Balloon Blocking Technique (BBT) for Superselective Catheterization of Inaccessible Arteries with Conventional and Modified Techniques

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Morishita, Hiroyuki, E-mail: hmorif@koto.kpu-m.ac.jp, E-mail: mori-h33@xa2.so-net.ne.jp; Takeuchi, Yoshito, E-mail: yotake62@qg8.so-net.ne.jp; Ito, Takaaki, E-mail: takaaki@koto.kpu-m.ac.jp

2016-06-15

PurposeThe purpose of the study was to retrospectively evaluate the efficacy and safety of the balloon blocking technique (BBT).Materials and MethodsThe BBT was performed in six patients (all males, mean 73.5 years) in whom superselective catheterization for transcatheter arterial embolization by the conventional microcatheter techniques had failed due to anatomical difficulty, including targeted arteries originating steeply or hooked from parent arteries. All BBT procedures were performed using Seldinger’s transfemoral method. Occlusive balloons were deployed and inflated at the distal side of the target artery branching site in the parent artery via transfemoral access. A microcatheter was delivered from a 5-F cathetermore » via another femoral access and was advanced over the microguidewire into the target artery, under balloon blockage of advancement of the microguidewire into non-target branches. After the balloon catheter was deflated and withdrawn, optimal interventions were performed through the microcatheter.ResultsAfter success of accessing the targeted artery by BBT, optimal interventions were accomplished in all patients with no complications other than vasovagal hypotension, which responded to nominal therapy.ConclusionThe BBT may be useful in superselective catheterization of inaccessible arteries due to anatomical difficulties.« less

Epithelial cell proliferation in human fundic and antral mucosae. Influence of superselective vagotomy and relationship with gastritis

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Gutierrez, O.; Lehy, T.; Rene, E.

1985-11-01

Epithelial cell proliferation in the fundic and antral mucosae was studied in 19 duodenal ulcer patients, 11 patients having undergone fundic superselective vagotomy for duodenal ulcer, and 10 controls. This was achieved through in vitro incorporation of tritiated thymidine in mucosal biopsies and radioautography. Except for increased fundic mucosal height, duodenal ulcer patients did not differ from controls for all parameters studied. In vagotomized patients, as compared to the other two groups, the labeling index was significantly enhanced in the innervated antral mucosa where atrophic gastritis developed, but there was no change in the labeling index and no worsening ofmore » mucosal inflammation in the denervated fundic mucosa. The only abnormality in the latter was a striking expansion, towards the surface, of the proliferative area within the fundic pit. The labeling indices and the degree of gastritis in gastric mucosae are significantly correlated in control and duodenal ulcer patients. If findings in antral mucosa, after superselective vagotomy, seemed related to gastritis lesions, those in fundic mucosa were not and may indicate an alteration due to the vagotomy per se.« less

Quantum solution for the one-dimensional Coulomb problem

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Nunez-Yepez, H. N.; Salas-Brito, A. L.; Solis, Didier A.

2011-06-15

The one-dimensional hydrogen atom has been a much studied system with a wide range of applications. Since the pioneering work of Loudon [R. Loudon, Am. J. Phys. 27, 649 (1959).], a number of different features related to the nature of the eigenfunctions have been found. However, many of the claims made throughout the years in this regard are not correct--such as the existence of only odd eigenstates or of an infinite binding-energy ground state. We explicitly show that the one-dimensional hydrogen atom does not admit a ground state of infinite binding energy and that the one-dimensional Coulomb potential is notmore » its own supersymmetric partner. Furthermore, we argue that at the root of many such false claims lies the omission of a superselection rule that effectively separates the right side from the left side of the singularity of the Coulomb potential.« less

Quantifying entanglement with witness operators

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Brandao, Fernando G.S.L.

2005-08-15

We present a unifying approach to the quantification of entanglement based on entanglement witnesses, which includes several already established entanglement measures such as the negativity, the concurrence, and the robustness of entanglement. We then introduce an infinite family of new entanglement quantifiers, having as its limits the best separable approximation measure and the generalized robustness. Gaussian states, states with symmetry, states constrained to super-selection rules, and states composed of indistinguishable particles are studied under the view of the witnessed entanglement. We derive new bounds to the fidelity of teleportation d{sub min}, for the distillable entanglement E{sub D} and for themore » entanglement of formation. A particular measure, the PPT-generalized robustness, stands out due to its easy calculability and provides sharper bounds to d{sub min} and E{sub D} than the negativity in most of the states. We illustrate our approach studying thermodynamical properties of entanglement in the Heisenberg XXX and dimerized models.« less

Relativistic Causality and Quasi-Orthomodular Algebras

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Nobili, Renato

2006-05-01

The concept of fractionability or decomposability in parts of a physical system has its mathematical counterpart in the lattice--theoretic concept of orthomodularity. Systems with a finite number of degrees of freedom can be decomposed in different ways, corresponding to different groupings of the degrees of freedom. The orthomodular structure of these simple systems is trivially manifest. The problem then arises as to whether the same property is shared by physical systems with an infinite number of degrees of freedom, in particular by the quantum relativistic ones. The latter case was approached several years ago by Haag and Schroer (1962; Haag, 1992) who started from noting that the causally complete sets of Minkowski spacetime form an orthomodular lattice and posed the question of whether the subalgebras of local observables, with topological supports on such subsets, form themselves a corresponding orthomodular lattice. Were it so, the way would be paved to interpreting spacetime as an intrinsic property of a local quantum field algebra. Surprisingly enough, however, the hoped property does not hold for local algebras of free fields with superselection rules. The possibility seems to be instead open if the local currents that govern the superselection rules are driven by gauge fields. Thus, in the framework of local quantum physics, the request for algebraic orthomodularity seems to imply physical interactions! Despite its charm, however, such a request appears plagued by ambiguities and criticities that make of it an ill--posed problem. The proposers themselves, indeed, concluded that the orthomodular correspondence hypothesis is too strong for having a chance of being practicable. Thus, neither the idea was taken seriously by the proposers nor further investigated by others up to a reasonable degree of clarification. This paper is an attempt to re--formulate and well--pose the problem. It will be shown that the idea is viable provided that the algebra of local observables: (1) is considered all over the whole range of its irreducible representations; (2) is widened with the addition of the elements of a suitable intertwining group of automorphisms; (3) the orthomodular correspondence requirement is modified to an extent sufficient to impart a natural topological structure to the intertwined algebra of observables so obtained. A novel scenario then emerges in which local quantum physics appears to provide a general framework for non--perturbative quantum field dynamics.

[The use of superselective embolization of the maxillary artery in treatment of bleedings in the Rendu-Osler-Weber syndrome].

PubMed

Kantor, Ireneusz; Winiarski, Michał; Jurkiewicz, Dariusz; Osiecki, Mirosław; Brzozowski, Krzysztof

2005-01-01

Rendu-Osler-Weber syndrome is a rare genetically determined disorder that affects blood vessels throughout the body and results in a tendency for bleeding. Authors describe the case of superselective embolization of the left maxillary artery with polyvinyl alcohol particles in a patient with the Rendu-Osler-Weber syndrome hospitalized and treated in the Department of Otolaryngology and the Department of Radiology of the Military Institute in Warszawa, Poland due to persistent, severe and difficult to manage nasal bleeding. After the procedure had been performed patient condition improved and frequency and severity of nasal bleeding significantly diminished. Authors conclude that superselective embolization of the maxillary artery in a patient with Rendu-Osler-Weber syndrome is safe and effective and can be a valuable alternative to the maxillary artery or the carotis externa artery ligation. Authors also describe other methods of nasal bleeding management: laser photocoagulation, argon plasma coagulation, nasal dermoplasty and pharmacological treatment. Authors indicate that treating patients with Rendu-Osler-Weber syndrome is a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge for a physician and surgeon that require special approach to a patient due to difficult to manage symptoms. Patients with Rendu-Osler-Weber syndrome should be treated in a hospital setting due to access to diagnostic imaging techniques that can be helpful in revealing possible life threatening conditions.

The incidence of late neck recurrence in N0 maxillary sinus squamous cell carcinomas after superselective intra-arterial chemoradiotherapy without prophylactic neck irradiation.

PubMed

Sakashita, Tomohiro; Homma, Akihiro; Hatakeyama, Hiromitsu; Kano, Satoshi; Mizumachi, Takatsugu; Furusawa, Jun; Yoshida, Daisuke; Fujima, Noriyuki; Onimaru, Rikiya; Tsuchiya, Kazuhiko; Yasuda, Koichi; Shirato, Hiroki; Fukuda, Satoshi

2014-10-01

The efficacy of elective neck irradiation (ENI) for patients with N0 carcinoma of the maxillary sinus has been controversial. The purpose of our study was to investigate the incidence of late neck recurrence and the mortality rate from regional disease in patients with N0 maxillary sinus cancer after superselective cisplatin infusion and concomitant radiotherapy (RADPLAT) without ENI. We retrospectively analyzed 48 patients with N0 maxillary sinus cancer who underwent RADPLAT. Chemotherapy consisted of 100-120 mg/m(2) superselective intra-arterial cisplatin administered at a median rate of four times weekly. Concurrent radiation therapy was administered at a median dose of 65 Gy without ENI. Late neck recurrence was observed in 8.3% (4/48). Three patients underwent salvage neck dissection and survived without any evidence of disease. The remaining patient did not undergo neck dissection due to coexistence with distant metastasis, and he died of regional disease. The mortality rate from regional disease was calculated to be 2% (1/48). The incidence of late neck recurrence was not frequent, and the mortality rate from regional disease was low. Salvage neck dissection was considered to be feasible for patients with late neck recurrence. When definitive radiotherapy and concomitant chemotherapy are applied, it is considered that ENI is not required for cases of N0 maxillary sinus cancer.

Asymptotic dynamics in perturbative quantum gravity and BMS supertranslations

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Choi, Sangmin; Kol, Uri; Akhoury, Ratindranath

2018-01-01

Recently it has been shown that infrared divergences in the conventional S-matrix elements of gauge and gravitational theories arise from a violation of the conservation laws associated with large gauge symmetries. These infrared divergences can be cured by using the Faddeev-Kulish (FK) asymptotic states as the basis for S-matrix elements. Motivated by this connection, we study the action of BMS supertranslations on the FK asymptotic states of perturbative quantum gravity. We compute the BMS charge of the FK states and show that it characterizes the superselection sector to which the state belongs. Conservation of the BMS charge then implies that there is no transition between different superselection sectors, hence showing that the FK graviton clouds implement the necessary transition induced by the scattering process.

On the quantum symmetry of the chiral Ising model

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Vecsernyés, Peter

1994-03-01

We introduce the notion of rational Hopf algebras that we think are able to describe the superselection symmetries of rational quantum field theories. As an example we show that a six-dimensional rational Hopf algebra H can reproduce the fusion rules, the conformal weights, the quantum dimensions and the representation of the modular group of the chiral Ising model. H plays the role of the global symmetry algebra of the chiral Ising model in the following sense: (1) a simple field algebra F and a representation π on Hπ of it is given, which contains the c = {1}/{2} unitary representations of the Virasoro algebra as subrepresentations; (2) the embedding U: H → B( Hπ) is such that the observable algebra π( A) - is the invariant subalgebra of B( Hπ) with respect to the left adjoint action of H and U(H) is the commutant of π( A); (3) there exist H-covariant primary fields in B( Hπ), which obey generalized Cuntz algebra properties and intertwine between the inequivalent sectors of the observables.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Ortiz, Gerardo, E-mail: ortizg@indiana.edu; Cobanera, Emilio

We investigate Majorana modes of number-conserving fermionic superfluids from both basic physics principles, and concrete models perspectives. After reviewing a criterion for establishing topological superfluidity in interacting systems, based on many-body fermionic parity switches, we reveal the emergence of zero-energy modes anticommuting with fermionic parity. Those many-body Majorana modes are constructed as coherent superpositions of states with different number of fermions. While realization of Majorana modes beyond mean field is plausible, we show that the challenge to quantum-control them is compounded by particle-conservation, and more realistic protocols will have to balance engineering needs with astringent constraints coming from superselection rules.more » Majorana modes in number-conserving systems are the result of a peculiar interplay between quantum statistics, fermionic parity, and an unusual form of spontaneous symmetry breaking. We test these ideas on the Richardson–Gaudin–Kitaev chain, a number-conserving model solvable by way of the algebraic Bethe ansatz, and equivalent in mean field to a long-range Kitaev chain.« less

Thermochemoradiation Therapy Using Superselective Intra-arterial Infusion via Superficial Temporal and Occipital Arteries for Oral Cancer With N3 Cervical Lymph Node Metastases

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Mitsudo, Kenji, E-mail: mitsudo@yokohama-cu.ac.jp; Koizumi, Toshiyuki; Iida, Masaki

2012-08-01

Purpose: To evaluate the therapeutic results and histopathological effects of treatment with thermochemoradiation therapy using superselective intra-arterial infusion via the superficial temporal and occipital arteries for N3 cervical lymph node metastases of advanced oral cancer. Methods and Materials: Between April 2005 and September 2010, 9 patients with N3 cervical lymph node metastases of oral squamous cell carcinoma underwent thermochemoradiation therapy using superselective intra-arterial infusion with docetaxel (DOC) and cisplatin (CDDP). Treatment consisted of hyperthermia (2-8 sessions), superselective intra-arterial infusions (DOC, total 40-60 mg/m{sup 2}; CDDP, total 100-150 mg/m{sup 2}) and daily concurrent radiation therapy (total, 40-60 Gy) for 4-6 weeks.more » Results: Six of 9 patients underwent neck dissection 5-8 weeks after treatment. In four of these 6 patients, all metastatic lymph nodes, including those at N3, were grade 3 (non-viable tumor cells present) or grade 4 (no tumor cells present) tumors, as classified by the system by Shimosato et al (Shimosato et al Jpn J Clin Oncol 1971;1:19-35). In 2 of these 6 patients, the metastatic lymph nodes were grade 2b (destruction of tumor structures with a small amount of residual viable tumor cells). The other 3 patients did not undergo neck dissection due to distant metastasis after completion of thermochemoradiation therapy (n=2) and refusal (n=1). The patient who refused neck dissection underwent biopsy of the N3 lymph node and primary sites and showed grade 3 cancer. During follow-up, 5 patients were alive without disease, and 4 patients died due to pulmonary metastasis (n=3) and noncancer-related causes (n=1). Five-year survival and locoregional control rates were 51% and 88%, respectively. Conclusions: Thermochemoradiation therapy using intra-arterial infusion provided good histopathologic effects and locoregional control rates in patients with N3 metastatic lymph nodes. However, patients with N3 metastatic lymph nodes experienced a high rate of distant metastases.« less

Quantum entanglement for systems of identical bosons: I. General features

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dalton, B. J.; Goold, J.; Garraway, B. M.; Reid, M. D.

2017-02-01

These two accompanying papers are concerned with two mode entanglement for systems of identical massive bosons and the relationship to spin squeezing and other quantum correlation effects. Entanglement is a key quantum feature of composite systems in which the probabilities for joint measurements on the composite sub-systems are no longer determined from measurement probabilities on the separate sub-systems. There are many aspects of entanglement that can be studied. This two-part review focuses on the meaning of entanglement, the quantum paradoxes associated with entangled states, and the important tests that allow an experimentalist to determine whether a quantum state—in particular, one for massive bosons is entangled. An overall outcome of the review is to distinguish criteria (and hence experiments) for entanglement that fully utilize the symmetrization principle and the super-selection rules that can be applied to bosonic massive particles. In the first paper (I), the background is given for the meaning of entanglement in the context of systems of identical particles. For such systems, the requirement is that the relevant quantum density operators must satisfy the symmetrization principle and that global and local super-selection rules prohibit states in which there are coherences between differing particle numbers. The justification for these requirements is fully discussed. In the second quantization approach that is used, both the system and the sub-systems are modes (or sets of modes) rather than particles, particles being associated with different occupancies of the modes. The definition of entangled states is based on first defining the non-entangled states—after specifying which modes constitute the sub-systems. This work mainly focuses on the two mode entanglement for massive bosons, but is put in the context of tests of local hidden variable theories, where one may not be able to make the above restrictions. The review provides the detailed arguments necessary for the conclusions of a recent paper, where the question of how to rigorously demonstrate the entanglement of a two-mode Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) has been examined. In the accompanying review paper (II), we consider spin squeezing and other tests for entanglement that have been proposed for two-mode bosonic systems. We apply the approach of review (I) to determine which tests, and which modifications of the tests, are useful for detecting entanglement in massive bosonic (BEC), as opposed to photonic, systems. Several new inequalities are derived, a theory for the required two-mode interferometry is presented, and key experiments to date are analyzed.

Does vagotomy protect against multiple sclerosis?

PubMed

Sundbøll, Jens; Horváth-Puhó, Erzsébet; Adelborg, Kasper; Svensson, Elisabeth

2017-07-01

To examine the association between vagotomy and multiple sclerosis. We conducted a matched cohort study of all patients who underwent truncal or super-selective vagotomy and a comparison cohort, by linking Danish population-based medical registries (1977-1995). Hazard ratios (HRs) for multiple sclerosis, adjusting for potential confounders were computed by means of Cox regression analysis. Median age of multiple sclerosis onset corresponded to late onset multiple sclerosis. No association with multiple sclerosis was observed for truncal vagotomy (0-37 year adjusted HR=0.91, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.48-1.74) or super-selective vagotomy (0-37 year adjusted HR=1.28, 95% CI: 0.79-2.09) compared with the general population. We found no association between vagotomy and later risk of late onset multiple sclerosis. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

[The clinical effect of combination therapy for oral cancer with S-1, superselective intra-arterial chemotherapy, and radiation therapy].

PubMed

Yamamoto, Chika; Yoshikawa, Hiromasa; Fukumoto, Shunsuke; Higuchi, Takashi; Yoshida, Masanori; Horinouchi, Yasufumi; Uehara, Satoru; Yasumori, Koutarou

2011-12-01

Combination therapy with S-1, superselective intra-arterial infusion of CBDCA and radiation therapy has been used to treat patients with oral cancer since 2005. In this study, the histopathological effects and toxicities following concurrent chemoradiotherapy were examined. The subjects consisted of 15 patients (10 men and 5 women) who were treated with S-1 (60-80 mg/day, 4 weeks), superselective intra-arterial infusion of CBDCA (300 mg/body) and radiation therapy (total dose 30-36 Gy) in our department from 2005 to 2009. Nine patients, showed T2 disease, 3 showed T3 disease, and another 3 showed T4 diseases. The primary cancer sites were the tongue (6 cases), buccal mucosa (4 cases), mandible gingival (3 cases), maxillary gingiva (1 case), and the floor of the mouth (1 case). The histopathological effects were evaluated according to Oboshi-Shimosato classification. Grade IV was shown in 10 cases (66. 7%), grade III in 1 case (6. 7%), II bin 3 cases (20. 0%), and II a in 1 case (6. 7%). All patients completed the treatment. The pathological response of the resected tumor was grade IIbor higher in 14 cases (93. 3%). While good histological effects were noted, there was one patient for whom viable tumor cells remained in the central part of the tumor. The present study indicates that further investigation is needed to determine the best dosing and dosing schedule.

Haag duality for Kitaev’s quantum double model for abelian groups

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fiedler, Leander; Naaijkens, Pieter

2015-11-01

We prove Haag duality for cone-like regions in the ground state representation corresponding to the translational invariant ground state of Kitaev’s quantum double model for finite abelian groups. This property says that if an observable commutes with all observables localized outside the cone region, it actually is an element of the von Neumann algebra generated by the local observables inside the cone. This strengthens locality, which says that observables localized in disjoint regions commute. As an application, we consider the superselection structure of the quantum double model for abelian groups on an infinite lattice in the spirit of the Doplicher-Haag-Roberts program in algebraic quantum field theory. We find that, as is the case for the toric code model on an infinite lattice, the superselection structure is given by the category of irreducible representations of the quantum double.

Superselective Embolization for Arterial Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding Using N-Butyl Cyanoacrylate: A Single-Center Experience in 152 Patients.

PubMed

Hur, Saebeom; Jae, Hwan Jun; Lee, Hyukjoon; Lee, Myungsu; Kim, Hyo-Cheol; Chung, Jin Wook

2017-12-01

To evaluate 30-day safety and efficacy of superselective embolization for arterial upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGIB) using N-butyl cyanoacrylate (NBCA). This single-center retrospective 10-year study included 152 consecutive patients with UGIB (gastric, n = 74; duodenal, n = 78) who underwent embolization with NBCA for angiographically positive arterial bleeding. The primary endpoint was clinical success rate defined as achievement of hemostasis without rebleeding or UGIB-related mortality within 30 days after embolization. Mean systolic blood pressure and heart rate were 121.2 mm Hg ± 27.4 and 97.9 beats/minute ± 22.5; 31.1% of patients needed intravenous inotropes, and 36.6% had coagulopathy. The etiology of bleeding was ulcer (80.3%) or iatrogenic injury (19.7%). Statistical analysis was performed to identify predictive factors for outcomes. Technical success rate was 100%. Clinical success, 1-month mortality, and major complication rates were 70.4%, 22.4%, and 0.7%. There were significant differences in the clinical success rates between gastric and duodenal bleeding (79.4% vs 62.2%; P = .025). The need for intravenous inotropes at the time of embolization was a significant negative predictive factor in both gastric (odds ratio [OR] = 0.091, P = .004) and duodenal (OR = 0.156, P = .002) bleeding. The use of a microcatheter with a smaller tip (2 F) was associated with better outcomes in duodenal bleeding (OR = 7.389, P = .005). Superselective embolization using NBCA is safe and effective for angiographically positive arterial UGIB. Copyright © 2017 SIR. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Fusion of Positive Energy Representations of LSpin(2n)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Toledano-Laredo, V.

2004-09-01

Building upon the Jones-Wassermann program of studying Conformal Field Theory using operator algebraic tools, and the work of A. Wassermann on the loop group of LSU(n) (Invent. Math. 133 (1998), 467-538), we give a solution to the problem of fusion for the loop group of Spin(2n). Our approach relies on the use of A. Connes' tensor product of bimodules over a von Neumann algebra to define a multiplicative operation (Connes fusion) on the (integrable) positive energy representations of a given level. The notion of bimodules arises by restricting these representations to loops with support contained in an interval I of the circle or its complement. We study the corresponding Grothendieck ring and show that fusion with the vector representation is given by the Verlinde rules. The computation rests on 1) the solution of a 6-parameter family of Knizhnik-Zamolodchikhov equations and the determination of its monodromy, 2) the explicit construction of the primary fields of the theory, which allows to prove that they define operator-valued distributions and 3) the algebraic theory of superselection sectors developed by Doplicher-Haag-Roberts.

Management of biliopleural fistula after transarterial chemoembolization of a liver lesion.

PubMed

Butt, Amir Shahzad; Mujtaba, Ghulam; Anand, Sury; Krishnaiah, Mahesh

2010-05-01

A case of a biliopleural fistula with a biloma occurring after superselective hepatic transarterial chemoembolization ablation of a metastatic hepatic carcinoid is described. The presentation was complicated by choledocholithiasis. The biloma was successfully treated with endoscopic drainage.

Management of biliopleural fistula after transarterial chemoembolization of a liver lesion

PubMed Central

Butt, Amir Shahzad; Mujtaba, Ghulam; Anand, Sury; Krishnaiah, Mahesh

2010-01-01

A case of a biliopleural fistula with a biloma occurring after superselective hepatic transarterial chemoembolization ablation of a metastatic hepatic carcinoid is described. The presentation was complicated by choledocholithiasis. The biloma was successfully treated with endoscopic drainage. PMID:20485700

The Use of Superselective Arteriography in the Evaluation of the Influence of Intracapsular Hip Joint Pressure on the Blood Flow of the Femoral Head.

PubMed

Wu, Kai; Huang, Jianhua; Wang, Qiugen

2016-01-01

We aimed to analyze the intracapsular pressure of the hip joint following femoral neck fracture and its relationship to the position of the hip or to traction and (using superselective arteriography) to evaluate the blood supply to the femoral head and the influence of traction and hip position on the blood supply. Twenty-six cases of fresh Garden type I-III femoral neck fractures were enrolled. After being placed in the neutral position, in internal rotation or with traction of 3 and 5 kg, respectively, intracapsular manometric changes were measured. Eight cases underwent superselective arteriography of the medial circumflex femoral artery and its branches under the manometric changes of the hip joint capsule. Twenty-four to 48 h after the injury, the intracapsular pressure was significantly higher on the fractured side than on the normal side. The mean pressure was 28.41 ± 9.339 mm Hg in fully extended hips in the neutral position, 79.92 ± 12.80 mm Hg in internally rotated hips, 51.39 ± 15.41 mm Hg in hips with 3 kg of traction and 64.81 ± 13.56 mm Hg in hips with 5 kg of traction. The arteriographic findings revealed that traction and internal rotation reduced the perfusion of the femoral head at the medial circumflex femoral artery and its branches, and also negatively influenced venous reflux. Traction and internal rotation both caused the intracapsular pressure of the hip joint to rise considerably, which reduced the femoral head perfusion and impeded venous reflux. This could lead to avascular necrosis of the femoral head. © 2015 S. Karger AG, Basel.

Organ Preservation With Daily Concurrent Chemoradiotherapy Using Superselective Intra-Arterial Infusion via a Superficial Temporal Artery for T3 and T4 Head and Neck Cancer

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Mitsudo, Kenji, E-mail: mitsudo@yokohama-cu.ac.j; Shigetomi, Toshio; Fujimoto, Yasushi

Purpose: To evaluate the therapeutic results and rate of organ preservation in patients with advanced head and neck cancer treated with superselective intra-arterial chemotherapy via a superficial temporal artery and daily concurrent radiotherapy. Methods and Materials: Between April 2002 and March 2006, 30 patients with T3 or T4a squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck underwent intra-arterial chemoradiotherapy. Treatment consisted of superselective intra-arterial infusions (docetaxel, total 60 mg/m{sup 2}; cisplatin, total 150 mg/m{sup 2}) and daily concurrent radiotherapy (total, 60 Gy) for 6 weeks. Results: The median follow-up for all patients was 46.2 months (range, 10-90 months). The medianmore » follow-up for living patients was 49.7 months (range, 36-90 months). After intra-arterial chemoradiotherapy was administered, primary site complete response was achieved in 30 (100%) of 30 cases. Seven patients (23.3%) died. Using the Kaplan-Meier method, 1-year, 3-year, and 5-year survival rates were 96.7%, 83.1%, and 70.2%, respectively, while 1-year, 3-year, and 5-year local control rates were 83.3%, 79.7%, and 73.0%, respectively. Grade 3 or 4 mucositis occurred in 20 cases (66.7%). Grade 3 toxicities included dysphagia in 20 cases (66.7%), dermatitis in 6 cases (20%), nausea/vomiting in 2 cases (6.7%), and neutropenia and thrombocytopenia in 1 case (3.3%). No osteoradionecrosis of mandible and maxillary bones developed during follow-up. Conclusions: Intra-arterial chemoradiotherapy using a superficial temporal artery provided good overall survival and local control rates. This combination chemoradiotherapy approach can preserve organs and minimize functional disturbance, thus contributing to patients' quality of life.« less

Bilateral non-superselective embolization with particles under transient occlusion of the internal carotid artery in the management of juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma: technical note.

PubMed

Santos-Franco, J A; Lee, A; Campos-Navarro, L A; Tenorio-Sánchez, J; Zenteno, M; Osorio-Alvarado, A R

2012-10-01

Juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma (JNA) is a rare histologically benign tumor, highly vascularized, with usually aggressive behavior, and can extend from the nasal cavity to neighboring structures. We present the case of a 14-year-old male harboring a JNA, presenting with an active severe and persistent epistaxis. Two previous surgical attempts of removal were unsuccessful, because of profuse intraoperative bleeding. Angiography showed a highly vascularized neoplasm with multiple branches arising from both internal carotid arteries, with absence of branches from the external carotid due to previous surgical ligation. Direct puncture tumor embolization was not possible because removal of nasal packing triggered major hemorrhage. The only option for embolization was a technique of non-superselective embolization with particles under transient occlusion of the internal carotid artery. The procedure was performed uneventfully from either side, the tumor was subsequently removed, and the patient had no recurrence 2 years after the initial treatment.

Superselective Urokinase Infusion Therapy for Dorsalis Pedis Artery Occlusion in Buerger's Disease

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Kubota, Yasushi; Kichikawa, Kimihiko; Uchida, Hideo

1997-09-15

Occlusion of the proximal left dorsalis pedis artery (DPA) in a patient with Buerger's disease was treated by continuous urokinase intraarterial infusion using a microcatheter. Recanalization of the DPA and healing of a toe ulcer were achieved. The patient remains asymptomatic during a 4-year follow-up.

Is BTZ a separate superselection sector of CTMG?

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Deser, S.; Franklin, J.

2010-10-01

We exhibit exact solutions of (positive) matter coupled to original “wrong G-sign” cosmological TMG. They all evolve to conical singularity, rather than to black hole - here negative mass - BTZ. This provides evidence that the latter constitute a separate “superselection” sector, one that unlike in GR, is not reachable by physical sources.

Cognition in epilepsy: current clinical issues of interest.

PubMed

Witt, Juri-Alexander; Helmstaedter, Christoph

2017-04-01

This review provides an update and summary of recent neuropsychological findings in epilepsy focusing on three major clinical topics among the many developments in the field. We will critically outline the current state with regard to cognition in new-onset epilepsies, social cognition in epilepsy, and the long-term outcome of epilepsy surgery and the cognitive outcomes of superselective surgical procedures. Current studies indicate that neuropsychological impairments are prevalent already at the onset of epilepsy and even before, social cognition (i.e., emotion recognition and theory of mind) is impaired in different epilepsy populations, the long-term outcome of epilepsy surgery is mostly characterized by a stable or even improved cognitive status, and superselective epilepsy surgeries are associated with a promising neuropsychological outcome. The high prevalence of cognitive deficits around epilepsy onset challenges the assumption that epilepsy is the major cause of cognitive problems and calls for early neuropsychological diagnostics. Social cognition seems to be a relevant domain that is not yet routinely considered in epilepsy. The cognitive long-term outcome of epilepsy surgery is mostly positive. Stereotactic thermocoagulation and gamma knife surgery appear to be cognitively safe procedures.

Quantization and Superselection Sectors I:. Transformation Group C*-ALGEBRAS

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Landsman, N. P.

Quantization is defined as the act of assigning an appropriate C*-algebra { A} to a given configuration space Q, along with a prescription mapping self-adjoint elements of { A} into physically interpretable observables. This procedure is adopted to solve the problem of quantizing a particle moving on a homogeneous locally compact configuration space Q=G/H. Here { A} is chosen to be the transformation group C*-algebra corresponding to the canonical action of G on Q. The structure of these algebras and their representations are examined in some detail. Inequivalent quantizations are identified with inequivalent irreducible representations of the C*-algebra corresponding to the system, hence with its superselection sectors. Introducing the concept of a pre-Hamiltonian, we construct a large class of G-invariant time-evolutions on these algebras, and find the Hamiltonians implementing these time-evolutions in each irreducible representation of { A}. “Topological” terms in the Hamiltonian (or the corresponding action) turn out to be representation-dependent, and are automatically induced by the quantization procedure. Known “topological” charge quantization or periodicity conditions are then identically satisfied as a consequence of the representation theory of { A}.

Successful Pregnancy with a Full-Term Vaginal Delivery One Year After n-Butyl Cyanoacrylate Embolization of a Uterine Arteriovenous Malformation

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

McCormick, Colleen C.; Kim, Hyun S.

Uterine arteriovenous malformation (AVM) causes significant morbidity with vaginal bleeding. Traditional therapy is a hysterectomy with no potential for future pregnancy. We present a case of successful superselective embolization of uterine AVM using n-butyl cyanoacrylate with subsequent normal term pregnancy and uncomplicated vaginal delivery in 1 year.

Quantum theory of the classical: quantum jumps, Born's Rule and objective classical reality via quantum Darwinism.

PubMed

Zurek, Wojciech Hubert

2018-07-13

The emergence of the classical world from the quantum substrate of our Universe is a long-standing conundrum. In this paper, I describe three insights into the transition from quantum to classical that are based on the recognition of the role of the environment. I begin with the derivation of preferred sets of states that help to define what exists-our everyday classical reality. They emerge as a result of the breaking of the unitary symmetry of the Hilbert space which happens when the unitarity of quantum evolutions encounters nonlinearities inherent in the process of amplification-of replicating information. This derivation is accomplished without the usual tools of decoherence, and accounts for the appearance of quantum jumps and the emergence of preferred pointer states consistent with those obtained via environment-induced superselection, or einselection The pointer states obtained in this way determine what can happen-define events-without appealing to Born's Rule for probabilities. Therefore, p k =| ψ k | 2 can now be deduced from the entanglement-assisted invariance, or envariance -a symmetry of entangled quantum states. With probabilities at hand, one also gains new insights into the foundations of quantum statistical physics. Moreover, one can now analyse the information flows responsible for decoherence. These information flows explain how the perception of objective classical reality arises from the quantum substrate: the effective amplification that they represent accounts for the objective existence of the einselected states of macroscopic quantum systems through the redundancy of pointer state records in their environment-through quantum Darwinism This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'Foundations of quantum mechanics and their impact on contemporary society'. © 2018 The Author(s).

Efficacy of Superselective Neck Dissection in Detecting Metastasis in Patients with cN0 Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma at High Risk of Lateral Neck Metastasis

PubMed Central

An, Changming; Zhang, Xiwei; Wang, Shixu; Zhang, Zongmin; Yin, Yulin; Xu, Zhengang; Tang, Pingzhang; Li, Zhengjiang

2017-01-01

Background This study aimed to evaluate superselective neck dissection (SSND) in patients with cN0 papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) at high risk of lateral cervical lymph node (LN) metastasis. Material/Methods This study enrolled 138 patients with PTC who underwent SSND. These patients were at high risk for LN metastasis and the rate of cervical LN metastasis was recorded. Results In all, 146 lateral neck dissections were performed in 138 patients. Intraoperative pathological data revealed LN metastasis from 55 cases, for which Level II and V dissection were performed. Ninety SSNDs were performed in the other 83 patients without metastasis identified in frozen sections. Occult lymph node metastasis (OLNM) rates were 56.8% and 43.5% in the central compartment and lateral neck, respectively. OLNM rates of Level II–VI were 17.8%, 31.5%, 36.3%, 1.4%, and 56.8%, respectively. Level VI metastasis (p<0.001), extra thyroidal extension (p=0.003), and tumor size (p=0.011) were significant factors for lateral neck LN metastasis. Conclusions SSND might be effective for early diagnosis of lateral neck metastases of PTC. Patients with OLNM should receive level II, III, and IV dissection, but level V dissection could be omitted. PMID:28469126

Post-traumatic hepatic artery pseudo-aneurysm combined with subphrenic liver abscess treated with embolization

PubMed Central

Sun, Long; Guan, Yong-Song; Wu, Hua; Pan, Wei-Min; Li, Xiao; He, Qing; Liu, Yuan

2006-01-01

A 23-year-old man with post-traumatic hepatic artery pseudo-aneurysm and subphrenic liver abscess was admitted. He underwent coil embolization of hepatic artery pseudo-aneurysm. The pseudo-aneurysm was successfully obstructed and subphrenic liver abscess was controlled. Super-selective trans-catheter coil embolization may represent an effective treatment for hepatic artery pseudo-aneurysm combined with subphrenic liver abscess in the absence of other therapeutic alternatives. PMID:16718774

Post-traumatic hepatic artery pseudo-aneurysm combined with subphrenic liver abscess treated with embolization.

PubMed

Sun, Long; Guan, Yong-Song; Wu, Hua; Pan, Wei-Min; Li, Xiao; He, Qing; Liu, Yuan

2006-05-07

A 23-year-old man with post-traumatic hepatic artery pseudo-aneurysm and subphrenic liver abscess was admitted. He underwent coil embolization of hepatic artery pseudo-aneurysm. The pseudo-aneurysm was successfully obstructed and subphrenic liver abscess was controlled. Super-selective trans-catheter coil embolization may represent an effective treatment for hepatic artery pseudo-aneurysm combined with subphrenic liver abscess in the absence of other therapeutic alternatives.

Representations of Nets of C*-Algebras over S 1

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ruzzi, Giuseppe; Vasselli, Ezio

2012-11-01

In recent times a new kind of representations has been used to describe superselection sectors of the observable net over a curved spacetime, taking into account the effects of the fundamental group of the spacetime. Using this notion of representation, we prove that any net of C*-algebras over S 1 admits faithful representations, and when the net is covariant under Diff( S 1), it admits representations covariant under any amenable subgroup of Diff( S 1).

Multiplex Real-Time PCR Assays that Measure the Abundance of Extremely Rare Mutations Associated with Cancer

PubMed Central

Vargas, Diana Y.; Kramer, Fred Russell; Tyagi, Sanjay; Marras, Salvatore A. E.

2016-01-01

We describe the use of “SuperSelective” primers that enable the detection and quantitation of somatic mutations whose presence relates to cancer diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy, in real-time PCR assays that can potentially analyze rare DNA fragments present in blood samples (liquid biopsies). The design of these deoxyribonucleotide primers incorporates both a relatively long “5' anchor sequence” that hybridizes strongly to target DNA fragments, and a very short, physically and functionally separate, “3' foot sequence” that is perfectly complementary to the mutant target sequence, but mismatches the wild-type sequence. As few as ten mutant fragments can reliably be detected in the presence of 1,000,000 wild-type fragments, even when the difference between the mutant and the wild type is only a single nucleotide polymorphism. Multiplex PCR assays employing a set of SuperSelective primers, and a corresponding set of differently colored molecular beacon probes, can be used in situations where the different mutations, though occurring in different cells, are located in the same codon. These non-symmetric real-time multiplex PCR assays contain limited concentrations of each SuperSelective primer, thereby enabling the simultaneous determination of each mutation’s abundance by comparing its threshold value to the threshold value of a reference gene present in the sample. PMID:27244445

Renal Arterial Pseudoaneurysm and Renal Arteriovenous Fistula Following Partial Nephrectomy.

PubMed

Chen, Jinchao; Yang, Min; Wu, Pengjie; Li, Teng; Ning, Xianghui; Peng, Shuanghe; Wang, Jiangyi; Qi, Nienie; Gong, Kan

2018-01-01

Renal arterial pseudoaneurysm (RAP) and renal arteriovenous fistula (RAVF) are rare but can cause fatal bleeding. A retrospective review was conducted for patients undergoing partial nephrectomy (PN) in our department. The clinical features and treatment methods were analysed, and the relationships between RAP/RAVF and the surgical methods and R.E.N.A.L. score were investigated. Eleven patients were diagnosed with RAP/RAVF (9 with RAP and 2 with RAVF). The incidence of RAP/RAVF after laparoscopic PN showed no significant difference compared to that after open PN (p = 0.47). A low R.E.N.A.L. score was present in 6 patients, while an intermediate/high score was present in the other 5 patients. The major clinical manifestations included haematuria and haemorrhagic shock, and the median time of occurrence was 8 days after the operation. Six patients underwent an ultrasound examination. Of the 4 patients who underwent enhanced CT, 2 patients were diagnosed with RAP. All 11 patients were diagnosed by renal angiography and were cured after super-selective arterial embolization. The serum creatinine levels before and after embolization showed no significant differences (p = 0.14). RAP/RAVF may not have any relationship with the surgical procedure or R.E.N.A.L. score. Renal angiography and super-selective arterial embolization are the preferred methods for diagnosing and treating RAP/RAVF. © 2016 S. Karger AG, Basel.

A Novel External Carotid Arterial Sheath System for Intra-arterial Infusion Chemotherapy of Head and Neck Cancer.

PubMed

Ii, Noriko; Fuwa, Nobukazu; Toyomasu, Yutaka; Takada, Akinori; Nomura, Miwako; Kawamura, Tomoko; Sakuma, Hajime; Nomoto, Yoshihito

2017-07-01

The purpose of this study was to describe a novel system for treating advanced head and neck cancer consisting of an external carotid arterial sheath (ECAS) and a microcatheter to inject drugs retrogradely into multiple feeding arteries through the superficial temporal artery (STA). Four consecutive patients with head and neck cancer that had more than one feeding artery were enrolled in this study. The ECAS was made of polyurethane and surface-coated with heparin resin to prevent thrombus formation, allowing it to remain in place for a prolonged period of time. The ECAS was inserted through the STA, and its tip was placed between the maxillary artery and facial artery. The tumor-feeding arteries were selected using a hooked-shaped microcatheter through the ECAS. A total of 13 target arteries were selected in the four patients. The microcatheter inserted via the ECAS was used to catheterize ten arteries (five lingual arteries and five facial arteries). The remaining three lingual arteries were directly selected by the catheter without ECAS. All of the target arteries were able to be catheterized superselectively. The technical success rate was 100%. Vascular occlusion, which might have been caused by the ECAS, was observed in one patient. No neurologic toxicities occurred. This ECAS system is a new approach for retrograde superselective intra-arterial chemotherapy that covers the entire tumor with anticancer drugs. It has the potential to increase the effectiveness of therapy for advanced head and neck cancer. Level 4, Case Series.

Robotic unclamped "minimal-margin" partial nephrectomy: ongoing refinement of the anatomic zero-ischemia concept.

PubMed

Satkunasivam, Raj; Tsai, Sheaumei; Syan, Sumeet; Bernhard, Jean-Christophe; de Castro Abreu, Andre Luis; Chopra, Sameer; Berger, Andre K; Lee, Dennis; Hung, Andrew J; Cai, Jie; Desai, Mihir M; Gill, Inderbir S

2015-10-01

Anatomic partial nephrectomy (PN) techniques aim to decrease or eliminate global renal ischemia. To report the technical feasibility of completely unclamped "minimal-margin" robotic PN. We also illustrate the stepwise evolution of anatomic PN surgery with related outcomes data. This study was a retrospective analysis of 179 contemporary patients undergoing anatomic PN at a tertiary academic institution between October 2009 and February 2013. Consecutive consented patients were grouped into three cohorts: group 1, with superselective clamping and developmental-curve experience (n = 70); group 2, with superselective clamping and mature experience (n = 60); and group 3, which had completely unclamped, minimal-margin PN (n = 49). Patients in groups 1 and 2 underwent superselective tumor-specific devascularization, whereas patients in group 3 underwent completely unclamped minimal-margin PN adjacent to the tumor edge, a technique that takes advantage of the radially oriented intrarenal architecture and anatomy. Primary outcomes assessed the technical feasibility of robotic, completely unclamped, minimal-margin PN; short-term changes in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR); and development of new-onset chronic kidney disease (CKD) stage >3. Secondary outcome measures included perioperative variables, 30-d complications, and histopathologic outcomes. Demographic data were similar among groups. For similarly sized tumors (p = 0.13), percentage of kidney preserved was greater (p = 0.047) and margin width was narrower (p = 0.0004) in group 3. In addition, group 3 had less blood loss (200, 225, and 150ml; p = 0.04), lower transfusion rates (21%, 23%, and 4%; p = 0.008), and shorter hospital stay (p = 0.006), whereas operative time and 30-d complication rates were similar. At 1-mo postoperatively, median percentage reduction in eGFR was similar (7.6%, 0%, and 3.0%; p = 0.53); however, new-onset CKD stage >3 occurred less frequently in group 3 (23%, 10%, and 2%; p = 0.003). Study limitations included retrospective analysis, small sample size, and short follow-up. We developed an anatomically based technique of robotic, unclamped, minimal-margin PN. This evolution from selective clamped to unclamped PN may further optimize functional outcomes but requires external validation and longer follow-up. The technical evolution of partial nephrectomy surgery is aimed at eliminating global renal damage from the cessation of blood flow. An unclamped minimal-margin technique is described and may offer renal functional advantage but requires long-term follow-up and validation at other institutions. Copyright © 2015 European Association of Urology. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Endovascular Management of Intractable Postpartum Hemorrhage Caused by Vaginal Laceration

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Koganemaru, Masamichi, E-mail: mkoganemaru@med.kurume-u.ac.jp; Nonoshita, Masaaki, E-mail: z2rs-1973@yahoo.co.jp; Iwamoto, Ryoji, E-mail: iwamoto-ryouji@kurume-u.ac.jp

PurposeWe evaluated the management of transcatheter arterial embolization for postpartum hemorrhage caused by vaginal laceration.Materials and MethodsWe reviewed seven cases of patients (mean age 30.9 years; range 27–35) with intractable hemorrhages and pelvic hematomas caused by vaginal lacerations, who underwent superselective transcatheter arterial embolization from January 2008 to July 2014. Postpartum hemorrhage was evaluated by angiographic vascular mapping to determine the vaginal artery’s architecture, technical and clinical success rates, and complications.ResultsThe vaginal artery was confirmed as the source of bleeding in all cases. The artery was found to originate from the uterine artery in three cases, the uterine and obturator arteriesmore » in two, or the internal pudendal artery in two. After vaginal artery embolization, persistent contrast extravasation from the inferior mesenteric artery as an anastomotic branch was noted in one patient. Nontarget vessels (the inferior vesical artery and nonbleeding vaginal arterial branches) were embolized in one patient. Effective control of hemostasis and no post-procedural complications were confirmed for all cases.ConclusionPostpartum hemorrhages caused by vaginal lacerations involve the vaginal artery arising from the anterior trunk of the internal iliac artery with various branching patterns. Superselective vaginal artery embolization is clinically acceptable for the successful treatment of vaginal laceration hemorrhages, with no complications. After vaginal artery embolization, it is suggested to check for the presence of other possible bleeding vessels by pelvic aortography with a catheter tip at the L3 vertebral level, and to perform a follow-up assessment.« less

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Wilhelmsen, Skadi; Janitzky, Andreas; Porsch, Markus

Standard treatment for upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma (UUTUC) implies the radical removal of all urothelium-lined tissue, which requires nephroureterectomy with bladder cuff removal. We report on a patient with a rare coincidence of UUTUC and horseshoe kidney in whom a preoperative angiography helped to identify and subsequently embolize an abberant isthmic feeding artery, which was located in between both collecting systems. Ischemic discoloration of the isthmus area facilitated resection and no major blood loss occurred. Preoperative superselective embolization of the isthmus as the renal split area can be an effective tool to facilitate nephroureterectomy in the case of amore » horseshoe kidney.« less

Preoperative catheter spinal angiography and embolization of cervical spinal tumors: Outcomes from a single center

PubMed Central

Leng, Lewis Z; Kimball, David; Marcus, Joshua; Knopman, Jared; Laufer, Ilya; Bilsky, Mark; Gobin, Y Pierre

2016-01-01

Objective The existing literature regarding preoperative cervical spinal tumor embolization is sparse, with few discussions on the indications, risks, and best techniques. We present our experience with the preoperative endovascular management of hypervascular cervical spinal tumors. Methods We performed a retrospective review of all patients who underwent preoperative spinal angiography (regardless of whether tumor embolization was performed) at our institution (from 2002 to 2012) for primary and metastatic cervical spinal tumors. Tumor vascularity was graded from 0 (tumor blush equal to the normal adjacent vertebral body) to 3 (intense tumor blush with arteriovenous shunting). Tumors were considered “hypervascular” if they had a tumor vascular grade from 1 to 3. Embolic materials included particles, liquid embolics, and detachable coils. The main embolization technique was superselective catheterization of an arterial tumor feeder followed by injection of embolic material. This technique could be used alone or supplemented with occlusion of dangerous anastomoses of the vertebral artery as needed to prevent inadvertent embolization of the vertebrobasilar system. In cases when superselective catheterization of the tumoral feeder was not feasible, embolization was performed from a proximal catheter position after occlusion of branches supplying areas other than the tumor (“flow diversion”). Results A total of 47 patients with 49 cervical spinal tumors were included in this study. Of the 49 total tumors, 41 demonstrated increased vascularity (vascularity score > 0). The most common tumor pathology in our series was renal cell carcinoma (RCC) (N = 16; 32.7% of all tumors) followed by thyroid carcinoma (N = 7; 14.3% of all tumors). Tumor embolization was undertaken in 25 hypervascular tumors resulting in complete, near-complete, and partial embolization in 36.0% (N = 9), 44.0% (N = 11), and 20.0% (N = 5) of embolized tumors, respectively. We embolized 42 tumor feeders in 25 tumors. The most commonly embolized tumor feeders were branches of the vertebral artery (19.0%; N = 8), the deep cervical artery (19.0%; N = 8), and the ascending cervical artery (19.0%; N = 8). Sixteen hypervascular tumors were not embolized because of minimal hypervascularity (8/16), unacceptably high risk of spinal cord or vertebrobasilar ischemia (4/16), failed superselective catheterization of tumor feeder (3/16), and cancellation of surgery (1/16). Vertebral artery occlusion was performed in 20% of embolizations. There were no new post-procedure neurological deficits or any serious adverse events. Estimated blood loss data from this cohort show a significant decrease in operative blood loss for embolized tumors of moderate and significant hypervascularity. Conclusions Preoperative embolization of cervical spinal tumors can be performed safely and effectively in centers with significant experience and a standardized approach. PMID:27020696

Safety and maximum tolerated dose of superselective intraarterial cerebral infusion of bevacizumab after osmotic blood-brain barrier disruption for recurrent malignant glioma. Clinical article.

