the eye care industry... party prescriber. No substantive provisions in the Rule have been amended or changed since staff's prior...

  2. Global Citizenship Education and Human Rights Education: Are They Compatible with U.S. Civic Education?

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Fernekes, William R.

    2016-01-01

    Global citizenship education (GCE) and human rights education (HRE) offer substantive contributions to civic education. Interconnections between the fields exist in curricula from intergovernmental organizations (UNESCO), non-governmental organizations (Oxfam Great Britain) and national ministries (Learning and Teaching Scotland). This essay…

  3. Habituation Is Not Enough: Novelty Preferences, Search, and Memory in Infancy.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Sophian, Catherine

    1980-01-01

    Critically evaluates habituation and related models for studying infant memory, focusing on methodological and substantive limitations which restrict the derivation of information from them. The essay considers existing research on the development of object permanence as an alternative source of information about infant memory. (Author/DB)

  4. Examination of Sex Differences in a Large Sample of Young Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder and Typical Development

    PubMed Central

    Reinhardt, Vanessa P.; Wetherby, Amy M.; Schatschneider, Christopher

    2014-01-01

    Despite consistent and substantive research documenting a large male to female ratio in Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), only a modest body of research exists examining sex differences in characteristics. This study examined sex differences in developmental functioning and early social communication in children with ASD as compared to children with typical development. Sex differences in adaptive behavior and autism symptoms were also examined in children with ASD. Participants (n = 511) were recruited from the Florida State University FIRST WORDS® Project and University of Michigan Autism and Communication Disorders Center. Analyses did not reveal significant effects of sex or a diagnostic group by sex interaction, suggesting a similar phenotype in males and females early in development. Further research is needed to examine sex differences across development. PMID:25189824

  5. 78 FR 69318 - Airworthiness Directives; Rockwell Collins, Inc. Transponders

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-11-19

    ... received by the closing date and may amend this proposed AD because of those comments. We will post all... provide. We will also post a report summarizing each substantive verbal contact we receive about this... previously is likely to exist or develop in other products of the same type design. Proposed AD Requirements...

  6. Development of an Integrated GIS and Land Use Planning Course: Impacts of Hybrid Instructional Methods

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Kamruzzaman, M.

    2014-01-01

    This study reports an action research undertaken at Queensland University of Technology. It evaluates the effectiveness of the integration of geographic information systems (GIS) within the substantive domains of an existing land use planning course in 2011. Using student performance, learning experience survey, and questionnaire survey data, it…

  7. The substantative knowledge base for travel and tourism: a systems model

    Treesearch

    David S. Solan

    1992-01-01

    Strategies for education and professional preparation in travel and tourism have generally been based in traditional tourism-related disciplines providing somewhat narrow perspectives of the tourism phenomenon. The need exists for models that provide comprehensive, holistic perspectives of travel and tourism. This paper presents one such systems model showing that...

  8. Should This Be Blue Penciled or Circled Red?: A Transcultural Interdisciplinary Study on Colors

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Ghazanfari-Moghaddam, Nadia; Mokhtari, Mohammad Ali; Sharififar, Masoud

    2013-01-01

    Color terms are one of the constituents of Chomskey's substantive universals, and they exist in all languages. Colors usually bear cultural implications as well, since they are adopted to express intentions metaphorically. Colors may then become symbols that represent certain objects, emotions, facts, etc. of their environment. This…

  9. The Practice of Quality in Assuring Learning in Higher Education

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    French, Erica; Summers, Jane; Kinash, Shelley; Lawson, Romy; Taylor, Tracy; Herbert, James; Fallshaw, Eveline; Hall, Cathy

    2014-01-01

    There remains a lack of published empirical data on the substantive outcomes of higher learning and the establishment of quality processes for determining them. Studies that do exist are nationally focused with available rankings of institutions reflecting neither the quality of teaching and learning nor the diversity of institutions. This article…

  10. 75 FR 14648 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; Notice of Filing of Proposed Rule Change by NYSE Amex LLC Deleting...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-03-26

    ... (Business Continuity and Contingency Plans) and adopt new Rule 4370--NYSE Amex Equities (Business Continuity... Continuity and Contingency Plans) as substantively duplicative of NASD Rules 3510 (Business Continuity Plans... Equities (Business Continuity and Contingency Plans) to remove the existing text and incorporate NASD Rules...

  11. The metaphysics of D-CTCs: On the underlying assumptions of Deutsch's quantum solution to the paradoxes of time travel

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Dunlap, Lucas

    2016-11-01

    I argue that Deutsch's model for the behavior of systems traveling around closed timelike curves (CTCs) relies implicitly on a substantive metaphysical assumption. Deutsch is employing a version of quantum theory with a significantly supplemented ontology of parallel existent worlds, which differ in kind from the many worlds of the Everett interpretation. Standard Everett does not support the existence of multiple identical copies of the world, which the D-CTC model requires. This has been obscured because he often refers to the branching structure of Everett as a "multiverse", and describes quantum interference by reference to parallel interacting definite worlds. But he admits that this is only an approximation to Everett. The D-CTC model, however, relies crucially on the existence of a multiverse of parallel interacting worlds. Since his model is supplemented by structures that go significantly beyond quantum theory, and play an ineliminable role in its predictions and explanations, it does not represent a quantum solution to the paradoxes of time travel.

  12. On the Nature of Syntactic Variation: Evidence from Complex Predicates and Complex Word-Formation.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Snyder, William

    2001-01-01

    Provides evidence from child language acquisition and comparative syntax for existence of a syntactic parameter in the classical sense of Chomsky (1981), with simultaneous effects on syntactic argument structure. Implications are that syntax is subject to points of substantive parametric variation as envisioned in Chomsky, and the time course of…

  13. The Contribution of Virtual Education to Social Inclusion with the Consolidation of a New Conviviality

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Fainholc, Beatriz

    2011-01-01

    This article discusses some of the approaches implemented as socio-educational public policies--which have failed--aimed at strengthening social inclusion to encourage a substantive conviviality, an alternative to the existing one, which is included under the new comprehensive framework of Social Studies of Science and Technology in their…

  14. What is a Fresh Scent in Perfumery? Perceptual Freshness is Correlated with Substantivity

    PubMed Central

    Zarzo, Manuel

    2013-01-01

    Perfumes are manufactured by mixing odorous materials with different volatilities. The parameter that measures the lasting property of a material when applied on the skin is called substantivity or tenacity. It is well known by perfumers that citrus and green notes are perceived as fresh and they tend to evaporate quickly, while odors most dissimilar to ‘fresh’ (e.g., oriental, powdery, erogenic and animalic scents) are tenacious. However, studies aimed at quantifying the relationship between fresh odor quality and substantivity have not received much attention. In this work, perceptual olfactory ratings on a fresh scale, estimated in a previous study, were compared with substantivity parameters and antierogenic ratings from the literature. It was found that the correlation between fresh odor character and odorant substantivity is quite strong (r = −0.85). ‘Fresh’ is sometimes interpreted in perfumery as ‘cool’ and the opposite of ‘warm’. This association suggests that odor freshness might be somehow related to temperature. Assuming that odor perception space was shaped throughout evolution in temperate climates, results reported here are consistent with the hypothesis that ‘fresh’ evokes scents typically encountered in the cool season, while ‘warm’ would be evoked by odors found in nature during summer. This hypothesis is rather simplistic but it may provide a new insight to better understand the perceptual space of scents. PMID:23275083

  15. Avoiding Substantive Errors in Individualized Education Program Development

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Yell, Mitchell L.; Katsiyannis, Antonis; Ennis, Robin Parks; Losinski, Mickey; Christle, Christine A.

    2016-01-01

    The purpose of this article is to discuss major substantive errors that school personnel may make when developing students' Individualized Education Programs (IEPs). School IEP team members need to understand the importance of the procedural and substantive requirements of the IEP, have an awareness of the five serious substantive errors that IEP…

  16. Recursive utility in a Markov environment with stochastic growth

    PubMed Central

    Hansen, Lars Peter; Scheinkman, José A.

    2012-01-01

    Recursive utility models that feature investor concerns about the intertemporal composition of risk are used extensively in applied research in macroeconomics and asset pricing. These models represent preferences as the solution to a nonlinear forward-looking difference equation with a terminal condition. In this paper we study infinite-horizon specifications of this difference equation in the context of a Markov environment. We establish a connection between the solution to this equation and to an arguably simpler Perron–Frobenius eigenvalue equation of the type that occurs in the study of large deviations for Markov processes. By exploiting this connection, we establish existence and uniqueness results. Moreover, we explore a substantive link between large deviation bounds for tail events for stochastic consumption growth and preferences induced by recursive utility. PMID:22778428

  17. Recursive utility in a Markov environment with stochastic growth.

    PubMed

    Hansen, Lars Peter; Scheinkman, José A

    2012-07-24

    Recursive utility models that feature investor concerns about the intertemporal composition of risk are used extensively in applied research in macroeconomics and asset pricing. These models represent preferences as the solution to a nonlinear forward-looking difference equation with a terminal condition. In this paper we study infinite-horizon specifications of this difference equation in the context of a Markov environment. We establish a connection between the solution to this equation and to an arguably simpler Perron-Frobenius eigenvalue equation of the type that occurs in the study of large deviations for Markov processes. By exploiting this connection, we establish existence and uniqueness results. Moreover, we explore a substantive link between large deviation bounds for tail events for stochastic consumption growth and preferences induced by recursive utility.

  18. In the Eyes of the Beholder: Urban Student Perceptions of Zero Tolerance Policy

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    McNeal, Laura; Dunbar, Christopher, Jr.

    2010-01-01

    Zero tolerance policy was created as a result of the Gun Free Schools Act of 1994. Varied views exist on zero tolerance policy that include its substantive impact, for whom it is intended, and its viability to address the problem of school violence. Parents, politicians, principals, and teachers have stated their views on the issues. However,…

  19. World Class Schools: Some Methodological and Substantive Findings and Implications of the International School Effectiveness Research Project (ISERP)

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Reynolds, David

    2006-01-01

    An outline is given of the context in which The International School Effectiveness Research Project (ISERP) was designed and it is argued that the deficiencies of existing studies and the increased internationalization of education makes the more rigorous approach of ISERP essential. A number of methodological lessons from the study are given,…

  20. The Possibility of Horizontal Tolerance. A Response to "Teaching for Toleration in Pluralist Liberal Democracies"

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Tillson, John B.

    2017-01-01

    In response to van Waarden's paper, which denied the possibility of horizontal tolerance between citizens, I argue that tolerance is both possible and often desirable between citizens. I also argue that a more substantive set of constraints are required for justice to be served than mere deference to whatever existing constitutions and laws happen…

  1. Understanding paradigms used for nursing research.

    PubMed

    Weaver, Kathryn; Olson, Joanne K

    2006-02-01

    The aims of this paper are to add clarity to the discussion about paradigms for nursing research and to consider integrative strategies for the development of nursing knowledge. Paradigms are sets of beliefs and practices, shared by communities of researchers, which regulate inquiry within disciplines. The various paradigms are characterized by ontological, epistemological and methodological differences in their approaches to conceptualizing and conducting research, and in their contribution towards disciplinary knowledge construction. Researchers may consider these differences so vast that one paradigm is incommensurable with another. Alternatively, researchers may ignore these differences and either unknowingly combine paradigms inappropriately or neglect to conduct needed research. To accomplish the task of developing nursing knowledge for use in practice, there is a need for a critical, integrated understanding of the paradigms used for nursing inquiry. We describe the evolution and influence of positivist, postpositivist, interpretive and critical theory research paradigms. Using integrative review, we compare and contrast the paradigms in terms of their philosophical underpinnings and scientific contribution. A pragmatic approach to theory development through synthesis of cumulative knowledge relevant to nursing practice is suggested. This requires that inquiry start with assessment of existing knowledge from disparate studies to identify key substantive content and gaps. Knowledge development in under-researched areas could be accomplished through integrative strategies that preserve theoretical integrity and strengthen research approaches associated with various philosophical perspectives. These strategies may include parallel studies within the same substantive domain using different paradigms; theoretical triangulation to combine findings from paradigmatically diverse studies; integrative reviews; and mixed method studies. Nurse scholars are urged to consider the benefits and limitations of inquiry within each paradigm, and the theoretical needs of the discipline.

  2. Socioeconomic status and sex ratios at birth in Sweden: No evidence for a Trivers-Willard effect for a wide range of status indicators.

    PubMed

    Kolk, Martin; Schnettler, Sebastian

    2016-01-01

    This study examines if there exists a positive association between socioeconomic status and the proportion of male births in humans, as proposed by Trivers and Willard in 1973, using individual-level data drawn from the complete population of Sweden. We examine more than 3,000,000 births between 1960 and 2007 using administrative register data with comprehensive information on various dimensions of socioeconomic status. We use six different operationalizations of socioeconomic status, including earnings, post-transfer income (including government allowances), wealth, parental wealth, educational level, and occupational class. We apply regression models that compare both changes in status for the same woman over time and differences in status across different women. We also measure socioeconomic status both at the year of child birth and the year of conception. Our results show the absence of any relationship between socioeconomic status and sex ratios, using a large number of different operationalizations of status. We conclude that no substantive relationship between socioeconomic status and sex ratios exists for the population and period of our study. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

  3. Racial and Ethnic Differences in the Epidemiology and Genomics of Lung Cancer.

    PubMed

    Schabath, Matthew B; Cress, Douglas; Munoz-Antonia, Teresita

    2016-10-01

    Lung cancer is the most common cancer in the world. In addition to the geographical and sex-specific differences in the incidence, mortality, and survival rates of lung cancer, growing evidence suggests that racial and ethnic differences exist. We reviewed published data related to racial and ethnic differences in lung cancer. Current knowledge and substantive findings related to racial and ethnic differences in lung cancer were summarized, focusing on incidence, mortality, survival, cigarette smoking, prevention and early detection, and genomics. Systems-level and health care professional-related issues likely to contribute to specific racial and ethnic health disparities were also reviewed to provide possible suggestions for future strategies to reduce the disproportionate burden of lung cancer. Although lung carcinogenesis is a multifactorial process driven by exogenous exposures, genetic variations, and an accumulation of somatic genetic events, it appears to have racial and ethnic differences that in turn impact the observed epidemiological differences in rates of incidence, mortality, and survival.

  4. Behavioral and Academic Progress of Children Displaying Substantive ADHD Behaviors in Special Education: A 1-Year Follow-up.

    PubMed

    Stoutjesdijk, Regina; Scholte, Evert M; Swaab, Hanna

    2016-01-01

    Exploring differences in behavioral and academic progress between children displaying substantive ADHD behaviors (M age of 9.4 years) in special schools (n = 38) and in inclusive education (n = 26). The contribution of pedagogical strategies to positive outcomes was also examined. Measurements used were the Teachers' Report Form, the Social Emotional Questionnaire, assessments of academic achievement, and the Pedagogical Methods Questionnaire. Mixed-model ANOVAs and Pearson's correlations were used to analyze the data. Significant progress was found regarding disorder-specific problem behavior and in all academic areas, but no interaction effect was found between time and setting. Correlations indicated that positive behavior reinforcement and emotional support are the pedagogical strategies that contributed most to behavioral adaptation. Children displaying substantive ADHD behaviors in both groups develop equally well in the areas of behavioral and academic functioning where significant progress was found. © The Author(s) 2013.

  5. Free Speech and GWOT: Back to the Future?

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2008-02-29

    associated cases from the WWI era) focused on speech as evidence of a substantive crime (there, leaflets were proof that the accused was fomenting the...substantive crime – insurrection within the Army). In Gitlow and Whitney, there was no substantive crime for which speech was the evidence. The...substantive crime was the substance of the speech itself. That this test evaluated the content of the speech itself would later become a major criticism

  6. Fighting for Intelligence: A Brief Overview of the Academic Work of John L. Horn

    PubMed Central

    McArdle, John J.; Hofer, Scott M.

    2015-01-01

    John L. Horn (1928–2006) was a pioneer in multivariate thinking and the application of multivariate methods to research on intelligence and personality. His key works on individual differences in the methodological areas of factor analysis and the substantive areas of cognition are reviewed here. John was also our mentor, teacher, colleague, and friend. We overview John Horn’s main contributions to the field of intelligence by highlighting 3 issues about his methods of factor analysis and 3 of his substantive debates about intelligence. We first focus on Horn’s methodological demonstrations describing (a) the many uses of simulated random variables in exploratory factor analysis; (b) the exploratory uses of confirmatory factor analysis; and (c) the key differences between states, traits, and trait-changes. On a substantive basis, John believed that there were important individual differences among people in terms of cognition and personality. These sentiments led to his intellectual battles about (d) Spearman’s g theory of a unitary intelligence, (e) Guilford’s multifaceted model of intelligence, and (f) the Schaie and Baltes approach to defining the lack of decline of intelligence earlier in the life span. We conclude with a summary of John Horn’s unique approaches to dealing with common issues. PMID:26246642

  7. Fetal pain, abortion, viability, and the Constitution.

    PubMed

    Cohen, I Glenn; Sayeed, Sadath

    2011-01-01

    In early 2010, the Nebraska state legislature passed a new abortion restricting law asserting a new, compelling state interest in preventing fetal pain. In this article, we review existing constitutional abortion doctrine and note difficulties presented by persistent legal attention to a socially derived viability construct. We then offer a substantive biological, ethical, and legal critique of the new fetal pain rationale. © 2011 American Society of Law, Medicine & Ethics, Inc.

  8. Plaque-left-behind after brushing: intra-oral reservoir for antibacterial toothpaste ingredients.

    PubMed

    Otten, Marieke P T; Busscher, Henk J; Abbas, Frank; van der Mei, Henny C; van Hoogmoed, Chris G

    2012-10-01

    Plaque is never fully removed by brushing and may act as a reservoir for antibacterial ingredients, contributing to their substantive action. This study investigates the contribution of plaque-left-behind and saliva towards substantivity of three antibacterial toothpastes versus a control paste without antibacterial claims. First, volunteers brushed 2 weeks with a control or antibacterial toothpaste. Next, plaque and saliva samples were collected 6 and 12 h after brushing and bacterial concentrations and viabilities were measured. The contributions of plaque and saliva towards substantivity were determined by combining control plaques with experimental plaque or saliva samples and subsequently assessing their viabilities. Bacterial compositions in the various plaque and saliva samples were compared using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. The viabilities of plaques after brushing with Colgate-Total® and Crest-Pro-Health® were smaller than of control plaques and up to 12 h after brushing with Crest-Pro-Health® plaques still contained effective, residual antibacterial activity against control plaques. No effective, residual antibacterial activity could be measured in saliva samples after brushing. There was no significant difference in bacterial composition of plaque or saliva after brushing with the different toothpastes. Plaque-left-behind after mechanical cleaning contributes to the substantive action of an antibacterial toothpaste containing stannous fluoride (Crest-Pro-Health®). The absorptive capacity of plaque-left-behind after brushing is of utmost clinical importance, since plaque is predominantly left behind in places where its removal and effective killing matter most. Therewith this study demonstrates a clear and new beneficial effect of the use of antibacterial toothpastes.

  9. Substantive Editing as a Form of Plagiarism among Postgraduate Students in Australia

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Lines, Lisa

    2016-01-01

    In university plagiarism policies, and in the research into plagiarism, one form of collusion remains virtually unacknowledged: substantive editing performed by editors. While almost all Australian universities allow postgraduate students to have their thesis professionally edited, "substantive" editing is prohibited. This article…

  10. 78 FR 18630 - Records Schedules; Availability and Request for Comments

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-03-27

    ... speeches, program files, records of senior-level boards, and substantive working papers. 11. Office of the... reference materials, non-substantive drafts, routine briefings and speeches, staff level working groups, Web... speeches, drafts, non-substantive working papers, reference files, and the internal Web site. Proposed for...

  11. 12 CFR 747.604 - Standards for award.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... discrete substantive portion of the proceeding, by or against NCUA unless the position of NCUA during the... one or more discrete substantive issues in a proceeding, even though all the issues were not resolved... discrete significant substantive issue or issues on which the applicant's position has been upheld. If such...

  12. The influence of actor capacities on EIA system performance in low and middle income countries —Cases from Georgia and Ghana

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Kolhoff, Arend J., E-mail: akolhoff@eia.nl; Runhaar, Hens A.C., E-mail: H.A.C.Runhaar@uu.nl; Forest and Nature Conservation Policy Group, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen

    In this paper, we aim to better understand the factors that contribute to the substantive performance of EIA systems in low and middle income countries. Substantive performance is defined as the extent to which the EIA process contributes to the EIA objectives for the long term, namely environmental protection or, even more ambitious, sustainable development. We have therefore developed a conceptual model in which we focus on the key actors in the EIA system, the proponent and the EIA authority and their level of ownership as a key capacity to measure their performance, and we distinguish procedural performance and somemore » contextual factors. This conceptual model is then verified and refined for the EIA phase and the EIA follow-up phase (permitting, monitoring and enforcement) by means of 12 case studies from Ghana (four cases) and Georgia (eight cases), both lower–middle income countries. We observe that in most cases the level of substantive performance increases during the EIA phase but drops during the EIA follow-up phase, and as a result only five out of 12 operational cases are in compliance with permit conditions or national environmental standards. We conclude, firstly that ownership of the proponent is the most important factor explaining the level of substantive performance; the higher the proponent's level of ownership the higher the level of substantive performance. The influence of the EIA authority on substantive performance is limited. Secondly, the influence of procedural performance on substantive performance seems less important than expected in the EIA phase but more important during the EIA follow-up phase. In order to improve substantive performance we learned two lessons. Firstly, increasing the proponent's level of ownership seems obvious, but direct change is probably difficult. However, where international finance institutes are involved they can increase ownership. Despite the limited influence of the EIA authority, a proactive strategy of, for example, working together with international finance institutes has a slightly larger influence than a reactive strategy. - Highlights: • Ownership of the proponent is the most important factor explaining the level of substantive performance. • The influence of the EIA authority on substantive performance is limited. • The influence of procedural performance on substantive performance seems less important than expected in the EIA phase but more important during the EIA follow-up phase.« less

  13. The substantivity of a number of oral hygiene products determined by the duration of effects on salivary bacteria.

    PubMed

    Elworthy, A; Greenman, J; Doherty, F M; Newcombe, R G; Addy, M

    1996-06-01

    The persistence of action, or substantivity, of antimicrobial agents in the mouth appears to be a major variable influencing plaque inhibition. Such substantivity can be assessed by measuring the duration and magnitude of suppression of salivary bacterial numbers produced by antimicrobial agents. Although this has been determined for some agents, there is little information on the substantivity of the numerous products which contain these and other antimicrobial agents. This study was commissioned on the basis that efficacy cannot be assumed merely because a product contains a known active agent. Nine formulations or products were chosen: 2 rinses containing chlorhexidine or C31G, 4 rinses containing cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) (with and without fluoride and/or alcohol), a minus-CPC control rinse, and 2 toothpastes with and without stannous fluoride. Additionally, water was used as a placebo control. Twenty health dentate volunteers took part in this blind, 10 cell randomized, single rinse, cross-over study, which was balanced for carryover. Mouthrinses were 15 ml volumes and toothpastes 3 gm in 10 ml water slurries rinsed for 60 seconds. On the day of each study volunteers suspended oral hygiene habits and at approximately 9:00 a.m. rinsed with the allocated formulation. Unstimulated saliva samples were obtained immediately before and 30, 60, 180, 300, and 420 minutes after rinsing. The samples were immediately processed for total anaerobic bacterial counts. All rinses except water and the minus CPC control rinse produced significant falls in counts to 30 minutes. Of more relevance in this inter-treatment comparison-designed study, the C31G rinse showed significant substantivity compared to water only for 60 minutes. C31G was highly significantly less substantive than chlorhexidine from 30 minutes to 420 minutes. The CPC rinses were similar and significantly more substantive than their control rinse to between 180 and 300 minutes. The stannous fluoride and control pastes were similarly substantive to 300 minutes, with the stannous fluoride paste remaining substantive compared to water to 430 minutes. Based on antimicrobial action these formulations varied considerably in substantivity and this is likely to reflect their comparative plaque inhibitory properties.

  14. 22 CFR 66.2 - Location of description of organization and substantive rules of general applicability adopted as...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... substantive rules of general applicability adopted as authorized by law, and statements of general applicability formulated and adopted by NED. 66.2 Section 66.2 Foreign Relations DEPARTMENT OF STATE PUBLIC... of description of organization and substantive rules of general applicability adopted as authorized...

  15. 29 CFR 500.133 - Substantive Federal and State safety and health standards defined.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... 29 Labor 3 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Substantive Federal and State safety and health standards defined. 500.133 Section 500.133 Labor Regulations Relating to Labor (Continued) WAGE AND HOUR DIVISION... Migrant Workers Housing Safety and Health § 500.133 Substantive Federal and State safety and health...

  16. Challenging Substantive Knowledge in Educational Media: A Case Study of German History Textbooks

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Garske, Lucas Frederik

    2017-01-01

    Many scholars working on history education have stressed that, in order to "do history," a congruent relation between substantive and procedural knowledge is required. In response to this argument, this article emphasizes the need to consider pupils' relations to substantive knowledge. With reference to history textbooks currently used…

  17. "What Exactly Is Parliament?": Finding the Place of Substantive Knowledge in History

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Palek, Dominik

    2015-01-01

    The relationship between knowledge and literacy is a central concern for all teachers. In his teaching, Palek noted that his students were struggling to understand complex substantive concepts such as "parliament" and decided to explore the relationship between students' understanding of a concept and their wider substantive knowledge…

  18. Long Range Strategic Planning. An Applied Model.

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1983-06-01

    the major actors and determine their objectives. Second, to devise an effective strategy, the planner must know what motivates the major actors...turbine blades in jet aircraft are bonded to their rotors with high-performance gold brazing alloys. As of 1980, over 27 percent of the gold consumed...every civil right can be denied if the authorities so choose. Few safeguards of a substantive or procedural kind exist, in effect , all South Africans

  19. Adolescent fathers: an approach for intervention.

    PubMed

    Joshi, N P; Battle, S F

    1990-01-01

    Many myths exist concerning the needs and problems confronting adolescent fathers. Research on adolescent pregnancy has proliferated in the last decade. We now have a substantial body of empirically-based findings in this area. Unfortunately, few substantive findings are available on adolescent fathers, yet the magnitude of this problem has reached epidemic proportion. This article will provide an overview of current research on adolescent fathers and their needs and offer suggestions for appropriate intervention.

  20. Trading Zones in Early Modern Europe.

    PubMed

    Long, Pamela O

    2015-12-01

    This essay adopts the concept of trading zones first developed for the history of science by Peter Galison and redefines it for the early modern period. The term "trading zones" is used to mean arenas in which substantive and reciprocal communication occurred between individuals who were artisanally trained and learned (university-trained) individuals. Such trading zones proliferated in the sixteenth century. They tended to arise in certain kinds of places and not in others, but their existence must be determined empirically. The author's work on trading zones differs from the ideas of Edgar Zilsel, who emphasized the influence of artisans on the scientific revolution. In contrast, in this essay, the mutual influence of artisans and the learned on each other is stressed, and translation is used as a modality that was important to communication within trading zones.

  1. 7 CFR 718.205 - Substantive change in farming operation, and changes in related legal entities.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... committee shall also consider the use of land, labor, and equipment available to the farming operations and... 7 Agriculture 7 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Substantive change in farming operation, and changes..., Allotments, Quotas, and Bases § 718.205 Substantive change in farming operation, and changes in related legal...

  2. 38 CFR 20.300 - Rule 300. Place of filing Notice of Disagreement and Substantive Appeal.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... 38 Pensions, Bonuses, and Veterans' Relief 2 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Rule 300. Place of filing Notice of Disagreement and Substantive Appeal. 20.300 Section 20.300 Pensions, Bonuses, and Veterans... § 20.300 Rule 300. Place of filing Notice of Disagreement and Substantive Appeal. The Notice of...

  3. Antibacterial properties of soap containing some fatty acid esters.

    PubMed

    Pandey, N K; Natraj, C V; Kalle, G P; Nambudiry, M E

    1985-02-01

    Synopsis Chemical microbial inhibitors compatible with formulations of soaps and deodorant perfumes are more effective if they are substantive to the skin. However, highly effective inhibitors are toxic and their substantivity on skin may accentuate the toxicity. Natural compounds such as short to medium chain fatty acids and their derivatives, which are known to be germicidal, offer a viable alternative to chemical inhibitors. We report here the synthesis of sodium 2-lauroyloxy propionate and an in vivo method to test its substantivity on skin following its incorporation in soaps. Among several compounds tested, sodium 2-lauroyloxy propionate was found to be highly substantive in soap formulation.

  4. The Israel Press Council: review and suggestions for improvement.

    PubMed

    Cohen-Almagor, R

    2000-07-01

    The aim of this essay is to review the work of the Israel Press Council. The essay considers the history of the Press Council, analysing the way it has developed, its work, and how it reached its current status. It is argued that the existing situation is far from satisfactory, and that the media should advance more elaborate mechanisms of self-control, empowering the Press Council with greater authority and equipping it with substantive ability to sanction.

  5. 45 CFR 155.210 - Navigator program standards.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-10-01

    ... individuals to be awarded Navigator grants, designed to prevent, minimize and mitigate any conflicts of... substantive benefits or comparative benefits of different health plans. (D) Requiring that a Navigator hold an...

  6. Capacity Payments in Restructured Markets under Low and High Penetration Levels of Renewable Energy

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Jenkin, Thomas; Beiter, Philipp; Margolis, Robert

    There is considerable debate about the degree to which restructured markets perform successfully in their use of capacity markets. In providing appropriate incentives for new and existing generation to meet reliability requirements, a variety of capacity market designs have developed across RTOs and ISOs in the United States and internationally. Growing levels of variable renewable energy (VRE) resources arguably create new challenges for capacity market designs, because VREs suppress energy prices while providing relatively little capacity, with these effects increase with VRE penetration. The purpose of this report is threefold. First, we provide a brief outline of the purpose andmore » design of various capacity markets under consideration using variable resource requirement (VRR) demand curves. Second, we discuss some of the main challenges raised in existing literature and a set of interviews that we conducted with market participants, regulators, and observers, including where there substantive differences in opinion. Third, we consider some of the challenges that may be specific to higher penetration levels of VRE. While the well known 'merit order' effect from VRE can be expected to suppress wholesale energy prices and revenue, this may be partly mitigated by increased capacity payments and the greater importance of AS payments for flexible capacity. The potential for greater reliance on capacity markets for generator revenues may amplify any inefficiency and costs associated with capacity price volatility and other suboptimal market design choices. Regulatory intervention to ensure adequate capacity payments and ancillary service revenue may become more prevalent under current market designs as the timescale for market signals shifts increasingly from near term (e.g., day-ahead in wholesale electricity markets) to longer term (annual intervals in capacity markets). Our review and discussion with market participants suggest substantive challenges may remain in implementing capacity markets that provide both adequate operational and investment incentives, particularly under high-VRE scenarios with greater need for flexible capacity.« less

  7. Environmental politics in the 1990s: The tension between liberalism and environmental quality

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Cahn, M.A.

    1991-01-01

    There are two structural tensions between liberalism and environmental quality. First, liberalism's emphasis on individual self-interest creates a problematic concept of communal good. Society, as manifest in liberal contract theory, exists not to find some higher good, but to protect individual rights. Individual and corporate property rights have consistently overshadowed community claims on resource management. Second, capitalism has been characterized by a constant drive for expansion in search of increased productivity and profit. The impact of that expansionary ethic has been overuse of limited resources and the poisoning of the physical environment. This study combines normative theory with case studiesmore » of the substantive policy areas of air, water, and waste. Environmental policy's analyzed with attention to the parameters of American political culture and the inherent limitations the language of liberalism places on policy choices. The literature on symbolic policy is then applied exploring the role of symbolic politics in easing the tension between liberalism and environmental quality. Ultimately, substantive policy areas are explored in a effort to explain the evolution of specific policies.« less

  8. Killing, letting die and euthanasia.

    PubMed Central

    Husak, D N

    1979-01-01

    Medical ethicists debate whether or not the moral assessment of cases of euthanasia should depend on whether the patient is 'killed' or 'allowed to die'. The usual presupposition is that a clear distinction between killing and letting die can be drawn so that this substantive question is not begged. I contend that the categorisation of cases of instances of killing rather than as instances of letting die depends in part on a prior moral assessment of the case. Hence is it trivially rather than substantively true that the distinction has moral significance. But even if a morally neutral (ie non-question begging) distinction could be drawn, its application to the euthanasia controversy is problematic. I illustrate the difficulties of employing this distinction to reach moral conclusions by critically discussing Philippa Foot's recent treatment of euthanasia. I conclude that even if an act of euthanasia is an instance of killing, and there exists a prima facie moral duty not to kill, and no more stringent duty overrides this duty, one still cannot determine such an act to be morally impermissible. PMID:541821

  9. Killing, letting die and euthanasia.

    PubMed

    Husak, D N

    1979-12-01

    Medical ethicists debate whether or not the moral assessment of cases of euthanasia should depend on whether the patient is 'killed' or 'allowed to die'. The usual presupposition is that a clear distinction between killing and letting die can be drawn so that this substantive question is not begged. I contend that the categorisation of cases of instances of killing rather than as instances of letting die depends in part on a prior moral assessment of the case. Hence is it trivially rather than substantively true that the distinction has moral significance. But even if a morally neutral (ie non-question begging) distinction could be drawn, its application to the euthanasia controversy is problematic. I illustrate the difficulties of employing this distinction to reach moral conclusions by critically discussing Philippa Foot's recent treatment of euthanasia. I conclude that even if an act of euthanasia is an instance of killing, and there exists a prima facie moral duty not to kill, and no more stringent duty overrides this duty, one still cannot determine such an act to be morally impermissible.

  10. Exploring Differential Bundle Functioning in Mathematics by Gender: The Effect of Hierarchical Modelling

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Ong, Yoke Mooi; Williams, Julian; Lamprianou, Iasonas

    2013-01-01

    Researchers interested in exploring substantive group differences are increasingly attending to bundles of items (or testlets): the aim is to understand how gender differences, for instance, are explained by differential performances on different types or bundles of items, hence differential bundle functioning (DBF). Some previous work has…

  11. Schools of Education: Legal and Political Issues of Accreditation

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Koff, Robert H.; Florio, David H.

    1977-01-01

    A policy-making forum created to examine substantive issues related to the formulation of a national accreditation policy for schools of education will help sort out and accommodate differences in ideological positions. (Author)

  12. Primary-Secondary Transition: Differences between Teachers' and Children's Perceptions

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Topping, Keith

    2011-01-01

    Transition from primary to secondary school is an important but neglected topic. For this review, 88 studies were selected from 325 possible studies, as including substantive data related to transition. The teacher's perspective and the child's perspective were very different, the former principally concerned with attainment and the latter…

  13. Questioning the "big assumptions". Part II: recognizing organizational contradictions that impede institutional change.

    PubMed

    Bowe, Constance M; Lahey, Lisa; Kegan, Robert; Armstrong, Elizabeth

    2003-08-01

    Well-designed medical curriculum reforms can fall short of their primary objectives during implementation when unanticipated or unaddressed organizational resistance surfaces. This typically occurs if the agents for change ignore faculty concerns during the planning stage or when the provision of essential institutional safeguards to support new behaviors are neglected. Disappointing outcomes in curriculum reforms then result in the perpetuation of or reversion to the status quo despite the loftiest of goals. Institutional resistance to change, much like that observed during personal development, does not necessarily indicate a communal lack of commitment to the organization's newly stated goals. It may reflect the existence of competing organizational objectives that must be addressed before substantive advances in a new direction can be accomplished. The authors describe how the Big Assumptions process (see previous article) was adapted and applied at the institutional level during a school of medicine's curriculum reform. Reform leaders encouraged faculty participants to articulate their reservations about considered changes to provided insights into the organization's competing commitments. The line of discussion provided an opportunity for faculty to appreciate the gridlock that existed until appropriate test of the school's long held Big Assumptions could be conducted. The Big Assumptions process proved useful in moving faculty groups to recognize and questions the validity of unchallenged institutional beliefs that were likely to undermine efforts toward change. The process also allowed the organization to put essential institutional safeguards in place that ultimately insured that substantive reforms could be sustained.

  14. 12 CFR 308.173 - Prevailing party.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... action. (b) Segregation of costs. When a proceeding has presented a number of discrete substantive issues... connection with the discrete significant substantive issue or issues on which the applicant's position has...

  15. On the measurement of criterion noise in signal detection theory: the case of recognition memory.

    PubMed

    Kellen, David; Klauer, Karl Christoph; Singmann, Henrik

    2012-07-01

    Traditional approaches within the framework of signal detection theory (SDT; Green & Swets, 1966), especially in the field of recognition memory, assume that the positioning of response criteria is not a noisy process. Recent work (Benjamin, Diaz, & Wee, 2009; Mueller & Weidemann, 2008) has challenged this assumption, arguing not only for the existence of criterion noise but also for its large magnitude and substantive contribution to individuals' performance. A review of these recent approaches for the measurement of criterion noise in SDT identifies several shortcomings and confoundings. A reanalysis of Benjamin et al.'s (2009) data sets as well as the results from a new experimental method indicate that the different forms of criterion noise proposed in the recognition memory literature are of very low magnitudes, and they do not provide a significant improvement over the account already given by traditional SDT without criterion noise. Copyright 2012 APA, all rights reserved.

  16. The Sibsize Revolution and Social Disparities in Children's Family Contexts in the United States, 1940-2012.

    PubMed

    Fahey, Tony

    2017-06-01

    This article points to a sharp decline in children's sibling numbers (sibsize) that occurred in the United States since the 1970s and was large enough among children with lower socioeconomic status (SES) (particularly black children) to amount to a revolution in their family circumstances. It interprets sibsize decline as a source of social convergence in children's family contexts that ran counter to trends toward social divergence caused by the rise of lone parenthood. The article is based on new estimates of differences in children's sibsize and lone parenthood by race and maternal education generated from public-use samples from the Census of Population and Current Population Survey (CPS), focusing especially on the period 1940-2012. I discuss some methodological and substantive challenges for existing scholarship arising from the findings and point to questions for future research.

  17. 76 FR 76250 - Proposed Revision of the Form M-1

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-12-06

    ...This document announces proposed revisions to the Form M-1, Report for Multiple Employer Welfare Arrangements (MEWAs) and Certain Entities Claiming Exception (ECEs). The revisions can be viewed on the Employee Benefits Security Administration's (EBSA) Web site at www.dol.gov/ebsa. The proposed form is substantively different from previous versions of the Form M-1 and may not be used for filing purposes. Elsewhere in this edition of the Federal Register, EBSA is publishing a Notice of Proposed Rulemaking. Those rules would amend the existing MEWA regulations to implement the registration requirement added to section 101(g) of Title I of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, (ERISA), as amended by the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (Affordable Care Act) as well as to enhance compliance, enforcement, and protection of employer-sponsored health benefits. The proposed form and the accompanying instructions would facilitate the filing requirements for MEWAs under ERISA.

  18. Group Comparisons of Mathematics Performance from a Cognitive Diagnostic Perspective

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Chen, Yi-Hsin; Ferron, John M.; Thompson, Marilyn S.; Gorin, Joanna S.; Tatsuoka, Kikumi K.

    2010-01-01

    Traditional comparisons of test score means identify group differences in broad academic areas, but fail to provide substantive description of how the groups differ on the specific cognitive attributes required for success in the academic area. The rule space method (RSM) allows for group comparisons at the cognitive attribute level, which…

  19. 40 CFR 21.10 - Utilization of the statement.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... a statement is issued under § 21.5 is substantively changed in scope, concept, design, or capability... financial assistance: Provided, That there is or will be no substantive change in the scope, concept, design...

  20. 76 FR 50359 - Hours of Service of Railroad Employees; Substantive Regulations for Train Employees Providing...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-08-12

    ...FRA is amending its hours of service recordkeeping regulations, to add substantive hours of service regulations, including maximum on-duty periods, minimum off-duty periods, and other limitations, for train employees (e.g., locomotive engineers and conductors) providing commuter and intercity rail passenger transportation. The new substantive regulations require that railroads employing such train employees analyze and mitigate the risks for fatigue in the schedules worked by these train employees, and that the railroads submit to FRA for its approval the relevant schedules and fatigue mitigation plans. This final rule also makes corresponding changes to FRA's hours of service recordkeeping regulation, to require railroads to keep hours of service records and report excess service to FRA in a manner consistent with the new substantive requirements. This regulation is authorized by the Rail Safety Improvement Act of 2008.

  1. The World Health Organization World Mental Health Survey Initiative.

    PubMed

    Kessler, Ronald C; Haro, Josep Maria; Heeringa, Steven G; Pennell, Beth-Ellen; Ustün, T Bedirhan

    2006-01-01

    To present an overview of the World Health Organization World Mental Health (WMH) Survey Initiative. The discussion draws on knowledge gleaned from the authors' participation as principals in WMH. WMH has carried out community epidemiological surveys in more than two dozen countries with more than 200,000 completed interviews. Additional surveys are in progress. Clinical reappraisal studies embedded in WMH surveys have been used to develop imputation rules to adjust prevalence estimates for within- and between-country variation in accuracy. WMH interviews include detailed information about sub-threshold manifestations to address the problem of rigid categorical diagnoses not applying equally to all countries. Investigations are now underway of targeted substantive issues. Despite inevitable limitations imposed by existing diagnostic systems and variable expertise in participating countries, WMH has produced an unprecedented amount of high-quality data on the general population cross-national epidemiology of mental disorders. WMH collaborators are in thoughtful and subtle investigations of cross-national variation in validity of diagnostic assessments and a wide range of important substantive topics. Recognizing that WMH is not definitive, finally, insights from this round of surveys are being used to carry out methodological studies aimed at improving the quality of future investigations.