PubMed

Boockvar, John A; Tsiouris, Apostolos J; Hofstetter, Christoph P; Kovanlikaya, Ilhami; Fralin, Sherese; Kesavabhotla, Kartik; Seedial, Stephen M; Pannullo, Susan C; Schwartz, Theodore H; Stieg, Philip; Zimmerman, Robert D; Knopman, Jared; Scheff, Ronald J; Christos, Paul; Vallabhajosula, Shankar; Riina, Howard A

2011-03-01

The authors assessed the safety and maximum tolerated dose of superselective intraarterial cerebral infusion (SIACI) of bevacizumab after osmotic disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) with mannitol in patients with recurrent malignant glioma. A total of 30 patients with recurrent malignant glioma were included in the current study. The authors report no dose-limiting toxicity from a single dose of SIACI of bevacizumab up to 15 mg/kg after osmotic BBB disruption with mannitol. Two groups of patients were studied; those without prior bevacizumab exposure (naïve patients; Group I) and those who had received previous intravenous bevacizumab (exposed patients; Group II). Radiographic changes demonstrated on MR imaging were assessed at 1 month postprocedure. In Group I patients, MR imaging at 1 month showed a median reduction in the area of tumor enhancement of 34.7%, a median reduction in the volume of tumor enhancement of 46.9%, a median MR perfusion (MRP) reduction of 32.14%, and a T2-weighted/FLAIR signal decrease in 9 (47.4%) of 19 patients. In Group II patients, MR imaging at 1 month showed a median reduction in the area of tumor enhancement of 15.2%, a median volume reduction of 8.3%, a median MRP reduction of 25.5%, and a T2-weighted FLAIR decrease in 0 (0%) of 11 patients. The authors conclude that SIACI of mannitol followed by bevacizumab (up to 15 mg/kg) for recurrent malignant glioma is safe and well tolerated. Magnetic resonance imaging shows that SIACI treatment with bevacizumab can lead to reduction in tumor area, volume, perfusion, and T2-weighted/FLAIR signal.

Superselective Particle Embolization Enhances Efficacy of Radiofrequency Ablation: Effects of Particle Size and Sequence of Action

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Tanaka, Toshihiro, E-mail: toshihir@bf6.so-net.ne.jp; Isfort, Peter, E-mail: isfort@hia.rwth-aachen.de; Braunschweig, Till, E-mail: tbraunschweig@ukaachen.de

2013-06-15

Purpose. To evaluate the effects of particle size and course of action of superselective bland transcatheter arterial embolization (TAE) on the efficacy of radiofrequency ablation (RFA). Methods. Twenty pigs were divided into five groups: group 1a, 40-{mu}m bland TAE before RFA; group 1b, 40-{mu}m bland TAE after RFA; group 2a, 250-{mu}m bland TAE before RFA; group 2b, 250-{mu}m bland TAE after RFA and group 3, RFA alone. A total of 40 treatments were performed with a combined CT and angiography system. The sizes of the treated zones were measured from contrast-enhanced CTs on days 1 and 28. Animals were humanelymore » killed, and the treated zones were examined pathologically. Results. There were no complications during procedures and follow-up. The short-axis diameter of the ablation zone in group 1a (mean {+-} standard deviation, 3.19 {+-} 0.39 cm) was significantly larger than in group 1b (2.44 {+-} 0.52 cm; P = 0.021), group 2a (2.51 {+-} 0.32 cm; P = 0.048), group 2b (2.19 {+-} 0.44 cm; P = 0.02), and group 3 (1.91 {+-} 0.55 cm; P < 0.001). The greatest volume of ablation was achieved by performing embolization with 40-{mu}m particles before RFA (group 1a; 20.97 {+-} 9.65 cm{sup 3}). At histology, 40-{mu}m microspheres were observed to occlude smaller and more distal arteries than 250-{mu}m microspheres. Conclusion. Bland TAE is more effective before RFA than postablation embolization. The use of very small 40-{mu}m microspheres enhances the efficacy of RFA more than the use of larger particles.« less

Benefits and shortcomings of superselective transarterial embolization of renal tumors before zero ischemia laparoscopic partial nephrectomy.

PubMed

D'Urso, L; Simone, G; Rosso, R; Collura, D; Castelli, E; Giacobbe, A; Muto, G L; Comelli, S; Savio, D; Muto, G

2014-12-01

To report feasibility, safety and effectiveness of "zero-ischemia" laparoscopic partial nephrectomy (LPN) following preoperative superselective transarterial embolization (STE) for clinical T1 renal tumors. We retrospectively reviewed perioperative data of 23 consecutive patients, who underwent STE prior LPN between March 2010 and November 2012 for incidental clinical T1 renal mass. STE was performed by two experienced radiologists the day before surgery. Surgical procedures were performed in extended flank position, transperitoneally, by a single surgeon. Mean patients age was 68 years (range 56-74), mean tumor size was 3.5 cm (range 2.2-6.3 cm). STE was successfully completed in 16 patients 12-15 h before surgery. In 4 cases STE failed to provide a complete occlusion of all feeding arteries, while in 3 cases the ischemic area was larger than expected. LPN was successfully completed in all patients but one where open conversion was necessary; a "zero-ischemia" approach was performed in 19/23 patients (82.6%) while hilar clamp was necessary in 4 cases, with a mean warm-ischemia time of 14.8 min (range 5-22). Mean operative time was 123 min (range 115-130) and mean intraoperative blood loss was 250 mL (range 20-450). No patient experienced postoperative acute renal failure and no patient developed new onset IV stage chronic kidney disease at 1-yr follow-up. STE is a viable option to perform "zero-ischemia" LPN at beginning of learning curve; however, hilar clamp was necessary to achieve a relatively blood-less field in 17.4% of cases. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Postpartum Hemorrhage Treated with Gelfoam Slurry Embolization Using the Superselective Technique: Immediate Results and 1-Month MRI Follow-up

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Pellerin, Olivier, E-mail: olivier.pellerin@egp.aphp.fr; Bats, Anne-Sophie; Primio, Massimiliano Di

To evaluate the efficacy and safety of superselective embolization of the uterine arteries in a postpartum hemorrhage. Between November 2004 and January 2011, a total of 44 consecutive women (median {+-} standard deviation age 34 {+-} 3 years, range 23-41 years) were referred to our institution for postpartum intractable hemorrhage management. All patients were embolized with a microcatheter that was placed deep into the uterine arteries upstream of the cervical arteries. The embolic agent was a mixture of contrast medium and 5 Multiplication-Sign 5 Multiplication-Sign 5 cm pieces of gelfoam (Gelita-Spon) modified into a gelatin emulsion as follows: rapid mixingmore » through a three-way stopcock with two 2.5-ml syringes. A 1-ml syringe was used for injection. One month after embolization, all patients underwent magnetic resonance imaging and clinical examination. Technical and clinical success was obtained in all cases. Thirty-five patients experienced bleeding related to poor retraction of the uterus, 7 patients because of a tear of the cervix and 2 because of a vaginal hematoma. Pre- and postembolization red blood cell transfusions were (mean {+-} standard deviation [SD]) 6 {+-} 1.2 (range 3-8) U and 2 {+-} 0.7 (range 2-4) U, respectively. One-month magnetic resonance imaging follow-up revealed no sign of ischemic myometrium or necrosis, and no instances of uterine rupture and no pelvic vein thrombosis. Incidental findings included two small intramyometrial hematic collections. All uterine arteries were patent via magnetic resonance angiography. Seventeen patients had concomitant fibroids, all of which appeared hypovascular. This technique permits good, safe clinical results with no marked damage to the uterine arteries or the uterus itself.« less

Superselective intra-arterial hepatic injection of indocyanine green (ICG) for fluorescence image-guided segmental positive staining: experimental proof of the concept.

PubMed

Diana, Michele; Liu, Yu-Yin; Pop, Raoul; Kong, Seong-Ho; Legnèr, Andras; Beaujeux, Remy; Pessaux, Patrick; Soler, Luc; Mutter, Didier; Dallemagne, Bernard; Marescaux, Jacques

2017-03-01

Intraoperative liver segmentation can be obtained by means of percutaneous intra-portal injection of a fluorophore and illumination with a near-infrared light source. However, the percutaneous approach is challenging in the minimally invasive setting. We aimed to evaluate the feasibility of fluorescence liver segmentation by superselective intra-hepatic arterial injection of indocyanine green (ICG). Eight pigs (mean weight: 26.01 ± 5.21 kg) were involved. Procedures were performed in a hybrid experimental operative suite equipped with the Artis Zeego ® , multiaxis robotic angiography system. A pneumoperitoneum was established and four laparoscopic ports were introduced. The celiac trunk was catheterized, and a microcatheter was advanced into different segmental hepatic artery branches. A near-infrared laparoscope (D-Light P, Karl Storz) was used to detect the fluorescent signal. To assess the correspondence between arterial-based fluorescence demarcation and liver volume, metallic markers were placed along the fluorescent border, followed by a 3D CT-scanning, after injecting intra-arterial radiological contrast (n = 3). To assess the correspondence between arterial and portal supplies, percutaneous intra-portal angiography and intra-arterial angiography were performed simultaneously (n = 1). Bright fluorescence signal enhancing the demarcation of target segments was obtained from 0.1 mg/mL, in matter of seconds. Correspondence between the volume of hepatic segments and arterial territories was confirmed by CT angiography. Higher background fluorescence noise was found after positive staining by intra-portal ICG injection, due to parenchymal accumulation and porto-systemic shunting. Intra-hepatic arterial ICG injection, rapidly highlights hepatic target segment borders, with a better signal-to-background ratio as compared to portal vein injection, in the experimental setting.

Hepatocellular Carcinoma with Blood Supply from Parasitized Omental Artery: Angiographic Appearance And Chemoembolization

PubMed Central

Gao, Song; Dong, Jia-hong

2012-01-01

Objective To analyze angiographic appearance of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with blood supply from parasitized omental artery (POA), and evaluate the technical feasibility, safety and therapeutic efficacy of chemo-embolization via the POAs. Methods A total of 1,221 HCC patients who had undergone chemoembolization procedures were evaluated retrospectively. The evaluated indexes included the incidence rate of POAs, success rate of superselective catheterization, post-reaction after chemoembolization, and the cumulative survival rates. Results Totally 1,221 HCC patients had undergone 3,639 chemoembolization procedures, and 32 patients with POAs were enrolled, with 97 POAs found in 76 angiography procedures, giving an incidence rate of 2.09%. POA was observed mostly at the right lobe and left medial lobe except the segment II, and 62 POAs underwent superselective catheterization with microcatheter, giving a success rate of 63.9%. The angiographic appearance was: (1) hypertrophic POAs participating in tumor staining (n=28); (2) stiff and distorted POA (n=11), displaced due to tumor’s oppression (n=8); and (3) defective tumor staining close to either gastrocolic omentum distribution or liver capsule (n=7). In 19 patients, chemoembolization via POAs was performed successfully (A group), while the remaining 13 patients failed (B group). Except 1 acute edema pancreatitis case, no serious complication was recorded. The cumulative survival rates of 6-, 12-, 18- and 24-month were 78.9%, 47.4%, 31.6% and 21.1% respectively for A group; correspondingly, 61.5%, 30.8%, 15.4% and 7.7%% for B group, in which 2 patients died of ruptured HCC. Conclusion Chemoembolization with microcatheter via POAs is a relatively safe, feasible and valuable method. PMID:23359452

Selective parathyroid venous sampling in primary hyperparathyroidism: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

PubMed

Ibraheem, Kareem; Toraih, Eman A; Haddad, Antoine B; Farag, Mahmoud; Randolph, Gregory W; Kandil, Emad

2018-05-14

Minimally invasive parathyroidectomy requires accurate preoperative localization techniques. There is considerable controversy about the effectiveness of selective parathyroid venous sampling (sPVS) in primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) patients. The aim of this meta-analysis is to examine the diagnostic accuracy of sPVS as a preoperative localization modality in PHPT. Studies evaluating the diagnostic accuracy of sPVS for PHPT were electronically searched in the PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, and Cochrane Controlled Trials Register databases. Two independent authors reviewed the studies, and revised quality assessment of diagnostic accuracy study tool was used for the quality assessment. Study heterogeneity and pooled estimates were calculated. Two hundred and two unique studies were identified. Of those, 12 studies were included in the meta-analysis. Pooled sensitivity, specificity, and positive likelihood ratio (PLR) of sPVS were 74%, 41%, and 1.55, respectively. The area-under-the-receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.684, indicating an average discriminatory ability of sPVS. On comparison between sPVS and noninvasive imaging modalities, sensitivity, PLR, and positive posttest probability were significantly higher in sPVS compared to noninvasive imaging modalities. Interestingly, super-selective venous sampling had the highest sensitivity, accuracy, and positive posttest probability compared to other parathyroid venous sampling techniques. This is the first meta-analysis to examine the accuracy of sPVS in PHPT. sPVS had higher pooled sensitivity when compared to noninvasive modalities in revision parathyroid surgery. However, the invasiveness of this technique does not favor its routine use for preoperative localization. Super-selective venous sampling was the most accurate among all other parathyroid venous sampling techniques. Laryngoscope, 2018. © 2018 The American Laryngological, Rhinological and Otological Society, Inc.

Can Superselective Intra-Arterial Chemoradiotherapy Replace Surgery Followed by Radiation for Advanced Cancer of the Tongue and Floor of the Mouth?

PubMed

Kobayashi, Wataru; Kukobota, Kosei; Ito, Ryohei; Sakaki, Hirotaka; Nakagawa, Hirosi; Teh, Beng Gwan

2016-06-01

The purpose of this study was to compare quality of life (QoL) and the survival rate after surgery with and without radiotherapy versus superselective intra-arterial chemoradiotherapy (SSIACRT) for advanced cancer of the tongue and floor of the mouth. Patients with stage III and IV squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue and floor of the mouth treated between 2000 and 2013 were included in this study. The predictor variables were surgery without radiotherapy, surgery followed by radiotherapy, and SSIACRT. The outcome variables were QoL and the survival rate. The University of Washington QoL questionnaire (UW-QOL) was used for evaluation of QoL. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to estimate the overall survival rate. The UW-QOL was analyzed by analysis of covariance, and the survival rate was analyzed statistically by the log-rank test. Sixty-two patients were eligible for this study. Of these, 13 were treated by surgery without radiotherapy, 29 were treated by surgery plus radiotherapy, and 20 were treated by SSIACRT. The SSIACRT group had the best UW-QOL scores among the 3 groups. The 5-year Kaplan-Meier disease-specific survival rates for these groups were 92.9%, 62.9%, and 83.2%, respectively, with no significant difference (P = .20) shown. The QoL scores of the SSIACRT group were the best among the 3 groups in most domains. The superiority of QoL and the survival rate in the SSIACRT group showed that SSIACRT should be preferred in managing advanced cancer of the tongue and floor of the mouth. Copyright © 2016 The American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

'Einselection' of pointer observables: The new H-theorem?

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kastner, Ruth E.

2014-11-01

In attempting to derive irreversible macroscopic thermodynamics from reversible microscopic dynamics, Boltzmann inadvertently smuggled in a premise that assumed the very irreversibility he was trying to prove: 'molecular chaos'. The program of 'einselection' (environmentally induced superselection) within Everettian approaches faces a similar 'Loschmidt's Paradox': the universe, according to the Everettian picture, is a closed system obeying only unitary dynamics, and it therefore contains no distinguishable environmental subsystems with the necessary 'phase randomness' to effect einselection of a pointer observable. The theoretically unjustified assumption of distinguishable environmental subsystems is the hidden premise that makes the derivation of einselection circular. In effect, it presupposes the 'emergent' structures from the beginning. Thus the problem of basis ambiguity remains unsolved in Everettian interpretations.

Nasal Chondromesenchymal Hamartoma in a Child

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Finitsis, Stefanos; Giavroglou, Constantinos; Potsi, Stamatia, E-mail: matinapotsi@hotmail.co

Nasal chondromesenchymal hamartoma (NCMH) is a benign tumor that was described in 1998. The occurrence of this lesion in the nasal cavity of infants and children is especially rare, with only 21 cases reported in the international literature. We report a 12-month-old boy with respiratory distress due to nasal obstruction. Computed tomographic scan and magnetic resonance imaging examination demonstrated a soft-tissue mass obstructing the left nasal cavity. Digital subtraction angiography and preoperative superselective embolization with microparticles were also performed. The tumor was completely resected surgically. Histopathology and immunohistochemical analyses of the tumor disclosed a NCMH. The imaging characteristics of themore » tumor are described and the radiology literature is reviewed.« less

Post-traumatic hepatic arterial pseudoaneurysm and arterioportal shunt.

PubMed

Maes, J; D'Archambeau, O; Snoeckx, A; Op de Beeck, B; Voormolen, M; Parizel, P M

2010-01-01

The authors report the case of a 21-year-old man who suffered from a blunt abdominal trauma. Initial imaging revealed a liver laceration at the right lobe, a perirenal hematoma of the right kidney and a hematoma of the right adrenal gland. Follow-up MDCT-scan on day 10 after admission showed at the arterial-phase contrast-enhanced study perfusion alterations and two hepatic pseudoaneurysms. The diagnosis of pseudoaneurysm was confirmed and treated angiographically with superselective coil embolization. A follow-up CT-scan on day 17 showed at a nontreated area an arterioportal shunt and a wedge-shaped transient hepatic parenchymal enhancement. This was confirmed angiographically and subsequently treated with coil embolization.

Necrosis and Apoptosis in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Following Low-Dose Versus High-Dose Preoperative Chemoembolization

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Lu Wei, E-mail: dr-lw@163.com; Li Yanhao, E-mail: liyanhao@fimmu.com; He Xiaofeng

Our purpose was to study necrosis and apoptosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells after preoperative transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) with use of low-dose and high-dose anticancer drugs in HCCs. Fifty-four patients with advanced but surgically resectable HCC were studied. Thirty-four patients who elected to undergo preoperative superselective TACE were randomized to low- and high-dose TACE. Patients in group A (n = 16) received low-dose anticancer drugs: 2 mg mitomycin C (MMC), 10 mg epirubicin (EPI), and 100 mg carboplatin (CBP). Patients in group B (n = 18) were given high doses of anticancer drugs (10 mg MMC, 40 mg EPI,more » and 300 mg CBP). Hepatic resection was subsequently performed. Group C comprised 20 patients who underwent resection without TACE. In all patients the necrosis rates and apoptosis index of tumor cells were evaluated by pathologic examinations and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated nick-end labeling assay. There was no significant difference between group A and group B in tumor response (p > 0.05) after TACE. Necrosis rates in groups A, B, and C were 88.4 {+-} 11.1%, 87.1 {+-} 12.5%, and 7.3 {+-} 3.5%, respectively. There was no significant difference between group A and group B (p > 0.05), while statistical difference was found between group A and group C (p < 0.001) and between group B and group C (p < 0.001). Apoptosis indexes in the three groups were 11.0 {+-} 4.0%, 10.7 {+-} 3.9%, and 5.6 {+-} 2.6%, respectively. Statistical difference exhibited between group A and group C (p < 0.001) and group B versus group C (p < 0.001). No significant difference was observed between group A and group B (p > 0.05). In conclusion, superselective TACE with low- and high-dose chemotherapeutic agents induced similar degrees of cellular apoptosis and necrosis.« less

Management of Intrauterine Arteriovenous Malformation (AVM) in 14 Patients by Sonographically Guided Tisseel Application.

PubMed

Bandura, Patrick; Rawnaq, Tamina; Holzknecht, Annette; Cetin, Emine; Reemts, Petra; Zoi, Panagiota; Schwärzler, Peter

2018-02-01

 AVMs are rare tumorous vascular lesions derived from placental tissue that may present with massive post-partum hemorrhage (PPH) causing potentially life-threatening anemic shock. Current treatment options include the embolization of uterine arteries and emergency postpartum hysterectomy. We present a new form of minimally invasive, highly specific sonographically guided treatment in the form of the application of a human fibrin sealant leading to the instant cease of blood loss.  A management protocol was established and a case series of 14 patients is presented. Diagnosis by endovaginal color Doppler sonography is followed by the sonographically guided application of biological glue (TISSEEL ® ), thus allowing for super-selective occlusion of the feeding vessels.  The procedure was technically successful in all 14 patients, 3 of whom (21 %) had a repeated procedure after 4 - 7 days. The mean age (yrs.) of the patients was 31 (25 - 40), the gravity was median 2 (1 - 5) and the parity was median 1 (0 - 4), the lowest Hb value was on average 9.35 ± 2.25 (5.2 - 14.2) g/dl, the lowest Ht was on average 30.82 ± 6.02 (18 - 41 %). Spectral Doppler analysis revealed an average of 80.71 ± 11.2 (66 - 115) cm/sec for the maximal detectable PSV. In the period of 4 - 55 months after treatment, 7 patients (50 %) had 8 successful pregnancies and 2 miscarriages.  In PPH there is vital interest in timely diagnosis of the underlying cause, thus allowing fertility-sparing, minimally invasive and super-selective emergency treatment. In AVMs causing PPH, a positive impact on perinatal morbidity and mortality may be achieved by sonographically guided application of this biological glue. © Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York.

Successful Thrombolysis and Spasmolysis of Acute Leg Ischemia after Accidental Intra-arterial Injection of Dissolved Flunitrazepam Tablets

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Radeleff, B., E-mail: Boris_radeleff@med.uni-heidelberg.de; Stampfl, U.; Sommer, C.-M.

2011-10-15

A 37-year-old man with known intravenous drug abuse presented in the surgical ambulatory care unit with acute leg ischemia after accidental intra-arterial injection of dissolved flunitrazepam tablets into the right femoral artery. A combination of anticoagulation, vasodilatation, and local selective and superselective thrombolysis with urokinase was performed to salvage the leg. As a result of the severe ischemia-induced pain, the patient had to be monitored over the complete therapy period on the intensive care unit with permanent administration of intravenous fluid and analgetics. We describe the presenting symptoms and the interventional technique, and we discuss the recent literature regarding themore » management of accidental intra-arterial injection of dissolved flunitrazepam tablets.« less

Management of Acute Lower Gastrointestinal Bleeding.

PubMed

Speir, Ethan J; Ermentrout, R Mitchell; Martin, Jonathan G

2017-12-01

Acute lower gastrointestinal bleeding (LGIB), defined as hemorrhage into the gastrointestinal tract distal to the ligament of Treitz, is a major cause of morbidity and mortality among adults. Overall, mortality rates are estimated between 2.4% and 3.9%. The most common etiology for LGIB is diverticulosis, implicated in approximately 30% of cases, with other causes including hemorrhoids, ischemic colitis, and postpolypectomy bleeding. Transcatheter visceral angiography has begun to play an increasingly important role in both the diagnosis and treatment of LGIB. Historically, transcatheter visceral angiography has been used to direct vasopressin infusion with embolization reserved for treatment of upper gastrointestinal bleeding. However, advances in microcatheter technology and embolotherapy have enabled super-selective embolization to emerge as the treatment of choice for many cases of LGIB. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Angiographic Findings and Embolotherapy in Renal Arterial Trauma

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Sofocleous, Constantinos T., E-mail: constant@pol.net; Hinrichs, Clay; Hubbi, Basil

Purpose To evaluate the angiographic findings and embolotherapy in the management of traumatic renal arterial injury Methods This is a retrospective review of 22 patients with renal trauma who underwent arteriography and percutaneous embolization from December 1995 to January 2002. Medical records, imaging studies and procedural reports were reviewed to assess the type of injury, arteriographic findings and immediate embolization results. Long-term clinical outcome was obtained by communication with the trauma physicians and by clinical chart review.Results Arteriography was performed in 125 patients admitted to a State Trauma Center with suspected internal bleeding. Renal arterial injury was documented in 22more » and was the result of a motor-vehicle accident (10), auto-pedestrian accident (1), gunshot (4) or stab wounds (6) and a fall (1). Percutaneous renal arterial embolization was undertaken in 22 of 125 (18%) patients to treat extravasation (11), arterial pedicle rupture (5), abnormal arteriovenous (3) or arteriocalyceal (2) communication and pseudoaneurysm (3). One of the pseudoaneurysms and one of the arteriovenous fistulae were found in addition to extravasation. All 22 patients (16 men, 6 women) were hemodynamically stable, or controlled during arteriography and embolotherapy. Selective and/or superselective embolization of the abnormal vessels was performed using coils in 9 patients, microcoils in 9 patients and Gelfoam pledgets in 3 patients. In one patient Gelfoam pledgets mixed with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) particles were used for embolization. Immediate angiographic evidence of hemostasis was demonstrated in all cases. Two initial technical failures were treated with repeat arteriography and embolization. There was no procedure-related death. There was no non-target embolization. One episode of renal abscess after embolization was treated by nephrectomy and 3 patients underwent elective post-embolization nephrectomy to prevent infection. Follow-up ranged from 1 month to 7 years (mean 31 months). No procedure-related or delayed onset of renal insufficiency occurred.Conclusion In hemodynamically stable and controlled patients selective and superselective embolization is a safe and effective method for the management of renal vascular injury.« less

Experimental Evaluation of Early and Long-Term Effects of Microparticle Embolization in Two Different Mini-Pig Models. Part I: Kidney

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Stampfl, S.; Stampfl, U.; Rehnitz, C.

Purpose. Using a pig model: (1) to evaluate the vascular distribution pattern, including the homogeneity and completeness of the intra-arterial microsphere distribution, of 40-120-{mu}m trisacryl-gelatin microspheres (Embospheres) in acute whole-kidney embolization; (2) to evaluate the durability and biocompatibility of 40-120-{mu}m trisacryl-gelatin microspheres (Embospheres) in chronic partial kidney embolization. Methods. Twenty-two animals were divided into four groups: group 1 (n = 4) underwent total arterial renal occlusion with immediate euthanasia. Groups 2-4 had chronic superselective and partial renal embolization with increasing follow-up times: group 2 (n = 2), 1 week; group 3 (n = 7), 4 weeks; and group 4 (nmore » = 9), 14 weeks. Key endpoints in group 1 were homogeneity and completeness of acute embolizations. In groups 2-4 the key endpoints were durability of embolization and particle-related inflammation in chronic partial embolizations as assessed by quantitative angiography or histomorphometry. A numerical angiographic occlusion score (0.0 to 4.0, where 3.0 is optimal) was developed to assess and quantify the angiographic durability of superselective embolizations (groups 2-4). Results. In group 1, a relatively homogeneous distribution of the particles from segmental arteries to the precapillary level was shown by histomorphometry. Some particles reached the glomerular vas afferens (10 {mu}m diameter). In groups 2-4, a mild recanalization appeared during follow-up. The immediate average postembolization occlusion score of 3.18 {+-} 0.73 was reduced to 1.44 {+-} 0.73 (statistically significant). Microscopy revealed subtotal necrosis but no foreign body granuloma formation. The intra-arterial appearance of giant cells closely attaching to the surface of the embolic spheres inside the vessel lumen was noted. Vessel walls showed major ischemic reactions. Conclusion. Microspheres 40-120 {mu}m in diameter might achieve total occlusion of the arterial kidney vasculature when injected centrally as a result of their fairly homogeneous distribution. Segmental renal infarction occurs after chronic partial embolization despite recanalizations during follow-up. Only mild specific intra-arterial foreign body reactions were found.« less

Braided Categories of Endomorphisms as Invariants for Local Quantum Field Theories

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Giorgetti, Luca; Rehren, Karl-Henning

2018-01-01

We want to establish the "braided action" (defined in the paper) of the DHR category on a universal environment algebra as a complete invariant for completely rational chiral conformal quantum field theories. The environment algebra can either be a single local algebra, or the quasilocal algebra, both of which are model-independent up to isomorphism. The DHR category as an abstract structure is captured by finitely many data (superselection sectors, fusion, and braiding), whereas its braided action encodes the full dynamical information that distinguishes models with isomorphic DHR categories. We show some geometric properties of the "duality pairing" between local algebras and the DHR category that are valid in general (completely rational) chiral CFTs. Under some additional assumptions whose status remains to be settled, the braided action of its DHR category completely classifies a (prime) CFT. The approach does not refer to the vacuum representation, or the knowledge of the vacuum state.

Entanglement of Distillation for Lattice Gauge Theories.

PubMed

Van Acoleyen, Karel; Bultinck, Nick; Haegeman, Jutho; Marien, Michael; Scholz, Volkher B; Verstraete, Frank

2016-09-23

We study the entanglement structure of lattice gauge theories from the local operational point of view, and, similar to Soni and Trivedi [J. High Energy Phys. 1 (2016) 1], we show that the usual entanglement entropy for a spatial bipartition can be written as the sum of an undistillable gauge part and of another part corresponding to the local operations and classical communication distillable entanglement, which is obtained by depolarizing the local superselection sectors. We demonstrate that the distillable entanglement is zero for pure Abelian gauge theories at zero gauge coupling, while it is in general nonzero for the non-Abelian case. We also consider gauge theories with matter, and show in a perturbative approach how area laws-including a topological correction-emerge for the distillable entanglement. Finally, we also discuss the entanglement entropy of gauge fixed states and show that it has no relation to the physical distillable entropy.

The Role of Interventional Radiology Techniques in the Management of Renal Angiomyolipomas.

PubMed

Kiefer, Ryan M; Stavropoulos, S William

2017-05-01

Although benign, renal angiomyolipoma (AML) may lead to serious complications without appropriate management. The purpose of this review is to describe the role of and evidence for interventional radiology techniques in the management of patients with AML. For patients with renal masses and non-diagnostic imaging studies, image-guided percutaneous biopsy is found to be highly accurate and useful in directing patient management. Once the diagnosis of AML has been made based on either imaging or biopsy, arterial embolization of tumors that are symptomatic or >4 cm has been demonstrated to reduce the risk of hemorrhage as well as tumor size. Percutaneous ablation devices have been proposed as alternative strategies but remain investigational. The utility of interventional radiology techniques including percutaneous core needle biopsy and prophylactic super-selective arterial embolization is safe and effective management strategies for patients presenting with AML tumors.

Anatomic renal artery branch microdissection to facilitate zero-ischemia partial nephrectomy.

PubMed

Ng, Casey K; Gill, Inderbir S; Patil, Mukul B; Hung, Andrew J; Berger, Andre K; de Castro Abreu, Andre Luis; Nakamoto, Masahiko; Eisenberg, Manuel S; Ukimura, Osamu; Thangathurai, Duraiyah; Aron, Monish; Desai, Mihir M

2012-01-01

Robot-assisted and laparoscopic partial nephrectomies (PNs) for medial tumors are technically challenging even with the hilum clamped and, until now, were impossible to perform with the hilum unclamped. Evaluate whether targeted vascular microdissection (VMD) of renal artery branches allows zero-ischemia PN to be performed even for challenging medial tumors. A prospective cohort evaluation of 44 patients with renal masses who underwent robot-assisted or laparoscopic zero-ischemia PN either with anatomic VMD (group 1; n=22) or without anatomic VMD (group 2; n=22) performed by a single surgeon from April 2010 to January 2011. Zero-ischemia PN with VMD incorporates four maneuvers: (1) preoperative computed tomographic reconstruction of renal arterial branch anatomy, (2) anatomic dissection of targeted, tumor-specific tertiary or higher-order renal arterial branches, (3) neurosurgical aneurysm microsurgical bulldog clamp(s) for superselective tumor devascularization, and (4) transient, controlled reduction of blood pressure, if necessary. Baseline, perioperative, and postoperative data were collected prospectively. Group 1 tumors were larger (4.3 vs 2.6 cm; p=0.011), were more often hilar (41% vs 9%; p=0.09), were medial (59% and 23%; p=0.017), were closer to the hilum (1.46 vs 3.26 cm; p=0.0002), and had a lower C index score (2.1 vs 3.9; p=0.004) and higher RENAL nephrometry scores (7.7 vs 6.2; p=0.013). Despite greater complexity, no group 1 tumor required hilar clamping, and perioperative outcomes were similar to those of group 2: operating room time (4.7 and 4.1h), median blood loss (200 and 100ml), surgical margins for cancer (all negative), major complications (0% and 9%), and minor complications (18% and 14%). The median serum creatinine level was similar 2 mo postoperatively (1.2 and 1.3mg/dl). The study was limited by the relatively small sample size. Anatomic targeted dissection and superselective control of tumor-specific renal arterial branches facilitate zero-ischemia PN. Even challenging medial and hilar tumors can be excised without hilar clamping. Global surgical renal ischemia has been eliminated for most patients undergoing PN at our institution. Copyright © 2011 European Association of Urology. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Definition of the key target volume in radiosurgical management of arteriovenous malformations: a new dynamic concept based on angiographic circulation time.

PubMed

Valle, Ramiro Del; Zenteno, Marco; Jaramillo, José; Lee, Angel; De Anda, Salvador

2008-12-01

The cumulative experience worldwide indicates complete radiosurgical obliteration rates of brain arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) ranging from 35 to 90%. The purpose of this study was to propose a strategy to increase the obliteration rate for AVMs through the dynamic definition of the key target volume (KTV). A prospective series of patients harboring an AVM was assessed using digital subtraction angiography in which a digital counter was used to measure the several stages of the frame-by-frame circulation time. All the patients were analyzed using dynamic measurement planning to define the KTV, corresponding to the volume of the shunt with the least vascular resistance and the earliest venous drainage. All patients underwent catheter-based angiography, a subgroup was additionally assessed by means of a superselective catheterization, and among these a further subgroup received embolization. The shunts were also categorized according to their angioarchitectural type: fistulous, plexiform, or mixed. The authors applied the radiosurgery-based grading system (RBGS) as well to find a correlation with the obliteration rate. This series includes 44 patients treated by radiosurgery; global angiography was performed for all patients, including dynamic measurement planning. Eighty-four percent of them underwent superselective catheterization, and 50% of the total population underwent embolization. In the embolized arm of the study, the pretreatment volume was up to 120 ml. In patients with a single treatment, the mean volume was 8.5 ml, and the median volume was 6.95 +/- 4.56 ml (mean +/- standard deviation), with a KTV of up to 15 ml. For prospectively staged radiosurgery, the mean KTV was 28 ml. The marginal radiation dose was 18-22 Gy, with a mean of dose 20 Gy. The mean RBGS score was 1.70. The overall obliteration rate was 91%, including the repeated radiosurgery group (4 patients), in which 100% showed complete obliteration. The overall permanent deficit was 2 of 44 patients, 1 in each group. Dynamic definition of the KTV might increase the obliteration rate, even in complex AVMs, allowing the treatment of smaller volumes off the recruitment vessels (pseudonidus). By using this technique, the authors avoided double-blind treatment, where the neurosurgeon does not know precisely which type of lesion he or she is irradiating and the interventionalist does not know why and what he or she is embolizing.

Congenital renal arteriovenous fistula during the first trimester diagnosed with ultrasonography.

PubMed

Yao, Mengyun; Zhang, Qiuyan; Wang, Jing; Xiang, Feixiang; Yu, Cheng; Lv, Qing; Xie, Mingxing; Zhang, Yanrong

2017-01-01

A case of congenital renal arteriovenous fistula (AVF) complicating pregnancy with gross hematuria was managed successfully by superselective embolization with metallic coils. The patient was in the first trimester of her pregnancy at 12 weeks of gestation. The AVF was detected by color Doppler sonography and confirmed by renal arteriography. Because of its easy accessibility and absence of irradiation, ultrasound is the first choice for pregnant patients. Color Doppler ultrasound is effective in diagnosing AVF, and it is also helpful in the long-term followup after treatment. The cirsoid-type renal congenital arteriovenous fistula has a characteristic sonographic appearance with a cluster of tubular anechoic structures in the kidney, which produce continuous turbulent high-velocity flow signals and a burr-like boundary flow spectrum. When the sonographic features are present, the diagnosis of renal AVF should be made, after which renal arteriography can be performed to confirm it. Selective embolization provided a safe and effective treatment with minimal damage to the parenchyma and without compromising renal function.

Embolization with Onyx® of an arterial pseudoaneurysm with an arteriovenous fistula complicating a percutaneous nephrolithotomy: A case report and review of literature.

PubMed

Simões Ferreira, Ana Isabel; Gomes, Filipe Veloso; Bilhim, Tiago; Coimbra, Élia

2018-01-01

Percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) has proven very effective in the management of renal stones. However, complications are not so rare, and bleeding is one of the most worrisome; it has a reported incidence of 1%-3% and may happen during track dilatation. In addition, arterial pseudoaneurysms and/or arteriovenous fistulas (AVF) may occur. We report the case of a patient with an intrarenal pseudoaneurysm associated with an AVF, after PCNL. Superselective endovascular embolization with Onyx ® was successfully performed, achieving exclusion of the pseudoaneurysm and AVF with preservation of the remaining vascularization of the kidney. We review the literature regarding endovascular management of kidney vascular lesions after PCNL. Selective renal embolization is a minimally invasive procedure, highly effective with a low incidence of complications. Currently, it is considered the most appropriate technique in the treatment of arterial iatrogenic complications following percutaneous renal procedures. Onyx ® is an effective, easy to handle, and safe alternative embolic agent for these procedures.

Yang-Mills matrix mechanics and quantum phases

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pandey, Mahul; Vaidya, Sachindeo

The SU(2) Yang-Mills matrix model coupled to fundamental fermions is studied in the adiabatic limit, and quantum critical behavior is seen at special corners of the gauge field configuration space. The quantum scalar potential for the gauge field induced by the fermions diverges at the corners, and is intimately related to points of enhanced degeneracy of the fermionic Hamiltonian. This in turn leads to superselection sectors in the Hilbert space of the gauge field, the ground states in different sectors being orthogonal to each other. The SU(2) Yang-Mills matrix model coupled to two Weyl fermions has three quantum phases. When coupled to a massless Dirac fermion, the number of quantum phases is four. One of these phases is the color-spin locked phase. This paper is an extended version of the lectures given by the second author (SV) at the International Workshop on Quantum Physics: Foundations and Applications, Bangalore, in February 2016, and is based on [1].

[Hepatic artery pseudoaneurysm: report of two cases].

PubMed

Tun-Abraham, Mauro Enrique; Martínez-Ordaz, José Luis; Romero-Hernández, Teodoro

2014-01-01

Hepatic pseudoaneurysm is rare and potentially fatal. It occurs as a consequence of injury to the vascular wall, erosion diathermy through clips, biliary leakage and secondary infection. The main symptom is intra-abdominal bleeding. To communicate the case of two patients with hepatic pseudoaneurysm. Case 1: We present a 43 year-old male with a history of grade IV liver injury due to blunt abdominal trauma and managed surgically. Case 2: A 67 year-old man with bile duct injury after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Both patients presented with biliary leakage, abdominal sepsis and late intra-abdominal bleeding. Tomographic studies showed the lesion. Superselective embolization was performed proximal and distal to the lesion with good results. During follow-up, none of them showed signs of recurrent bleeding. Hepatic artery pseudoaneurysm is rare and usually secondary to bile duct injury associated with vascular injury after cholecystectomy or liver trauma. Arteriography with embolization is the best diagnostic and therapeutic procedure. Surgery is indicated for hemodynamically unstable patients, embolization failure or rebleeding. Early diagnosis reduces morbidity and mortality of this complication.

A case of hemothorax following seat-belt injury with a bulla in the apex of the lung: a subtype of spontaneous hemopneumothorax.

PubMed

Kinoshita, Haruyuki; Akiyama, Naoko; Murao, Masaki; Yamauchi, Yosuke; Nakamura, Teruya; Sekiya, Naosumi; Toyota, Naoyuki; Miyagatani, Yasusuke

2015-05-01

We experienced a case of a subtype of spontaneous hemopneumothorax caused by external forces associated with a seat-belt injury. A female aged 39 years sustained a minor collision with an oncoming car while she was driving. Although pneumothorax was not detected, hemothorax and bleeding from the area surrounding the subclavian artery were observed on contrast-enhanced chest computed tomography (CT). After confirming continuous bleeding into the thoracic cavity after superselective arterial embolization, we performed emergency open surgery. We found a bulla in the apex of the lung, and the thoracic stump of the bulla was considered the source of bleeding. In this case, the direct cause of hemothorax was considered to be the external force associated with the seat-belt injury. When a bulla in the apex of the lung and continuous bleeding are both observed on CT, spontaneous hemopneumothorax should be suspected, necessitating open chest surgery in cases where pneumothorax is not observed.

Sexual dysfunction in 2013: Advances in epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment.

PubMed

Lee, King Chien Joe; Fahmy, Nader; Brock, Gerald B

2013-09-01

To provide a contemporary review of the epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment of premature ejaculation (PE) and erectile dysfunction (ED). We searched for English-language articles published in the past 12 months using the PubMed database. Relevant articles on the subjects of sexual dysfunction, ED and PE were selected for review. Recent studies on male sexual dysfunction have provided new therapeutic possibilities. Tramadol, a well-used analgesic, has a new role in the treatment of PE. Super-selective targeting of dorsal penile nerves by surgery or cryoablative technologies might become a viable treatment option for refractory PE in the future. The role of ED as a harbinger of important comorbidities allows for the early detection and intervention of these conditions, which can optimise therapeutic outcomes. The long-term effect of chronic phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors on endothelial dysfunction, the angiogenic potential of low-intensity extracorporeal shock wave therapy, and further advances in drug-eluting endovascular stents might in future allow clinicians to treat ED more definitively.

Hypogastric Arterial Selective and Superselective Embolization for Severe Postpartum Hemorrhage: A Retrospective Review of 36 Cases

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Boulleret, C.; Chahid, T.; Gallot, D.