  2. AFS men and women differ most in their lifestyle choices

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Connelly, N.A.; Brown, T.L.; Hardiman, J.M.

    2006-01-01

    The American Fisheries Society sponsored a survey to examine the career development choices of men and women and how they might differ by gender. A random sample of 700 men and 700 women was selected from the AFS membership database. The survey was mailed out in October 2004 and 991 questionnaires were returned for an adjusted response rate of 71%. Some differences exist between men and women in the areas of interest development, education, and employment, but the substantive differences occur in lifestyle choices. Women with a fisheries career are less likely to be married than men, even when age is controlled for, and women who are married are more likely to have dual-career considerations than their male counterparts. Among respondents without dependents in their home during their professional career, twice as many women as men think having children will adversely affect their career. For those with dependents, more than twice as many women as men said they had to put their career "on hold" because of their dependents. While AFS members do not represent all members of the fisheries profession, their experiences shed substantial light on the lifestyle choices likely faced by most members of the profession.

  3. A phylogenomic data-driven exploration of viral origins and evolution

    PubMed Central

    Nasir, Arshan; Caetano-Anollés, Gustavo

    2015-01-01

    The origin of viruses remains mysterious because of their diverse and patchy molecular and functional makeup. Although numerous hypotheses have attempted to explain viral origins, none is backed by substantive data. We take full advantage of the wealth of available protein structural and functional data to explore the evolution of the proteomic makeup of thousands of cells and viruses. Despite the extremely reduced nature of viral proteomes, we established an ancient origin of the “viral supergroup” and the existence of widespread episodes of horizontal transfer of genetic information. Viruses harboring different replicon types and infecting distantly related hosts shared many metabolic and informational protein structural domains of ancient origin that were also widespread in cellular proteomes. Phylogenomic analysis uncovered a universal tree of life and revealed that modern viruses reduced from multiple ancient cells that harbored segmented RNA genomes and coexisted with the ancestors of modern cells. The model for the origin and evolution of viruses and cells is backed by strong genomic and structural evidence and can be reconciled with existing models of viral evolution if one considers viruses to have originated from ancient cells and not from modern counterparts. PMID:26601271

  4. Maintenance of pre-existing DNA methylation states through recurring excess-light stress.

    PubMed

    Ganguly, Diep R; Crisp, Peter A; Eichten, Steven R; Pogson, Barry J

    2018-04-29

    The capacity for plant stress priming and memory and the notion of this being underpinned by DNA methylation-mediated memory is an appealing hypothesis for which there is mixed evidence. We previously established a lack of drought-induced methylome variation in Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis); however, this was tied to only minor observations of physiological memory. There are numerous independent observations demonstrating that photoprotective mechanisms, induced by excess-light stress, can lead to robust programmable changes in newly developing leaf tissues. Although key signalling molecules and transcription factors are known to promote this priming signal, an untested question is the potential involvement of chromatin marks towards the maintenance of light stress acclimation, or memory. Thus, we systematically tested our previous hypothesis of a stress-resistant methylome using a recurring excess-light stress, then analysing new, emerging, and existing tissues. The DNA methylome showed negligible stress-associated variation, with the vast majority attributable to stochastic differences. Yet, photoacclimation was evident through enhanced photosystem II performance in exposed tissues, and nonphotochemical quenching and fluorescence decline ratio showed evidence of mitotic transmission. Thus, we have observed physiological acclimation in new and emerging tissues in the absence of substantive DNA methylome changes. © 2018 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

  5. An investigation of environmental and sustainability discourses associated with the substantive purposes of environmental assessment

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Rozema, Jaap G., E-mail: j.rozema@uea.ac.uk; Bond, Alan J., E-mail: alan.bond@uea.ac.uk; Cashmore, Matthew, E-mail: cashmore@plan.aau.dk

    2012-02-15

    This paper investigates the discursive construction of the substantive purposes of environmental assessment (EA). It addresses these purposes by exploring the complex and often multifaceted linkages between political factors and plural views of democracy, public participation, and the role of science that are embedded in environmental and sustainability discourses. The interaction between policy-making and public actors leads to the formulation of divergent and potentially competing rationales for public participation, and for social appraisal more generally. Participatory approaches have also given impetus to the development of several interpretations on the role of science in assessment procedures. Science is important in mediatingmore » public participation and the two are therefore reciprocally linked. This leads to discourses that become manifest in the construction of substantive purposes. Discourse analysis in EA is a relevant method for examining trends and patterns in sustainable development. It is argued that public participation is an important, if not decisive, variable in the articulation and civil legitimacy of certain purposes. A general proposition that results from this paper is that EA, although typically presented as an objective scientific tool, is an intrinsically normative process. Enhanced knowledge on the construction, and reconstruction over time, of substantive purposes is required if environmental and sustainability discourses are to be used and understood as meaningful analytical instruments to assess the socio-political implications of EA. - Highlights: Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Substantive purposes related to environmental assessment may be best analyzed through discourse analysis. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Environmental and sustainability discourses are contingent on the level of participatory democracy and civic science. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Public participation is a decisive variable in the construction of the substantive purpose of environmental assessment.« less

  6. 27 CFR 555.1 - Scope of regulations.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-04-01

    ... EXPLOSIVES, DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE EXPLOSIVES COMMERCE IN EXPLOSIVES Introduction § 555.1 Scope of regulations... Pub. L. 107-296 (116 Stat. 2135). (b) Procedural and substantive requirements. This part contains the procedural and substantive requirements relative to: (1) The interstate or foreign commerce in explosive...

  7. 27 CFR 555.1 - Scope of regulations.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... EXPLOSIVES, DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE EXPLOSIVES COMMERCE IN EXPLOSIVES Introduction § 555.1 Scope of regulations... Pub. L. 107-296 (116 Stat. 2135). (b) Procedural and substantive requirements. This part contains the procedural and substantive requirements relative to: (1) The interstate or foreign commerce in explosive...

  8. 27 CFR 555.1 - Scope of regulations.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-04-01

    ... EXPLOSIVES, DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE EXPLOSIVES COMMERCE IN EXPLOSIVES Introduction § 555.1 Scope of regulations... Pub. L. 107-296 (116 Stat. 2135). (b) Procedural and substantive requirements. This part contains the procedural and substantive requirements relative to: (1) The interstate or foreign commerce in explosive...

  9. 76 FR 80970 - Records Schedules; Availability and Request for Comments

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-12-27

    ... studies working groups and other senior bodies, and substantive working papers. 11. Office of the Director... external web page material, and non-substantive working papers and drafts. Proposed for permanent retention... correspondence, staff-level working groups and committees, advisory program background information, non...

  10. A Four Dimensional Spatio-Temporal Analysis of an Agricultural Dataset

    PubMed Central

    Donald, Margaret R.; Mengersen, Kerrie L.; Young, Rick R.

    2015-01-01

    While a variety of statistical models now exist for the spatio-temporal analysis of two-dimensional (surface) data collected over time, there are few published examples of analogous models for the spatial analysis of data taken over four dimensions: latitude, longitude, height or depth, and time. When taking account of the autocorrelation of data within and between dimensions, the notion of closeness often differs for each of the dimensions. Here, we consider a number of approaches to the analysis of such a dataset, which arises from an agricultural experiment exploring the impact of different cropping systems on soil moisture. The proposed models vary in their representation of the spatial correlation in the data, the assumed temporal pattern and choice of conditional autoregressive (CAR) and other priors. In terms of the substantive question, we find that response cropping is generally more effective than long fallow cropping in reducing soil moisture at the depths considered (100 cm to 220 cm). Thus, if we wish to reduce the possibility of deep drainage and increased groundwater salinity, the recommended cropping system is response cropping. PMID:26513746

  11. A Review of Psychometric Assessment and Reporting Practices: An Examination of Measurement-Oriented versus Non-Measurement-Oriented Domains

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Slaney, Kathleen L.; Tkatchouk, Masha; Gabriel, Stephanie M.; Ferguson, Leona P.; Knudsen, Jared R. S.; Legere, Julien C.

    2010-01-01

    The primary aim of the present study is to determine whether the psychometric evaluation practices and test-analytic rationales of researchers publishing in journals with a measurement focus differ from those of researchers publishing in journals with varying substantive research foci. Several components of two different samples of articles were…

  12. Letter to the editor of TAAP, in response to letter from Anders et al.

    EPA Science Inventory

    To the Editor, Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology: We would like to address the letter to the editor submitted by Anders et al. regarding the substantive issues raised regarding our paper "Evaluation of two different metabolic hypotheses for dichloromethane toxicity using physi...

  13. Coteaching: A Model for Education Reform

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Piechura-Couture, Kathy; Tichenor, Mercedes; Touchton, Debra; Macissac, Douglas; Heins, Elizabeth D.

    2006-01-01

    With research suggesting increased (or no difference in) academic performance and reduced behavior problems for students in cotaught classrooms, it seems that coteaching is one logical solution to the classroom space problem. In this article, the authors define "coteaching" as two or more professionals delivering substantive instruction to a…

  14. 77 FR 37305 - Navigation and Navigable Waters; Technical, Organizational, and Conforming Amendments

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-06-21

    ...: Coast Guard, DHS. ACTION: Final rule. SUMMARY: This rule makes non-substantive changes throughout title... substantive effect on the regulated public. These changes are provided to coincide with the annual... comment rulemaking requirements because these changes involve rules of agency organization, procedure, or...

  15. Metaphors we think with: the role of metaphor in reasoning.

    PubMed

    Thibodeau, Paul H; Boroditsky, Lera

    2011-02-23

    The way we talk about complex and abstract ideas is suffused with metaphor. In five experiments, we explore how these metaphors influence the way that we reason about complex issues and forage for further information about them. We find that even the subtlest instantiation of a metaphor (via a single word) can have a powerful influence over how people attempt to solve social problems like crime and how they gather information to make "well-informed" decisions. Interestingly, we find that the influence of the metaphorical framing effect is covert: people do not recognize metaphors as influential in their decisions; instead they point to more "substantive" (often numerical) information as the motivation for their problem-solving decision. Metaphors in language appear to instantiate frame-consistent knowledge structures and invite structurally consistent inferences. Far from being mere rhetorical flourishes, metaphors have profound influences on how we conceptualize and act with respect to important societal issues. We find that exposure to even a single metaphor can induce substantial differences in opinion about how to solve social problems: differences that are larger, for example, than pre-existing differences in opinion between Democrats and Republicans.

  16. 75 FR 67169 - Foreign Institutions-Federal Student Aid Programs

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-11-01

    ... graduate medical school notify its accrediting body within one year of any material changes in the program... schools to notify the appropriate authorities of any substantive changes to the educational program, student body, or resources, and to review the substantive changes to determine if the accredited schools...

  17. 29 CFR 500.133 - Substantive Federal and State safety and health standards defined.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ..., DEPARTMENT OF LABOR REGULATIONS MIGRANT AND SEASONAL AGRICULTURAL WORKER PROTECTION Motor Vehicle Safety and Insurance for Transportation of Migrant and Seasonal Agricultural Workers, Housing Safety and Health for Migrant Workers Housing Safety and Health § 500.133 Substantive Federal and State safety and health...

  18. School Climate Reports from Norwegian Teachers: A Methodological and Substantive Study.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Kallestad, Jan Helge; Olweus, Dan; Alsaker, Francoise

    1998-01-01

    Explores methodological and substantive issues relating to school climate, using a dataset derived from 42 Norwegian schools at two points of time and a standard definition of organizational climate. Identifies and analyzes four school-climate dimensions. Three dimensions (collegial communication, orientation to change, and teacher influence over…

  19. Making the Invisible Visible: A Methodological and a Substantive Issue

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Dagley, Valerie

    2004-01-01

    This article discusses the issue of "making the invisible visible" from a methodological and a substantive viewpoint. The ideas emerged from a doctoral research study into individual target setting with middle ability students in an English secondary school. The students involved had been identified by assessments as "average"…

  20. Two Replicable Suppressor Situations in Personality Research

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Paulhus, Delroy L.; Robins, Richard W.; Trzesniewski, Kali H.; Tracy, Jessica L.

    2004-01-01

    Suppressor situations occur when the simultaneous inclusion of two predictors improves one or both validities. A common allegation is that suppressor effects rarely replicate and have little substantive import. We present substantive examples from two established research domains to counter this skepticism. In the first domain, we show how…

  1. Start Your Own Business Assignment in the Context of Experiential Entrepreneurship Education

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Malach, Sandra E.; Malach, Robert L.

    2014-01-01

    Experiential education is often used in entrepreneurship courses, as it conveys both substantive, theoretical knowledge and intangible learning experiences best absorbed through active participation. Starting and operating a business is a unique, educational experience allowing students to apply the substantive knowledge gained in entrepreneurship…

  2. Connecting Art, Learning, and Creativity: A Case for Curriculum Integration

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Marshall, Julia

    2005-01-01

    The author argues that "substantive" art integration harmonizes with contemporary postmodern thought in art education and represents a strategy for teaching art in a postmodern way. Bringing together theories from cognitive science and metaphor theory (specifically connection and projection), the author shows how substantive integration promotes…

  3. Are We a Profession? An Emerging Profession?

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Grebner, Florence D.; And Others

    An introduction by Florence D. Grebner setting the discussion topic in context and three substantive papers on the future for professionalism within the American Alliance for Health, Physical Education, Recreation and Dance (AAHPERD) form the body of this document. The first of the substantive papers, entitled "Are We a Profession? An Emerging…

  4. Substantive Constitutional Rights: The First Amendment and Privacy.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Morris, Arval A.

    The focus of this chapter is on the substantive constitutional protections of the public school employment relationship guaranteed by the First Amendment, particularly freedom of speech, and by the Fourteenth Amendment's right to privacy. Included are burden-of-proof standards required for establishing a prima facie case of denial of these…

  5. 22 CFR 126.18 - Exemptions regarding intra-company, intra-organization, and intra-governmental transfers to...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-04-01

    ... a Non-Disclosure Agreement that provides assurances that the employee will not transfer any defense... or consignee must screen its employees for substantive contacts with restricted or prohibited countries listed in § 126.1. Substantive contacts include regular travel to such countries, recent or...

  6. 37 CFR 41.208 - Content of substantive and responsive motions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... 37 Patents, Trademarks, and Copyrights 1 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Content of substantive and responsive motions. 41.208 Section 41.208 Patents, Trademarks, and Copyrights UNITED STATES PATENT AND TRADEMARK OFFICE, DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE PRACTICE BEFORE THE PATENT TRIAL AND APPEAL BOARD Patent...

  7. 37 CFR 41.208 - Content of substantive and responsive motions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... 37 Patents, Trademarks, and Copyrights 1 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Content of substantive and responsive motions. 41.208 Section 41.208 Patents, Trademarks, and Copyrights UNITED STATES PATENT AND TRADEMARK OFFICE, DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE PRACTICE BEFORE THE PATENT TRIAL AND APPEAL BOARD Patent...

  8. 75 FR 68217 - Acquisition Regulation: Agency Supplementary Regulations

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-11-05

    ... amending the Department of Energy Acquisition Regulation (DEAR) on DOE Management and Operating Contracts..., and update references. Today's rule does not alter substantive rights or obligations under current law... Contracts to conform it to the FAR. None of today's changes are substantive or of a nature to cause any...

  9. The Impact of Overreporting on MMPI-2-RF Substantive Scale Score Validity

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Burchett, Danielle L.; Ben-Porath, Yossef S.

    2010-01-01

    This study examined the impact of overreporting on the validity of Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2-Restructured Form (MMPI-2-RF) substantive scale scores by comparing correlations with relevant external criteria (i.e., validity coefficients) of individuals who completed the instrument under instructions to (a) feign psychopathology…

  10. From Teacher Isolation to Teacher Collaboration: Theoretical Perspectives and Empirical Findings

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Ostovar-Nameghi, Seyyed Ali; Sheikhahmadi, Mohsen

    2016-01-01

    This study aims at: (1) reviewing the underlying causes of teacher isolation; (2) unrevealing the negative effects of isolation on teachers' professional and personal life; (2) illustrating different modes of voluntary collaboration among teachers; (4) presenting substantive evidence is support of collaboration as an efficient mode of professional…

  11. 78 FR 13897 - Final Revision and Publication of the 2012 Form M-1, Notice

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-03-01

    ... DEPARTMENT OF LABOR Employee Benefits Security Administration RIN 1210-AB51 Final Revision and Publication of the 2012 Form M-1, Notice AGENCY: Employee Benefits Security Administration, Department of... Security Administration's (EBSA) Web site at www.dol.gov/ebsa . The revised form is substantively different...

  12. Implications of Being Left-Handed as Related To Being Right-Handed.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Thomas, Jana H.

    Research indicates that there are physical and social, and possibly cognitive, differences between left-handers and right-handers. The three substantive sections of this colloquium paper cover brain functions, theories pertaining to the genesis of handedness, and cognitive development as related to handedness. Section 1 provides a brief…

  13. Classroom Questioning with Immediate Electronic Response: Do Clickers Improve Learning?

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Yourstone, Steven A.; Kraye, Howard S.; Albaum, Gerald

    2008-01-01

    A number of studies have focused on how students and instructors feel about digital learning technologies. This research is focused on the substantive difference in learning outcomes between traditional classrooms and classrooms using clickers. A randomized block experimental design involving four sections of undergraduate Operations Management…

  14. Is More Always Better? The Curvilinear Relationships between College Student Experiences and Outcomes

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Bowman, Nicholas A.; Trolian, Teniell L.

    2017-01-01

    Many higher education studies have examined linear relationships between student experiences and outcomes, but this assumption may be questionable. In two notable examples previous research that assumed a linear relationship reached different substantive conclusions and implications than did research that explored non-linear associations among the…

  15. Perspectives in Italian Immigration and Ethnicity.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Tomasi, S. M., Ed.

    The essays prepared for this symposium range from the scholarly and highly structured to the impressionistic and subjective. Together, they comprise a substantive exploration of Italian American life and serve as a model for research into American ethnicity. In the papers three different areas are addressed: (1) current research and issues in the…

  16. How to Inspect Fruit

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Hamaker, Ellen L.

    2007-01-01

    Nesselroade, Gerstof, Hardy, and Ram point out that the concept of invariance as it is used in factor analytic practice differs from that employed in psychological theory. Although substantive interests often center on a lawfulness in the relationships among abstract constructs (i.e., latent variables), the focus in factor analysis has primarily…

  17. Using qualitative comparative analysis in a systematic review of a complex intervention.

    PubMed

    Kahwati, Leila; Jacobs, Sara; Kane, Heather; Lewis, Megan; Viswanathan, Meera; Golin, Carol E

    2016-05-04

    Systematic reviews evaluating complex interventions often encounter substantial clinical heterogeneity in intervention components and implementation features making synthesis challenging. Qualitative comparative analysis (QCA) is a non-probabilistic method that uses mathematical set theory to study complex phenomena; it has been proposed as a potential method to complement traditional evidence synthesis in reviews of complex interventions to identify key intervention components or implementation features that might explain effectiveness or ineffectiveness. The objective of this study was to describe our approach in detail and examine the suitability of using QCA within the context of a systematic review. We used data from a completed systematic review of behavioral interventions to improve medication adherence to conduct two substantive analyses using QCA. The first analysis sought to identify combinations of nine behavior change techniques/components (BCTs) found among effective interventions, and the second analysis sought to identify combinations of five implementation features (e.g., agent, target, mode, time span, exposure) found among effective interventions. For each substantive analysis, we reframed the review's research questions to be designed for use with QCA, calibrated sets (i.e., transformed raw data into data used in analysis), and identified the necessary and/or sufficient combinations of BCTs and implementation features found in effective interventions. Our application of QCA for each substantive analysis is described in detail. We extended the original review findings by identifying seven combinations of BCTs and four combinations of implementation features that were sufficient for improving adherence. We found reasonable alignment between several systematic review steps and processes used in QCA except that typical approaches to study abstraction for some intervention components and features did not support a robust calibration for QCA. QCA was suitable for use within a systematic review of medication adherence interventions and offered insights beyond the single dimension stratifications used in the original completed review. Future prospective use of QCA during a review is needed to determine the optimal way to efficiently integrate QCA into existing approaches to evidence synthesis of complex interventions.

  18. Australian perioperative nurses' experiences of assisting in multi-organ procurement surgery: a grounded theory study.

    PubMed

    Smith, Zaneta; Leslie, Gavin; Wynaden, Dianne

    2015-03-01

    Multi-organ procurement surgical procedures through the generosity of deceased organ donors, have made an enormous impact on extending the lives of recipients. There is a dearth of in-depth knowledge relating to the experiences of perioperative nurses working closely with organ donors undergoing multi-organ procurement surgical procedures. The aim of this study was to address this gap by describing the perioperative nurses experiences of participating in multi-organ procurement surgical procedures and interpreting these findings as a substantive theory. This qualitative study used grounded theory methodology to generate a substantive theory of the experiences of perioperative nurses participating in multi-organ procurement surgery. Recruitment of participants took place after the study was advertised via a professional newsletter and journal. The study was conducted with participants from metropolitan, rural and regional areas of two Australian states; New South Wales and Western Australia. Thirty five perioperative nurse participants with three to 39 years of professional nursing experience informed the study. Semi structured in-depth interviews were undertaken from July 2009 to April 2010 with a mean interview time of 60 min. Interview data was transcribed verbatim and analysed using the constant comparative method. The study results draw attention to the complexities that exist for perioperative nurses when participating in multi-organ procurement surgical procedures reporting a basic social psychological problem articulated as hiding behind a mask and how they resolved this problem by the basic social psychological process of finding meaning. This study provides a greater understanding of how these surgical procedures impact on perioperative nurses by providing a substantive theory of this experience. The findings have the potential to guide further research into this challenging area of nursing practice with implications for clinical initiatives, management practices and education. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  19. Supporting Teachers to Develop Substantive Discourse in Primary Science Classrooms

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Smith, Prudence M.; Hackling, Mark W.

    2016-01-01

    Students' thinking and learning in inquiry-based science is contingent on them being able to participate in substantive conversations so they explore their ideas and develop reasons and explanations for the outcomes of their investigations. While teachers understand the importance of talk for student learning, they are often unaware of the impact…

  20. Students' Approaches to Open-Ended Science Investigation: The Importance of Substantive and Procedural Understanding

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Roberts, Ros; Gott, Richard; Glaesser, Judith

    2010-01-01

    This paper investigates the respective roles of substantive and procedural understanding with regard to students' ability to carry out an open-ended science investigation. The research is a case study centred on an intervention in which undergraduate initial teacher training students are taught the basic building blocks of procedural…

  1. Bayesian Structural Equation Modeling: A More Flexible Representation of Substantive Theory

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Muthen, Bengt; Asparouhov, Tihomir

    2012-01-01

    This article proposes a new approach to factor analysis and structural equation modeling using Bayesian analysis. The new approach replaces parameter specifications of exact zeros with approximate zeros based on informative, small-variance priors. It is argued that this produces an analysis that better reflects substantive theories. The proposed…

  2. Evaluating the substantive effectiveness of SEA: Towards a better understanding

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Doren, D. van; Driessen, P.P.J., E-mail: p.driessen@uu.nl; Schijf, B.

    Evaluating the substantive effectiveness of strategic environmental assessment (SEA) is vital in order to know to what extent the tool fulfills its purposes and produces expected results. However, the studies that have evaluated the substantive effectiveness of SEA produce varying outcomes as regards the tool's contribution to decision-making and have used a variety of approaches to appraise its effectiveness. The aim of this article is to discuss the theoretical concept of SEA substantive effectiveness and to present a new approach that can be applied for evaluation studies. The SEA effectiveness evaluation framework that will be presented is composed of conceptsmore » of, and approaches to, SEA effectiveness derived from SEA literature and planning theory. Lessons for evaluation can be learned from planning theory in particular, given its long history of analyzing and understanding how sources of information and decisions affect (subsequent) decision-making. Key concepts of this new approach are 'conformance' and 'performance'. In addition, this article presents a systematic overview of process and context factors that can explain SEA effectiveness, derived from SEA literature. To illustrate the practical value of our framework for the assessment and understanding of substantive effectiveness of SEA, three Dutch SEA case studies are examined. The case studies have confirmed the usefulness of the SEA effectiveness assessment framework. The framework proved helpful in order to describe the cumulative influence of the three SEAs on decision-making and the ultimate plan. - Highlights: Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer A new framework to evaluate the substantive effectiveness of SEA is presented. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer The framework is based on two key concepts: 'conformance' and 'performance.' Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer The practical applicability of the framework is demonstrated by three Dutch cases. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer The framework allows for a more systematic understanding of SEA effectiveness. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Finally, this paper presents explanations for SEA effectiveness.« less

  3. Measurement invariance of big-five factors over the life span: ESEM tests of gender, age, plasticity, maturity, and la dolce vita effects.

    PubMed

    Marsh, Herbert W; Nagengast, Benjamin; Morin, Alexandre J S

    2013-06-01

    This substantive-methodological synergy applies evolving approaches to factor analysis to substantively important developmental issues of how five-factor-approach (FFA) personality measures vary with gender, age, and their interaction. Confirmatory factor analyses (CFAs) conducted at the item level often do not support a priori FFA structures, due in part to the overly restrictive assumptions of CFA models. Here we demonstrate that exploratory structural equation modeling (ESEM), an integration of CFA and exploratory factor analysis, overcomes these problems with the 15-item Big Five Inventory administered as part of the nationally representative British Household Panel Study (N = 14,021; age: 15-99 years, Mage = 47.1). ESEM fitted the data substantially better and resulted in much more differentiated (less correlated) factors than did CFA. Methodologically, we extended ESEM (introducing ESEM-within-CFA models and a hybrid of multiple groups and multiple indicators multiple causes models), evaluating full measurement invariance and latent mean differences over age, gender, and their interaction. Substantively the results showed that women had higher latent scores for all Big Five factors except for Openness and that these gender differences were consistent over the entire life span. Substantial nonlinear age effects led to the rejection of the plaster hypothesis and the maturity principle but did support a newly proposed la dolce vita effect in old age. In later years, individuals become happier (more agreeable and less neurotic), more self-content and self-centered (less extroverted and open), more laid back and satisfied with what they have (less conscientious, open, outgoing and extroverted), and less preoccupied with productivity. PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved

  4. Adolescent Crime in the Mirror of Sociological Expert Appraisal

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Klimova, S. V.

    2007-01-01

    The importance of empirical sociological surveys in providing legal support for Russia's social development has a substantive foundation. Sociology and the juridical sciences share a common viewpoint when it comes to the study of social relations, namely the analysis of normative behavior. Social norms and the norms of law differ a great deal,…

  5. Planning for Self-Renewal: A New Approach to Planned Organizational Change.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Palola, Ernest G.; Padgett, William

    This monograph presents the findings of a study of planning and change at 80 colleges and universities, private and public, located in four separate states--California, Florida, Illinois and New York. In Chapter I, different substantive crises now facing higher education are presented and discussed. The next chapter (II), analyzes planning styles…

  6. Regression Discontinuity and Beyond: Options for Studying External Validity in an Internally Valid Design

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Wing, Coady; Bello-Gomez, Ricardo A.

    2018-01-01

    Treatment effect estimates from a "regression discontinuity design" (RDD) have high internal validity. However, the arguments that support the design apply to a subpopulation that is narrower and usually different from the population of substantive interest in evaluation research. The disconnect between RDD population and the…

  7. "Stick with Yourselves; It's What's Normal": The Intergroup Racial Attitudes of Senior, White, Fraternity Men

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Morgan, Demetri L.; Zimmerman, Hilary B.; Terrell, Tanner N.; Marcotte, Beth A.

    2015-01-01

    Substantive cross-racial interaction on college campuses has been known to have positive effects on student learning and development (Chang, Astin, & Kim, 2004). However, literature shows that students from different minoritized racial groups often remain separated from majority White groups, such as fraternities, thus prohibiting each group…

  8. Exploring Students' Perceptions and Experiences of the Transition between GCSE and AS Level Mathematics

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Rigby, Chloe

    2017-01-01

    Children experience numerous types of learning transitions throughout their educational lives physically (changing schools) and substantively (moving through different key stages in school), and daily (in moving between subjects). One transition that is frequently overlooked within the British education system is that from the General Certificate…

  9. A Retrospective Study of DARE: Substantive Effects not Detected in Undergraduates.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Thombs, Dennis L.

    2000-01-01

    This retrospective study examined long-term effects of Drug Abuse Resistance Education (DARE) by assessing substance use among undergraduates. Results from a multiple discriminant analysis found that after accounting for effects of age, there were no substantial group differences in substance use. These findings add to a growing literature that…

  10. Improving Communication Textbooks through Rigorous Processes of Revision and Review.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Reppert, James E.

    How relevant are some textbooks when professors, even in the same department, teach similar courses in different ways? Are there methods by which textbook companies can receive realistic, substantive feedback concerning the quality of communication textbook offerings? This paper details the methods by which its author/educator became a textbook…

  11. Children Exploring Their World: Theme Teaching in Elementary School.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Walmsley, Sean A.

    With this book as a guide, elementary school teachers can build classroom themes that offer students substantive encounters with knowledge, literature, and language. The book discusses a rationale for theme teaching; an explanation of the different kinds of themes; a variety of ways in which themes can be treated in the classroom; a detailed…

  12. Caregiver profiles in dementia related to quality of life, depression and perseverance time in the European Actifcare study: the importance of social health.

    PubMed

    Janssen, Eveline P C J; de Vugt, Marjolein; Köhler, Sebastian; Wolfs, Claire; Kerpershoek, Liselot; Handels, Ron L H; Orrell, Martin; Woods, Bob; Jelley, Hannah; Stephan, Astrid; Bieber, Anja; Meyer, Gabriele; Engedal, Knut; Selbaek, Geir; Wimo, Anders; Irving, Kate; Hopper, Louise; Gonçalves-Pereira, Manuel; Portolani, Elisa; Zanetti, Orazio; Verhey, Frans R

    2017-01-01

    To identify caregiver profiles of persons with mild to moderate dementia and to investigate differences between identified caregiver profiles, using baseline data of the international prospective cohort study Actifcare. A latent class analysis was used to discover different caregiver profiles based on disease related characteristics of 453 persons with dementia and their 453 informal caregivers. These profiles were compared with regard to quality of life (CarerQoL score), depressive symptoms (HADS-D score) and perseverance time. A 5-class model was identified, with the best Bayesian Information Criterion value, significant likelihood ratio test (p < 0.001), high entropy score (0.88) and substantive interpretability. The classes could be differentiated on two axes: (i) caregivers' age, relationship with persons with dementia, severity of dementia, and (ii) tendency towards stress and difficulty adapting to stress. Classes showed significant differences with all dependent variables, and were labelled 'older low strain', 'older intermediate strain', 'older high strain', 'younger low strain' and 'younger high strain'. Differences exist between types of caregivers that explain variability in quality of life, depressive symptoms and perseverance time. Our findings may give direction for tailored interventions for caregivers of persons with dementia, which may improve social health and reduce health care costs.

  13. Global health interdependence and the international physicians' movement.

    PubMed

    Gellert, G A

    1990-08-01

    International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War has had an impressive public impact in the 1980s, helping to shatter the myths of surviving and medically responding to a nuclear attack. The 1990s present a new challenge for the medical community in a different social and international context characterized by increasing global interdependence. Another view of physician activism is presented to complement advocacy for nuclear disarmament in the promotion of peace. A framework for analysis is provided by "fateful visions"--accepted policy views of prospective superpower relations--drawn from practitioners of foreign policy, international relations, and security affairs. A perceptual gap may exist between physicians who wish to address underlying ethical and public health concerns on security issues and policy practitioners who are accustomed to discussion within existing policy frames of reference that can be pragmatically used. A strategy is proposed for physicians to use their specialized training and skills to evaluate trends in global health interdependence. The international physicians' movement may contribute substantively to the formulation of policy by expanding and interpreting an increasingly complex database on interdependence, and by creating a dialogue with policy formulators based on mutual recognition of the value and legitimacy of each professions' expertise and complementary contributions to international security policy.

  14. 21 CFR 71.6 - Extension of time for studying petitions; substantive amendments; withdrawal of petitions without...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-04-01

    ... 21 Food and Drugs 1 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Extension of time for studying petitions; substantive amendments; withdrawal of petitions without prejudice. 71.6 Section 71.6 Food and Drugs FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES GENERAL COLOR ADDITIVE PETITIONS General...

  15. 21 CFR 71.6 - Extension of time for studying petitions; substantive amendments; withdrawal of petitions without...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... 21 Food and Drugs 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Extension of time for studying petitions; substantive amendments; withdrawal of petitions without prejudice. 71.6 Section 71.6 Food and Drugs FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES GENERAL COLOR ADDITIVE PETITIONS General...

  16. 21 CFR 71.6 - Extension of time for studying petitions; substantive amendments; withdrawal of petitions without...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-04-01

    ... 21 Food and Drugs 1 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Extension of time for studying petitions; substantive amendments; withdrawal of petitions without prejudice. 71.6 Section 71.6 Food and Drugs FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES GENERAL COLOR ADDITIVE PETITIONS General...

  17. 21 CFR 71.6 - Extension of time for studying petitions; substantive amendments; withdrawal of petitions without...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-04-01

    ... 21 Food and Drugs 1 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Extension of time for studying petitions; substantive amendments; withdrawal of petitions without prejudice. 71.6 Section 71.6 Food and Drugs FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES GENERAL COLOR ADDITIVE PETITIONS General...

  18. 76 FR 13003 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; Chicago Board Options Exchange, Incorporated; Notice of Filing and...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-03-09

    ... PULSe workstation. The Exchange is also proposing to make a non-substantive formatting change to its Fee... related to the PULSe workstation. The Exchange is also proposing to make a non-substantive formatting change to its Fee Schedule. By way of background, the PULSe workstation is a front-end order entry system...

  19. The Condition of Secondary School Physics Education in the Philippines: Recent Developments and Remaining Challenges for Substantive Improvements

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Orleans, Antriman V.

    2007-01-01

    This study is aimed at assessing the state of Philippine secondary school physics education using data from a nationwide survey of 464 schools and 767 physics teachers and at identifying challenges for substantive improvements. Teacher-related indicators revealed academic qualification deficiency, low continuing professional involvements,…

  20. 22 CFR 5.4 - Substantive rules of general applicability adopted as authorized by law, and statements of...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-04-01

    ... adopted as authorized by law, and statements of general policy or interpretation of general applicability... ORGANIZATION § 5.4 Substantive rules of general applicability adopted as authorized by law, and statements of... CFR parts 41-42 et seq. (7) Nationality and Passports. 22 CFR part 50 et seq. (8) International...

  1. 22 CFR 5.4 - Substantive rules of general applicability adopted as authorized by law, and statements of...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-04-01

    ... adopted as authorized by law, and statements of general policy or interpretation of general applicability... ORGANIZATION § 5.4 Substantive rules of general applicability adopted as authorized by law, and statements of... CFR parts 41-42 et seq. (7) Nationality and Passports. 22 CFR part 50 et seq. (8) International...

  2. 22 CFR 5.4 - Substantive rules of general applicability adopted as authorized by law, and statements of...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-04-01

    ... adopted as authorized by law, and statements of general policy or interpretation of general applicability... ORGANIZATION § 5.4 Substantive rules of general applicability adopted as authorized by law, and statements of... CFR parts 41-42 et seq. (7) Nationality and Passports. 22 CFR part 50 et seq. (8) International...

  3. 22 CFR 5.4 - Substantive rules of general applicability adopted as authorized by law, and statements of...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-04-01

    ... adopted as authorized by law, and statements of general policy or interpretation of general applicability... ORGANIZATION § 5.4 Substantive rules of general applicability adopted as authorized by law, and statements of... CFR parts 41-42 et seq. (7) Nationality and Passports. 22 CFR part 50 et seq. (8) International...

  4. Restructuring Schools in Chester Upland, Pennsylvania: An Analysis of State and District Efforts. ECS Policy Brief

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Rhim, Lauren Morando

    2005-01-01

    Restructuring is a process initiated to substantively change the governance, operation and instruction of public schools or districts identified as failing. There are multiple definitions of restructuring, but the common thread binding all restructuring models is a substantive change of the standard operating procedures of a school or an entire…

  5. Keeping It Real: Substantive Learning on a Short Calendar

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Lostroh, C. Phoebe

    2007-01-01

    Many institutions offer courses that last less than a quarter and are a student's sole academic responsibility for that short term. There is an unfortunate and incorrect perception that such short classes cannot be used to teach substantively. At Colorado College, we teach all of our courses in 3.5 wk, including majors' courses in molecular cell…

  6. Modeling Heterogeneity in Relationships between Initial Status and Rates of Change: Latent Variable Regression in a Three-Level Hierarchical Model. CSE Report 647

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Choi, Kilchan; Seltzer, Michael

    2005-01-01

    In studies of change in education and numerous other fields, interest often centers on how differences in the status of individuals at the start of a time period of substantive interest relate to differences in subsequent change. This report presents a fully Bayesian approach to estimating three-level hierarchical models in which latent variable…

  7. Discharge cell for optogalvanic spectroscopy having orthogonal relationship between the probe laser and discharge axis

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Webster, C. R. (Inventor)

    1986-01-01

    A method and apparatus for an optogalvanic spectroscopy system are disclosed. Orthogonal geometry exists between the axis of a laser probe beam and the axis of a discharge created by a pair of spaced apart and longituduinally aligned high voltage electrodes. The electrodes are movable to permit adjustment of the location of a point in the discharge which is to irradiated by a laser beam crossing the discharge region. The cell dimensions are selected so that the cross section of the discharge region is substantly comparable in size to the cross section of the laser beam passing orthogonally through the discharge region.

  8. 8 CFR 1003.15 - Contents of the order to show cause and notice to appear and notification of change of address.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... EXECUTIVE OFFICE FOR IMMIGRATION REVIEW, DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE GENERAL PROVISIONS EXECUTIVE OFFICE FOR... of any of these items shall not provide the alien with any substantive or procedural rights: (1) The... items shall not be construed as affording the alien any substantive or procedural rights. (1) The alien...

  9. 20 CFR 655.1130 - What criteria does the Department use to determine whether or not to certify an Attestation?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... by ETA without substantive review, except that ETA will conduct a substantive review on particular... “timely and significant step” other than those identified on the Form ETA 9081 (see § 655.1114(b)(2)(v... within 30 days of receiving the Attestation, the Attestation shall be accepted for filing. If ETA...

  10. Measurement Invariance of Big-Five Factors over the Life Span: ESEM Tests of Gender, Age, Plasticity, Maturity, and La Dolce Vita Effects

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Marsh, Herbert W.; Nagengast, Benjamin; Morin, Alexandre J. S.

    2013-01-01

    This substantive-methodological synergy applies evolving approaches to factor analysis to substantively important developmental issues of how five-factor-approach (FFA) personality measures vary with gender, age, and their interaction. Confirmatory factor analyses (CFAs) conducted at the item level often do not support a priori FFA structures, due…

  11. Influence of Professional Learning Community (PLC) on Secondary Science Teachers' Culture of Professional Practice: The Case of Bangladesh

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Rahman, S. M. Hafizur

    2011-01-01

    While the current reform efforts in Bangladesh require a substantive change in how science is taught, an equally substantive change is needed in the culture of professional practice. This study will, therefore, investigate how science teachers' learning in a professional learning community (PLC) influences the ways in which participant teachers…

  12. 77 FR 61645 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; International Securities Exchange, LLC; Notice of Filing and...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-10-10

    ... Rule Change To Make Non-Substantive Clarifications to the Exchange's Schedule of Fees October 3, 2012... schedule'').\\3\\ The Exchange did not propose to make any substantive changes in that filing, and did not... fees. \\3\\ See Exchange Act Release No. 67545 (July 31, 2012), 77 FR 46776 (August 6, 2012) (SR-ISE-2012...

  13. A Study of a Multiple Component Feedback Approach to Substantive Revision for Secondary ELL and Multilingual Writers

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Early, Jessica Singer; Saidy, Christina

    2014-01-01

    This mixed method investigation included a quasi-experiment examining if revision instruction enhanced the substantive revising behavior of 15 English language learner (ELL) and multilingual 10th grade students enrolled in an English class for underperforming students in comparison to 14 non-ELL and multilingual students from the same class who…

  14. Beyond the permissibility of embryonic and stem cell research: substantive requirements and procedural safeguards.

    PubMed

    Isasi, Rosario M; Knoppers, Bartha M

    2006-10-01

    This report provides a comparative analysis of the regulation of embryonic stem cells and cloning research in 50 countries. The development of international stem cell consortia involving the exchange of materials, data and knowledge presumes 'policy know-how' on the varying positions and governing regulations of the various partners; knowledge is essential for the feasibility of such international collaborative projects. Across the spectrum of restrictive-to-liberal policies, requirements regarding the justification for or the setting of substantive limits on (i) embryo use and/or (ii) destruction in research are often present. These goals justify the regulation, the control and even the prohibition of embryonic stem cell and cloning research. Moreover, irrespective of whether a country adopts a restrictive or a liberal approach, there is significant symmetry in both the substantive and the procedural requirements. Procedural safeguards provide another layer of protection and control over the research. In reality, such safeguards may have a greater systemic impact than the substantive requirements. They can be subdivided into three broad categories: (i) safeguards relating to the stage of embryonic development, (ii) safeguards relating to the donors of blastocysts, gametes, embryos and somatic cells and (iii) requirements for research governance.

  15. Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting Mitigation With Music Interventions
.

    PubMed

    Kiernan, Jason M; Conradi Stark, Jody; Vallerand, April H

    2018-01-01

    Despite three decades of studies examining music interventions as a mitigant of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV), to date, no systematic review of this literature exists.
. PubMed, Scopus, PsycInfo®, CINAHL®, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar were searched. Keywords for all databases were music, chemotherapy, and nausea.
. All studies were appraised for methodology and results.
. 10 studies met inclusion criteria for review. Sample sizes were generally small and nonrandomized. Locus of control for music selection was more often with the investigator rather than the participant. Few studies controlled for the emetogenicity of the chemotherapy administered, nor for known patient-specific risk factors for CINV.
. The existing data have been largely generated by nurse scientists, and implications for nursing practice are many, because music interventions are low-cost, easily accessible, and without known adverse effects. However, this specific body of knowledge requires additional substantive inquiry to generate clinically relevant data.

  16. Creating clones, kids & chimera: liberal democratic compromise at the crossroads.

    PubMed

    Adams, Nathan A

    2004-01-01

    The objective of this article is to find middle ground between the supporters and opponents of biotechnology by perpetuating the existing legal compromise pertaining to the complete range of health and welfare doctrines relevant to the biotechnological industry. The author aspires neither to add to nor detract from this liberal democratic consensus, but to preserve its constitutive balance between positivism and natural law and over-regulation and under-regulation in the hopes of stabilizing new political fault lines developing around the few biotechnological innovations already grabbing headlines. The most feasible solution is to extend the existing liberal democratic compromise with respect to equal protection, reproductive rights, the First Amendment, human subject experimentation, patent law, and parental rights. This includes banning or monopolizing certain biotechnologies and extending substantive special respect to the ex vivo living human embryo. Biotechnology must not be left to regulate itself.

  17. Breast self-examination pamphlets: a content analysis grounded in fear appeal research.

    PubMed

    Kline, K N; Mattson, M

    2000-01-01

    In this study, we used the topic of breast self-examination (BSE) to illustrate how content analysis of promotional texts (already in existence, in the process of being created, or both) can provide supplementary data to that derived from audience analysis. Specifically, we used content analysis to isolate messages in BSE pamphlets that are consistent with the variables of severity, susceptibility, response efficacy, and self-efficacy, identified by existing fear appeal research and supported by other persuasion research as critical to the construction of effective health promotion messages. We then used statistical analyses to describe the relation among these 4 message variables. Our findings suggested that BSE pamphlets contain an unbalanced proportion of threat to efficacy arguments. Additionally, the efficacy messages were substantively weak. We contrasted these messages against the relatively strong mammography arguments contained in these pamphlets. We then provided recommendations for formulating stronger persuasive arguments in BSE promotional materials.

  18. Role of commitment to the supervisor, leader-member exchange, and supervisor-based self-esteem in employee-supervisor conflicts.

    PubMed

    Landry, Guylaine; Vandenberghe, Christian

    2009-02-01

    Using survey data from 240 employees working in a variety of organizations, the authors examined the relations among commitment to the supervisor, leader-member exchange, supervisor-based self-esteem (SBSE), and relationship and substantive supervisor-subordinate conflicts. They found affective commitment was negatively related to both types of conflicts; perceived lack of alternatives commitment was positively related to relationship conflicts; and leader-member exchange was negatively related to substantive conflicts. SBSE was negatively associated with both types of conflicts. In addition, when SBSE was low, affective commitment was more strongly related to both types of conflicts, and normative commitment more strongly and positively related to substantive conflicts. The authors discuss the implications of these findings for the understanding of employee-supervisor conflicts.

  19. Does Time Matter? Comparing Trajectory Concordance and Covariate Association Using Time-Based and Age-Based Assessments

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Piquero, Alex R.; Monahan, Kathryn C.; Glasheen, Cristie; Schubert, Carol A.; Mulvey, Edward P.

    2013-01-01

    Much criminological research has used longitudinal data to assess change in offending over time. An important feature of some data sources is that they contain cross-sections of different aged individuals followed over successive time periods, thereby potentially conflating age and time. This article compares the substantive conclusions about the…

  20. Replicating Peer-Led Team Learning in Cyberspace: Research, Opportunities, and Challenges

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Smith, Joshua; Wilson, Sarah Beth; Banks, Julianna; Zhu, Lin; Varma-Nelson, Pratibha

    2014-01-01

    This quasi-experimental, mixed methods study examined the transfer of a well-established pedagogical strategy, Peer-Led Team Learning (PLTL), to an online workshop environment (cPLTL) in a general chemistry course at a research university in the Midwest. The null hypothesis guiding the study was that no substantive differences would emerge between…

  1. What do US and Canadian parents do to encourage or discourage physical activity among their 5-12 year old children?

    USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

    Parents have the potential to substantively influence their child's physical activity. This study identified the parenting practices of US and Canadian parents to encourage or discourage their 5-12 year-old child's physical activity and to examine differences in parenting practices by country, paren...

  2. TEFL, Perceptions and the Arab World, with a Case Study of the University of Garyounis (Benghazi).

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Bagnole, John W.

    This paper prepares teachers of English as a foreign language for many of the conditions they will encounter while teaching in the Arab world. The general theme is that attitudes of understanding and tolerance can lead to substantive improvements in professional morale and classroom effectiveness. Emphasizing the different regional factors and…

  3. Differential reporting of mixed DNA profiles and its impact on jurists' evaluation of evidence. An international analysis.

    PubMed

    de Keijser, Jan W; Malsch, Marijke; Luining, Egge T; Weulen Kranenbarg, Marleen; Lenssen, Dominique J H M

    2016-07-01

    While DNA analysis is considered by many the gold standard in forensic science, there is ample room for variation in interpretation and reporting. This seems especially the case when working with (complex) mixed DNA profiles. Two consecutive studies on differential DNA reporting were conducted. In Study 1, we first examined type and magnitude of differences when forensic DNA experts across institutes and jurisdictions are handed an identical forensic case with mixed profiles. In Study 2, we explore the impact of the observed differential reporting on jurists' evaluation of the DNA evidence. 19 DNA expert reports from forensic institutes across Western jurisdictions were obtained. Differences between the reports were many and include extensiveness of the reports, explanations of technical issues, use of explanatory appendices, level of reporting, use of context information, and, most markedly, type and substantive content of the conclusions. In Study 2, a group of criminal law students judged a selection of these reports in a quasi experimental study design. Findings show that these differing reports have quite different evidentiary value for jurists, depending on which expert authored the report. It is argued that the impact of differential reporting on jurists' evaluation was so fundamental and substantive that it is seems reasonable to claim that in an actual court case it could make the difference between acquittal and conviction. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

  4. Modeling Heterogeneity in Relationships between Initial Status and Rates of Change: Treating Latent Variable Regression Coefficients as Random Coefficients in a Three-Level Hierarchical Model

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Choi, Kilchan; Seltzer, Michael

    2010-01-01

    In studies of change in education and numerous other fields, interest often centers on how differences in the status of individuals at the start of a period of substantive interest relate to differences in subsequent change. In this article, the authors present a fully Bayesian approach to estimating three-level Hierarchical Models in which latent…

  5. "Well, that Was an Intellectual Dialogue!": How a Whole-School Focus on Improvement Shifts the Substantive Nature of Classroom Talk.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Edwards-Groves, Christine; Hardy, Ian

    2013-01-01

    This paper explores how students' talk in classrooms is influenced by a whole-school focus on lifting the quality, and the substantive nature, of classroom dialogue as an approach to improve student engagement, and to develop listening and speaking skills. Specifically, we show how designing and participating in whole-school professional learning…

  6. Sagnac delay in the Kerr-dS spacetime: Implications for Mach's principle

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Karimov, R. Kh.; Izmailov, R. N.; Garipova, G. M.; Nandi, K. K.

    2018-02-01

    Relativistic twin paradox can have important implications for Mach's principle. It has been recently argued that the behavior of the time asynchrony (different aging of twins) between two flying clocks along closed loops can be attributed to the existence of an absolute spacetime, which makes Mach's principle unfeasible. In this paper, we shall revisit, and support, this argument from a different viewpoint using the Sagnac delay. This is possible since the above time asynchrony is known to be exactly the same as the Sagnac delay between two circumnavigating light rays re-uniting at the orbiting source/receiver. We shall calculate the effect of mass M and cosmological constant Λ on the delay in the general case of Kerr-de Sitter spacetime. It follows that, in the independent limits M→ 0, spin a→ 0 and Λ → 0, while the Kerr-dS metric reduces to Minkowski metric, the clocks need not tick in consonance since there will still appear a non-zero observable Sagnac delay. While we do not measure spacetime itself, we do measure the Sagnac effect, which signifies an absolute substantive Minkowski spacetime instead of a void. We shall demonstrate a completely different limiting behavior of Sagnac delay, heretofore unknown, between the case of non-geodesic and geodesic source/observer motion.

  7. Noise-induced hearing loss in young adults: the role of personal listening devices and other sources of leisure noise.

    PubMed

    Mostafapour, S P; Lahargoue, K; Gates, G A

    1998-12-01

    No consensus exists regarding the magnitude of the risk of noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) associated with leisure noise, in particular, personal listening devices in young adults. Examine the magnitude of hearing loss associated with personal listening devices and other sources of leisure noise in causing NIHL in young adults. Prospective auditory testing of college student volunteers with retrospective history exposure to home stereos, personal listening devices, firearms, and other sources of recreational noise. Subjects underwent audiologic examination consisting of estimation of pure-tone thresholds, speech reception thresholds, and word recognition at 45 dB HL. Fifty subjects aged 18 to 30 years were tested. All hearing thresholds of all subjects (save one-a unilateral 30 dB HL threshold at 6 kHz) were normal, (i.e., 25 dB HL or better). A 10 dB threshold elevation (notch) in either ear at 3 to 6 kHz as compared with neighboring frequencies was noted in 11 (22%) subjects and an unequivocal notch (15 dB or greater) in either ear was noted in 14 (28%) of subjects. The presence or absence of any notch (small or large) did not correlate with any single or cumulative source of noise exposure. No difference in pure-tone threshold, speech reception threshold, or speech discrimination was found among subjects when segregated by noise exposure level. The majority of young users of personal listening devices are at low risk for substantive NIHL. Interpretation of the significance of these findings in relation to noise exposure must be made with caution. NIHL is an additive process and even subtle deficits may contribute to unequivocal hearing loss with continued exposure. The low prevalence of measurable deficits in this study group may not exclude more substantive deficits in other populations with greater exposures. Continued education of young people about the risk to hearing from recreational noise exposure is warranted.

  8. Can't Count or Won't Count? Embedding Quantitative Methods in Substantive Sociology Curricula: A Quasi-Experiment.

    PubMed

    Williams, Malcolm; Sloan, Luke; Cheung, Sin Yi; Sutton, Carole; Stevens, Sebastian; Runham, Libby

    2016-06-01

    This paper reports on a quasi-experiment in which quantitative methods (QM) are embedded within a substantive sociology module. Through measuring student attitudes before and after the intervention alongside control group comparisons, we illustrate the impact that embedding has on the student experience. Our findings are complex and even contradictory. Whilst the experimental group were less likely to be distrustful of statistics and appreciate how QM inform social research, they were also less confident about their statistical abilities, suggesting that through 'doing' quantitative sociology the experimental group are exposed to the intricacies of method and their optimism about their own abilities is challenged. We conclude that embedding QM in a single substantive module is not a 'magic bullet' and that a wider programme of content and assessment diversification across the curriculum is preferential.

  9. Substantivity of Ag-Ca-Si mesoporous nanoparticles on dentin and its ability to inhibit Enterococcus faecalis.

    PubMed

    Fan, Wei; Wu, Yujie; Ma, Tengjiao; Li, Yanyun; Fan, Bing

    2016-01-01

    The main purpose of this study was to investigate the substantivity of Ag-Ca-Si mesoporous nanoparticles (Ag-MCSNs) on dentin and its residual antibacterial effects against Enterococcus faecalis. Ag-MCSNs were fabricated and characterized, ion release profile and pH were tested, and the ability to inhibit planktonic E. faecalis as well as the cytotoxicity was evaluated. Dentin slices were medicated with Ca(OH)2 paste, 2 % chlorhexidine gel and Ag-MCSNs paste for 7 days and then irrigated. Dentin slices were then immersed in E. faecalis suspension for 6 days and then transferred to fresh brain heart infusion solution. The optical density value within 10 h after immersing and transferring were measured and compared among groups. Results indicated that Ag-MCSNs showed high pH, sustained Ag(+)-Ca(2+)-SiO3 (2-) ion release, and high substantivity on dentin. The Ag-MCSNs exhibited strong antibacterial effects against planktonic E. faecalis and much better residual inhibition effects against E. faecalis growth on dentin than Ca(OH)2 paste (P < 0.05). The Ag-MCSNs showed excellent antibacterial ability against E. faecalis and high substantivity on dentin, which might be developed to a new effective intra-canal medicament for human teeth.

  10. Intervention research in couple and family therapy: a methodological and substantive review and an introduction to the special issue.

    PubMed

    Sprenkle, Douglas H

    2012-01-01

    This article serves as an introduction to this third version of research reviews of couple and family therapy (CFT) that have appeared in this journal beginning in 1995. It also presents a methodological and substantive overview of research in couple and family therapy from about 2001/2002 to 2010/2011 (the period covered in this issue), while also making connections with previous research. The article introduces quantitative research reviews of family-based intervention research that appear in this issue on 10 substantive areas including conduct disorder/delinquency, drug abuse, childhood and adolescent disorders (not including the aforementioned), family psycho-education for major mental illness, alcoholism, couple distress, relationship education, affective disorders, interpersonal violence, and chronic illness. The paper also introduces the first qualitative research paper in this series, as well as a paper that highlights current methodologies in meta-analysis. The first part of this article rates the 10 content areas on 12 dimensions of methodological strength for quantitative research and makes generalizations about the state of quantitative methodology in CFT. The latter part of the papers summarizes and makes comments on the substantive findings in the 12 papers in this issue, as well as on the field as a whole. © 2012 American Association for Marriage and Family Therapy.

  11. Writing Back to Writers: Inter-Institutional Collaboration and Preliminary Research on the Value of Substantive Response in Writing Instruction.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Brown, Randel D.; Fjelstad, Per Even Tor

    This paper records two different professors' thoughts and experiences as recipients of fellowships for school-university collaboration. The first recipient, after hearing about program models in education, is changing how he thinks about education and the possible mission of the university. In the paper, he explains that the collaborative project…

  12. A Dense Corpus Study of Past Tense and Plural Overregularization in English.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Maslen, Robert J.C.; Theakson, Anna L.; Lieven, Elena V.M.; Tomasello, Michael

    2004-01-01

    In the "blocking-and-retrieval-failure" account of overregularization (OR; G. F. Marcus, 1995; G. F. Marcus et al., 1992), the claim that a symbolic rule generates regular inflection is founded on pervasively low past tense OR rates and the lack of a substantive difference between past tense and plural OR rates. Evidence of extended periods of OR…

  13. Explaining Method Effects Associated with Negatively Worded Items in Trait and State Global and Domain-Specific Self-Esteem Scales

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Tomas, Jose M.; Oliver, Amparo; Galiana, Laura; Sancho, Patricia; Lila, Marisol

    2013-01-01

    Several investigators have interpreted method effects associated with negatively worded items in a substantive way. This research extends those studies in different ways: (a) it establishes the presence of methods effects in further populations and particular scales, and (b) it examines the possible relations between a method factor associated…

  14. Double-Checking the Race Box: Examining Inconsistency between Survey Measures of Observed and Self-Reported Race

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Saperstein, Aliya

    2006-01-01

    Social constructivist theories of race suggest no two measures of race will capture the same information, but the degree of "error" this creates for quantitative research on inequality is unclear. Using unique data from the General Social Survey, I find observed and self-reported measures of race yield substantively different results when used to…

  15. Closing Arguments in the Patricia Hearst Trial: March 18-19, 1976; and Thought Control in the Patricia Hearst Trial.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    McDermid, Nancy Gossage; Timmis, John H., III

    1976-01-01

    The rhetorical criticism of the Patricia Hearst trial published in this quarterly journal consists of two articles written before a verdict was reached. The first, "Closing Arguments in the Patricia Hearst Trial," by Nancy Gossage McDermid, reflects the author's perception of stylistic and substantive differences between the arguments of…

  16. Reality Presentation and Communication: A Comparative Discussion of the Smithsonian Institution and The Washington Post as Communications Structures.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Harvey, Lisa St. Clair

    A comparative study of two types of media, a newspaper and a museum, reveals substantive differences in the ways each of these communications organizations alters the information which it presents to the public. Interviews conducted with spokespeople from the Washington Post and the Smithsonian Institution focused on three major theories of…

  17. Aging and the Body: A Review*

    PubMed Central

    Clarke, Laura Hurd; Korotchenko, Alexandra

    2014-01-01

    In this article, we examine the existing sociocultural research and theory concerned with the aging body. In particular, we review the body image and embodiment literatures and discuss what is known about how older adults perceive and experience their aging bodies. We analyse how body image is shaped by age, culture, ethnicity, gender, health status, sexual preference, and social class. Additionally, we critically elucidate the embodiment literature as it pertains to illness experiences, sexuality, the everyday management of the aging body, appearance work, and embodied identity. By outlining the key findings, theoretical debates, and substantive discrepancies within the body image and embodiment research and theory, we identify gaps in the literature and forecast future, much-needed avenues of investigation. PMID:24976674

  18. Do cortical midline variability and low frequency fluctuations mediate William James' "Stream of Consciousness"? "Neurophenomenal Balance Hypothesis" of "Inner Time Consciousness".

    PubMed

    Northoff, Georg

    2014-11-01

    William James famously characterized consciousness by 'stream of consciousness' which describes the temporal continuity and flow of the contents of consciousness in our 'inner time consciousness'. More specifically he distinguished between "substantive parts", the contents of consciousness, and "transitive parts", the linkages between different contents. While much research has recently focused on the substantive parts, the neural mechanisms underlying the transitive parts and their characterization by the balance between 'sensible continuity' and 'continuous change' remain unclear. The aim of this paper is to develop so-called neuro-phenomenal hypothesis about specifically the transitive parts and their two phenomenal hallmark features, sensible continuity and continuous change in 'inner time consciousness'. Based on recent findings, I hypothesize that the cortical midline structures and their high degree of variability and strong low frequency fluctuations play an essential role in mediating the phenomenal balance between sensible continuity and continuous change. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

  19. Major Depressive Disorder and Dysthymia at the Intersection of Nativity and Racial-Ethnic Origins.

    PubMed

    Szaflarski, Magdalena; Cubbins, Lisa A; Bauldry, Shawn; Meganathan, Karthikeyan; Klepinger, Daniel H; Somoza, Eugene

    2016-08-01

    Immigrants often have lower rates of depression than US-natives, but longitudinal assessments across multiple racial-ethnic groups are limited. This study examined the rates of prevalent, acquired, and persisting major depression and dysthymia by nativity and racial-ethnic origin while considering levels of acculturation, stress, and social ties. Data from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions were used to model prevalence and 3-year incidence/persistence of major depression and dysthymia (DSM-IV diagnoses) using logistic regression. Substantive factors were assessed using standardized measures. The rates of major depression were lower for most immigrants, but differences were noted by race-ethnicity and outcome. Furthermore, immigrants had higher prevalence but not incidence of dysthymia. The associations between substantive factors and outcomes were mixed. This study describes and begins to explain immigrant trajectories of major depression and dysthymia over a 3-year period. The continuing research challenges and future directions are discussed.

  20. Maritime Issues between Pakistan and India: Seeking Cooperation and Regional Stability

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2012-12-01

    release; distribution is unlimited 12b. DISTRIBUTION CODE 13. ABSTRACT (maximum 200 words ) Since independence, relations between Pakistan and...the way for the resolution of more complex and substantive disputes in the future. In other words , peace in Kashmir may be wrought at sea...could pave the way for the resolution of more complex and substantive disputes in the future. In other words , peace in Kashmir may be wrought at sea

  1. Disentangling Wording and Substantive Factors in the Spiritual Well-Being Scale.

    PubMed

    Murray, Aja L; Johnson, Wendy; Gow, Alan J; Deary, Ian J

    2015-05-01

    We evaluated the extent to which the Spiritual Well-Being Scale (SWBS) may help to meet the need for multidimensional, psychometrically sophisticated measures of spiritual and religious traits. Although the various forms of validity of the scale have, for the most part, been supported by psychometric studies, conflicting evidence surrounding its dimensionality has called into question its structural validity. Specifically, numerous authors have suggested that a more appropriate factor structure for the SWBS includes further substantive factors in addition to the 2 factors that the scale was originally intended to measure. In the current study, we attempted to resolve these debates using a combination of exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis based investigations in the Lothian Birth Cohort, 1921 study. Our analyses suggested that the additional factors suggested in previous studies may not have reflected substantive constructs; but rather, common variance due to methodological factors.

  2. Can’t Count or Won’t Count? Embedding Quantitative Methods in Substantive Sociology Curricula: A Quasi-Experiment

    PubMed Central

    Williams, Malcolm; Sloan, Luke; Cheung, Sin Yi; Sutton, Carole; Stevens, Sebastian; Runham, Libby

    2015-01-01

    This paper reports on a quasi-experiment in which quantitative methods (QM) are embedded within a substantive sociology module. Through measuring student attitudes before and after the intervention alongside control group comparisons, we illustrate the impact that embedding has on the student experience. Our findings are complex and even contradictory. Whilst the experimental group were less likely to be distrustful of statistics and appreciate how QM inform social research, they were also less confident about their statistical abilities, suggesting that through ‘doing’ quantitative sociology the experimental group are exposed to the intricacies of method and their optimism about their own abilities is challenged. We conclude that embedding QM in a single substantive module is not a ‘magic bullet’ and that a wider programme of content and assessment diversification across the curriculum is preferential. PMID:27330225

  3. Oil-in-oil-emulsions with enhanced substantivity for the treatment of chronic skin diseases.

    PubMed

    Lunter, Dominique Jasmin; Rottke, Michael; Daniels, Rolf

    2014-05-01

    The therapy of chronic skin diseases often requires several applications of creams or ointments per day. This is inconvenient to the patients and frequently leads to poor acceptance and compliance. We therefore developed oil-in-oil-emulsions that deliver the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) to the skin over a prolonged period of time. In this study, we compare the permeation of the API from a conventional formulation to its permeation from an oil-in-oil-emulsion under infinite and finite dosing. Furthermore, we evaluate the substantivity of the formulations. Our results show that the permeation from oil-in-oil-emulsions is constant over a prolonged time and that the emulsions show significantly higher substantivity than conventional formulations. Because of that, the treatment intervals can be extended substantially and compliance can be increased. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. and the American Pharmacists Association.

  4. Can procedural and substantive elements of decision-making be reconciled in assessments of mental capacity?

    PubMed Central

    Banner, Natalie F.

    2016-01-01

    Capacity legislation aims to protect individual autonomy and avoid undue paternalism as far as possible, partly through ensuring patients are not deemed to lack capacity because they make an unwise decision. To this end, the law employs a procedural test of capacity that excludes substantive judgments about patients’ decisions. However, clinical intuitions about patients’ capacity to make decisions about their treatment often conflict with a strict reading of the legal criteria for assessing capacity, particularly in psychiatry. In this article I argue that this tension arises because the procedural conception of capacity is inadequate and does not reflect the clinical or legal realities of assessing capacity. I propose that conceptualising capacity as having ‘recognisable reasons’ for a treatment decision provides a practical way of legitimately incorporating both procedural and substantive elements of decision-making into assessments of capacity. PMID:27891169

  5. "In those days the distances were all very different": alienation in Ernest Hemingway's "God Rest You Merry, Gentlemen".

    PubMed

    Levitzke, Shannon Whitlock

    2010-01-01

    This essay explores the significance of the opening paragraph of Hemingway's "God Rest You Merry, Gentlemen," examining the perplexing but necessary comparison of two seemingly unrelated locales, Kansas City and Constantinople. Early drafts of the story include substantively different introductions. In the published story, however, Hemingway's reliance on a barren physical topography establishes the emotional climate, uniting two distant cities to suggest that the impoverishment of modern urban life is the root cause of the story's tragedy.

  6. Conceptualising and managing trade-offs in sustainability assessment

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Morrison-Saunders, Angus, E-mail: A.Morrison-Saunders@murdoch.edu.au; School of Environmental Science, Murdoch University; Pope, Jenny

    One of the defining characteristics of sustainability assessment as a form of impact assessment is that it provides a forum for the explicit consideration of the trade-offs that are inherent in complex decision-making processes. Few sustainability assessments have achieved this goal though, and none has considered trade-offs in a holistic fashion throughout the process. Recent contributions such as the Gibson trade-off rules have significantly progressed thinking in this area by suggesting appropriate acceptability criteria for evaluating substantive trade-offs arising from proposed development, as well as process rules for how evaluations of acceptability should occur. However, there has been negligible uptakemore » of these rules in practice. Overall, we argue that there is inadequate consideration of trade-offs, both process and substantive, throughout the sustainability assessment process, and insufficient considerations of how process decisions and compromises influence substantive outcomes. This paper presents a framework for understanding and managing both process and substantive trade-offs within each step of a typical sustainability assessment process. The framework draws together previously published literature and offers case studies that illustrate aspects of the practical application of the framework. The framing and design of sustainability assessment are vitally important, as process compromises or trade-offs can have substantive consequences in terms of sustainability outcomes delivered, with the choice of alternatives considered being a particularly significant determinant of substantive outcomes. The demarcation of acceptable from unacceptable impacts is a key aspect of managing trade-offs. Offsets can be considered as a form of trade-off within a category of sustainability that are utilised to enhance preferred alternatives once conditions of impact acceptability have been met. In this way they may enable net gains to be delivered; another imperative for progress to sustainability. Understanding the nature and implications of trade-offs within sustainability assessment is essential to improving practice. - Highlights: Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer A framework for understanding trade-offs in sustainability assessment is presented. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Trade-offs should be considered as early as possible in any sustainability assessment process. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Demarcation of acceptable from unacceptable impacts is needed for effective trade-off management. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Offsets in place, time or kind can ensure and attain a net benefit outcome overall. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Gibson's trade-off rules provide useful acceptability criteria and process guidance.« less

  7. The Effect of Reading Duration on the Reliability and Validity of Middle School Students' ORF Performance

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Barth, Amy E.; Stuebing, Karla K.; Fletcher, Jack M.; Denton, Carolyn A.; Vaughn, Sharon; Francis, David

    2014-01-01

    We evaluated the technical adequacy of oral reading fluency (ORF) probes in which 1,472 middle school students with and without reading difficulties read fluency probes for 60 s versus reading the full passage. Results suggested that the reliability of 60-s probes (rs = 0.75) was not substantively different than full passage probes (rs = 0.77)…

  8. The Evolution of WebCT in a Baccalaureate Nursing Program: An Alice in Wonderland Reflection

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Donato, Emily; Hudyma, Shirlene; Carter, Lorraine; Schroeder, Catherine

    2010-01-01

    The use of WebCT in the Laurentian University Bachelor of Science in Nursing program began in 2001 when faculty were eager to explore different modes of delivery for fourth-year courses. Since then, the use of WebCT within the baccalaureate program has increased substantively. This paper outlines the developmental growth of the use of this…

  9. Fifteen-Years-Old Students of Seven East Asian Cities in PISA 2009: A Secondary Analysis

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Soh, Kay Cheng

    2012-01-01

    Background: In PISA 2009, seven East Asian countries rank high among the 65 participating countries, but some of the differences among the seven countries are small to be of substantive meaning. Aims: This paper is an attempt to fine tune the comparisons for better understanding of the situation in East Asian. Sample: Data of the seven East Asian…

  10. Longitudinal tests of competing factor structures for the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale: traits, ephemeral artifacts, and stable response styles.

    PubMed

    Marsh, Herbert W; Scalas, L Francesca; Nagengast, Benjamin

    2010-06-01

    Self-esteem, typically measured by the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSE), is one of the most widely studied constructs in psychology. Nevertheless, there is broad agreement that a simple unidimensional factor model, consistent with the original design and typical application in applied research, does not provide an adequate explanation of RSE responses. However, there is no clear agreement about what alternative model is most appropriate-or even a clear rationale for how to test competing interpretations. Three alternative interpretations exist: (a) 2 substantively important trait factors (positive and negative self-esteem), (b) 1 trait factor and ephemeral method artifacts associated with positively or negatively worded items, or (c) 1 trait factor and stable response-style method factors associated with item wording. We have posited 8 alternative models and structural equation model tests based on longitudinal data (4 waves of data across 8 years with a large, representative sample of adolescents). Longitudinal models provide no support for the unidimensional model, undermine support for the 2-factor model, and clearly refute claims that wording effects are ephemeral, but they provide good support for models positing 1 substantive (self-esteem) factor and response-style method factors that are stable over time. This longitudinal methodological approach has not only resolved these long-standing issues in self-esteem research but also has broad applicability to most psychological assessments based on self-reports with a mix of positively and negatively worded items.

  11. Choosing a Cluster Sampling Design for Lot Quality Assurance Sampling Surveys

    PubMed Central

    Hund, Lauren; Bedrick, Edward J.; Pagano, Marcello

    2015-01-01

    Lot quality assurance sampling (LQAS) surveys are commonly used for monitoring and evaluation in resource-limited settings. Recently several methods have been proposed to combine LQAS with cluster sampling for more timely and cost-effective data collection. For some of these methods, the standard binomial model can be used for constructing decision rules as the clustering can be ignored. For other designs, considered here, clustering is accommodated in the design phase. In this paper, we compare these latter cluster LQAS methodologies and provide recommendations for choosing a cluster LQAS design. We compare technical differences in the three methods and determine situations in which the choice of method results in a substantively different design. We consider two different aspects of the methods: the distributional assumptions and the clustering parameterization. Further, we provide software tools for implementing each method and clarify misconceptions about these designs in the literature. We illustrate the differences in these methods using vaccination and nutrition cluster LQAS surveys as example designs. The cluster methods are not sensitive to the distributional assumptions but can result in substantially different designs (sample sizes) depending on the clustering parameterization. However, none of the clustering parameterizations used in the existing methods appears to be consistent with the observed data, and, consequently, choice between the cluster LQAS methods is not straightforward. Further research should attempt to characterize clustering patterns in specific applications and provide suggestions for best-practice cluster LQAS designs on a setting-specific basis. PMID:26125967

  12. Choosing a Cluster Sampling Design for Lot Quality Assurance Sampling Surveys.

    PubMed

    Hund, Lauren; Bedrick, Edward J; Pagano, Marcello

    2015-01-01

    Lot quality assurance sampling (LQAS) surveys are commonly used for monitoring and evaluation in resource-limited settings. Recently several methods have been proposed to combine LQAS with cluster sampling for more timely and cost-effective data collection. For some of these methods, the standard binomial model can be used for constructing decision rules as the clustering can be ignored. For other designs, considered here, clustering is accommodated in the design phase. In this paper, we compare these latter cluster LQAS methodologies and provide recommendations for choosing a cluster LQAS design. We compare technical differences in the three methods and determine situations in which the choice of method results in a substantively different design. We consider two different aspects of the methods: the distributional assumptions and the clustering parameterization. Further, we provide software tools for implementing each method and clarify misconceptions about these designs in the literature. We illustrate the differences in these methods using vaccination and nutrition cluster LQAS surveys as example designs. The cluster methods are not sensitive to the distributional assumptions but can result in substantially different designs (sample sizes) depending on the clustering parameterization. However, none of the clustering parameterizations used in the existing methods appears to be consistent with the observed data, and, consequently, choice between the cluster LQAS methods is not straightforward. Further research should attempt to characterize clustering patterns in specific applications and provide suggestions for best-practice cluster LQAS designs on a setting-specific basis.

  13. Network Sampling and Classification:An Investigation of Network Model Representations

    PubMed Central

    Airoldi, Edoardo M.; Bai, Xue; Carley, Kathleen M.

    2011-01-01

    Methods for generating a random sample of networks with desired properties are important tools for the analysis of social, biological, and information networks. Algorithm-based approaches to sampling networks have received a great deal of attention in recent literature. Most of these algorithms are based on simple intuitions that associate the full features of connectivity patterns with specific values of only one or two network metrics. Substantive conclusions are crucially dependent on this association holding true. However, the extent to which this simple intuition holds true is not yet known. In this paper, we examine the association between the connectivity patterns that a network sampling algorithm aims to generate and the connectivity patterns of the generated networks, measured by an existing set of popular network metrics. We find that different network sampling algorithms can yield networks with similar connectivity patterns. We also find that the alternative algorithms for the same connectivity pattern can yield networks with different connectivity patterns. We argue that conclusions based on simulated network studies must focus on the full features of the connectivity patterns of a network instead of on the limited set of network metrics for a specific network type. This fact has important implications for network data analysis: for instance, implications related to the way significance is currently assessed. PMID:21666773

  14. Psychosexual Adjustment After Vulvar Surgery

    PubMed Central

    Andersen, Barbara L.; Hacker, Neville F.

    2009-01-01

    Fifteen patients treated surgically for vulvar cancer from two institutions participated in semistructured interviews and objective assessment to examine postoperative psychologic, social, marital, and sexual adjustment. Descriptive statistics indicate that after vulvar surgery patients report mild distress, but they report reasonable levels of and satisfaction with their free-time and social activities. Mild levels of marital distress may exist. Sexual functioning and body image appear to undergo major disruption despite the fact that intercourse remains possible. Women reported levels of sexual arousal at the eighth percentile and body image at the fourth percentile. Although replication of these findings is clearly necessary, this investigation provides the first substantive look at the posttreatment life circumstances for these patients and offers a data base for future investigation. PMID:6888823

  15. Patient engagement in patient-centered outcomes research: challenges, facilitators and actions to strengthen the field.

    PubMed

    Ellis, Lauren E; Kass, Nancy E

    2017-06-01

    To describe challenges to and facilitators of patient engagement to inform future strategies and suggested actions to strengthen engagement. Interviews with 19 principal investigators of projects funded by the Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute and with 33 patients from 18 of the 19 projects. Facilitators included using existing resources, having clear goals, educating patients and treating patients respectfully. Logistical challenges included extra time and work, institutional barriers and difficulty having meetings. Substantive challenges to selecting, educating and engaging patients, and incorporating feedback were also reported. To bolster the infrastructure for engagement, we suggest funders, institutions and researchers focus on resources and training for researchers and patients, networks and programs to connect stakeholders and model policies.

  16. Predatory journals and dishonesty in science.

    PubMed

    Grzybowski, Andrzej; Patryn, Rafał; Sak, Jarosław

    Predatory magazines are created by unreliable publishers who, after collecting a fee, publish the submitted paper in the Open Access (OA) formula without providing substantive control. For the purpose of "encouraging" authors to submit their work, they often impersonate existing periodicals by using a similar-sounding title, a similar webpage, and copied names of editors of the editorial board. They also offer credits close in name to the Impact Factor. The purpose of such activity is to deceive authors and to earn money in an unfair manner. This contribution presents mechanisms used by such journals and includes suggestions for protection from the duplicity and the subsequent disappointment of publishing, often for an exorbitant fee. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

  17. Performance Assessment as a Diagnostic Tool for Science Teachers

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Kruit, Patricia; Oostdam, Ron; van den Berg, Ed; Schuitema, Jaap

    2018-04-01

    Information on students' development of science skills is essential for teachers to evaluate and improve their own education, as well as to provide adequate support and feedback to the learning process of individual students. The present study explores and discusses the use of performance assessments as a diagnostic tool for formative assessment to inform teachers and guide instruction of science skills in primary education. Three performance assessments were administered to more than 400 students in grades 5 and 6 of primary education. Students performed small experiments using real materials while following the different steps of the empirical cycle. The mutual relationship between the three performance assessments is examined to provide evidence for the value of performance assessments as useful tools for formative evaluation. Differences in response patterns are discussed, and the diagnostic value of performance assessments is illustrated with examples of individual student performances. Findings show that the performance assessments were difficult for grades 5 and 6 students but that much individual variation exists regarding the different steps of the empirical cycle. Evaluation of scores as well as a more substantive analysis of students' responses provided insight into typical errors that students make. It is concluded that performance assessments can be used as a diagnostic tool for monitoring students' skill performance as well as to support teachers in evaluating and improving their science lessons.

  18. Residual antibacterial activity of chlorhexidine and MTAD in human root dentin in vitro.

    PubMed

    Mohammadi, Zahed; Shahriari, Shahriar

    2008-03-01

    The purpose of this in vitro study was to compare the antimicrobial substantivity of BioPure MTAD, 2% chlorhexidine (CHX) and 2.6% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) in human root dentin. One hundred and ten dentin tubes prepared from human maxillary incisors were infected in vitro for 14 days with Enterococcus faecalis. The specimens were divided into five groups as follows: CHX; BioPure MTAD; NaOCl; infected dentin tubes (positive control); and sterile dentin tubes (negative control). Dentin chips were collected with round burs into Brain Heart Infusion (BHI) broth. After culturing, the number of colony-forming units (CFU) was counted. In all experimental groups, CFU was minimum after treatment (day 0), and the results obtained were significantly different from each other at any time period (P < 0.05). After treatment, the NaOCI group and BioPure MTAD group showed the lowest and highest number of CFU, respectively. In each group, the number of CFUs increased significantly by time-lapse (P < 0.05). In conclusion, the substantivity of BioPure MTAD was significantly greater than CHX and NaOCl.

  19. Using grounded theory to create a substantive theory of promoting schoolchildren's mental health.

    PubMed

    Puolakka, Kristiina; Haapasalo-Pesu, Kirsi-Maria; Kiikkala, Irma; Astedt-Kurki, Päivi; Paavilainen, Eija

    2013-01-01

    To discuss the creation of a substantive theory using grounded theory. This article provides an example of generating theory from a study of mental health promotion at a high school in Finland. Grounded theory is a method for creating explanatory theory. It is a valuable tool for health professionals when studying phenomena that affect patients' health, offering a deeper understanding of nursing methods and knowledge. Interviews with school employees, students and parents, and verbal responses to the 'school wellbeing profile survey', as well as working group memos related to the development activities. Participating children were aged between 12 and 15. The analysis was conducted by applying the grounded theory method and involved open coding of the material, constant comparison, axial coding and selective coding after identifying the core category. The analysis produced concepts about mental health promotion in school and assumptions about relationships. Grounded theory proved to be an effective means of eliciting people's viewpoints on mental health promotion. The personal views of different parties make it easier to identify an action applicable to practice.

  20. Women and Minority Faculty in the Academic Workplace: Recruitment, Retention, and Academic Culture. ASHE-ERIC Higher Education Report, Volume 27, Number 6. Jossey-Bass Higher and Adult Education Series.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Aguirre, Adalberto, Jr.

    In an attempt to address the need for substantive comparisons in the minority university faculty population, this monograph examines the relative differences in minority groups in the faculty population when the data permit comparisons. The report also examines research on the status of women faculty members. The discussion assembles a large…

  1. The Internet and Global Telecommunications: Exploring the Boundaries of International Coordination. A Report of the Annual Aspen Institute Roundtable on International Telecommunications (4th, Shonan Village Center, Japan, September 21-24, 1998).

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Kleeman, Michael J.

    The goals of the Fourth Annual Aspen Institute Roundtable on International Telecommunications were: to address procedural and substantive solutions for international coordination of Internet policy issues; to suggest different models for dispute resolution and policy coordination that might be employed in the various contexts of Internet usage;…

  2. Variation of fee-for-service specialist direct care work effort with patient overall illness burden.

    PubMed

    Goodman, Robert

    2011-08-01

    To explore whether a common industry measure of overall patient illness burden, used to assess the total costs of members in a health plan, would be suitable to describe variation in a summary metric of utilization that assesses specialist physician direct patient care services not grouped into clinical episodes, but with exclusion criteria applied to reduce any bias in the data. Data sources/study setting Calendar year 2006 administrative data on 153,557 commercial members enrolled in a non-profit single-state statewide Health Maintenance Organization (HMO) and treated by 4356 specialists in 11 specialties. The health plan's global referral process and specialist fee-for-service reimbursement likely makes these results applicable to the non-managed care setting, as once a global referral was authorized there was no required intervention by the HMO or referring primary care provider for the majority of any subsequent specialist direct clinical care. Study design Specialty-specific correlations and ordinary least-squares regression models to assess variations in specialist direct patient care work effort with patient overall illness burden, after the application of exclusion criteria to reduce potential bias in the data. Principle findings Statistically significant positive correlations exist between specialist direct patient care work effort and patient overall illness burden for all studied specialties. Regression models revealed a generally monotonic increasing relationship between illness burden categories and aggregate specialist direct patient care work effort. Almost all regression model differences from the reference category across specialties are statistically significant (P ≤ 0.012). Assessment of additional results demonstrates the relationship has more substantive significance in some specialties and less in others. The most substantive relationships in this study were found in the specialties of orthopaedic surgery, general surgery and interventional cardiology. For many specialties, specialists do vary physician direct patient care utilization with patient overall illness burden. Accounting for patient overall health status is important to fairly compare specialists of certain specialties on utilization for health plan specialist network management. Additional study is required to evaluate health plan application of this methodology.

  3. Experimental test of contemporary mathematical models of visual letter recognition.

    PubMed

    Townsend, J T; Ashby, F G

    1982-12-01

    A letter confusion experiment that used brief durations manipulated payoffs across the four stimulus letters, which were composed of line segments equal in length. The observers were required to report the features they perceived as well as to give a letter response. The early feature-sampling process is separated from the later letter-decision process in the substantive feature models, and predictions are thus obtained for the frequencies of feature report as well as letter report. Four substantive visual feature-processing models are developed and tested against one another and against three models of a more descriptive nature. The substantive models predict the decisional letter report phase much better than they do the feature-sampling phase, but the best overall 4 X 4 letter confusion matrix fits are obtained with one of the descriptive models, the similarity choice model. The present and other recent results suggest that the assumption that features are sampled in a stochastically independent manner may not be generally valid. The traditional high-threshold conceptualization of feature sampling is also falsified by the frequent reporting by observers of features not contained in the stimulus letter.