We report on embolization in 36 cases of postpartum hemorrhage (PPH). The 36 patients with severe PPH, including one patient who had undergone an emergency hysterectomy, were transferred to the regional interventional vascular radiology unit in a mean time of 6 hours 12 min. Bilateral occlusion of the anterior trunk of the hypogastric arteries was carried out using gelatin sponge. Immediate success was achieved in all cases. In 3 cases, however, a second embolization was necessary before day 2. In 17%, complementary nonvascular surgery was performed. Complications included one puncture site false aneurysm treated by compression, two cases of regressivemore » lower limb paraesthesia, one femoral vein thrombosis, and nonsignificant puncture site hematomas (19.5%). Long-term follow-up was conducted in 23 patients: 91% resumed regular menstrual cycles, 8.7% dysmenorrhea. New pregnancy occurred in 13% (two full-term pregnancies and one voluntary termination). Immediate efficacy, low morbidity and preservation of fertility make embolization the technique of choice for severe PPH.« less

Radiofrequency Ablation in Combination with Embolization in Metachronous Recurrent Renal Cancer in Solitary Kidney after Contralateral Tumor Nephrectomy

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Gebauer, Bernhard, E-mail: bernhard.gebauer@charite.de; Werk, Michael; Lopez-Haenninen, Enrique

Purpose. To evaluate the feasibility and safety of minimally invasive, percutaneous techniques in metachronous recurrent renal cell cancers (RCCs) in solitary kidneys. Methods. In 4 patients, recurrent RCC was treated by radiofrequency ablation (RFA) (RITA, StarBurst) alone, and in 2 patients by RFA in combination with superselective transarterial particle-lipiodol embolization using 3 Fr microcatheters. RFA was guided by computed tomography in 5 patients, and by magnetic resonance imaging in 1 patient. Mean tumor diameter was 26.7 mm (range 10-45 mm). All interventions were technically successful; during follow-up 1 patient developed recurrent RCC, which was retreated by RFA after embolization. Results.more » No major peri- or postprocedural complications occurred. Changes in creatinine (pre- vs. post-intervention, 122 vs. 127 {mu}mol/l) and calculated creatinine clearance (pre- vs. post-intervention, 78 vs. 73 ml/min) after ablation were minimal. Conclusion. In single kidneys, percutaneous, minimally invasive techniques are safe and feasible. In large tumors, or where there are adjacent critical structures, we prefer a combination of embolization and thermal ablation (RFA)« less

Percutaneous Transluminal Cerebral Angioplasty and Stenting in Acute Vertebrobasilar Ischemic Stroke

PubMed Central

Nistri, M.; Mangiafico, S.; Cellerini, M.; Villa, G.; Mennonna, P.; Ammannati, F.; Giordano, G. P.

2002-01-01

Summary Reports of cerebral transluminal angioplasty and stenting in patients with vertebrobasilar ischemic stroke are scanty. Herein we report on the use of “monorail” coronary balloon angioplasty and stent balloon mounted catheters in two patients with acute vertebrobasilar ischemic stroke, focussing on the differences and possible advantages of the “monorail” technique in comparison with the “over-the-wire” technique. In both patients, the clinical picture was characterized by progressive brainstem symptoms followed by acute loss of consciousness related to an atherothrombotic occlusion and subocclusion of the dominant intracranial vertebral artery, respectively. In one patient, superselective thrombolytic therapy and balloon angioplasty resulted in a dissection flap at the vertebrobasilar junction. The latter was treated by successful deployment of a coronary stent. In the other patient, the subocclusive lesion was directly treated by angioplasty and stenting without thrombolytic therapy. The clinical outcome was poor for one patient (“locked in” syndrome) while the other had a complete clinical recovery. In acute atherothrombotic vertebrobasilar stroke transluminal cerebral angioplasty and stenting may be successfully performed allowing vessel recanalization. PMID:20594522

Relative threshold of detection of active arterial bleeding: in vitro comparison of MDCT and digital subtraction angiography.

PubMed

Roy-Choudhury, Shuvro H; Gallacher, David J; Pilmer, John; Rankin, Sheila; Fowler, Geoff; Steers, Jeff; Dourado, Renato; Woodburn, Paul; Adam, Andreas

2007-11-01

The objective of our study was to determine the relative sensitivity and the lowest threshold of bleeding detectable with digital subtraction angiography (DSA) and with MDCT using an in vitro physiologic system. A closed pulsatile cardiopulmonary bypass circuit was connected to tubes traversing a water bath to simulate the abdominal aorta and inferior vena cava. Three smaller interconnecting acrylic plastic tubes were connected as branches to the aortic tubing to simulate branch vessels. One of the three tubes, the control, had no holes in it, one had a 100-microm hole, and one had a 280-microm hole. The leakage rates were predetermined with a cardiac output of 2 and 4 L/min and with a mean arterial pressure (MAP) ranging from 30 to 100 mm Hg for each hole size. The following studies were performed for each of the predetermined leakage rates. For study 1, 16-MDCT was performed using bolus tracking after 35 mL of contrast medium had been injected into a simulated peripheral vein. For study 2, DSA was performed using a 4-French straight catheter placed 10 cm proximal to the holes (selective first aortic branch cannulation). For study 3, DSA was performed with a catheter placed in the small branch at the site of the hole (highly superselective). For study 4, 16-MDCT was performed with a catheter placed as in study 2, 10 cm proximal to the holes, for the detection of lower leakage rates. Cine loops of MDCT and DSA images were examined by two blinded observers to detect extravasation from the holes in the tubes (i.e., the branch arteries). Interobserver agreement was studied using Cohen's kappa statistic. The threshold to detect bleeding was as follows for each study: For IV contrast-enhanced MDCT (study 1), it was 0.35 mL/min; DSA with a catheter 10 cm proximal to the holes (study 2), 0.96 mL/min; DSA with a catheter at the holes (study 3), 0.05 mL/min [corrected] or lower; and intraarterial selective MDCT (study 4), 0.05 mL/min [corrected] or lower. The ease of detection improved with increasing MAPs and larger volumes of leakage. Interobserver correlation was excellent. In vitro, i.v. contrast-enhanced MDCT is more sensitive than first-order aortic branch-selective DSA in detecting active hemorrhage unless the catheter position is highly superselective and is close to the bleeding artery. These results suggest that MDCT can be used as the initial imaging technique in the diagnosis of active hemorrhage if the clinical condition of the patient allows.

Environment as a witness: Selective proliferation of information and emergence of objectivity in a quantum universe

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ollivier, Harold; Poulin, David; Zurek, Wojciech H.

2005-10-01

We study the role of the information deposited in the environment of an open quantum system in the course of the decoherence process. Redundant spreading of information—the fact that some observables of the system can be independently read off from many distinct fragments of the environment—is investigated as the key to effective objectivity, the essential ingredient of classical reality. This focus on the environment as a communication channel through which observers learn about physical systems underscores the importance of quantum Darwinism—selective proliferation of information about “the fittest states” chosen by the dynamics of decoherence at the expense of their superpositions—as redundancy imposes the existence of preferred observables. We demonstrate that the only observables that can leave multiple imprints in the environment are the familiar pointer observables singled out by environment-induced superselection (einselection) for their predictability. Many independent observers monitoring the environment will therefore agree on properties of the system as they can only learn about preferred observables. In this operational sense, the selective spreading of information leads to appearance of an objective classical reality from within the quantum substrate.

Correlation of pressure measurements with angiographic characteristics predisposing to hemorrhage and steal in cerebral arteriovenous malformations

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Norbash, A.M.; Marks, M.P.; Lane, B.

1994-05-01

To determine whether there is a physiologic explanation for the predisposition of patients with certain angiographic characteristics to symptoms of hemorrhage and steal. Superselective transcatheter feeding arterial pressure and mean arterial pressure measurements were obtained before embolotherapy in 32 patients with cerebral arteriovenous malformations. Pressures were correlated with previously described angioarchitectural characteristics predisposing to hemorrhage and steal. These included size of the arteriovenous malformation, feeding artery length, venous drainage pattern, and angiomatous change. The feeding arterial pressure and feeding arterial pressure/mean arterial pressure ratios were significantly decreased in patients with angiomatous change. Feeding arterial pressure and feeding arterial pressure/mean arterialmore » pressure ratios progressively decreased as lesions went from peripheral, to mixed, to central venous drainage. A trend for lower feeding arterial pressure was also demonstrated with greater feeding pedicle length. A statistically significant correlation could not be demonstrated between feeding arterial pressure or feeding arterial pressure/mean arterial pressure ratios and size of the arteriovenous malformation, hemorrhage, or symptoms of steal. Feeding arterial pressure measurements help provide a physiologic basis for the relationship between certain angiographic characteristics and hemorrhage and steal symptoms in patients with arteriovenous malformation. 27 refs., 1 fig.« less

Role of prostate artery embolization in the management of refractory haematuria of prostatic origin.

PubMed

Pereira, Keith; Halpern, Joshua A; McClure, Timothy D; Lewis, Nicholas A; Kably, Isaam; Bhatia, Shivank; Hu, Jim C

2016-09-01

Prostatic haematuria is among the most common genitourinary complaints of emergency room visits, distressing and troublesome to men and a challenging clinical problem to the treating physician. The most common aetiologies of prostatic haematuria include benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer. Prostatic haematuria usually resolves with conservative and medical methods; failure of these interventions results in refractory haematuria of prostatic origin (RHPO), a potentially life-threatening scenario. Several different treatments have been described, with varying degrees of success. Patients with RHPO are often elderly and unfit for radical surgery. Prostate artery embolization (PAE) has evolved as a safe and effective technique in the management of RHPO. Use of a superselective approach optimizes clinical success while minimizing complications. This minimally invasive approach improves patients with haemodynamic instability, serves as a bridge to elective surgery, and is a highly effective treatment for RHPO. It may obviate the need for more invasive and morbid surgical therapies. The aim of the present review was to describe the current management of RHPO and the technique of PAE and to review its efficacy and associated morbidity. © 2016 The Authors BJU International © 2016 BJU International Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Jones index, secret sharing and total quantum dimension

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fiedler, Leander; Naaijkens, Pieter; Osborne, Tobias J.

2017-02-01

We study the total quantum dimension in the thermodynamic limit of topologically ordered systems. In particular, using the anyons (or superselection sectors) of such models, we define a secret sharing scheme, storing information invisible to a malicious party, and argue that the total quantum dimension quantifies how well we can perform this task. We then argue that this can be made mathematically rigorous using the index theory of subfactors, originally due to Jones and later extended by Kosaki and Longo. This theory provides us with a ‘relative entropy’ of two von Neumann algebras and a quantum channel, and we argue how these can be used to quantify how much classical information two parties can hide form an adversary. We also review the total quantum dimension in finite systems, in particular how it relates to topological entanglement entropy. It is known that the latter also has an interpretation in terms of secret sharing schemes, although this is shown by completely different methods from ours. Our work provides a different and independent take on this, which at the same time is completely mathematically rigorous. This complementary point of view might be beneficial, for example, when studying the stability of the total quantum dimension when the system is perturbed.

Technique for reliable sentinel node biopsy in squamous cell carcinomas of the floor of mouth.

PubMed

Stoeckli, Sandro J; Huebner, Thomas; Huber, Gerhard F; Broglie, Martina A

2016-09-01

Applicability of sentinel node biopsy (SNB) for tumors of the floor of mouth (FOM) is controversial. Prospective evaluation of the accuracy of gamma-probe-guided superselective neck dissection of the preglandular triangle of level I for SNB in FOM squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) after preoperative lymphoscintigraphy and single photon emission CT (SPECT)/CT. In total, 22 sentinel lymph nodes were harvested in level I. Eight of 22 (36%) were seen on lymphoscintigraphy and 11 (50%) on SPECT/CT. Eleven sentinel lymph nodes (50%) were only detected intraoperatively. In unilateral tumors, 20% were contralateral, and, in midline tumors, 93% showed bilateral level I sentinel lymph nodes. The false-negative rate was 8.3%, the negative predictive value was 96.4%, and the false-omission rate was 3.6%. The ultimate neck control rate, including salvage treatment, was 100%. SNB in FOM can be reliably performed using the presented surgical technique. Level I exploration, bilaterally in midline tumors, is mandatory irrespective of the visualization of sentinel lymph nodes in other levels. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 38: 1367-1372, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Entanglement entropy for 2D gauge theories with matters

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Aoki, Sinya; Iizuka, Norihiro; Tamaoka, Kotaro; Yokoya, Tsuyoshi

2017-08-01

We investigate the entanglement entropy in 1 +1 -dimensional S U (N ) gauge theories with various matter fields using the lattice regularization. Here we use extended Hilbert space definition for entanglement entropy, which contains three contributions; (1) classical Shannon entropy associated with superselection sector distribution, where sectors are labeled by irreducible representations of boundary penetrating fluxes, (2) logarithm of the dimensions of their representations, which is associated with "color entanglement," and (3) EPR Bell pairs, which give "genuine" entanglement. We explicitly show that entanglement entropies (1) and (2) above indeed appear for various multiple "meson" states in gauge theories with matter fields. Furthermore, we employ transfer matrix formalism for gauge theory with fundamental matter field and analyze its ground state using hopping parameter expansion (HPE), where the hopping parameter K is roughly the inverse square of the mass for the matter. We evaluate the entanglement entropy for the ground state and show that all (1), (2), (3) above appear in the HPE, though the Bell pair part (3) appears in higher order than (1) and (2) do. With these results, we discuss how the ground state entanglement entropy in the continuum limit can be understood from the lattice ground state obtained in the HPE.

Angiographic evaluation and management of acute gastrointestinal hemorrhage

PubMed Central

Walker, T Gregory; Salazar, Gloria M; Waltman, Arthur C

2012-01-01

Although most cases of acute nonvariceal gastrointestinal hemorrhage either spontaneously resolve or respond to medical management or endoscopic treatment, there are still a significant number of patients who require emergency angiography and transcatheter treatment. Evaluation with noninvasive imaging such as nuclear scintigraphy or computed tomography may localize the bleeding source and/or confirm active hemorrhage prior to angiography. Any angiographic evaluation should begin with selective catheterization of the artery supplying the most likely site of bleeding, as determined by the available clinical, endoscopic and imaging data. If a hemorrhage source is identified, superselective catheterization followed by transcatheter microcoil embolization is usually the most effective means of successfully controlling hemorrhage while minimizing potential complications. This is now well-recognized as a viable and safe alternative to emergency surgery. In selected situations transcatheter intra-arterial infusion of vasopressin may also be useful in controlling acute gastrointestinal bleeding. One must be aware of the various side effects and potential complications associated with this treatment, however, and recognize the high re-bleeding rate. In this article we review the current role of angiography, transcatheter arterial embolization and infusion therapy in the evaluation and management of nonvariceal gastrointestinal hemorrhage. PMID:22468082

Veterinary interventional oncology: from concept to clinic.

PubMed

Weisse, Chick

2015-08-01

Interventional radiology (IR) involves the use of contemporary imaging modalities to gain access to different structures in order to deliver materials for therapeutic purposes. Veterinarians have been expanding the use of these minimally invasive techniques in animals with a variety of conditions involving all of the major body systems. Interventional oncology (IO) is a growing subspecialty of IR in human medicine used (1) to restore patency to malignant obstructions through endoluminal stenting, (2) to provide dose escalations to tumors without increasing systemic chemotherapy toxicities via superselective transarterial chemotherapy delivery, (3) to stop hemorrhage or reduce blood flow to tumors via transarterial embolization or chemoembolization, and (4) to provide therapies for those cancers with no safe or effective alternative options. This review provides a brief introduction to a few of the techniques currently available to veterinarians for cancer treatment. For each technique, the concept for improved palliation, patient quality of life, or tumor control is presented, followed by the most current veterinary clinical information available. Although promising, more studies will be necessary to determine if veterinary IO will provide the same benefits as has already been demonstrated in oncology care in humans. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Stampfl, S.; Stampfl, U.; Rehnitz, C.

Purpose. To evaluate trisacryl-gelatin microspheres (40-120 {mu}m) for acute and chronic tissue embolization in mini-pig livers. Methods. Thirteen animals were divided into four groups: group 1 (n = 3), total arterial bed occlusion with acute procedure; groups 2 to 4, chronic superselective embolization with follow-up of 1 week (group 2, n = 1), 4 weeks (group 3, n 4) or 14 weeks (group 4, n = 5). Key endpoints were homogeneity and particle distribution in acute embolizations (group 1) and necrosis and inflammation in chronic embolizations (groups 2-4) as assessed microscopically and angiographically. Results. After liver embolization, parenchymal necrosis didmore » not occur; only signs of vessel wall disintegration were evident. The bile ducts remained intact. A distinct foreign body reaction with sparse leukocytic infiltration and giant cells was found at 14 weeks, but no signs of major inflammation were found. Particles were seen at the presinusoidal level, but no particle transportation into the sinusoids was observed. Conclusions. Embolization in mini-pig livers, using small trisacryl-gelatin microspheres, results in vessel fibrosis without parenchymal or bile duct necrosis. The most likely explanation for preservation of the parenchyma is portal inflow. Small trisacryl-gelatin microspheres may be ideal as an adjunct for chemoembolization.« less

Advances in arterial spin labelling MRI methods for measuring perfusion and collateral flow.

PubMed

van Osch, Matthias Jp; Teeuwisse, Wouter M; Chen, Zhensen; Suzuki, Yuriko; Helle, Michael; Schmid, Sophie

2017-01-01

With the publication in 2015 of the consensus statement by the perfusion study group of the International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine (ISMRM) and the EU-COST action 'ASL in dementia' on the implementation of arterial spin labelling MRI (ASL) in a clinical setting, the development of ASL can be considered to have become mature and ready for clinical prime-time. In this review article new developments and remaining issues will be discussed, especially focusing on quantification of ASL as well as on new technological developments of ASL for perfusion imaging and flow territory mapping. Uncertainty of the achieved labelling efficiency in pseudo-continuous ASL (pCASL) as well as the presence of arterial transit time artefacts, can be considered the main remaining challenges for the use of quantitative cerebral blood flow (CBF) values. New developments in ASL centre around time-efficient acquisition of dynamic ASL-images by means of time-encoded pCASL and diversification of information content, for example by combined 4D-angiography with perfusion imaging. Current vessel-encoded and super-selective pCASL-methodology have developed into easily applied flow-territory mapping methods providing relevant clinical information with highly similar information content as digital subtraction angiography (DSA), the current clinical standard. Both approaches seem therefore to be ready for clinical use.

Predictability sieve, pointer states, and the classicality of quantum trajectories

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Dalvit, D. A. R.; Zurek, W. H.; Dziarmaga, J.

2005-12-15

We study various measures of classicality of the states of open quantum systems subject to decoherence. Classical states are expected to be stable in spite of decoherence, and are thought to leave conspicuous imprints on the environment. Here these expected features of environment-induced superselection are quantified using four different criteria: predictability sieve (which selects states that produce least entropy), purification time (which looks for states that are the easiest to find out from the imprint they leave on the environment), efficiency threshold (which finds states that can be deduced from measurements on a smallest fraction of the environment), and puritymore » loss time (that looks for states for which it takes the longest to lose a set fraction of their initial purity). We show that when pointer states--the most predictable states of an open quantum system selected by the predictability sieve--are well defined, all four criteria agree that they are indeed the most classical states. We illustrate this with two examples: an underdamped harmonic oscillator, for which coherent states are unanimously chosen by all criteria, and a free particle undergoing quantum Brownian motion, for which most criteria select almost identical Gaussian states (although, in this case, the predictability sieve does not select well defined pointer states)« less

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Park, Hong Suk, E-mail: hpark@ncc.re.kr; Kim, Young Il; Kim, Hyae Young

Purpose. To assess the safety and effectiveness of arterial embolization in lung cancer patients with hemoptysis. Methods. Nineteen primary lung cancer patients with hemoptysis underwent bronchial artery and systemic artery embolization from April 2002 to March 2005. There were 17 men and 2 women, with a mean age of 59 years. Histologic analysis revealed squamous cell carcinoma in 10 patients and poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma in 9 patients. The amount of hemoptysis was bleeding of 25-50 ml within 24 hr in 8 patients, recurrent blood-tinged sputum in 6, and bleeding of 100 ml or more per 24 hr in 5. Embolizationmore » was done with a superselective technique using a microcatheter and polyvinyl alcohol particles to occlude the affected vessels. Results. Arterial embolization was technically successful in all patients and clinically successful in 15 patients (79%). The average number of arteries embolized was 1.2. Bronchial arteriography revealed staining (all patients), dilatation of the artery or hypervascularity (10 patients), and bronchopulmonary shunt (6 patients). The recurrence rate was 33% (5/15) and 11 patients were alive with a mean follow-up time of 148 days (30-349 days). Conclusion. Arterial embolotherapy for hemoptysis in patients with primary lung cancer is an effective, safe therapeutic modality despite the fact the vascular changes are subtle on angiography.« less

Angiographic embolization in the treatment of intrahepatic arterial bleeding in patients with blunt abdominal trauma.

PubMed

Kong, Ya-Lin; Zhang, Hong-Yi; He, Xiao-Jun; Zhao, Gang; Liu, Cheng-Li; Xiao, Mei; Zhen, Yu-Ying

2014-04-01

Angiographic embolization (AE) as an adjunct non-operative treatment of intrahepatic arterial bleeding has been widely used. The present study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of selective AE in patients with hepatic trauma. Seventy patients with intrahepatic arterial bleeding after blunt abdominal trauma who had undergone selective AE in 10 years at this institution were retrospectively reviewed. The criteria for selective AE included active extravasation on contrast-enhanced CT, an episode of hypotension or a decrease in hemoglobin level during the non-operative treatment. The data of the patients included demographics, grade of liver injuries, mechanism of blunt abdominal trauma, associated intra-abdominal injuries, indications for AE, angiographic findings, type of AE, and AE-related hepatobiliary complications. In the 70 patients, 32 (45.71%) had high-grade liver injuries. Extravazation during the early arterial phase mainly involved the right hepatic segments. Thirteen (18.57%) patients underwent embolization of intrahepatic branches and the extrahepatic trunk and these patients all developed AE-related hepatobiliary complications. In 19 patients with AE-related complications, 14 received minimally invasive treatment and recovered without severe sequelae. AE is an adjunct treatment for liver injuries. Selective and/or super-selective AE should be advocated to decrease the incidence and severity of AE-related hepatobiliary complications.

Anatomic partial nephrectomy: technique evolution.

PubMed

Azhar, Raed A; Metcalfe, Charles; Gill, Inderbir S

2015-03-01

Partial nephrectomy provides equivalent long-term oncologic and superior functional outcomes as radical nephrectomy for T1a renal masses. Herein, we review the various vascular clamping techniques employed during minimally invasive partial nephrectomy, describe the evolution of our partial nephrectomy technique and provide an update on contemporary thinking about the impact of ischemia on renal function. Recently, partial nephrectomy surgical technique has shifted away from main artery clamping and towards minimizing/eliminating global renal ischemia during partial nephrectomy. Supported by high-fidelity three-dimensional imaging, novel anatomic-based partial nephrectomy techniques have recently been developed, wherein partial nephrectomy can now be performed with segmental, minimal or zero global ischemia to the renal remnant. Sequential innovations have included early unclamping, segmental clamping, super-selective clamping and now culminating in anatomic zero-ischemia surgery. By eliminating 'under-the-gun' time pressure of ischemia for the surgeon, these techniques allow an unhurried, tightly contoured tumour excision with point-specific sutured haemostasis. Recent data indicate that zero-ischemia partial nephrectomy may provide better functional outcomes by minimizing/eliminating global ischemia and preserving greater vascularized kidney volume. Contemporary partial nephrectomy includes a spectrum of surgical techniques ranging from conventional-clamped to novel zero-ischemia approaches. Technique selection should be tailored to each individual case on the basis of tumour characteristics, surgical feasibility, surgeon experience, patient demographics and baseline renal function.

Group theoretical quantization of isotropic loop cosmology

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Livine, Etera R.; Martín-Benito, Mercedes

2012-06-01

We achieve a group theoretical quantization of the flat Friedmann-Robertson-Walker model coupled to a massless scalar field adopting the improved dynamics of loop quantum cosmology. Deparemetrizing the system using the scalar field as internal time, we first identify a complete set of phase space observables whose Poisson algebra is isomorphic to the su(1,1) Lie algebra. It is generated by the volume observable and the Hamiltonian. These observables describe faithfully the regularized phase space underlying the loop quantization: they account for the polymerization of the variable conjugate to the volume and for the existence of a kinematical nonvanishing minimum volume. Since the Hamiltonian is an element in the su(1,1) Lie algebra, the dynamics is now implemented as SU(1, 1) transformations. At the quantum level, the system is quantized as a timelike irreducible representation of the group SU(1, 1). These representations are labeled by a half-integer spin, which gives the minimal volume. They provide superselection sectors without quantization anomalies and no factor ordering ambiguity arises when representing the Hamiltonian. We then explicitly construct SU(1, 1) coherent states to study the quantum evolution. They not only provide semiclassical states but truly dynamical coherent states. Their use further clarifies the nature of the bounce that resolves the big bang singularity.

Transcatheter Embolization of Peripheral Renal Artery for Hemorrhagic Urological Emergencies using FuAiLe Medical Glue

PubMed Central

An, Tianzhi; Zhang, Shasha; Xu, Min; Zhou, Shi; Wang, Weiping

2015-01-01

Our objective was to review the technical success and clinical outcomes of transcatheter embolization of peripheral renal artery with FuAiLe medical glue (FAL). All patients who underwent FAL embolization for peripheral renal artery bleeding were retrospectively analyzed for underlying pathologies, technical success and outcome of embolization procedure. 14 consecutive patients underwent FAL embolization between November 2009 and February 2013. The causes of bleeding were post biopsy (n = 5), blunt trauma (n = 5), percutaneous lithotripsy of kidney stones (n = 3), and complication of cardiac catheterization (n = 1). Bleeding was effectively controlled with a single injection of FAL. Mean volume of FAL mixture (FAL:Lipiodol, 1:1) was 0.5 mL (range, 0.2–0.8 mL). No reflux of the embolic agent was noted. Average cost of FAL for each procedure was $74. Postembolization clinical follow-up showed no evidence of recurrent hematuria, progression of hematoma, hypertension, or elevation of serum creatinine. Doppler ultrasound examinations in 13 patients demonstrated no abscess, renal parenchyma infarction, or renal artery abnormalities. Superselective FAL embolization may be used for the treatment of active bleeding from peripheral renal arteries. It has a high success rate and is quicker and less expensive than embolization with other agents. PMID:25765607

Transcatheter embolization of peripheral renal artery for hemorrhagic urological emergencies using FuAiLe medical glue.

PubMed

An, Tianzhi; Zhang, Shasha; Xu, Min; Zhou, Shi; Wang, Weiping

2015-03-13

Our objective was to review the technical success and clinical outcomes of transcatheter embolization of peripheral renal artery with FuAiLe medical glue (FAL). All patients who underwent FAL embolization for peripheral renal artery bleeding were retrospectively analyzed for underlying pathologies, technical success and outcome of embolization procedure. 14 consecutive patients underwent FAL embolization between November 2009 and February 2013. The causes of bleeding were post biopsy (n = 5), blunt trauma (n = 5), percutaneous lithotripsy of kidney stones (n = 3), and complication of cardiac catheterization (n = 1). Bleeding was effectively controlled with a single injection of FAL. Mean volume of FAL mixture (FAL:Lipiodol, 1:1) was 0.5 mL (range, 0.2-0.8 mL). No reflux of the embolic agent was noted. Average cost of FAL for each procedure was $74. Postembolization clinical follow-up showed no evidence of recurrent hematuria, progression of hematoma, hypertension, or elevation of serum creatinine. Doppler ultrasound examinations in 13 patients demonstrated no abscess, renal parenchyma infarction, or renal artery abnormalities. Superselective FAL embolization may be used for the treatment of active bleeding from peripheral renal arteries. It has a high success rate and is quicker and less expensive than embolization with other agents.

Macromolecular Systems with MSA-Capped CdTe and CdTe/ZnS Core/Shell Quantum Dots as Superselective and Ultrasensitive Optical Sensors for Picric Acid Explosive.

PubMed

Dutta, Priyanka; Saikia, Dilip; Adhikary, Nirab Chandra; Sarma, Neelotpal Sen

2015-11-11

This work reports the development of highly fluorescent materials for the selective and efficient detection of picric acid explosive in the nanomolar range by fluorescence quenching phenomenon. Poly(vinyl alcohol) grafted polyaniline (PPA) and its nanocomposites with 2-mercaptosuccinic acid (MSA)-capped CdTe quantum dots (PPA-Q) and with MSA-capped CdTe/ZnS core/shell quantum dots (PPA-CSQ) are synthesized in a single step free radical polymerization reaction. The thermal stability and photo stability of the polymer increases in the order of PPA < PPA-Q < PPA-CSQ. The polymers show remarkably high selectivity and efficient sensitivity toward picric acid, and the quenching efficiency for PPA-CSQ reaches up to 99%. The detection limits of PPA, PPA-Q, and PPA-CSQ for picric acid are found to be 23, 1.6, and 0.65 nM, respectively, which are remarkably low. The mechanism operating in the quenching phenomenon is proposed to be a combination of a strong inner filter effect and ground state electrostatic interaction between the polymers and picric acid. A portable and cost-effective electronic device for the visual detection of picric acid by the sensory system is successfully fabricated. The device is further employed for quantitative detection of picric acid in real water samples.

Features predictive of brain arteriovenous malformation hemorrhage: extrapolation to a physiologic model.

PubMed

Sahlein, Daniel H; Mora, Paloma; Becske, Tibor; Huang, Paul; Jafar, Jafar J; Connolly, E Sander; Nelson, Peter K

2014-07-01

Although there is generally thought to be a 2% to 4% per annum rupture risk for brain arteriovenous malformations (bAVMs), there is no way to estimate risk for an individual patient. In this retrospective study, patients were eligible who had nidiform bAVMs and underwent detailed pretreatment diagnostic cerebral angiography at our medical center from 1996 to 2006. All patients had superselective microcatheter angiography, and films were reviewed for the purpose of this project. Patient demographics, clinical presentation, and angioarchitectural characteristics were analyzed. A univariate analysis was performed, and angioarchitectural features with potential physiological significance that showed at least a trend toward significance were added to a multivariate logistic regression model. One hundred twenty-two bAVMs met criteria for study entry. bAVMs with single venous drainage anatomy were more likely to present with hemorrhage. In addition, patients with multiple draining veins and a venous stenosis reverted to a risk similar to those with 1 draining vein, whereas those with multiple draining veins and without stenosis had diminished association with hemorrhage presentation. Those bAVMs with associated aneurysms were more likely to present with hemorrhage. These findings were robust in both univariate and multivariate models. The results of this article lead to the first physiological, internally consistent model of individual bAVM hemorrhage risk, where 1 draining vein, venous stenosis, and associated aneurysms increase risk. © 2014 American Heart Association, Inc.

Emergent Embolization of a Very Late Detected Pseudoaneurysm at a Lower Pole Subsegmental Artery of the Kidney after Clampless Laparoscopic Partial Nephrectomy

PubMed Central

Chiancone, Francesco; Fedelini, Maurizio; Pucci, Luigi; Di Lorenzo, Domenico; Meccariello, Clemente; Fedelini, Paolo

2017-01-01

Renal artery pseudoaneurysm is a rare but life-threatening condition. Its incidence is higher after minimally invasive partial nephrectomy (PN) than after the open approach. We reported a case of a renal artery pseudoaneurysm occurred about four months after a clampless laparoscopic PN. A 49-year-old female underwent a clampless laparoscopic PN for a right renal tumor with high surgical complexity. The patient experienced an intraoperative blood loss from renal bed and the surgeons performed a deep medullary absorbable suture. Three months after surgery the patient underwent a renal ultrasonography with good results. The patient came to our emergency department 115 days after surgery with a hypovolemic shock stage 3. Her CT scan showed a pseudoaneurysm of a lower pole vessel of the right kidney. She underwent a superselective embolization of the segmental renal artery. The surgical complexity of the tumor, the anatomical relationships with the renal sinus and the deep medullary suture could be responsible for the development of the pseudoaneurysm. The authors presented an unusual case of a very late detected pseudoaneurysm of a renal vessel, suggesting that all very complex renal tumors removed with a minimally invasive technique should be followed up closely at least during the first six-months in order to early detect this major complication. PMID:28785196

Development of a novel MWCNTs-triazene-modified carbon paste electrode for potentiometric assessment of Hg(II) in the aquatic environments.

PubMed

Mashhadizadeh, Mohammad Hossein; Ramezani, Soleyman; Rofouei, Mohammad Kazem

2015-02-01

In this approach, a new chemically modified carbon paste electrode was assembled for potentiometric assay of mercury(II) ion in the aqueous environments. Hereby, MWCNTs were used in the carbon paste composition to meliorate the electrical conductivity and sensitivity of the carbon paste owing to its exceptional physicochemical characteristics. Likewise, participation of the BEPT as a super-selective ionophore in the carbon paste composition boosted significantly the selectivity of the modified electrode towards Hg(II) ions over a wide concentration range of 4.0 × 10(-9)-2.2 × 10(-3) mol L(-1) with a lower detection limit of 3.1 × 10(-9) mol L(-1). Besides, Nernstian slope of the proposed sensor was 28.9(± 0.4)mV/decade over a pH range of 3.0-5.2 with potentiometric short response time of 10s. In the interim, by storing in the dark and cool dry place during non-usage period, the electrode can be used for at least 30 days without any momentous divergence of the potentiometric response. Eventually, to judge about its practical efficiency, the arranged sensor was utilized successfully as an indicator electrode for potentiometric titration of mercury(II) with standard solution of EDTA. As well, the quantitative analysis of mercury(II) ions in some aqueous samples with sensible accuracy and precision was satisfactorily performed. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Increased variability of watershed areas in patients with high-grade carotid stenosis.

PubMed

Kaczmarz, Stephan; Griese, Vanessa; Preibisch, Christine; Kallmayer, Michael; Helle, Michael; Wustrow, Isabel; Petersen, Esben Thade; Eckstein, Hans-Henning; Zimmer, Claus; Sorg, Christian; Göttler, Jens

2018-03-01

Watershed areas (WSAs) of the brain are most susceptible to acute hypoperfusion due to their peripheral location between vascular territories. Additionally, chronic WSA-related vascular processes underlie cognitive decline especially in patients with cerebral hemodynamic compromise. Despite of high relevance for both clinical diagnostics and research, individual in vivo WSA definition is fairly limited to date. Thus, this study proposes a standardized segmentation approach to delineate individual WSAs by use of time-to-peak (TTP) maps and investigates spatial variability of individual WSAs. We defined individual watershed masks based on relative TTP increases in 30 healthy elderly persons and 28 patients with unilateral, high-grade carotid stenosis, being at risk for watershed-related hemodynamic impairment. Determined WSA location was confirmed by an arterial transit time atlas and individual super-selective arterial spin labeling. We compared spatial variability of WSA probability maps between groups and assessed TTP differences between hemispheres in individual and group-average watershed locations. Patients showed significantly higher spatial variability of WSAs than healthy controls. Perfusion on the side of the stenosis was delayed within individual watershed masks as compared to a watershed template derived from controls, being independent from the grade of the stenosis and collateralization status of the circle of Willis. Results demonstrate feasibility of individual WSA delineation by TTP maps in healthy elderly and carotid stenosis patients. Data indicate necessity of individual segmentation approaches especially in patients with hemodynamic compromise to detect critical regions of impaired hemodynamics.

Safety of Chemotherapeutic Infusion or Chemoembolization for Hepatocellular Carcinoma Supplied Exclusively by the Cystic Artery

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Kang, Beomsik, E-mail: kangbs98@gmail.com; Kim, Hyo-Cheol, E-mail: angiointervention@gmail.com; Chung, Jin Wook, E-mail: chungjw@snu.ac.kr

Purpose: This study was designed to evaluate the safety of chemotherapeutic infusion or chemoembolization by way of the cystic artery in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) supplied exclusively by the cystic artery. Methods: Between Jan 2002 and Dec 2011, we performed chemotherapeutic infusion or chemoembolization using iodized oil for the treatment of 27 patients with HCC supplied exclusively by the cystic artery. Computed tomography (CT) scans, digital subtraction angiograms, and medical records were retrospectively reviewed by consensus. Results: The cystic artery originated from the main right hepatic artery in 24 (89 %) patients, from the right anterior hepatic artery inmore » 2 (7 %) patients, and from the left hepatic artery in 1 (4 %) patient. Selective catheterization of the cystic artery was achieved in all patients. Superselection of tumor-feeding vessels from the cystic artery was achieved in 7 patients (26 %). Chemotherapeutic infusion was performed in 18 patients (67 %), and chemoembolization was performed in 9 patients (33 %). There were no major complications and only 2 minor complications, including vasovagal syncope and nausea with vomiting. Individual tumor response supplied exclusively by the cystic artery at the follow-up enhanced CT scan were complete response (n = 16), partial response (n = 3), and stable disease (n = 8). Conclusion: HCC supplied exclusively by the cystic artery can be safely treated without severe complications by chemotherapeutic infusion or chemoembolization using iodized oil through the cystic artery.« less

Short- and long-term results of transcatheter embolization for massive arterial hemorrhage from gastroduodenal ulcers not controlled by endoscopic hemostasis

PubMed Central

Loffroy, Romaric; Guiu, Boris; Mezzetta, Lise; Minello, Anne; Michiels, Christophe; Jouve, Jean-Louis; Cheynel, Nicolas; Rat, Patrick; Cercueil, Jean-Pierre; Krausé, Denis

2009-01-01

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Severe bleeding from gastrointestinal ulcers is a life-threatening event that is difficult to manage when endoscopic treatment fails. Transcatheter embolization has been suggested as an alternative treatment in this situation. The present study reports on the efficacy and long-term outcomes of transcatheter embolization after failed endoscopic treatments were assessed in high-operative-risk patients. METHODS: A retrospective review of 60 consecutive emergency embolization procedures in hemodynamically unstable patients (41 men, 19 women; mean [±SD] age 69.4±15 years) was conducted. Patients were referred for selective angiography between 1999 and 2008 after failed endoscopic treatment of massive bleeding from gastrointestinal ulcers. Mean follow-up was 22 months. RESULTS: Embolization was feasible and successful in 57 patients. Sandwich coiling of the gastroduodenal artery was used in 34 patients, and superselective occlusion of the terminal feeding artery (with glue, coils or gelatin particles) was used in 23 patients. Early rebleeding occurred in 16 patients and was managed with endoscopy (n=8), reembolization (n=3) or surgery (n=5). No major embolization-related complications occurred. Sixteen patients died within 30 days after embolization (including three who died from rebleeding) and 11 died thereafter. No late bleeding recurrences were reported. CONCLUSIONS: Selective angiographic embolization is safe and effective for controlling life-threatening bleeding from gastroduodenal ulcers. The procedure usually obviates the need for emergency surgery in these high-risk patients. Survival depends chiefly on underlying conditions. PMID:19214287

Life-threatening bleeding and radiologic intervention after aesthetic surgeries with minimal invasive approaches: report of two cases.

PubMed

Kim, Youn-Hwan; Kim, Jong-Do; Visconti, Giuseppe; Kim, Jeong-Tae

2010-10-01

In this article, the authors report two cases of life-threatening bleeding after cosmetic surgeries that have been successfully treated with radiologic intervention. A 25-year-old female and a 35-year-old female presented at their institutions because of postoperative bleeding after intraoral mandibular angle ostectomy and endoscopic-guided trans-axillary breast augmentation, respectively. A ruptured traumatic pseudo-aneurysm of the right superficial temporal artery was diagnosed in the first case and a haematoma posterior to the right pectoralis major, due to active bleeding from a perforator of internal mammary artery, in the second case. Attempts were made to stop the haemorrhage using standard methods, but failed. Therefore, superselective microcatheter angioembolisation has been successfully performed in both the cases. At 22-month follow-up for the first case and at 12-month follow-up for the second case, the patients are asymptomatic and the cosmetic outcomes are being preserved. With radiologic intervention, the authors gained satisfactory results in the above-mentioned situations. Using this, with only local anaesthesia and the absence of incisions, a precise approach with immediate treatment to the haemorrhaging site is possible. This can be an excellent solution for arterial bleeding that is difficult to access anatomically after aesthetic surgeries, and in selected cases. Furthermore, this procedure is less disfiguring and preserves the aesthetic surgery outcomes. Copyright 2010 British Association of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgeons. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Quantization and superselection sectors III: Multiply connected spaces and indistinguishable particles

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Landsman, N. P. Klaas

2016-09-01

We reconsider the (non-relativistic) quantum theory of indistinguishable particles on the basis of Rieffel’s notion of C∗-algebraic (“strict”) deformation quantization. Using this formalism, we relate the operator approach of Messiah and Greenberg (1964) to the configuration space approach pioneered by Souriau (1967), Laidlaw and DeWitt-Morette (1971), Leinaas and Myrheim (1977), and others. In dimension d > 2, the former yields bosons, fermions, and paraparticles, whereas the latter seems to leave room for bosons and fermions only, apparently contradicting the operator approach as far as the admissibility of parastatistics is concerned. To resolve this, we first prove that in d > 2 the topologically non-trivial configuration spaces of the second approach are quantized by the algebras of observables of the first. Secondly, we show that the irreducible representations of the latter may be realized by vector bundle constructions, among which the line bundles recover the results of the second approach. Mathematically speaking, representations on higher-dimensional bundles (which define parastatistics) cannot be excluded, which render the configuration space approach incomplete. Physically, however, we show that the corresponding particle states may always be realized in terms of bosons and/or fermions with an unobserved internal degree of freedom (although based on non-relativistic quantum mechanics, this conclusion is analogous to the rigorous results of the Doplicher-Haag-Roberts analysis in algebraic quantum field theory, as well as to the heuristic arguments which led Gell-Mann and others to QCD (i.e. Quantum Chromodynamics)).

The evolution of invasive cerebral vasospasm treatment in patients with spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage and delayed cerebral ischemia-continuous selective intracarotid nimodipine therapy in awake patients without sedation.

PubMed

Paľa, Andrej; Schneider, Max; Brand, Christine; Pedro, Maria Teresa; Özpeynirci, Yigit; Schmitz, Bernd; Wirtz, Christian Rainer; Kapapa, Thomas; König, Ralph; Braun, Michael

2018-05-26

Cerebral vasospasm (CV) and delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI) are major factors that limit good outcome in patients with spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Continuous therapy with intra-arterial calcium channel blockers has been introduced as a new step in the invasive treatment cascade of CV and DCI. Sedation is routinely necessary for this procedure. We report about the feasibility to apply this therapy in awake compliant patients without intubation and sedation. Out of 67 patients with invasive endovascular treatment of cerebral vasospasm due to spontaneous SAH, 5 patients underwent continuous superselective intracarotid nimodipine therapy without intubation and sedation. Complications, neurological improvement, and outcome at discharge were summarized. Very good outcome was achieved in all 5 patients. The Barthel scale was 100 and the modified Rankin scale 0-1 in all cases at discharge. We found no severe complications and excellent neurological monitoring was possible in all cases due to patients' alert status. Symptoms of DCI resolved within 24 h in all 5 cases. We could demonstrate the feasibility and safety of selective intracarotid arterial nimodipine treatment in awake, compliant patients with spontaneous SAH and symptomatic CV and DCI. Using this method, an excellent monitoring of neurological function as well as early detection of other complications is possible. It might be an important step in the risk reduction of invasive CV therapy to improve the outcome with CV and DCI after SAH in selected patients.

Cureton's Basic Principles of Physical Fitness Work (Rules for Conducting Exercise).

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

President's Council on Physical Fitness and Sports, Washington, DC.

This document is an annotated list of 20 rules for conducting exercise. Among the rules described are the warm-up rule, the rule for regulation of exercise dosage, recuperation rule, posture rule, glandular fitness rule, maximum respiration rule, and maximum circulation rule. The time of workout and procedures for taking cool baths are…

Challenges for Rule Systems on the Web

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hu, Yuh-Jong; Yeh, Ching-Long; Laun, Wolfgang

The RuleML Challenge started in 2007 with the objective of inspiring the issues of implementation for management, integration, interoperation and interchange of rules in an open distributed environment, such as the Web. Rules are usually classified as three types: deductive rules, normative rules, and reactive rules. The reactive rules are further classified as ECA rules and production rules. The study of combination rule and ontology is traced back to an earlier active rule system for relational and object-oriented (OO) databases. Recently, this issue has become one of the most important research problems in the Semantic Web. Once we consider a computer executable policy as a declarative set of rules and ontologies that guides the behavior of entities within a system, we have a flexible way to implement real world policies without rewriting the computer code, as we did before. Fortunately, we have de facto rule markup languages, such as RuleML or RIF to achieve the portability and interchange of rules for different rule systems. Otherwise, executing real-life rule-based applications on the Web is almost impossible. Several commercial or open source rule engines are available for the rule-based applications. However, we still need a standard rule language and benchmark for not only to compare the rule systems but also to measure the progress in the field. Finally, a number of real-life rule-based use cases will be investigated to demonstrate the applicability of current rule systems on the Web.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Stampfl, Sibylle; Stampfl, Ulrike; Bellemann, Nadine

The objective of this study was to evaluate inflammatory response and recanalization after embolization with a new spherical embolic agent based on a core and shell design with a hydrogel core of polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) and a Polyzene-F nanoscale coating in a porcine kidney model. Thirty-six minipigs were enrolled for superselective renal embolization. Polyzene-F-coated PMMA particles and uncoated PMMA particles with a diameter of 300-600 {mu}m were used. Either 4 or 12 weeks post-embolization, arteriography of the embolized kidneys was performed and then compared with pre- and immediate post-embolization arteriograms using a specific recanalization score to determine the extent of recanalization.more » Using a microscopic inflammation score (Banff classification), the embolized organs were examined for local inflammatory effects which occurred in response to the embolic agent. In Polyzene-F-coated particles, the Banff classification showed an average inflammation score of 0.26 {+-} 0.58 at 4 weeks and of 0.08 {+-} 0.28 at 12 weeks. In uncoated particles, the Banff score measured 0.37 {+-} 0.6 at 4 weeks, which was higher, but without a statistically significant difference. According to the recanalization score used in this study, mild angiographic recanalization was evident in all groups, without statistically significant differences (3.0 {+-} 0.71 in coated particles, 3.09 {+-} 0.81 in uncoated particles; p = 0.74). We conclude that both uncoated hydrogel particles and Polyzene-F-coated embolic agents triggered virtually no inflammatory response and effectively occluded target arteries. This study demonstrates good biocompatibility of the new embolic material. As in other spherical embolic agents, recanalization can occur to some degree.« less

Transarterial endovascular treatment in the management of life-threatening carotid blowout syndrome in head and neck cancer patients: review of the literature.