  4. Field experiment evidence of substantive, attributional, and behavioral persuasion by members of Congress in online town halls.

    PubMed

    Minozzi, William; Neblo, Michael A; Esterling, Kevin M; Lazer, David M J

    2015-03-31

    Do leaders persuade? Social scientists have long studied the relationship between elite behavior and mass opinion. However, there is surprisingly little evidence regarding direct persuasion by leaders. Here we show that political leaders can persuade their constituents directly on three dimensions: substantive attitudes regarding policy issues, attributions regarding the leaders' qualities, and subsequent voting behavior. We ran two randomized controlled field experiments testing the causal effects of directly interacting with a sitting politician. Our experiments consist of 20 online town hall meetings with members of Congress conducted in 2006 and 2008. Study 1 examined 19 small meetings with members of the House of Representatives (average 20 participants per town hall). Study 2 examined a large (175 participants) town hall with a senator. In both experiments we find that participating has significant and substantively important causal effects on all three dimensions of persuasion but no such effects on issues that were not discussed extensively in the sessions. Further, persuasion was not driven solely by changes in copartisans' attitudes; the effects were consistent across groups.

  5. Language, literacy, attentional behaviors, and instructional quality predictors of written composition for first graders

    PubMed Central

    Kim, Young-Suk; Otaiba, Stephanie Al; Sidler, Jessica Folsom; Gruelich, Luana

    2013-01-01

    We had two primary purposes in the present study: (1) to examine unique child-level predictors of written composition which included language skills, literacy skills (e.g., reading and spelling), and attentiveness and (2) to examine whether instructional quality (quality in responsiveness and individualization, and quality in spelling and writing instruction) is uniquely related to written composition for first-grade children (N = 527). Children’s written composition was evaluated on substantive quality (ideas, organization, word choice, and sentence flow) and writing conventions (spelling, mechanics, and handwriting). Results revealed that for the substantive quality of writing, children’s grammatical knowledge, reading comprehension, letter writing automaticity, and attentiveness were uniquely related. Teachers’ responsiveness was also uniquely related to the substantive quality of written composition after accounting for child predictors and other instructional quality variables. For the writing conventions outcome, children’s spelling and attentiveness were uniquely related, but instructional quality was not. These results suggest the importance of paying attention to multiple component skills such as language, literacy, and behavioral factors as well as teachers’ responsiveness for writing development. PMID:24062600

  6. Field experiment evidence of substantive, attributional, and behavioral persuasion by members of Congress in online town halls

    PubMed Central

    Minozzi, William; Neblo, Michael A.; Esterling, Kevin M.; Lazer, David M. J.

    2015-01-01

    Do leaders persuade? Social scientists have long studied the relationship between elite behavior and mass opinion. However, there is surprisingly little evidence regarding direct persuasion by leaders. Here we show that political leaders can persuade their constituents directly on three dimensions: substantive attitudes regarding policy issues, attributions regarding the leaders’ qualities, and subsequent voting behavior. We ran two randomized controlled field experiments testing the causal effects of directly interacting with a sitting politician. Our experiments consist of 20 online town hall meetings with members of Congress conducted in 2006 and 2008. Study 1 examined 19 small meetings with members of the House of Representatives (average 20 participants per town hall). Study 2 examined a large (175 participants) town hall with a senator. In both experiments we find that participating has significant and substantively important causal effects on all three dimensions of persuasion but no such effects on issues that were not discussed extensively in the sessions. Further, persuasion was not driven solely by changes in copartisans’ attitudes; the effects were consistent across groups. PMID:25775516

  7. Mapping the MMPI-2-RF Substantive Scales Onto Internalizing, Externalizing, and Thought Dysfunction Dimensions in a Forensic Inpatient Setting.

    PubMed

    Romero, Isabella E; Toorabally, Nasreen; Burchett, Danielle; Tarescavage, Anthony M; Glassmire, David M

    2017-01-01

    Contemporary models of psychopathology-encompassing internalizing, externalizing, and thought dysfunction factors-have gained significant support. Although research indicates the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 Restructured Form (MMPI-2-RF; Ben-Porath & Tellegen, 2008 /2011) measures these domains of psychopathology, this study addresses extant limitations in MMPI-2-RF diagnostic validity research by examining associations between all MMPI-2-RF substantive scales and broad dichotomous indicators of internalizing, externalizing, and thought dysfunction diagnoses in a sample of 1,110 forensic inpatients. Comparing those with and without internalizing diagnoses, notable effects were observed for Negative Emotionality/Neuroticism-Revised (NEGE-r), Emotional/Internalizing Dysfunction (EID), Dysfunctional Negative Emotions (RC7), Demoralization (RCd), and several other internalizing and somatic/cognitive scales. Comparing those with and without thought dysfunction diagnoses, the largest hypothesized differences occurred for Thought Dysfunction (THD), Aberrant Experiences (RC8), and Psychoticism-Revised (PSYC-r), although unanticipated differences were observed on internalizing and interpersonal scales, likely reflecting the high prevalence of internalizing dysfunction in forensic inpatients not experiencing thought dysfunction. Comparing those with and without externalizing diagnoses, the largest effects were for Substance Abuse (SUB), Antisocial Behavior (RC4), Behavioral/Externalizing Dysfunction (BXD), Juvenile Conduct Problems (JCP), and Disconstraint-Revised (DISC-r). Multivariate models evidenced similar results. Findings support the construct validity of MMPI-2-RF scales as measures of internalizing, thought, and externalizing dysfunction.

  8. Measurement invariance, the lack thereof, and modeling change.

    PubMed

    Edwards, Michael C; Houts, Carrie R; Wirth, R J

    2017-08-17

    Measurement invariance issues should be considered during test construction. In this paper, we provide a conceptual overview of measurement invariance and describe how the concept is implemented in several different statistical approaches. Typical applications look for invariance over things such as mode of administration (paper and pencil vs. computer based), language/translation, age, time, and gender, to cite just a few examples. To the extent that the relationships between items and constructs are stable/invariant, we can be more confident in score interpretations. A series of simulated examples are reported which highlight different kinds of non-invariance, the impact it can have, and the effect of appropriately modeling a lack of invariance. One example focuses on the longitudinal context, where measurement invariance is critical to understanding trends over time. Software syntax is provided to help researchers apply these models with their own data. The simulation studies demonstrate the negative impact an erroneous assumption of invariance may have on scores and substantive conclusions drawn from naively analyzing those scores. Measurement invariance implies that the links between the items and the construct of interest are invariant over some domain, grouping, or classification. Examining a new or existing test for measurement invariance should be part of any test construction/implementation plan. In addition to reviewing implications of the simulation study results, we also provide a discussion of the limitations of current approaches and areas in need of additional research.

  9. Response to "Comment on `Magnetic geometry and physics of advanced divertors: The X-divertor and the snowflake' " [Phys. Plasmas 21, 054701 (2014)

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Kotschenreuther, Mike; Valanju, Prashant; Covele, Brent; Mahajan, Swadesh

    2014-05-01

    Relying on coil positions relative to the plasma, the "Comment on `Magnetic geometry and physics of advanced divertors: The X-divertor and the snowflake' " [Phys. Plasmas 21, 054701 (2014)], emphasizes a criterion for divertor characterization that was critiqued to be ill posed [M. Kotschenreuther et al., Phys. Plasmas 20, 102507 (2013)]. We find that no substantive physical differences flow from this criteria. However, using these criteria, the successful NSTX experiment by Ryutov et al. [Phys. Plasmas 21, 054701 (2014)] has the coil configuration of an X-divertor (XD), rather than a snowflake (SF). On completing the divertor index (DI) versus distance graph for this NSTX shot (which had an inexplicably missing region), we find that the DI is like an XD for most of the outboard wetted divertor plate. Further, the "proximity condition," used to define an SF [M. Kotschenreuther et al., Phys. Plasmas 20, 102507 (2013)], does not have a substantive physics basis to override metrics based on flux expansion and line length. Finally, if the criteria of the comment are important, then the results of NSTX-like experiments could have questionable applicability to reactors.

  10. Comparative evaluation of antibacterial property and substantivity of chlorhexidine containing dentifrices with sodium lauryl sulfate and Tween as surfactants: an in vivo study.

    PubMed

    Venu, V; Prabhakar, A R; Basappa, N

    2013-01-01

    The aim of the study was to determine the antibacterial property and substantivity of chlorhexidine containing dentifrices with sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) and Tween as surfactants. It is a double-blind cross over the study, a total of 20 children within their mixed dentition period (7-13 year) having Streptococci mutans count more than 10(6) were selected for the main study. Three types of chlorhexidine containing dentifrices were used with a washout period of 1 week. Out of the three toothpastes, one was without surfactant and other two toothpastes contained SLS and Tween as surfactants respectively. 20 volunteers brushed for 1 min during the study day with their assigned toothpaste. Saliva samples were collected before brushing, immediately after brushing and 1, 3, 5, and 7 hand sent for microbial analysis. The culture carried out by inoculating saliva sample onto Mitis salivarius agar for selective isolation of S. mutans followed by counting of colony forming unit. Group I and III (Chlorhexidine and CHX + Tween) had shown statistically significant reduction in bacterial count until 7 h when compared to their baseline values ( P < 0.001). Group II toothpaste (CHX + SLS) had shown significant reduction in bacterial count until 3 h only. On inter group comparison, Group III had shown good amount of percentage reduction in bacterial count when compared to other groups. CHX + Tween toothpaste had shown statistically significant reduction in antibacterial activity and substantivity than other groups. These findings show chlorhexidine containing toothpaste with non-ionic surfactant will be able to maintain the antibacterial property and substantivity of chlorhexidine.

  11. Efficacy of a Calcium Sucrose Phosphate Based Toothpaste in Elevating the Level of Calcium, Phosphate Ions in Saliva and Reducing Plaque: A Clinical Trial

    PubMed Central

    Menon, Leena Unnikrishnan; Varma, R. Balagopal; Kumaran, Parvathy; Xavier, Arun Mamachan; Govinda, Bhat Sangeetha; Kumar, J. Suresh

    2018-01-01

    Aim: To evaluate and compare the efficacy of “calcium sucrose phosphate” (CaSP) toothpaste (Enafix 5%) with ordinarily used calcium, phosphate-containing toothpaste in elevating the level of calcium, phosphate ions in saliva. Secondary aims were to evaluate substantivity and plaque-reducing ability of CaSP toothpaste. Materials and Methods: Thirty study participants of age group 6–13 years were divided into two groups: Group X (Control group) was made to continue brushing with their regularly used calcium, phosphate-containing toothpaste and Group Y (Test group) was allotted CaSP toothpaste. 1 ml of unstimulated saliva was periodically collected from both groups to determine any alteration in the salivary calcium, phosphate level. Parameters such as substantivity and plaque-reducing ability of CaSP toothpaste were also evaluated. Salivary mineral's intergroup comparison was evaluated by Student's t-test while its intragroup comparison along with the plaque amount variation in Group Y was evaluated by ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc test. Results: Group Y showed an increase in the salivary calcium level though not statistically significant. The increase was pronounced in samples collected on day 1. Group Y showed a consistent level of calcium, phosphate in samples collected immediately and 6 h postbrushing, indicating its substantivity. In addition, Group Y had an impact in reducing the plaque level when the 1st-month plaque score was compared with the 12th-month score. Conclusion: CaSP leads to an increase in the salivary calcium level though it was not statistically significant. Supervised brushing and dietary habits showed a positive effect on both the groups. CaSP toothpaste also showed substantivity and plaque-reducing ability.

  12. The use of radiolabelling techniques to measure substantivity to, and penetration into, hair of protein hydrolysates.

    PubMed

    Jones, R T; Chahal, S P

    1997-10-01

    The use of 14C-labelled amino acids enables the measurement of both the total substantivity to hair and the degree of penetration into the hair shaft of amino acid mixtures derived from complete hydrolysis of proteins. The technique utilizes the fact that direct measurement of 14C radioactivity of the treated hair detects only the surface substantivity. Total substantivity can be determined following solubilization of the hair. Data obtained for wheat amino acids show significant penetration when used to treat hair from a shampoo or conditioner formulation. A similar technique has been investigated for a wheat protein partial hydrolysate using 14CNO for radiolabelling purposes and shows that significant penetration into hair can occur. L'utilisation d'amino-acides marques au 14C permet la mesure a la fois de l'absorption totale par les cheveux et du degre de penetration dans la fibre du cheveu de melanges d'amino-acides obtenus a partir d'une hydrolyse totale de proteines. La technique utilise le fait que la mesure directe de la radioactivite du 14C des cheveux traites ne detecte que l'absorption en surface. L'absorption totale peut etre determinee apres solubilisation des cheveux. Les donnees obtenues a partir d'amino-acides de ble montrent une penetration significative lors d'une utilisation pour traiter des cheveux a partir d'une formulation de shampoing ou d'apres-shampoing. Une technique similaire a ete exploree vis-a-vis d'un hydrolysat partiel d'une proteine de ble utilisant 14CNO a des fins de marquage, et montre qu'une penetration significative dans les cheveux peut avoir lieu.

  13. [Investigation of the safety of microbial biotechnological products and their hygienic regulation].

    PubMed

    Omel'ianets', T H; Kovalenko, N K; Holovach, T M

    2008-01-01

    Peculiarities of influence of microbial preparations based on microorganisms of different taxonomic groups on the warm-blooded organisms are considered, that is necessary to take into account when developing the strategy of toxico-hygienic studying of these preparations and when substanting hygienic standards in industrial objects and in the environment. The possibility to simplify the methodical scheme of the toxicological estimation and the hygienic regulation of microbial preparations on the basis of soil nitrogen-fixing microorganisms is discussed.

  14. Job Performance as Multivariate Dynamic Criteria: Experience Sampling and Multiway Component Analysis.

    PubMed

    Spain, Seth M; Miner, Andrew G; Kroonenberg, Pieter M; Drasgow, Fritz

    2010-08-06

    Questions about the dynamic processes that drive behavior at work have been the focus of increasing attention in recent years. Models describing behavior at work and research on momentary behavior indicate that substantial variation exists within individuals. This article examines the rationale behind this body of work and explores a method of analyzing momentary work behavior using experience sampling methods. The article also examines a previously unused set of methods for analyzing data produced by experience sampling. These methods are known collectively as multiway component analysis. Two archetypal techniques of multimode factor analysis, the Parallel factor analysis and the Tucker3 models, are used to analyze data from Miner, Glomb, and Hulin's (2010) experience sampling study of work behavior. The efficacy of these techniques for analyzing experience sampling data is discussed as are the substantive multimode component models obtained.

  15. Conflicting health information: a critical research need.

    PubMed

    Carpenter, Delesha M; Geryk, Lorie L; Chen, Annie T; Nagler, Rebekah H; Dieckmann, Nathan F; Han, Paul K J

    2016-12-01

    Conflicting health information is increasing in amount and visibility, as evidenced most recently by the controversy surrounding the risks and benefits of childhood vaccinations. The mechanisms through which conflicting information affects individuals are poorly understood; thus, we are unprepared to help people process conflicting information when making important health decisions. In this viewpoint article, we describe this problem, summarize insights from the existing literature on the prevalence and effects of conflicting health information, and identify important knowledge gaps. We propose a working definition of conflicting health information and describe a conceptual typology to guide future research in this area. The typology classifies conflicting information according to four fundamental dimensions: the substantive issue under conflict, the number of conflicting sources (multiplicity), the degree of evidence heterogeneity and the degree of temporal inconsistency. © 2015 The Authors. Health Expectations Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

  16. Advancing Social Work Education for Health Impact.

    PubMed

    Browne, Teri; Keefe, Robert H; Ruth, Betty J; Cox, Harold; Maramaldi, Peter; Rishel, Carrie; Rountree, Michele; Zlotnik, Joan; Marshall, Jamie

    2017-12-01

    Social work education plays a critical role in preparing social workers to lead efforts that improve health. Because of the dynamic health care landscape, schools of social work must educate students to facilitate health care system improvements, enhance population health, and reduce medical costs. We reviewed the existing contributions of social work education and provided recommendations for improving the education of social workers in 6 key areas: aging, behavioral health, community health, global health, health reform, and health policy. We argue for systemic improvement in the curriculum at every level of education, including substantive increases in content in health, health care, health care ethics, and evaluating practice outcomes in health settings. Schools of social work can further increase the impact of the profession by enhancing the curricular focus on broad content areas such as prevention, health equity, population and community health, and health advocacy.

  17. Predicting intentions versus predicting behaviors: domestic violence prevention from a theory of reasoned action perspective.

    PubMed

    Nabi, Robin L; Southwell, Brian; Hornik, Robert

    2002-01-01

    A central assumption of many models of human behavior is that intention to perform a behavior is highly predictive of actual behavior. This article presents evidence that belies this notion. Based on a survey of 1,250 Philadelphia adults, a clear and consistent pattern emerged suggesting that beliefs related to domestic violence correlate with intentions to act with respect to domestic violence but rarely correlate with reported actions (e.g., talking to the abused woman). Numerous methodological and substantive explanations for this finding are offered with emphasis placed on the complexity of the context in which an action to prevent a domestic violence incident occurs. We conclude by arguing that despite the small, insignificant relationships between beliefs and behaviors found, worthwhile aggregate effects on behavior might still exist, thus reaffirming the role of communication campaign efforts.

  18. Persistent optimizing: how mothers make food choices for their preschool children.

    PubMed

    Walsh, Audrey; Meagher-Stewart, Donna; Macdonald, Marilyn

    2015-04-01

    Mothers' ability to provide healthy food choices for their children has become more complex in our current obesogenic environment. We conducted a total of 35 interviews with 18 mothers of preschool children. Using constructivist grounded theory methods, we developed a substantive theory of how mothers make food choices for their preschoolers. Our substantive theory, persistent optimizing, consists of three main integrated conceptual categories: (a) acknowledging contextual constraints, (b) stretching boundaries, and (c) strategic positioning. Implications to improve mothers' ability to make healthy food choices that reduce their children's risk of becoming overweight or obese are discussed. © The Author(s) 2014.

  19. The substantive theory of surviving on the margin of a profession.

    PubMed

    Etowa, Josephine B; Sethi, Sarla; Thompson-Isherwood, Roxie

    2009-04-01

    Using the grounded theory method, a substantive theory of surviving on the margin of a profession emerged as the core variable that explains the patterns of behavior of black nurses in Canada. Data were collected through audiotaped in-depth interviews of 20 black nurses. The three phases of this theory are realizing, surviving, and thriving and the three critical transitions points are the center, the margin, and the proving ground. The phases and transitions points, as well as the conditions that influence variations in the theory are the focus of this paper. These conditions include racism, diversity, and worklife issues such as healthy workplaces.

  20. Inverse-Probability-Weighted Estimation for Monotone and Nonmonotone Missing Data.

    PubMed

    Sun, BaoLuo; Perkins, Neil J; Cole, Stephen R; Harel, Ofer; Mitchell, Emily M; Schisterman, Enrique F; Tchetgen Tchetgen, Eric J

    2018-03-01

    Missing data is a common occurrence in epidemiologic research. In this paper, 3 data sets with induced missing values from the Collaborative Perinatal Project, a multisite US study conducted from 1959 to 1974, are provided as examples of prototypical epidemiologic studies with missing data. Our goal was to estimate the association of maternal smoking behavior with spontaneous abortion while adjusting for numerous confounders. At the same time, we did not necessarily wish to evaluate the joint distribution among potentially unobserved covariates, which is seldom the subject of substantive scientific interest. The inverse probability weighting (IPW) approach preserves the semiparametric structure of the underlying model of substantive interest and clearly separates the model of substantive interest from the model used to account for the missing data. However, IPW often will not result in valid inference if the missing-data pattern is nonmonotone, even if the data are missing at random. We describe a recently proposed approach to modeling nonmonotone missing-data mechanisms under missingness at random to use in constructing the weights in IPW complete-case estimation, and we illustrate the approach using 3 data sets described in a companion article (Am J Epidemiol. 2018;187(3):568-575).

  1. Inverse-Probability-Weighted Estimation for Monotone and Nonmonotone Missing Data

    PubMed Central

    Sun, BaoLuo; Perkins, Neil J; Cole, Stephen R; Harel, Ofer; Mitchell, Emily M; Schisterman, Enrique F; Tchetgen Tchetgen, Eric J

    2018-01-01

    Abstract Missing data is a common occurrence in epidemiologic research. In this paper, 3 data sets with induced missing values from the Collaborative Perinatal Project, a multisite US study conducted from 1959 to 1974, are provided as examples of prototypical epidemiologic studies with missing data. Our goal was to estimate the association of maternal smoking behavior with spontaneous abortion while adjusting for numerous confounders. At the same time, we did not necessarily wish to evaluate the joint distribution among potentially unobserved covariates, which is seldom the subject of substantive scientific interest. The inverse probability weighting (IPW) approach preserves the semiparametric structure of the underlying model of substantive interest and clearly separates the model of substantive interest from the model used to account for the missing data. However, IPW often will not result in valid inference if the missing-data pattern is nonmonotone, even if the data are missing at random. We describe a recently proposed approach to modeling nonmonotone missing-data mechanisms under missingness at random to use in constructing the weights in IPW complete-case estimation, and we illustrate the approach using 3 data sets described in a companion article (Am J Epidemiol. 2018;187(3):568–575). PMID:29165557

  2. Ideal, nonideal, and no-marker variables: The confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) marker technique works when it matters.

    PubMed

    Williams, Larry J; O'Boyle, Ernest H

    2015-09-01

    A persistent concern in the management and applied psychology literature is the effect of common method variance on observed relations among variables. Recent work (i.e., Richardson, Simmering, & Sturman, 2009) evaluated 3 analytical approaches to controlling for common method variance, including the confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) marker technique. Their findings indicated significant problems with this technique, especially with nonideal marker variables (those with theoretical relations with substantive variables). Based on their simulation results, Richardson et al. concluded that not correcting for method variance provides more accurate estimates than using the CFA marker technique. We reexamined the effects of using marker variables in a simulation study and found the degree of error in estimates of a substantive factor correlation was relatively small in most cases, and much smaller than error associated with making no correction. Further, in instances in which the error was large, the correlations between the marker and substantive scales were higher than that found in organizational research with marker variables. We conclude that in most practical settings, the CFA marker technique yields parameter estimates close to their true values, and the criticisms made by Richardson et al. are overstated. (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved).

  3. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2-Restructured Form (MMPI-2-RF) predictors of police officer problem behavior.

    PubMed

    Tarescavage, Anthony M; Corey, David M; Ben-Porath, Yossef S

    2015-02-01

    The purpose of this study was to investigate the predictive validity of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2-Restructured Form (MMPI-2-RF) in a sample of law enforcement officers. MMPI-2-RF scores were collected from preemployment psychological evaluations of 136 male police officers, and supervisor ratings of performance and problem behavior were subsequently obtained during the initial probationary period. The sample produced meaningfully lower and less variant substantive scale scores than the general population and the MMPI-2-RF Police Candidate comparison group, which significantly affected effect sizes for the zero-order correlations. After applying a correction for range restriction, MMPI-2-RF substantive scales demonstrated moderate to strong associations with criteria, particularly in the Emotional Dysfunction and Interpersonal Functioning domains. Relative risk ratio analyses showed that cutoffs of 45T and 50T maintained reasonable selection ratios because of the exceptionally low scores in this sample and were associated with significantly increased risk for problematic behavior. These results provide support for the predictive validity of the MMPI-2-RF substantive scales in this setting. Implications of these findings and limitations of these results are discussed. © The Author(s) 2014.

  4. After-rinsing hair growth promotion of minoxidil-containing amino alpha-cyclodextrins.

    PubMed

    Kim, Jin-Chul; Kim, Myoung-Dong

    2007-12-01

    Triamino alpha-cyclodextrin (CD) was synthesized and the inclusion complex with Minoxidil (MXD) was prepared. alpha-CD was azidated by modifying the 6-hydroxylmethyl CD rim with sodium azide. Then, mono-, di-, tri-, and tetra-azidocyclodextrins were separated by a flash column chromatography and reduced to the corresponding amines by hydrogenation with Pd/C. The substantivities of MXD included in either 2-hydroxypropyl alpha-CD (HP alpha-CD) or triamino alpha-CD were evaluated in vitro using hairless mice skins. After applying the preparations onto the skin and rinsing it, the amount of the drug left on the skin was determined using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). It was the highest when the drug was included in triamino alpha-CD. The electrostatic interaction between the protonated amino CD and the negatively charged skin would be responsible for the relatively high substantivity. The in vivo hair growth promotion effect of each preparation was investigated, where the sample application onto the clipped backs of female mice (C57BL6) and the subsequent rinsing of the backs were done once a day for 30 days. Only MXD in triamino alpha-CD had hair growth promotion effect, possibly due to the significant substantivity.

  5. Do we need a new definition of the overactive bladder syndrome? ICI-RS 2013.

    PubMed

    Drake, Marcus J

    2014-06-01

    Overactive bladder syndrome (OAB) has a symptom-based definition. Following a presentation of issues, the definition was subjected to expert discussion at the International Consultation on Incontinence Research Society to identify key issues. OAB is a widely used term; it is a pragmatic approach to categorizing a recognized group of patients, and is understood by the patients, however, expert opinion suggested several issues for which additional evidence should be sought. Naming an organ (bladder) in the condition may suggest underlying mechanism, when contributory aspects may lie outside the bladder. No severity thresholds are set, which can cause uncertainty. Urgency is prominent in the definition, but may not be prominent in patients whose adaptive behavior reduces their propensity to urgency. OAB can co-exist with other common conditions, such as benign prostate enlargement (BPE), stress incontinence or nocturnal polyuria. Consensus led by the International Continence Society can be attempted for aspects such as "fear of leakage." To develop a new definition, more substantive evidence is needed for key elements, and until such evidence is available, full redefinition is not appropriate. Thus, the medical profession should accept constructive compromise and work supportively. The ICI-RS proposes that the terminology is slightly rephrased as: "overactive bladder syndrome (OAB) is characterized by urinary urgency, with or without urgency urinary incontinence, usually with increased daytime frequency and nocturia, if there is no proven infection or other obvious pathology." More substantive changes would require additional scientific evidence. Strengths, limitations, and practicalities of the definition of OAB were discussed at the ICIRS meeting 2013. Following a presentation of issues, the definition was subjected to expert discussion. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

  6. Dancing around families: neonatal nurses and their role in child protection.

    PubMed

    Saltmarsh, Tina; Wilson, Denise

    2017-08-01

    To explore the processes neonatal intensive care nurses used in their child protection role with preterm infants. Neonatal nurses' screening for family violence is important in identifying at-risk preterm infants requiring protection upon discharge from neonatal intensive care settings. We know little about neonatal nurses and their role in child protection. A qualitative research design using Glaserian grounded theory. Ten in-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted with New Zealand neonatal intensive care nurses. Data were simultaneously analysed using constant comparative analysis and theoretical sampling to develop a substantive grounded theory. Dancing around families is the substantive grounded theory explaining how neonatal intensive care nurses respond to and manage an infant needing child protection. Knowing at-risk families is the process these nurses used, which draws on their personal and professional knowledge to identify an infant's child welfare requirements. A tension exists for neonatal nurses in shaping and framing the baby's safety and protection needs between their role of nurturing and protecting an at-risk infant and it belonging to the family. Child protection is a source of conflict for neonatal intensive care nurses. A lack of education, dodgy families and lack of confidence in child welfare services all compromise effective child protection. Their reality is tension between wanting the best possible outcomes for the baby, but having little or no control over what happens following its discharge. Neonatal intensive care nurses are ideally positioned to identify and respond to those preterm infants at risk of child maltreatment. They need education in child maltreatment, and protection focused on preterm infants, collegial support and clinical supervision. © 2016 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

  7. The (Ir)Responsibility of (Under)Estimating Missing Data.

    PubMed

    Fernández-García, María P; Vallejo-Seco, Guillermo; Livácic-Rojas, Pablo; Tuero-Herrero, Ellian

    2018-01-01

    It is practically impossible to avoid losing data in the course of an investigation, and it has been proven that the consequences can reach such magnitude that they could even invalidate the results of the study. This paper describes some of the most likely causes of missing data in research in the field of clinical psychology and the consequences they may have on statistical and substantive inferences. When it is necessary to recover the missing information, analyzing the data can become extremely complex. We summarize the experts' recommendations regarding the most powerful procedures for performing this task, the advantages each one has over the others, the elements that can or should influence our choice, and the procedures that are not a recommended option except in very exceptional cases. We conclude by offering four pieces of advice, on which all the experts agree and to which we must attend at all times in order to proceed with the greatest possible success. Finally, we show the pernicious effects produced by missing data on the statistical result and on the substantive or clinical conclusions. For this purpose we have planned to lose data in different percentage rates under two mechanisms of loss of data, MCAR and MAR in the complete data set of two very different real researchs, and we proceed to analyze the set of the available data, listwise deletion. One study is carried out using a quasi-experimental non-equivalent control group design, and another study using a experimental design completely randomized.

  8. Does Hospital Competition Save Lives? Evidence from the English NHS Patient Choice Reforms*

    PubMed Central

    Cooper, Zack; Gibbons, Stephen; Jones, Simon; McGuire, Alistair

    2011-01-01

    Recent substantive reforms to the English National Health Service expanded patient choice and encouraged hospitals to compete within a market with fixed prices. This study investigates whether these reforms led to improvements in hospital quality. We use a difference-in-difference-style estimator to test whether hospital quality (measured using mortality from acute myocardial infarction) improved more quickly in more competitive markets after these reforms came into force in 2006. We find that after the reforms were implemented, mortality fell (i.e. quality improved) for patients living in more competitive markets. Our results suggest that hospital competition can lead to improvements in hospital quality. PMID:25821239

  9. Cyberbullying and self-esteem.

    PubMed

    Patchin, Justin W; Hinduja, Sameer

    2010-12-01

    This article examines the relationship between middle school students' experience with cyberbullying and their level of self-esteem. Previous research on traditional bullying among adolescents has found a relatively consistent link between victimization and lower self-esteem, while finding an inconsistent relationship between offending and lower self-esteem. It is therefore important to extend this body of research by determining how bullying augmented through the use of technology (such as computers and cell phones) is linked to differing levels of self-esteem. During March and April 2007, a random sample of 1963 middle school students (mean age 12.6) from 30 schools in one of the largest school districts in the United States completed a self-report survey of Internet use and cyberbullying experiences. This work found that students who experienced cyberbullying, both as a victim and an offender, had significantly lower self-esteem than those who had little or no experience with cyberbullying. A moderate and statistically significant relationship exists between low self-esteem and experiences with cyberbullying. As such, bullying prevention programs incorporated in school curricula should also include substantive instruction on cyberbullying. Moreover, educators need to intervene in cyberbullying incidents, as failure to do so may impact the ability of students to be successful at school. © 2010, American School Health Association.

  10. Criterion Validity and Practical Utility of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2-Restructured Form (MMPI-2-RF) in Assessments of Police Officer Candidates.

    PubMed

    Tarescavage, Anthony M; Corey, David M; Gupton, Herbert M; Ben-Porath, Yossef S

    2015-01-01

    Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2-Restructured Form scores for 145 male police officer candidates were compared with supervisor ratings of field performance and problem behaviors during their initial probationary period. Results indicated that the officers produced meaningfully lower and less variant substantive scale scores compared to the general population. After applying a statistical correction for range restriction, substantive scale scores from all domains assessed by the inventory demonstrated moderate to large correlations with performance criteria. The practical significance of these results was assessed with relative risk ratio analyses that examined the utility of specific cutoffs on scales demonstrating associations with performance criteria.

  11. Extending Structural Analyses of the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale to Consider Criterion-Related Validity: Can Composite Self-Esteem Scores Be Good Enough?

    PubMed

    Donnellan, M Brent; Ackerman, Robert A; Brecheen, Courtney

    2016-01-01

    Although the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) is the most widely used measure of global self-esteem in the literature, there are ongoing disagreements about its factor structure. This methodological debate informs how the measure should be used in substantive research. Using a sample of 1,127 college students, we test the overall fit of previously specified models for the RSES, including a newly proposed bifactor solution (McKay, Boduszek, & Harvey, 2014 ). We extend previous work by evaluating how various latent factors from these structural models are related to a set of criterion variables frequently studied in the self-esteem literature. A strict unidimensional model poorly fit the data, whereas models that accounted for correlations between negatively and positively keyed items tended to fit better. However, global factors from viable structural models had similar levels of association with criterion variables and with the pattern of results obtained with a composite global self-esteem variable calculated from observed scores. Thus, we did not find compelling evidence that different structural models had substantive implications, thereby reducing (but not eliminating) concerns about the integrity of the self-esteem literature based on overall composite scores for the RSES.

  12. A randomised controlled single-blind trial of the effects of Reiki and positive imagery on well-being and salivary cortisol.

    PubMed

    Bowden, Deborah; Goddard, Lorna; Gruzelier, John

    2010-01-15

    The study investigated whether participants who received Reiki would show greater health and well-being benefits than a group who received no Reiki. A method of blinding participants to Reiki was also tested, where non-contact Reiki or No-Reiki with random assignment was given to 35 healthy psychology undergraduates whose attention was absorbed in one of three tasks involving self-hypnosis/relaxation. Participants experienced ten 20-min intervention sessions over a period of two and a half to 12 weeks. Reiki was directed by the experimenter who sat behind the participants as they were absorbed in the tasks. Self-report measures of illness symptoms, mood and sleep were assessed pre-post-intervention as was salivary cortisol. While the Reiki group had a tendency towards a reduction in illness symptoms, a substantive increase was seen in the No-Reiki. The Reiki group also had a near-significant comparative reduction in stress, although they also had significantly higher baseline illness symptoms and stress scores. The Reiki blinding was successful - the groups did not differ statistically in their beliefs regarding group membership. The results are suggestive that the Reiki buffered the substantive decline in health in the course of the academic year seen in the No-Reiki group.

  13. Generalized Structured Component Analysis with Uniqueness Terms for Accommodating Measurement Error

    PubMed Central

    Hwang, Heungsun; Takane, Yoshio; Jung, Kwanghee

    2017-01-01

    Generalized structured component analysis (GSCA) is a component-based approach to structural equation modeling (SEM), where latent variables are approximated by weighted composites of indicators. It has no formal mechanism to incorporate errors in indicators, which in turn renders components prone to the errors as well. We propose to extend GSCA to account for errors in indicators explicitly. This extension, called GSCAM, considers both common and unique parts of indicators, as postulated in common factor analysis, and estimates a weighted composite of indicators with their unique parts removed. Adding such unique parts or uniqueness terms serves to account for measurement errors in indicators in a manner similar to common factor analysis. Simulation studies are conducted to compare parameter recovery of GSCAM and existing methods. These methods are also applied to fit a substantively well-established model to real data. PMID:29270146

  14. Advancing Social Work Education for Health Impact

    PubMed Central

    Keefe, Robert H.; Ruth, Betty J.; Cox, Harold; Maramaldi, Peter; Rishel, Carrie; Rountree, Michele; Zlotnik, Joan; Marshall, Jamie

    2017-01-01

    Social work education plays a critical role in preparing social workers to lead efforts that improve health. Because of the dynamic health care landscape, schools of social work must educate students to facilitate health care system improvements, enhance population health, and reduce medical costs. We reviewed the existing contributions of social work education and provided recommendations for improving the education of social workers in 6 key areas: aging, behavioral health, community health, global health, health reform, and health policy. We argue for systemic improvement in the curriculum at every level of education, including substantive increases in content in health, health care, health care ethics, and evaluating practice outcomes in health settings. Schools of social work can further increase the impact of the profession by enhancing the curricular focus on broad content areas such as prevention, health equity, population and community health, and health advocacy. PMID:29236540

  15. Demonstration and evaluation of a method for assessing mediated moderation.

    PubMed

    Morgan-Lopez, Antonio A; MacKinnon, David P

    2006-02-01

    Mediated moderation occurs when the interaction between two variables affects a mediator, which then affects a dependent variable. In this article, we describe the mediated moderation model and evaluate it with a statistical simulation using an adaptation of product-of-coefficients methods to assess mediation. We also demonstrate the use of this method with a substantive example from the adolescent tobacco literature. In the simulation, relative bias (RB) in point estimates and standard errors did not exceed problematic levels of +/- 10% although systematic variability in RB was accounted for by parameter size, sample size, and nonzero direct effects. Power to detect mediated moderation effects appears to be severely compromised under one particular combination of conditions: when the component variables that make up the interaction terms are correlated and partial mediated moderation exists. Implications for the estimation of mediated moderation effects in experimental and nonexperimental research are discussed.

  16. The structure of the cognitive revolution: An examination from the philosophy of science

    PubMed Central

    O'Donohue, William; Ferguson, Kyle E.; Naugle, Amy E.

    2003-01-01

    The received view is that psychology has undergone several scientific revolutions similar to those that occurred in the physical sciences. Of these, this paper will consider the cognitive revolution. Because the arguments in favor of the existence of a cognitive revolution are cast using the concepts and terms of revolutionary science, we will examine the cognitive revolution using accounts of revolutionary science advanced by five influential philosophers of science. Specifically, we will draw from the philosophical positions of Popper, Kuhn, Lakatos, Laudan, and Gross for the purpose of discussion. We conclude that no substantive revolution took place according to these accounts. This conclusion is based on data gathered from some of the major participants in the “cognitive revolution” and on a general scholarly survey of the literature. We argue that the so-called cognitive revolution is best characterized as a socio-rhetorical phenomenon. PMID:22478396

  17. 76 FR 78977 - Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act (Regulation X)

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-12-20

    ...Title X of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (Dodd-Frank Act) transferred rulemaking authority for a number of consumer financial protection laws from seven Federal agencies to the Bureau of Consumer Financial Protection (Bureau) as of July 21, 2011. The Bureau is in the process of republishing the regulations implementing those laws with technical and conforming changes to reflect the transfer of authority and certain other changes made by the Dodd-Frank Act. In light of the transfer of the Department of Housing and Urban Development's (HUD's) rulemaking authority for the Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act (RESPA) to the Bureau, the Bureau is publishing for public comment an interim final rule establishing a new Regulation X (Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act). This interim final rule does not impose any new substantive obligations on persons subject to the existing Regulation X, previously published by HUD.

  18. Patterns of racial and educational assortative mating in Brazil.

    PubMed

    Gullickson, Aaron; Torche, Florencia

    2014-06-01

    Exchange of racial for educational status has been documented for black/white marriages in the United States. Exchange may be an idiosyncratic feature of U.S. society, resulting from unusually strong racial boundaries historically developed there. We examine status exchange across racial lines in Brazil. In contrast to the United States, Brazil features greater fluidity of racial boundaries and a middle tier of "brown" individuals. If exchange is contingent on strong racial boundaries, it should be weak or non-existent in Brazilian society. Contrary to this expectation, we find strong evidence of status exchange. However, this pattern results from a generalized penalty for darkness, which induces a negative association between higher education and marrying darker spouses ("market exchange") rather than from a direct trading of resources by partners ("dyadic exchange"). The substantive and methodological distinction between market and dyadic exchange helps clarify and integrate prior findings in the status exchange literature.

  19. Bridging: Locating Critical Connectors in a Network

    PubMed Central

    Valente, Thomas W.; Fujimoto, Kayo

    2010-01-01

    This paper proposes several measures for bridging in networks derived from Granovetter's (1973) insight that links which reduce distances in a network are important structural bridges. Bridging is calculated by systematically deleting links and calculating the resultant changes in network cohesion (measured as the inverse average path length). The average change for each node's links provides an individual level measure of bridging. We also present a normalized version which controls for network size and a network level bridging index. Bridging properties are demonstrated on hypothetical networks, empirical networks, and a set of 100 randomly generated networks to show how the bridging measure correlates with existing network measures such as degree, personal network density, constraint, closeness centrality, betweenness centrality, and vitality. Bridging and the accompanying methodology provide a family of new network measures useful for studying network structure, network dynamics, and network effects on substantive behavioral phenomenon. PMID:20582157

  20. Causation and the origin of life. Metabolism or replication first?

    PubMed

    Pross, Addy

    2004-06-01

    The conceptual gulf that separates the 'metabolism first' and 'replication first' mechanisms for the emergence of life continues to cloud the origin of life debate. In the present paper we analyze this aspect of the origin of life problem and offer arguments in favor of the 'replication first' school. Utilizing Wicken's two-tier approach to causation we argue that a causal connection between replication and metabolism can only be demonstrated if replication would have preceded metabolism. In conjunction with existing empirical evidence and theoretical reasoning, our analysis concludes that there is no substantive evidence for a 'metabolism first' mechanism for life's emergence, while a coherent case can be made for the 'replication first' group of mechanisms. The analysis reaffirms our conviction that life is an extreme expression of kinetic control, and that the emergence of metabolic pathways can be understood by considering life as a manifestation of 'replicative chemistry'.

  1. The Migrant Border Crossing Study: A methodological overview of research along the Sonora-Arizona border.

    PubMed

    Martínez, Daniel E; Slack, Jeremy; Beyerlein, Kraig; Vandervoet, Prescott; Klingman, Kristin; Molina, Paola; Manning, Shiras; Burham, Melissa; Walzak, Kylie; Valencia, Kristen; Gamboa, Lorenzo

    2017-07-01

    Increased border enforcement efforts have redistributed unauthorized Mexican migration to the United States (US) away from traditional points of crossing, such as San Diego and El Paso, and into more remote areas along the US-Mexico border, including southern Arizona. Yet relatively little quantitative scholarly work exists examining Mexican migrants' crossing, apprehension, and repatriation experiences in southern Arizona. We contend that if scholars truly want to understand the experiences of unauthorized migrants in transit, such migrants should be interviewed either at the border after being removed from the US, or during their trajectories across the border, or both. This paper provides a methodological overview of the Migrant Border Crossing Study (MBCS), a unique data source on Mexican migrants who attempted an unauthorized crossing along the Sonora-Arizona border, were apprehended, and repatriated to Nogales, Sonora in 2007-09. We also discuss substantive and theoretical contributions of the MBCS.