PubMed

Dequanter, D; Shahla, M; Paulus, P; Aubert, C; Lothaire, P

2013-12-01

Carotid blowout syndrome is a rare but devastating complication in patients with head and neck malignancy, and is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Bleeding from the carotid artery or its branches is a well-recognized complication following treatment or recurrence of head and neck cancer. It is an emergency situation, and the classical approach to save the patient's life is to ligate the carotid artery. But the surgical treatment is often technically difficult. Endovascular therapies were recently reported as good alternatives to surgical ligation. Retrospective review of three cases of acute or threatened carotid hemorrhage managed by endovascular therapies. Two patients presented with acute carotid blowout, and one patient with a sentinel bleed. Two patients had previously been treated with surgery and chemo radiation. One patient was treated by chemo radiation. Two had developed pharyngocutaneous fistulas, and one had an open necrosis filled wound that surrounded the carotid artery. In two patients, stent placement resolved the acute hemorrhage. In one patient, superselective embolization was done. Mean duration follow-up was 10.2 months. No patient had residual sequelae of stenting or embolization. Management of carotid blow syndrome is very critical and difficult. A multidisciplinary approach is very important in the management of carotid blow syndrome. Correct and suitable management can be life saving. An endovascular technique is a good and effective alternative with much lower morbidity rates than surgical repair or ligation. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.

Embolization of Acute Nonvariceal Upper Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage Resistant to Endoscopic Treatment: Results and Predictors of Recurrent Bleeding

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Loffroy, Romaric, E-mail: romaric.loffroy@yahoo.fr; Rao, Pramod; Ota, Shinichi

2010-12-15

Acute nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal (UGI) hemorrhage is a frequent complication associated with significant morbidity and mortality. The most common cause of UGI bleeding is peptic ulcer disease, but the differential diagnosis is diverse and includes tumors; ischemia; gastritis; arteriovenous malformations, such as Dieulafoy lesions; Mallory-Weiss tears; trauma; and iatrogenic causes. Aggressive treatment with early endoscopic hemostasis is essential for a favorable outcome. However, severe bleeding despite conservative medical treatment or endoscopic intervention occurs in 5-10% of patients, requiring surgery or transcatheter arterial embolization. Surgical intervention is usually an expeditious and gratifying endeavor, but it can be associated with high operativemore » mortality rates. Endovascular management using superselective catheterization of the culprit vessel, < sandwich> occlusion, or blind embolization has emerged as an alternative to emergent operative intervention for high-risk patients and is now considered the first-line therapy for massive UGI bleeding refractory to endoscopic treatment. Indeed, many published studies have confirmed the feasibility of this approach and its high technical and clinical success rates, which range from 69 to 100% and from 63 to 97%, respectively, even if the choice of the best embolic agent among coils, cyanaocrylate glue, gelatin sponge, or calibrated particles remains a matter of debate. However, factors influencing clinical outcome, especially predictors of early rebleeding, are poorly understood, and few studies have addressed this issue. This review of the literature will attempt to define the role of embolotherapy for acute nonvariceal UGI hemorrhage that fails to respond to endoscopic hemostasis and to summarize data on factors predicting angiographic and embolization failure.« less

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Kamitani, Takeshi, E-mail: kamitani@radiol.med.kyushu-u.ac.jp; Kawanami, Satoshi, E-mail: kawanami-01@mac.com; Asayama, Yoshiki, E-mail: asayama@radiol.med.kyushu-u.ac.jp

PurposeTo evaluate the frequency and the predictive factor of each feeding artery on intra-arterial infusion chemotherapy (IAIC) in primary tongue cancer.Materials and MethodsWe retrospectively evaluated 20 patients who received IAIC for primary tongue cancer. The main and accompanying feeding arteries were identified on super-selective angiography of the branches of the external carotid artery. Tumor diameter, and extension to the contralateral side, tongue extrinsic muscles (TEMs), and lateral mesopharyngeal wall were determined based on magnetic resonance imaging or computed tomography findings.ResultsThe main feeding artery was the ipsilateral lingual artery (LA) in 15 of the 20 examined tumors and the contralateral LAmore » in the other 5. Ten cancers had only one feeding artery, and multiple feeding arteries were detected in the remaining 10. Tumors >4 cm (n = 9), those with extension to the contralateral side (n = 13), and those with extension to TEMs (n = 15) were supplied by significantly larger numbers of feeding arteries compared to tumors without these features (P = 0.01, 0.049, and 0.02, respectively). The frequency of feeding from the contralateral LA was 64 % (9/14) and 17 % (1/6) in tumors with and without extension to the contralateral side, respectively. Feeding from a facial artery (FA) was not detected in tumors ≤4 cm, while 5 of the 9 (56 %) tumors >4 cm were supplied by a FA (P = 0.01).ConclusionA careful search for feeding arteries is required, especially in large tumors with extension to the contralateral side or to TEMs.« less

Limits to Bureaucratic Growth: The Density Dependence of Organizational Rule Births.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Schulz, Martin

1998-01-01

Uses a population-ecology approach to examine whether bureaucratic rules breed more rules. Tests hypotheses about rule births with time-series data on rule production in a large United States research university. Results show that the rate of rule production declines with the number of rules in a rule population over time. Rules inhibit…

77 FR 52977 - Regulatory Capital Rules: Advanced Approaches Risk-Based Capital Rule; Market Risk Capital Rule

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-08-30

... Corporation 12 CFR Parts 324, 325 Regulatory Capital Rules: Advanced Approaches Risk-Based Capital Rule... 325 RIN 3064-AD97 Regulatory Capital Rules: Advanced Approaches Risk-Based Capital Rule; Market Risk... the agencies' current capital rules. In this NPR (Advanced Approaches and Market Risk NPR) the...

Rules and Self-Rules: Effects of Variation upon Behavioral Sensitivity to Change

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Baumann, Ana A.; Abreu-Rodrigues, Josele; da Silva Souza, Alessandra

2009-01-01

Four experiments compared the effects of self-rules and rules, and varied and specific schedules of reinforcement. Participants were first exposed to either several schedules (varied groups) or to one schedule (specific groups) and either were asked to generate rules (self-rule groups), were provided rules (rule groups), or were not asked nor…

76 FR 25727 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; Chicago Stock Exchange, Inc.; Notice of Filing of Proposed Rule...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-05-05

... transactions (former Article XXX, Rule 5), record of orders (former Article XXX, Rule 11), submission of the Co... (former Article XXX, Rule 2), competitive basis rule (former Article XXX, Rule 3), BEST rule (former...

Pushing the rules: effects and aftereffects of deliberate rule violations.

PubMed

Wirth, Robert; Pfister, Roland; Foerster, Anna; Huestegge, Lynn; Kunde, Wilfried

2016-09-01

Most of our daily life is organized around rules and social norms. But what makes rules so special? And what if one were to break a rule intentionally? Can we simply free us from the present set of rules or do we automatically adhere to them? How do rule violations influence subsequent behavior? To investigate the effects and aftereffects of violating simple S-R rule, we conducted three experiments that investigated continuous finger-tracking responses on an iPad. Our experiments show that rule violations are distinct from rule-based actions in both response times and movement trajectories, they take longer to initiate and execute, and their movement trajectory is heavily contorted. Data not only show differences between the two types of response (rule-based vs. violation), but also yielded a characteristic pattern of aftereffects in case of rule violations: rule violations do not trigger adaptation effects that render further rule violations less difficult, but every rule violation poses repeated effort on the agent. The study represents a first step towards understanding the signature and underlying mechanisms of deliberate rule violations, they cannot be acted out by themselves, but require the activation of the original rule first. Consequently, they are best understood as reformulations of existing rules that are not accessible on their own, but need to be constantly derived from the original rule, with an add-on that might entail an active tendency to steer away from mental representations that reflect (socially) unwanted behavior.

Mechanisms of rule acquisition and rule following in inductive reasoning.

PubMed

Crescentini, Cristiano; Seyed-Allaei, Shima; De Pisapia, Nicola; Jovicich, Jorge; Amati, Daniele; Shallice, Tim

2011-05-25

Despite the recent interest in the neuroanatomy of inductive reasoning processes, the regional specificity within prefrontal cortex (PFC) for the different mechanisms involved in induction tasks remains to be determined. In this study, we used fMRI to investigate the contribution of PFC regions to rule acquisition (rule search and rule discovery) and rule following. Twenty-six healthy young adult participants were presented with a series of images of cards, each consisting of a set of circles numbered in sequence with one colored blue. Participants had to predict the position of the blue circle on the next card. The rules that had to be acquired pertained to the relationship among succeeding stimuli. Responses given by subjects were categorized in a series of phases either tapping rule acquisition (responses given up to and including rule discovery) or rule following (correct responses after rule acquisition). Mid-dorsolateral PFC (mid-DLPFC) was active during rule search and remained active until successful rule acquisition. By contrast, rule following was associated with activation in temporal, motor, and medial/anterior prefrontal cortex. Moreover, frontopolar cortex (FPC) was active throughout the rule acquisition and rule following phases before a rule became familiar. We attributed activation in mid-DLPFC to hypothesis generation and in FPC to integration of multiple separate inferences. The present study provides evidence that brain activation during inductive reasoning involves a complex network of frontal processes and that different subregions respond during rule acquisition and rule following phases.

75 FR 47672 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; Chicago Board Options Exchange, Incorporated; Notice of Filing and...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-08-06

... Effectiveness of Proposed Rule Change To Amend Its Minor Rule Violation Plan July 24, 2010. Pursuant to Section... CBOE Rule 17.50--Imposition of Fines for Minor Rule Violations. The text of the proposed rule change is... (``Commission'') approved a CBOE rule filing amending Rule 17.50-- Imposition of Fines for Minor Rule Violations...

Rule acquisition in formal decision contexts based on formal, object-oriented and property-oriented concept lattices.

PubMed

Ren, Yue; Li, Jinhai; Aswani Kumar, Cherukuri; Liu, Wenqi

2014-01-01

Rule acquisition is one of the main purposes in the analysis of formal decision contexts. Up to now, there have been several types of rules in formal decision contexts such as decision rules, decision implications, and granular rules, which can be viewed as ∧-rules since all of them have the following form: "if conditions 1,2,…, and m hold, then decisions hold." In order to enrich the existing rule acquisition theory in formal decision contexts, this study puts forward two new types of rules which are called ∨-rules and ∨-∧ mixed rules based on formal, object-oriented, and property-oriented concept lattices. Moreover, a comparison of ∨-rules, ∨-∧ mixed rules, and ∧-rules is made from the perspectives of inclusion and inference relationships. Finally, some real examples and numerical experiments are conducted to compare the proposed rule acquisition algorithms with the existing one in terms of the running efficiency.

Rule Acquisition in Formal Decision Contexts Based on Formal, Object-Oriented and Property-Oriented Concept Lattices

PubMed Central

Ren, Yue; Aswani Kumar, Cherukuri; Liu, Wenqi

2014-01-01

Rule acquisition is one of the main purposes in the analysis of formal decision contexts. Up to now, there have been several types of rules in formal decision contexts such as decision rules, decision implications, and granular rules, which can be viewed as ∧-rules since all of them have the following form: “if conditions 1,2,…, and m hold, then decisions hold.” In order to enrich the existing rule acquisition theory in formal decision contexts, this study puts forward two new types of rules which are called ∨-rules and ∨-∧ mixed rules based on formal, object-oriented, and property-oriented concept lattices. Moreover, a comparison of ∨-rules, ∨-∧ mixed rules, and ∧-rules is made from the perspectives of inclusion and inference relationships. Finally, some real examples and numerical experiments are conducted to compare the proposed rule acquisition algorithms with the existing one in terms of the running efficiency. PMID:25165744

Exploration of SWRL Rule Bases through Visualization, Paraphrasing, and Categorization of Rules

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hassanpour, Saeed; O'Connor, Martin J.; Das, Amar K.

Rule bases are increasingly being used as repositories of knowledge content on the Semantic Web. As the size and complexity of these rule bases increases, developers and end users need methods of rule abstraction to facilitate rule management. In this paper, we describe a rule abstraction method for Semantic Web Rule Language (SWRL) rules that is based on lexical analysis and a set of heuristics. Our method results in a tree data structure that we exploit in creating techniques to visualize, paraphrase, and categorize SWRL rules. We evaluate our approach by applying it to several biomedical ontologies that contain SWRL rules, and show how the results reveal rule patterns within the rule base. We have implemented our method as a plug-in tool for Protégé-OWL, the most widely used ontology modeling software for the Semantic Web. Our tool can allow users to rapidly explore content and patterns in SWRL rule bases, enabling their acquisition and management.

WellnessRules: A Web 3.0 Case Study in RuleML-Based Prolog-N3 Profile Interoperation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Boley, Harold; Osmun, Taylor Michael; Craig, Benjamin Larry

An interoperation study, WellnessRules, is described, where rules about wellness opportunities are created by participants in rule languages such as Prolog and N3, and translated within a wellness community using RuleML/XML. The wellness rules are centered around participants, as profiles, encoding knowledge about their activities conditional on the season, the time-of-day, the weather, etc. This distributed knowledge base extends FOAF profiles with a vocabulary and rules about wellness group networking. The communication between participants is organized through Rule Responder, permitting wellness-profile translation and distributed querying across engines. WellnessRules interoperates between rules and queries in the relational (Datalog) paradigm of the pure-Prolog subset of POSL and in the frame (F-logic) paradigm of N3. An evaluation of Rule Responder instantiated for WellnessRules revealed acceptable Web response times.

Moral empiricism and the bias for act-based rules.

PubMed

Ayars, Alisabeth; Nichols, Shaun

2017-10-01

Previous studies on rule learning show a bias in favor of act-based rules, which prohibit intentionally producing an outcome but not merely allowing the outcome. Nichols, Kumar, Lopez, Ayars, and Chan (2016) found that exposure to a single sample violation in which an agent intentionally causes the outcome was sufficient for participants to infer that the rule was act-based. One explanation is that people have an innate bias to think rules are act-based. We suggest an alternative empiricist account: since most rules that people learn are act-based, people form an overhypothesis (Goodman, 1955) that rules are typically act-based. We report three studies that indicate that people can use information about violations to form overhypotheses about rules. In study 1, participants learned either three "consequence-based" rules that prohibited allowing an outcome or three "act-based" rules that prohibiting producing the outcome; in a subsequent learning task, we found that participants who had learned three consequence-based rules were more likely to think that the new rule prohibited allowing an outcome. In study 2, we presented participants with either 1 consequence-based rule or 3 consequence-based rules, and we found that those exposed to 3 such rules were more likely to think that a new rule was also consequence based. Thus, in both studies, it seems that learning 3 consequence-based rules generates an overhypothesis to expect new rules to be consequence-based. In a final study, we used a more subtle manipulation. We exposed participants to examples act-based or accident-based (strict liability) laws and then had them learn a novel rule. We found that participants who were exposed to the accident-based laws were more likely to think a new rule was accident-based. The fact that participants' bias for act-based rules can be shaped by evidence from other rules supports the idea that the bias for act-based rules might be acquired as an overhypothesis from the preponderance of act-based rules. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

76 FR 24376 - Commission's Ex Parte Rules and Other Procedural Rules

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-05-02

...'s Ex Parte Rules and Other Procedural Rules AGENCY: Federal Communications Commission. ACTION: Final rule. SUMMARY: In this document the Commission revises certain ex parte and organizational rules. This document amends and reforms the Commission's rules on ex parte presentations made in the course of...

76 FR 27274 - Defense Federal Acquisition Regulation Supplement; Rules of the Armed Services Board of Contract...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-05-11

... 23 Post-Hearing Briefs Rule 24 Transcript of Proceedings Rule 25 Withdrawal of Exhibits... from Court TIME, COMPUTATION, AND EXTENSIONS Rule 33 Time, Computation and Extensions EX PARTE COMMUNICATIONS Rule 34 Ex parte Communications SANCTIONS Rule 35 Sanctions EFFECTIVE DATE AND APPLICABILITY Rule...

A Bayesian Scoring Technique for Mining Predictive and Non-Spurious Rules

PubMed Central

Batal, Iyad; Cooper, Gregory; Hauskrecht, Milos

2015-01-01

Rule mining is an important class of data mining methods for discovering interesting patterns in data. The success of a rule mining method heavily depends on the evaluation function that is used to assess the quality of the rules. In this work, we propose a new rule evaluation score - the Predictive and Non-Spurious Rules (PNSR) score. This score relies on Bayesian inference to evaluate the quality of the rules and considers the structure of the rules to filter out spurious rules. We present an efficient algorithm for finding rules with high PNSR scores. The experiments demonstrate that our method is able to cover and explain the data with a much smaller rule set than existing methods. PMID:25938136

A Bayesian Scoring Technique for Mining Predictive and Non-Spurious Rules.

PubMed

Batal, Iyad; Cooper, Gregory; Hauskrecht, Milos

Rule mining is an important class of data mining methods for discovering interesting patterns in data. The success of a rule mining method heavily depends on the evaluation function that is used to assess the quality of the rules. In this work, we propose a new rule evaluation score - the Predictive and Non-Spurious Rules (PNSR) score. This score relies on Bayesian inference to evaluate the quality of the rules and considers the structure of the rules to filter out spurious rules. We present an efficient algorithm for finding rules with high PNSR scores. The experiments demonstrate that our method is able to cover and explain the data with a much smaller rule set than existing methods.

Using the Chain Rule as the Key Link in Deriving the General Rules for Differentiation

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Sprows, David

2011-01-01

The standard approach to the general rules for differentiation is to first derive the power, product, and quotient rules and then derive the chain rule. In this short article we give an approach to these rules which uses the chain rule as the main tool in deriving the power, product, and quotient rules in a manner which is more student-friendly…

Improving the Interpretability of Classification Rules Discovered by an Ant Colony Algorithm: Extended Results.

PubMed

Otero, Fernando E B; Freitas, Alex A

2016-01-01

Most ant colony optimization (ACO) algorithms for inducing classification rules use a ACO-based procedure to create a rule in a one-at-a-time fashion. An improved search strategy has been proposed in the cAnt-Miner[Formula: see text] algorithm, where an ACO-based procedure is used to create a complete list of rules (ordered rules), i.e., the ACO search is guided by the quality of a list of rules instead of an individual rule. In this paper we propose an extension of the cAnt-Miner[Formula: see text] algorithm to discover a set of rules (unordered rules). The main motivations for this work are to improve the interpretation of individual rules by discovering a set of rules and to evaluate the impact on the predictive accuracy of the algorithm. We also propose a new measure to evaluate the interpretability of the discovered rules to mitigate the fact that the commonly used model size measure ignores how the rules are used to make a class prediction. Comparisons with state-of-the-art rule induction algorithms, support vector machines, and the cAnt-Miner[Formula: see text] producing ordered rules are also presented.

19 CFR 102.18 - Rules of interpretation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... TREASURY RULES OF ORIGIN Rules of Origin § 102.18 Rules of interpretation. (a) When General Rule of... 19 Customs Duties 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Rules of interpretation. 102.18 Section 102.18... provision from which a change in tariff classification is not allowed under the § 102.20 specific rule or...

18 CFR 385.104 - Rule of construction (Rule 104).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... 18 Conservation of Power and Water Resources 1 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Rule of construction (Rule 104). 385.104 Section 385.104 Conservation of Power and Water Resources FEDERAL ENERGY REGULATORY... Definitions § 385.104 Rule of construction (Rule 104). To the extent that the text of a rule is inconsistent...

18 CFR 385.104 - Rule of construction (Rule 104).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 18 Conservation of Power and Water Resources 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Rule of construction (Rule 104). 385.104 Section 385.104 Conservation of Power and Water Resources FEDERAL ENERGY REGULATORY... Definitions § 385.104 Rule of construction (Rule 104). To the extent that the text of a rule is inconsistent...

Rule Encoding in Orbitofrontal Cortex and Striatum Guides Selection

PubMed Central

Castagno, Meghan D.; Hayden, Benjamin Y.

2016-01-01

Active maintenance of rules, like other executive functions, is often thought to be the domain of a discrete executive system. An alternative view is that rule maintenance is a broadly distributed function relying on widespread cortical and subcortical circuits. Tentative evidence supporting this view comes from research showing some rule selectivity in the orbitofrontal cortex and dorsal striatum. We recorded in these regions and in the ventral striatum, which has not been associated previously with rule representation, as macaques performed a Wisconsin Card Sorting Task. We found robust encoding of rule category (color vs shape) and rule identity (six possible rules) in all three regions. Rule identity modulated responses to potential choice targets, suggesting that rule information guides behavior by highlighting choice targets. The effects that we observed were not explained by differences in behavioral performance across rules and thus cannot be attributed to reward expectation. Our results suggest that rule maintenance and rule-guided selection of options are distributed processes and provide new insight into orbital and striatal contributions to executive control. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Rule maintenance, an important executive function, is generally thought to rely on dorsolateral brain regions. In this study, we examined activity of single neurons in orbitofrontal cortex and in ventral and dorsal striatum of macaques in a Wisconsin Card Sorting Task. Neurons in all three areas encoded rules and rule categories robustly. Rule identity also affected neural responses to potential choice options, suggesting that stored information is used to influence decisions. These results endorse the hypothesis that rule maintenance is a broadly distributed mental operation. PMID:27807165

46 CFR 201.64 - Contents of rules.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 46 Shipping 8 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Contents of rules. 201.64 Section 201.64 Shipping MARITIME ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION POLICY, PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE RULES OF PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE Rule Making (Rule 6) § 201.64 Contents of rules. The Administration will incorporate in any rule to be adopted a concise general statement...

19 CFR 102.20 - Specific rules by tariff classification.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

...; DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY RULES OF ORIGIN Rules of Origin § 102.20 Specific rules by tariff classification. The following rules are the rules specified in § 102.11(a)(3) and other sections of this part. Where a rule under this section permits a change to a subheading from another subheading of the same heading...

19 CFR 102.20 - Specific rules by tariff classification.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... 19 Customs Duties 1 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Specific rules by tariff classification. 102.20 Section 102.20 Customs Duties U.S. CUSTOMS AND BORDER PROTECTION, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY; DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY RULES OF ORIGIN Rules of Origin § 102.20 Specific rules by tariff classification. The following rules are the rules specified...

19 CFR 102.20 - Specific rules by tariff classification.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... 19 Customs Duties 1 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Specific rules by tariff classification. 102.20 Section 102.20 Customs Duties U.S. CUSTOMS AND BORDER PROTECTION, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY; DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY RULES OF ORIGIN Rules of Origin § 102.20 Specific rules by tariff classification. The following rules are the rules specified...

19 CFR 102.20 - Specific rules by tariff classification.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... 19 Customs Duties 1 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Specific rules by tariff classification. 102.20 Section 102.20 Customs Duties U.S. CUSTOMS AND BORDER PROTECTION, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY; DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY RULES OF ORIGIN Rules of Origin § 102.20 Specific rules by tariff classification. The following rules are the rules specified...

76 FR 53015 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; New York Stock Exchange LLC; Notice of Filing and Immediate...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-08-24

... Proposed Rule Change Deleting the Text of NYSE Rule 92 and Adopting a New NYSE Rule 5320 That Is... Terms of Substance of the Proposed Rule Change The Exchange proposes to delete the text of NYSE Rule 92... same as Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (``FINRA'') Rule 5320. The text of the proposed rule...

78 FR 70386 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; New York Stock Exchange LLC; Notice of Filing and Immediate...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-11-25

... Proposed Rule Change Revising Rule 61(a)(iii) To Harmonize the Existing Rule Text With the Recent Amendment... Rule Change The Exchange proposes to revise Rule 61(a)(iii) to harmonize the existing rule text with... the Consolidated Tape. The text of the proposed rule change is available on the Exchange's Web site at...

78 FR 9760 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; The NASDAQ OMX PHLX LLC; Notice of Filing and Immediate...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-02-11

... Rule Change to [sic] Proposes To Delay the Operative Date of a Rule Change to Exchange Rule 133...] to delay the operative date of a rule change to Exchange Rule 133, which provides for methodology for... Statutory Basis for, the Proposed Rule Change 1. Purpose The Exchange proposes to amend Rule 133, which...

75 FR 58464 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NYSE Amex LLC; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness of...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-09-24

... Disciplinary Rule 476A to add certain rules to Part 1A: List of Exchange Rule Violations and Fines Applicable... 1. Purpose The Exchange proposes to amend NYSE Amex Disciplinary Rule 476A to add certain rules to..., in connection with the Exchange's process to harmonize certain Exchange rules with rules of the...

75 FR 26823 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; The NASDAQ Stock Market LLC; Notice of Filing and Immediate...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-05-12

... Proposed Rule Change To Amend Rules 9552, 9554 and 9559 To Conform NASDAQ's Rules to Recent Changes to the..., 9554 and 9559 to conform NASDAQ's rules to recent changes to the rules of the Financial Industry... NASDAQ's rules to recent changes made to corresponding FINRA rules, which will promote the application of...

76 FR 39951 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; New York Stock Exchange LLC; Notice of Filing and Immediate...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-07-07

... Proposed Rule Change Deleting the Text of NYSE Rule 409(f) and Adopting the Text of FINRA Rule 2232 and... of the Terms of Substance of the Proposed Rule Change The Exchange proposes (1) To delete the text of NYSE Rule 409(f) and adopt the text of FINRA Rule 2232 and (2) delete the Rule Interpretations to NYSE...

75 FR 51859 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; The NASDAQ Stock Market LLC; Notice of Filing and Immediate...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-08-23

... Proposed Rule Change To Delete Rule 4770 in Its Entirety and To Eliminate a Related Reference From the... entirety from the NASDAQ rulebook and to also eliminate a reference to Rule 4770 from Rule 4751(f)(13). The... Proposed Rule Change 1. Purpose NASDAQ is proposing to eliminate Rule 4770 in its entirety. Rule 4770 sets...

77 FR 50738 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; The NASDAQ Stock Market LLC; Notice of Filing and Immediate...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-08-22

... Proposed Rule Change To Remove the Expired Pilot Under Rule 4753(c) From the NASDAQ Rule Book August 16... ``Volatility Guard'') from the NASDAQ rule book. NASDAQ will remove the rule text 30 days after the filing date... proposing to remove the expired pilot under Rule 4753(c) from the rule book. On June 18, 2010, NASDAQ filed...

Choosing the Rules: Distinct and Overlapping Frontoparietal Representations of Task Rules for Perceptual Decisions

PubMed Central

Kriegeskorte, Nikolaus; Carlin, Johan D.; Rowe, James B.

2013-01-01

Behavior is governed by rules that associate stimuli with responses and outcomes. Human and monkey studies have shown that rule-specific information is widely represented in the frontoparietal cortex. However, it is not known how establishing a rule under different contexts affects its neural representation. Here, we use event-related functional MRI (fMRI) and multivoxel pattern classification methods to investigate the human brain's mechanisms of establishing and maintaining rules for multiple perceptual decision tasks. Rules were either chosen by participants or specifically instructed to them, and the fMRI activation patterns representing rule-specific information were compared between these contexts. We show that frontoparietal regions differ in the properties of their rule representations during active maintenance before execution. First, rule-specific information maintained in the dorsolateral and medial frontal cortex depends on the context in which it was established (chosen vs specified). Second, rule representations maintained in the ventrolateral frontal and parietal cortex are independent of the context in which they were established. Furthermore, we found that the rule-specific coding maintained in anticipation of stimuli may change with execution of the rule: representations in context-independent regions remain invariant from maintenance to execution stages, whereas rule representations in context-dependent regions do not generalize to execution stage. The identification of distinct frontoparietal systems with context-independent and context-dependent task rule representations, and the distinction between anticipatory and executive rule representations, provide new insights into the functional architecture of goal-directed behavior. PMID:23864675

GraDit: graph-based data repair algorithm for multiple data edits rule violations

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ode Zuhayeni Madjida, Wa; Gusti Bagus Baskara Nugraha, I.

2018-03-01

Constraint-based data cleaning captures data violation to a set of rule called data quality rules. The rules consist of integrity constraint and data edits. Structurally, they are similar, where the rule contain left hand side and right hand side. Previous research proposed a data repair algorithm for integrity constraint violation. The algorithm uses undirected hypergraph as rule violation representation. Nevertheless, this algorithm can not be applied for data edits because of different rule characteristics. This study proposed GraDit, a repair algorithm for data edits rule. First, we use bipartite-directed hypergraph as model representation of overall defined rules. These representation is used for getting interaction between violation rules and clean rules. On the other hand, we proposed undirected graph as violation representation. Our experimental study showed that algorithm with undirected graph as violation representation model gave better data quality than algorithm with undirected hypergraph as representation model.

Parallel machine architecture for production rule systems

DOEpatents

Allen, Jr., John D.; Butler, Philip L.

1989-01-01

A parallel processing system for production rule programs utilizes a host processor for storing production rule right hand sides (RHS) and a plurality of rule processors for storing left hand sides (LHS). The rule processors operate in parallel in the recognize phase of the system recognize -Act Cycle to match their respective LHS's against a stored list of working memory elements (WME) in order to find a self consistent set of WME's. The list of WME is dynamically varied during the Act phase of the system in which the host executes or fires rule RHS's for those rules for which a self-consistent set has been found by the rule processors. The host transmits instructions for creating or deleting working memory elements as dictated by the rule firings until the rule processors are unable to find any further self-consistent working memory element sets at which time the production rule system is halted.

16 CFR 1025.1 - Scope of rules.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 16 Commercial Practices 2 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Scope of rules. 1025.1 Section 1025.1 Commercial Practices CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY COMMISSION GENERAL RULES OF PRACTICE FOR ADJUDICATIVE PROCEEDINGS Scope of Rules, Nature of Adjudicative Proceedings, Definitions § 1025.1 Scope of rules. The rules...

Final Rule: Definition of “Waters of the United States” – Addition of Applicability Date to 2015 Clean Water Rule

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

Link to the final rule of the applicability date of the clean water rule, The 2015 Rule will not be applicable until two years following publication of the applicability date rule in the Federal Register.

76 FR 60715 - Mail or Telephone Order Merchandise Rule

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-09-30

... Commission published a request seeking public comments on the costs and benefits of the Rule and the... previous Rule proceedings and after reviewing public comments received regarding the Rule's overall costs... consumers and the Rule's benefits outweigh its costs. For clarity, the Commission is reorganizing the Rule...

14 CFR 91.189 - Category II and III operations: General operating rules.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... pilot who is controlling the aircraft has appropriate instrumentation for the type of flight control... TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) AIR TRAFFIC AND GENERAL OPERATING RULES GENERAL OPERATING AND FLIGHT RULES Flight Rules Instrument Flight Rules § 91.189 Category II and III operations: General operating rules. (a) No...

14 CFR 91.189 - Category II and III operations: General operating rules.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... pilot who is controlling the aircraft has appropriate instrumentation for the type of flight control... TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) AIR TRAFFIC AND GENERAL OPERATING RULES GENERAL OPERATING AND FLIGHT RULES Flight Rules Instrument Flight Rules § 91.189 Category II and III operations: General operating rules. (a) No...

14 CFR 91.189 - Category II and III operations: General operating rules.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... pilot who is controlling the aircraft has appropriate instrumentation for the type of flight control... TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) AIR TRAFFIC AND GENERAL OPERATING RULES GENERAL OPERATING AND FLIGHT RULES Flight Rules Instrument Flight Rules § 91.189 Category II and III operations: General operating rules. (a) No...

14 CFR 91.139 - Emergency air traffic rules.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 2 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Emergency air traffic rules. 91.139 Section...) AIR TRAFFIC AND GENERAL OPERATING RULES GENERAL OPERATING AND FLIGHT RULES Flight Rules General § 91.139 Emergency air traffic rules. (a) This section prescribes a process for utilizing Notices to Airmen...

14 CFR 91.139 - Emergency air traffic rules.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 2 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Emergency air traffic rules. 91.139 Section...) AIR TRAFFIC AND GENERAL OPERATING RULES GENERAL OPERATING AND FLIGHT RULES Flight Rules General § 91.139 Emergency air traffic rules. (a) This section prescribes a process for utilizing Notices to Airmen...

76 FR 43879 - Business Affiliate Marketing and Disposal of Consumer Information Rules

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-07-22

... transaction may evidence such a relationship. II. Rule Amendments A. Affiliate Marketing Rules Section 624 of... marketing rules. The Commission has chosen a slightly different approach than the Agencies in terms of its... affiliate marketing rules and disposal rules will harmonize privacy protections for individual customers...

14 CFR 91.139 - Emergency air traffic rules.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 2 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Emergency air traffic rules. 91.139 Section...) AIR TRAFFIC AND GENERAL OPERATING RULES GENERAL OPERATING AND FLIGHT RULES Flight Rules General § 91.139 Emergency air traffic rules. (a) This section prescribes a process for utilizing Notices to Airmen...

Court Rules - Alaska Court System

Science.gov Websites

Association Child in Need of Aid Civil Procedure Code of Judicial Conduct Criminal Procedure Delinquency the rules' standards for issuing summons and warrants. Proposed Changes to the CINA/Delinquency Rules Amending CINA Rule 2, adding new CINA Rule 3.1 - Consolidation in sibling CINA cases. New Delinquency Rule

4 CFR 22.1 - Applicability of Rules [Rule 1].

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 4 Accounts 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Applicability of Rules [Rule 1]. 22.1 Section 22.1... ACCOUNTABILITY OFFICE CONTRACT APPEALS BOARD § 22.1 Applicability of Rules [Rule 1]. The Government... all appeals filed with the Board on or after October 1, 2007. ...

Revised Interim Final Consolidated Enforcement Response and Penalty Policy for the Pre-Renovation Education Rule; Renovation, Repair and Painting Rule; and Lead-Based Paint Activities Rule

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

This is the revised version of the Interim Final Consolidated Enforcement Response and Penalty Policy for the Pre-Renovation Education Rule; Renovation, Repair and Painting Rule; and Lead-Based Paint Activities Rule.

19 CFR 177.8 - Issuance of rulings.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... (CONTINUED) ADMINISTRATIVE RULINGS General Ruling Procedure § 177.8 Issuance of rulings. (a) Ruling letters—(1) Generally. The Customs Service will endeavor to issue a ruling letter setting forth a... information letter or, in those situations in which general information is likely to be of little or no value...

75 FR 15758 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NYSE Arca, Inc.; Notice of Filing of Proposed Rule Change Amending...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-03-30

...-Regulatory Organizations; NYSE Arca, Inc.; Notice of Filing of Proposed Rule Change Amending Rule 6.37A and Rule 6.64 March 23, 2010. Pursuant to Section 19(b)(1) \\1\\ of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the... Change The Exchange proposes to amend Rule 6.37A and Rule 6.64. The text of the proposed rule change is...

Empirical Analysis and Refinement of Expert System Knowledge Bases

DTIC Science & Technology

1988-08-31

refinement. Both a simulated case generation program, and a random rule basher were developed to enhance rule refinement experimentation. *Substantial...the second fiscal year 88 objective was fully met. Rule Refinement System Simulated Rule Basher Case Generator Stored Cases Expert System Knowledge...generated until the rule is satisfied. Cases may be randomly generated for a given rule or hypothesis. Rule Basher Given that one has a correct

N Reasons Why Production-Rules are Insufficient Models for Expert System Knowledge Representation Schemes

DTIC Science & Technology

1991-02-01

3 2.2 Hybrid Rule/Fact Schemas .............................................................. 3 3 THE LIMITATIONS OF RULE BASED KNOWLEDGE...or hybrid rule/fact schemas. 2 UNCLASSIFIED .WA UNCLASSIFIED ERL-0520-RR 2.1 Propositional Logic The simplest form of production-rules are based upon...requirements which may lead to poor system performance. 2.2 Hybrid Rule/Fact Schemas Hybrid rule/fact relationships (also known as Predicate Calculus ) have

RuleMonkey: software for stochastic simulation of rule-based models

PubMed Central

2010-01-01

Background The system-level dynamics of many molecular interactions, particularly protein-protein interactions, can be conveniently represented using reaction rules, which can be specified using model-specification languages, such as the BioNetGen language (BNGL). A set of rules implicitly defines a (bio)chemical reaction network. The reaction network implied by a set of rules is often very large, and as a result, generation of the network implied by rules tends to be computationally expensive. Moreover, the cost of many commonly used methods for simulating network dynamics is a function of network size. Together these factors have limited application of the rule-based modeling approach. Recently, several methods for simulating rule-based models have been developed that avoid the expensive step of network generation. The cost of these "network-free" simulation methods is independent of the number of reactions implied by rules. Software implementing such methods is now needed for the simulation and analysis of rule-based models of biochemical systems. Results Here, we present a software tool called RuleMonkey, which implements a network-free method for simulation of rule-based models that is similar to Gillespie's method. The method is suitable for rule-based models that can be encoded in BNGL, including models with rules that have global application conditions, such as rules for intramolecular association reactions. In addition, the method is rejection free, unlike other network-free methods that introduce null events, i.e., steps in the simulation procedure that do not change the state of the reaction system being simulated. We verify that RuleMonkey produces correct simulation results, and we compare its performance against DYNSTOC, another BNGL-compliant tool for network-free simulation of rule-based models. We also compare RuleMonkey against problem-specific codes implementing network-free simulation methods. Conclusions RuleMonkey enables the simulation of rule-based models for which the underlying reaction networks are large. It is typically faster than DYNSTOC for benchmark problems that we have examined. RuleMonkey is freely available as a stand-alone application http://public.tgen.org/rulemonkey. It is also available as a simulation engine within GetBonNie, a web-based environment for building, analyzing and sharing rule-based models. PMID:20673321

Emotional display rules and emotional labor: the moderating role of commitment.

PubMed

Gosserand, Robin H; Diefendorff, James M

2005-11-01

The authors examined whether commitment to emotional display rules is a necessary condition for emotional display rules to affect behavior at work. Results using structural equation modeling revealed that display rule commitment moderated the relationships of emotional display rule perceptions with surface acting, deep acting, and positive affective delivery at work, such that the relationships were strong and positive when commitment to display rules was high and weak when commitment to display rules was low. These findings suggest that motivation plays a role in the emotional labor process in that individuals must be committed to display rules for these rules to affect behavior. ((c) 2005 APA, all rights reserved).

Method, systems, and computer program products for implementing function-parallel network firewall

DOEpatents

Fulp, Errin W [Winston-Salem, NC; Farley, Ryan J [Winston-Salem, NC

2011-10-11

Methods, systems, and computer program products for providing function-parallel firewalls are disclosed. According to one aspect, a function-parallel firewall includes a first firewall node for filtering received packets using a first portion of a rule set including a plurality of rules. The first portion includes less than all of the rules in the rule set. At least one second firewall node filters packets using a second portion of the rule set. The second portion includes at least one rule in the rule set that is not present in the first portion. The first and second portions together include all of the rules in the rule set.

The Interactive Effects of Rules on Teaching Timetable Flexibility and Resource Utilization.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Wesson, David A.

1995-01-01

Effect of administrative rules concerning scheduling on college faculty's productivity is examined. Three potential effects are that rules interact with other rules to produce rigidity; scheduling changes cause greater disruption as rules and rigidity increase; and at some point, rules prohibit creation of a workable schedule for teaching facility…

77 FR 66658 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NASDAQ Stock Market LLC; Notice of Filing and Immediate...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-11-06

... Account Information), and adopting the Rule 4510A Series (Books and Records Requirements). The series includes Rule 4511A (General Requirement), which incorporates FINRA Rule 4511; Rule 4512A (Customer Account Information), which incorporates FINRA Rule 4512; Rule 4513A (Records of Written Customer Complaints), which...

77 FR 46131 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; BATS Exchange, Inc.; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-08-02

... Options Rule 975NY(a)(2)(A); CBOE Rule 6.25(a)(1)(i); NASDAQ OMX PHLX Rule 1092(b)(i); ISE Rule 720(a)(3... OMX PHLX Rule 1092(e)(ii); ISE Rule 720(b)(2)(ii). 2. Statutory Basis The Exchange believes that its...

76 FR 55148 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; BATS Exchange, Inc.; Order Approving Proposed Rule Change To Adopt...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-09-06

...-Regulatory Organizations; BATS Exchange, Inc.; Order Approving Proposed Rule Change To Adopt Rules for the...-4 thereunder,\\2\\ a proposed rule change to adopt rules for the qualification, listing, and delisting... the Proposal The Exchange proposes rules to adopt a program for the qualification, listing, and...

75 FR 37509 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness of Proposed Rule...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-06-29

..., Inc. Adopting Rule 0 To Provide That Certain References in Exchange Rules Should Be Understood To Also... Exchange rules should be understood to also include FINRA, as applicable. The text of the proposed rule... references in Exchange rules should be understood to also include FINRA, as applicable. Specifically...

29 CFR 2200.2 - Scope of rules; applicability of Federal Rules of Civil Procedure; construction.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

...; applicability of Federal Rules of Civil Procedure; construction. (a) Scope. These rules shall govern all proceedings before the Commission and its Judges. (b) Applicability of Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. In the absence of a specific provision, procedure shall be in accordance with the Federal Rules of Civil...

29 CFR 2200.2 - Scope of rules; applicability of Federal Rules of Civil Procedure; construction.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

...; applicability of Federal Rules of Civil Procedure; construction. (a) Scope. These rules shall govern all proceedings before the Commission and its Judges. (b) Applicability of Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. In the absence of a specific provision, procedure shall be in accordance with the Federal Rules of Civil...

Fact Sheet: Final Rule to Reduce Toxic Air Pollutants from Surface Coating of Wood Building Products

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

This page contains the February 2003 final rule fact sheet on the NESHAP for Surface Coating of Wood Building Products. This document provides a background for this rule, a summary of the benefits of this rule, who is affected by the rule, and rule costs

19 CFR 102.11 - General rules.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... RULES OF ORIGIN Rules of Origin § 102.11 General rules. The following rules shall apply for purposes of determining the country of origin of imported goods other than textile and apparel products covered by § 102... 19 Customs Duties 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false General rules. 102.11 Section 102.11 Customs...

18 CFR 385.103 - References to rules (Rule 103).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... 18 Conservation of Power and Water Resources 1 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false References to rules (Rule 103). 385.103 Section 385.103 Conservation of Power and Water Resources FEDERAL ENERGY REGULATORY... Definitions § 385.103 References to rules (Rule 103). This part cross-references its sections according to...

18 CFR 385.103 - References to rules (Rule 103).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 18 Conservation of Power and Water Resources 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false References to rules (Rule 103). 385.103 Section 385.103 Conservation of Power and Water Resources FEDERAL ENERGY REGULATORY... Definitions § 385.103 References to rules (Rule 103). This part cross-references its sections according to...

Dissociable roles of medial and lateral PFC in rule learning.

PubMed

Cao, Bihua; Li, Wei; Li, Fuhong; Li, Hong

2016-11-01

Although the neural basis of rule learning is of great interest to cognitive neuroscientists, the pattern of transient brain activation during rule discovery remains to be investigated. In this study, we measured event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during distinct phases of rule learning. Twenty-one healthy human volunteers were presented with a series of cards, each containing a clock-like display of 12 circles numbered sequentially. Participants were instructed that a fictitious animal would move from one circle to another either in a regular pattern (according to a rule hidden in consecutive trials) or randomly. Participants were then asked to judge whether a given step followed a rule. While the rule-search phase evoked more activation in the posterior lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC), the rule-following phase caused stronger activation in the anterior medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC). Importantly, the intermediate phase, the rule-discovery phase evoked more activations in MPFC and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) than rule search, and more activations in LPFC than rule following. Therefore, we can conclude that the medial and lateral PFC have dissociable contributions in rule learning.

Parallel inferencing method and apparatus for rule-based expert systems

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Schwuttke, Ursula M. (Inventor); Moldovan, Dan (Inventor); Kuo, Steve (Inventor)

1993-01-01

The invention analyzes areas of conditions with an expert knowledge base of rules using plural separate nodes which fire respective rules of said knowledge base, each of said rules upon being fired altering certain of said conditions predicated upon the existence of other said conditions. The invention operates by constructing a P representation of all pairs of said rules which are input dependent or output dependent; constructing a C representation of all pairs of said rules which are communication dependent or input dependent; determining which of the rules are ready to fire by matching the predicate conditions of each rule with the conditions of said set; enabling said node means to simultaneously fire those of the rules ready to fire which are defined by said P representation as being free of input and output dependencies; and communicating from each node enabled by said enabling step the alteration of conditions by the corresponding rule to other nodes whose rules are defined by said C matrix means as being input or communication dependent upon the rule of said enabled node.

Classification Based on Pruning and Double Covered Rule Sets for the Internet of Things Applications

PubMed Central

Zhou, Zhongmei; Wang, Weiping

2014-01-01

The Internet of things (IOT) is a hot issue in recent years. It accumulates large amounts of data by IOT users, which is a great challenge to mining useful knowledge from IOT. Classification is an effective strategy which can predict the need of users in IOT. However, many traditional rule-based classifiers cannot guarantee that all instances can be covered by at least two classification rules. Thus, these algorithms cannot achieve high accuracy in some datasets. In this paper, we propose a new rule-based classification, CDCR-P (Classification based on the Pruning and Double Covered Rule sets). CDCR-P can induce two different rule sets A and B. Every instance in training set can be covered by at least one rule not only in rule set A, but also in rule set B. In order to improve the quality of rule set B, we take measure to prune the length of rules in rule set B. Our experimental results indicate that, CDCR-P not only is feasible, but also it can achieve high accuracy. PMID:24511304

Classification based on pruning and double covered rule sets for the internet of things applications.

PubMed

Li, Shasha; Zhou, Zhongmei; Wang, Weiping

2014-01-01

The Internet of things (IOT) is a hot issue in recent years. It accumulates large amounts of data by IOT users, which is a great challenge to mining useful knowledge from IOT. Classification is an effective strategy which can predict the need of users in IOT. However, many traditional rule-based classifiers cannot guarantee that all instances can be covered by at least two classification rules. Thus, these algorithms cannot achieve high accuracy in some datasets. In this paper, we propose a new rule-based classification, CDCR-P (Classification based on the Pruning and Double Covered Rule sets). CDCR-P can induce two different rule sets A and B. Every instance in training set can be covered by at least one rule not only in rule set A, but also in rule set B. In order to improve the quality of rule set B, we take measure to prune the length of rules in rule set B. Our experimental results indicate that, CDCR-P not only is feasible, but also it can achieve high accuracy.

Porous Gelatin Particles for Uterine Artery Embolization: An Experimental Study of Intra-Arterial Distribution, Uterine Necrosis, and Inflammation in a Porcine Model

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Sone, Miyuki, E-mail: msone@athena.ocn.ne.j; Osuga, Keigo; Shimazu, Kohki

PurposeWe evaluated the location of porous gelatin particles (GP; Gelpart; Nippon Kayaku/Astellas, Tokyo, Japan) within the arterial vasculature and their acute effects on uterine necrosis and inflammation after uterine artery embolization (UAE) in swine.Materials and MethodsAdult nonpregnant pigs (n = 6) were allocated to either 1- (n = 3) or 2-mm GP (n = 3). Superselective and bilateral embolization of the uterine arteries was performed. All animals were killed 1 week after UAE. Macroscopic and microscopic findings, including the level of arterial occlusion and their effect on uterine necrosis and inflammation, were analyzed.ResultsAll UAE procedures were completed without severe complications.more » The macroscopic necrosis was seen in two animals in the 2-mm group with an extent of <50%. The location of the occluded arteries did not differ significantly between groups. The median diameters of the occluded arteries were 449 {mu}m (95% confidence interval [CI] 417-538 {mu}m) in the 1-mm GP group and 484 {mu}m (95% CI 370-560 {mu}m) in the 2-mm GP group. As for microscopic necrosis, no statistically significant difference was observed. The qualitative inflammatory reaction was significantly greater in the 2-mm GP group than in the 1-mm group (p < 0.001).ConclusionsBoth 1- and 2-mm GP occluded the arteries relevant to the target diameter for UAE in porcine uterus, presumably due to the plastic deformity. Both sizes of GP were associated with limited areas of necrosis; however, evaluation of inflammatory reaction was preliminary. Further study with adequate evaluation of inflammatory reactions is suggested.« less

Absolute Ethanol Embolisation of Mandibular Arteriovenous Malformations Following Direct Percutaneous Puncture and Release of Coils via a Microcatheter.

PubMed

Wang, D; Su, L; Han, Y; Wang, Z; Zheng, L; Fan, X

2017-06-01

To evaluate the safety, efficacy, and medium-term outcome of a modified technique of ethanol embolisation of mandibular arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) following a direct percutaneous transvenous approach to the release of coils via a microcatheter. From January 2012 to July 2014, 18 consecutive patients (mean age 20.9 years [range 10-35 years]) with symptomatic AVMs of the mandible were enrolled. A microcatheter was inserted into the lesion via a direct percutaneous puncture needle. Electrolytically detachable coils and 0.018 mm coils were super-selectively placed to decrease the flow and volume of the arteriovenous fistulas via a microcatheter. Absolute ethanol was injected to obliterate the fistulas. Clinical follow-up was performed in all patients. Therapeutic outcomes were determined by evaluating the degree of devascularisation at follow-up angiography and symptoms and signs. Transvenous release of coils combined with absolute ethanol embolisation were used in all cases. The amount of ethanol used ranged from 5 to 50 mL (mean 25.7 mL) in a single session. Sixteen of 18 patients were cured, and two had partial remission. Follow-up times ranged from 8 to 26 months (medium 15.7 months), and there was no angiographic recurrence of the lesions. Minor complication occurred in five of the 18 patients. There were no major complications. Absolute ethanol embolisation following a direct percutaneous transvenous approach to release coils via a microcatheter is a feasible, safe, and highly effective method for the management of mandibular AVMs. Copyright © 2017 European Society for Vascular Surgery. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Origins of feeding arteries of hepatocellular carcinoma located near the umbilical fissure of the left hepatic lobe: angiographic evaluation.

PubMed

Miyayama, Shiro; Yamashiro, Masashi; Shibata, Yoshihiro; Hashimoto, Masahiro; Yoshida, Miki; Tsuji, Kazunobu; Toshima, Fumihito; Matsui, Osamu

2012-12-01

To analyze the origins of the feeding arteries of hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) near the umbilical fissure of the left hepatic lobe. Twenty-eight HCCs with a mean ± SD tumor diameter of 3.4 ± 1.0 cm (range 1-4.4 cm) in contact with the right or left side of the umbilical fissure were treated by superselective transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE). The origins of the tumor-feeding arteries were analyzed with arteriograms and computed tomography or cone-beam computed tomography images obtained during and 1 week after TACE. Twenty-one HCC lesions were located in segment 3 and seven were located in segment 4. Of 21 tumors in segment 3, 13 (61.9%) were supplied by the lateral inferior subsegmental artery (A3), three (14.3%) by the medial subsegmental artery (A4), three (14.3%) by both A4 and A3, one (4.8%) by a branch arising from the left lateral hepatic artery, and one (4.8%) by a branch of the right gastric artery. In particular, all tumor-feeding branches arising from A4 were the first branch of A4. Of seven tumors in segment 4, four (57.1%) were supplied by A4 and three (42.9%) by A3. In particular, all tumor-feeding branches arising from A3 were the first branch of A3. This study demonstrates crossover blood supply to HCC lesions located near the umbilical fissure, in addition to direct feeding from a separate branch. In particular, the first branch of the opposite subsegmental artery may feed tumors when crossover blood supply is present.

Arteriopathy after transarterial chemo-lipiodolization for hepatocellular carcinoma.

PubMed

Matsui, Y; Figi, A; Horikawa, M; Jahangiri Noudeh, Y; Tomozawa, Y; Hashimoto, K; Kaufman, J A; Farsad, K

2017-12-01

The purpose of this study was to investigate the incidence of and the risk factors for arteriopathy in hepatic arteries after transarterial chemo-lipiodolization in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma and the subsequent treatment strategy changes due to arteriopathy. A total of 365 arteries in 167 patients (126 men and 41 women; mean age, 60.4±15.0 [SD] years [range: 18-87 years]) were evaluated for the development of arteriopathy after chemo-lipiodolization with epirubicin- or doxorubicin-Lipiodol ® emulsion. The development of arteriopathy after chemo-lipiodolization was assessed on arteriograms performed during subsequent transarterial treatments. The treatment strategy changes due to arteriopathy, including change in the chemo-lipiodolization method and the application of alternative therapies was also investigated. Univariate and multivariate binary logistic regression models were used to identify risk factors for arteriopathy and subsequent treatment strategy change. One hundred two (27.9%) arteriopathies were detected in 62/167 (37.1%) patients (45 men, 17 women) with a mean age of 63.3±7.1 [SD] years (age range, 50-86 years). The incidence of arteriopathy was highly patient dependent, demonstrating significant correlation in a fully-adjusted multivariate regression model (P<0.0001). Multivariate-adjusted regression analysis with adjustment for the patient effect showed a statistically significant association of super-selective chemo-lipiodolization (P=0.003) with the incidence of arteriopathy. Thirty of the 102 arteriopathies (29.4%) caused a change in treatment strategy. No factors were found to be significantly associated with the treatment strategy change. The incidence of arteriopathy after chemo-lipiodolization is 27.9%. Among them, 29.4% result in a change in treatment strategy. Copyright © 2017 Editions françaises de radiologie. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.

Origins of Feeding Arteries of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Located Near the Umbilical Fissure of the Left Hepatic Lobe: Angiographic Evaluation

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Miyayama, Shiro, E-mail: s-miyayama@fukui.saiseikai.or.jp; Yamashiro, Masashi; Shibata, Yoshihiro

2012-12-15

Purpose: To analyze the origins of the feeding arteries of hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) near the umbilical fissure of the left hepatic lobe. Methods: Twenty-eight HCCs with a mean {+-} SD tumor diameter of 3.4 {+-} 1.0 cm (range 1-4.4 cm) in contact with the right or left side of the umbilical fissure were treated by superselective transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE). The origins of the tumor-feeding arteries were analyzed with arteriograms and computed tomography or cone-beam computed tomography images obtained during and 1 week after TACE.ResultsTwenty-one HCC lesions were located in segment 3 and seven were located in segment 4. Ofmore » 21 tumors in segment 3, 13 (61.9%) were supplied by the lateral inferior subsegmental artery (A3), three (14.3%) by the medial subsegmental artery (A4), three (14.3%) by both A4 and A3, one (4.8%) by a branch arising from the left lateral hepatic artery, and one (4.8%) by a branch of the right gastric artery. In particular, all tumor-feeding branches arising from A4 were the first branch of A4. Of seven tumors in segment 4, four (57.1%) were supplied by A4 and three (42.9%) by A3. In particular, all tumor-feeding branches arising from A3 were the first branch of A3. Conclusion: This study demonstrates crossover blood supply to HCC lesions located near the umbilical fissure, in addition to direct feeding from a separate branch. In particular, the first branch of the opposite subsegmental artery may feed tumors when crossover blood supply is present.« less

Chemoembolization of Extrahepatic Collateral Arteries for Treatment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma in the Caudate Lobe of the Liver

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Woo, Sungmin; Kim, Hyo-Cheol, E-mail: angiointervention@gmail.com; Chung, Jin Wook

2015-04-15

PurposeThis study was designed to evaluate the efficacy and safety in performing chemoembolization of extrahepatic collateral arteries (EHC) for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) located in the caudate lobe.MethodsBetween January 2006 and November 2013, chemoembolization via EHC was performed in 35 patients with 35 caudate HCCs. Preprocedural and follow-up CT or MR scans, angiographic images, and medical records were reviewed retrospectively in consensus. Chi-square analysis was used to evaluate the relationship between tumor characteristics and type of EHC and that between tumor response and the characteristics of the tumor and chemoembolization.ResultsIn 31 (88.6 %) patients, EHCs supplying the caudate HCC originated from themore » right inferior phrenic artery (RIPA). The remaining four HCCs were supplied by the gastroduodenal artery, dorsal pancreatic artery, and right and left gastric arteries. Superselective catheterization of tumor-feeding vessels from the EHC was achieved in 27 patients (77.1 %). There were no major complications. Individual tumor response supplied by the EHC at follow-up contrast-enhanced CT were as follows: complete response (n = 18), partial response (n = 9), stable disease (n = 3), and progressive disease (n = 3). Non-RIPA EHCs were significantly more common in patients who had previously received chemoembolization via the RIPA (50 %) than those who had not (6.5 %; P = 0.01). There was no significant predictive factor associated with tumor response.ConclusionsHCC in the caudate lobe can be supplied by several EHCs. Chemoembolization via these arteries can be performed safely and effectively.« less

Reduction effect of the quantity of radiation exposure and contrast media by image support system in transarterial chemoembolization for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma.

PubMed

Tamai, Tsutomu; Taniyama, Oki; Oda, Kohei; Kasai, Ai; Ijyuin, Syo; Sakae, Haruka; Onishi, Hiroka; Tabu, Kazuaki; Kumagai, Kotaro; Mawatari, Seiichi; Moriuchi, Akihiro; Uto, Hirofumi; Ido, Akio

2018-05-01

We confirmed the clinical utility of a three-dimensional navigation system during transarterial chemoembolization. We evaluated 128 tumors in 91 patients enrolled between May 2015 and August 2016. We evaluated the accuracy of the three-dimensional navigation imaging system for all tumors. We compared the patients who were able to undergo route detection using three-dimensional navigation with previously treated patients who underwent transarterial chemoembolization without using three-dimensional navigation (n = 21). For 38 patients who underwent super-selective microcatheter insertion after a feeding artery was identified by three-dimensional navigation, we confirmed the relationship between the tumors and contrasted liver parenchyma and divided the computed tomography hepatic arteriography findings into four grades. Grade 1: an overlap of > 5 mm, grade 2: an overlap between 0 and 5 mm, grade 3: the borders of the tumor within the liver parenchyma but in contact with the edges, and grade 4: a tumor outside the borders of the liver parenchyma. Using the three-dimensional navigation system, we identified a tumor-feeding artery in 125/128 tumors (97.6%). Furthermore, this system allowed us to significantly reduce the volume of contrast media and the radiation exposure dose in patients undergoing an evaluation. We identified 15 grade 1 tumors (39.5%), 3 grade 2 tumors (7.9%), 11 grade 3 tumors (28.9%), and 9 grade 4 tumors (23.7%) according to our definitions. The three-dimensional navigation is useful not only for patients but also for surgeons who have relatively little experience. © 2017 Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Foundation and John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd.

Rabbit hepatic arterial anatomy variations: implications on experimental design.

PubMed

Tam, Alda L; Melancon, Marites P; Ensor, Joe; Liu, Yang; Dixon, Katherine; McWatters, Amanda; Gupta, Sanjay

2014-12-01

The VX2 rabbit model of liver cancer is commonly used to evaluate the efficacy of locoregional anticancer therapy and knowledge of the hepatic arterial anatomy in the rabbit is important for catheter-directed experiments. To describe the normal anatomy and anatomic variations of the celiac axis and hepatic artery in the rabbit. Angiograms of 222 rabbits were retrospectively reviewed. The branching pattern of the celiac axis was classified and the diameters of the major branches were measured. Paired t-tests were used to compare the difference between the average sizes of arteries. Variant celiac axis or hepatic artery anatomy was noted in 25.9% of angiograms, with the gastric branches arising from the proper hepatic artery in 23.3% of cases. The celiac axis could be successfully classified into one of five distinct branching patterns in 193 (86.9%) cases. The mean diameters of the right and left hepatic arteries were 0.67 mm (95% CI [0.64, 0.7]) and 1.25 mm (95% CI [1.19, 1.31]), respectively. The mean diameters of the medial and lateral branches of the left hepatic artery were 0.63 mm (95% CI [0.6, 0.67]) and 0.91 mm (95% CI [0.86, 0.96]), respectively. The right hepatic artery was significantly smaller than the left hepatic artery and the lateral branch of the left hepatic artery (all P values <0.0001). Arterial variants in the rabbit are not uncommon. The proper hepatic artery often gives origin to gastric artery branches. To facilitate superselective intra-arterial intervention, the left lateral lobe of the liver should be targeted for tumor implantation because of the significant size difference between the right and left hepatic arteries. © The Foundation Acta Radiologica 2013 Reprints and permissions: sagepub.co.uk/journalsPermissions.nav.

Endovascular Treatment of Epistaxis: Indications, Management, and Outcome

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Strach, Katharina; Schroeck, Andreas; Wilhelm, Kai

2011-12-15

Objective: Epistaxis is a common clinical problem, and the majority of bleedings can be managed conservatively. However, due to extensive and sometimes life-threatening bleeding, further treatment, such as superselective embolization, may be required. We report our experience with endovascular treatment of life-threatening epistaxis. Methods: All patients presenting with excessive epistaxis, which received endovascular treatment at a German tertiary care facility between January 2001 and December 2009, were retrospectively identified. Demographic data, etiology, origin and clinical relevance of bleeding, interventional approach, therapy-associated complications, and outcome were assessed. Results: A total of 48 patients required 53 embolizations. Depending on the etiology ofmore » bleeding, patients were assigned to three groups: 1) idiopathic epistaxis (31/48), 2) traumatic or iatrogenic epistaxis (12/48), and 3) hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) (5/48). Eleven of 48 patients required blood transfusions, and 9 of these 11 patients (82%) were termed clinically unstable. The sphenopalatine artery was embolized unilaterally in 10 of 53 (18.9%) and bilaterally in 41 of 53 (77.4%) procedures. During the same procedure, additional vessels were embolized in three patients (3/53; 5.7%). In 2 of 53(3.8%) cases, the internal carotid artery (ICA) was occluded. Long-term success rates of embolization were 29 of 31 (93.5%) for group 1 and 11 of 12 (91.7%) for group 2 patients. Embolization of patients with HHT offered at least a temporary relief in three of five (60%) cases. Two major complications (necrosis of nasal tip and transient hemiparesis) occurred after embolization. Conclusions: Endovascular treatment proves to be effective for prolonged and life-threatening epistaxis. It is easily repeatable if the first procedure is not successful and offers a good risk-benefit profile.« less

Initial Experience with the E-liac® Iliac Branch Device for the Endovascular Aortic Repair of Aorto-iliac Aneurysm.

PubMed

Anton, Susanne; Wiedner, Marcus; Stahlberg, Erik; Jacob, Fabian; Barkhausen, Jörg; Goltz, Jan Peter

2018-05-01

Occlusion of internal iliac arteries during endovascular treatment (EVAR) of abdominal aortic (AAA) and common iliac artery aneurysms might be associated with ischemic pelvic complications. This study evaluates technical and clinical success, safety and mid-term results of a novel iliac branch device (IBD) for revascularization of the internal iliac artery (IIA) during EVAR. Retrospectively, we identified 21 men (mean age 73.3 ± 6.2 years) treated for aorto-iliac aneurysms by use of a novel IBD (E-liac ® , Jotec Hechingen, Germany). We analyzed safety (30-day survival), technical (no type I and III endoleaks, "EL"), clinical (no ischemic complications) success, mid-term patency of this IBD, peri-procedural complications, occurrence of type II ELs, rate of re-interventions and additional treatment of the revascularized IIA for landing zone preparation. Twenty-three IBDs were implanted. Aneurysms of the ipsilateral IIA were present in 6/23 IIAs (26.1%). Super-selective branch embolization was performed in these patients and the landing zone for the iliac sidebranch stent-graft was within the superior gluteal artery. Mean follow-up was 341 days (range 4-1103 days). Technical success and 30-day survival were 100%. Clinical success was 95.2%. Primary patency of the IBDs was 100% at 12 months. Peri-procedural complications occurred in 3/21 patients (14.3%), none of them related to the IBD. AAA-related type II ELs were found in 6 patients (28.6%), IBD-related ELs in 4/23 IBDs (17.4%) (two type Ib, two type II endoleaks). Overall re-intervention rate was 23.8%, IBD-related 8.7%. Utilization of the E-liac ® IBD is safe and effective for the treatment of aorto-iliac aneurysms.

Percutaneous Cryoablation of Clinical T2 (> 7 cm) Renal Masses: Technical Considerations, Complications, and Short-Term Outcomes.

PubMed

Moynagh, Michael R; Schmit, Grant D; Thompson, Robert H; Boorjian, Stephen A; Woodrum, David A; Curry, Timothy B; Atwell, Thomas D

2015-06-01

To determine the technical success, safety, and preliminary clinical outcome of percutaneous cryoablation of large (> 7 cm) renal masses. Twelve patients underwent percutaneous cryoablation for treatment of renal tumors measuring greater than 7 cm (clinical stage II, T2aN0M0) between 2004 and 2013. Median patient age was 75 years (range, 46-84 y), median Charlson comorbidity index was 5 (range, 4-9), and median maximal tumor diameter was 8.4 cm (range, 7.2-9.7 cm). Seven of the 12 patients underwent superselective intraarterial tumor embolization before cryoablation. Technical success, procedural complications, renal function, and oncologic and survival outcomes were evaluated for each patient. All cryoablation procedures were technically successful in a single treatment session, with no mortalities at 30 days. Two patients (17%) experienced major complications related to postprocedural hemorrhage. Median change in estimated glomerular filtration rate within 7 days following cryoablation treatment was 11 mL/min (range, 7-14 mL/min). One patient with baseline stage IV chronic kidney disease and a major bleeding complication required temporary dialysis in the periprocedural period. In 11 patients (92%) who had follow-up beyond 3 months after the procedure (mean, 19 mo; range, 4-49 mo), recurrence-free survival and overall survival rates at 2 years were 100% and 91%, respectively. Percutaneous cryoablation of large (> 7 cm) renal masses was technically successful, with effective preliminary clinical outcomes. However, major complications are more common with cryoablation of stage T2 tumors than is typically encountered with treatment of smaller stage T1 tumors. Copyright © 2015 SIR. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

How the Dynamics of a Supramolecular Polymer Determines Its Dynamic Adaptivity and Stimuli-Responsiveness: Structure-Dynamics-Property Relationships From Coarse-Grained Simulations.

PubMed

Torchi, Andrea; Bochicchio, Davide; Pavan, Giovanni M

2018-04-12

The rational design of supramolecular polymers that can adapt or respond in time to specific stimuli in a controlled way is interesting for many applications, but this requires understanding the molecular factors that make the material faster or slower in responding to the stimulus. To this end, it is necessary to study the dynamic adaptive properties at submolecular resolution, which is difficult at an experimental level. Here we show coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations (<5 Å resolution) demonstrating how the dynamic adaptivity and stimuli responsiveness of a supramolecular polymer is controlled by the intrinsic dynamics of the assembly, which is in turn determined by the structure of the monomers. As a representative case, we focus on a water-soluble 1,3,5-benzenetricarboxamide (BTA) supramolecular polymer incorporating (charged) receptor monomers, experimentally seen to undergo dynamic clustering following the superselective binding to a multivalent recruiter. Our simulations show that the dynamic reorganization of the supramolecular structure proceeds via monomer diffusion on the dynamic fiber surface (exchange within the fiber). Rationally changing the structure of the monomers to make the fiber surface more or less dynamic allows tuning the rate of response to the stimulus and of supramolecular reconfiguration. Simple in silico experiments draw a structure-dynamics-property relationship revealing the key factors underpinning the dynamic adaptivity and stimuli-responsiveness of these supramolecular polymers. We come out with clear evidence that to master the bioinspired properties of these fibers, it is necessary to control their intrinsic dynamics, while the high-resolution of our molecular models permits us to show how.

Comprehensive Child Welfare Information System. Final rule.

PubMed

2016-06-02

This final rule replaces the Statewide and Tribal Automated Child Welfare Information Systems (S/TACWIS) rule with the Comprehensive Child Welfare Information System (CCWIS) rule. The rule also makes conforming amendments in rules in related requirements. This rule will assist title IV-E agencies in developing information management systems that leverage new innovations and technology in order to better serve children and families. More specifically, this final rule supports the use of cost-effective, innovative technologies to automate the collection of high-quality case management data and to promote its analysis, distribution, and use by workers, supervisors, administrators, researchers, and policy makers.

Australian road rules

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2009-02-01

*These are national-level rules. Australian Road Rules - 2009 Version, Part 18, Division 1, Rule 300 "Use of Mobile Phones" describes restrictions of mobile phone use while driving. The rule basically states that drivers cannot make or receive calls ...

77 FR 15681 - Amendments to the HUD Acquisition Regulation (HUDAR)

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-03-16

... final rule published on January 13, 2006 (71 FR 2432). II. This Proposed Rule This proposed rule would... publishing any rule that has federalism implications if the rule imposes substantial direct compliance costs...

77 FR 38877 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NYSE Arca, Inc.; Order Granting Approval of Proposed Rule Change...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-06-29

...-Regulatory Organizations; NYSE Arca, Inc.; Order Granting Approval of Proposed Rule Change, as Modified by...\\ and Rule 19b-4 thereunder,\\2\\ a proposed rule change to allow certain cross trades effected on the...-substantive changes to its rules. The proposed rule change was published for comment in the Federal Register...

Development of Rules and Strategies: Balancing the Old and the New.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Siegler, Robert S.; Chen, Zhe

2002-01-01

Considers how preceding articles by Jansen and van der Maas, and Halford et al., contribute to understanding of how rule use can be best assessed, how systematic rule use can be reconciled with variable rule use, when children begin to use rules, and how children generate new rules. Summarizes current understanding of development of knowledge…

46 CFR 502.54 - Contents of rules.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 46 Shipping 9 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Contents of rules. 502.54 Section 502.54 Shipping FEDERAL MARITIME COMMISSION GENERAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE PROVISIONS RULES OF PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE Rulemaking § 502.54 Contents of rules. The Commission will incorporate in any rules adopted a concise general statement of their basis and purpose. [Rule 54....

38 CFR 20.1 - Rule 1. Purpose and construction of Rules of Practice.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 38 Pensions, Bonuses, and Veterans' Relief 2 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Rule 1. Purpose and construction of Rules of Practice. 20.1 Section 20.1 Pensions, Bonuses, and Veterans' Relief DEPARTMENT OF VETERANS AFFAIRS (CONTINUED) BOARD OF VETERANS' APPEALS: RULES OF PRACTICE General § 20.1 Rule 1. Purpose...

38 CFR 20.1 - Rule 1. Purpose and construction of Rules of Practice.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 38 Pensions, Bonuses, and Veterans' Relief 2 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Rule 1. Purpose and construction of Rules of Practice. 20.1 Section 20.1 Pensions, Bonuses, and Veterans' Relief DEPARTMENT OF VETERANS AFFAIRS (CONTINUED) BOARD OF VETERANS' APPEALS: RULES OF PRACTICE General § 20.1 Rule 1. Purpose...

12 CFR 308.101 - Scope of Local Rules.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 12 Banks and Banking 4 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Scope of Local Rules. 308.101 Section 308.101... PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE General Rules of Procedure § 308.101 Scope of Local Rules. (a) Subparts B and C of the Local Rules prescribe rules of practice and procedure to be followed in the administrative...

12 CFR 308.101 - Scope of Local Rules.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 12 Banks and Banking 4 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Scope of Local Rules. 308.101 Section 308.101... PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE General Rules of Procedure § 308.101 Scope of Local Rules. (a) Subparts B and C of the Local Rules prescribe rules of practice and procedure to be followed in the administrative...

33 CFR 83.37 - Distress signals (Rule 37).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 1 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Distress signals (Rule 37). 83.37... NAVIGATION RULES RULES Sound and Light Signals § 83.37 Distress signals (Rule 37). When a vessel is in distress and requires assistance she shall use or exhibit the signals described in Annex IV to these Rules. ...

33 CFR 83.37 - Distress signals (Rule 37).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 1 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Distress signals (Rule 37). 83.37... NAVIGATION RULES RULES Sound and Light Signals § 83.37 Distress signals (Rule 37). When a vessel is in distress and requires assistance she shall use or exhibit the signals described in Annex IV to these Rules. ...

40 CFR 52.1426 - Original identification of plan section.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

..., 1982. Included in the plan are revised Rule 6, and new Rule 5A. (26) New Rule 18, “Compliance...) Revisions to Rule 1, “Definitions,” and to Rule 4, “New and Complex Sources; Standards of Performance, Application for Permit, When Required;” and a new regulation: Rule 4.01, “Prevention of Significant...

39 CFR 230.26 - Do these rules affect the service of process requirements of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... requirements of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure (28 U.S.C. Appendix)? 230.26 Section 230.26 Postal Service....26 Do these rules affect the service of process requirements of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure... Rules of Civil Procedure regarding service of process. ...

76 FR 38245 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, Inc.; Notice of Filing of...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-06-29

...), Incorporated NYSE Rule 401A (Customer Complaints), and Incorporated NYSE Rule 342.21 (Trade Review and... Registration); (5) replace NASD Rule 3110(i) (Holding of Customer Mail) with new FINRA Rule 3150 (Holding of Customer Mail); and (6) delete the following NASD and Incorporated NYSE Rules and NYSE Rule Interpretations...

39 CFR 230.26 - Do these rules affect the service of process requirements of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 39 Postal Service 1 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Do these rules affect the service of process....26 Do these rules affect the service of process requirements of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure... Rules of Civil Procedure regarding service of process. ...

33 CFR 83.37 - Distress signals (Rule 37).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 1 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Distress signals (Rule 37). 83.37... NAVIGATION RULES RULES Sound and Light Signals § 83.37 Distress signals (Rule 37). When a vessel is in distress and requires assistance she shall use or exhibit the signals described in Annex IV to these Rules. ...

33 CFR 83.37 - Distress signals (Rule 37).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 1 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Distress signals (Rule 37). 83.37... NAVIGATION RULES RULES Sound and Light Signals § 83.37 Distress signals (Rule 37). When a vessel is in distress and requires assistance she shall use or exhibit the signals described in Annex IV to these Rules. ...

33 CFR 83.37 - Distress signals (Rule 37).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 1 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Distress signals (Rule 37). 83.37... NAVIGATION RULES RULES Sound and Light Signals § 83.37 Distress signals (Rule 37). When a vessel is in distress and requires assistance she shall use or exhibit the signals described in Annex IV to these Rules. ...

Solutions to time variant problems of real-time expert systems

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Yeh, Show-Way; Wu, Chuan-Lin; Hung, Chaw-Kwei

1988-01-01

Real-time expert systems for monitoring and control are driven by input data which changes with time. One of the subtle problems of this field is the propagation of time variant problems from rule to rule. This propagation problem is even complicated under a multiprogramming environment where the expert system may issue test commands to the system to get data and to access time consuming devices to retrieve data for concurrent reasoning. Two approaches are used to handle the flood of input data. Snapshots can be taken to freeze the system from time to time. The expert system treats the system as a stationary one and traces changes by comparing consecutive snapshots. In the other approach, when an input is available, the rules associated with it are evaluated. For both approaches, if the premise condition of a fired rule is changed to being false, the downstream rules should be deactivated. If the status change is due to disappearance of a transient problem, actions taken by the fired downstream rules which are no longer true may need to be undone. If a downstream rule is being evaluated, it should not be fired. Three mechanisms for solving this problem are discussed: tracing, backward checking, and censor setting. In the forward tracing mechanism, when the premise conditions of a fired rule become false, the premise conditions of downstream rules which have been fired or are being evaluated due to the firing of that rule are reevaluated. A tree with its root at the rule being deactivated is traversed. In the backward checking mechanism, when a rule is being fired, the expert system checks back on the premise conditions of the upstream rules that result in evaluation of the rule to see whether it should be fired. The root of the tree being traversed is the rule being fired. In the censor setting mechanism, when a rule is to be evaluated, a censor is constructed based on the premise conditions of the upstream rules and the censor is evaluated just before the rule is fired. Unlike the backward checking mechanism, this one does not search the upstream rules. This paper explores the details of implementation of the three mechanisms.

"The Golden Rule": Only a starting point for quality care.

PubMed

Corazzini, Kirsten N; Lekan-Rutledge, Deborah; Utley-Smith, Queen; Piven, Mary L; Colón-Emeric, Cathleen S; Bailey, Donald; Ammarell, Natalie; Anderson, Ruth A

2005-01-01

The Golden Rule guides people to choose for others what they would choose for themselves. The Golden Rule is often described as 'putting yourself in someone else's shoes', or 'Do unto others as you would have them do unto you'(Baumrin 2004). The viewpoint held in the Golden Rule is noted in all the major world religions and cultures, suggesting that this may be an important moral truth (Cunningham 1998). The Golden Rule underlies acts of kindness, caring, and altruism that go above and beyond "business as usual" or "usual care" (Huang, 2005). As such, this heuristic or 'rule of thumb' has universal appeal and helps guide our behaviors toward the welfare of others. So why question the Golden Rule? Unless used mindfully, any heuristic can be overly-simplistic and lead to unintended, negative consequences.A heuristic is a rule of thumb that people use to simplify potentially overwhelming or complex events. These rules of thumb are largely unconscious, and occur irrespective of training and educational level (Gilovich, Griffin & Kahneman 2002). Rules of thumb, such as the Golden Rule, allow a person to reduce a complex situation to something manageable-e.g., 'when in doubt, do what I would want done'. Because it is a simplifying tool, however, the Golden Rule may lead to inappropriate actions because important factors may be overlooked.In this article we describe "The Golden Rule" as used by administrators, supervisors, charge nurses, and CNAs in case studies of four nursing homes. By describing use of this rule-of-thumb, we aim to challenge nurses in nursing homes to: 1) be mindful of their use of "The Golden Rule" and its impact on staff and residents; and 2) help staff members think through how and why "The Golden Rule" may impact their relationships with staff and residents.

The Product and Quotient Rules Revisited

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Eggleton, Roger; Kustov, Vladimir

2011-01-01

Mathematical elegance is illustrated by strikingly parallel versions of the product and quotient rules of basic calculus, with some applications. Corresponding rules for second derivatives are given: the product rule is familiar, but the quotient rule is less so.

Smooth criminal: convicted rule-breakers show reduced cognitive conflict during deliberate rule violations.

PubMed

Jusyte, Aiste; Pfister, Roland; Mayer, Sarah V; Schwarz, Katharina A; Wirth, Robert; Kunde, Wilfried; Schönenberg, Michael

2017-09-01

Classic findings on conformity and obedience document a strong and automatic drive of human agents to follow any type of rule or social norm. At the same time, most individuals tend to violate rules on occasion, and such deliberate rule violations have recently been shown to yield cognitive conflict for the rule-breaker. These findings indicate persistent difficulty to suppress the rule representation, even though rule violations were studied in a controlled experimental setting with neither gains nor possible sanctions for violators. In the current study, we validate these findings by showing that convicted criminals, i.e., individuals with a history of habitual and severe forms of rule violations, can free themselves from such cognitive conflict in a similarly controlled laboratory task. These findings support an emerging view that aims at understanding rule violations from the perspective of the violating agent rather than from the perspective of outside observer.

Railway Online Booking System Design and Implementation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zongjiang, Wang

In this paper, we define rule usefulness and introduce one approach to evaluate the rule usefulness in rough sets. And we raise one method to get most useful rules. This method is easy and effective in applications of prisoners' reform. Comparing with the method to get most interesting rules, ours is direct and objective. Rule interestingness must consider the predefined knowledge on what kind of information is interesting. Our method greatly reduces the rule numbers generated and provides a measure of rule usefulness at the same time.

77 FR 10788 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; New York Stock Exchange LLC; Notice of Filing and Immediate...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-02-23

... Requirements, and Adopt New Rule Text That Is Substantially Similar to FINRA Rule 4360 February 16, 2012... adopt new rule text that is substantially similar to FINRA Rule 4360. The text of the proposed rule... rule change. The text of those statements may be examined at the places specified in Item IV below. The...

77 FR 71658 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; New York Stock Exchange LLC; Notice of Filing and Immediate...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-12-03

... Proposed Rule Change Moving the Rule Text That Provides for Pegging on the Exchange From Supplementary Material .26 of NYSE Rule 70 to NYSE Rule 13 and Amending Such Text to (i) Permit Designated Market Maker... of the Terms of Substance of the Proposed Rule Change The Exchange proposes to move the rule text...

76 FR 10629 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, Inc.; Order Approving a...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-02-25

... believes this proposed rule change is consistent with that belief. \\12\\ FINRA Rule 9521(b)(2). Third, the... Change To Adopt FINRA Rule 1113 (Restriction Pertaining to New Member Applications) and To Amend the... (``Exchange Act'' or ``Act''),\\1\\ and Rule 19b-4 thereunder,\\2\\ a proposed rule change to adopt new FINRA Rule...

77 FR 22032 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; New York Stock Exchange LLC; Order Granting Approval of a Proposed...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-04-12

...-Regulatory Organizations; New York Stock Exchange LLC; Order Granting Approval of a Proposed Rule Change... proposed rule change to amend NYSE Rule 476A to update its ``List of Exchange Rule Violations and Fines Applicable Thereto Pursuant to Rule 476A.'' The proposed rule change was published for comment in the Federal...

75 FR 9265 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NYSE Amex LLC; Notice of Filing of Proposed Rule Change Amending...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-03-01

... subject to certain conflict of interest provisions set forth in NYSE Amex Equities Rules 1603 and 1604. NYSE Amex Equities Rule 1603 provides that, if a DMM unit is operating under Rule 98 (Former)--NYSE... Amex Equities Rule 1603 provides that, if a DMM unit is operating under Rule 98--NYSE Amex Equities...

75 FR 62159 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; C2 Options Exchange, Incorporated; Notice of Filing and Immediate...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-10-07

... Change To Adopt Certain Rule Language Contained in CBOE Rules September 30, 2010. Pursuant to Section 19... of the Terms of Substance of the Proposed Rule Change The Exchange proposes to adopt certain rules in... been made to corresponding CBOE rules, and to also adopt certain provisions from CBOE Rules 3.1 and 8.3...

75 FR 25890 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness of Proposed Rule...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-05-10

... 3, 2010.\\3\\ The Exchange is not proposing to amend any rule text, but simply administering or... Pilot). \\4\\ See Rule 1034 regarding the Penny Pilot. The text of the proposed rule change is available... proposed rule change and discussed any comments it received on the proposed rule change. The text of these...

40 CFR 52.2723 - EPA-approved Puerto Rico regulations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

...—Agricultural Burning Authorized 9/28/95 ......do Rule 209—Modification of the Allowed Sulfur-in-Fuel Percentage...—Generic Prohibitions 9/28/95 ......do Rule 402—Open Burning 9/28/95 ......do Rule 403—Visible Emissions 9... Rule 406—Fuel Burning Equipment 9/28/95 ......do Rule 407—Process Sources 9/28/95 ......do Rule 408...

77 FR 11181 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; New York Stock Exchange LLC; Notice of Filing of Proposed Rule...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-02-24

... warrant initiation of a formal disciplinary proceeding under Rule 476.\\5\\ \\4\\ Rule 476A(a) includes a... procedures to be followed in delayed opening situations. The Exchange proposes to update the Rule 476A List... Rules [sic] 104 or duties under Rule 123D. In some circumstances, formal disciplinary measures in...

An Evaluation of the Influence of NCAA Division I Rules on Compliance

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Shea, Kathryn Elizabeth

2012-01-01

Compliance with NCAA DI rules matters. The leaders of the NCAA, colleges and universities devise, negotiate and elect NCAA rules to address recurring problems. Despite these efforts, schools continue to violate NCAA rules. The objective intent of a rule is to affect a change in behavior; if behavior does not change, then the rule is ineffective.…

78 FR 3971 - Children's Online Privacy Protection Rule

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-01-17

...The Commission amends the Children's Online Privacy Protection Rule (``COPPA Rule'' or ``Rule''), consistent with the requirements of the Children's Online Privacy Protection Act, to clarify the scope of the Rule and strengthen its protections for children's personal information, in light of changes in online technology since the Rule went into effect in April 2000. The final amended Rule includes modifications to the definitions of operator, personal information, and Web site or online service directed to children. The amended Rule also updates the requirements set forth in the notice, parental consent, confidentiality and security, and safe harbor provisions, and adds a new provision addressing data retention and deletion.

RANWAR: rank-based weighted association rule mining from gene expression and methylation data.

PubMed

Mallik, Saurav; Mukhopadhyay, Anirban; Maulik, Ujjwal

2015-01-01

Ranking of association rules is currently an interesting topic in data mining and bioinformatics. The huge number of evolved rules of items (or, genes) by association rule mining (ARM) algorithms makes confusion to the decision maker. In this article, we propose a weighted rule-mining technique (say, RANWAR or rank-based weighted association rule-mining) to rank the rules using two novel rule-interestingness measures, viz., rank-based weighted condensed support (wcs) and weighted condensed confidence (wcc) measures to bypass the problem. These measures are basically depended on the rank of items (genes). Using the rank, we assign weight to each item. RANWAR generates much less number of frequent itemsets than the state-of-the-art association rule mining algorithms. Thus, it saves time of execution of the algorithm. We run RANWAR on gene expression and methylation datasets. The genes of the top rules are biologically validated by Gene Ontologies (GOs) and KEGG pathway analyses. Many top ranked rules extracted from RANWAR that hold poor ranks in traditional Apriori, are highly biologically significant to the related diseases. Finally, the top rules evolved from RANWAR, that are not in Apriori, are reported.

Rule-violations sensitise towards negative and authority-related stimuli.

PubMed

Wirth, Robert; Foerster, Anna; Rendel, Hannah; Kunde, Wilfried; Pfister, Roland

2018-05-01

Rule violations have usually been studied from a third-person perspective, identifying situational factors that render violations more or less likely. A first-person perspective of the agent that actively violates the rules, on the other hand, is only just beginning to emerge. Here we show that committing a rule violation sensitises towards subsequent negative stimuli as well as subsequent authority-related stimuli. In a Prime-Probe design, we used an instructed rule-violation task as the Prime and a word categorisation task as the Probe. Also, we employed a control condition that used a rule inversion task as the Prime (instead of rule violations). Probe targets were categorised faster after a violation relative to after a rule-based response if they related to either, negative valence or authority. Inversions, however, primed only negative stimuli and did not accelerate the categorisation of authority-related stimuli. A heightened sensitivity towards authority-related targets thus seems to be specific to rule violations. A control experiment showed that these effects cannot be explained in terms of semantic priming. Therefore, we propose that rule violations necessarily activate authority-related representations that make rule violations qualitatively different from simple rule inversions.

78 FR 55339 - Regulatory Capital Rules: Regulatory Capital, Implementation of Basel III, Capital Adequacy...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-09-10

...The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) is adopting an interim final rule that revises its risk-based and leverage capital requirements for FDIC-supervised institutions. This interim final rule is substantially identical to a joint final rule issued by the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (OCC) and the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (Federal Reserve) (together, with the FDIC, the agencies). The interim final rule consolidates three separate notices of proposed rulemaking that the agencies jointly published in the Federal Register on August 30, 2012, with selected changes. The interim final rule implements a revised definition of regulatory capital, a new common equity tier 1 minimum capital requirement, a higher minimum tier 1 capital requirement, and, for FDIC-supervised institutions subject to the advanced approaches risk-based capital rules, a supplementary leverage ratio that incorporates a broader set of exposures in the denominator. The interim final rule incorporates these new requirements into the FDIC's prompt corrective action (PCA) framework. In addition, the interim final rule establishes limits on FDIC-supervised institutions' capital distributions and certain discretionary bonus payments if the FDIC-supervised institution does not hold a specified amount of common equity tier 1 capital in addition to the amount necessary to meet its minimum risk-based capital requirements. The interim final rule amends the methodologies for determining risk-weighted assets for all FDIC-supervised institutions. The interim final rule also adopts changes to the FDIC's regulatory capital requirements that meet the requirements of section 171 and section 939A of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act. The interim final rule also codifies the FDIC's regulatory capital rules, which have previously resided in various appendices to their respective regulations, into a harmonized integrated regulatory framework. In addition, the FDIC is amending the market risk capital rule (market risk rule) to apply to state savings associations. The FDIC is issuing these revisions to its capital regulations as an interim final rule. The FDIC invites comments on the interaction of this rule with other proposed leverage ratio requirements applicable to large, systemically important banking organizations. This interim final rule otherwise contains regulatory text that is identical to the common rule text adopted as a final rule by the Federal Reserve and the OCC. This interim final rule enables the FDIC to proceed on a unified, expedited basis with the other federal banking agencies pending consideration of other issues. Specifically, the FDIC intends to evaluate this interim final rule in the context of the proposed well- capitalized and buffer levels of the supplementary leverage ratio applicable to large, systemically important banking organizations, as described in a separate Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (NPR) published in the Federal Register August 20, 2013. The FDIC is seeking commenters' views on the interaction of this interim final rule with the proposed rule regarding the supplementary leverage ratio for large, systemically important banking organizations.

75 FR 51934 - Telemarketing Sales Rule

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-08-24

... FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION 16 CFR Part 310 Telemarketing Sales Rule AGENCY: Federal Trade Commission. ACTION: Final rule; correction. SUMMARY: The Federal Trade Commission (``Commission'') published a final rule on August 10, 2010, adopting amendments to the Telemarketing Sales Rule that address the...

77 FR 26056 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NASDAQ OMX PHLX LLC; Order Granting Approval of a Proposed Rule...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-05-02

... Trading of Options on Indices) and Exchange Rules 1000 through 1094 (Rules Applicable to Trading of... of Options on Indices) and Exchange Rules 1000 through 1094 (Rules Applicable to Trading of Options...

77 FR 11177 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NASDAQ OMX PHLX LLC; Order Granting Approval of a Proposed Rule...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-02-24

... Indices) and Exchange Rules 1000 through 1094 (Rules Applicable to Trading of Options on Stocks, Exchange... to Trading of Options on Indices) and Exchange Rules 1000 through 1094 (Rules Applicable to Trading...

Forward-Chaining Versus A Graph Approach As The Inference Engine In Expert Systems

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Neapolitan, Richard E.

1986-03-01

Rule-based expert systems are those in which a certain number of IF-THEN rules are assumed to be true. Based on the verity of some assertions, the rules deduce as many new conclusions as possible. A standard technique used to make these deductions is forward-chaining. In forward-chaining, the program or 'inference engine' cycles through the rules. At each rule, the premises for the rule are checked against the current true assertions. If all the premises are found, the conclusion is added to the list of true assertions. At that point it is necessary to start over at the first rule, since the new conclusion may be a premise in a rule already checked. Therefore, each time a new conclusion is deduced it is necessary to start the rule checking procedure over. This process continues until no new conclusions are added and the end of the list of rules is reached. The above process, although quite costly in terms of CPU cycles due to the necessity of repeatedly starting the process over, is necessary if the rules contain 'pattern variables'. An example of such a rule is, 'IF X IS A BACTERIA, THEN X CAN BE TREATED WITH ANTIBIOTICS'. Since the rule can lead to conclusions for many values of X, it is necessary to check each premise in the rule against every true assertion producing an association list to be used in the checking of the next premise. However, if the rule does not contain variable data, as is the case in many current expert systems, then a rule can lead to only one conclusion. In this case, the rules can be stored in a graph, and the true assertions in an assertion list. The assertion list is traversed only once; at each assertion a premise is triggered in all the rules which have that assertion as a premise. When all premises for a rule trigger, the rule's conclusion is added to the END of the list of assertions. It must be added at the end so that it will eventually be used to make further deductions. In the current paper, the two methods are described in detail, the relative advantages of each is discussed, and a benchmark comparing the CPU cycles consumed by each is included. It is also shown that, in the case of reasoning under uncertainty, it is possible to properly combine the certainties derived from rules arguing for the same conclusion when the graph approach is used.