  2. Work Characteristics Associated with Physical Functioning in Women

    PubMed Central

    Palumbo, Aimee J.; De Roos, Anneclaire J.; Cannuscio, Carolyn; Robinson, Lucy; Mossey, Jana; Weitlauf, Julie; Garcia, Lorena; Wallace, Robert; Michael, Yvonne

    2017-01-01

    Women make up almost half of the labor force with older women becoming a growing segment of the population. Work characteristics influence physical functioning and women are at particular risk for physical limitations. However, little research has explored the effects of work characteristics on women’s physical functioning. U.S. women between the ages of 50 and 79 were enrolled in the Women’s Health Initiative Observational Study between 1993 and 1998. Women provided job titles and years worked at their three longest-held jobs (n = 79,147). Jobs were linked to characteristics in the Occupational Information Network. Three categories of job characteristics related to substantive complexity, physical demand, and social collaboration emerged. The association between job characteristics and physical limitations in later life, measured using a SF-36 Physical Functioning score <25th percentile, was examined using modified Poisson regression. After controlling for confounding variables, high physical demand was positively associated with physical limitations (RR = 1.09 CI: 1.06–1.12) and substantively complex work was negatively associated (RR = 0.94, CI: 0.91–0.96). Jobs requiring complex problem solving, active learning, and critical thinking were associated with better physical functioning. Employers should explore opportunities to reduce strain from physically demanding jobs and incorporate substantively complex tasks into women’s work to improve long-term health. PMID:28420131

  3. Cross-Language Measurement Equivalence of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D) Scale in Systemic Sclerosis: A Comparison of Canadian and Dutch Patients

    PubMed Central

    Kwakkenbos, Linda; Arthurs, Erin; van den Hoogen, Frank H. J.; Hudson, Marie; van Lankveld, Wim G. J. M.; Baron, Murray; van den Ende, Cornelia H. M.; Thombs, Brett D.

    2013-01-01

    Objectives Increasingly, medical research involves patients who complete outcomes in different languages. This occurs in countries with more than one common language, such as Canada (French/English) or the United States (Spanish/English), as well as in international multi-centre collaborations, which are utilized frequently in rare diseases such as systemic sclerosis (SSc). In order to pool or compare outcomes, instruments should be measurement equivalent (invariant) across cultural or linguistic groups. This study provides an example of how to assess cross-language measurement equivalence by comparing the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D) scale between English-speaking Canadian and Dutch SSc patients. Methods The CES-D was completed by 922 English-speaking Canadian and 213 Dutch SSc patients. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was used to assess the factor structure in both samples. The Multiple-Indicator Multiple-Cause (MIMIC) model was utilized to assess the amount of differential item functioning (DIF). Results A two-factor model (positive and negative affect) showed excellent fit in both samples. Statistically significant, but small-magnitude, DIF was found for 3 of 20 items on the CES-D. The English-speaking Canadian sample endorsed more feeling-related symptoms, whereas the Dutch sample endorsed more somatic/retarded activity symptoms. The overall estimate in depression scores between English and Dutch was not influenced substantively by DIF. Conclusions CES-D scores from English-speaking Canadian and Dutch SSc patients can be compared and pooled without concern that measurement differences may substantively influence results. The importance of assessing cross-language measurement equivalence in rheumatology studies prior to pooling outcomes obtained in different languages should be emphasized. PMID:23326538

  4. The complexity of 'harm reduction' with smokeless tobacco as an approach to tobacco control in low-income and middle-income countries.

    PubMed

    Ayo-Yusuf, Olalekan A; Burns, David M

    2012-03-01

    To review the implications of recommending smokeless tobacco (ST) use as a harm reduction approach for low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). Narrative review of published papers and other data sources (including conference abstracts and internet-based information) on the health risks posed by the use of ST products for individual smokers and for the population with a focus on their implications for LMICs. Swedish snus has a relatively lower toxicity profile than ST products available in other markets, including older products used in the US and products used in Africa and Asia. The experience with snus in Sweden provides information on the effects of snus use in a population where cigarette smoking was already culturally ingrained. However, population effects are likely to be different in those LMICs where smoking is not yet the dominant culturally accepted form of tobacco use. The total effect may be negative in countries where locally-popular ST products have substantially higher disease risks than Swedish snus and where there is limited regulatory and tobacco use surveillance capacity. Issues relating to how populations in LMICs respond to marketing efforts, the risks of the dual use of ST and smoking, and the capacity to regulate ST products need to be considered in making decisions about harm reduction strategies in LMICs. The public health effects of supporting ST as a harm reduction strategy may vary substantively in countries with different pre-existing tobacco use patterns.

  5. Gender equality and gender differences: parenting, habitus, and embodiment (the 2008 Porter lecture).

    PubMed

    Doucet, Andrea

    2009-05-01

    Drawing on a four-year research project on Canadian primary caregiving fathers, as well two recent projects on the first year of parenting, this article highlights several theoretical and substantive issues in the study of gender equality and gender differences in parenting. First, I call for shifts from a focus on domestic tasks toward domestic and community-based responsibilities. Second, I argue that the political terrain underpinning the study of mothering and fathering calls for clarity on how researchers interpret the constant interplay between equality and differences. Third, while there has been some change over time, parental responsibilities remain gendered because they are deeply rooted in habitus and embodiment across specific spatial and temporal contexts.

  6. Commentary: Homicide-suicide in older adults--cultural and contextual perspectives.

    PubMed

    Bell, Carl C; McBride, Dominica F

    2010-01-01

    The authors comment on "Domestic Homicide and Homicide-Suicide: The Older Offender" by Bourget et al., who learned that after a domestic homicide in Canada, the older offender frequently commits suicide. The authors comment on the ubiquity of single homicide-suicide across cultures, the incidence of single homicide-suicide in various cultures, the common patterns and differences in single homicide-suicides across cultures, ethnic and gender differences in single homicide-suicide within different cultures, characteristics of the phenomenon of mass murder followed by suicide and ethnic differences within this type of homicide-suicide, and differences in suicidal patterns in different cultures. Suicide and suicide preceded by homicide (single or multiple) are so rare, it is currently impossible to draw any substantive conclusions about the incidence of these phenomena in various contexts; however, ideas for consideration in addressing homicide-suicide are provided.

  7. A framework for incorporating DTI Atlas Builder registration into Tract-Based Spatial Statistics and a simulated comparison to standard TBSS.

    PubMed

    Leming, Matthew; Steiner, Rachel; Styner, Martin

    2016-02-27

    Tract-based spatial statistics (TBSS) 6 is a software pipeline widely employed in comparative analysis of the white matter integrity from diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) datasets. In this study, we seek to evaluate the relationship between different methods of atlas registration for use with TBSS and different measurements of DTI (fractional anisotropy, FA, axial diffusivity, AD, radial diffusivity, RD, and medial diffusivity, MD). To do so, we have developed a novel tool that builds on existing diffusion atlas building software, integrating it into an adapted version of TBSS called DAB-TBSS (DTI Atlas Builder-Tract-Based Spatial Statistics) by using the advanced registration offered in DTI Atlas Builder 7 . To compare the effectiveness of these two versions of TBSS, we also propose a framework for simulating population differences for diffusion tensor imaging data, providing a more substantive means of empirically comparing DTI group analysis programs such as TBSS. In this study, we used 33 diffusion tensor imaging datasets and simulated group-wise changes in this data by increasing, in three different simulations, the principal eigenvalue (directly altering AD), the second and third eigenvalues (RD), and all three eigenvalues (MD) in the genu, the right uncinate fasciculus, and the left IFO. Additionally, we assessed the benefits of comparing the tensors directly using a functional analysis of diffusion tensor tract statistics (FADTTS 10 ). Our results indicate comparable levels of FA-based detection between DAB-TBSS and TBSS, with standard TBSS registration reporting a higher rate of false positives in other measurements of DTI. Within the simulated changes investigated here, this study suggests that the use of DTI Atlas Builder's registration enhances TBSS group-based studies.

  8. Annotated bibliography of structural equation modelling: technical work.

    PubMed

    Austin, J T; Wolfle, L M

    1991-05-01

    Researchers must be familiar with a variety of source literature to facilitate the informed use of structural equation modelling. Knowledge can be acquired through the study of an expanding literature found in a diverse set of publishing forums. We propose that structural equation modelling publications can be roughly classified into two groups: (a) technical and (b) substantive applications. Technical materials focus on the procedures rather than substantive conclusions derived from applications. The focus of this article is the former category; included are foundational/major contributions, minor contributions, critical and evaluative reviews, integrations, simulations and computer applications, precursor and historical material, and pedagogical textbooks. After a brief introduction, we annotate 294 articles in the technical category dating back to Sewall Wright (1921).

  9. Anything you can do I can do better.

    PubMed

    Jupiter, Daniel C

    2014-01-01

    Newly introduced drugs or treatments may not be substantively more effective than current therapies, but these drugs or treatments may have distinct advantages in terms of lower costs or fewer or less severe side effects. Demonstrating the utility of a novel treatment is thus unlike usual hypothesis testing, in which researchers seek to prove that treatments differ (i.e., that one treatment is better than another). Instead, researchers must prove that the treatments are equivalent in effectiveness (i.e., that the treatments do not differ). I discuss here how to execute this type of study: the non-inferiority study. Copyright © 2014 American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

  10. Integrating Climate Change Adaptation into Public Health Practice: Using Adaptive Management to Increase Adaptive Capacity and Build Resilience

    PubMed Central

    McDowell, Julia Z.; Luber, George

    2011-01-01

    Background: Climate change is expected to have a range of health impacts, some of which are already apparent. Public health adaptation is imperative, but there has been little discussion of how to increase adaptive capacity and resilience in public health systems. Objectives: We explored possible explanations for the lack of work on adaptive capacity, outline climate–health challenges that may lie outside public health’s coping range, and consider changes in practice that could increase public health’s adaptive capacity. Methods: We conducted a substantive, interdisciplinary literature review focused on climate change adaptation in public health, social learning, and management of socioeconomic systems exhibiting dynamic complexity. Discussion: There are two competing views of how public health should engage climate change adaptation. Perspectives differ on whether climate change will primarily amplify existing hazards, requiring enhancement of existing public health functions, or present categorically distinct threats requiring innovative management strategies. In some contexts, distinctly climate-sensitive health threats may overwhelm public health’s adaptive capacity. Addressing these threats will require increased emphasis on institutional learning, innovative management strategies, and new and improved tools. Adaptive management, an iterative framework that embraces uncertainty, uses modeling, and integrates learning, may be a useful approach. We illustrate its application to extreme heat in an urban setting. Conclusions: Increasing public health capacity will be necessary for certain climate–health threats. Focusing efforts to increase adaptive capacity in specific areas, promoting institutional learning, embracing adaptive management, and developing tools to facilitate these processes are important priorities and can improve the resilience of local public health systems to climate change. PMID:21997387

  11. 17 CFR 200.12 - Functional responsibilities.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-04-01

    ... ORGANIZATION; CONDUCT AND ETHICS; AND INFORMATION AND REQUESTS Organization and Program Management General Organization § 200.12 Functional responsibilities. This section sets forth the administrative and substantive...

  12. Designing Playgrounds for Multifamily Dwellings

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Corrado, Paul

    1978-01-01

    Substantive, cost-sensitive guidelines are offered for determining basic playground needs, performance specifications, and site location, as well as construction techniques, for playgrounds servicing multi-family dwellings. (MJB)

  13. Retention of antimicrobial activity in plaque and saliva following mouthrinse use in vivo.

    PubMed

    Otten, M P T; Busscher, H J; van der Mei, H C; Abbas, F; van Hoogmoed, C G

    2010-01-01

    The aim of this study was to determine the contribution of plaque and saliva towards the prolonged activity, also called substantivity, of three antimicrobial mouthrinses (Listerine®, Meridol®, Crest Pro Health®), used in combination with a toothpaste (Prodent Coolmint®). Volunteers brushed for 4 weeks with a toothpaste without antimicrobial claims, while during the last 2 weeks half of the volunteers used an antimicrobial mouthrinse in addition to brushing. At the end of the experimental period, plaque and saliva samples were collected 6 h after oral hygiene, and bacterial concentrations and viabilities were determined. The contribution of plaque and saliva towards substantivity was assessed by combining plaque obtained after mechanical cleaning only with plaque and saliva obtained after additional use of an antimicrobial rinse. Subsequently, resulting viabilities of the combined plaques were determined. The viabilities of plaque samples after additional rinsing with mouthrinses were lower than of plaque obtained after mechanical cleaning only, regardless of the rinse involved. Moreover, plaque collected 6 h after rinsing with antimicrobial mouthrinses contained a surplus of antimicrobial activity. Only Listerine showed decreased viability in saliva, but none of the mouthrinses showed any residual antimicrobial activity in saliva. The findings indicate that plaque left behind after mechanical cleaning contributes to the prolonged substantivity of antimicrobial mouthrinses. Copyright © 2010 S. Karger AG, Basel.

  14. Impression management ("lie") scales are associated with interpersonally oriented self-control, not other-deception.

    PubMed

    Uziel, Liad

    2014-06-01

    This article explores the status of impression management (IM) scales ("lie scales," notably, BIDR-IM) as measures of response bias, offers theory-driven substantive meaning to them, and compares them with self-deception enhancement (SDE). Study 1 (N = 99) compared self-descriptions of actual self and ideal self given in a non-anonymous setting. High similarity indicates self-enhancement. Study 2 (70 dyads) analyzed self-other agreement about IM and SDE. Agreement indicates substantive basis to the scales' scores. Study 3 (N = 182) explored the centrality of self-control in the self-perception of individuals varying in IM and SDE. Study 4 (95 dyads) corroborated self-reports about self-control using informants' reports. In Study 1, IM was associated with relative humility, whereas SDE was associated with self-enhancement. In Study 2, strong self-other agreement was found only for IM, indicating that high IM (but not SDE) is grounded in real-life behavior. In Study 3, self-control was central in the self-perception of high IM and high SDE individuals. In Study 4, strong relations with self-control were corroborated by informants only for IM. IM scales measure substantive content associated with self-control aimed at social adaptation, whereas the SDE scale depicts individuals with a grandiose self-perception, who fail to impress knowledgeable others. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

  15. Quality control and the substantive influence of environmental impact assessment in Finland

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Poeloenen, Ismo

    2006-07-15

    This paper focuses on the challenges concerning the quality assurance of environmental impact statements (EIS) in Finland and the European Union. Moreover, the linkage between environmental impact assessment and decision-making is examined from a legal point of view. In addition, the paper includes some comparative remarks concerning the content requirements of examination of alternatives. The study reveals that a significant problem of the Finnish EIA system is the lack of efficient access to a judicial procedure to challenge the quality and completeness of an EIS. Another pitfall is the fact that in certain permit procedures, environmental consideration is so limitedmore » that only a minor part of the EIA can be taken into account. In its current state, EIA legislation in the EU and in Finland does not guarantee that the assessment results filter into decision-making. From the national point of view, the shortcomings can be addressed by amending current legislation concerning licensing procedures so that authorities have the competence and the duty to take environmental matters widely into account in the permit consideration. At the European level, a legislative alternative could be to strengthen the substantive element of the EIA Directive (85/337/EEC). This would increase the weight of EIA related arguments in the national appellate procedures and contribute, in some cases significantly, to the substantive influence of EIA in decision-making.« less

  16. Lack of consensus among competency ratings of the same occupation: noise or substance?

    PubMed

    Lievens, Filip; Sanchez, Juan I; Bartram, Dave; Brown, Anna

    2010-05-01

    Although rating differences among incumbents of the same occupation have traditionally been viewed as error variance in the work analysis domain, such differences might often capture substantive discrepancies in how incumbents approach their work. This study draws from job crafting, creativity, and role theories to uncover situational factors (i.e., occupational activities, context, and complexity) related to differences among competency ratings of the same occupation. The sample consisted of 192 incumbents from 64 occupations. Results showed that 25% of the variance associated with differences in competency ratings of the same occupation was related to the complexity, the context, and primarily the nature of the occupation's work activities. Consensus was highest for occupations involving equipment-related activities and direct contact with the public. PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved.

  17. Comorbidity of Alcohol and Gambling Problems in Emerging Adults: A Bifactor Model Conceptualization.

    PubMed

    Tackett, Jennifer L; Krieger, Heather; Neighbors, Clayton; Rinker, Dipali; Rodriguez, Lindsey; Edward, Gottheil

    2017-03-01

    Addictive disorders, such as pathological gambling and alcohol use disorders, frequently co-occur at greater than chance levels. Substantive questions stem from this comorbidity regarding the extent to which shared variance between gambling and alcohol use reflects a psychological core of addictive tendencies, and whether this differs as a function of gender. The aims of this study were to differentiate both common and unique variance in alcohol and gambling problems in a bifactor model, examine measurement invariance of this model by gender, and identify substantive correlates of the final bifactor model. Undergraduates (N = 4475) from a large northwestern university completed an online screening questionnaire which included demographics, quantity of money lost and won when gambling, the South Oaks Gambling Screen, the AUDIT, gambling motives, drinking motives, personality, and the Brief Symptom Inventory. Results suggest that the bifactor model fit the data well in the full sample. Although the data suggest configural invariance across gender, factor loadings could not be constrained to be equal between men and women. As such, general and specific factors were examined separately by gender with a more intensive subsample of females and males (n = 264). Correlations with motivational tendencies, personality traits, and mental health symptoms indicated support for the validity of the bifactor model, as well as gender-specific patterns of association. Results suggest informative distinctions between shared and unique attributes related to problematic drinking and gambling.

  18. Comorbidity of Alcohol and Gambling Problems in Emerging Adults: A Bifactor Model Conceptualization

    PubMed Central

    Krieger, Heather; Neighbors, Clayton; Rinker, Dipali; Rodriguez, Lindsey; Edward, Gottheil

    2017-01-01

    Addictive disorders, such as pathological gambling and alcohol use disorders, frequently co-occur at greater than chance levels. Substantive questions stem from this comorbidity regarding the extent to which shared variance between gambling and alcohol use reflects a psychological core of addictive tendencies, and whether this differs as a function of gender. The aims of this study were to differentiate both common and unique variance in alcohol and gambling problems in a bifactor model, examine measurement invariance of this model by gender, and identify substantive correlates of the final bifactor model. Undergraduates (N = 4475) from a large northwestern university completed an online screening questionnaire which included demographics, quantity of money lost and won when gambling, the South Oaks Gambling Screen, the AUDIT, gambling motives, drinking motives, personality, and the Brief Symptom Inventory. Results suggest that the bifactor model fit the data well in the full sample. Although the data suggest configural invariance across gender, factor loadings could not be constrained to be equal between men and women. As such, general and specific factors were examined separately by gender with a more intensive subsample of females and males (n = 264). Correlations with motivational tendencies, personality traits, and mental health symptoms indicated support for the validity of the bifactor model, as well as gender-specific patterns of association. Results suggest informative distinctions between shared and unique attributes related to problematic drinking and gambling. PMID:27260007

  19. Reliability and validity of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2-Restructured Form (MMPI-2-RF) in evaluations of chronic low back pain patients.

    PubMed

    Tarescavage, Anthony M; Scheman, Judith; Ben-Porath, Yossef S

    2015-06-01

    The purpose of the current study was to investigate the reliability and concurrent validity of Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)-2-Restructured Form (2-RF) (Ben-Porath & Tellegen, 2008/2011) scores in a sample of 811 chronic low back pain patients (346 males, 529 females) beginning treatment in a short-term interdisciplinary pain rehabilitation program. We calculated internal consistency coefficients, mean-item correlations, and SEM for all substantive scales, as well as zero-order correlations with collateral medical record information and self-report testing. Results indicated reliability and validity for most of the MMPI-2-RF substantive scales. Implications of these findings and limitations of this study are discussed. (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved).

  20. Reliability, validity, and utility of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2-Restructured Form (MMPI-2-RF) in assessments of bariatric surgery candidates.

    PubMed

    Tarescavage, Anthony M; Wygant, Dustin B; Boutacoff, Lana I; Ben-Porath, Yossef S

    2013-12-01

    In the current study, we examined the reliability, validity, and clinical utility of Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2-Restructured Form (MMPI-2-RF; Ben-Porath & Tellegen, 2011) scores in a sample of 759 bariatric surgery candidates. We provide descriptives for all scales, internal consistency and standard error of measurement estimates for all substantive scales, external correlates of substantive scales using chart review and self-report criteria, and relative risk ratios to assess the clinical utility of the instrument. Results generally support the reliability, validity, and clinical utility of MMPI-2-RF scale scores in the psychological evaluation of bariatric surgery candidates. Limitations, future directions, and practical application of these results are discussed. (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved.

  1. Impression management and achievement motivation: Investigating substantive links.

    PubMed

    Elliot, Andrew J; Aldhobaiban, Nawal; Murayama, Kou; Kobeisy, Ahmed; Gocłowska, Małgorzata A; Khyat, Aber

    2018-02-01

    In this research, we investigate impression management (IM) as a substantive personality variable by linking it to differentiated achievement motivation constructs, namely achievement motives (workmastery, competitiveness, fear of failure) and achievement goals (mastery-approach, mastery-avoidance, performance-approach, performance-avoidance). Study 1 revealed that IM was a positive predictor of workmastery and a negative predictor of competitiveness (with and without self-deceptive enhancement (SDE) controlled). Studies 2a and 2b revealed that IM was a positive predictor of mastery-approach goals and mastery-avoidance goals (without and, in Study 2b, with SDE controlled). These findings highlight the value of conceptualising and utilising IM as a personality variable in its own right and shed light on the nature of the achievement motive and achievement goal constructs. © 2016 International Union of Psychological Science.

  2. Social desirability response tendencies in psychiatric inpatient children.

    PubMed

    Mabe, P A; Treiber, F A

    1989-03-01

    This study examined the substantive features of children's social desirability (SD) tendencies that could influence the nature and severity of psychopathology. Examinations of substantive features of SD responding in an inpatient child psychiatry unit (N = 76) suggested that higher scores on the Children's Social Desirability questionnaire were associated strongly with (1) lower mental age; (2) higher scores on self-reported social competence; (3) lower scores on self-reported anger; and (4) lower scores on parent-reported externalization behavioral disturbance. Results were interpreted as suggesting that SD responding for child inpatients may reflect a mixed picture of negative features of cognitive and social immaturity that could affect adversely their ability to judge their own and others' social behavior and of positive features of less external behavioral disturbance and more prosocial attitudes and behaviors.

  3. 50 CFR 20.1 - Scope of regulations.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ... regulations contained in this part relate only to the hunting of migratory game birds, and crows. (b) Procedural and substantive requirements. Migratory game birds may be taken, possessed, transported, shipped...

  4. 50 CFR 20.1 - Scope of regulations.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... regulations contained in this part relate only to the hunting of migratory game birds, and crows. (b) Procedural and substantive requirements. Migratory game birds may be taken, possessed, transported, shipped...

  5. 50 CFR 20.1 - Scope of regulations.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-10-01

    ... regulations contained in this part relate only to the hunting of migratory game birds, and crows. (b) Procedural and substantive requirements. Migratory game birds may be taken, possessed, transported, shipped...

  6. 50 CFR 20.1 - Scope of regulations.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-10-01

    ... regulations contained in this part relate only to the hunting of migratory game birds, and crows. (b) Procedural and substantive requirements. Migratory game birds may be taken, possessed, transported, shipped...

  7. 50 CFR 20.1 - Scope of regulations.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-10-01

    ... regulations contained in this part relate only to the hunting of migratory game birds, and crows. (b) Procedural and substantive requirements. Migratory game birds may be taken, possessed, transported, shipped...

  8. 27 CFR 555.1 - Scope of regulations.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-04-01

    ..., DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE EXPLOSIVES COMMERCE IN EXPLOSIVES Introduction § 555.1 Scope of regulations. (a) In... (116 Stat. 2135). (b) Procedural and substantive requirements. This part contains the procedural and...

  9. 27 CFR 555.1 - Scope of regulations.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-04-01

    ..., DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE EXPLOSIVES COMMERCE IN EXPLOSIVES Introduction § 555.1 Scope of regulations. (a) In... (116 Stat. 2135). (b) Procedural and substantive requirements. This part contains the procedural and...

  10. The case of biobank with the law: between a legal and scientific fiction.

    PubMed

    Sándor, Judit; Bárd, Petra; Tamburrini, Claudio; Tännsjö, Torbjörn

    2012-06-01

    According to estimates more than 400 biobanks currently operate across Europe. The term 'biobank' indicates a specific field of genetic study that has quietly developed without any significant critical reflection across European societies. Although scientists now routinely use this phrase, the wider public is still confused when the word 'bank' is being connected with the collection of their biological samples. There is a striking lack of knowledge of this field. In the recent Eurobarometer survey it was demonstrated that even in 2010 two-thirds of the respondents had never even heard about biobanks. The term gives the impression that a systematic collection of biological samples can constitute a 'bank' of considerable financial worth, where the biological samples, which are insignificant in isolation but are valuable as a collection, can be preserved, analysed and put to 'profitable use'. By studying the practices of the numerous already existing biobanks, the authors address the following questions: to what extent does the term 'biobank' reflect the normative concept of using biological samples for the purposes of biomedical research? Furthermore, is it in harmony with the so far agreed legal-ethical consensus in Europe or does it deliberately pull science to the territory of a new, ambiguous commercial field? In other words, do biobanks constitute a medico-legal fiction or are they substantively different from other biomedical research protocols on human tissues?

  11. Breakthrough bargaining.

    PubMed

    Kolb, D M; Williams, J

    2001-02-01

    Unspoken, subtle parts of a bargaining process--also known as the shadow negotiation--can set the tone for a successful negotiation. Deborah Kolb and Judith Williams, whose book The Shadow Negotiation was the starting point for this article, say there are three strategies businesspeople can use to guide these hidden interactions. Power moves are used when two negotiating parties hold unequal power--for instance, subordinates and bosses; new and existing employees; and people of different races, ages, or genders. These strategies, such as casting the status quo in an unfavorable light, can help parties realize that they must negotiate: they will be better off if they do and worse off if they don't. Process moves affect how negotiation issues are received by both sides in the process, even though they do not address substantive issues. Working outside of the actual bargaining process, one party can suggest ideas or marshal support that can shape the agenda and influence how others view the negotiation. Appreciative moves alter the tone or atmosphere so that a more collaborative exchange is possible. They shift the dynamics of the shadow negotiation away from the adversarial--helping parties to save face--and thus build trust and encourage dialogue. These strategic moves don't guarantee that all bargainers will walk away winners, but they help to get stalled negotiations moving--out of the dark of unspoken power plays and into the light of true dialogue.

  12. Weather is not significantly correlated with destination-specific transport-related physical activity among adults: A large-scale temporally matched analysis.

    PubMed

    Durand, Casey P; Zhang, Kai; Salvo, Deborah

    2017-08-01

    Weather is an element of the natural environment that could have a significant effect on physical activity. Existing research, however, indicates only modest correlations between measures of weather and physical activity. This prior work has been limited by a failure to use time-matched weather and physical activity data, or has not adequately examined the different domains of physical activity (transport, leisure, occupational, etc.). Our objective was to identify the correlation between weather variables and destination-specific transport-related physical activity in adults. Data were sourced from the California Household Travel Survey, collected in 2012-3. Weather variables included: relative humidity, temperature, wind speed, and precipitation. Transport-related physical activity (walking) was sourced from participant-recorded travel diaries. Three-part hurdle models were used to analyze the data. Results indicate statistically or substantively insignificant correlations between the weather variables and transport-related physical activity for all destination types. These results provide the strongest evidence to date that transport-related physical activity may occur relatively independently of weather conditions. The knowledge that weather conditions do not seem to be a significant barrier to this domain of activity may potentially expand the universe of geographic locations that are amenable to environmental and programmatic interventions to increase transport-related walking. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

  13. A tutorial on aphasia test development in any language: Key substantive and psychometric considerations

    PubMed Central

    Ivanova, Maria V.; Hallowell, Brooke

    2013-01-01

    Background There are a limited number of aphasia language tests in the majority of the world's commonly spoken languages. Furthermore, few aphasia tests in languages other than English have been standardized and normed, and few have supportive psychometric data pertaining to reliability and validity. The lack of standardized assessment tools across many of the world's languages poses serious challenges to clinical practice and research in aphasia. Aims The current review addresses this lack of assessment tools by providing conceptual and statistical guidance for the development of aphasia assessment tools and establishment of their psychometric properties. Main Contribution A list of aphasia tests in the 20 most widely spoken languages is included. The pitfalls of translating an existing test into a new language versus creating a new test are outlined. Factors to consider in determining test content are discussed. Further, a description of test items corresponding to different language functions is provided, with special emphasis on implementing important controls in test design. Next, a broad review of principal psychometric properties relevant to aphasia tests is presented, with specific statistical guidance for establishing psychometric properties of standardized assessment tools. Conclusions This article may be used to help guide future work on developing, standardizing and validating aphasia language tests. The considerations discussed are also applicable to the development of standardized tests of other cognitive functions. PMID:23976813

  14. Longitudinal Patterns of Women’s Marital Quality: The Case of Divorce, Cohabitation, and Race-Ethnicity

    PubMed Central

    James, Spencer

    2014-01-01

    Previous work on marital quality has compared average levels of marital quality by demographic characteristics, such as cohabitation, divorce, or race-ethnicity. Less work has examined whether such differences persist over time. To begin to answer this question, this paper uses multigroup latent growth curves to examine changes in marital quality over time in addition to measuring differences in levels of reported marital quality among cohabitors vs. non-cohabitors, divorced vs. stably married women, and members of different racial-ethnic groups. Although many of the differences are small and statistically insignificant, the results show that non-normative and traditionally disadvantaged groups experience not only lower levels of marital quality but that these differences also persist throughout the life course. I also show that using marital instead of relationship duration for cohabitors has substantive implications when interpreting the results. PMID:25530643

  15. CBA and Precaution: Policy-Making about Emerging Technologies.

    PubMed

    Kaebnick, Gregory E; Gusmano, Michael K

    2018-01-01

    In the technology assessment literature, the leading alternative to CBA-like methods is usually held to be precaution, which is understood in various ways but is always about making decisions under conditions of uncertainty. Under such conditions, proponents of precaution commonly hold, a straightforward tallying of potential outcomes does not seem possible. Since CBA aims to tally up outcomes to determine which outcome would produce the greatest public benefit, precaution begins to look like, not just an alternative to CBA, but an incompatible alternative. Nonetheless, some of the better-known formulations of a precautionary principle expressly call for combining precaution with assessment of costs and benefits. This essay examines the possible intersection of precaution and CBA. It argues that a moderate kind of CBA is a necessary part of a moderate kind of precaution. The existing proposals for integrating CBA and precaution start with an assumption that the integrative task consists in combining decision tools that generate (contrasting) substantive guidance. An alternative approach, explored here, starts with the idea that precaution is not a decision-generating tool. Rather, it is a way of organizing the thinking that leads eventually to substantive conclusions. The appropriate policy response is reached not by applying a principle but by studying the situation-the proposed action and the problem it is meant to address-and developing recommendations tailored to it. What makes the thinking precautionary is that it emphasizes certain questions-about risk, uncertainty, and values-that CBA tends to suppress. So understood, precaution may well slow the science but is not intrinsically opposed to science or innovation. It can be understood, in fact, as continuous with the science because the contextual understanding of the science and the problems it is meant to address would emerge-in part-from a close engagement with the science. © 2018 The Hastings Center.

  16. Effect of music therapy on oncologic staff bystanders: a substantive grounded theory.

    PubMed

    O'Callaghan, Clare; Magill, Lucanne

    2009-06-01

    Oncologic work can be satisfying but also stressful, as staff support patients and families through harsh treatment effects, uncertain illness trajectories, and occasional death. Although formal support programs are available, no research on the effects of staff witnessing patients' supportive therapies exists. This research examines staff responses to witnessing patient-focused music therapy (MT) programs in two comprehensive cancer centers. In Study 1, staff were invited to anonymously complete an open-ended questionnaire asking about the relevance of a music therapy program for patients and visitors (what it does; whether it helps). In Study 2, staff were theoretically sampled and interviewed regarding the personal effects of witnessing patient-centered music therapy. Data from each study were comparatively analyzed according to grounded theory procedures. Positive and negative cases were evident and data saturation arguably achieved. In Study 1, 38 staff unexpectedly described personally helpful emotional, cognitive, and team effects and consequent improved patient care. In Study 2, 62 staff described 197 multiple personal benefits and elicited patient care improvements. Respondents were mostly nursing (57) and medical (13) staff. Only three intrusive effects were reported: audibility, initial suspicion, and relaxation causing slowing of work pace. A substantive grounded theory emerged applicable to the two cancer centers: Staff witnessing MT can experience personally helpful emotions, moods, self-awarenesses, and teamwork and thus perceive improved patient care. Intrusive effects are uncommon. Music therapy's benefits for staff are attributed to the presence of live music, the human presence of the music therapist, and the observed positive effects in patients and families. Patient-centered oncologic music therapy in two cancer centers is an incidental supportive care modality for staff, which can reduce their stress and improve work environments and perceived patient care. Further investigation of the incidental benefits for oncologic staff witnessing patient-centered MT, through interpretive and positivist measures, is warranted.

  17. 10 CFR 1049.10 - Disclaimer.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... relied upon to, create any substantive or procedural rights enforceable at law by any party in any matter, civil or criminal. These guidelines do not place any limitations on otherwise lawful activities of...

  18. Euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide not meeting due care criteria in the Netherlands: a qualitative review of review committee judgements.

    PubMed

    Miller, David Gibbes; Kim, Scott Y H

    2017-10-25

    ObjectivesTo assess how Dutch regional euthanasia review committees (RTE) apply the euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide (EAS) due care criteria in cases where the criteria are judged not to have been met ('due care not met' (DCNM)) and to evaluate how the criteria function to set limits in Dutch EAS practice. A qualitative review using directed content analysis of DCNM cases in the Netherlands from 2012 to 2016 published on the RTE website (https://www.euthanasiecommissie.nl/) as of 31 January 2017. Of 33 DCNM cases identified (occurring 2012-2016), 32 cases (97%) were published online and included in the analysis. 22 cases (69%) violated only procedural criteria, relating to improper medication administration or inadequate physician consultation. 10 cases (31%) failed to meet substantive criteria, with the most common violation involving the no reasonable alternative (to EAS) criterion (seven cases). Most substantive cases involved controversial elements, such as EAS for psychiatric disorders or 'tired of life', in incapacitated patients or by physicians from advocacy organisations. Even in substantive criteria cases, the RTE's focus was procedural. The cases were more about unorthodox, unprofessional or overconfident physician behaviours and not whether patients should have received EAS. However, in some cases, physicians knowingly pushed the limits of EAS law. Physicians from euthanasia advocacy organisations were over-represented in substantive criteria cases. Trained EAS consultants tended to agree with or facilitate EAS in DCNM cases. Physicians and families had difficulty applying ambiguous advance directives of incapacitated patients. As a retrospective review of physician self-reported data, the Dutch RTEs do not focus on whether patients should have received EAS, but instead primarily gauge whether doctors conducted EAS in a thorough, professional manner. To what extent this constitutes enforcement of strict safeguards, especially when cases contain controversial features, is not clear. © Article author(s) (or their employer(s) unless otherwise stated in the text of the article) 2017. All rights reserved. No commercial use is permitted unless otherwise expressly granted.

  19. Rural/urban mortality differences in England and Wales and the effect of deprivation adjustment.

    PubMed

    Gartner, Andrea; Farewell, Daniel; Roach, Paul; Dunstan, Frank

    2011-05-01

    Perceptions that rural populations are inevitably healthier and live longer than urban populations are increasingly being challenged. But very few publications have investigated the extent to which these putative differences can be explained by variation in area composition. Existing publications have tended to use conventional deprivation measures, often thought to mask rural deprivation by favourable averages. Further, they have typically been based on large and variably-sized geographical units, or confined to studies of a single region or cause of death. This study examines differences in mortality between rural and urban areas in the entire population of England and Wales for 2002-2004. It uses the most up-to-date small geographical units of similar size and homogeneity of population together with the recently-introduced Rural and Urban Area Classification, and adjusts for five different deprivation measures (including modern composite indices). The causes of death investigated were all-cause mortality, cancer, lung cancer, respiratory disease, circulatory disease, suicide and accidents. Particular points of focus for the study were the potential for interaction between deprivation and rurality, and the importance of choice of deprivation measure in quantifying the relationships between mortality, rurality and deprivation. Choice of deprivation measure was not found to alter the substantive conclusions of any analysis, and little evidence for differential effects of deprivation in rural and urban areas was uncovered. Differences between rural and urban areas in all-cause, circulatory disease and cancer mortality could largely be accounted for by adjusting for deprivation. For these causes of death, therefore, rural populations were not found to be inherently healthier than their urban counterparts. However, substantial residual differences between rural and urban areas were found in comparisons of mortality from lung cancer and respiratory disease, mortality being lower in rural areas. Stronger relationships between rurality and mortality were found in 'village and dispersed' settlements. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  20. A comparative analysis of methamphetamine use: black gay and bisexual men in relation to men of other races.

    PubMed

    Halkitis, Perry N; Jerome, Roy C

    2008-01-01

    We investigated the patterns and correlates of methamphetamine use among Black gay and bisexual men who participated in a large-scale study of club drug use, and sexual behavior in combination with club drug use in New York City. Almost half of the Black men (49%) in the sample indicated use of methamphetamine in the 4 months prior to assessment, a proportion somewhat lower than their White counterparts. In terms of the overall sample, the proportion of the Black men in the study was equivalent to the proportion of methamphetamine users who identified as Black. Black methamphetamine users tended not to reside in neighborhoods considered traditionally gay, were more likely to be HIV-positive, have lower educational attainment, and have lower levels of income than other methamphetamine users. In terms of frequency and reasons for use, Black methamphetamine users did not differ in any substantive way compared to other races and ethnicities. In addition, they did not differ along any key demographic lines from Black non-methamphetamine users. Poly-drug use was common among all Black men in the sample, with almost all methamphetamine users also reporting use of cocaine, but cocaine users not necessarily reporting methamphetamine use. Once a drug that was considered popular only among White gay men, methamphetamine use has been shown to transcend racial and ethnic lines. Because of the synergy that exists between use of the drug, the concentrated levels of HIV in the Black gay population, and the sexual disinhibition engendered with methamphetamine use, this drug presents a potentially mounting public health challenge.

  1. A Comparative Analysis of Methamphetamine Use: Black Gay and Bisexual Men in Relation to Men of Other Races

    PubMed Central

    Halkitis, Perry N.; Jerome, Roy C.

    2009-01-01

    We investigated the patterns and correlates of methamphetamine use among Black gay and bisexual men who participated in a large-scale study of club drug use, and sexual behavior in combination with club drug use in New York City. Almost half of the Black men (49%) in the sample indicated use of methamphetamine in the 4 months prior to assessment, a proportion somewhat lower than their White counterparts. In terms of the overall sample, the proportion of the Black men in the study was equivalent to the proportion of methamphetamine users who identified as Black. Black methamphetamine users tended not to reside in neighborhoods considered traditionally gay, were more likely to be HIV-positive, have lower educational attainment, and have lower levels of income than other methamphetamine users. In terms of frequency and reasons for use, Black methamphetamine users did not differ in any substantive way compared to other races and ethnicities. In addition, they did not differ along any key demographic lines from Black non-methamphetamine users. Poly-drug use was common among all Black men in the sample, with almost all methamphetamine users also reporting use of cocaine, but cocaine users not necessarily reporting methamphetamine use. Once a drug that was considered popular only among White gay men, methamphetamine use has been shown to transcend racial and ethnic lines. Because of the synergy that exists between use of the drug, the concentrated levels of HIV in the Black gay population, and the sexual disinhibition engendered with methamphetamine use, this drug presents a potentially mounting public health challenge. PMID:17825996

  2. Institutional pioneers in world politics: Regional institution building and the influence of the European Union.

    PubMed

    Lenz, Tobias; Burilkov, Alexandr

    2017-09-01

    What drives processes of institution building within regional international organizations? We challenge those established theories of regionalism, and of institutionalized cooperation more broadly, that treat different organizations as independent phenomena whose evolution is conditioned primarily by internal causal factors. Developing the basic premise of 'diffusion theory' - meaning that decision-making is interdependent across organizations - we argue that institutional pioneers, and specifically the European Union, shape regional institution-building processes in a number of discernible ways. We then hypothesize two pathways - active and passive - of European Union influence, and stipulate an endogenous capacity for institutional change as a key scope condition for their operation. Drawing on a new and original data set on the institutional design of 34 regional international organizations in the period from 1950 to 2010, the article finds that: (1) both the intensity of a regional international organization's structured interaction with the European Union (active influence) and the European Union's own level of delegation (passive influence) are associated with higher levels of delegation within other regional international organizations; (2) passive European Union influence exerts a larger overall substantive effect than active European Union influence does; and (3) these effects are strongest among those regional international organizations that are based on founding contracts containing open-ended commitments. These findings indicate that the creation and subsequent institutional evolution of the European Union has made a difference to the evolution of institutions in regional international organizations elsewhere, thereby suggesting that existing theories of regionalism are insufficiently able to account for processes of institution building in such contexts.