Rule groupings: An approach towards verification of expert systems

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Mehrotra, Mala

1991-01-01

Knowledge-based expert systems are playing an increasingly important role in NASA space and aircraft systems. However, many of NASA's software applications are life- or mission-critical and knowledge-based systems do not lend themselves to the traditional verification and validation techniques for highly reliable software. Rule-based systems lack the control abstractions found in procedural languages. Hence, it is difficult to verify or maintain such systems. Our goal is to automatically structure a rule-based system into a set of rule-groups having a well-defined interface to other rule-groups. Once a rule base is decomposed into such 'firewalled' units, studying the interactions between rules would become more tractable. Verification-aid tools can then be developed to test the behavior of each such rule-group. Furthermore, the interactions between rule-groups can be studied in a manner similar to integration testing. Such efforts will go a long way towards increasing our confidence in the expert-system software. Our research efforts address the feasibility of automating the identification of rule groups, in order to decompose the rule base into a number of meaningful units.

76 FR 64154 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; New York Stock Exchange LLC; Notice of Filing and Immediate...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-10-17

... Proposed Rule Change Deleting NYSE Rules 132A, 132B, and 132C, Adopting the Text of the FINRA Rule 7400... Exchange proposes to delete NYSE Rules 132A, 132B, and 132C, adopt the text of the FINRA Rule 7400 Series, the Order Audit Trail System (``OATS'') Rules, and make certain conforming changes. The text of the...

76 FR 64151 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NYSE Amex LLC; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness of...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-10-17

... Deleting NYSE Amex Equities Rules 132A, 132B, and 132C, Adopting the Text of the FINRA Rule 7400 Series... Equities Rules 132A, 132B, and 132C, adopt the text of the FINRA Rule 7400 Series, the Order Audit Trail System (``OATS'') Rules, and make certain conforming changes. The text of the proposed rule change is...

The Effect of Rules and Discovery in the Retention and Retrieval of Braille Inkprint Letter Pairs.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Nagengast, Daniel L.; And Others

The effects of rule knowledge were investigated using Braille inkprint pairs. Both recognition and recall were studied in three groups of subjects: rule knowledge, rule discovery, and no rule. Two hypotheses were tested: (1) that the group exposed to the rule would score better than would a discovery group and a control group; and (2) that all…

75 FR 22886 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NYSE Amex LLC; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness of...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-04-30

... Amending Rule 903 and Adopting Rule 903A April 23, 2010. Pursuant to Section 19(b)(1) of the Securities... Proposed Rule Change The Exchange proposes to amend Rule 903 and adopt Rule 903A to apply uniform objective... adopt Rule 903A to apply uniform objective standards to the range of options series exercise (or strike...

76 FR 78057 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NASDAQ OMX PHLX LLC; Order Granting Approval of Proposed Rule...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-12-15

...\\ and Rule 19b-4 thereunder,\\2\\ a proposed rule change to introduce the Minimum Life Order as new order... proposes, by amending its rules to add Rule 3301(f)(11), to introduce the Minimum Life Order as a new order...-Regulatory Organizations; NASDAQ OMX PHLX LLC; Order Granting Approval of Proposed Rule Change, as Modified...

40 CFR 52.2723 - EPA-approved Puerto Rico regulations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... Responsibility for Compliance 9/28/95 ......do Rule 208—Agricultural Burning Authorized 9/28/95 ......do Rule 209... ......do PART IV, PROHIBITIONS Rule 401—Generic Prohibitions 9/28/95 ......do Rule 402—Open Burning 9/28/95...—Incineration 9/28/95 ......do Rule 406—Fuel Burning Equipment 9/28/95 ......do Rule 407—Process Sources 9/28/95...

40 CFR 52.2723 - EPA-approved Puerto Rico regulations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Responsibility for Compliance 9/28/95 ......do Rule 208—Agricultural Burning Authorized 9/28/95 ......do Rule 209... ......do PART IV, PROHIBITIONS Rule 401—Generic Prohibitions 9/28/95 ......do Rule 402—Open Burning 9/28/95...—Incineration 9/28/95 ......do Rule 406—Fuel Burning Equipment 9/28/95 ......do Rule 407—Process Sources 9/28/95...

76 FR 61460 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; Chicago Stock Exchange, Inc.; Notice of Filing Proposed Rule...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-10-04

...] amend Exchange Article 20, Rule 2 to revise the current methodology for determining when to halt trading... Exchange Article 20, Rule 2 to revise the current methodology for determining when to halt trading in all... Article 20, Rule 2(e). \\4\\ CHX Article 20, Rule 10. \\5\\ CHX Article 16, Rule 8a(2). \\6\\ See Securities...

77 FR 38684 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; Municipal Securities Rulemaking Board; Order Granting Approval of...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-06-28

... Amendments to Rule G-8, on Books and Records, Rule G- 9, on Record Retention, and Rule G-18, on Execution of... consisting of proposed MSRB Rule G-43, on broker's brokers; amendments to MSRB Rule G-8, on books and records... Brokers) and Associated Amendments to Rules G-8 (on Books and Records), G-9 (on Preservation of Records...

Cognitive changes in conjunctive rule-based category learning: An ERP approach.

PubMed

Rabi, Rahel; Joanisse, Marc F; Zhu, Tianshu; Minda, John Paul

2018-06-25

When learning rule-based categories, sufficient cognitive resources are needed to test hypotheses, maintain the currently active rule in working memory, update rules after feedback, and to select a new rule if necessary. Prior research has demonstrated that conjunctive rules are more complex than unidimensional rules and place greater demands on executive functions like working memory. In our study, event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded while participants performed a conjunctive rule-based category learning task with trial-by-trial feedback. In line with prior research, correct categorization responses resulted in a larger stimulus-locked late positive complex compared to incorrect responses, possibly indexing the updating of rule information in memory. Incorrect trials elicited a pronounced feedback-locked P300 elicited which suggested a disconnect between perception, and the rule-based strategy. We also examined the differential processing of stimuli that were able to be correctly classified by the suboptimal single-dimensional rule ("easy" stimuli) versus those that could only be correctly classified by the optimal, conjunctive rule ("difficult" stimuli). Among strong learners, a larger, late positive slow wave emerged for difficult compared with easy stimuli, suggesting differential processing of category items even though strong learners performed well on the conjunctive category set. Overall, the findings suggest that ERP combined with computational modelling can be used to better understand the cognitive processes involved in rule-based category learning.

49 CFR 1100.2 - Applicability.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 1100-1129, Rules of General Applicability, establish general rules applicable to all types of proceedings. Other rules in this subchapter establish special rules applicable to particular types of proceedings. When there is a conflict or inconsistency between a rule of general applicability and a special...

Automated visualization of rule-based models

PubMed Central

Tapia, Jose-Juan; Faeder, James R.

2017-01-01

Frameworks such as BioNetGen, Kappa and Simmune use “reaction rules” to specify biochemical interactions compactly, where each rule specifies a mechanism such as binding or phosphorylation and its structural requirements. Current rule-based models of signaling pathways have tens to hundreds of rules, and these numbers are expected to increase as more molecule types and pathways are added. Visual representations are critical for conveying rule-based models, but current approaches to show rules and interactions between rules scale poorly with model size. Also, inferring design motifs that emerge from biochemical interactions is an open problem, so current approaches to visualize model architecture rely on manual interpretation of the model. Here, we present three new visualization tools that constitute an automated visualization framework for rule-based models: (i) a compact rule visualization that efficiently displays each rule, (ii) the atom-rule graph that conveys regulatory interactions in the model as a bipartite network, and (iii) a tunable compression pipeline that incorporates expert knowledge and produces compact diagrams of model architecture when applied to the atom-rule graph. The compressed graphs convey network motifs and architectural features useful for understanding both small and large rule-based models, as we show by application to specific examples. Our tools also produce more readable diagrams than current approaches, as we show by comparing visualizations of 27 published models using standard graph metrics. We provide an implementation in the open source and freely available BioNetGen framework, but the underlying methods are general and can be applied to rule-based models from the Kappa and Simmune frameworks also. We expect that these tools will promote communication and analysis of rule-based models and their eventual integration into comprehensive whole-cell models. PMID:29131816

Requiem for the max rule?

PubMed Central

Ma, Wei Ji; Shen, Shan; Dziugaite, Gintare; van den Berg, Ronald

2015-01-01

In tasks such as visual search and change detection, a key question is how observers integrate noisy measurements from multiple locations to make a decision. Decision rules proposed to model this process haven fallen into two categories: Bayes-optimal (ideal observer) rules and ad-hoc rules. Among the latter, the maximum-of-outputs (max) rule has been most prominent. Reviewing recent work and performing new model comparisons across a range of paradigms, we find that in all cases except for one, the optimal rule describes human data as well as or better than every max rule either previously proposed or newly introduced here. This casts doubt on the utility of the max rule for understanding perceptual decision-making. PMID:25584425

Living With and Within the Rules of Domestic Violence Shelters: A Qualitative Exploration of Residents' Experiences.

PubMed

Glenn, Catherine; Goodman, Lisa

2015-12-01

As emergency domestic violence (DV) shelters have proliferated, there has been an increase in rules that shelter residents must follow. This qualitative descriptive study explores intimate partner violence (IPV) survivors' experiences living with DV shelter rules. Five thematic clusters emerged from interviews with 11 survivors: (1) shelter environment/staff approach, (2) making sense of the rules, (3) staff enforcement of the rules, (4) short-term impact of the rules, and (5) coping. Results suggest that residents benefit from more flexible boundaries between staff and residents, less restrictive rules, and collaborative, transparent rule enforcement. Recommendations are made for shelter practice and future research. © The Author(s) 2015.

76 FR 76815 - Business Opportunity Rule

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-12-08

...The Commission is adopting final amendments to its Trade Regulation Rule entitled ``Disclosure Requirements and Prohibitions Concerning Business Opportunities'' (``Business Opportunity Rule'' or ``Rule''). Among other things, the Business Opportunity Rule has been amended to broaden its scope to cover business opportunity sellers not covered by the interim Business Opportunity Rule, such as sellers of work-at-home opportunities, and to streamline and simplify the disclosures that sellers must provide to prospective purchasers. The final Rule is based upon the comments received in response to an Advance Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (``ANPR''), an Initial Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (``INPR''), a Revised Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (``RNPR''), a public workshop, a Staff Report, and other information discussed herein. This document also contains the text of the final Rule and the Rule's Statement of Basis and Purpose (``SBP''), including a Regulatory Analysis.

Win-stay and win-shift lever-press strategies in an appetitively reinforced task for rats.

PubMed

Reed, Phil

2016-12-01

Two experiments examined acquisition of win-stay, win-shift, lose-stay, and lose-shift rules by which hungry rats could earn food reinforcement. In Experiment 1, two groups of rats were trained in a two-lever operant task that required them to follow either a win-stay/lose-shift or a win-shift/lose-stay contingency. The rates of acquisition of the individual rules within each contingency differed: lose-shift and lose-stay rules were acquired faster than win-stay and win-shift rules. Contrary to a number of previous reports, the win-shift rule was acquired less rapidly than any of the other rules. In Experiment 2, the four rules were taught separately, but subjects still acquired the win-shift rule more slowly than any of the other rules.

Analytical flaws and practical pitfalls: Reconsidering FERC`s merchant affiliate rules

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Santa, D.F. Jr.

1998-11-01

The merchant affiliate rules are a detriment not just to the regulated utility affiliate and its captive ratepayers, but even to competition in the wholesale bulk power market. The rationale underlying the merchant affiliate rules, their continued relevance, and, most importantly, their practical effect on both the utilities bound by such rules and the marketplace has not been seriously re-examined in the wake of the bulk power market`s rapid evolution. This article traces the development of the Commission`s merchant affiliate rules and reconsiders the rationale supporting the rules and the pivotal question of whether, in fact, such rules benefit utilitymore » ratepayers. The article concludes that in light of the analytical flaws and practical pitfalls surrounding the merchant affiliate rules, a balanced reevaluation of the Commission`s rules is in order.« less

Novice Rules for Projectile Motion.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Maloney, David P.

1988-01-01

Investigates several aspects of undergraduate students' rules for projectile motion including general patterns; rules for questions about time, distance, solids and liquids; and changes in rules when asked to ignore air resistance. Reports approach differences by sex and high school physics experience, and that novice rules are situation…

Faculty Union Contracts: The New Organizational Rules.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Goodwin, Harold I., Ed.

1977-01-01

The recent expansion of collective bargaining among faculty unions has led to the establishment of new organizational rules. These new rules eliminate discretion, but unlike traditional rules imposed by superiors to control subordinates, collective bargaining initiates a different format for rule-making--formal joint determination. Collective…

An evaluation and implementation of rule-based Home Energy Management System using the Rete algorithm.

PubMed

Kawakami, Tomoya; Fujita, Naotaka; Yoshihisa, Tomoki; Tsukamoto, Masahiko

2014-01-01

In recent years, sensors become popular and Home Energy Management System (HEMS) takes an important role in saving energy without decrease in QoL (Quality of Life). Currently, many rule-based HEMSs have been proposed and almost all of them assume "IF-THEN" rules. The Rete algorithm is a typical pattern matching algorithm for IF-THEN rules. Currently, we have proposed a rule-based Home Energy Management System (HEMS) using the Rete algorithm. In the proposed system, rules for managing energy are processed by smart taps in network, and the loads for processing rules and collecting data are distributed to smart taps. In addition, the number of processes and collecting data are reduced by processing rules based on the Rete algorithm. In this paper, we evaluated the proposed system by simulation. In the simulation environment, rules are processed by a smart tap that relates to the action part of each rule. In addition, we implemented the proposed system as HEMS using smart taps.

Equations for Scoring Rules When Data Are Missing

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

James, Mark

2006-01-01

A document presents equations for scoring rules in a diagnostic and/or prognostic artificial-intelligence software system of the rule-based inference-engine type. The equations define a set of metrics that characterize the evaluation of a rule when data required for the antecedence clause(s) of the rule are missing. The metrics include a primary measure denoted the rule completeness metric (RCM) plus a number of subsidiary measures that contribute to the RCM. The RCM is derived from an analysis of a rule with respect to its truth and a measure of the completeness of its input data. The derivation is such that the truth value of an antecedent is independent of the measure of its completeness. The RCM can be used to compare the degree of completeness of two or more rules with respect to a given set of data. Hence, the RCM can be used as a guide to choosing among rules during the rule-selection phase of operation of the artificial-intelligence system..

Organisational Rules in Schools: Teachers' Opinions about Functions of Rules, Rule-Following and Breaking Behaviours in Relation to Their Locus of Control

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Demirkasimoglu, Nihan; Aydin, Inayet; Erdogan, Cetin; Akin, Ugur

2012-01-01

The main aim of this research is to examine teachers' opinions about functions of school rules, reasons for rule-breaking and results of rule-breaking in relation to their locus of control, gender, age, seniority and branch. 350 public elementary school teachers in Ankara are included in the correlational survey model study. According to the…

49 CFR 222.41 - How does this rule affect Pre-Rule Quiet Zones and Pre-Rule Partial Quiet Zones?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

...-Rule Quiet Zone may be established by automatic approval and remain in effect, subject to § 222.51, if... Zone may be established by automatic approval and remain in effect, subject to § 222.51, if the Pre... 49 Transportation 4 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false How does this rule affect Pre-Rule Quiet Zones and...

49 CFR 222.41 - How does this rule affect Pre-Rule Quiet Zones and Pre-Rule Partial Quiet Zones?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

...-Rule Quiet Zone may be established by automatic approval and remain in effect, subject to § 222.51, if... Zone may be established by automatic approval and remain in effect, subject to § 222.51, if the Pre... 49 Transportation 4 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false How does this rule affect Pre-Rule Quiet Zones and...

49 CFR 222.41 - How does this rule affect Pre-Rule Quiet Zones and Pre-Rule Partial Quiet Zones?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

...-Rule Quiet Zone may be established by automatic approval and remain in effect, subject to § 222.51, if... Zone may be established by automatic approval and remain in effect, subject to § 222.51, if the Pre... 49 Transportation 4 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false How does this rule affect Pre-Rule Quiet Zones and...

49 CFR 222.41 - How does this rule affect Pre-Rule Quiet Zones and Pre-Rule Partial Quiet Zones?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

...-Rule Quiet Zone may be established by automatic approval and remain in effect, subject to § 222.51, if... Zone may be established by automatic approval and remain in effect, subject to § 222.51, if the Pre... 49 Transportation 4 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false How does this rule affect Pre-Rule Quiet Zones and...

49 CFR 222.41 - How does this rule affect Pre-Rule Quiet Zones and Pre-Rule Partial Quiet Zones?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

...-Rule Quiet Zone may be established by automatic approval and remain in effect, subject to § 222.51, if... Zone may be established by automatic approval and remain in effect, subject to § 222.51, if the Pre... 49 Transportation 4 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false How does this rule affect Pre-Rule Quiet Zones and...

29 CFR 102.26 - Motions, rulings, and orders part of the record; rulings not to be appealed directly to the Board...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... regional director or by the administrative law judge on motions and/or by the administrative law judge on... 29 Labor 2 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Motions, rulings, and orders part of the record; rulings... Unfair Labor Practices 1 Motions § 102.26 Motions, rulings, and orders part of the record; rulings not to...

77 FR 55888 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NYSE Arca, Inc.; Order Approving a Proposed Rule Change Amending...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-09-11

... Rule 7.31(h) To Add a PL Select Order September 5, 2012. I. Introduction On May 22, 2012, NYSE Arca...,\\2\\ a proposed rule change to amend NYSE Arca Equities Rule 7.31(h) to add a PL Select Order. The... Rule Change Amending NYSE Arca Equities Rule 7.31(h) To Add a PL Select Order Type). II. Description of...

78 FR 39632 - Cotton Board Rules and Regulations: Adjusting Supplemental Assessment on Imports (2013 Amendment)

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-07-02

...This proposed rule is a companion to the Agricultural Marketing Service's (AMS) direct final rule (published today in the ``Rules and Regulations'' section of the Federal Register), amending the Cotton Board Rules and Regulations by decreasing the value assigned to imported cotton for calculating supplemental assessments collected for use by the Cotton Research and Promotion Program. An amendment is required to adjust the value assigned to imported cotton and the cotton content of imported products so that it is the same as those paid on domestically produced cotton. In addition, AMS is updating two Harmonized Tariff Schedule (HTS) statistical reporting numbers that were amended since the last assessment adjustment. This proposed rule is a companion document to the direct final rule published elsewhere in this issue of the Federal Register. AMS is publishing this amendment as a direct final rule without prior proposal because the agency is contemplated by statute and required by regulation in 7 CFR 1205.510 and anticipates no significant adverse comment. AMS has explained its reasons in the preamble of the direct final rule. If AMS receives no significant adverse comment during the comment period, no further action on this proposed rule will be taken. If, however, AMS receives significant adverse comment, AMS will withdraw the direct final rule and it will not take effect. In that case, AMS will address all public comments in a subsequent final rule based on this proposed rule. AMS will not institute a second comment period on this rule. Any parties interested in commenting must do so during this comment period.

A Swarm Optimization approach for clinical knowledge mining.

PubMed

Christopher, J Jabez; Nehemiah, H Khanna; Kannan, A

2015-10-01

Rule-based classification is a typical data mining task that is being used in several medical diagnosis and decision support systems. The rules stored in the rule base have an impact on classification efficiency. Rule sets that are extracted with data mining tools and techniques are optimized using heuristic or meta-heuristic approaches in order to improve the quality of the rule base. In this work, a meta-heuristic approach called Wind-driven Swarm Optimization (WSO) is used. The uniqueness of this work lies in the biological inspiration that underlies the algorithm. WSO uses Jval, a new metric, to evaluate the efficiency of a rule-based classifier. Rules are extracted from decision trees. WSO is used to obtain different permutations and combinations of rules whereby the optimal ruleset that satisfies the requirement of the developer is used for predicting the test data. The performance of various extensions of decision trees, namely, RIPPER, PART, FURIA and Decision Tables are analyzed. The efficiency of WSO is also compared with the traditional Particle Swarm Optimization. Experiments were carried out with six benchmark medical datasets. The traditional C4.5 algorithm yields 62.89% accuracy with 43 rules for liver disorders dataset where as WSO yields 64.60% with 19 rules. For Heart disease dataset, C4.5 is 68.64% accurate with 98 rules where as WSO is 77.8% accurate with 34 rules. The normalized standard deviation for accuracy of PSO and WSO are 0.5921 and 0.5846 respectively. WSO provides accurate and concise rulesets. PSO yields results similar to that of WSO but the novelty of WSO lies in its biological motivation and it is customization for rule base optimization. The trade-off between the prediction accuracy and the size of the rule base is optimized during the design and development of rule-based clinical decision support system. The efficiency of a decision support system relies on the content of the rule base and classification accuracy. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

14 CFR 91.515 - Flight altitude rules.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 2 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Flight altitude rules. 91.515 Section 91...) AIR TRAFFIC AND GENERAL OPERATING RULES GENERAL OPERATING AND FLIGHT RULES Large and Turbine-Powered Multiengine Airplanes and Fractional Ownership Program Aircraft § 91.515 Flight altitude rules. (a...

78 FR 54566 - Energy Labeling Rule

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-09-05

... FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION 16 CFR Part 305 RIN 3084-AB03 Energy Labeling Rule AGENCY: Federal Trade Commission. ACTION: Final rule; correction. SUMMARY: The Federal Trade Commission published a final rule on July 23, 2013 revising its Energy Labeling Rule. This document makes a technical correction to the...

77 FR 28653 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; Municipal Securities Rulemaking Board; Notice of a Designation of...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-05-15

...; Proposed Amendments to Rule G-8, on Books and Records, Rule G- 9, on Record Retention, and Rule G-18, on... of proposed MSRB Rule G-43, on broker's brokers; amendments to MSRB Rule G-8, on books and records...

The ABCs of Writing a Technical Glossary.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Gray, Evie; Ingram, William; Bodson, Dennis

1998-01-01

Explains format, style rules, and lexicographic conventions that improve clarity and precision in a technical glossary. Discusses general rules, rules of style, rules of grammar and syntax, and rules for figures. Describes the computer display techniques and file management system used to develop such a glossary. (SR)

18 CFR 385.1104 - Initial petition (Rule 1104).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 18 Conservation of Power and Water Resources 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Initial petition (Rule... COMMISSION, DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY PROCEDURAL RULES RULES OF PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE Petitions for Adjustments Under the NGPA § 385.1104 Initial petition (Rule 1104). (a) Content. (1) The petition must contain: (i...

76 FR 5850 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, Inc.; Order Approving a...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-02-02

... (Customer Account Information) and Incorporated NYSE Rule 410 (Records of Orders). In addition, the proposed...) (Requirements) as FINRA Rule 4511 (General Requirements), NASD Rule 3110(c) (Customer Account Information) as FINRA Rule 4512 (Customer Account Information), NASD Rules 3110(d) (Record of Written Complaints) and...

18 CFR 385.407 - Inspection of documents and other property (Rule 407).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... and other property (Rule 407). 385.407 Section 385.407 Conservation of Power and Water Resources FEDERAL ENERGY REGULATORY COMMISSION, DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY PROCEDURAL RULES RULES OF PRACTICE AND... and other property (Rule 407). (a) Availability. On request, the presiding officer may order any other...

77 FR 72885 - Meeting of the Judicial Conference Committee on Rules of Practice and Procedure

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-12-06

... JUDICIAL CONFERENCE OF THE UNITED STATES Meeting of the Judicial Conference Committee on Rules of Practice and Procedure AGENCY: Judicial Conference of the United States Advisory Committee on Rules of... CONTACT: Jonathan C. Rose, Secretary and Chief Rules Officer, Rules Committee Support Office...

77 FR 73912 - Used Motor Vehicle Trade Regulation Rule

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-12-12

...'') has completed its regulatory review of its Used Motor Vehicle Trade Regulation Rule (``Used Car Rule... revisions to the Spanish translation of the Used Car Buyers Guide and nonsubstantive technical changes to.... SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: I. Background The Commission promulgated the Used Car Rule in 1984 and the Rule...

29 CFR 2700.1 - Scope; applicability of other rules; construction.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... work injustice, in which event the former rules of procedure would continue to apply. (b) Applicability... 29 Labor 9 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Scope; applicability of other rules; construction. 2700.1... COMMISSION PROCEDURAL RULES General Provisions § 2700.1 Scope; applicability of other rules; construction. (a...

40 CFR 52.245 - New Source Review rules.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

...) APPROVAL AND PROMULGATION OF IMPLEMENTATION PLANS California §52.245 New Source Review rules. (a) Approval of the New Source Review rules for the San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District... Review rules for the San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District Rules 2020 and 2201 as...

78 FR 76986 - Children's Online Privacy Protection Rule

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-12-20

... FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION 16 CFR Part 312 RIN 3084-AB20 Children's Online Privacy Protection Rule... published final rule amendments to the Children's Online Privacy Protection Rule on January 17, 2013 to... correction in the Children's Online Privacy Protection Rule. List of Subjects in 16 CFR Part 312 Children...

17 CFR 250.102 - Effective date of rules.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 17 Commodity and Securities Exchanges 3 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Effective date of rules. 250...) GENERAL RULES AND REGULATIONS, PUBLIC UTILITY HOLDING COMPANY ACT OF 1935 Miscellaneous Rules § 250.102 Effective date of rules. Unless the Commission otherwise prescribes in any case, the manner of publication...

46 CFR 201.133 - Appeal from ruling of presiding officer.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 46 Shipping 8 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Appeal from ruling of presiding officer. 201.133 Section 201.133 Shipping MARITIME ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION POLICY, PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE RULES OF PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE Hearing Procedures (Rule 13) § 201.133 Appeal from ruling of presiding...

46 CFR 201.133 - Appeal from ruling of presiding officer.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 46 Shipping 8 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Appeal from ruling of presiding officer. 201.133 Section 201.133 Shipping MARITIME ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION POLICY, PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE RULES OF PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE Hearing Procedures (Rule 13) § 201.133 Appeal from ruling of presiding...

46 CFR 201.133 - Appeal from ruling of presiding officer.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 46 Shipping 8 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Appeal from ruling of presiding officer. 201.133 Section 201.133 Shipping MARITIME ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION POLICY, PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE RULES OF PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE Hearing Procedures (Rule 13) § 201.133 Appeal from ruling of presiding...

78 FR 69497 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NYSE Arca, Inc.; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness of...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-11-19

... Options Exchange (``CBOE'') Rule 6.51(a) and NASDAQ OMX PHLX LLC (``PHLX'') Rule 1051(a).\\6\\ Both CBOE and.... \\6\\ See CBOE Rule 6.51(a); PHLX Rule 1051(a). PHLX rules also permit, but do not require the exchange...

78 FR 69499 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NYSE MKT LLC; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness of...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-11-19

... Options Exchange (``CBOE'') Rule 6.51(a) and NASDAQ OMX PHLX LLC (``PHLX'') Rule 1051(a).\\6\\ Both CBOE and.... \\6\\ See CBOE Rule 6.51(a); PHLX Rule 1051(a). PHLX rules also permit, but do not require the exchange...

18 CFR 385.702 - Definitions (Rule 702).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 18 Conservation of Power and Water Resources 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Definitions (Rule 702). 385.702 Section 385.702 Conservation of Power and Water Resources FEDERAL ENERGY REGULATORY COMMISSION, DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY PROCEDURAL RULES RULES OF PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE Decisions § 385.702 Definitions (Rule...

Communicating rules in recreation areas

Treesearch

Terence L. Ross; George H. Moeller

1974-01-01

Five hundred fifty-eight campers were surveyed on the Allegheny National Forest to determine their knowledge of rules governing recreation behavior. Most of them were uninformed about the rules. Results of the study suggest that previous camping experience, age, camping style, and residence significantly affect knowledge of rules. Campers who received rule brochures or...

33 CFR 83.08 - Action to avoid collision (Rule 8).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 1 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Action to avoid collision (Rule 8). 83.08 Section 83.08 Navigation and Navigable Waters COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY INLAND NAVIGATION RULES RULES Steering and Sailing Rules Conduct of Vessels in Any Condition of...

33 CFR 83.08 - Action to avoid collision (Rule 8).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 1 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Action to avoid collision (Rule 8). 83.08 Section 83.08 Navigation and Navigable Waters COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY INLAND NAVIGATION RULES RULES Steering and Sailing Rules Conduct of Vessels in Any Condition of...

33 CFR 83.08 - Action to avoid collision (Rule 8).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 1 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Action to avoid collision (Rule 8). 83.08 Section 83.08 Navigation and Navigable Waters COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY INLAND NAVIGATION RULES RULES Steering and Sailing Rules Conduct of Vessels in Any Condition of...

33 CFR 83.08 - Action to avoid collision (Rule 8).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 1 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Action to avoid collision (Rule 8). 83.08 Section 83.08 Navigation and Navigable Waters COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY INLAND NAVIGATION RULES RULES Steering and Sailing Rules Conduct of Vessels in Any Condition of...

33 CFR 83.08 - Action to avoid collision (Rule 8).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 1 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Action to avoid collision (Rule 8). 83.08 Section 83.08 Navigation and Navigable Waters COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY INLAND NAVIGATION RULES RULES Steering and Sailing Rules Conduct of Vessels in Any Condition of...

14 CFR 221.203 - Unique rule numbers required.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 4 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Unique rule numbers required. 221.203... PROCEEDINGS) ECONOMIC REGULATIONS TARIFFS Electronically Filed Tariffs § 221.203 Unique rule numbers required... bear a unique rule number. (b) The unique rule numbers for the fares specified in this section shall be...

40 CFR 52.236 - Rules and regulations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... following Air Pollution Control District (APCD) rules do not define the term “agricultural operations,” the... November 10, 1976. (b) The following Air Pollution Control District (APCD) rules are disapproved because... control rules unenforceable: (1) San Luis Obispo County APCD. (i) Rules 401(B)(4) and 401(B)(6), submitted...

40 CFR 52.236 - Rules and regulations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... following Air Pollution Control District (APCD) rules do not define the term “agricultural operations,” the... November 10, 1976. (b) The following Air Pollution Control District (APCD) rules are disapproved because... control rules unenforceable: (1) San Luis Obispo County APCD. (i) Rules 401(B)(4) and 401(B)(6), submitted...

33 CFR 83.10 - Traffic separation schemes (Rule 10).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 1 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Traffic separation schemes (Rule... Visibility § 83.10 Traffic separation schemes (Rule 10). (a) Obligations under other Rules unaffected. This Rule applies to traffic separation schemes and does not relieve any vessel of her obligation under any...

33 CFR 83.10 - Traffic separation schemes (Rule 10).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 1 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Traffic separation schemes (Rule... Visibility § 83.10 Traffic separation schemes (Rule 10). (a) Obligations under other Rules unaffected. This Rule applies to traffic separation schemes and does not relieve any vessel of her obligation under any...

33 CFR 83.10 - Traffic separation schemes (Rule 10).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 1 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Traffic separation schemes (Rule... Visibility § 83.10 Traffic separation schemes (Rule 10). (a) Obligations under other Rules unaffected. This Rule applies to traffic separation schemes and does not relieve any vessel of her obligation under any...

33 CFR 83.10 - Traffic separation schemes (Rule 10).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 1 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Traffic separation schemes (Rule... Visibility § 83.10 Traffic separation schemes (Rule 10). (a) Obligations under other Rules unaffected. This Rule applies to traffic separation schemes and does not relieve any vessel of her obligation under any...

33 CFR 83.10 - Traffic separation schemes (Rule 10).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 1 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Traffic separation schemes (Rule... Visibility § 83.10 Traffic separation schemes (Rule 10). (a) Obligations under other Rules unaffected. This Rule applies to traffic separation schemes and does not relieve any vessel of her obligation under any...

Common-Sense Rule Inference

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lombardi, Ilaria; Console, Luca

In the paper we show how rule-based inference can be made more flexible by exploiting semantic information associated with the concepts involved in the rules. We introduce flexible forms of common sense reasoning in which whenever no rule applies to a given situation, the inference engine can fire rules that apply to more general or to similar situations. This can be obtained by defining new forms of match between rules and the facts in the working memory and new forms of conflict resolution. We claim that in this way we can overcome some of the brittleness problems that are common in rule-based systems.

Rule-Based Event Processing and Reaction Rules

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Paschke, Adrian; Kozlenkov, Alexander

Reaction rules and event processing technologies play a key role in making business and IT / Internet infrastructures more agile and active. While event processing is concerned with detecting events from large event clouds or streams in almost real-time, reaction rules are concerned with the invocation of actions in response to events and actionable situations. They state the conditions under which actions must be taken. In the last decades various reaction rule and event processing approaches have been developed, which for the most part have been advanced separately. In this paper we survey reaction rule approaches and rule-based event processing systems and languages.

Effect of Temporal Relationships in Associative Rule Mining for Web Log Data

PubMed Central

Mohd Khairudin, Nazli; Mustapha, Aida

2014-01-01

The advent of web-based applications and services has created such diverse and voluminous web log data stored in web servers, proxy servers, client machines, or organizational databases. This paper attempts to investigate the effect of temporal attribute in relational rule mining for web log data. We incorporated the characteristics of time in the rule mining process and analysed the effect of various temporal parameters. The rules generated from temporal relational rule mining are then compared against the rules generated from the classical rule mining approach such as the Apriori and FP-Growth algorithms. The results showed that by incorporating the temporal attribute via time, the number of rules generated is subsequently smaller but is comparable in terms of quality. PMID:24587757

Requiem for the max rule?

PubMed

Ma, Wei Ji; Shen, Shan; Dziugaite, Gintare; van den Berg, Ronald

2015-11-01

In tasks such as visual search and change detection, a key question is how observers integrate noisy measurements from multiple locations to make a decision. Decision rules proposed to model this process have fallen into two categories: Bayes-optimal (ideal observer) rules and ad-hoc rules. Among the latter, the maximum-of-outputs (max) rule has been the most prominent. Reviewing recent work and performing new model comparisons across a range of paradigms, we find that in all cases except for one, the optimal rule describes human data as well as or better than every max rule either previously proposed or newly introduced here. This casts doubt on the utility of the max rule for understanding perceptual decision-making. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Rule groupings: A software engineering approach towards verification of expert systems

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Mehrotra, Mala

1991-01-01

Currently, most expert system shells do not address software engineering issues for developing or maintaining expert systems. As a result, large expert systems tend to be incomprehensible, difficult to debug or modify and almost impossible to verify or validate. Partitioning rule based systems into rule groups which reflect the underlying subdomains of the problem should enhance the comprehensibility, maintainability, and reliability of expert system software. Attempts were made to semiautomatically structure a CLIPS rule base into groups of related rules that carry the same type of information. Different distance metrics that capture relevant information from the rules for grouping are discussed. Two clustering algorithms that partition the rule base into groups of related rules are given. Two independent evaluation criteria are developed to measure the effectiveness of the grouping strategies. Results of the experiment with three sample rule bases are presented.

Statistical inference of static analysis rules

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Engler, Dawson Richards (Inventor)

2009-01-01

Various apparatus and methods are disclosed for identifying errors in program code. Respective numbers of observances of at least one correctness rule by different code instances that relate to the at least one correctness rule are counted in the program code. Each code instance has an associated counted number of observances of the correctness rule by the code instance. Also counted are respective numbers of violations of the correctness rule by different code instances that relate to the correctness rule. Each code instance has an associated counted number of violations of the correctness rule by the code instance. A respective likelihood of the validity is determined for each code instance as a function of the counted number of observances and counted number of violations. The likelihood of validity indicates a relative likelihood that a related code instance is required to observe the correctness rule. The violations may be output in order of the likelihood of validity of a violated correctness rule.

System and method for embedding emotion in logic systems

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Curtis, Steven A. (Inventor)

2012-01-01

A system, method, and computer readable-media for creating a stable synthetic neural system. The method includes training an intellectual choice-driven synthetic neural system (SNS), training an emotional rule-driven SNS by generating emotions from rules, incorporating the rule-driven SNS into the choice-driven SNS through an evolvable interface, and balancing the emotional SNS and the intellectual SNS to achieve stability in a nontrivial autonomous environment with a Stability Algorithm for Neural Entities (SANE). Generating emotions from rules can include coding the rules into the rule-driven SNS in a self-consistent way. Training the emotional rule-driven SNS can occur during a training stage in parallel with training the choice-driven SNS. The training stage can include a self assessment loop which measures performance characteristics of the rule-driven SNS against core genetic code. The method uses a stability threshold to measure stability of the incorporated rule-driven SNS and choice-driven SNS using SANE.

A Hybrid Genetic Programming Algorithm for Automated Design of Dispatching Rules.

PubMed

Nguyen, Su; Mei, Yi; Xue, Bing; Zhang, Mengjie

2018-06-04

Designing effective dispatching rules for production systems is a difficult and timeconsuming task if it is done manually. In the last decade, the growth of computing power, advanced machine learning, and optimisation techniques has made the automated design of dispatching rules possible and automatically discovered rules are competitive or outperform existing rules developed by researchers. Genetic programming is one of the most popular approaches to discovering dispatching rules in the literature, especially for complex production systems. However, the large heuristic search space may restrict genetic programming from finding near optimal dispatching rules. This paper develops a new hybrid genetic programming algorithm for dynamic job shop scheduling based on a new representation, a new local search heuristic, and efficient fitness evaluators. Experiments show that the new method is effective regarding the quality of evolved rules. Moreover, evolved rules are also significantly smaller and contain more relevant attributes.

Emotional display rules as work unit norms: a multilevel analysis of emotional labor among nurses.

PubMed

Diefendorff, James M; Erickson, Rebecca J; Grandey, Alicia A; Dahling, Jason J

2011-04-01

Emotional labor theory has conceptualized emotional display rules as shared norms governing the expression of emotions at work. Using a sample of registered nurses working in different units of a hospital system, we provided the first empirical evidence that display rules can be represented as shared, unit-level beliefs. Additionally, controlling for the influence of dispositional affectivity, individual-level display rule perceptions, and emotion regulation, we found that unit-level display rules are associated with individual-level job satisfaction. We also showed that unit-level display rules relate to burnout indirectly through individual-level display rule perceptions and emotion regulation strategies. Finally, unit-level display rules also interacted with individual-level dispositional affectivity to predict employee use of emotion regulation strategies. We discuss how future research on emotional labor and display rules, particularly in the health care setting, can build on these findings.

A Local Learning Rule for Independent Component Analysis

PubMed Central

Isomura, Takuya; Toyoizumi, Taro

2016-01-01

Humans can separately recognize independent sources when they sense their superposition. This decomposition is mathematically formulated as independent component analysis (ICA). While a few biologically plausible learning rules, so-called local learning rules, have been proposed to achieve ICA, their performance varies depending on the parameters characterizing the mixed signals. Here, we propose a new learning rule that is both easy to implement and reliable. Both mathematical and numerical analyses confirm that the proposed rule outperforms other local learning rules over a wide range of parameters. Notably, unlike other rules, the proposed rule can separate independent sources without any preprocessing, even if the number of sources is unknown. The successful performance of the proposed rule is then demonstrated using natural images and movies. We discuss the implications of this finding for our understanding of neuronal information processing and its promising applications to neuromorphic engineering. PMID:27323661

National School Lunch Program and School Breakfast Program: Nutrition Standards for All Foods Sold in School as Required by the Healthy, Hunger-Free Kids Act of 2010. Final rule and interim final rule.

PubMed

2016-07-29

This rule adopts as final, with some modifications, the National School Lunch Program and School Breakfast Program regulations set forth in the interim final rule published in the Federal Register on June 28, 2013. The requirements addressed in this rule conform to the provisions in the Healthy, Hunger-Free Kids Act of 2010 regarding nutrition standards for all foods sold in schools, other than food sold under the lunch and breakfast programs. Most provisions of this final rule were implemented on July 1, 2014, a full year subsequent to publication of the interim final rule. This was in compliance with section 208 of the Healthy, Hunger-Free Kids Act of 2010, which required that State and local educational agencies have at least one full school year from the date of publication of the interim final rule to implement the competitive food provisions. Based on comments received on the interim final rule and implementation experience, this final rule makes a few modifications to the nutrition standards for all foods sold in schools implemented on July 1, 2014. In addition, this final rule codifies specific policy guidance issued after publication of the interim rule. Finally, this rule retains the provision related to the standard for total fat as interim and requests further comment on this single standard.

Rule induction performance in amnestic mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's dementia: examining the role of simple and biconditional rule learning processes.

PubMed

Oosterman, Joukje M; Heringa, Sophie M; Kessels, Roy P C; Biessels, Geert Jan; Koek, Huiberdina L; Maes, Joseph H R; van den Berg, Esther

2017-04-01

Rule induction tests such as the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test require executive control processes, but also the learning and memorization of simple stimulus-response rules. In this study, we examined the contribution of diminished learning and memorization of simple rules to complex rule induction test performance in patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) or Alzheimer's dementia (AD). Twenty-six aMCI patients, 39 AD patients, and 32 control participants were included. A task was used in which the memory load and the complexity of the rules were independently manipulated. This task consisted of three conditions: a simple two-rule learning condition (Condition 1), a simple four-rule learning condition (inducing an increase in memory load, Condition 2), and a complex biconditional four-rule learning condition-inducing an increase in complexity and, hence, executive control load (Condition 3). Performance of AD patients declined disproportionately when the number of simple rules that had to be memorized increased (from Condition 1 to 2). An additional increment in complexity (from Condition 2 to 3) did not, however, disproportionately affect performance of the patients. Performance of the aMCI patients did not differ from that of the control participants. In the patient group, correlation analysis showed that memory performance correlated with Condition 1 performance, whereas executive task performance correlated with Condition 2 performance. These results indicate that the reduced learning and memorization of underlying task rules explains a significant part of the diminished complex rule induction performance commonly reported in AD, although results from the correlation analysis suggest involvement of executive control functions as well. Taken together, these findings suggest that care is needed when interpreting rule induction task performance in terms of executive function deficits in these patients.

Developing an International Register of Clinical Prediction Rules for Use in Primary Care: A Descriptive Analysis

PubMed Central

Keogh, Claire; Wallace, Emma; O’Brien, Kirsty K.; Galvin, Rose; Smith, Susan M.; Lewis, Cliona; Cummins, Anthony; Cousins, Grainne; Dimitrov, Borislav D.; Fahey, Tom

2014-01-01

PURPOSE We describe the methodology used to create a register of clinical prediction rules relevant to primary care. We also summarize the rules included in the register according to various characteristics. METHODS To identify relevant articles, we searched the MEDLINE database (PubMed) for the years 1980 to 2009 and supplemented the results with searches of secondary sources (books on clinical prediction rules) and personal resources (eg, experts in the field). The rules described in relevant articles were classified according to their clinical domain, the stage of development, and the clinical setting in which they were studied. RESULTS Our search identified clinical prediction rules reported between 1965 and 2009. The largest share of rules (37.2%) were retrieved from PubMed. The number of published rules increased substantially over the study decades. We included 745 articles in the register; many contained more than 1 clinical prediction rule study (eg, both a derivation study and a validation study), resulting in 989 individual studies. In all, 434 unique rules had gone through derivation; however, only 54.8% had been validated and merely 2.8% had undergone analysis of their impact on either the process or outcome of clinical care. The rules most commonly pertained to cardiovascular disease, respiratory, and musculoskeletal conditions. They had most often been studied in the primary care or emergency department settings. CONCLUSIONS Many clinical prediction rules have been derived, but only about half have been validated and few have been assessed for clinical impact. This lack of thorough evaluation for many rules makes it difficult to retrieve and identify those that are ready for use at the point of patient care. We plan to develop an international web-based register of clinical prediction rules and computer-based clinical decision support systems. PMID:25024245

78 FR 44806 - Amendments to Regulation D, Form D and Rule 156

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-07-24

...The Securities and Exchange Commission, which today in separate releases amended Rule 506 of Regulation D, Form D and Rule 144A under the Securities Act of 1933 to implement Section 201(a) of the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act and Section 926 of the Dodd- Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, is publishing for comment a number of proposed amendments to Regulation D, Form D and Rule 156 under the Securities Act. These proposed amendments are intended to enhance the Commission's ability to evaluate the development of market practices in Rule 506 offerings and to address concerns that may arise in connection with permitting issuers to engage in general solicitation and general advertising under new paragraph (c) of Rule 506. Specifically, the proposed amendments to Regulation D would require the filing of a Form D in Rule 506(c) offerings before the issuer engages in general solicitation; require the filing of a closing amendment to Form D after the termination of any Rule 506 offering; require written general solicitation materials used in Rule 506(c) offerings to include certain legends and other disclosures; require the submission, on a temporary basis, of written general solicitation materials used in Rule 506(c) offerings to the Commission; and disqualify an issuer from relying on Rule 506 for one year for future offerings if the issuer, or any predecessor or affiliate of the issuer, did not comply, within the last five years, with Form D filing requirements in a Rule 506 offering. The proposed amendments to Form D would require an issuer to include additional information about offerings conducted in reliance on Regulation D. Finally, the proposed amendments to Rule 156 would extend the antifraud guidance contained in the rule to the sales literature of private funds.

Communicating eating-related rules. Suggestions are more effective than restrictions.

PubMed

Stok, F Marijn; de Vet, Emely; de Wit, John B F; Renner, Britta; de Ridder, Denise T D

2015-03-01

A common social influence technique for curbing unhealthy eating behavior is to communicate eating-related rules (e.g. 'you should not eat unhealthy food'). Previous research has shown that such restrictive rules sometimes backfire and actually increase unhealthy consumption. In the current studies, we aimed to investigate if a milder form of social influence, a suggested rule, is more successful in curbing intake of unhealthy food. We also investigated how both types of rules affected psychological reactance. Students (N = 88 in Study 1, N = 51 in Study 2) completed a creativity task while a bowl of M&M's was within reach. Consumption was either explicitly forbidden (restrictive rule) or mildly discouraged (suggested rule). In the control condition, consumption was either explicitly allowed (Study 1) or M&M's were not provided (Study 2). Measures of reactance were assessed after the creativity task. Subsequently, a taste test was administered where all participants were allowed to consume M&M's. Across both studies, consumption during the creativity task did not differ between the restrictive- and suggested-rule-conditions, indicating that both are equally successful in preventing initial consumption. Restrictive-rule-condition participants reported higher reactance and consumed more in the free-eating taste-test phase than suggested-rule-condition participants and control-group participants, indicating a negative after-effect of restriction. RESULTS show that there are more and less effective ways to communicate eating-related rules. A restrictive rule, as compared to a suggested rule, induced psychological reactance and led to greater unhealthy consumption when participants were allowed to eat freely. It is important to pay attention to the way in which eating-related rules are communicated. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Performance of Thirteen Clinical Rules to Distinguish Bacterial and Presumed Viral Meningitis in Vietnamese Children

PubMed Central

Huy, Nguyen Tien; Thao, Nguyen Thanh Hong; Tuan, Nguyen Anh; Khiem, Nguyen Tuan; Moore, Christopher C.; Thi Ngoc Diep, Doan; Hirayama, Kenji

2012-01-01

Background and Purpose Successful outcomes from bacterial meningitis require rapid antibiotic treatment; however, unnecessary treatment of viral meningitis may lead to increased toxicities and expense. Thus, improved diagnostics are required to maximize treatment and minimize side effects and cost. Thirteen clinical decision rules have been reported to identify bacterial from viral meningitis. However, few rules have been tested and compared in a single study, while several rules are yet to be tested by independent researchers or in pediatric populations. Thus, simultaneous test and comparison of these rules are required to enable clinicians to select an optimal diagnostic rule for bacterial meningitis in settings and populations similar to ours. Methods A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted at the Infectious Department of Pediatric Hospital Number 1, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. The performance of the clinical rules was evaluated by area under a receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC-AUC) using the method of DeLong and McNemar test for specificity comparison. Results Our study included 129 patients, of whom 80 had bacterial meningitis and 49 had presumed viral meningitis. Spanos's rule had the highest AUC at 0.938 but was not significantly greater than other rules. No rule provided 100% sensitivity with a specificity higher than 50%. Based on our calculation of theoretical sensitivity and specificity, we suggest that a perfect rule requires at least four independent variables that posses both sensitivity and specificity higher than 85–90%. Conclusions No clinical decision rules provided an acceptable specificity (>50%) with 100% sensitivity when applying our data set in children. More studies in Vietnam and developing countries are required to develop and/or validate clinical rules and more very good biomarkers are required to develop such a perfect rule. PMID:23209715

Performance of thirteen clinical rules to distinguish bacterial and presumed viral meningitis in Vietnamese children.

PubMed

Huy, Nguyen Tien; Thao, Nguyen Thanh Hong; Tuan, Nguyen Anh; Khiem, Nguyen Tuan; Moore, Christopher C; Thi Ngoc Diep, Doan; Hirayama, Kenji

2012-01-01

Successful outcomes from bacterial meningitis require rapid antibiotic treatment; however, unnecessary treatment of viral meningitis may lead to increased toxicities and expense. Thus, improved diagnostics are required to maximize treatment and minimize side effects and cost. Thirteen clinical decision rules have been reported to identify bacterial from viral meningitis. However, few rules have been tested and compared in a single study, while several rules are yet to be tested by independent researchers or in pediatric populations. Thus, simultaneous test and comparison of these rules are required to enable clinicians to select an optimal diagnostic rule for bacterial meningitis in settings and populations similar to ours. A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted at the Infectious Department of Pediatric Hospital Number 1, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. The performance of the clinical rules was evaluated by area under a receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC-AUC) using the method of DeLong and McNemar test for specificity comparison. Our study included 129 patients, of whom 80 had bacterial meningitis and 49 had presumed viral meningitis. Spanos's rule had the highest AUC at 0.938 but was not significantly greater than other rules. No rule provided 100% sensitivity with a specificity higher than 50%. Based on our calculation of theoretical sensitivity and specificity, we suggest that a perfect rule requires at least four independent variables that posses both sensitivity and specificity higher than 85-90%. No clinical decision rules provided an acceptable specificity (>50%) with 100% sensitivity when applying our data set in children. More studies in Vietnam and developing countries are required to develop and/or validate clinical rules and more very good biomarkers are required to develop such a perfect rule.

Multiple-rule bias in the comparison of classification rules

PubMed Central

Yousefi, Mohammadmahdi R.; Hua, Jianping; Dougherty, Edward R.

2011-01-01

Motivation: There is growing discussion in the bioinformatics community concerning overoptimism of reported results. Two approaches contributing to overoptimism in classification are (i) the reporting of results on datasets for which a proposed classification rule performs well and (ii) the comparison of multiple classification rules on a single dataset that purports to show the advantage of a certain rule. Results: This article provides a careful probabilistic analysis of the second issue and the ‘multiple-rule bias’, resulting from choosing a classification rule having minimum estimated error on the dataset. It quantifies this bias corresponding to estimating the expected true error of the classification rule possessing minimum estimated error and it characterizes the bias from estimating the true comparative advantage of the chosen classification rule relative to the others by the estimated comparative advantage on the dataset. The analysis is applied to both synthetic and real data using a number of classification rules and error estimators. Availability: We have implemented in C code the synthetic data distribution model, classification rules, feature selection routines and error estimation methods. The code for multiple-rule analysis is implemented in MATLAB. The source code is available at http://gsp.tamu.edu/Publications/supplementary/yousefi11a/. Supplementary simulation results are also included. Contact: edward@ece.tamu.edu Supplementary Information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online. PMID:21546390

76 FR 79260 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; New York Stock Exchange LLC; Notice of Filing and Immediate...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-12-21

... Proposed Rule Change Adopting the Text of Financial Industry Regulatory Authority Rule 5210, Which... The Exchange proposes to adopt the text of Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (``FINRA'') Rule... Rule 5210. The text of the proposed rule change is available at the Exchange, the Commission's Public...

Cell Phones: Rule-Setting, Rule-Breaking, and Relationships in Classrooms

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Charles, Anita S.

2012-01-01

Based on a small qualitative study, this article focuses on understanding the rules for cell phones and other social networking media in schools, an aspect of broader research that led to important understandings of teacher-student negotiations. It considers the rules that schools and teachers make, the rampant breaking of these rules, the…

75 FR 54526 - Defense Federal Acquisition Regulation Supplement; Payment of Costs Prior to Definitization...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-09-08

... in 48 CFR Part 217 Government procurement. Ynette R. Shelkin, Editor, Defense Acquisition Regulations...). ACTION: Final rule. SUMMARY: DoD is adopting as final, without change, an interim rule amending the... interim rule. Therefore, DoD is finalizing the interim rule without change. This rule was not subject to...

75 FR 69586 - New Animal Drugs for Minor Use and Minor Species

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-11-15

... companion proposed rule and direct final rule are substantively identical. DATES: This rule is effective... confirming the effective date of the final rule in the Federal Register within 30 days after the comment... will publish a document in the Federal Register withdrawing this direct final rule before its effective...

NAGWS Volleyball Rulebook, 1993. Official Rules & Interpretations/Officiating.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

1993

The National Association for Girls and Women in Sport (NAGWS) Volleyball Rules are based on the United States Volleyball Rules, which in turn are adopted from the rules and interpretations of the International Volleyball Federation Rules. Following a foreword by Robertha Abney, NAGWS President, the publication is organized into six sections as…

47 CFR 1.427 - Effective date of rules.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... organization, procedure or practice; or interpretative rules; and statements of policy may be made effective... 47 Telecommunication 1 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Effective date of rules. 1.427 Section 1.427... Proceedings § 1.427 Effective date of rules. (a) Any rule issued by the Commission will be made effective not...

29 CFR 4203.3 - Plan adoption of special withdrawal rules.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... rule adopted pursuant to this part shall be similar to the rules for the construction and entertainment industries described in section 4203 (b) and (c) of ERISA. A partial withdrawal liability rule adopted pursuant to this part shall be consistent with the complete withdrawal rule adopted by the plan. A plan...

78 FR 40792 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, Inc.; Notice of Filing of...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-07-08

...-3010-1 (Standards for Reasonable Review), Incorporated NYSE Rule 401A (Customer Complaints), and... Certain Firms); (4) replace NASD Rule 3110(i) (Holding of Customer Mail) with new FINRA Rule 3150 (Holding of Customer Mail); and (5) delete the following Incorporated NYSE Rules and NYSE Rule Interpretations...

78 FR 77684 - Agency Information Collection Activities; Submission for OMB Review; Comment Request; Extension

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-12-24

... Rule'' (``Used Car Rule'' or ``Rule''), which applies to used vehicle dealers. That clearance expires... part of the SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION section below. Write ``Used Car Rule, PRA Comment, P137606'' on... comment on the information collection requirements associated with the Used Car Rule (September 25, 2013...

46 CFR 502.4 - Authentication of rules or orders of Commission.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 46 Shipping 9 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Authentication of rules or orders of Commission. 502.4 Section 502.4 Shipping FEDERAL MARITIME COMMISSION GENERAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE PROVISIONS RULES OF PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE General Information § 502.4 Authentication of rules or orders of Commission. All rules...

40 CFR 60.2998 - What are the principal components of the model rule?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... the model rule? 60.2998 Section 60.2998 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) STANDARDS OF PERFORMANCE FOR NEW STATIONARY SOURCES Emission Guidelines... December 9, 2004 Model Rule-Use of Model Rule § 60.2998 What are the principal components of the model rule...

40 CFR 60.2998 - What are the principal components of the model rule?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... the model rule? 60.2998 Section 60.2998 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) STANDARDS OF PERFORMANCE FOR NEW STATIONARY SOURCES Emission Guidelines... December 9, 2004 Model Rule-Use of Model Rule § 60.2998 What are the principal components of the model rule...

40 CFR 60.2998 - What are the principal components of the model rule?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... the model rule? 60.2998 Section 60.2998 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) STANDARDS OF PERFORMANCE FOR NEW STATIONARY SOURCES Emission Guidelines... December 9, 2004 Model Rule-Use of Model Rule § 60.2998 What are the principal components of the model rule...

40 CFR 60.1580 - What are the principal components of the model rule?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... the model rule? 60.1580 Section 60.1580 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) STANDARDS OF PERFORMANCE FOR NEW STATIONARY SOURCES Emission Guidelines..., 1999 Use of Model Rule § 60.1580 What are the principal components of the model rule? The model rule...

40 CFR 60.2998 - What are the principal components of the model rule?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... the model rule? 60.2998 Section 60.2998 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) STANDARDS OF PERFORMANCE FOR NEW STATIONARY SOURCES Emission Guidelines... December 9, 2004 Model Rule-Use of Model Rule § 60.2998 What are the principal components of the model rule...

75 FR 21083 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NASDAQ OMX BX; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness of...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-04-22

... rule consolidation process, FINRA recently made several changes to its financial responsibility rules... 9559 to conform BX's rules to recent changes to the rules of the Financial Industry Regulatory...' financial responsibilities and the rules concerning expedited hearings in light of changes made to the...

75 FR 5822 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; The NASDAQ Stock Market LLC; Notice of Filing and Immediate...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-02-04

... with several rules that represented a consolidation of the old NASD and NYSE rules concerning financial... Proposed Rule Change, as Modified by Amendment No. 1 Thereto, To Amend Its Financial Responsibility Rules... Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (``FINRA''). The Exchange will implement the proposed rule change...

Parental Rule Socialization for Preventive Health and Adolescent Rule Compliance

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Bylund, Carma L.; Baxter, Leslie A.; Imes, Rebecca S.; Wolf, Bianca

2010-01-01

This study examined family rules about nutrition, exercise, and sun protection in 164 parent-young adult children dyads. Both parents and their young adult children independently reported on health rules that they perceived throughout their child's adolescent years and the extent to which the rules were articulated, violations sanctioned, and…

19 CFR 181.131 - Rules of origin.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 19 Customs Duties 2 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Rules of origin. 181.131 Section 181.131 Customs... (CONTINUED) NORTH AMERICAN FREE TRADE AGREEMENT Rules of Origin § 181.131 Rules of origin. (a) The regulations effective October 1, 1995, implementing the rules of origin provisions of General Note 12, HTSUS...

78 FR 62784 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, Inc.; Notice of...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-10-22

...-Regulatory Organizations; Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, Inc.; Notice of Designation of a Longer Period for Commission Action on a Proposed Rule Change Relating to Wash Sale Transactions and FINRA Rule...-4 thereunder,\\2\\ a proposed rule change to amend FINRA Rule 5210. The proposed rule change was...

33 CFR 83.26 - Fishing vessels (Rule 26).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 1 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Fishing vessels (Rule 26). 83.26... NAVIGATION RULES RULES Lights and Shapes § 83.26 Fishing vessels (Rule 26). (a) Exhibition of only prescribed lights and shapes. A vessel engaged in fishing, whether underway or at anchor, shall exhibit only the...

33 CFR 83.26 - Fishing vessels (Rule 26).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 1 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Fishing vessels (Rule 26). 83.26... NAVIGATION RULES RULES Lights and Shapes § 83.26 Fishing vessels (Rule 26). (a) Exhibition of only prescribed lights and shapes. A vessel engaged in fishing, whether underway or at anchor, shall exhibit only the...

33 CFR 83.26 - Fishing vessels (Rule 26).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 1 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Fishing vessels (Rule 26). 83.26... NAVIGATION RULES RULES Lights and Shapes § 83.26 Fishing vessels (Rule 26). (a) Exhibition of only prescribed lights and shapes. A vessel engaged in fishing, whether underway or at anchor, shall exhibit only the...

33 CFR 83.26 - Fishing vessels (Rule 26).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 1 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Fishing vessels (Rule 26). 83.26... NAVIGATION RULES RULES Lights and Shapes § 83.26 Fishing vessels (Rule 26). (a) Exhibition of only prescribed lights and shapes. A vessel engaged in fishing, whether underway or at anchor, shall exhibit only the...

29 CFR 18.1 - Scope of rules.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 29 Labor 1 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 true Scope of rules. 18.1 Section 18.1 Labor Office of the Secretary of Labor RULES OF PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE FOR ADMINISTRATIVE HEARINGS BEFORE THE OFFICE OF ADMINISTRATIVE LAW JUDGES General § 18.1 Scope of rules. (a) General application. These rules of practice are...

16 CFR 3.1 - Scope of the rules in this part; expedition of proceedings.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 16 Commercial Practices 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Scope of the rules in this part; expedition of proceedings. 3.1 Section 3.1 Commercial Practices FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION ORGANIZATION, PROCEDURES AND RULES OF PRACTICE RULES OF PRACTICE FOR ADJUDICATIVE PROCEEDINGS Scope of Rules; Nature of...

From Rules to Guidelines: Moving to the Positive

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Gartrell, Dan

2012-01-01

In a "Young Children" article worth revisiting, Wien (2004) makes the case that rules tend not to be helpful in early childhood communities. Rules are usually stated as negatives. When an adult enforces rules with children, the children know they have done something wrong. However, the negative experience in rule enforcement does not teach them…

75 FR 1091 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness of Proposed Rule...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-01-08

... delete NYSE Rule 445 (Anti-Money Laundering Compliance Program) and adopt new Rule 3310 (Anti-Money..., subject to certain amendments, NASD Rule 3011 (Anti- Money Laundering Compliance Program) and related Interpretive Material NASD IM-3011-1 and 3011-2 as consolidated FINRA Rule 3310 (Anti-Money Laundering...

33 CFR 83.29 - Pilot vessels (Rule 29).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 1 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Pilot vessels (Rule 29). 83.29... NAVIGATION RULES RULES Lights and Shapes § 83.29 Pilot vessels (Rule 29). (a) Vessels engaged on pilotage... engaged on pilotage duty. A pilot vessel when not engaged on pilotage duty shall exhibit the lights or...

33 CFR 83.29 - Pilot vessels (Rule 29).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 1 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Pilot vessels (Rule 29). 83.29... NAVIGATION RULES RULES Lights and Shapes § 83.29 Pilot vessels (Rule 29). (a) Vessels engaged on pilotage... engaged on pilotage duty. A pilot vessel when not engaged on pilotage duty shall exhibit the lights or...

18 CFR 385.212 - Motions (Rule 212).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... statement of: (1) The facts and law which support the motion; and (2) The specific relief or ruling... 18 Conservation of Power and Water Resources 1 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Motions (Rule 212). 385....212 Motions (Rule 212). (a) General rule. A motion may be filed: (1) At any time, unless otherwise...

18 CFR 385.212 - Motions (Rule 212).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... statement of: (1) The facts and law which support the motion; and (2) The specific relief or ruling... 18 Conservation of Power and Water Resources 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Motions (Rule 212). 385....212 Motions (Rule 212). (a) General rule. A motion may be filed: (1) At any time, unless otherwise...

18 CFR 385.212 - Motions (Rule 212).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... statement of: (1) The facts and law which support the motion; and (2) The specific relief or ruling... 18 Conservation of Power and Water Resources 1 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Motions (Rule 212). 385....212 Motions (Rule 212). (a) General rule. A motion may be filed: (1) At any time, unless otherwise...

18 CFR 385.212 - Motions (Rule 212).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... statement of: (1) The facts and law which support the motion; and (2) The specific relief or ruling... 18 Conservation of Power and Water Resources 1 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Motions (Rule 212). 385....212 Motions (Rule 212). (a) General rule. A motion may be filed: (1) At any time, unless otherwise...

18 CFR 385.212 - Motions (Rule 212).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... statement of: (1) The facts and law which support the motion; and (2) The specific relief or ruling... 18 Conservation of Power and Water Resources 1 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Motions (Rule 212). 385....212 Motions (Rule 212). (a) General rule. A motion may be filed: (1) At any time, unless otherwise...

29 CFR 102.123 - Amendment or rescission of rules.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 29 Labor 2 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Amendment or rescission of rules. 102.123 Section 102.123 Labor Regulations Relating to Labor NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD RULES AND REGULATIONS, SERIES 8... of rules. Any rule or regulation may be amended or rescinded by the Board at any time. ...

29 CFR 102.123 - Amendment or rescission of rules.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 29 Labor 2 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Amendment or rescission of rules. 102.123 Section 102.123 Labor Regulations Relating to Labor NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD RULES AND REGULATIONS, SERIES 8... of rules. Any rule or regulation may be amended or rescinded by the Board at any time. ...

29 CFR 102.123 - Amendment or rescission of rules.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 29 Labor 2 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Amendment or rescission of rules. 102.123 Section 102.123 Labor Regulations Relating to Labor NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD RULES AND REGULATIONS, SERIES 8... of rules. Any rule or regulation may be amended or rescinded by the Board at any time. ...

29 CFR 102.123 - Amendment or rescission of rules.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 29 Labor 2 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Amendment or rescission of rules. 102.123 Section 102.123 Labor Regulations Relating to Labor NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD RULES AND REGULATIONS, SERIES 8... of rules. Any rule or regulation may be amended or rescinded by the Board at any time. ...

29 CFR 102.123 - Amendment or rescission of rules.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 29 Labor 2 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Amendment or rescission of rules. 102.123 Section 102.123 Labor Regulations Relating to Labor NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD RULES AND REGULATIONS, SERIES 8... of rules. Any rule or regulation may be amended or rescinded by the Board at any time. ...

75 FR 3774 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; The NASDAQ Stock Market LLC; Notice of Filing of Proposed Rule...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-01-22

....] * * * * * 2262. Disclosure of Control Relationship with Issuer Nasdaq Members shall comply with FINRA Rule 2262... corresponding FINRA rules. This filing addresses NASDAQ Rule 2240 entitled ``Disclosure of Control Relationship... Distribution.'' NASDAQ Rule 2262 makes reference to NASD 2240 entitled ``Disclosure of Control Relationship...

19 CFR 181.94 - Nonconforming requests for advance rulings.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 19 Customs Duties 2 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Nonconforming requests for advance rulings. 181.94...; DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY (CONTINUED) NORTH AMERICAN FREE TRADE AGREEMENT Advance Ruling Procedures § 181.94 Nonconforming requests for advance rulings. A person submitting a request for an advance ruling that does not...

19 CFR 181.97 - Withdrawal of NAFTA advance ruling requests.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 19 Customs Duties 2 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Withdrawal of NAFTA advance ruling requests. 181...; DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY (CONTINUED) NORTH AMERICAN FREE TRADE AGREEMENT Advance Ruling Procedures § 181.97 Withdrawal of NAFTA advance ruling requests. Any request for an advance ruling may be withdrawn by the person...

76 FR 78571 - Approval and Promulgation of State Implementation Plans: Oregon

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-12-19

... Technology Transfer and Advancement Act of 1995 (15 U.S.C. 272 note) because application of those...: Rule 0010, What is the Employee Commute Options Program?; Rule 0020, Who is Subject to ECO?; Rule 0030, What Does ECO require?; Rule 0040, How Does the Department Enforce ECO?; Rule 0050, Definitions of...

Modifications to the HIPAA Privacy, Security, Enforcement, and Breach Notification rules under the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act and the Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act; other modifications to the HIPAA rules.

PubMed

2013-01-25

The Department of Health and Human Services (HHS or ``the Department'') is issuing this final rule to: Modify the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) Privacy, Security, and Enforcement Rules to implement statutory amendments under the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act (``the HITECH Act'' or ``the Act'') to strengthen the privacy and security protection for individuals' health information; modify the rule for Breach Notification for Unsecured Protected Health Information (Breach Notification Rule) under the HITECH Act to address public comment received on the interim final rule; modify the HIPAA Privacy Rule to strengthen the privacy protections for genetic information by implementing section 105 of Title I of the Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act of 2008 (GINA); and make certain other modifications to the HIPAA Privacy, Security, Breach Notification, and Enforcement Rules (the HIPAA Rules) to improve their workability and effectiveness and to increase flexibility for and decrease burden on the regulated entities.

R-charge conservation and more in factorizable and non-factorizable orbifolds

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bizet, Nana G. Cabo; Kobayashi, Tatsuo; Peña, Damián K. Mayorga; Parameswaran, Susha L.; Schmitz, Matthias; Zavala, Ivonne

2013-05-01

We consider the string theory origin of R-charge conservation laws in heterotic orbifold compactifications, deriving the corresponding string coupling selection rule for factorizable and non-factorizable orbifolds, with prime ordered and non-prime ordered point groups. R-charge conservation arises due to symmetries among the worldsheet instantons that can mediate the couplings. Among our results is a previously missed non-trivial contribution to the conserved R-charges from the γ-phases in non-prime orbifolds, which weakens the R-charge selection rule. Symmetries among the worldsheet instantons can also lead to additional selection rules for some couplings. We make a similar analysis for Rule 4 or the "torus lattice selection rule". Moreover, we identify a new string selection rule, that we call Rule 6 or the "coset vector selection rule".

An algorithm for rule-in and rule-out of acute myocardial infarction using a novel troponin I assay.

PubMed

Lindahl, Bertil; Jernberg, Tomas; Badertscher, Patrick; Boeddinghaus, Jasper; Eggers, Kai M; Frick, Mats; Rubini Gimenez, Maria; Linder, Rickard; Ljung, Lina; Martinsson, Arne; Melki, Dina; Nestelberger, Thomas; Rentsch, Katharina; Reichlin, Tobias; Sabti, Zaid; Schubera, Marie; Svensson, Per; Twerenbold, Raphael; Wildi, Karin; Mueller, Christian

2017-01-15

To derive and validate a hybrid algorithm for rule-out and rule-in of acute myocardial infarction based on measurements at presentation and after 2 hours with a novel cardiac troponin I (cTnI) assay. The algorithm was derived and validated in two cohorts (605 and 592 patients) from multicentre studies enrolling chest pain patients presenting to the emergency department (ED) with onset of last episode within 12 hours. The index diagnosis and cardiovascular events up to 30 days were adjudicated by independent reviewers. In the validation cohort, 32.6% of the patients were ruled out on ED presentation, 6.1% were ruled in and 61.3% remained undetermined. A further 22% could be ruled out and 9.8% ruled in, after 2 hours. In total, 54.6% of the patients were ruled out with a negative predictive value (NPV) of 99.4% (95% CI 97.8% to 99.9%) and a sensitivity of 97.7% (95% CI 91.9% to 99.7%); 15.8% were ruled in with a positive predictive value (PPV) of 74.5% (95% CI 64.8% to 82.2%) and a specificity of 95.2% (95% CI 93.0% to 96.9%); and 29.6% remained undetermined after 2 hours. No patient in the rule-out group died during the 30-day follow-up in the two cohorts. This novel two-step algorithm based on cTnI measurements enabled just over a third of the patients with acute chest pain to be ruled in or ruled out already at presentation and an additional third after 2 hours. This strategy maximises the speed of rule-out and rule-in while maintaining a high NPV and PPV, respectively. Published by the BMJ Publishing Group Limited. For permission to use (where not already granted under a licence) please go to http://www.bmj.com/company/products-services/rights-and-licensing/.

Household Implementation of Smoke-Free Rules in Homes and Cars: A Focus on Adolescent Smoking Behavior and Secondhand Smoke Exposure.

PubMed

Parks, Michael J; Kingsbury, John H; Boyle, Raymond G; Evered, Sharrilyn

2018-01-01

This study addresses the dearth of population-based research on how comprehensive household smoke-free rules (ie, in the home and car) relate to tobacco use and secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure among adolescents. Analysis of 2014 Minnesota Youth Tobacco Survey. Representative sample of Minnesota youth. A total of 1287 youth who lived with a smoker. Measures included household smoke-free rules (no rules, partial rules-home or car, but not both-and comprehensive rules), lifetime and 30-day cigarette use, 30-day cigarette and other product use, and SHS exposure in past 7 days in home and car. Weighted multivariate logistic, zero-inflated Poisson, and zero-inflated negative binomial regressions were used. Compared to comprehensive rules, partial and no smoke-free rules were significantly and positively related to lifetime cigarette use (respectively, adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 1.80, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.24-2.61; AOR = 2.87, 95% CI = 1.93-4.25), and a similar significant pattern was found for 30-day cigarette use (respectively, AOR = 2.20, 95% CI = 1.21-4.02; AOR = 2.45, 95% CI = 1.34-4.50). No smoke-free rules significantly predicted using cigarettes and other tobacco products compared to comprehensive rules. In both descriptive and regression analyses, we found SHS exposure rates in both the home and car were significantly lower among youth whose household implemented comprehensive smoke-free rules. Comprehensive smoke-free rules protect youth from the harms of caregiver tobacco use. Relative to both partial and no smoke-free rules, comprehensive smoke-free rules have a marked impact on tobacco use and SHS exposure among youth who live with a smoker. Health promotion efforts should promote comprehensive smoke-free rules among all households and particularly households with children and adolescents.

On Decision-Making Among Multiple Rule-Bases in Fuzzy Control Systems

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Tunstel, Edward; Jamshidi, Mo

1997-01-01

Intelligent control of complex multi-variable systems can be a challenge for single fuzzy rule-based controllers. This class of problems cam often be managed with less difficulty by distributing intelligent decision-making amongst a collection of rule-bases. Such an approach requires that a mechanism be chosen to ensure goal-oriented interaction between the multiple rule-bases. In this paper, a hierarchical rule-based approach is described. Decision-making mechanisms based on generalized concepts from single-rule-based fuzzy control are described. Finally, the effects of different aggregation operators on multi-rule-base decision-making are examined in a navigation control problem for mobile robots.

The Multi-Intelligence Tools Suite - Supporting Research and Development in Information and Knowledge Exploitation

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-06-01

to build a membership fact. The atom definition also defines the precise order of the pieces. Each argument has a label (D) and a type ( E ). The...list of ato argument). Figure 2 shows the inference rule editor. B. Name E . Rule Premises F. Rule Conclusions Figure 2. Inference rule editor One...created using this specific rule. one premise in the rule premises list ( E ), which represents a list of fact conditions that need to be found in the fact

New QCD sum rules based on canonical commutation relations

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hayata, Tomoya

2012-04-01

New derivation of QCD sum rules by canonical commutators is developed. It is the simple and straightforward generalization of Thomas-Reiche-Kuhn sum rule on the basis of Kugo-Ojima operator formalism of a non-abelian gauge theory and a suitable subtraction of UV divergences. By applying the method to the vector and axial vector current in QCD, the exact Weinberg’s sum rules are examined. Vector current sum rules and new fractional power sum rules are also discussed.

Work schedules of long-distance truck drivers before and after 2004 hours-of-service rule change.

PubMed

McCartt, Anne T; Hellinga, Laurie A; Solomon, Mark G

2008-01-01

Federal rules regulate work hours of interstate commercial truck drivers. On January 4, 2004, a new work rule was implemented, increasing daily and weekly maximum driving limits and daily off-duty requirements. The present study assessed changes in long-distance truck drivers' reported work schedules and reported fatigued driving after the rule change. Associations between reported rule violations, fatigued driving, and schedule as well as other characteristics were examined. Samples of long-distance truck drivers were interviewed face-to-face in two states immediately before the rule change (November-December 2003) and about 1 year (November-December 2004) and 2 years (November-December 2005) after the change. Drivers reported substantially more hours of driving after the rule change. Most drivers reported regularly using a new restart provision, which permits a substantial increase in weekly driving. Reported daily off-duty and sleep time increased. Reported incidents of falling asleep at the wheel of the truck increased between 2003 (before the rule change) and 2004 and 2005 (after the change); in 2005 about one fifth of drivers reported falling asleep at the wheel in the past month. The frequency of reported rule violations under the old and new rules was similar. The percentage of trucks with electronic on-board recorders increased significantly to almost half the fleet; only a few drivers were using automated recorders to report rule compliance. More than half of drivers said that requiring automated recorders on all large trucks to enforce driving-hour limits would improve compliance with work rules. Based on the 2004-2005 survey data, drivers who reported more frequent rule violations were significantly more likely to report fatigued driving. Predictors of reported violations included having unrealistic delivery schedules, longer wait times to drop off or pick up loads, difficulty finding a legal place to stop or rest, and driving a refrigerated trailer. Reported truck driver fatigue increased after the new rule was implemented, suggesting that the rule change may not have achieved the goal of reducing fatigued driving. Reported violations of the work rules remain common. Because many trucks already have electronic recorders, requiring them as a means of monitoring driving hours appears feasible.

Awareness and use of the Ottawa ankle and knee rules in 5 countries: can publication alone be enough to change practice?

PubMed

Graham, I D; Stiell, I G; Laupacis, A; McAuley, L; Howell, M; Clancy, M; Durieux, P; Simon, N; Emparanza, J I; Aginaga, J R; O'connor, A; Wells, G

2001-03-01

We evaluate the international diffusion of the Ottawa Ankle and Knee Rules and determine emergency physicians' attitudes toward clinical decision rules in general. We conducted a cross-sectional, self-administered mail survey of random samples of 500 members each of the American College of Emergency Physicians, Canadian Association of Emergency Physicians, British Association for Accident and Emergency Medicine, Spanish Society for Emergency Medicine, and all members (n=1,350) of the French Speaking Society of Emergency Physicians, France. Main outcome measures were awareness of the Ottawa Ankle and Knee Rules, reported use of these rules, and attitudes toward clinical decision rules in general. A total of 1,769 (57%) emergency physicians responded, with country-specific response rates between 49% (United States and France) and 79% (Canada). More than 69% of physicians in all countries, except Spain, were aware of the Ottawa Ankle Rules. Use of the Ottawa Ankle Rules differed by country with more than 70% of all responding Canadian and United Kingdom physicians reporting frequent use of the rules compared with fewer than one third of US, French, and Spanish physicians. The Ottawa Knee Rule was less well known and less used by physicians in all countries. Most physicians in all countries viewed decision rules as intended to improve the quality of health care (>78%), a convenient source of advice (>67%), and good educational tools (>61%). Of all physicians, those from the United States held the least positive attitudes toward decision rules. This constitutes the largest international survey of emergency physicians' attitudes toward and use of clinical decision rules. Striking differences were apparent among countries with regard to knowledge and use of decision rules. Despite similar awareness in the United States, Canada, and the United Kingdom, US physicians appeared much less likely to use the Ottawa Ankle Rules. Future research should investigate factors leading to differences in rates of diffusion among countries and address strategies to enhance dissemination and implementation of such rules in the emergency department.

Australian and New Zealand Indigenous mothers' report respect for smoking bans in homes.

PubMed

Glover, Marewa; Kira, Anette; Johnston, Vanessa; Walker, Natalie; Brown, Ngiare; Thomas, David

2015-03-01

There is limited data about the reasons behind residential rules to reduce environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure or the establishment or enforcement of such rules in Indigenous populations. We aimed to gain an understanding of smokefree rules around Australian and New Zealand (NZ) Indigenous infants. This was a qualitative study nested within a randomised controlled trial that aimed to test the efficacy of a family-centred tobacco control programme about environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) to improve the respiratory health of Indigenous infants in Australia and New Zealand. Qualitative semi-structured interviews were conducted with 26 Indigenous mothers of infants in Australia (n=7) and NZ (n=19). We asked about the presence of smokefree rules, who set the rules, how the rules were set and enforced, and presence of smokefree rules in participants' wider social circle. Interviews were audiotaped, transcribed, and inductively analysed to identify key themes. Sixty-nine percent of mothers had partners, 77% smoked and all reported some presence of smokefree rules for house and car. Three main themes were identified: strategies to minimise exposure to ETS, establishing smokefree rules in homes and cars, and, adherence and enforcement of smokefree rules. Several strategies were identified to limit children's exposure to ETS, including rules to limit exposure to third-hand smoke. Mothers extended their smokefree rules to apply to other people's houses or cars, and reported that their family and social circles also had smokefree rules. The main reason for having smokefree rules was for the health of their children. Rules were most commonly set by the mother, often jointly with their partner. Few mothers reported challenges or problems with other people adhering to the smokefree rules. Women tried very hard to, and believed that they were effective in, protecting their children from the harmful effects of ETS exposure. In this context, health professionals need to emphasise smoking cessation in parents, so that children are maximally protected from ETS exposure. Copyright © 2014 Australian College of Midwives. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

77 FR 10791 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NYSE Amex LLC; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness of...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-02-23

... Deleting NYSE Amex Equities Rule 319, Which Addresses Fidelity Bond Requirements, and Adopt New Rule Text... 319, which addresses fidelity bond requirements, and adopt new rule text that is substantially similar to FINRA Rule 4360. The text of the proposed rule change is available at the Exchange, the Commission...

5 CFR 1.1 - Positions and employees affected by the rules in this subchapter.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 5 Administrative Personnel 1 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Positions and employees affected by the rules in this subchapter. 1.1 Section 1.1 Administrative Personnel OFFICE OF PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT CIVIL SERVICE RULES COVERAGE AND DEFINITIONS (RULE I) § 1.1 Positions and employees affected by the rules in...

5 CFR 1.1 - Positions and employees affected by the rules in this subchapter.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 5 Administrative Personnel 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Positions and employees affected by the rules in this subchapter. 1.1 Section 1.1 Administrative Personnel OFFICE OF PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT CIVIL SERVICE RULES COVERAGE AND DEFINITIONS (RULE I) § 1.1 Positions and employees affected by the rules in...

77 FR 62576 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NYSE MKT LLC; Notice of Filing of Proposed Rule Change, as...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-10-15

... compensation committee and compensation adviser requirements. On June 20, 2012, to comply with the requirements... exchanges to adopt listing rules effectuating the compensation committee and compensation adviser... requirements of Rule 10C-1. Compensation Committee Advisers Rule 10C-1(b)(2) \\14\\ requires exchange rules to...

38 CFR 20.306 - Rule 306. Legal holidays.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 38 Pensions, Bonuses, and Veterans' Relief 2 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Rule 306. Legal holidays... (CONTINUED) BOARD OF VETERANS' APPEALS: RULES OF PRACTICE Filing § 20.306 Rule 306. Legal holidays. For the purpose of Rule 305 (§ 20.305 of this part), the legal holidays, in addition to any other day appointed as...

38 CFR 20.306 - Rule 306. Legal holidays.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 38 Pensions, Bonuses, and Veterans' Relief 2 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Rule 306. Legal holidays... (CONTINUED) BOARD OF VETERANS' APPEALS: RULES OF PRACTICE Filing § 20.306 Rule 306. Legal holidays. For the purpose of Rule 305 (§ 20.305 of this part), the legal holidays, in addition to any other day appointed as...

38 CFR 20.306 - Rule 306. Legal holidays.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 38 Pensions, Bonuses, and Veterans' Relief 2 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Rule 306. Legal holidays... (CONTINUED) BOARD OF VETERANS' APPEALS: RULES OF PRACTICE Filing § 20.306 Rule 306. Legal holidays. For the purpose of Rule 305 (§ 20.305 of this part), the legal holidays, in addition to any other day appointed as...

78 FR 39807 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; Chicago Board Options Exchange, Incorporated; Notice of Filing and...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-07-02

... transparency and maintain clarity in the rules. The text of the proposed rule change is available on the... rule change and discussed any comments it received on the proposed rule change. The text of these... useful to explicitly define these terms within the rule text to reduce confusion. First, the Exchange...

46 CFR 502.54 - Contents of rules.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 46 Shipping 9 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Contents of rules. 502.54 Section 502.54 Shipping FEDERAL MARITIME COMMISSION GENERAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE PROVISIONS RULES OF PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE Rulemaking § 502.54 Contents of rules. The Commission will incorporate in any publication of proposed or final rules a concise and general statement of their...

26 CFR 1.451-1 - General rule for taxable year of inclusion.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... 26 Internal Revenue 6 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false General rule for taxable year of inclusion. 1....451-1 General rule for taxable year of inclusion. (a) General rule. Gains, profits, and income are to... received during such year shall be included. (For rules relating to the inclusion of partnership income in...

26 CFR 1.451-1 - General rule for taxable year of inclusion.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... 26 Internal Revenue 6 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false General rule for taxable year of inclusion. 1....451-1 General rule for taxable year of inclusion. (a) General rule. Gains, profits, and income are to... received during such year shall be included. (For rules relating to the inclusion of partnership income in...

26 CFR 1.451-1 - General rule for taxable year of inclusion.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... 26 Internal Revenue 6 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false General rule for taxable year of inclusion. 1....451-1 General rule for taxable year of inclusion. (a) General rule. Gains, profits, and income are to... received during such year shall be included. (For rules relating to the inclusion of partnership income in...

47 CFR 1.427 - Effective date of rules.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 47 Telecommunication 1 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Effective date of rules. 1.427 Section 1.427... Proceedings § 1.427 Effective date of rules. (a) Any rule issued by the Commission will be made effective not... the date on which the rule becomes effective, the effective date shall be 30 days after the date on...

76 FR 31660 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; BATS Exchange, Inc.; Notice of Filing of Proposed Rule Change To...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-06-01

...-Regulatory Organizations; BATS Exchange, Inc.; Notice of Filing of Proposed Rule Change To Adopt Rules for... of the Proposed Rule Change The Exchange proposes to adopt rules for the qualification, listing and... to adopt a program for the qualification, listing and delisting of companies on the Exchange...

75 FR 48388 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness of Proposed Rule...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-08-10

... 1094. The current pilot expires on September 15, 2010. The text of the proposed rule change is..., enumerated in full in Rule 1094(b)(ii): (i) The orders of the Sponsored Participant are binding in all... rules accordingly. In the interim, the Exchange believes that making its Rule 1094 permanent sends a...

Bimodal Emotion Congruency Is Critical to Preverbal Infants' Abstract Rule Learning

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Tsui, Angeline Sin Mei; Ma, Yuen Ki; Ho, Anna; Chow, Hiu Mei; Tseng, Chia-huei

2016-01-01

Extracting general rules from specific examples is important, as we must face the same challenge displayed in various formats. Previous studies have found that bimodal presentation of grammar-like rules (e.g. ABA) enhanced 5-month-olds' capacity to acquire a rule that infants failed to learn when the rule was presented with visual presentation of…

78 FR 52589 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; EDGX Exchange, Inc.; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-08-23

... Change To Eliminate EDGX Rule 13.4 August 19, 2013. Pursuant to Section 19(b)(1) of the Securities... the Proposed Rule Change The Exchange proposes to eliminate Rule 13.4, ``Assigning of Registered... Proposed Rule Change 1. Purpose The Exchange proposes to eliminate Rule 13.4, ``Assigning of Registered...

78 FR 52596 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; EDGA Exchange, Inc.; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-08-23

... Change To Eliminate EDGA Rule 13.4 August 19, 2013. Pursuant to Section 19(b)(1) of the Securities... the Proposed Rule Change The Exchange proposes to eliminate Rule 13.4, ``Assigning of Registered... Proposed Rule Change 1. Purpose The Exchange proposes to eliminate Rule 13.4, ``Assigning of Registered...

Ground Rules for Talk: The Acceptable Face of Prescription

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Lambirth, Andrew

2009-01-01

In this second article on the theory of "ground rules for talk" I extend a debate between myself and Professor Neil Mercer over the introduction of "ground rules" into classrooms. I critique ground rules through the use of sociological theory and argue that advocates of the ground rules perspective need to recognise the ideological nature of their…

75 FR 36730 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness of Proposed Rule...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-06-28

... LLC Amending Rule 0 To Provide That Certain References in Exchange Rules Should Be Understood To Also... certain references in Exchange rules should be understood to also include FINRA, as applicable. The text... to provide that certain references in Exchange rules should be understood to also include FINRA, as...

75 FR 58455 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; New York Stock Exchange LLC; Notice of Filing of a Proposed Rule...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-09-24

... Rule 104 To Adopt Pricing Obligations for Designated Market Makers September 20, 2010. Pursuant to... of the Proposed Rule Change The Exchange proposes to amend Rule 104 to adopt pricing obligations for.... Purpose The Exchange proposes to amend Rule 104 to adopt pricing obligations for DMMs. Under the proposal...

17 CFR 40.5 - Voluntary submission of rules for Commission review and approval.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... FUTURES TRADING COMMISSION PROVISIONS COMMON TO REGISTERED ENTITIES § 40.5 Voluntary submission of rules... the Act, a registered entity may request that the Commission approve a new rule, rule amendment or... by the registered entity or by its governing board or by any committee thereof, and cite the rules of...

17 CFR 40.5 - Voluntary submission of rules for Commission review and approval.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... FUTURES TRADING COMMISSION PROVISIONS COMMON TO REGISTERED ENTITIES § 40.5 Voluntary submission of rules... the Act, a registered entity may request that the Commission approve a new rule, rule amendment or... by the registered entity or by its governing board or by any committee thereof, and cite the rules of...

17 CFR 40.5 - Voluntary submission of rules for Commission review and approval.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... FUTURES TRADING COMMISSION PROVISIONS COMMON TO REGISTERED ENTITIES § 40.5 Voluntary submission of rules... the Act, a registered entity may request that the Commission approve a new rule, rule amendment or... by the registered entity or by its governing board or by any committee thereof, and cite the rules of...

Using Rule-Based Computer Programming to Unify Communication Rules Research.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Sanford, David L.; Roach, J. W.

This paper proposes the use of a rule-based computer programming language as a standard for the expression of rules, arguing that the adoption of a standard would enable researchers to communicate about rules in a consistent and significant way. Focusing on the formal equivalence of artificial intelligence (AI) programming to different types of…

78 FR 17733 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; International Securities Exchange, LLC; Notice of Filing and...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-03-22

... Orders) and Rule 1900 (Definitions) to provide that Exchange rules regarding complex orders shall apply... Exchange and ISE Rule 1900 lists definitions applicable to intermarket linkage. Currently, stock-option orders are defined in Rule 722(a)(2) and Rule 1900(d)((ii)(A)-(B) as orders to buy or sell a stated...

75 FR 57188 - Rhode Island: Final Authorization of State Hazardous Waste Management Program Revisions

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-09-20

... regarding EPA's Zinc Fertilizer Rule in a separate final rule (following the proposed rule) as it... the Zinc Fertilizer Rule. Today's action responds to that comment but does not agree with it and, thus, finalizes the Agency's decision to authorize Rhode Island for EPA's Zinc Fertilizer Rule. In addition, the...

26 CFR 1.451-1 - General rule for taxable year of inclusion.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 26 Internal Revenue 6 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false General rule for taxable year of inclusion. 1... General rule for taxable year of inclusion. (a) General rule. Gains, profits, and income are to be... received during such year shall be included. (For rules relating to the inclusion of partnership income in...