  3. Readiness for the Patient-Centered Medical Home: structural capabilities of Massachusetts primary care practices.

    PubMed

    Friedberg, Mark W; Safran, Dana G; Coltin, Kathryn L; Dresser, Marguerite; Schneider, Eric C

    2009-02-01

    The Patient-Centered Medical Home (PCMH), a popular model for primary care reorganization, includes several structural capabilities intended to enhance quality of care. The extent to which different types of primary care practices have adopted these capabilities has not been previously studied. To measure the prevalence of recommended structural capabilities among primary care practices and to determine whether prevalence varies among practices of different size (number of physicians) and administrative affiliation with networks of practices. Cross-sectional analysis. One physician chosen at random from each of 412 primary care practices in Massachusetts was surveyed about practice capabilities during 2007. Practice size and network affiliation were obtained from an existing database. Presence of 13 structural capabilities representing 4 domains relevant to quality: patient assistance and reminders, culture of quality, enhanced access, and electronic health records (EHRs). Three hundred eight (75%) physicians responded, representing practices with a median size of 4 physicians (range 2-74). Among these practices, 64% were affiliated with 1 of 9 networks. The prevalence of surveyed capabilities ranged from 24% to 88%. Larger practice size was associated with higher prevalence for 9 of the 13 capabilities spanning all 4 domains (P < 0.05). Network affiliation was associated with higher prevalence of 5 capabilities (P < 0.05) in 3 domains. Associations were not substantively altered by statistical adjustment for other practice characteristics. Larger and network-affiliated primary care practices are more likely than smaller, non-affiliated practices to have adopted several recommended capabilities. In order to achieve PCMH designation, smaller non-affiliated practices may require the greatest investments.

  4. The problem of 'thick in status, thin in content' in Beauchamp and Childress' principlism.

    PubMed

    Lee, Marvin J H

    2010-09-01

    For many, Thomas Beauchamp and James Childress have elaborated moral reasoning by using the four principles whereby all substantive problems of medical ethics (and of ethics more generally) can be properly analysed and cogent philosophical solutions for the problems can be found. It seems that their 'principlism' gets updated, with better features being added during the course of the six editions of Principles of Biomedical Ethics. Nonetheless, Beauchamp and Childress seem to have been losing their way when it comes to the common-morality justification, which is the epistemological (and perhaps metaphysical) backbone of their method, and this is shown more vividly in their most recent (2009) edition of Principles of Biomedical Ethics. The author points out what he calls the problem of 'thick in status, thin in content' in principlism. The problem exists because principlism cannot adequately explain how the prescriptive sense of common morality it supports is consistent with the existence of what Beauchamp and Childress call the 'legitimate moral diversity in the world'. Because of this problem, first, the practical end that principlism allegedly accomplishes (ie, providing practical moral guidelines in a relatively 'thick' content, based on common morality) is frustrated, and, second, principlism makes itself the method of common morality de jure and of moral pluralism de facto.

  5. 16 CFR 1702.3 - Substantive requirements.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... 1702.3 Commercial Practices CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY COMMISSION POISON PREVENTION PACKAGING ACT OF 1970 REGULATIONS PETITIONS FOR EXEMPTIONS FROM POISON PREVENTION PACKAGING ACT REQUIREMENTS; PETITION PROCEDURES... (IND) or a New Drug Application (NDA). ...

  6. 49 CFR 228.403 - Nonapplication, exemption, and definitions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-10-01

    ... AND REPORTING; SLEEPING QUARTERS Substantive Hours of Service Requirements for Train Employees Engaged... definitions. (a) General. This subpart does not apply to a situation involving any of the following: (1) A...

  7. 49 CFR 228.403 - Nonapplication, exemption, and definitions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-10-01

    ... AND REPORTING; SLEEPING QUARTERS Substantive Hours of Service Requirements for Train Employees Engaged... definitions. (a) General. This subpart does not apply to a situation involving any of the following: (1) A...

  8. 49 CFR 228.403 - Nonapplication, exemption, and definitions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-10-01

    ... AND REPORTING; SLEEPING QUARTERS Substantive Hours of Service Requirements for Train Employees Engaged... definitions. (a) General. This subpart does not apply to a situation involving any of the following: (1) A...

  9. 78 FR 77430 - Endangered and Threatened Species; Recovery Plans

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-12-23

    ... Plan identifies substantive recovery actions needed to achieve recovery by addressing the systemic... consistent approach to section 7 consultations under the ESA and to other ESA decisions. For example, the...

  10. 24 CFR 850.155 - Securing owner's responsibilities.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-04-01

    ... instrument. The debt shall be repayable in the event of a substantive, uncorrected violation by an owner of... development grant assistance outstanding, plus interest which is determined by the Secretary by adding two...

  11. 24 CFR 850.155 - Securing owner's responsibilities.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... instrument. The debt shall be repayable in the event of a substantive, uncorrected violation by an owner of... development grant assistance outstanding, plus interest which is determined by the Secretary by adding two...

  12. 24 CFR 850.155 - Securing owner's responsibilities.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-04-01

    ... instrument. The debt shall be repayable in the event of a substantive, uncorrected violation by an owner of... development grant assistance outstanding, plus interest which is determined by the Secretary by adding two...

  13. 24 CFR 850.155 - Securing owner's responsibilities.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-04-01

    ... instrument. The debt shall be repayable in the event of a substantive, uncorrected violation by an owner of... development grant assistance outstanding, plus interest which is determined by the Secretary by adding two...

  14. 37 CFR 205.3 - Waiver of rules.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... rules, e.g., state legal proceedings, does not represent a waiver of any claim of immunity, privilege... immunity, preemption, or lack of relevance. This rule does not create any right or benefit, substantive or...

  15. 37 CFR 205.3 - Waiver of rules.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... rules, e.g., state legal proceedings, does not represent a waiver of any claim of immunity, privilege... immunity, preemption, or lack of relevance. This rule does not create any right or benefit, substantive or...

  16. 37 CFR 205.3 - Waiver of rules.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... these rules, e.g., state legal proceedings, does not represent a waiver of any claim of immunity... immunity, preemption, or lack of relevance. This rule does not create any right or benefit, substantive or...

  17. 37 CFR 205.3 - Waiver of rules.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... rules, e.g., state legal proceedings, does not represent a waiver of any claim of immunity, privilege... immunity, preemption, or lack of relevance. This rule does not create any right or benefit, substantive or...

  18. 37 CFR 205.3 - Waiver of rules.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... rules, e.g., state legal proceedings, does not represent a waiver of any claim of immunity, privilege... immunity, preemption, or lack of relevance. This rule does not create any right or benefit, substantive or...

  19. 47 CFR 64.1703 - Dispute resolution default process.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... dispute resolution and the other funding parties) shall be asked by the panel whether there is knowledge... technically sound solution and base its recommendation upon the substantive evidence presented to the panel...

  20. 42 CFR 81.12 - Procedure to update NIOSH-IREP.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ...., National Academy of Sciences), (4) DOL, (5) Public comment. (c) NIOSH will submit substantive changes to... materials and providing public comment in the notice announcing the Advisory Board meeting, published in the...

  1. 76 FR 30286 - Community Development Revolving Loan Fund

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-05-25

    ... the finite resources of the Fund among qualifying credit unions. Awards provided through the CDRLF... elements in the first three sections of the current rule. The only substantive change is driven by the...

  2. 16 CFR 1702.3 - Substantive requirements.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... history, in accordance with §§ 1702.8 through 1702.14, (b) As used in this regulation, “reasonably... toxicological literature; and information required by the FDA for an Investigational Exemption for a New Drug...

  3. 16 CFR 1702.3 - Substantive requirements.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... history, in accordance with §§ 1702.8 through 1702.14, (b) As used in this regulation, “reasonably... toxicological literature; and information required by the FDA for an Investigational Exemption for a New Drug...

  4. 16 CFR 1702.3 - Substantive requirements.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... history, in accordance with §§ 1702.8 through 1702.14, (b) As used in this regulation, “reasonably... toxicological literature; and information required by the FDA for an Investigational Exemption for a New Drug...

  5. EPA Communications Stylebook: Introduction

    EPA Pesticide Factsheets

    This stylebook is intended to help you, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) staff, to prepare and review communications in various media with a clear and consistent voice, substantive content, standardized format, and effective audience targeting.

  6. Reports Bibliography, October 1971

    DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

    1971-10-01

    The reports bibliography published at the Transportation Systems Center provides a substantive listing of scientific technical reports published from July 1970 through October 1971. Reports are arranged in 22 subject fields and are listed by sponsori...

  7. An Analysis of Japanese Medical Periodicals

    PubMed Central

    Taniguchi, Mayumi

    1965-01-01

    Medical periodicals published in Japan were studied by analyzing the journals abstracted in Igaku Chuo Zasshi (ICZ), the most comprehensive abstracting service for Japanese medical journal articles. Since the inauguration of medical periodicals in 1869, the number of journals has increased remarkably. In 1963 ICZ abstracted 1,074 journals published in Japan (960 in Japanese and 114 in other languages). Of these 1,074 titles, 855 were on medical sciences, of which 740 were substantive. A subject analysis of the substantive journals in ICZ, as compared to the 124 Japanese journals currently indexed in Index Medicus, was also made. Data were presented relating the number of periodicals to the size of the medical scene in Japan and the United States, and it was pointed out that good control of the literature, by whatever methods, requires a knowledge of the extent of the publications. PMID:14223738

  8. The design principles of axilla deodorant fragrances.

    PubMed

    McGee, T; Rankin, K M; Baydar, A

    1998-11-30

    There are a number of ways that deodorant products control malodor: a) by suppressing sweat, b) by inhibiting bacterial activity, and c) by covering malodor. The paper focuses on the Givaudan Roure methodology used to develop fragrances that effectively cover malodor. Several steps are involved in the development of a successful deodorant fragrance. First, we test for substantivity of the deodorant fragrance material in the axilla, using odor value technology. Second, using an in vitro test with reconstituted axilla odor, we determine the effectiveness of the substantive fragrance material with carefully screened panelists. Third, using a multichannel olfactive blender, the perfumer creates a fragrance heart with effective deodorant fragrance materials that cover malodor in the vapor phase. Finally, the hedonically pleasing heart is used to create the final fragrance, which is then optimized using our in vitro test method.

  9. A Catholic perspective on organ sales.

    PubMed

    Capaldi, N

    2000-08-01

    In this article, I address the issue of the sale of human organs and the moral implications of a market in human organs under the aegis of Christian Bioethics. I argue that moral issues of this kind cannot be adequately be addressed from the point of view of moral frameworks, which point exclusively to procedural norms. Rather, a moral perspective must embody some substantive norms derived from a particular content-full moral or theological perspective. This substantive norms to which I appeal in this article are those of Roman Catholicism. The most important sources cited include the works of Pius XIi (1956) and the works of John Paul II (1985 and 1991). The conclusion reached is that not only is it morally permissible for Catholics to participate in a market in organ sales but it may also be prudent public policy.

  10. Challenges and promises of integrating knowledge engineering and qualitative methods

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Lundberg, C. Gustav; Holm, Gunilla

    Our goal is to expose some of the close ties that exist between knowledge engineering (KE) and qualitative methodology (QM). Many key concepts of qualitative research, for example meaning, commonsense, understanding, and everyday life, overlap with central research concerns in artificial intelligence. These shared interests constitute a largely unexplored avenue for interdisciplinary cooperation. We compare and take some steps toward integrating two historically diverse methodologies by exploring the commonalities of KE and QM both from a substantive and a methodological/technical perspective. In the second part of this essay, we address knowledge acquisition problems and procedures. Knowledge acquisition within KE has been based primarily on cognitive psychology/science foundations, whereas knowledge acquisition within QM has a broader foundation in phenomenology, symbolic interactionism, and ethnomethodology. Our discussion and examples are interdisciplinary in nature. We do not suggest that there is a clash between the KE and QM frameworks, but rather that the lack of communication potentially may limit each framework's future development.

  11. Stress and Cognition: A Cognitive Psychological Perspective

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Bourne, Lyle E., Jr.; Yaroush, Rita A.

    2003-01-01

    Research in cognitive psychology has made a significant contribution to our understanding of how acute and chronic stress affect performance. It has done so by identifying some of the factors that contribute to operator error and by suggesting how operators might be trained to respond more effectively in a variety of circumstances. The major purpose of this paper was to review the literature of cognitive psychology as it relates to these questions and issues. Based on the existence of earlier reviews (e.g., Hamilton, & Warburton, 1979; Hockey, 1983) the following investigation was limited to the last 15 years (1988-2002) and restricted to a review of the primary peer-reviewed literature. The results of this examination revealed that while cognitive psychology has contributed in a substantive way to our understanding of stress impact on various cognitive processes, it has also left many questions unanswered. Concerns about how we define and use the term stress and the gaps that remain in our knowledge about the specific effects of stressors on cognitive processes are discussed in the text.

  12. The Chimera of Proportionality: Institutionalising Limits on Punishment in Contemporary Social and Political Systems.

    PubMed

    Lacey, Nicola; Pickard, Hanna

    2015-03-01

    The concept of proportionality has been central to the retributive revival in penal theory, and underlies desert theory's normative and practical commitment to limiting punishment. Theories of punishment combining desert-based and consequentialist considerations also appeal to proportionality as a limiting condition. In this paper we argue that these claims are founded on an exaggerated idea of what proportionality can offer, and in particular fail properly to consider the institutional conditions needed to foster robust limits on the state's power to punish. The idea that appeals to proportionality as an abstract ideal can help to limit punishment is, we argue, a chimera: what has been thought of as proportionality is not a naturally existing relationship, but a product of political and social construction, cultural meaning-making, and institution-building. Drawing on evolutionary psychology and comparative political economy, we argue that philosophers and social scientists need to work together to understand how the appeal of the idea of proportionality can best be realised through substantive institutional frameworks under particular conditions.

  13. Comment on "The effect of same-sex marriage laws on different-sex marriage: evidence from the Netherlands".

    PubMed

    Dinno, Alexis

    2014-12-01

    In the recent Demography article titled "The Effect of Same-Sex Marriage Laws on Different-Sex Marriage: Evidence From the Netherlands," Trandafir attempted to answer the question, Are rates of opposite sex marriage affected by legal recognition of same-sex marriages? The results of his approach to statistical inference-looking for evidence of a difference in rates of opposite-sex marriage-provide an absence of evidence of such effects. However, the validity of his conclusion of no causal relationship between same-sex marriage laws and rates of opposite-sex marriage is threatened by the fact that Trandafir did not also look for equivalence in rates of opposite-sex marriage in order to provide evidence of an absence of such an effect. Equivalence tests in combination with difference tests are introduced and presented in this article as a more valid inferential approach to the substantive question Trandafir attempted to answer.

  14. Exploring areas of consensus and conflict around values underpinning public involvement in health and social care research: a modified Delphi study

    PubMed Central

    Snape, D; Kirkham, J; Preston, J; Popay, J; Britten, N; Collins, M; Froggatt, K; Gibson, A; Lobban, F; Wyatt, K; Jacoby, A

    2014-01-01

    Objective There is growing interest in the potential benefits of public involvement (PI) in health and social care research. However, there has been little examination of values underpinning PI or how these values might differ for different groups with an interest in PI in the research process. We aimed to explore areas of consensus and conflict around normative, substantive and process-related values underpinning PI. Design Mixed method, three-phase, modified Delphi study, conducted as part of a larger multiphase project. Setting The UK health and social care research community. Participants Stakeholders in PI in research, defined as: clinical and non-clinical academics, members of the public, research managers, commissioners and funders; identified via research networks, online searches and a literature review. Results We identified high levels of consensus for many normative, substantive and process-related issues. However, there were also areas of conflict in relation to issues of bias and representativeness, and around whether the purpose of PI in health and social care research is to bring about service change or generate new knowledge. There were large differences by group in the percentages endorsing the ethical justification for PI and the argument that PI equalises power imbalances. With regard to practical implementation of PI, research support infrastructures were reported as lacking. Participants reported shortcomings in the uptake and practice of PI. Embedding PI practice and evaluation in research study designs was seen as fundamental to strengthening the evidence base. Conclusions Our findings highlight the extent to which PI is already embedded in research. However, they also highlight a need for ‘best practice’ standards to assist research teams to understand, implement and evaluate PI. These findings have been used in developing a Public Involvement Impact Assessment Framework (PiiAF), which offers guidance to researchers and members of the public involved in the PI process. PMID:24413356

  15. Lead and Copper Rule Long-Term Revisions

    EPA Pesticide Factsheets

    The goal for the Lead and Copper Rule (LCR) Long-Term Revisions is to improve public health protection provided by the by making substantive changes based on topics that were identified in the 2004 National Review.

  16. 31 CFR 900.8 - No private rights created.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... CLAIMS COLLECTION STANDARDS (DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY-DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE) SCOPE OF STANDARDS § 900.8..., substantive or procedural, enforceable at law or in equity by a party against the United States, its agencies...

  17. 31 CFR 900.8 - No private rights created.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... CLAIMS COLLECTION STANDARDS (DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY-DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE) SCOPE OF STANDARDS § 900.8..., substantive or procedural, enforceable at law or in equity by a party against the United States, its agencies...

  18. 31 CFR 900.8 - No private rights created.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... CLAIMS COLLECTION STANDARDS (DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY-DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE) SCOPE OF STANDARDS § 900.8..., substantive or procedural, enforceable at law or in equity by a party against the United States, its agencies...

  19. 31 CFR 900.8 - No private rights created.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... CLAIMS COLLECTION STANDARDS (DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY-DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE) SCOPE OF STANDARDS § 900.8..., substantive or procedural, enforceable at law or in equity by a party against the United States, its agencies...

  20. 31 CFR 900.8 - No private rights created.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... CLAIMS COLLECTION STANDARDS (DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY-DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE) SCOPE OF STANDARDS § 900.8..., substantive or procedural, enforceable at law or in equity by a party against the United States, its agencies...

  1. Stability of Children's Survey Responses

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Vaillancourt, Pauline Marie

    1973-01-01

    Discusses some possible causes of children's levels of response stability on many questions commonly used in political socialization studies, particularly those measuring attitudes. Also suggested are changes in the established methodology of substantive studies of children's attitudes. (TO)

  2. A Program for Alcoholism Nursing

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Heinemann, M. Edith; Estes, Nada J.

    1974-01-01

    This specialized program offers both undergraduate and graduate students a variety of study and learning experiences. It offers three modes of study to provide scope and depth of understanding of alcoholism: substantive, integrated, and independent study. (Author/MW)

  3. 76 FR 16199 - Hours of Service of Railroad Employees; Substantive Regulations for Train Employees Providing...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-03-22

    ... statistically significant relationship is evaluated by way of the correlation coefficient (r) with statistical... . The analysis revealed a significant high correlation between reduced predicted crew effectiveness (as...

  4. 16 CFR § 1702.3 - Substantive requirements.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... history, in accordance with §§ 1702.8 through 1702.14, (b) As used in this regulation, “reasonably... toxicological literature; and information required by the FDA for an Investigational Exemption for a New Drug...

  5. Movement as a Musical Response among Preschool Children.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Metz, Elayne

    1989-01-01

    Explores preschool children's movement responses to music. Using naturalistic procedures Metz generates three substantive core categories regarding the nature of movement response: conditions, interactions, and outcomes. Provides seven propositions for early childhood music education. (LS)

  6. 77 FR 22187 - Technical Amendment; Airworthiness Standards-Aircraft Engines

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-04-13

    ... in nature, and none will impose any additional burden on any person. DATE: Effective Date: This.... None of the corrections are substantive in nature, and none will impose any additional burden on any...

  7. Individual differences and their measurement: A review of 100 years of research.

    PubMed

    Sackett, Paul R; Lievens, Filip; Van Iddekinge, Chad H; Kuncel, Nathan R

    2017-03-01

    This article reviews 100 years of research on individual differences and their measurement, with a focus on research published in the Journal of Applied Psychology. We focus on 3 major individual differences domains: (a) knowledge, skill, and ability, including both the cognitive and physical domains; (b) personality, including integrity, emotional intelligence, stable motivational attributes (e.g., achievement motivation, core self-evaluations), and creativity; and (c) vocational interests. For each domain, we describe the evolution of the domain across the years and highlight major theoretical, empirical, and methodological developments, including relationships between individual differences and variables such as job performance, job satisfaction, and career development. We conclude by discussing future directions for individual differences research. Trends in the literature include a growing focus on substantive issues rather than on the measurement of individual differences, a differentiation between constructs and measurement methods, and the use of innovative ways of assessing individual differences, such as simulations, other-reports, and implicit measures. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2017 APA, all rights reserved).

  8. Experiment K-7-21: Effect of Microgravity on 1: Metabolic Enzymes of Type 1 and Type 2 Muscle Fibers, and on 2: Metabolic Enzymes, Neurotransmitter Amino Acids, and Neurotransmitter Associated Enzymes in Selected Regions of the Central Nervous System. Part 2; The Distribution of Selected Enzymes and Amino Acids in the Hippocampal Formation

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Lowry, O. H.; Krasnov, I.; Ilyina-Kakueva, E. I.; Nemeth, P. M.; McDougal, D. B., Jr.; Choksi, R.; Carter, J. G.; Chi, M. M. Y.; Manchester, J. K.; Pusateri, M. E.

    1994-01-01

    Six key metabolic enzymes plus glutaminase and glutamate decarboxylase, as well as glutamate, aspartate and GABA, were measured in 11 regions of the hippocampal formation of synchronous, flight and tail suspension rats. Major differences were observed in the normal distribution patterns of each enzyme and amino acid, but no substantive effects of either microgravity or tail suspension on these patterns were clearly demonstrated.

  9. Crew systems: integrating human and technical subsystems for the exploration of space.

    PubMed

    Connors, M M; Harrison, A A; Summit, J

    1994-07-01

    Space exploration missions will require combining human and technical subsystems into overall "crew systems" capable of performing under the rigorous conditions of outer space. This report describes substantive and conceptual relationships among humans, intelligent machines, and communication systems, and explores how these components may be combined to complement and strengthen one another. We identify key research issues in the combination of humans and technology and examine the role of individual differences, group processes, and environmental conditions. We conclude that a crew system is, in effect, a social cyborg, a living system consisting of multiple individuals whose capabilities are extended by advanced technology.

  10. Crew systems: integrating human and technical subsystems for the exploration of space

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Connors, M. M.; Harrison, A. A.; Summit, J.

    1994-01-01

    Space exploration missions will require combining human and technical subsystems into overall "crew systems" capable of performing under the rigorous conditions of outer space. This report describes substantive and conceptual relationships among humans, intelligent machines, and communication systems, and explores how these components may be combined to complement and strengthen one another. We identify key research issues in the combination of humans and technology and examine the role of individual differences, group processes, and environmental conditions. We conclude that a crew system is, in effect, a social cyborg, a living system consisting of multiple individuals whose capabilities are extended by advanced technology.

  11. Deterring Future Incidents of Intimate Partner Violence: Does Type of Formal Intervention Matter?

    PubMed

    Broidy, Lisa; Albright, Danielle; Denman, Kristine

    2016-08-01

    Few studies examine the comparative effectiveness of different formal interventions for domestic violence. Using arrest and civil protection order data, we compare three intervention scenarios (arrest, civil protection order, and both). Results suggest that intervention type has no substantive influence on the odds of reoffending. However, subsequent domestic violence is significantly associated with offender age, sex, and prior offense history as well as victim age and sex. We discuss our findings and their policy implications, noting that responding agencies should be sensitive to the characteristics that increase the odds of reoffending among those they come into contact with. © The Author(s) 2015.

  12. Analyzing Two-Phase Single-Case Data with Non-overlap and Mean Difference Indices: Illustration, Software Tools, and Alternatives.

    PubMed

    Manolov, Rumen; Losada, José L; Chacón-Moscoso, Salvador; Sanduvete-Chaves, Susana

    2016-01-01

    Two-phase single-case designs, including baseline evaluation followed by an intervention, represent the most clinically straightforward option for combining professional practice and research. However, unless they are part of a multiple-baseline schedule, such designs do not allow demonstrating a causal relation between the intervention and the behavior. Although the statistical options reviewed here cannot help overcoming this methodological limitation, we aim to make practitioners and applied researchers aware of the available appropriate options for extracting maximum information from the data. In the current paper, we suggest that the evaluation of behavioral change should include visual and quantitative analyses, complementing the substantive criteria regarding the practical importance of the behavioral change. Specifically, we emphasize the need to use structured criteria for visual analysis, such as the ones summarized in the What Works Clearinghouse Standards, especially if such criteria are complemented by visual aids, as illustrated here. For quantitative analysis, we focus on the non-overlap of all pairs and the slope and level change procedure, as they offer straightforward information and have shown reasonable performance. An illustration is provided of the use of these three pieces of information: visual, quantitative, and substantive. To make the use of visual and quantitative analysis feasible, open source software is referred to and demonstrated. In order to provide practitioners and applied researchers with a more complete guide, several analytical alternatives are commented on pointing out the situations (aims, data patterns) for which these are potentially useful.

  13. Analyzing Two-Phase Single-Case Data with Non-overlap and Mean Difference Indices: Illustration, Software Tools, and Alternatives

    PubMed Central

    Manolov, Rumen; Losada, José L.; Chacón-Moscoso, Salvador; Sanduvete-Chaves, Susana

    2016-01-01

    Two-phase single-case designs, including baseline evaluation followed by an intervention, represent the most clinically straightforward option for combining professional practice and research. However, unless they are part of a multiple-baseline schedule, such designs do not allow demonstrating a causal relation between the intervention and the behavior. Although the statistical options reviewed here cannot help overcoming this methodological limitation, we aim to make practitioners and applied researchers aware of the available appropriate options for extracting maximum information from the data. In the current paper, we suggest that the evaluation of behavioral change should include visual and quantitative analyses, complementing the substantive criteria regarding the practical importance of the behavioral change. Specifically, we emphasize the need to use structured criteria for visual analysis, such as the ones summarized in the What Works Clearinghouse Standards, especially if such criteria are complemented by visual aids, as illustrated here. For quantitative analysis, we focus on the non-overlap of all pairs and the slope and level change procedure, as they offer straightforward information and have shown reasonable performance. An illustration is provided of the use of these three pieces of information: visual, quantitative, and substantive. To make the use of visual and quantitative analysis feasible, open source software is referred to and demonstrated. In order to provide practitioners and applied researchers with a more complete guide, several analytical alternatives are commented on pointing out the situations (aims, data patterns) for which these are potentially useful. PMID:26834691

  14. Development of scales relating to professional development of community college administrators.

    PubMed

    Wolfe, Edward W; Van Der Linden, Kim E

    2010-01-01

    This article reports the results of an application of the Multidimensional Random Coefficients Multinomial Logit Model (MRCMLM) to the measurement of professional development activities in which community college administrators participate. The analyses focus on confirmation of the factorial structure of the instrument, evaluation of the quality of the activities calibrations, examination of the internal structure of the instrument, and comparison of groups of administrators. The dimensionality analysis results suggest a five-dimensional model that is consistent with previous literature concerning career paths of community college administrators - education and specialized training, internal professional development and mentoring, external professional development, employer support, and seniority. The indicators of the quality of the activity calibrations suggest that measures of the five dimensions are adequately reliable, that the activities in each dimension are internally consistent, and that the observed responses to each activity are consistent with the expected values of the MRCMLM. The hierarchy of administrator measure means and of activity calibrations is consistent with substantive theory relating to professional development for community college administrators. For example, readily available activities that occur at the institution were most likely to be engaged in by administrators, while participation in selective specialized training institutes were the least likely activities. Finally, group differences with respect to age and title were consistent with substantive expectations - the greater the administrator's age and the higher the rank of the administrator's title, the greater the probability of having engaged in various types of professional development.

  15. Toward the development of Raman spectroscopy as a nonperturbative online monitoring tool for gasoline adulteration.

    PubMed

    Tan, Khay M; Barman, Ishan; Dingari, Narahara C; Singh, Gajendra P; Chia, Tet F; Tok, Wee L

    2013-02-05

    There is a critical need for a real-time, nonperturbative probe for monitoring the adulteration of automotive gasoline. Running on adulterated fuel leads to a substantive increase in air pollution, because of increased tailpipe emissions of harmful pollutants, as well as a reduction in engine performance. Consequently, both classification of the gasoline type and quantification of the adulteration content are of great significance for quality control. Gasoline adulteration detection is currently carried out in the laboratory with gas chromatography, which is time-consuming and costly. Here, we propose the application of Raman spectroscopic measurements for on-site rapid detection of gasoline adulteration. In this proof-of-principle report, we demonstrate the effectiveness of Raman spectra, in conjunction with multivariate analysis methods, in classifying the base oil types and simultaneously detecting the adulteration content in a wide range of commercial gasoline mixtures, both in their native states and spiked with different adulterants. In particular, we show that Raman spectra acquired with an inexpensive noncooled detector provides adequate specificity to clearly discriminate between the gasoline samples and simultaneously characterize the specific adulterant content with a limit of detection below 5%. Our promising results in this study illustrate, for the first time, the capability and the potential of Raman spectroscopy, together with multivariate analysis, as a low-cost, powerful tool for on-site rapid detection of gasoline adulteration and opens substantive avenues for applications in related fields of quality control in the oil industry.

  16. A Comparative Assessment of Zootherapeutic Remedies From Selected Areas in Albania, Italy, Spain and Nepal

    PubMed Central

    Quave, Cassandra Leah; Lohani, Usha; Verde, Alonso; Fajardo, José; Rivera, Diego; Obón, Concepción; Valdes, Arturo; Pieroni, Andrea

    2011-01-01

    Zootherapy is the treatment of human ailments with remedies derived from animals and their products. Despite its prevalence in traditional medical practices worldwide, research on this phenomenon has often been neglected in comparison to medicinal plant research. Interviews regarding zootherapeutic traditions were conducted with informants from Albania, Italy, Nepal and Spain. We identified 80 species used in zootherapeutic remedies, representing 4 phyla in the animal kingdom: Annelida, Arthropoda, Chordata, and Mollusca. Remedies were ranked by consensus indices. Our studies show that the selection of medicinal fauna is mediated by human subsistence patterns. Concepts of health and disease differ among our study sites in the Mediterranean and Asia, and these differences also play a substantive role in the selection and use of animal-based remedies. PMID:21625340

  17. 78 FR 66789 - Consolidated Tape Association; Order Approving the Eighteenth Substantive Amendment to the Second...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-11-06

    ... CTA Plan October 31, 2013. I. Introduction On September 9, 2013, the Consolidated Tape Association... consolidated tape would not trigger short sale restrictions or trading halts. However, odd-lot transactions...

  18. 75 FR 25137 - Changes to Standard Numbering System, Vessel Identification System, and Boating Accident Report...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-05-07

    ... coordinator of the National Recreational Boating Safety Program, our leadership position in maritime law... discussion of several non-substantive style or format changes made solely to improve clarity or internal...

  19. 37 CFR 41.208 - Content of substantive and responsive motions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ..., making of 10.23 Independent professional judgment, exercise of 10.61, 10.62, 10.66, 10.68 Individual... matters 10.77 Non-practitioner, formation of partnership with 10.49 Notice of suspension or exclusion 11...

  20. 47 CFR 64.606 - Internet-based TRS provider and TRS program certification.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ... of Internet-based TRS to be provided (i.e., VRS, IP Relay, and/or IP captioned telephone relay... IP Relay providers certified under this section must notify the Commission of substantive changes in...

  1. 77 FR 1669 - Endangered and Threatened Species; Recovery Plan for the Southern California Steelhead Distinct...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-01-11

    ... Plan identifies substantive recovery actions needed to achieve recovery by addressing the systemic... consistent approach to section 7 consultations under the ESA and to other ESA decisions. For example, the...

  2. 47 CFR 0.11 - Functions of the Office.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-10-01

    ...; information management and processing; organization planning; management analysis; procurement; office space... Bureaus and Offices with respect to management and administrative matters but not substantive regulatory..., and adjudication. (2) Formulate and administer all management and administrative policies, programs...

  3. 47 CFR 0.11 - Functions of the Office.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ...; information management and processing; organization planning; management analysis; procurement; office space... Bureaus and Offices with respect to management and administrative matters but not substantive regulatory..., and adjudication. (2) Formulate and administer all management and administrative policies, programs...

  4. 77 FR 11748 - Approval and Promulgation of Implementation Plans; State of Missouri

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-02-28

    ... and non-substantive in nature. Immediate notice of this action in the Federal Register benefits the...) The Missouri Department of Natural Resources submitted revisions to Missouri rule 10 CSR 10-6.110...

  5. The utility of MMPI-2-RF substantive scales in prediction of negative treatment outcomes in a community mental health center.

    PubMed

    Anestis, Joye C; Gottfried, Emily D; Joiner, Thomas E

    2015-02-01

    This study examined the utility of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2-Restructured Form (MMPI-2-RF) substantive scales in the prediction of premature termination and therapy no-shows while controlling for other relevant predictors in a university-based community mental health center, a sample at high risk of both premature termination and no-show appointments. Participants included 457 individuals seeking services from a university-based psychology clinic. Results indicated that Juvenile Conduct Problems (JCP) predicted premature termination and Behavioral/Externalizing Dysfunction and JCP predicted number of no-shows, when accounting for initial severity of illness, personality disorder diagnosis, therapist experience, and other related MMPI-2-RF scales. The MMPI-2-RF Aesthetic-Literary Interests scale also predicted number of no-shows. Recommendations for applying these findings in clinical practice are discussed. © The Author(s) 2014.

  6. Feminist theoretical perspectives on ethics in radiology.

    PubMed

    Condren, Mary

    2009-07-01

    The substantive safety of radiological and other medical procedures can be radically reduced by unconscious factors governing scientific thought. In addition, the historical exclusion of women from these disciplines has possibly skewed their development in directions that now need to be addressed. This paper focuses on three such factors: gendered libidos that privilege risk taking over prevention, fragmented forms of knowledge that encourage displaced forms of responsibility and group dynamics that discourage critique of accepted practices and limit the definition of one's group. The substantive safety of the practice and scientific contribution of radiologists might be considerably enhanced were the focus to switch from radiology to diagnosis. Such enlargement might redefine the brief of radiologists towards preventing as well as curing; evaluating some non-invasive and low-tech options, adopting some inclusive paradigms of clinical ecology and enlarging group identities to include those currently excluded through geography or social class from participating in the benefits of science.

  7. Space and motion in nature and Scripture: Galileo, Descartes, Newton.

    PubMed

    Janiak, Andrew

    2015-06-01

    In the Scholium to the Definitions in Principia mathematica, Newton departs from his main task of discussing space, time and motion by suddenly mentioning the proper method for interpreting Scripture. This is surprising, and it has long been ignored by scholars. In this paper, I argue that the Scripture passage in the Scholium is actually far from incidental: it reflects Newton's substantive concern, one evident in correspondence and manuscripts from the 1680s, that any general understanding of space, time and motion must enable readers to recognize the veracity of Biblical claims about natural phenomena, including the motion of the earth. This substantive concern sheds new light on an aspect of Newton's project in the Scholium. It also underscores Newton's originality in dealing with the famous problem of reconciling theological and philosophical conceptions of nature in the seventeenth century. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  8. A Review Over Benefits and Drawbacks of Combining Sodium Hypochlorite with Other Endodontic Materials.

    PubMed

    Mohammadi, Zahed; Shalavi, Sousan; Moeintaghavi, Amir; Jafarzadeh, Hamid

    2017-01-01

    As the root canal system considered to be complex and unpredictable, using root canal irrigants and medicaments are essential in order to enhance the disinfection of the canal. Sodium hypochlorite is the most common irrigant in endodontics. Despite its excellent antimicrobial activity and tissue solubility, sodium hypochlorite lacks some important properties such as substantivity and smear layer removing ability. The aim of this review was to address benefits and drawbacks of combining sodium hypochlorite with other root canal irrigants and medicaments. According to the reviewed articles, NaOCl is the most common irrigation solution in endodontics. However, it has some drawbacks such as inability to remove smear layer. One of the drawbacks of NaOCl is its inability to remove the smear layer and lack of substantivity. The adjunctive use of other materials has been suggested to improve NaOCl efficacy. Nevertheless, further studies are required in this field.

  9. A hazards-model analysis of the covariates of infant and child mortality in Sri Lanka.

    PubMed

    Trussell, J; Hammerslough, C

    1983-02-01

    The purpose of this paper is twofold: (a) to provide a complete self-contained exposition of estimating life tables with covariates through the use of hazards models, and (b) to illustrate this technique with a substantive analysis of child mortality in Sri Lanka, thereby demonstrating that World Fertility Survey data are a valuable source for the study of child mortality. We show that life tables with covariates can be easily estimated with standard computer packages designed for analysis of contingency tables. The substantive analysis confirms and supplements an earlier study of infant and child mortality in Sri Lanka by Meegama. Those factors found to be strongly associated with mortality are mother's and father's education, time period of birth, urban/rural/estate residence, ethnicity, sex, birth order, age of the mother at the birth, and type of toilet facility.

  10. Resolving the double tension: Toward a new approach to measurement modeling in cross-national research

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Medina, Tait Runnfeldt

    The increasing global reach of survey research provides sociologists with new opportunities to pursue theory building and refinement through comparative analysis. However, comparison across a broad array of diverse contexts introduces methodological complexities related to the development of constructs (i.e., measurement modeling) that if not adequately recognized and properly addressed undermine the quality of research findings and cast doubt on the validity of substantive conclusions. The motivation for this dissertation arises from a concern that the availability of cross-national survey data has outpaced sociologists' ability to appropriately analyze and draw meaningful conclusions from such data. I examine the implicit assumptions and detail the limitations of three commonly used measurement models in cross-national analysis---summative scale, pooled factor model, and multiple-group factor model with measurement invariance. Using the orienting lens of the double tension I argue that a new approach to measurement modeling that incorporates important cross-national differences into the measurement process is needed. Two such measurement models---multiple-group factor model with partial measurement invariance (Byrne, Shavelson and Muthen 1989) and the alignment method (Asparouhov and Muthen 2014; Muthen and Asparouhov 2014)---are discussed in detail and illustrated using a sociologically relevant substantive example. I demonstrate that the former approach is vulnerable to an identification problem that arbitrarily impacts substantive conclusions. I conclude that the alignment method is built on model assumptions that are consistent with theoretical understandings of cross-national comparability and provides an approach to measurement modeling and construct development that is uniquely suited for cross-national research. The dissertation makes three major contributions: First, it provides theoretical justification for a new cross-national measurement model and explicates a link between theoretical conceptions of cross-national comparability and a statistical method. Second, it provides a clear and detailed discussion of model identification in multiple-group confirmatory factor analysis that is missing from the literature. This discussion sets the stage for the introduction of the identification problem within multiple-group confirmatory factor analysis with partial measurement invariance and the alternative approach to model identification employed by the alignment method. Third, it offers the first pedagogical presentation of the alignment method using a sociologically relevant example.

  11. Informed consent: Enforcing pharmaceutical companies' obligations abroad.

    PubMed

    Lee, Stacey B

    2010-06-15

    The past several years have seen an evolution in the obligations of pharmaceutical companies conducting clinical trials abroad. Key players, such as international human rights organizations, multinational pharmaceutical companies, the United States government and courts, and the media, have played a significant role in defining these obligations. This article examines how such obligations have developed through the lens of past, present, and future recommendations for informed consent protections. In doing so, this article suggests that, no matter how robust obligations appear, they will continue to fall short of providing meaningful protection until they are accompanied by a substantive enforcement mechanism that holds multinational pharmaceutical companies accountable for their conduct. Issues of national sovereignty, particularly in the United States, will continue to prevent meaningful enforcement by an international tribunal or through one universally adopted code of ethics. This article argues that, rather than continuing to pursue an untenable international approach, the Alien Torts Statute (ATS) offers a viable enforcement mechanism, at least for US-based pharmaceutical companies. Recent federal appellate court precedent interpreting the ATS provides the mechanism for granting victims redress and enforcing accountability of sponsors (usually pharmaceutical companies and research and academic institutions) for informed consent misconduct. Substantive human rights protections are vital in order to ensure that every person can realize the "right to health." This article concludes that by building on the federal appellate court's ATS analysis, which grants foreign trial participants the right to pursue claims of human rights violations in US courts, a mechanism can be created for enforcing not only substantive informed consent, but also human rights protections.

  12. Adequacy of authors’ replies to criticism raised in electronic letters to the editor: cohort study

    PubMed Central

    Delamothe, Tony; Godlee, Fiona; Lundh, Andreas

    2010-01-01

    Objective To investigate whether substantive criticism in electronic letters to the editor, defined as a problem that could invalidate the research or reduce its reliability, is adequately addressed by the authors. Design Cohort study. Setting BMJ between October 2005 and September 2007. Inclusion criteria Research papers generating substantive criticism in the rapid responses section on bmj.com. Main outcome measures Severity of criticism (minor, moderate, or major) as judged by two editors and extent to which the criticism was addressed by authors (fully, partly, or not) as judged by two editors and the critics. Results A substantive criticism was raised against 105 of 350 (30%, 95% confidence interval 25% to 35%) included research papers, and of these the authors had responded to 47 (45%, 35% to 54%). The severity of the criticism was the same in those papers as in the 58 without author replies (mean score 2.2 in both groups, P=0.72). For the 47 criticisms with replies, there was no relation between the severity of the criticism and the adequacy of the reply, neither as judged by the editors (P=0.88 and P=0.95, respectively) nor by the critics (P=0.83; response rate 85%). However, the critics were much more critical of the replies than the editors (average score 2.3 v 1.4, P<0.001). Conclusions Authors are reluctant to respond to criticisms of their work, although they are not less likely to respond when criticisms are severe. Editors should ensure that authors take relevant criticism seriously and respond adequately to it. PMID:20699306

  13. EXPLORING VALUES OF HEALTH TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT AGENCIES USING REFLECTIVE MULTICRITERIA AND RARE DISEASE CASE.

    PubMed

    Goetghebeur, Mireille M; Wagner, Monika; Samaha, Dima; O'Neil, William; Badgley, Danielle; Castro-Jaramillo, Hector; Abrishami, Payam; Sarria-Santamera, Antonio; Cleemput, Irina; Tringali, Michele

    2017-01-01

    Tackling ethical dilemmas faced by reimbursement decision makers requires deeper understanding of values on which health technology assessment (HTA) agencies are founded and how trade-offs are made. This was explored in this study including the case of rare disease. Representatives from eight HTA explored values on which institutions are founded using a narrative approach and reflective multicriteria (developed from EVIDEM, criteria derived from ethical imperatives of health care). Trade-offs between criteria and the impact of incorporating defined priorities (including for rare diseases) were explored through a quantitative values elicitation exercise. Participants reported a diversity of substantive and procedural values with a common emphasis on scientific excellence, stakeholder involvement, independence, and transparency. Examining the ethical imperatives behind EVIDEM criteria was found to be useful to further explore substantive values. Most criteria were deemed to reflect institutions' values, while 70 percent of the criteria were reported by at least half of participants to be considered formally by their institutions. The quantitative values elicitation highlighted the difficulty to balance imperatives of "alleviating or preventing patient suffering," "serving the whole population equitably," "upholding healthcare system sustainability," and "making decisions informed by evidence and context" but may help share the ethical reasoning behind decisions. Incorporating "Priorities" (including for rare diseases) helped reveal trade-offs from other criteria and their underlying ethical imperatives. Reflective multicriteria are useful to explore substantive values of HTAs, reflect how these values and their ethical underpinnings can be operationalized into criteria, and explore the ethical reasoning at the heart of the healthcare debate.

  14. Provision of specific dental procedures by general dentists in the National Dental Practice-Based Research Network: questionnaire findings.

    PubMed

    Gilbert, Gregg H; Gordan, Valeria V; Korelitz, James J; Fellows, Jeffrey L; Meyerowitz, Cyril; Oates, Thomas W; Rindal, D Brad; Gregory, Randall J

    2015-01-22

    Objectives were to: (1) determine whether and how often general dentists (GDs) provide specific dental procedures; and (2) test the hypothesis that provision is associated with key dentist, practice, and patient characteristics. GDs (n = 2,367) in the United States National Dental Practice-Based Research Network completed an Enrollment Questionnaire that included: (1) dentist; (2) practice; and (3) patient characteristics, and how commonly they provide each of 10 dental procedures. We determined how commonly procedures were provided and tested the hypothesis that provision was substantively related to the three sets of characteristics. Two procedure categories were classified as "uncommon" (orthodontics, periodontal surgery), three were "common" (molar endodontics; implants; non-surgical periodontics), and five were "very common" (restorative; esthetic procedures; extractions; removable prosthetics; non-molar endodontics). Dentist, practice, and patient characteristics were substantively related to procedure provision; several characteristics seemed to have pervasive effects, such as dentist gender, training after dental school, full-time/part-time status, private practice vs. institutional practice, presence of a specialist in the same practice, and insurance status of patients. As a group, GDs provide a comprehensive range of procedures. However, provision by individual dentists is substantively related to certain dentist, practice, and patient characteristics. A large number and broad range of factors seem to influence which procedures GDs provide. This may have implications for how GDs respond to the ever-changing landscape of dental care utilization, patient population demography, scope of practice, delivery models and GDs' evolving role in primary care.

  15. The role of community mental health nurses caring for people with schizophrenia in Taiwan: a substantive grounded theory.

    PubMed

    Huang, Xuan-Yi; Yen, Wen-Jiuan; Liu, Shwu-Jiuan; Lin, Chouh-Jiuan

    2008-03-01

    The aim was to develop a practice theory that can be used to guide the direction of community nursing practice to help clients with schizophrenia and those who care for them. Substantive grounded theory was developed through use of grounded theory method of Strauss and Corbin. Two groups of participants in Taiwan were selected using theoretical sampling: one group consisted of community mental health nurses and the other group was clients with schizophrenia and those who cared for them. The number of participants in each group was determined by theoretical saturation. Semi-structured one-to-one in-depth interviews and unstructured non-participant observation were utilized for data collection. Data analysis involved three stages: open, axial and selective coding. During the process of coding and analysis, both inductive and deductive thinking were utilized and the constant comparative analysis process continued until data saturation occurred. To establish trustworthiness, the four criteria of credibility, transferability, dependability and confirmability were followed along with field trial, audit trial, member check and peer debriefing for reliability and validity. A substantive grounded theory, the role of community mental health nurses caring for people with schizophrenia in Taiwan, was developed through utilization of grounded theory method of Strauss and Corbin. In this paper, results and discussion focus on causal conditions, context, intervening conditions, consequences and phenomenon. The theory is the first to contribute knowledge about the field of mental health home visiting services in Taiwan to provide guidance for the delivery of quality care to assist people in the community with schizophrenia and their carers.

  16. Vocational Behavior, 1988: A Critical Analysis.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Fitzgerald, Louise F.; Rounds, James B.

    1989-01-01

    Presents fourteenth annual review of professional literature on vocational behavior. Looks at several substantive areas of research: vocational choice, career development, decision making, interventions on career development and productivity, job search, industrial/organizational measurement issues, personnel issues, adjustment and development in…

  17. The Financial Aid Administrator and the Law.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Bargerstock, Charles T.

    1982-01-01

    Basic legal knowledge that the student financial administrator needs is outlined: the legal system, requirements and regulations affecting financial aid, interacting with lawyers and the legal system, and substantive law and legal issues affecting the operation of the office. (MLW)

  18. 75 FR 16088 - Notice: Request for Substantive Comments on the EAC's Proposed Requirements for the Testing of...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-03-31

    ... legislation was enacted before the advent of today's global electronic communications technology. Consequently... businesses, governments and the general public. Therefore it was a natural development for FVAP and states to...

  19. Employees.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Beckham, Joseph C.

    This chapter analyzes 1982 decisions involving legal issues in public school employment. Cases in areas of federal law are discussed first, including: discrimination in employment (race, sex, religion, age, and handicap); substantive constitutional rights (speech, association, and religion); and procedural due process (property interest, liberty…

  20. 36 CFR 1222.28 - What are the series level recordkeeping requirements?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... RECORDS ADMINISTRATION RECORDS MANAGEMENT CREATION AND MAINTENANCE OF FEDERAL RECORDS Agency Recordkeeping... systems adequately document agency policies, transactions, and activities, each program must develop... phone calls, meetings, instant messages, and electronic mail exchanges that include substantive...

  1. 36 CFR 1222.28 - What are the series level recordkeeping requirements?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... RECORDS ADMINISTRATION RECORDS MANAGEMENT CREATION AND MAINTENANCE OF FEDERAL RECORDS Agency Recordkeeping... systems adequately document agency policies, transactions, and activities, each program must develop... phone calls, meetings, instant messages, and electronic mail exchanges that include substantive...

  2. 36 CFR 1222.28 - What are the series level recordkeeping requirements?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... RECORDS ADMINISTRATION RECORDS MANAGEMENT CREATION AND MAINTENANCE OF FEDERAL RECORDS Agency Recordkeeping... systems adequately document agency policies, transactions, and activities, each program must develop... phone calls, meetings, instant messages, and electronic mail exchanges that include substantive...

  3. 41 CFR 60-742.4 - Standards for investigations, hearings, determinations and other proceedings.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    .... EEOC and OFCCP will coordinate the arrangement of any necessary training regarding the substantive or procedural provisions of the ADA, and of EEOC's implementing regulations (29 CFR part 1630 and 29 CFR part...

  4. 41 CFR 60-742.4 - Standards for investigations, hearings, determinations and other proceedings.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    .... EEOC and OFCCP will coordinate the arrangement of any necessary training regarding the substantive or procedural provisions of the ADA, and of EEOC's implementing regulations (29 CFR part 1630 and 29 CFR part...

  5. 41 CFR 60-742.4 - Standards for investigations, hearings, determinations and other proceedings.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    .... EEOC and OFCCP will coordinate the arrangement of any necessary training regarding the substantive or procedural provisions of the ADA, and of EEOC's implementing regulations (29 CFR part 1630 and 29 CFR part...

  6. 41 CFR 60-742.4 - Standards for investigations, hearings, determinations and other proceedings.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    .... EEOC and OFCCP will coordinate the arrangement of any necessary training regarding the substantive or procedural provisions of the ADA, and of EEOC's implementing regulations (29 CFR part 1630 and 29 CFR part...

  7. 41 CFR 60-742.4 - Standards for investigations, hearings, determinations and other proceedings.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    .... EEOC and OFCCP will coordinate the arrangement of any necessary training regarding the substantive or procedural provisions of the ADA, and of EEOC's implementing regulations (29 CFR part 1630 and 29 CFR part...

  8. 77 FR 2562 - Notice of Availability of the Draft Programmatic Environmental Assessment for the Deployment and...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-01-18

    ...: David Duncan, 1300 Pennsylvania Avenue NW., Suite 1575, Washington, DC 20229. You may submit comments on... Pennsylvania Avenue NW., Suite 1575, Washington, DC 20229, or sent to [email protected] . Substantive...

  9. Max Weber's Types of Rationality: Cornerstones for the Analysis of Rationalization Processes in History.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Kalberg, Stephen

    1980-01-01

    Explores rationality in Max Weber's works and identifies four types of rationality which play major roles in his writing--practical, theoretical, substantive, and formal. Implications for society and education are discussed. (DB)

  10. Predicting attitudes toward nanotechnology: The influence of cultural and predispositional values

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Shih, Tsung-Jen

    Past experience in dealing with biotechnology has suggested that public opinion plays an important role in determining the prosperity of emerging technologies. A great amount of money and energy, therefore, were invested to understand nanotechnology's impact on the society and the public, in addition to the technical advancement of the technology. However, most studies examining public opinion have focused on personal level factors and have ignored the potential influence of cultural factors. This study addresses this gap by analyzing public opinion in 21 countries, including the US and 20 European countries. Specifically, this study examines the impact of predispositional and cultural values on public support for nanotechnology, with the mediating roles of moral judgment and risk perception accounted for. This study also looks into the dynamics between cultural values and predispositional values; that is, how cultural values may moderate the effects of predispositional values in affecting attitudes toward nanotechnology. The results indicate that people rely on "information shortcuts," such as confidence and religious belief, for decision making. Individual-level factors still play an important role in shaping public attitudes even after country-level factors are controlled. Furthermore, aggregate cultural values provide people with important "mental programs" to interpret nanotechnology. They explain why people in different cultures have different moral and risk perceptions. However, most of the cultural values do not affect public support directly, suggesting that public support is contingent greatly on the core characteristics of nanotechnology, such as its usefulness, risk, and moral acceptability, which, in turn, is influenced by personal beliefs and cultural givens. The results also suggest that people in different cultures respond to survey questions in different manners. People living in cultures emphasizing uncertainty avoidance and individualism are more likely to provide substantive answers. Conversely, those living in cultures emphasizing masculinity have a higher chance of answering "don't know." In addition to these cultural factors, the lack of knowledge, ambivalence, and attitudes toward other controversial technologies at the personal level are also found to affect people's ability to provide substantive answers. These findings have significant implications for cross-cultural communication and risk communication with respect to emerging technologies.

  11. Understanding and accounting for relational context is critical for social neuroscience

    PubMed Central

    Clark-Polner, Elizabeth; Clark, Margaret S.

    2014-01-01

    Scientists have increasingly turned to the brain and to neuroscience more generally to further an understanding of social and emotional judgments and behavior. Yet, many neuroscientists (certainly not all) do not consider the role of relational context. Moreover, most have not examined the impact of relational context in a manner that takes advantage of conceptual and empirical advances in relationship science. Here we emphasize that: (1) all social behavior takes place, by definition, within the context of a relationship (even if that relationship is a new one with a stranger), and (2) relational context shapes not only social thoughts, feelings, and behaviors, but also some seemingly non-social thoughts, feelings, and behaviors in profound ways. We define relational context and suggest that accounting for it in the design and interpretation of neuroscience research is essential to the development of a coherent, generalizable neuroscience of social behavior. We make our case in two ways: (a) we describe some existing neuroscience research in three substantive areas (perceiving and reacting to others’ emotions, providing help, and receiving help) that already has documented the powerful impact of relational context. (b) We describe some other neuroscience research from these same areas that has not taken relational context into account. Then, using findings from social and personality psychology, we make a case that different results almost certainly would have been found had the research been conducted in a different relational context. We neither attempt to review all evidence that relational context shapes neuroscience findings nor to put forward a theoretical analysis of all the ways relational context ought to shape neuroscience findings. Our goal is simply to urge greater and more systematic consideration of relational context in neuroscientific research. PMID:24723868

  12. Training Internists to Meet Critical Care Needs in the United States: A Consensus Statement from the Critical Care Societies Collaborative (CCSC)

    PubMed Central

    Pastores, Stephen M.; Martin, Greg S.; Baumann, Michael H.; Curtis, J. Randall; Farmer, J. Christopher; Fessler, Henry E.; Gupta, Rakesh; Hill, Nicholas S.; Hyzy, Robert C.; Kvetan, Vladimir; MacGregor, Drew A.; O’Grady, Naomi P.; Ognibene, Frederick P.; Rubenfeld, Gordon D.; Sessler, Curtis N.; Siegal, Eric; Simpson, Steven Q.; Spevetz, Antoinette; Ward, Nicholas S.; Zimmerman, Janice L.

    2014-01-01

    Objectives Multiple training pathways are recognized by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) for internal medicine (IM) physicians to certify in critical care medicine (CCM) via the American Board of Internal Medicine. While each involves 1 year of clinical fellowship training in CCM, substantive differences in training requirements exist among the various pathways. The Critical Care Societies Collaborative convened a task force to review these CCM pathways and to provide recommendations for unified and coordinated training requirements for IM-based physicians. Participants A group of CCM professionals certified in pulmonary-CCM and/or IM-CCM from ACGME-accredited training programs who have expertise in education, administration, research, and clinical practice. Data Sources and Synthesis Relevant published literature was accessed through a MEDLINE search and references provided by all task force members. Material published by the ACGME, American Board of Internal Medicine, and other specialty organizations was also reviewed. Collaboratively and iteratively, the task force reached consensus using a roundtable meeting, electronic mail, and conference calls. Main Results Internal medicine-CCM–based fellowships have disparate program requirements compared to other internal medicine subspecialties and adult CCM fellowships. Differences between IM-CCM and pulmonary-CCM programs include the ratio of key clinical faculty to fellows and a requirement to perform 50 therapeutic bronchoscopies. Competency-based training was considered uniformly desirable for all CCM training pathways. Conclusions The task force concluded that requesting competency-based training and minimizing variations in the requirements for IM-based CCM fellowship programs will facilitate effective CCM training for both programs and trainees. PMID:24637881

  13. Understanding and accounting for relational context is critical for social neuroscience.

    PubMed

    Clark-Polner, Elizabeth; Clark, Margaret S

    2014-01-01

    Scientists have increasingly turned to the brain and to neuroscience more generally to further an understanding of social and emotional judgments and behavior. Yet, many neuroscientists (certainly not all) do not consider the role of relational context. Moreover, most have not examined the impact of relational context in a manner that takes advantage of conceptual and empirical advances in relationship science. Here we emphasize that: (1) all social behavior takes place, by definition, within the context of a relationship (even if that relationship is a new one with a stranger), and (2) relational context shapes not only social thoughts, feelings, and behaviors, but also some seemingly non-social thoughts, feelings, and behaviors in profound ways. We define relational context and suggest that accounting for it in the design and interpretation of neuroscience research is essential to the development of a coherent, generalizable neuroscience of social behavior. We make our case in two ways: (a) we describe some existing neuroscience research in three substantive areas (perceiving and reacting to others' emotions, providing help, and receiving help) that already has documented the powerful impact of relational context. (b) We describe some other neuroscience research from these same areas that has not taken relational context into account. Then, using findings from social and personality psychology, we make a case that different results almost certainly would have been found had the research been conducted in a different relational context. We neither attempt to review all evidence that relational context shapes neuroscience findings nor to put forward a theoretical analysis of all the ways relational context ought to shape neuroscience findings. Our goal is simply to urge greater and more systematic consideration of relational context in neuroscientific research.

  14. "Tooth worms", poverty tattoos and dental care conflicts in Northeast Brazil.

    PubMed

    Nations, Marilyn K; Nuto, Sharmêniade de Araújo Soares

    2002-01-01

    While medical anthropologists have studied doctor-patient clinical conflicts during the last 25-30 years, dentist-patient communication clashes have received scant attention to date. Besides structural barriers and power inequities, such conceptual differences further dehumanize dental care and lower service quality. Potential for dentist-patient discordance is greater in developing regions--such as Northeast Brazil--where there exists a wider socio-economic gap between professionals and laypersons. A critical anthropological evaluation of oral health services quality is undertaken in two rural communities in Ceará, Brazil where the PAHO-inspired Local Oral Health Inversion of Attention Program was implemented in 1994. This 6-month qualitative field study utilized ethnographic interviews with key informants, participant-observation and projective techniques to probe professionals' and patients' explanatory models (EMs) of oral health. Despite the recent expansion of services into rural regions, the authors conclude that the quality of dental care remains problematic. Patients' culturally constructed EMs of teeth rotted (estraga) by "tooth worms" (lagartas) differ substantively from dentists' model of dental decay by Streptococcus mutans. "Exploding chins" (queixo estourado), "spoiled, rotting teeth" (dente pĵdi) and "false plates" or teeth (chapas) tattoo and stigmatize the poor, reinforcing gross class inequities. Dentists' dominant discourse largely ignores lay logic, ridicules popular practices and de-legitimates, even castigates, popular healers despite their pivotal role in primary oral health care. Poor parents are not only barred from clinics but are blamed for children's rotten teeth. In sum, universal access to dental care is more a myth (even nightmare) than a reality. Dentists all too often "avert"--not "invert"--attention from poor Brazilian patients. In order to improve oral health in this setting, both "societal decay" and bacteria-laden plaque deposits must be removed.

  15. Institutional pioneers in world politics: Regional institution building and the influence of the European Union

    PubMed Central

    Lenz, Tobias; Burilkov, Alexandr

    2016-01-01

    What drives processes of institution building within regional international organizations? We challenge those established theories of regionalism, and of institutionalized cooperation more broadly, that treat different organizations as independent phenomena whose evolution is conditioned primarily by internal causal factors. Developing the basic premise of ‘diffusion theory’ — meaning that decision-making is interdependent across organizations — we argue that institutional pioneers, and specifically the European Union, shape regional institution-building processes in a number of discernible ways. We then hypothesize two pathways — active and passive — of European Union influence, and stipulate an endogenous capacity for institutional change as a key scope condition for their operation. Drawing on a new and original data set on the institutional design of 34 regional international organizations in the period from 1950 to 2010, the article finds that: (1) both the intensity of a regional international organization’s structured interaction with the European Union (active influence) and the European Union’s own level of delegation (passive influence) are associated with higher levels of delegation within other regional international organizations; (2) passive European Union influence exerts a larger overall substantive effect than active European Union influence does; and (3) these effects are strongest among those regional international organizations that are based on founding contracts containing open-ended commitments. These findings indicate that the creation and subsequent institutional evolution of the European Union has made a difference to the evolution of institutions in regional international organizations elsewhere, thereby suggesting that existing theories of regionalism are insufficiently able to account for processes of institution building in such contexts. PMID:29400350

  16. Sun-Burned: Space Weather's Impact on United States National Security

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Stebbins, B.

    2014-12-01

    The heightened media attention surrounding the 2013-14 solar maximum presented an excellent opportunity to examine the ever-increasing vulnerability of US national security and its Department of Defense to space weather. This vulnerability exists for three principal reasons: 1) a massive US space-based infrastructure; 2) an almost exclusive reliance on an aging and stressed continental US power grid; and 3) a direct dependence upon a US economy adapted to the conveniences of space and uninterrupted power. I tailored my research and work for the national security policy maker and military strategists in an endeavor to initiate and inform a substantive dialogue on America's preparation for, and response to, a major solar event that would severely degrade core national security capabilities, such as military operations. Significant risk to the Department of Defense exists from powerful events that could impact its space-based infrastructure and even the terrestrial power grid. Given this ever-present and increasing risk to the United States, my work advocates raising the issue of space weather and its impacts to the level of a national security threat. With the current solar cycle having already peaked and the next projected solar maximum just a decade away, the government has a relatively small window to make policy decisions that prepare the nation and its Defense Department to mitigate impacts from these potentially catastrophic phenomena.

  17. 75 FR 18189 - Notice: Request for Substantive Comments on the EAC's Procedural Manual for the Election...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-04-09

    ... provisions of the Administrative Procedures Act (APA). It is a voluntary effort by the EAC to gather input... the APA's rulemaking provisions applicable to development of this or future EAC procedural programs...

  18. 47 CFR 0.11 - Functions of the Office.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... responsibilities: (1) Provide managerial leadership to and exercise supervision and direction over the Commission's Bureaus and Offices with respect to management and administrative matters but not substantive regulatory..., and adjudication. (2) Formulate and administer all management and administrative policies, programs...

  19. JPRS Report, East Europe.

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1987-10-06

    irredentisam u Albaniji. Pristina, 1984. Sta ikako dalje na Kosovu? Publication of the Socialist Alliance. Belgrade, 1985. Hija Vukovic ...Wages, and Social Services on substantive issues. If there are no obstacles, then the idea can be introduced beginning on 1 January 1988," Director J

  20. Neuro-Linguistic Programming and Family Therapy.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Davis, Susan L. R.; Davis, Donald I.

    1983-01-01

    Presents a brief introduction to Neuro-Linguistic Programming (NLP), followed by case examples which illustrate some of the substantive gains which NLP techniques have provided in work with couples and families. NLP's major contributions involve understanding new models of human experience. (WAS)

  1. A Reconceptualization of Adolescent Peer Susceptibility.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Kosten, Paul A.; Scheier, Lawrence M.

    Conceptual and methodological limitations have hampered researchers' ability to establish valid, substantively meaningful, and theoretically driven self-report assessments of peer susceptibility. As a result, many assessments of peer susceptibility have been conceptualized as unidimensional and void of any theoretical underpinnings. This study…

  2. Developing a Comparative Measure of the Learning Climate in Professional Schools

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Bowen, Donald D.; Kilmann, Ralph H.

    1975-01-01

    The Learning Climate Questionnaire (LCQ) compares the objective properties of schools with measures of overall student satisfaction. The validity of the instrument suggests its use for substantive research investigations into the organizational dynamics of professional schools. (Author/JR)

  3. Literal and Metaphorical Advocacy: Differentiating the Limited Preparation Speaking Events.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Preston, C. Thomas, Jr.

    1990-01-01

    Argues that a substantive differentiation of extemporaneous and impromptu forensic speaking events is possible and appropriate. Offers suggestions to distinguish the literal argumentative skills inherent to extemporaneous speaking from the metaphorical advocacy ideally inherent in impromptu speaking. (PRA)

  4. Power, Revisited

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Roscigno, Vincent J.

    2011-01-01

    Power is a core theoretical construct in the field with amazing utility across substantive areas, levels of analysis and methodologies. Yet, its use along with associated assumptions--assumptions surrounding constraint vs. action and specifically organizational structure and rationality--remain problematic. In this article, and following an…

  5. Make It Meaty.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Thiers, Naomi

    1991-01-01

    College alumni directors are finding that alumni want more than parties at their reunions and are overcoming attendance slumps with creative, substantive programing. Ideas include faculty seminars on topics of current interest, sometimes integrated with professional continuing education, alumni panel discussions, involving the family, involving…

  6. Paper vs. electrons. Epidemiologic publishing in a changing world.

    PubMed

    Rothenberg; Frank; Fitzmaurice

    2000-10-01

    PURPOSE: To present the parallel histories of epidemiologic and electronic publishing and consider positive and negative factors that might affect their amalgam.METHODS: We performed a quantitative assessment of the arc of epidemiologic publication from 1966-1999, using major self-designated epidemiologic journals as a sample, and of scholarly electronic publication from 1991-1997, based on current literature review. We use an online, paperless journal as a case study, and review selected information-technology opinion in the area.RESULTS: By traditional standards, growth in epidemiologic publication has been considerable, with the addition of six new journals since 1966. In contrast, scholarly electronic publication for the period 1991-1997 grew from 27 to 2459 journals (not all exclusively online). Positive features of electronic publishing include flexibility, shortened time to publication, freedom from fixed publication date, diversity in presentation, and instant linkage to relevant material. A case study of a new online journal illustrates the substantive power of the medium. Negative factors include restriction (or unrestricted expansion) of the audience, the potential for hasty peer review, pitfalls in establishing credibility, an emphasis on style over content, technologic dependence, and additions to the information explosion. Relative cost and archiving are still debated. In assessing the pros and cons, it is important to distinguish electronic mechanisms that facilitate publication from electronic publishing, and to appreciate the difference between moving an existing journal to the electronic medium, and creating a new online journal.CONCLUSIONS: The movement from print to internet is probably inexorable, but a headlong rush may be ill-advised. Several models for dual publishing now exist, with the expectation that many, including the journals that serve epidemiology, will do so. The ultimate configuration is difficult to predict, but likely to be shaped in large measure by market forces, technologic advances and to a lesser extent, by habit and aesthetics.

  7. Bibliometrics: The best available information?

    PubMed

    Klein, Waldo C; Bloom, Martin

    2005-01-01

    This commentary raises significant cautions related to inherent shortcomings in the use of bibliographic analytic technology, and in particular its use in substantive decision making around promotion and tenure. Questions are raised concerning the continued use of scholarly energy for bibliometric analysis of subtly different settings. The recommendation is offered that future efforts in bibliometrics must target methods to reduce methodological shortcomings. These include clarifying the metric used to count sole/multiple authorship, and to evaluate the"merit" of manuscripts as well as journals in which they appear. Finally, the fundamental meaning of the information produced in these analyses (i.e., the validity of the measure) must be clearly presented in order for it to be credibly used.

  8. Coming to terms: a case study of hospice collaboration challenges.

    PubMed

    Pietroburgo, Julie; Bush, Richard

    Recent research has focused on the growing phenomenon of mergers, collaborations, and alliances among nonprofit organizations and what makes such arrangements work. Examination of failed collaborative efforts is perhaps just as instructive. This case study examines recent attempts at collaboration between 2 nonprofit hospice organizations. The study finds that despite compelling reasons for and significant commonalities on which to base collaboration, the organizations were initially unable to forge any ongoing and substantive collaborative arrangement because of insurmountable cultural factors and past history. Furthermore, without imminent external pressures to collaborate, these organizations had insufficient motivation to attempt to move beyond their differences. The case also reviews the changed circumstances and factors that later facilitated partnering attempts.

  9. An applied test of the social learning theory of deviance to college alcohol use.

    PubMed

    DeMartino, Cynthia H; Rice, Ronald E; Saltz, Robert

    2015-04-01

    Several hypotheses about influences on college drinking derived from the social learning theory of deviance were tested and confirmed. The effect of ethnicity on alcohol use was completely mediated by differential association and differential reinforcement, whereas the effect of biological sex on alcohol use was partially mediated. Higher net positive reinforcements to costs for alcohol use predicted increased general use, more underage use, and more frequent binge drinking. Two unexpected finding were the negative relationship between negative expectations and negative experiences, and the substantive difference between nondrinkers and general drinkers compared with illegal or binge drinkers. The discussion considers implications for future campaigns based on Akers's deterrence theory.

  10. Species variation in biology and physiology of the ciliary epithelium: similarities and differences.

    PubMed

    Do, Chi Wai; Civan, Mortimer M

    2009-04-01

    Glaucoma is a leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide. Lowering intraocular pressure (IOP) is the only strategy documented to delay the appearance and retard the progression of vision loss. One major approach for lowering IOP is to slow the rate of aqueous humor formation by the ciliary epithelium. As discussed in the present review, the transport basis for this secretion is largely understood. However, several substantive issues are yet to be resolved, including the integrated regulation of secretion, the functional topography of the ciliary epithelium, and the degree and significance of species variation in aqueous humor inflow. This review discusses species differences in net secretion, particularly of Cl(-) and HCO(3)(-) secretion. Identifying animal models most accurately mimicking aqueous humor formation in the human will facilitate development of future novel initiatives to lower IOP.

  11. The possible therapeutic benefits of utilizing motion gaming systems on pediatric patients presenting autism.

    PubMed

    Crowder, Stephen A; Merritte, Kristin

    2013-09-01

    Autism is a pervasive developmental disorder that affects a growing number of children in the United States each year. It is characterized by substantive differences in brain structure and function that lead to long-term cognitive and social deficits. These differences, combined with the increasing prevalence of autism in children, warrant the need for development of innovative, cost-effective and widely available alternative and complementary therapies. Motion gaming has the potential to be highly efficacious as a therapeutic technique to aid in developing memory, facial recognition, motor skills and social integration in the pediatric autistic population. This paper outlines the major deficits in the brains of individuals with autism and describes how the use of motion gaming could capitalize on the individual strengths of each patient, leading to improvements in a variety of deficits.

  12. Model Comparison of Nonlinear Structural Equation Models with Fixed Covariates.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Lee, Sik-Yum; Song, Xin-Yuan

    2003-01-01

    Proposed a new nonlinear structural equation model with fixed covariates to deal with some complicated substantive theory and developed a Bayesian path sampling procedure for model comparison. Illustrated the approach with an illustrative example using data from an international study. (SLD)

  13. 28 CFR 17.27 - Declassification and downgrading.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... Section 17.27 Judicial Administration DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE CLASSIFIED NATIONAL SECURITY INFORMATION AND... 32 CFR 2001, subpart E, and applicable internal Department of Justice direction provided by the... classification or create any substantive or procedural rights subject to judicial review. (d) Each component...

  14. 28 CFR 17.27 - Declassification and downgrading.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... Section 17.27 Judicial Administration DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE CLASSIFIED NATIONAL SECURITY INFORMATION AND... 32 CFR 2001, subpart E, and applicable internal Department of Justice direction provided by the... classification or create any substantive or procedural rights subject to judicial review. (d) Each component...

  15. 28 CFR 17.27 - Declassification and downgrading.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... Section 17.27 Judicial Administration DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE CLASSIFIED NATIONAL SECURITY INFORMATION AND... 32 CFR 2001, subpart E, and applicable internal Department of Justice direction provided by the... classification or create any substantive or procedural rights subject to judicial review. (d) Each component...

  16. 28 CFR 17.27 - Declassification and downgrading.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... Section 17.27 Judicial Administration DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE CLASSIFIED NATIONAL SECURITY INFORMATION AND... 32 CFR 2001, subpart E, and applicable internal Department of Justice direction provided by the... classification or create any substantive or procedural rights subject to judicial review. (d) Each component...

  17. 28 CFR 17.27 - Declassification and downgrading.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... Section 17.27 Judicial Administration DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE CLASSIFIED NATIONAL SECURITY INFORMATION AND... 32 CFR 2001, subpart E, and applicable internal Department of Justice direction provided by the... classification or create any substantive or procedural rights subject to judicial review. (d) Each component...

  18. Employees.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Delon, Floyd G.

    While the nature of disputes between school employees and employers remained constant in 1977, the number of cases increased to 300. This chapter discusses some of those cases including Mt. Healthy Community School District v. Doyle, a key decision on employee substantive constitutional rights. General topics covered include discrimination in…

  19. 7 CFR 3015.113 - Programmatic changes.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... Agriculture Regulations of the Department of Agriculture (Continued) OFFICE OF THE CHIEF FINANCIAL OFFICER... project than was anticipated when the award was made. (d) Transferring work and providing financial... performance of the substantive programmatic work, and for providing any form of financial assistance to...

  20. 16 CFR 1025.21 - Prehearing conferences.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ....21 Commercial Practices CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY COMMISSION GENERAL RULES OF PRACTICE FOR ADJUDICATIVE... Commission or upon the Commission's substantive standards, regulations, and consumer product safety rules... date, time and place of the hearing, with due regard to the convenience of the parties; and (14) Such...

  1. User Benefits of Railroad Grade Separation in a Small Community: Practical Techniques for Applying Microbencost

    DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

    1999-01-01

    As transportation system elements of this country continue to evolve, issues : that may have seemed foregone to a prior generation have crystallized into : topics requiring substantive review. Witness, for example, the growth in both : freight railro...

  2. 22 CFR 216.2 - Applicability of procedures.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... river basin development; (ii) Irrigation or water management projects, including dams and impoundments... projects, programs or activities authorized or approved by A.I.D. and to substantive amendments or extensions of ongoing projects, programs, or activities. (b) Exemptions. (1) Projects, programs or activities...

  3. Sociolinguistic Approaches to SLA.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Young, Richard

    1999-01-01

    Discusses two complementary traditions in the study of communication and social context and shows how one researcher's theory of context influences the methodologies he or she adopts. Reviews substantive findings of sociolinguistic researchers in four main areas of second-language acquisition and use: interlanguage variation, cross-cultural…

  4. Pupils.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Lufler, Henry S., Jr.; Bielsky, Donald J.

    Litigation having to do with pupils occurred with greater frequency in 1980 than in the past. The greatest increase dealt with the handicapped and with substantive rights of students. Cases involving handicapped students generally focused on parent requests for residential treatment, extended-year programs, and in-class assistance for their…

  5. 77 FR 57016 - Privacy Act; Implementation

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-09-17

    ... Act; Implementation AGENCY: Defense Intelligence Agency, DoD. ACTION: Direct final rule with request for comments. SUMMARY: Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) is updating the DIA Privacy Act Program by... final rule makes non-substantive changes to the Defense Intelligence Agency Program rules. These changes...

  6. PRRSV and the pregnant female

    USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

    The Pregnant Gilt Model (PGM) is substantially complete and has provided substantive deliverables for the swine industry in Canada and beyond. The success of the PGM was largely dependent on a team of more than 30 researchers, students and technicians, along with external collaborators and instituti...

  7. What About Legal Literacy?

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Taylor, Kelly R.

    2001-01-01

    A brief list of basic legal concepts and terms to help principals become more familiar with some of the Constitutional and statutory procedural and substantive aspects of school law, including, for example, concepts like due process and privacy and terms like En Banc and De Facto. (PKP)

  8. Toward a New Paradigm: Governance in a Broader Framework.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Deegan, William L.

    1985-01-01

    Argues that the issues and trends of the past decade make it necessary to reconsider governance processes and the way substantive issues are generated. Reviews major models for governance and proposes a broader, more integrated framework for analyzing governance issues. (DMM)

  9. Supplemental Guidance for Assessing Susceptibility from Early-Life Exposure to Carcinogens

    EPA Pesticide Factsheets

    This Supplemental Guidance does not establish any substantive “rules” under the Administrative Procedure Act or any other law and has no binding effect on EPA or any regulated entity, but instead represents a non-binding statement of policy.

  10. 28 CFR 31.303 - Substantive requirements.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... geographic area having jurisdiction over the juvenile is outside a metropolitan statistical area pursuant to... justice and delinquency prevention needs within the State, including those geographical areas in which an... educational needs, gender specific services, delinquency prevention and treatment services in rural areas, and...

  11. 36 CFR § 1222.28 - What are the series level recordkeeping requirements?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... AND RECORDS ADMINISTRATION RECORDS MANAGEMENT CREATION AND MAINTENANCE OF FEDERAL RECORDS Agency... series and systems adequately document agency policies, transactions, and activities, each program must... documentation of phone calls, meetings, instant messages, and electronic mail exchanges that include substantive...

  12. What Can Teacher Education Do?

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Sleeter, Christine

    2008-01-01

    Teachers bring to their work assumptions that shape how they think about globalization. To prepare children to analyze globalization perceptively, teachers must stretch their assumptions and knowledge; teacher education can help. First, if teacher candidates have not already had substantive interaction with people whose backgrounds and…

  13. Textbook Sexual Inadequacy? A Review of Sexuality Texts.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Goettsch, Stephen L.

    1987-01-01

    Reviews eight current human sexuality textbooks for both their general organization and substantive content. Addresses specifically the content areas of sexual response cycle; sexual disfunction; acquaintance rape; AIDS and sexually transmitted diseases; extramarital sex; abortion; homosexuality; and pornography. Identifies as a recurring fault…

  14. Successful Application of a Canadian Mental Health Curriculum Resource by Usual Classroom Teachers in Significantly and Sustainably Improving Student Mental Health Literacy.

    PubMed

    Kutcher, Stan; Wei, Yifeng; Morgan, Catherine

    2015-12-01

    To investigate whether the significant and substantive findings from a previous study of youth mental health literacy (MHL) could be replicated using the same methods in another population. We examined the impact of a curriculum resource, the Mental Health and High School Curriculum Guide (The Guide), taught by usual classroom teachers on students' knowledge and attitudes related to mental health and mental illness in Canadian secondary schools. Survey data were collected before, immediately after, and 2 months after implementation of The Guide by teachers in usual classroom teaching. We conducted paired-sample t tests and calculated the Cohen d value to determine outcomes and impact of the curriculum resource application. One hundred fourteen students were matched for analysis of knowledge data and 112 students were matched for analysis of attitude data at pre-intervention, post-intervention, and 2-month follow-up time periods. Following classroom exposure to the curriculum resource, students' knowledge scores increased significantly and substantively, compared with baseline (P < 0.001, d = 1.11), and this was maintained at 2-month follow-up (P < 0.001, d = 0.91). Similar findings for attitude improvement were found (P < 0.001, d = 0.66), and this improvement was maintained at 2-month follow-up (P < 0.001, d = 0.52). These findings corroborate those from a previous study conducted in a different location. Taken together these results suggest a simple but effective approach to improving MHL in young people by embedding a classroom resource, delivered by usual classroom teachers in usual school settings.

  15. Effects of EDTA gel preconditioning of periodontally affected human root surfaces on chlorhexidine substantivity - an SEM study.

    PubMed

    Gamal, Ahmed Y; Mailhot, Jason M

    2007-09-01

    Infection control is an important requirement during the early stages of periodontal healing. This study was performed to assess the preconditioning effect of EDTA gel on chlorhexidine (CHX) substantivity to periodontally involved root surfaces. Eighty patients with severe chronic periodontitis were enrolled in this study. Following cause-related therapy, patients were divided randomly into four groups. Each group consisted of 20 subjects with one tooth that was diagnosed as hopeless and designated for extraction. In group 1 (G1), selected periodontal pockets were filled with a placebo gel in a silica base for 2 minutes. Exposed roots in group 2 (G2) were etched for 2 minutes with a neutral EDTA conditioning agent, followed by pocket fill with the placebo gel. Pockets in group 3 (G3) were filled with 0.12% CHX digluconate gel in a silica base. Exposed roots in group 4 (G4) were etched for 2 minutes with a neutral EDTA conditioning agent, followed by pocket fill with the CHX gel. Four teeth from each group were extracted immediately and at 3, 12, 24, and 48 hours for SEM evaluation. G1 and G2 specimens showed no evidence of silica adherent to any of the examined root surfaces. At 3 hours following CHX gel application, G3 specimens showed marked reduction in CHX-coated silica. At 24 and 48 hours following EDTA and CHX gel application, G4 specimens demonstrated adherent CHX-coated silica particles despite the reclogging of the tubule orifices. EDTA and CHX gel root conditioning is a valuable regimen that improves CHX substantivity to periodontally involved root surfaces.

  16. The Road to Prison is Paved with Bad Evaluations: The Case for Functional Behavioral Assessments and Behavior Intervention Plans.

    PubMed

    Poucher, Stephanie M

    In 1997, Congress amended the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act ("IDEA") to include provisions meant to assist school districts in educating students with behavioral needs. These amendments required schools to use functional behavioral assessments ("FBA") and behavior intervention plans ("BIP") under certain circumstances. Congress did not, however, include a definition of or substantive requirements for either system of behavior management. As a result, although BIPs and FBAs are now federally mandated requirements, and it is clear that disregarding behavioral issues is a denial of a free appropriate public education ("FAPE"), the IDEA’s adjudicative standard, there is no clear consensus as to whether a student with behavioral needs must have an FBA or a BIP or what either must include. The IDEA’s lack of guidance has resulted in inconsistent and often contradictory court rulings, and the lack of specific definitions and procedures has allowed schools to develop purportedly legal but substantively deficient behavior evaluations and intervention plans for special needs students. Despite this confusion, some courts have properly looked to the administrative record for guidance on the substantive elements of FBAs and BIPs. Deference to hearing officers, along with other provisions within the IDEA, such as Child Find and inclusion obligations, may assist courts in determining whether a school’s failure to use an FBA and a BIP for a student with behavioral needs falls short of Board of Education v. Rowley’s requirements for FAPE. FBAs and BIPs aim to prevent and correct student misconduct before it escalates and results in drastic disciplinary action. Given the impact punitive school discipline policies have had on students with special needs, the added procedural safeguards these proactive behavior management schemes could provide are imperative to dismantling the school-to-prison pipeline.