14 CFR Special Federal Aviation... - Special Operating Rules for the Conduct of Instrument Flight Rules (IFR) Area Navigation (RNAV...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 2 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Special Operating Rules for the Conduct of Instrument Flight Rules (IFR) Area Navigation (RNAV) Operations using Global Positioning Systems (GPS) in... ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) AIR TRAFFIC AND GENERAL OPERATING RULES GENERAL...

14 CFR Special Federal Aviation... - Special Operating Rules for the Conduct of Instrument Flight Rules (IFR) Area Navigation (RNAV...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 2 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Special Operating Rules for the Conduct of Instrument Flight Rules (IFR) Area Navigation (RNAV) Operations using Global Positioning Systems (GPS) in... ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) AIR TRAFFIC AND GENERAL OPERATING RULES GENERAL...

14 CFR Special Federal Aviation... - Special Operating Rules for the Conduct of Instrument Flight Rules (IFR) Area Navigation (RNAV...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 2 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Special Operating Rules for the Conduct of Instrument Flight Rules (IFR) Area Navigation (RNAV) Operations using Global Positioning Systems (GPS) in... ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) AIR TRAFFIC AND GENERAL OPERATING RULES GENERAL...

14 CFR Special Federal Aviation... - Special Operating Rules for the Conduct of Instrument Flight Rules (IFR) Area Navigation (RNAV...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 2 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Special Operating Rules for the Conduct of Instrument Flight Rules (IFR) Area Navigation (RNAV) Operations using Global Positioning Systems (GPS) in... ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) AIR TRAFFIC AND GENERAL OPERATING RULES GENERAL...

14 CFR Special Federal Aviation... - Special Operating Rules for the Conduct of Instrument Flight Rules (IFR) Area Navigation (RNAV...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 2 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Special Operating Rules for the Conduct of Instrument Flight Rules (IFR) Area Navigation (RNAV) Operations using Global Positioning Systems (GPS) in... ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) AIR TRAFFIC AND GENERAL OPERATING RULES GENERAL...

33 CFR 83.33 - Equipment for sound signals (Rule 33).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 1 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Equipment for sound signals (Rule... INLAND NAVIGATION RULES RULES Sound and Light Signals § 83.33 Equipment for sound signals (Rule 33). (a... gong, the tone and sound of which cannot be confused with that of the bell. The whistle, bell and gong...

75 FR 49363 - Deposit Insurance Regulations; Permanent Increase in Standard Coverage Amount; Advertisement of...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-08-13

... A. Section 330.1 Definitions The final rule revises the FDIC's deposit insurance rules (12 CFR Part... without rulemaking. B. Section 347.202 Definitions The final rule revises the FDIC's international banking... by the final rule. \\9\\ 12 U.S.C. 1821(a)(1)(E). The final rule merely conforms the FDIC's definition...

75 FR 36737 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; New York Stock Exchange LLC; Notice of Filing and Immediate...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-06-28

... Proposed Rule Change Amending Rule 1000 Regarding Order Size Eligible for Automatic Execution June 22, 2010... proposes to amend Exchange Rule 1000 regarding order size eligible for automatic execution. The text of the... Proposed Rule Change 1. Purpose The Exchange proposes to amend Rule 1000 to state that the order size...

75 FR 73153 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; BATS Exchange, Inc.; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-11-29

... Change by BATS Exchange, Inc. to Modify the Minor Rule Violation Plan for BATS Options November 22, 2010... Proposed Rule Change The Exchange is proposing to amend BATS Rule 25.3, entitled ``Penalty for Minor Rule Violations'', to expand the list of violations eligible for disposition under the Exchange's Minor Rule...

76 FR 17174 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness of Proposed Rule...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-03-28

... have expiration dates within five years. See Rule 1079. FLEX currency options traded on the Exchange... purpose of this proposed rule change is to amend Phlx Rule 1079 (FLEX Index, Equity and Currency Options...'' or ``Pilot''). Rule 1079 deals with the process of listing and trading FLEX equity, index, and...

26 CFR 1.451-1 - General rule for taxable year of inclusion.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... 26 Internal Revenue 6 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false General rule for taxable year of inclusion. 1....451-1 General rule for taxable year of inclusion. (a) General rule. Gains, profits, and income are to... received during such year shall be included. (For rules relating to the inclusion of partnership income in...

33 CFR 83.33 - Equipment for sound signals (Rule 33).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 1 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Equipment for sound signals (Rule... INLAND NAVIGATION RULES RULES Sound and Light Signals § 83.33 Equipment for sound signals (Rule 33). (a... gong, the tone and sound of which cannot be confused with that of the bell. The whistle, bell and gong...

33 CFR 83.33 - Equipment for sound signals (Rule 33).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 1 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Equipment for sound signals (Rule... INLAND NAVIGATION RULES RULES Sound and Light Signals § 83.33 Equipment for sound signals (Rule 33). (a... gong, the tone and sound of which cannot be confused with that of the bell. The whistle, bell and gong...

33 CFR 83.33 - Equipment for sound signals (Rule 33).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 1 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Equipment for sound signals (Rule... INLAND NAVIGATION RULES RULES Sound and Light Signals § 83.33 Equipment for sound signals (Rule 33). (a... gong, the tone and sound of which cannot be confused with that of the bell. The whistle, bell and gong...

76 FR 65306 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; The NASDAQ Stock Market LLC; Notice of Filing and Immediate...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-10-20

... Proposed Rule Change To Modify Interpretation of Rule 4120(a)(11) October 14, 2011. Pursuant to Section 19... Proposed Rule Change NASDAQ proposes to modify its interpretation of Rule 4120(a)(11) regarding at what... NASDAQ is modifying its interpretation and practices related to certain language contained in Rule 4120(a...

Object-Driven and Temporal Action Rules Mining

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hajja, Ayman

2013-01-01

In this thesis, I present my complete research work in the field of action rules, more precisely object-driven and temporal action rules. The drive behind the introduction of object-driven and temporally based action rules is to bring forth an adapted approach to extract action rules from a subclass of systems that have a specific nature, in which…

76 FR 74086 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; BATS Exchange, Inc.; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-11-30

... Rule Change To Modify Exchange Rule 11.18 Relating to Trading Pauses Due to Extraordinary Market... proposal to amend Rule 11.18, entitled ``Trading Halts Due to Extraordinary Market Volatility.'' The text... Proposed Rule Change 1. Purpose The Exchange proposes to amend Rule 11.18 to exclude all rights and...

78 FR 75435 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; Chicago Board Options Exchange, Incorporated; Notice of Filing and...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-12-11

... Accelerated Approval of Proposed Rule Change To Amend CBOE Rule 18.2 (Procedures in Trading Permit Holder... of the Terms of Substance of the Proposed Rule Change The Exchange proposes to amend CBOE Rule 18.2.... Purpose The Exchange seeks to amend Rule 18.2 (Procedures in Trading Permit Holder Controversies) to...

76 FR 74107 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; BATS Y-Exchange, Inc.; Notice of Filing and Immediate...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-11-30

... Rule Change To Modify Exchange Rule 11.18 Relating to Trading Pauses Due to Extraordinary Market... proposal to amend Rule 11.18, entitled ``Trading Halts Due to Extraordinary Market Volatility.'' The text... Proposed Rule Change 1. Purpose The Exchange proposes to amend Rule 11.18 to exclude all rights and...

5 CFR 1.1 - Positions and employees affected by the rules in this subchapter.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 5 Administrative Personnel 1 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Positions and employees affected by the rules in this subchapter. 1.1 Section 1.1 Administrative Personnel OFFICE OF PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT CIVIL SERVICE RULES COVERAGE AND DEFINITIONS (RULE I) § 1.1 Positions and employees affected by the rules in...

5 CFR 1.1 - Positions and employees affected by the rules in this subchapter.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 5 Administrative Personnel 1 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Positions and employees affected by the rules in this subchapter. 1.1 Section 1.1 Administrative Personnel OFFICE OF PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT CIVIL SERVICE RULES COVERAGE AND DEFINITIONS (RULE I) § 1.1 Positions and employees affected by the rules in...

5 CFR 1.1 - Positions and employees affected by the rules in this subchapter.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 5 Administrative Personnel 1 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Positions and employees affected by the rules in this subchapter. 1.1 Section 1.1 Administrative Personnel OFFICE OF PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT CIVIL SERVICE RULES COVERAGE AND DEFINITIONS (RULE I) § 1.1 Positions and employees affected by the rules in...

78 FR 63529 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; New York Stock Exchange LLC; Notice of Filing and Immediate...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-10-24

... Exchange recently adopted disciplinary rules that are modeled on the rules of the Financial Industry....'' \\5\\ However, certain disciplinary rules (Rules 9310, 9522, 9555, 9557, and 9558) inadvertently have... intent to file the proposed rule change at least five business days prior to the date of filing of the...

19 CFR 181.98 - Situations in which no NAFTA advance ruling may be issued.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... subpart. No advance ruling letter will be issued in regard to a completed transaction. (b) Pending matters... issue the requested advance ruling. In addition, no NAFTA advance ruling letter will be issued with... other court will not preclude the issuance of an advance ruling letter, provided neither Customs nor any...

75 FR 32525 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, Inc.; Order Approving...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-06-08

... Relating to FINRA Rule 9554 To Eliminate Explicitly the Inability-To-Pay Defense in the Expedited... thereunder,\\2\\ a proposed rule change to FINRA Rule 9554 to eliminate explicitly the inability-to-pay defense... Proposed Rule Change FINRA proposed to amend FINRA Rule 9554 to eliminate explicitly the inability-to-pay...

33 CFR 83.33 - Equipment for sound signals (Rule 33).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 1 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Equipment for sound signals (Rule... INLAND NAVIGATION RULES RULES Sound and Light Signals § 83.33 Equipment for sound signals (Rule 33). (a... gong, the tone and sound of which cannot be confused with that of the bell. The whistle, bell and gong...

75 FR 58452 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; New York Stock Exchange LLC; Notice of Filing and Immediate...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-09-24

... relevant part, old Rules 342.30(d) and (e) and Rule Interpretation 311(b)(5); Rule 3310 (Anti-Money...-Regulatory Organizations; New York Stock Exchange LLC; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness of... to the proposed rule change. III. Date of Effectiveness of the Proposed Rule Change and Timing for...

Representing the healthcare organization in a post-Sarbanes-Oxley world: new rules, new paradigms, new perils.

PubMed

Horton, William W

2004-01-01

The Sarbanes-Oxley Act (Act) significantly changed the expected corporate behavior of public companies. The Act governs the relationship between corporate organizations and their in-house or outside counsel. Under Section 307 of the Act, the Securities and Exchange Commission initially proposed expansive rules regarding counsel's duties. After comments and criticism from much of the bar, a final, narrower, version of rules under Section 307 (Final Rule) was adopted. The Final Rule contains alternative reporting procedures, attorney responsibilities, and sanctions for violations. In addition to the Act, the American Bar Association's (ABA) Task Force on Corporate Responsibility(Task Force), which was itself a reaction to Enron, reported on the importance of counsel's role in a corporate setting (Cheek Report). The ABA adopted amendments to its Model Rules of Professional Conduct (Model Rules) 1.6 and 1.13 as proposed in the Cheek Report. The Final Rule and amended Model Rules together suggest that attorneys may owe duties beyond those owed to their clients.

Minimizing Significant Figure Fuzziness.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Fields, Lawrence D.; Hawkes, Stephen J.

1986-01-01

Addresses the principles and problems associated with the use of significant figures. Explains uncertainty, the meaning of significant figures, the Simple Rule, the Three Rule, and the 1-5 Rule. Also provides examples of the Rules. (ML)

76 FR 13997 - Privacy Act of 1974; System of Records

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-03-15

... Corps: appointment; duties; Rules for Courts-Martial (RCM) Rule 109, Manual for Courts-Martial United... Advocate General's Corps: Appointment; duties; Rules for Courts-Martial (RCM) Rule 109, Manual for Courts...

49 CFR 385.601 - Scope of rules.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... Special Rules for New Entrant Non-North America-Domiciled Carriers § 385.601 Scope of rules. The rules in this subpart govern the application by a non-North America-domiciled motor carrier to provide...

49 CFR 385.601 - Scope of rules.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... Special Rules for New Entrant Non-North America-Domiciled Carriers § 385.601 Scope of rules. The rules in this subpart govern the application by a non-North America-domiciled motor carrier to provide...

49 CFR 385.601 - Scope of rules.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... Special Rules for New Entrant Non-North America-Domiciled Carriers § 385.601 Scope of rules. The rules in this subpart govern the application by a non-North America-domiciled motor carrier to provide...

49 CFR 385.601 - Scope of rules.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... Special Rules for New Entrant Non-North America-Domiciled Carriers § 385.601 Scope of rules. The rules in this subpart govern the application by a non-North America-domiciled motor carrier to provide...

49 CFR 385.601 - Scope of rules.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... Special Rules for New Entrant Non-North America-Domiciled Carriers § 385.601 Scope of rules. The rules in this subpart govern the application by a non-North America-domiciled motor carrier to provide...

75 FR 67282 - Provisions Common to Registered Entities

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-11-02

...The Commodity Futures Trading Commission (``Commission'' or ``CFTC'') is proposing rules to implement new statutory provisions enacted under Title VII of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (``Dodd-Frank Act'') and amend existing rules affected by the passage of the Dodd-Frank Act. These proposed rules apply to designated contract markets (``DCMs''), derivatives clearing organizations (``DCOs''), swap execution facilities (``SEFs'') and swap data repositories (``SDRs''). The proposed rules implement the new statutory framework for certification and approval for new products, new rules and rule amendments submitted to the Commission by registered entities. Furthermore, the proposed rules prohibit event contracts based on certain excluded commodities, establish special procedures for certain rule changes proposed by systemically important derivatives clearing organizations (``SIDCOs''), and provide for the tolling of review periods for certain novel derivative products pending the resolution of jurisdictional determinations.

Analysis of Rules for Islamic Inheritance Law in Indonesia Using Hybrid Rule Based Learning

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Khosyi'ah, S.; Irfan, M.; Maylawati, D. S.; Mukhlas, O. S.

2018-01-01

Along with the development of human civilization in Indonesia, the changes and reform of Islamic inheritance law so as to conform to the conditions and culture cannot be denied. The distribution of inheritance in Indonesia can be done automatically by storing the rule of Islamic inheritance law in the expert system. In this study, we analyze the knowledge of experts in Islamic inheritance in Indonesia and represent it in the form of rules using rule-based Forward Chaining (FC) and Davis-Putman-Logemann-Loveland (DPLL) algorithms. By hybridizing FC and DPLL algorithms, the rules of Islamic inheritance law in Indonesia are clearly defined and measured. The rules were conceptually validated by some experts in Islamic laws and informatics. The results revealed that generally all rules were ready for use in an expert system.

Understanding How Domestic Violence Shelter Rules May Influence Survivor Empowerment.

PubMed

Gregory, Katie; Nnawulezi, Nkiru; Sullivan, Cris M

2017-10-01

Domestic violence shelters have historically gone beyond providing emergency residential space for survivors by assisting in obtaining future housing, employment, health care, child care, or legal services. Domestic violence shelters are expected to operate within an empowerment philosophy, with an understanding that survivors are self-determining, can identify their needs, and know what it takes to meet those needs. Recent research has indicated that, as many shelters have become more rigid in creating rules that survivors must follow to access and retain free temporary housing, the result has been survivors' feelings of disempowerment, the complete opposite of what was originally intended. This study builds on the small amount of research conducted regarding survivors' experiences of shelter rules by specifically examining how rules were perceived to affect empowerment. Seventy-three survivors from two domestic violence shelters were asked about their experiences around specific shelter rules relating to curfew, parenting, chores, time limits, food, alcohol, drugs, and medications. A transcendental phenomenological approach was used to analyze the qualitative data, seeking explanations of how survivors made meaning of the rules and how those rules influenced their empowerment. Among those survivors who found the rules problematic, three major themes emerged: (a) rules acted as barriers to carrying out their normal, day-to-day activities; (b) the shelter staff's flexibility with rules was based on contingencies; and (c) rules negatively affected their psychological well-being, and required them to engage in protective behaviors. Recommendations are made for the reexamination and restructuring of rules within domestic violence shelters.

Evaluation of the performance of statistical tests used in making cleanup decisions at Superfund sites. Part 1: Choosing an appropriate statistical test

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Berman, D.W.; Allen, B.C.; Van Landingham, C.B.

1998-12-31

The decision rules commonly employed to determine the need for cleanup are evaluated both to identify conditions under which they lead to erroneous conclusions and to quantify the rate that such errors occur. Their performance is also compared with that of other applicable decision rules. The authors based the evaluation of decision rules on simulations. Results are presented as power curves. These curves demonstrate that the degree of statistical control achieved is independent of the form of the null hypothesis. The loss of statistical control that occurs when a decision rule is applied to a data set that does notmore » satisfy the rule`s validity criteria is also clearly demonstrated. Some of the rules evaluated do not offer the formal statistical control that is an inherent design feature of other rules. Nevertheless, results indicate that such informal decision rules may provide superior overall control of error rates, when their application is restricted to data exhibiting particular characteristics. The results reported here are limited to decision rules applied to uncensored and lognormally distributed data. To optimize decision rules, it is necessary to evaluate their behavior when applied to data exhibiting a range of characteristics that bracket those common to field data. The performance of decision rules applied to data sets exhibiting a broader range of characteristics is reported in the second paper of this study.« less

A hybrid learning method for constructing compact rule-based fuzzy models.

PubMed

Zhao, Wanqing; Niu, Qun; Li, Kang; Irwin, George W

2013-12-01

The Takagi–Sugeno–Kang-type rule-based fuzzy model has found many applications in different fields; a major challenge is, however, to build a compact model with optimized model parameters which leads to satisfactory model performance. To produce a compact model, most existing approaches mainly focus on selecting an appropriate number of fuzzy rules. In contrast, this paper considers not only the selection of fuzzy rules but also the structure of each rule premise and consequent, leading to the development of a novel compact rule-based fuzzy model. Here, each fuzzy rule is associated with two sets of input attributes, in which the first is used for constructing the rule premise and the other is employed in the rule consequent. A new hybrid learning method combining the modified harmony search method with a fast recursive algorithm is hereby proposed to determine the structure and the parameters for the rule premises and consequents. This is a hard mixed-integer nonlinear optimization problem, and the proposed hybrid method solves the problem by employing an embedded framework, leading to a significantly reduced number of model parameters and a small number of fuzzy rules with each being as simple as possible. Results from three examples are presented to demonstrate the compactness (in terms of the number of model parameters and the number of rules) and the performance of the fuzzy models obtained by the proposed hybrid learning method, in comparison with other techniques from the literature.

Ostracod body size trends do not follow either Bergmann's rule or Cope's rule during periods of constant temperature increase

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Xu, Y.; Seshadri, P.; Amin, V.; Heim, N. A.; Payne, J.

2013-12-01

Over time, organisms have adapted to changing environments by evolving to be larger or smaller. Scientists have described body-size trends using two generalized theories. Bergmann's rule states that body size is inversely related to temperature, and Cope's rule establishes an increase over time. Cope's rule has been hypothesized as a temporal manifestation of Bergmann's rule, as the temperature of the Earth has consistently decreased over time and mean body size has increased. However, during times of constant temperature increase, Bergmann's rule and Cope's rule predict opposite effects on body size. Our goal was to clarify this relationship using both accessible proxies of historic temperature - atmospheric CO2 levels and paleo-latitude. We measured ostracod lengths throughout the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras (using the Catalogue of Ostracoda) and utilized ostracod latitudinal information from the Paleobiology Database. By closely studying body-size trends during four time periods of constant CO2 increase across spectrums of time and latitude, we were able to compare the effects of Cope's and Bergmann's rule. The correlation, p-values, and slopes of each of our graphs showed that there is no clear relationship between body size and each of these rules in times of temperature increase, both latitudinally and temporally. Therefore, both Cope's and Bergmann's rule act on marine ostracods and no rule is dominant, though our results more strongly disprove the latitudinal variation in ostracod size.

Transformation of Graphical ECA Policies into Executable PonderTalk Code

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Romeikat, Raphael; Sinsel, Markus; Bauer, Bernhard

Rules are becoming more and more important in business modeling and systems engineering and are recognized as a high-level programming paradigma. For the effective development of rules it is desired to start at a high level, e.g. with graphical rules, and to refine them into code of a particular rule language for implementation purposes later. An model-driven approach is presented in this paper to transform graphical rules into executable code in a fully automated way. The focus is on event-condition-action policies as a special rule type. These are modeled graphically and translated into the PonderTalk language. The approach may be extended to integrate other rule types and languages as well.

77 FR 71853 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NYSE MKT LLC; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness of...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-12-04

... Moving the Rule Text That Provides for Pegging on the Exchange From Supplementary Material .26 of Rule 70--Equities to Rule 13--Equities and Amending Such Text to (i) Permit Designated Market Maker Interest To Be... Proposed Rule Change The Exchange proposes to move the rule text that provides for pegging on the Exchange...

76 FR 53009 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NYSE Amex LLC; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness of...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-08-24

... Deleting the Text of NYSE Amex Equities Rules 92, 513, 514 and Adopting New NYSE Amex Equities Rule 5320... the text of NYSE Amex Equities Rules 92, 513, and 514, which limit trading ahead of customer orders... Regulatory Authority (``FINRA'') Rule 5320. The text of the proposed rule change is available at the Exchange...

78 FR 32501 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NASDAQ OMX PHLX LLC; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-05-30

... Related to a Dividend, Payment or Distribution, and To Make Related Clarifications to Rule Text May 23... distribution, and to make related clarifications to rule text. The text of the proposed rule change is... proposed rule change and discussed any comments it received on the proposed rule change. The text of these...

76 FR 27678 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; The NASDAQ Stock Market LLC; Notice of Filing of Proposed Rule...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-05-12

... 4613(a) To Simplify Certain Aspects of the Text While Also Conforming Certain of the Percentages... such rule operates and amend Rule 4613(a) to simplify certain aspects of the text while also conforming... proposed rule change and discussed any comments it received on the proposed rule change. The text of these...

78 FR 72944 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; BATS Y-Exchange, Inc.; Order Approving a Proposed Rule Change To...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-12-04

....6 To Conform to FINRA Rule 5320 Relating to Trading Ahead of Customer Orders November 27, 2013. I... Rule Change The Exchange proposes to amend Rule 12.6, which limits trading ahead of customer orders by... proposed amendments to Rule 12.6 would prohibit Members from trading ahead of customer orders, subject to...

75 FR 6241 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; The NASDAQ Stock Market LLC; Notice of Filing of Proposed Rule...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-02-08

... Rules.\\12\\ Under these rules, a company must include the audit opinion in its annual report, without...-Regulatory Organizations; The NASDAQ Stock Market LLC; Notice of Filing of Proposed Rule Change To Modify the... Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (``Act''),\\1\\ and Rule 19b-4 thereunder,\\2\\ notice is hereby given that on...

75 FR 492 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; Municipal Securities Rulemaking Board; Notice of Filing of...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-01-05

... decisions. The MSRB is firmly of the belief that the proposed rule change is within its statutory authority... Proposed Rule Change Relating to Rule G-32, on Disclosures in Connection With Primary Offerings, Form G-32... proposed rule change relating to Rule G-32, on disclosures in connection with primary offerings, Form G-32...

78 FR 25777 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; International Securities Exchange, LLC; Order Granting Approval of...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-05-02

.... 78o-4(b)(2)(C). In the filing, the Exchange notes its belief that the proposed rule change relating to... Organizations; International Securities Exchange, LLC; Order Granting Approval of a Proposed Rule Change To...'') \\1\\ and Rule 19b-4 thereunder,\\2\\ a proposed rule change to amend Rule 720, Obvious and Catastrophic...

77 FR 23532 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NYSE Amex LLC; Order Granting Approval of a Proposed Rule Change...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-04-19

...-Regulatory Organizations; NYSE Amex LLC; Order Granting Approval of a Proposed Rule Change Amending NYSE Amex... Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (``Act'') \\1\\ and Rule 19b-4 thereunder,\\2\\ a proposed rule change to amend....'' The proposed rule change was published for comment in the Federal Register on March 5, 2012.\\3\\ The...

75 FR 51322 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness of Proposed Rule...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-08-19

... LLC Amending Rule 980-Exercise of Options Contracts August 12, 2010. Pursuant to Section 19(b)(1) \\1... Terms of the Substance of the Proposed Rule Change The Exchange proposes to amend Rule 980-Exercise of... change is to amend Rule 980 in order to extend the cut-off time to submit Contrary Exercise Advices...

75 FR 72850 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, Inc.; Notice of Filing of...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-11-26

... Change To Adopt FINRA Rule 4360 (Fidelity Bonds) in the Consolidated FINRA Rulebook November 17, 2010... Statement of the Terms of Substance of the Proposed Rule Change FINRA is proposing to adopt NASD Rule 3020...\\ FINRA is proposing to adopt NASD Rule 3020 as FINRA Rule 4360 (Fidelity Bonds), taking into account NYSE...

76 FR 16024 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NYSE Amex LLC; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness of...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-03-22

... Adopting Rules Related to Qualified Contingent Cross Orders March 17, 2011. Pursuant to Section 19(b)(1) \\1... Terms of Substance of the Proposed Rule Change The Exchange proposes to adopt rules related to Qualified... 1. Purpose The purpose of this filing is to adopt rules related to QCCs. The proposed rule change is...

76 FR 16021 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NYSE Arca, Inc.; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness of...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-03-22

... Change Adopting Rules Related to Qualified Contingent Cross Orders March 17, 2011. Pursuant to Section 19... Statement of the Terms of the Substance of the Proposed Rule Change The Exchange proposes to adopt rules..., the Proposed Rule Change 1. Purpose The purpose of this filing is to adopt rules related to QCCs. The...

77 FR 39547 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NYSE Amex LLC; Notice of Designation of a Longer Period for...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-07-03

... Proposed Rule Change Amending Commentary .07 to NYSE Amex Options Rule 904 To Eliminate Position Limits for... Act of 1934 (the ``Act'') \\2\\ and Rule 19b-4 thereunder,\\3\\ a proposed rule change to eliminate... side of the market. The proposal would amend Commentary .07 to NYSE Amex Options Rule 904 to eliminate...

77 FR 63914 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; National Stock Exchange, Inc.; Notice of Filing of Proposed Rule...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-10-17

..., 2014, to comply with the new NSX Rule 15.5(d)(5) compensation committees independence standards... Organizations; National Stock Exchange, Inc.; Notice of Filing of Proposed Rule Change and Amendment No. 1 Thereto Amending NSX Rule 15.5 To Comply With the Requirements of Exchange Act Rule 10C-1 October 11, 2012...

39 CFR 963.2 - Scope of the rules.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 39 Postal Service 1 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Scope of the rules. 963.2 Section 963.2 Postal Service UNITED STATES POSTAL SERVICE PROCEDURES RULES OF PRACTICE IN PROCEEDINGS RELATIVE TO VIOLATIONS OF THE PANDERING ADVERTISEMENTS STATUTE, 39 U.S.C. 3008 § 963.2 Scope of the rules. These rules of practice are applicable to cases in which the...

A case study of Membrane Testing, Integrity and Estimations of Log Removal Value per the Long Term 2 Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule.

EPA Science Inventory

The SWTR-LT2 Rule addresses the use of membranes that may be used to achieve credits for the reduction of Cryptosporidium. The LT2 Rule requires product-specific testing of membranes, considered an alternative filtration technology by the rule. LT2 Rule allows the product speci...

76 FR 18587 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness of Proposed Rule...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-04-04

... purpose of Exchange Rule 1090. Pursuant to By-Law Article X, Section 12-10, to be eligible as an Inactive... purposes of Exchange Rule 1090.\\6\\ Rule 1090 was enacted to identify categories of persons that are not... trading floor. In order for Rule 1090 to apply to all categories of registered persons located on the...

78 FR 38750 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NASDAQ OMX PHLX LLC; Notice of Filing of Proposed Rule Change...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-06-27

... (also known as origin code) refers to the participant types listed in Rule 1080.08(b) and Rule 1000(b..., and, therefore, is referring to the participant origin codes in Rule 1080.08(b) only. The proposed...-Regulatory Organizations; NASDAQ OMX PHLX LLC; Notice of Filing of Proposed Rule Change Relating to Which...

78 FR 79048 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NYSE MKT LLC; Order Approving Proposed Rule Change Amending...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-12-27

... acts and practices, to promote just and equitable principles of trade, to remove impediments to and... under Rule 342-- Equities or Rule 922, or a violation of just and equitable principles of trade or could... to the time the rule is deleted. Thus, the proposed rule change would have no impact on ongoing...

76 FR 19171 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; National Stock Exchange, Inc.; Notice of Filing and Immediate...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-04-06

... instant rule filing proposes to add an explanatory ``Interpretation and Policy'' to Rule 11.11(d) to... DirectEdge, the use of the Replace Message to adjust Tag 111 under the instant rule filing is proposed to... specification. The instant rule change also proposes to modify the language of NSX Rule 11.14 (Priority of...

76 FR 40976 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness of Proposed Rule...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-07-12

... Exchange proposes to correct Rule 1080(m) to reflect the priority of routed orders that are not executed on... routed orders in Rule 1080. Currently, Rule 1080(m) governs the routing of orders on the Exchange and... or not available for routing. Customer FIND and SRCH Orders, as defined in Rule 1080(m)(iv...

40 CFR 52.2723 - EPA-approved Puerto Rico regulations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... Burning Equipment 9/28/95 ......do Rule 407—Process Sources 9/28/95 ......do Rule 408—Asphaltic Concrete... Burning Authorized 9/28/95 ......do Rule 209—Modification of the Allowed Sulfur-in-Fuel Percentage 9/28/95... 9/28/95 ......do Rule 402—Open Burning 9/28/95 ......do Rule 403—Visible Emissions 9/28/95 ......do...

40 CFR 52.2723 - EPA-approved Puerto Rico regulations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... Burning Equipment 9/28/95 ......do Rule 407—Process Sources 9/28/95 ......do Rule 408—Asphaltic Concrete... Burning Authorized 9/28/95 ......do Rule 209—Modification of the Allowed Sulfur-in-Fuel Percentage 9/28/95... 9/28/95 ......do Rule 402—Open Burning 9/28/95 ......do Rule 403—Visible Emissions 9/28/95 ......do...

76 FR 52371 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness of Proposed Rule...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-08-22

... PHLX LLC Relating to Clarifying Amendments to the Rule Book August 16, 2011. Pursuant to Section 19(b... text. The Exchange also proposes to eliminate an unnecessary title in the Rule Book. The text of the... Rule Book. The various amendments relate to cross-references and text in several Rules that were not...

14 CFR 91.161 - Special awareness training required for pilots flying under visual flight rules within a 60...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... pilots flying under visual flight rules within a 60-nautical mile radius of the Washington, DC VOR/DME... Rules Visual Flight Rules § 91.161 Special awareness training required for pilots flying under visual...-nautical mile radius of the Washington, DC VOR/DME under visual flight rules (VFR). Except as provided...

Automatic rule generation for high-level vision

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Rhee, Frank Chung-Hoon; Krishnapuram, Raghu

1992-01-01

Many high-level vision systems use rule-based approaches to solving problems such as autonomous navigation and image understanding. The rules are usually elaborated by experts. However, this procedure may be rather tedious. In this paper, we propose a method to generate such rules automatically from training data. The proposed method is also capable of filtering out irrelevant features and criteria from the rules.

Display Rules for Anger and Aggression in School-Age Children.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Underwood, Marion K.; And Others

1992-01-01

Two studies examined the development of display rules for anger and the relationship between the use of display rules for anger and aggressiveness as rated by school peers. Findings indicate that the phenomenon of display rules for anger is complex and depends on the way display rules are defined and the age and gender of the subjects. (GLR)

The Interactive Effects of the Availability of Objectives and/or Rules on Computer-Based Learning: A Replication.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Merrill, Paul F.; And Others

To replicate and extend the results of a previous study, this project investigated the effects of behavioral objectives and/or rules on computer-based learning task performance. The 133 subjects were randomly assigned to an example-only, objective-example, rule example, or objective-rule example group. The availability of rules and/or objectives…

77 FR 28423 - Final Rule To Implement the 1997 8-Hour Ozone National Ambient Air Quality Standard...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-05-14

...The EPA is revising the rules for implementing the 1997 8-hour ozone national ambient air quality standards (NAAQS) to address certain limited portions of the rules vacated by the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit. This final rule assigns Clean Air Act (CAA or Act) classifications and associated state planning and control requirements to selected ozone nonattainment areas. This final rule also addresses three vacated provisions of the 1997 8-hour NAAQS--Phase 1 Implementation Rule (April 30, 2004) that provided exemptions from the anti-backsliding requirements relating to nonattainment area New Source Review (NSR), CAA section 185 penalty fees, and contingency measures, as these three requirements applied for the 1-hour standard. This rule also reinstates the 1-hour contingency measures as applicable requirements that must be retained until the area attains the 1997 8- hour ozone standard. Finally, this rule deletes an obsolete provision that stayed the EPA's authority to revoke the 1-hour ozone standard pending the Agency's issuance of a final rule that revises or reinstates its revocation authority and considers and addresses certain other issues. That rule has now been issued.

Discrepant feeling rules and unscripted emotion work: women coping with termination for fetal anomaly.

PubMed

McCoyd, Judith L M

2009-10-01

The sociology of emotion is rapidly evolving and has implications for medical settings. Advancing medical technologies create new contexts for decision-making and emotional reaction that are framed by "feeling rules." Feeling rules guide not only behavior, but also how one believes one should feel, thereby causing one to attempt to bring one's authentic feelings into line with perceived feeling rules. Using qualitative data, the theoretical existence of feeling rules in pregnancy and prenatal testing is confirmed. Further examination extends this analysis: at times of technological development feeling rules are often discrepant, leaving patients with unscripted emotion work. Data from a study of women who interrupted anomalous pregnancies indicate that feeling rules are unclear when competing feeling rules are operating during times of societal and technological change. Because much of this occurs below the level of consciousness, medical and psychological services providers need to be aware of potential discrepancies in feeling rules and assist patients in identifying the salient feeling rules. Patients' struggles ease when they can recognize the discrepancies and assess their implications for decision-making and emotional response. (c) 2009 APA, all rights reserved.

Organizational Knowledge Transfer Using Ontologies and a Rule-Based System

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Okabe, Masao; Yoshioka, Akiko; Kobayashi, Keido; Yamaguchi, Takahira

In recent automated and integrated manufacturing, so-called intelligence skill is becoming more and more important and its efficient transfer to next-generation engineers is one of the urgent issues. In this paper, we propose a new approach without costly OJT (on-the-job training), that is, combinational usage of a domain ontology, a rule ontology and a rule-based system. Intelligence skill can be decomposed into pieces of simple engineering rules. A rule ontology consists of these engineering rules as primitives and the semantic relations among them. A domain ontology consists of technical terms in the engineering rules and the semantic relations among them. A rule ontology helps novices get the total picture of the intelligence skill and a domain ontology helps them understand the exact meanings of the engineering rules. A rule-based system helps domain experts externalize their tacit intelligence skill to ontologies and also helps novices internalize them. As a case study, we applied our proposal to some actual job at a remote control and maintenance office of hydroelectric power stations in Tokyo Electric Power Co., Inc. We also did an evaluation experiment for this case study and the result supports our proposal.

The development of display rule knowledge: linkages with family expressiveness and social competence.

PubMed

Jones, D C; Abbey, B B; Cumberland, A

1998-08-01

The development of display rule knowledge and its associations with family expressiveness (Study 1) and peer competence (Study 2) were investigated among elementary school children. In Study 1, the display rule knowledge of 121 kindergartners and third graders was assessed using validated hypothetical scenarios. There were significant grade differences in display rule knowledge such that third graders compared to kindergartners more frequently combined expression regulation with prosocial reasoning, norm-maintenance, and self-protective motives. Maternal reports of family emotional climates indicated that aspects of negative expressiveness were related positively to self-protective display rules and negatively to prosocial display rules. Study 2 included 93 third and fifth graders who reported on their display rule knowledge and on their emotional reactions and strategies to resolve peer conflict. Classmates and teachers provided ratings on social competence. Age differences for display rule knowledge were not documented, but prosocial display rules were most consistently related to hypothetical peer conflict responses and social competence. The findings confirm that display rule knowledge is related in consistent and systematic ways to what children learn within the family emotional context, how they propose to resolve peer conflict, and how they are perceived by peers and teachers.

Rule-governed behavior: teaching a preliminary repertoire of rule-following to children with autism.

PubMed

Tarbox, Jonathan; Zuckerman, Carrie K; Bishop, Michele R; Olive, Melissa L; O'Hora, Denis P

2011-01-01

Rule-governed behavior is generally considered an integral component of complex verbal repertoires but has rarely been the subject of empirical research. In particular, little or no previous research has attempted to establish rule-governed behavior in individuals who do not already display the repertoire. This study consists of two experiments that evaluated multiple exemplar training procedures for teaching a simple component skill, which may be necessary for developing a repertoire of rule-governed behavior. In both experiments, children with autism were taught to respond to simple rules that specified antecedents and the behaviors that should occur in their presence. In the first study, participants were taught to respond to rules containing "if/then" statements, where the antecedent was specified before the behavior. The second experiment was a replication and extension of the first. It involved a variation on the manner in which rules were presented. Both experiments eventually demonstrated generalization to novel rules for all participants; however variations to the standard procedure were required for several participants. Results suggest that rule-following can be analyzed and taught as generalized operant behavior and implications for future research are discussed.

Double dissociation between rules and memory in music: an event-related potential study.

PubMed

Miranda, Robbin A; Ullman, Michael T

2007-11-01

Language and music share a number of characteristics. Crucially, both domains depend on both rules and memorized representations. Double dissociations between the neurocognition of rule-governed and memory-based knowledge have been found in language but not music. Here, the neural bases of both of these aspects of music were examined with an event-related potential (ERP) study of note violations in melodies. Rule-only violations consisted of out-of-key deviant notes that violated tonal harmony rules in novel (unfamiliar) melodies. Memory-only violations consisted of in-key deviant notes in familiar well-known melodies; these notes followed musical rules but deviated from the actual melodies. Finally, out-of-key notes in familiar well-known melodies constituted violations of both rules and memory. All three conditions were presented, within-subjects, to healthy young adults, half musicians and half non-musicians. The results revealed a double dissociation, independent of musical training, between rules and memory: both rule violation conditions, but not the memory-only violations, elicited an early, somewhat right-lateralized anterior-central negativity (ERAN), consistent with previous studies of rule violations in music, and analogous to the early left-lateralized anterior negativities elicited by rule violations in language. In contrast, both memory violation conditions, but not the rule-only violation, elicited a posterior negativity that might be characterized as an N400, an ERP component that depends, at least in part, on the processing of representations stored in long-term memory, both in language and in other domains. The results suggest that the neurocognitive rule/memory dissociation extends from language to music, further strengthening the similarities between the two domains.

Double dissociation between rules and memory in music: An event-related potential study

PubMed Central

Miranda, Robbin A.; Ullman, Michael T.

2007-01-01

Language and music share a number of characteristics. Crucially, both domains depend on both rules and memorized representations. Double dissociations between the neurocognition of rule-governed and memory-based knowledge have been found in language but not music. Here, the neural bases of both of these aspects of music were examined with an event-related potential (ERP) study of note violations in melodies. Rule-only violations consisted of out-of-key deviant notes that violated tonal harmony rules in novel (unfamiliar) melodies. Memory-only violations consisted of in-key deviant notes in familiar well-known melodies; these notes followed musical rules but deviated from the actual melodies. Finally, out-of-key notes in familiar well-known melodies constituted violations of both rules and memory. All three conditions were presented, within-subjects, to healthy young adults, half musicians and half non-musicians. The results revealed a double dissociation, independent of musical training, between rules and memory: both rule violation conditions, but not the memory-only violations, elicited an early, somewhat right-lateralized anterior-central negativity (ERAN), consistent with previous studies of rule violations in music, and analogous to the early left-lateralized anterior negativities elicited by rule violations in language. In contrast, both memory violation conditions, but not the rule-only violation, elicited a posterior negativity that might be characterized as an N400, an ERP component that depends, at least in part, on the processing of representations stored in long-term memory, both in language and in other domains. The results suggest that the neurocognitive rule/memory dissociation extends from language to music, further strengthening the similarities between the two domains. PMID:17855126

Evaluation of a rule base for decision making in general practice.

PubMed Central

Essex, B; Healy, M

1994-01-01

BACKGROUND. Decision making in general practice relies heavily on judgmental expertise. It should be possible to codify this expertise into rules and principles. AIM. A study was undertaken to evaluate the effectiveness, of rules from a rule base designed to improve students' and trainees' management decisions relating to patients seen in general practice. METHOD. The rule base was developed after studying decisions about and management of thousands of patients seen in one general practice over an eight year period. Vignettes were presented to 93 fourth year medical students and 179 general practitioner trainees. They recorded their perception and management of each case before and after being presented with a selection of relevant rules. Participants also commented on their level of agreement with each of the rules provided with the vignettes. A panel of five independent assessors then rated as good, acceptable or poor, the participants' perception and management of each case before and after seeing the rules. RESULTS. Exposure to a few selected rules of thumb improved the problem perception and management decisions of both undergraduates and trainees. The degree of improvement was not related to previous experience or to the stated level of agreement with the proposed rules. The assessors identified difficulties students and trainees experienced in changing their perceptions and management decisions when the rules suggested options they had not considered. CONCLUSION. The rules developed to improve decision making skills in general practice are effective when used with vignettes. The next phase is to transform the rule base into an expert system to train students and doctors to acquire decision making skills. It could also be used to provide decision support when confronted with difficult management decisions in general practice. PMID:8204334

Final June Revisions Rule Significant Contribution Assessment TSD

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

This Technical Support Document (TSD) presents quantitative assessments of the relationship between the final February revisions to the Transport Rule, the final June revisions rule, and the original analysis conducted for the final Transport Rule.

Compensatory Mitigation Rule Q&A

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

What is compensatory mitigation? How is compensatory mitigation accomplished? What does this final rule do? What are the most significant changes required by this rule compared to previous mitigation practices? What are the goals of the final rule?

Congestion relaxation due to density-dependent junction rules in TASEP network

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tannai, Takahiro; Nishinari, Katsuhiro

2017-09-01

We now consider a small network module of Totally Asymmetric Simple Exclusion Process with branching and aggregation points, and rules of junctions dependent on the densities of segments of the network module. We also focus on the interaction among junctions which are branching and aggregation. The interaction among junctions with density-dependent rules possesses more complexity than those with density-independent rules studied in the previous papers. In conclusion, we confirm the result that density-dependent rules enable vehicles to move more effectively than the density-independent rules.

78 FR 44771 - Eliminating the Prohibition Against General Solicitation and General Advertising in Rule 506 and...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-07-24

...We are adopting amendments to Rule 506 of Regulation D and Rule 144A under the Securities Act of 1933 to implement Section 201(a) of the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act. The amendment to Rule 506 permits an issuer to engage in general solicitation or general advertising in offering and selling securities pursuant to Rule 506, provided that all purchasers of the securities are accredited investors and the issuer takes reasonable steps to verify that such purchasers are accredited investors. The amendment to Rule 506 also includes a non-exclusive list of methods that issuers may use to satisfy the verification requirement for purchasers who are natural persons. The amendment to Rule 144A provides that securities may be offered pursuant to Rule 144A to persons other than qualified institutional buyers, provided that the securities are sold only to persons that the seller and any person acting on behalf of the seller reasonably believe are qualified institutional buyers. We are also revising Form D to require issuers to indicate whether they are relying on the provision that permits general solicitation or general advertising in a Rule 506 offering. Also today, in a separate release, to implement Section 926 of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, we are adopting amendments to Rule 506 to disqualify issuers and other market participants from relying on Rule 506 if ``felons and other `bad actors' '' are participating in the Rule 506 offering. We are also today, in a separate release, publishing for comment a number of proposed amendments to Regulation D, Form D and Rule 156 under the Securities Act that are intended to enhance the Commission's ability to evaluate the development of market practices in Rule 506 offerings and address certain comments made in connection with implementing Section 201(a)(1) of the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act.

Automatic learning of rules. A practical example of using artificial intelligence to improve computer-based detection of myocardial infarction and left ventricular hypertrophy in the 12-lead ECG.

PubMed

Kaiser, W; Faber, T S; Findeis, M

1996-01-01

The authors developed a computer program that detects myocardial infarction (MI) and left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) in two steps: (1) by extracting parameter values from a 10-second, 12-lead electrocardiogram, and (2) by classifying the extracted parameter values with rule sets. Every disease has its dedicated set of rules. Hence, there are separate rule sets for anterior MI, inferior MI, and LVH. If at least one rule is satisfied, the disease is said to be detected. The computer program automatically develops these rule sets. A database (learning set) of healthy subjects and patients with MI, LVH, and mixed MI+LVH was used. After defining the rule type, initial limits, and expected quality of the rules (positive predictive value, minimum number of patients), the program creates a set of rules by varying the limits. The general rule type is defined as: disease = lim1l < p1 < or = lim1u and lim2l < p2 < or = lim2u and ... limnl < pn < or = limnu. When defining the rule types, only the parameters (p1 ... pn) that are known as clinical electrocardiographic criteria (amplitudes [mV] of Q, R, and T waves and ST-segment; duration [ms] of Q wave; frontal angle [degrees]) were used. This allowed for submitting the learned rule sets to an independent investigator for medical verification. It also allowed the creation of explanatory texts with the rules. These advantages are not offered by the neurons of a neural network. The learned rules were checked against a test set and the following results were obtained: MI: sensitivity 76.2%, positive predictive value 98.6%; LVH: sensitivity 72.3%, positive predictive value 90.9%. The specificity ratings for MI are better than 98%; for LVH, better than 90%.