  17. Bread and Roses: A Gender Perspective on Environmental Justice and Public Health

    PubMed Central

    Bell, Karen

    2016-01-01

    Gender continues to be a relatively marginal issue in environmental justice debates and yet it remains an important aspect of injustice. To help redress the balance, this article explores women’s experience of environmental justice through a review of the existing literature and the author’s prior qualitative research, as well as her experience of environmental activism. The analysis confirms that women tend to experience inequitable environmental burdens (distributional injustice); and are less likely than men to have control over environmental decisions (procedural injustice), both of which impact on their health (substantive injustice). It is argued that these injustices occur because women generally have lower incomes than men and are perceived as having less social status than their male counterparts as a result of entwined and entrenched capitalist and patriarchal processes. In the light of this analysis, it is proposed that environmental justice research, teaching, policy and practice should be made more gender aware and feminist orientated. This could support cross-cutting debates and activities in support of the radical social change necessary to bring about greater social and environmental justice more generally. PMID:27754351

  18. Bread and Roses: A Gender Perspective on Environmental Justice and Public Health.

    PubMed

    Bell, Karen

    2016-10-12

    Gender continues to be a relatively marginal issue in environmental justice debates and yet it remains an important aspect of injustice. To help redress the balance, this article explores women's experience of environmental justice through a review of the existing literature and the author's prior qualitative research, as well as her experience of environmental activism. The analysis confirms that women tend to experience inequitable environmental burdens (distributional injustice); and are less likely than men to have control over environmental decisions (procedural injustice), both of which impact on their health (substantive injustice). It is argued that these injustices occur because women generally have lower incomes than men and are perceived as having less social status than their male counterparts as a result of entwined and entrenched capitalist and patriarchal processes. In the light of this analysis, it is proposed that environmental justice research, teaching, policy and practice should be made more gender aware and feminist orientated. This could support cross-cutting debates and activities in support of the radical social change necessary to bring about greater social and environmental justice more generally.

  19. Observing real-world groups in the virtual field: The analysis of online discussion.

    PubMed

    Giles, David C

    2016-09-01

    This article sets out to establish the naturalistic study of online social communication as a substantive topic in social psychology and to discuss the challenges of developing methods for a formal analysis of the structural and interactional features of message threads on discussion forums. I begin by outlining the essential features of online communication and specifically discussion forum data, and the important ways in which they depart from spoken conversation. I describe the handful of attempts to devise systematic analytic techniques for adapting methods such as conversation and discourse analysis to the study of online discussion. I then present a case study of a thread from the popular UK parenting forum Mumsnet which presents a number of challenges for existing methods, and examine some of the interactive phenomena typical of forums. Finally, I consider ways in which membership categorization analysis and social identity theory can complement one another in the exploration of both group processes and the rhetorical deployment of identities as dynamic phenomena in online discussion. © 2016 The British Psychological Society.

  20. The Chimera of Proportionality: Institutionalising Limits on Punishment in Contemporary Social and Political Systems

    PubMed Central

    Lacey, Nicola; Pickard, Hanna

    2015-01-01

    The concept of proportionality has been central to the retributive revival in penal theory, and underlies desert theory’s normative and practical commitment to limiting punishment. Theories of punishment combining desert-based and consequentialist considerations also appeal to proportionality as a limiting condition. In this paper we argue that these claims are founded on an exaggerated idea of what proportionality can offer, and in particular fail properly to consider the institutional conditions needed to foster robust limits on the state’s power to punish. The idea that appeals to proportionality as an abstract ideal can help to limit punishment is, we argue, a chimera: what has been thought of as proportionality is not a naturally existing relationship, but a product of political and social construction, cultural meaning-making, and institution-building. Drawing on evolutionary psychology and comparative political economy, we argue that philosophers and social scientists need to work together to understand how the appeal of the idea of proportionality can best be realised through substantive institutional frameworks under particular conditions. PMID:25937675

  1. Rare variants of large effect in BRCA2 and CHEK2 affect risk of lung cancer

    PubMed Central

    Wang, Yufei; McKay, James D.; Rafnar, Thorunn; Wang, Zhaoming; Timofeeva, Maria; Broderick, Peter; Zong, Xuchen; Laplana, Marina; Wei, Yongyue; Han, Younghun; Lloyd, Amy; Delahaye-Sourdeix, Manon; Chubb, Daniel; Gaborieau, Valerie; Wheeler, William; Chatterjee, Nilanjan; Thorleifsson, Gudmar; Sulem, Patrick; Liu, Geoffrey; Kaaks, Rudolf; Henrion, Marc; Kinnersley, Ben; Vallée, Maxime; LeCalvez-Kelm, Florence; Stevens, Victoria L.; Gapstur, Susan M.; Chen, Wei V.; Zaridze, David; Szeszenia-Dabrowska, Neonilia; Lissowska, Jolanta; Rudnai, Peter; Fabianova, Eleonora; Mates, Dana; Bencko, Vladimir; Foretova, Lenka; Janout, Vladimir; Krokan, Hans E.; Gabrielsen, Maiken Elvestad; Skorpen, Frank; Vatten, Lars; Njølstad, Inger; Chen, Chu; Goodman, Gary; Benhamou, Simone; Vooder, Tonu; Valk, Kristjan; Nelis, Mari; Metspalu, Andres; Lener, Marcin; Lubiński, Jan; Johansson, Mattias; Vineis, Paolo; Agudo, Antonio; Clavel-Chapelon, Francoise; Bueno-de-Mesquita, H.Bas; Trichopoulos, Dimitrios; Khaw, Kay-Tee; Johansson, Mikael; Weiderpass, Elisabete; Tjønneland, Anne; Riboli, Elio; Lathrop, Mark; Scelo, Ghislaine; Albanes, Demetrius; Caporaso, Neil E.; Ye, Yuanqing; Gu, Jian; Wu, Xifeng; Spitz, Margaret R.; Dienemann, Hendrik; Rosenberger, Albert; Su, Li; Matakidou, Athena; Eisen, Timothy; Stefansson, Kari; Risch, Angela; Chanock, Stephen J.; Christiani, David C.; Hung, Rayjean J.; Brennan, Paul; Landi, Maria Teresa; Houlston, Richard S.; Amos, Christopher I.

    2014-01-01

    We conducted imputation to the 1000 Genomes Project of four genome-wide association studies of lung cancer in populations of European ancestry (11,348 cases and 15,861 controls) and genotyped an additional 10,246 cases and 38,295 controls for follow-up. We identified large-effect genome-wide associations for squamous lung cancer with the rare variants of BRCA2-K3326X (rs11571833; odds ratio [OR]=2.47, P=4.74×10−20) and of CHEK2-I157T (rs17879961; OR=0.38 P=1.27×10−13). We also showed an association between common variation at 3q28 (TP63; rs13314271; OR=1.13, P=7.22×10−10) and lung adenocarcinoma previously only reported in Asians. These findings provide further evidence for inherited genetic susceptibility to lung cancer and its biological basis. Additionally, our analysis demonstrates that imputation can identify rare disease-causing variants having substantive effects on cancer risk from pre-existing GWAS data. PMID:24880342

  2. Reviewing the quality of strategic environmental assessment reports for English spatial plan core strategies

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Fischer, Thomas B., E-mail: fischer@liverpool.ac.u

    This paper summarises the results of a research project from early 2008, involving the author of this paper, as well as 18 post-graduate University of Liverpool students, in which the quality of European Directive based strategic environmental assessment (SEA) reports of English spatial plan core strategies (conducted within the context of the spatial planning sustainability appraisal-SA-regime) was reviewed. The project aimed at establishing the extensiveness of emerging spatial plan related SEA practice, as well as highlighting shortcomings and problems. Overall, it was found that whilst some aspects of assessment were done well, others were not of a satisfactory quality. Shortcomingsmore » were connected particularly with the practice of listing potentially relevant baseline documents and data without distinguishing sufficiently between those that are important in terms of significant impacts and those that are not. Problems were also found to exist with the evaluation of options and impacts, the consideration of substantive aspects, such as health, as well as regarding the formulation of final recommendations and monitoring.« less

  3. A U.S. Strategy for Timely Fusion Energy Development

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Wade, Mickey

    2017-10-01

    Worldwide energy demand is expected to explode in the latter half of this century. In anticipation of this demand, the U.S. DOE recently asked the National Academy of Science to provide guidance on a long-term strategic plan assuming that ``economical fusion energy within the next several decades is a U.S. strategic interest. ``Delivering on such a plan will require an R&D program that delivers key data and understanding on the building blocks of a) burning plasma physics, b) optimization of the coupled core-edge solution, and c) fusion nuclear science to inform the design of a cost-attractive DEMO reactor in this time frame. Such a program should leverage existing facilities in the U.S. program including ITER, provide substantive motivation for an expanding R&D scope (and funding), and enable timely redirection of resources within the program as appropriate (and endorsed by DOE and the fusion community). This paper will outline a potential strategy that provides world-leading opportunities for the research community in a range of areas while delivering on key milestones required for timely fusion energy development. Supported by General Atomics internal funding.

  4. Attention to change: A multilevel theory on the process of emergent continuous organizational change.

    PubMed

    Wee, Elijah X M; Taylor, M Susan

    2018-01-01

    Increasingly, continuous organizational change is viewed as the new reality for organizations and their members. However, this model of organizational change, which is usually characterized by ongoing, cumulative, and substantive change from the bottom up, remains underexplored in the literature. Taking a multilevel approach, the authors develop a theoretical model to explain the mechanisms behind the amplification and accumulation of valuable, ongoing work-unit level changes over time, which then become substantial changes at the organizational level. Drawing on the concept of emergence, they first focus on the cognitive search mechanisms of work-unit members and managers to illustrate how work-unit level routine changes may be amplified to the organization through 2 unique processes: composition and compilation emergence. The authors then discuss the managers' role in creating a sense of coherence and meaning for the accumulation of these emergent changes over time. They conclude this research by discussing the theoretical implications of their model for the existing literature of organizational change. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved).

  5. The Oral Introduction to the Instructional Film: A Closer Look.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Arwady, Joseph W.

    1980-01-01

    Discusses reasons for an oral introduction to instructional films, types of oral introductions--i.e., substantive, attention-directing, anxiety-inducing, and advance organizers--and research related to these four areas. Recommendations for the use of the oral introduction are also offered. (RAO)

  6. Preparing Culturally and Linguistically Responsive Special Educators: It "Does" Take a Village

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Robertson, Phyllis M.; García, Shernaz B.; McFarland, Laura A.; Rieth, Herbert J.

    2012-01-01

    The preparation of culturally and linguistically responsive special educators requires planning, substantive collaboration, and valuing the perspectives of underrepresented groups. This article describes restructuring efforts of one special education preparation program that included coursework and field-based experiences designed to enhance…

  7. Asian American Cultural Resistance.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Libretti, Tim

    1997-01-01

    Explores the encounter of Marxism and Asian American literary theory and imagines an Asian American Marxism. To do so requires theorizing race, class, and gender not as substantive categories of antagonisms but as complementary and coordinated elements of a totality of social relations structuring racial patriarchal capitalism. (SLD)

  8. 28 CFR 16.301 - Limitations.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... 28 Judicial Administration 1 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Limitations. 16.301 Section 16.301 Judicial Administration DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE PRODUCTION OR DISCLOSURE OF MATERIAL OR INFORMATION Access to..., create any right or benefit, substantive or procedural, enforcecable at law by a party against the United...

  9. 28 CFR 77.1 - Purpose and authority.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... Judicial Administration DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE (CONTINUED) ETHICAL STANDARDS FOR ATTORNEYS FOR THE GOVERNMENT § 77.1 Purpose and authority. (a) The Department of Justice is committed to ensuring that its... any way to alter federal substantive, procedural, or evidentiary law or to interfere with the Attorney...

  10. 28 CFR 77.1 - Purpose and authority.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... Judicial Administration DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE (CONTINUED) ETHICAL STANDARDS FOR ATTORNEYS FOR THE GOVERNMENT § 77.1 Purpose and authority. (a) The Department of Justice is committed to ensuring that its... any way to alter federal substantive, procedural, or evidentiary law or to interfere with the Attorney...

  11. 28 CFR 51.57 - Relevant factors.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... 28 Judicial Administration 2 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Relevant factors. 51.57 Section 51.57 Judicial Administration DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE (CONTINUED) PROCEDURES FOR THE ADMINISTRATION OF SECTION 5 OF... from the normal procedural sequence; (5) Whether there are substantive departures from the normal...

  12. 28 CFR 51.57 - Relevant factors.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... 28 Judicial Administration 2 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Relevant factors. 51.57 Section 51.57 Judicial Administration DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE (CONTINUED) PROCEDURES FOR THE ADMINISTRATION OF SECTION 5 OF... from the normal procedural sequence; (5) Whether there are substantive departures from the normal...

  13. 28 CFR 51.57 - Relevant factors.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... 28 Judicial Administration 2 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Relevant factors. 51.57 Section 51.57 Judicial Administration DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE (CONTINUED) PROCEDURES FOR THE ADMINISTRATION OF SECTION 5 OF... from the normal procedural sequence; (5) Whether there are substantive departures from the normal...

  14. 28 CFR 16.301 - Limitations.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... 28 Judicial Administration 1 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Limitations. 16.301 Section 16.301 Judicial Administration DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE PRODUCTION OR DISCLOSURE OF MATERIAL OR INFORMATION Access to..., create any right or benefit, substantive or procedural, enforcecable at law by a party against the United...

  15. 28 CFR 16.301 - Limitations.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... 28 Judicial Administration 1 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Limitations. 16.301 Section 16.301 Judicial Administration DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE PRODUCTION OR DISCLOSURE OF MATERIAL OR INFORMATION Access to..., create any right or benefit, substantive or procedural, enforcecable at law by a party against the United...

  16. 28 CFR 77.1 - Purpose and authority.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... Judicial Administration DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE (CONTINUED) ETHICAL STANDARDS FOR ATTORNEYS FOR THE GOVERNMENT § 77.1 Purpose and authority. (a) The Department of Justice is committed to ensuring that its... any way to alter federal substantive, procedural, or evidentiary law or to interfere with the Attorney...

  17. 28 CFR 77.1 - Purpose and authority.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... Judicial Administration DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE (CONTINUED) ETHICAL STANDARDS FOR ATTORNEYS FOR THE GOVERNMENT § 77.1 Purpose and authority. (a) The Department of Justice is committed to ensuring that its... any way to alter federal substantive, procedural, or evidentiary law or to interfere with the Attorney...

  18. 28 CFR 77.1 - Purpose and authority.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... Judicial Administration DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE (CONTINUED) ETHICAL STANDARDS FOR ATTORNEYS FOR THE GOVERNMENT § 77.1 Purpose and authority. (a) The Department of Justice is committed to ensuring that its... any way to alter federal substantive, procedural, or evidentiary law or to interfere with the Attorney...

  19. 28 CFR 16.301 - Limitations.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... 28 Judicial Administration 1 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Limitations. 16.301 Section 16.301 Judicial Administration DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE PRODUCTION OR DISCLOSURE OF MATERIAL OR INFORMATION Access to..., create any right or benefit, substantive or procedural, enforcecable at law by a party against the United...

  20. 28 CFR 16.301 - Limitations.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... 28 Judicial Administration 1 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Limitations. 16.301 Section 16.301 Judicial Administration DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE PRODUCTION OR DISCLOSURE OF MATERIAL OR INFORMATION Access to..., create any right or benefit, substantive or procedural, enforcecable at law by a party against the United...

  1. Lessons for Young Scholars Seeking to Publish.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Natriello, Gary

    1996-01-01

    The lessons offered are in three groups: basic lessons related to social behaviors; lessons related to the basic mechanics of putting together a paper to submit to a journal; and lessons regarding matching the study to the substantive and stylistic preferences of a particular journal. (SM)

  2. Enhancing Historical Reasoning: A Strategy Including Formative Assessment with Systematic Continuous Feedback

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Méndez, Sergio; Tirado, Felipe

    2016-01-01

    Learning History promotes students' reasoning. According to Van Drie & Van Boxtel (2008), historical reasoning involves six elements: substantive concepts, metaconcepts, asking historical questions, using sources, contextualization, and argumentation. Although there are didactic strategies that promote historical reasoning, these do not…

  3. 78 FR 9691 - Sunshine Act Meeting

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-02-11

    ... consider the following matters: Summary Agenda: No substantive discussion of the following items is anticipated. These matters will be resolved with a single vote unless a member of the Board of Directors... delegated by the Board of Directors. Discussion Agenda: Memorandum and resolution re: Definition of Insured...

  4. Handbook for School Health Nursing. Fourth Edition.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Putnam City Public Schools, OK.

    The purpose of this handbook is to assist Putnam City schools (Oklahoma) in implementing a comprehensive school health nursing program. Four substantive sections describe the school health program. Section 1, an overview, outlines the health responsibilities of parents, administrators, professional consultants, teachers, and nurses, and describes…

  5. Constitutional Due Process and Educational Administration.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Uerling, Donald F.

    1985-01-01

    Discusses substantive and procedural due process as required by the United States Constitution and interpreted by the Supreme Court, with particular reference to situations arising in educational environments. Covers interests protected by due process requirements, the procedures required, and some special considerations that may apply. (PGD)

  6. Science, Technology, and National Security.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    DeSieno, Robert P.

    1997-01-01

    Describes a course that grafts discussion of scientific ideas onto students' natural enthusiasm for public policy issues. Includes a group of topics that afford substantive discussion of important scientific ideas. Helps students explore vivid connections between scientific knowledge and public policy, including building the atomic bomb and public…

  7. Intercultural Education in Everyday Practice

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Tupas, Ruanni

    2014-01-01

    While there is substantive work in intercultural education, especially that which proposes intellectual or conceptual road maps for pedagogic interculturalism and, more specifically for the classroom, there is a need to surface the complexity of everyday intercultural classroom practices. This article reflects on some Singapore students' responses…

  8. 10 CFR 603.1010 - Substantive issues.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    .... The scope is an overall vision statement for the project, including a discussion of the project's... minimum required Federal Government rights in intellectual property generated under the award and address... disposition of tangible property. The property provisions for for-profit and nonprofit participants must be in...

  9. Bridging Homes and Classrooms: Advancing Students' Capabilities

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Sugiono, Sugiono; Skourdoumbis, Andrew; Gale, Trevor

    2018-01-01

    This paper investigates the capabilities of remote rural teachers in Indonesia's Probolinggo Regency to make meaningful pedagogic connections between students' homes and their classrooms. The term "capabilities" is derived from Sen's to Nussbaum's capabilities approach, which refers to substantive freedom or opportunities that a person…

  10. Informed Dissent: Beyond IRB Ethics in Research.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Wallace, David

    2003-01-01

    Proposes that educators and researchers need guidelines that not only address the potential power abuses in researcher/teacher to participant/student relationships, they also need guidelines that deal substantively with the impossibility of researchers taking completely objective, detached stances. Suggests several principles that should be…

  11. The Insurance Educator. Volume VI. 1997.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Insurance Educator, 1997

    1997-01-01

    This Insurance Education Foundation (IEF) newsletter provides secondary educators with a greater knowledge of insurance and access to teaching materials. It also provides students with insurance career information. The newsletter is intended for secondary educators who teach insurance in any subject. Substantive articles contained in this issue…

  12. 12 CFR 1207.3 - Limitations.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... 12 Banks and Banking 7 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Limitations. 1207.3 Section 1207.3 Banks and Banking FEDERAL HOUSING FINANCE AGENCY ORGANIZATION AND OPERATIONS MINORITY AND WOMEN INCLUSION (Eff. Jan... any right or benefit, substantive or procedural, enforceable at law, in equity, or through...

  13. 77 FR 38248 - Passenger Train Emergency Preparedness

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-06-27

    ... plans to be excluded from the formal review and approval process required for more substantive... full-scale simulations of emergency situations; and Remove as unnecessary the section on the preemptive... proposed regulatory changes would enhance the emergency planning process currently in place in part 239...

  14. 10 CFR 9.13 - Definitions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... COMMISSION PUBLIC RECORDS Freedom of Information Act Regulations § 9.13 Definitions. Agency record means a... business; or (4) Non-substantive information in logs or schedule books of the Chairman or Commissioners.... Freedom of Information Act and Privacy Act Officer means the NRC official designated to fulfill the...

  15. 10 CFR 9.13 - Definitions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... COMMISSION PUBLIC RECORDS Freedom of Information Act Regulations § 9.13 Definitions. Agency record means a... business; or (4) Non-substantive information in logs or schedule books of the Chairman or Commissioners.... Freedom of Information Act and Privacy Act Officer means the NRC official designated to fulfill the...

  16. 10 CFR 9.13 - Definitions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... COMMISSION PUBLIC RECORDS Freedom of Information Act Regulations § 9.13 Definitions. Agency record means a... business; or (4) Non-substantive information in logs or schedule books of the Chairman or Commissioners.... Freedom of Information Act and Privacy Act Officer means the NRC official designated to fulfill the...

  17. 10 CFR 9.13 - Definitions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... COMMISSION PUBLIC RECORDS Freedom of Information Act Regulations § 9.13 Definitions. Agency record means a... business; or (4) Non-substantive information in logs or schedule books of the Chairman or Commissioners.... Freedom of Information Act and Privacy Act Officer means the NRC official designated to fulfill the...

  18. 10 CFR 9.13 - Definitions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... COMMISSION PUBLIC RECORDS Freedom of Information Act Regulations § 9.13 Definitions. Agency record means a... business; or (4) Non-substantive information in logs or schedule books of the Chairman or Commissioners.... Freedom of Information Act and Privacy Act Officer means the NRC official designated to fulfill the...

  19. Community Planning for Intergenerational Programming. Volume VIII.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Ventura-Merkel, Catherine; Lidoff, Lorraine

    Designed as an effort to gather, package, and disseminate useful programmatic information on aging education, this publication is divided into seven substantive sections. Following a preface and acknowledgements, an introduction presents a model of intergenerational programming, a definition of an intergenerational activities committe, purposes of…

  20. A Review of Two Distance Learning Books [book review].

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Koszalka, Tiffany A.; Spector, J. Michael

    2003-01-01

    Reviews two books that are representative of the substantive books aimed at those who wish to design effective distance learning. Together these books provide a reasonably complete perspective on how to design effective distance learning. They have many strengths, and few weaknesses. (SLD)

  1. 43 CFR 2.88 - What criteria will the Department consider in responding to my Touhy Request?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... regulations of procedure and substantive law, including the FOIA or the Privacy Act; and (c) Our ability to...) Minimize the possibility that we will become involved in issues that are not related to our mission or...

  2. 22 CFR 5.4 - Substantive rules of general applicability adopted as authorized by law, and statements of...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ...) The following are citations to regulations within the scope of this section. (1) Acceptance of Gifts... Procurement. 41 CFR part 6-1 et seq. (c) These regulations are supplemented from time to time by amendments...

  3. 75 FR 67431 - State-40, Employee Contact Records

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-11-02

    ... DEPARTMENT OF STATE [Public Notice: 7221] State-40, Employee Contact Records SUMMARY: Notice is... Contact Records.'' It is also proposed that the amended system description will include substantive and/or... comments that will result in a contrary determination. The amended system description, ``Employee Contact...

  4. Knowledge: Genuine and Bogus

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Bunge, Mario

    2011-01-01

    Pseudoscience is error, substantive or methodological, parading as science. Obvious examples are parapsychology, "intelligent design," and homeopathy. Psychoanalysis and pop evolutionary psychology are less obvious, yet no less flawed in both method and doctrine. The fact that science can be faked to the point of deceiving science lovers suggests…

  5. 76 FR 6589 - West Virginia Regulatory Program

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-02-07

    ... DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement 30 CFR Part 948 [WV-116-FOR; OSM-2009-0008] West Virginia Regulatory Program AGENCY: Office of Surface Mining... Mining Reclamation and Enforcement (OSM) characterized the change as non-substantive, and did not note...

  6. 77 FR 4371 - Records Schedules; Availability and Request for Comments

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-01-27

    ... substantive reports such as annual summaries and comprehensive nonrecurring reports. 3. Department of the Army... used to report Army Reserve personnel strength accounting data. 4. Department of the Army, Agency-wide... conducting physical security inspections and assessments. 6. Department of Defense, Defense Contract...

  7. Investigations of Naturalistic Decision Making and the Recognition-Primed Decision Model

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1990-07-01

    major substantive contributions to the research: Beth W. Crandall, Marvin L. Thordsen, Janet Taynor, and Christopher Brezovic. We wish to thank our...Eyewitness menary enhancement in the police interview: Cognitive retrieval mnemonics versus hypnosis . Journal of Alied Psychology, 70, 2, 401-412

  8. Chronic Stress and Posttraumatic Stress Disorders.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Davidson, Laura M.; Baum, Andrew

    1986-01-01

    Examined the relationship between chronic stress and symptoms of posttraumatic stress syndrome in people living within five miles of the Three Mile Island (TMI) nuclear power station. Results provided evidence of substantive links between chronic stress and development of mild symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder. (Author/BL)

  9. Scientists Urge DHS to Improve Bioterrorism Risk Assessment

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2008-01-01

    ability of outcomes. These are not mere theoretical sug- gestions , but rather substantive tools and methods drawn from extensive research and experience...declassified for NRC publica - tion. 7. Rotz LD, Khan AS, Lillibridge SR, Ostroff SM, Hughes JM. Public health assessment of potential biological

  10. Experiences of low back pain in adolescents in relation to physiotherapy intervention

    PubMed Central

    Ahlqwist, Anna

    2012-01-01

    The aim of this study was to generate a substantive theory, based on interviews with children and adolescents with low back pain (LBP), explaining how they manage their main concerns in daily life. Tape-recorded open interviews were conducted with 14 boys and girls with LBP, aged 12–18 years, who participated in a 12-week physical therapy intervention. The grounded theory was used for analyzing the transcribed interviews. A core category, mobilizing own resources, emerged from the analysis, describing how adolescents with LBP succeed in managing their main concern, gaining body confidence, in daily life. The core category was divided into four categories labelled: coaching from the physiotherapist, seeking for information, compliance with physiotherapy and gaining energy from pain-free moments. The categories formed a substantive theory, illuminating how young people with LBP experienced physical therapy intervention. The theory explains and provides a deeper understanding of the main concerns of these adolescents and their strategies in managing their life situation. PMID:22740844

  11. A Review Over Benefits and Drawbacks of Combining Sodium Hypochlorite with Other Endodontic Materials

    PubMed Central

    Mohammadi, Zahed; Shalavi, Sousan; Moeintaghavi, Amir

    2017-01-01

    Introduction: As the root canal system considered to be complex and unpredictable, using root canal irrigants and medicaments are essential in order to enhance the disinfection of the canal. Sodium hypochlorite is the most common irrigant in endodontics. Despite its excellent antimicrobial activity and tissue solubility, sodium hypochlorite lacks some important properties such as substantivity and smear layer removing ability. Objective: The aim of this review was to address benefits and drawbacks of combining sodium hypochlorite with other root canal irrigants and medicaments. Discussion: According to the reviewed articles, NaOCl is the most common irrigation solution in endodontics. However, it has some drawbacks such as inability to remove smear layer. One of the drawbacks of NaOCl is its inability to remove the smear layer and lack of substantivity. Conclusion: The adjunctive use of other materials has been suggested to improve NaOCl efficacy. Nevertheless, further studies are required in this field. PMID:29387282

  12. On the Nature of Intelligence

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Churchland, Paul M.

    Alan Turing is the consensus patron saint of the classical research program in Artificial Intelligence (AI), and his behavioral test for the possession of conscious intelligence has become his principal legacy in the mind of the academic public. Both takes are mistakes. That test is a dialectical throwaway line even for Turing himself, a tertiary gesture aimed at softening the intellectual resistance to a research program which, in his hands, possessed real substance, both mathematical and theoretical. The wrangling over his celebrated test has deflected attention away from those more substantial achievements, and away from the enduring obligation to construct a substantive theory of what conscious intelligence really is, as opposed to an epistemological account of how to tell when you are confronting an instance of it. This essay explores Turing's substantive research program on the nature of intelligence, and argues that the classical AI program is not its best expression, nor even the expression intended by Turing. It then attempts to put the famous Test into its proper, and much reduced, perspective.

  13. A bibliography of all known publications & reports on the Gulf sturgeon, Acipenser oxyrinchus desotoi

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Price, Melissa; Adler, Jennifer; Littles, Chanda; Randolph, April Norem; Nash, Ursula A.; Gillett, Bethan; Randall, Michael T.; Sulak, Kenneth J.; Walsh, Stephen J.; Brownell, Prescott

    2013-01-01

    This functional bibliography is meant to be a complete and comprehensive bibliography of all discoverable reports containing information on the Gulf Sturgeon (GS). This bibliography contains all known reports presenting, documenting, summarizing, listing, or interpreting information on the GS through 31 December 2013. Report citations are organized into four sections. Section I includes published scientific journal articles, books, dissertations and theses, published and unpublished technical reports, published harvest prohibitions, and online articles reporting substantive scientific information. Section II includes newspaper, newsletter, magazine, book, agency news releases, and online articles reporting on GS occurrences, mortalities, captures, jumping, boat collisions, aquaculture, historical photographs, and other largely non-scientific or anecdotal issues. Section III consists of books, theses, ecotour-guides, media articles, editorials, and blogs reporting a mix of anecdotal information, historical information, and opinion on GS conservation, habitat issues, exploitation, aquaculture, and human interaction - but presenting very limited or no substantive scientific information. Section IV includes videos, films and audio recordings documenting GS life history and behavior.

  14. Evaluating the dimensionality of first grade written composition

    PubMed Central

    Kim, Young-Suk; Al Otaiba, Stephanie; Folsom, Jessica S.; Greulich, Luana; Puranik, Cynthia

    2013-01-01

    Purpose We examined dimensions of written composition using multiple evaluative approaches such as an adapted 6+1 trait scoring, syntactic complexity measures, and productivity measures. We further examined unique relations of oral language and literacy skills to the identified dimensions of written composition. Method A large sample of first grade students (N = 527) was assessed on their language, reading, spelling, letter writing automaticity, and writing in the spring. Data were analyzed using a latent variable approach including confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling. Results The seven traits in the 6+1 trait system were best described as two constructs: substantive quality, and spelling and writing conventions. When the other evaluation procedures such as productivity and syntactic complexity indicators were included, four dimensions emerged: substantive quality, productivity, syntactic complexity, and spelling and writing conventions. Language and literacy predictors were differentially related to each dimension in written composition. Conclusions These four dimensions may be a useful guideline for evaluating developing beginning writer’s compositions. PMID:24687472

  15. Detection of the human endogenous retrovirus ERV3-encoded Env-protein in human tissues using antibody-based proteomics.

    PubMed

    Fei, Chen; Atterby, Christina; Edqvist, Per-Henrik; Pontén, Fredrik; Zhang, Wei Wei; Larsson, Erik; Ryan, Frank P

    2014-01-01

    There is growing evidence to suggest that human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) have contributed to human evolution, being expressed in development, normal physiology and disease. A key difficulty in the scientific evaluation of this potential viral contribution is the accurate demonstration of virally expressed protein in specific human cells and tissues. In this study, we have adopted the endogenous retrovirus, ERV3, as our test model in developing a reliable high-capacity methodology for the expression of such endogenous retrovirus-coded protein. Two affinity-purified polyclonal antibodies to ERV3 Env-encoded protein were generated to detect the corresponding protein expression pattern in specific human cells, tissues and organs. Sampling included normal tissues from 144 individuals ranging from childhood to old age. This included more than forty different tissues and organs and some 216 different cancer tissues representing the twenty commonest forms of human cancer. The Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University and Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden. The potential expression at likely physiological level of the ERV3Env encoded protein in a wide range of human cells, tissues and organs. We found that ERV3 encoded Env protein is expressed at substantive levels in placenta, testis, adrenal gland, corpus luteum, Fallopian tubes, sebaceous glands, astrocytes, bronchial epithelium and the ducts of the salivary glands. Substantive expression was also seen in a variety of epithelial cells as well as cells known to undergo fusion in inflammation and in normal physiology, including fused macrophages, myocardium and striated muscle. This contrasted strongly with the low levels expressed in other tissues types. These findings suggest that this virus plays a significant role in human physiology and may also play a possible role in disease. This technique can now be extended to the study of other HERV genomes within the human chromosomes that may have contributed to human evolution, physiology and disease.

  16. Family-witnessed resuscitation: bereavement outcomes in an urban environment.

    PubMed

    Compton, Scott; Levy, Phillip; Griffin, Matthew; Waselewsky, Denise; Mango, LynnMarie; Zalenski, Robert

    2011-06-01

    After 20 years of debate regarding the appropriateness of family-witnessed resuscitations (FWR), little substantive data exist to suggest a benefit or harm to the family member. To compare bereavement-related depression and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms among cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) patients' family members who remain in the waiting room of an urban emergency department (ED) with those who are invited to witness CPR. A prospective comparison study was conducted at two large, urban, Midwestern teaching hospitals. Adult family members of nontraumatic CPR ≥18 years of age patients were eligible. In the intervention hospital, emergency physicians were trained and encouraged to invite family members to witness CPR (FWR). At the control hospital, family remained in the ED waiting room (Non-FWR). Family members from each hospital were interviewed 30 and 60 days post-event regarding bereavement-related depression and PTSD symptoms. Relevant demographic information was also collected. Comparisons between FWR and Non-FWR were conducted using independent samples t tests and χ(2) where appropriate. Sixty-five family members (24 FWR and 41 Non-FWR) were included. There were no differences between groups in relationship to the patient (35% spouse/significant other), mean age (overall, 56 years), or race (75% African American). Patients in each group did not differ in need for assistance in any activities of daily living (overall, 44% needed assistance) prior to cardiac arrest. However, more FWR were female (83% versus 59%), and had higher levels of overall social support available. There were no differences between FWR and Non-FWR on overall PTSD scores (11.7 versus 11.4; mean difference = 0.3 [95 confidence interval (CI): -5.5; 6.1]) or depression scores (16.0 versus 20.6; mean difference = -4.5 [95CI: -12.0; 3.0]). Bereavement related depression and PTSD symptoms are commonly seen in family members of cardiac arrest victims, however, the magnitude of the effect is not impacted by witnessing or not-witnessing CPR in the ED.

  17. 40 CFR 57.602 - Approval of proposal.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... § 57.603. The application shall also specify: (1) The design and substantive elements of the research...) The smelter owner's proposal. The smelter owner's NSO application shall include a proposed NSO... agency is that the planned work must yield the most cost effective technology possible. (c) Optional...

  18. Rescue Manual. Module 5.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Ohio State Univ., Columbus. Instructional Materials Lab.

    This learner manual for rescuers covers the current techniques or practices required in the rescue service. The fifth of 10 modules contains information on hazardous materials. Key points, an introduction, and conclusion accompany substantive material in this module. In addition, the module contains a Department of Transportation guide chart on…

  19. First Do No Harm. Carnegie Perspectives

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    McCormick, Alexander C.

    2007-01-01

    The author expresses concern that launching an accountability initiative without careful consideration may do more harm than good. A well-designed accountability system, writes McCormick, motivates substantive change and useful diagnostic tools must not be undermined in the name of accountability. Several new college-quality initiatives offer…

  20. Judicial Review of Discretionary Grants of Higher Education Tenure.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Paretsky, Jonathan M.

    1993-01-01

    Litigation concerning higher education tenure decisions has helped define the boundaries of institutional discretion. Examines the ways courts have treated claims of substantive and procedural impropriety. Advises institutions to have available good-faith reasons for their actions, either in applying tenure standards or in deviating from…

  1. The Consumer Protection Clinical Course at UCLA School of Law

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Bergman, Paul

    1978-01-01

    The Consumer Protection clinical course, in which case supervision is provided by government agency personnel, is described. Implications are considered regarding the necessity and emphasis of a seminar component, and the usefulness of clinical courses in teaching substantive law as well as lawyering skills. (LBH)

  2. Systematic Evaluation of Professional Performance: Legally Supported Procedure and Process.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Kerl, Stella Beatriz; Garcia, John L.; McCullough, C. Sue; Maxwell, Melissa Elaine

    2002-01-01

    Legal challenges to counseling students' dismissal that are based on interpersonal or clinical incompetence require sound systematic academic evaluation and adherence to procedural and substantive due process. Presents an examination of professional competency from counselor education and legal perspectives, an evaluation procedure and process,…

  3. Education Reform in Mathematics: A History Ignored?

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Hofmeister, Alan M.

    2004-01-01

    Nationally, public education prepares to meet increasing federal and state accountability requirements. This article examines the history of math education reform and concludes that many present national trends do not provide substantive, valid alternatives to past failed practices. The evidence documents a failure to apply fundamental research…

  4. The Insurance Educator. Volume VII.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Insurance Educator, 1998

    1998-01-01

    These two issues are intended for secondary school educators who teach about insurance in any of their courses. The following substantive articles are contained in the January 1998 issue: "Teen Drivers and Automobile Insurance: New Laws Safeguard Teen Drivers" (Insurance Information Institute); "National Advisory Council of Secondary Teachers"; "A…

  5. 28 CFR 34.102 - Peer review procedures.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... 28 Judicial Administration 1 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Peer review procedures. 34.102 Section 34.102 Judicial Administration DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE OJJDP COMPETITION AND PEER REVIEW PROCEDURES Peer... substantive and procedural matters related to the peer review process, the “Guideline” addresses such issues...

  6. 28 CFR 34.102 - Peer review procedures.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... 28 Judicial Administration 1 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Peer review procedures. 34.102 Section 34.102 Judicial Administration DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE OJJDP COMPETITION AND PEER REVIEW PROCEDURES Peer... substantive and procedural matters related to the peer review process, the “Guideline” addresses such issues...

  7. 28 CFR 34.102 - Peer review procedures.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... 28 Judicial Administration 1 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Peer review procedures. 34.102 Section 34.102 Judicial Administration DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE OJJDP COMPETITION AND PEER REVIEW PROCEDURES Peer... substantive and procedural matters related to the peer review process, the “Guideline” addresses such issues...

  8. 28 CFR 34.102 - Peer review procedures.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... 28 Judicial Administration 1 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Peer review procedures. 34.102 Section 34.102 Judicial Administration DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE OJJDP COMPETITION AND PEER REVIEW PROCEDURES Peer... substantive and procedural matters related to the peer review process, the “Guideline” addresses such issues...

  9. 12 CFR 917.7 - Audit committees.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... internal auditor and that the internal auditor may be removed only with the approval of the audit committee; (ii) Provide that the internal auditor shall report directly to the audit committee on substantive matters and that the internal auditor is ultimately accountable to the audit committee and board of...

  10. Bayesian Methods for Scalable Multivariate Value-Added Assessment

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Lockwood, J. R.; McCaffrey, Daniel F.; Mariano, Louis T.; Setodji, Claude

    2007-01-01

    There is increased interest in value-added models relying on longitudinal student-level test score data to isolate teachers' contributions to student achievement. The complex linkage of students to teachers as students progress through grades poses both substantive and computational challenges. This article introduces a multivariate Bayesian…

  11. 7 CFR 65.220 - Processed food item.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... 7 Agriculture 3 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Processed food item. 65.220 Section 65.220 Agriculture..., PEANUTS, AND GINSENG General Provisions Definitions § 65.220 Processed food item. Processed food item... other covered commodity or other substantive food component (e.g., chocolate, breading, tomato sauce...

  12. 7 CFR 65.220 - Processed food item.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... 7 Agriculture 3 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Processed food item. 65.220 Section 65.220 Agriculture..., PEANUTS, AND GINSENG General Provisions Definitions § 65.220 Processed food item. Processed food item... other covered commodity or other substantive food component (e.g., chocolate, breading, tomato sauce...

  13. 7 CFR 65.220 - Processed food item.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... 7 Agriculture 3 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Processed food item. 65.220 Section 65.220 Agriculture..., PEANUTS, AND GINSENG General Provisions Definitions § 65.220 Processed food item. Processed food item... other covered commodity or other substantive food component (e.g., chocolate, breading, tomato sauce...

  14. 7 CFR 65.220 - Processed food item.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... 7 Agriculture 3 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Processed food item. 65.220 Section 65.220 Agriculture..., PEANUTS, AND GINSENG General Provisions Definitions § 65.220 Processed food item. Processed food item... other covered commodity or other substantive food component (e.g., chocolate, breading, tomato sauce...

  15. 7 CFR 65.220 - Processed food item.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... 7 Agriculture 3 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Processed food item. 65.220 Section 65.220 Agriculture..., PEANUTS, AND GINSENG General Provisions Definitions § 65.220 Processed food item. Processed food item... other covered commodity or other substantive food component (e.g., chocolate, breading, tomato sauce...

  16. Assuring Academic Achievement Standards: From Moderation to Calibration

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Sadler, D. Royce

    2013-01-01

    The course (module) grades entered on higher education academic records (transcripts) purportedly represent substantive levels of student achievement. They are often taken at face value and accepted as comparable across courses. Research undertaken over several decades has shown that the underlying standards against which student works are…

  17. 78 FR 46543 - Airworthiness Directives; Airbus Airplanes

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-08-01

    ... corrosion of certain THSAs, ballscrew integrity tests if necessary; and replacing any affected THSA with a.... We will post all comments we receive, without change, to http://www.regulations.gov , including any personal information you provide. We will also post a report summarizing each substantive verbal contact we...

  18. Reducing the Teacher Workforce: A Management Perspective.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Collins, Philip; Nelson, Dorothy Q.

    1983-01-01

    Discusses substantive and procedural restraints, including legal pitfalls, due process, and no-layoff clauses, within which public employers must decide questions of reduction in workforce (RIF). Describes elements of a sound RIF policy and considers ways of using the collective bargaining process to facilitate the RIF process. (JBM)

  19. Improving Teamwork through Awareness of Conversational Styles

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Rehling, Louise

    2004-01-01

    Conversational styles can sometimes cause conflicts on problem-solving writing teams. In self-defense, students often resort to blaming and shaming around conversational styles, which can just worsen unproductive group behaviors, limiting idea exchanges and deflecting attention from substantive issues and onto what is often labeled "personality…

  20. 75 FR 5834 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, Inc.; Notice of Filing...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-02-04

    ...-Regulatory Organizations; Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, Inc.; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness of Proposed Rule Change To Update Certain Cross-References and Make Other Various Non-Substantive..., 2010, Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, Inc. (``FINRA'') filed with the Securities and Exchange...

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