Sample records for talts helle sikka

  1. HELLS HOLE ROADLESS AREA, ARIZONA AND NEW MEXICO.

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Ratte, James C.; Briggs, John P.

    1984-01-01

    The Hells Hole Roadless Area encompasses about 50 sq mi along the Arizona-New Mexico State line. The area was studied and the southeastern part was determined to have a probable mineral-resource potential for the discovery of base- or precious-metal deposits related to igneous intrusions of middle to late Tertiary age. There also is a probable resource potential for porphyry copper mineralization of Laramide age beneath the Tertiary volcanic rocks that cover the area. There is little promise for the occurrence of energy resources in the area. Additional geochemical and petrological studies of the rocks of the Hells Hole volcanic center and modeling of geophysical anomalies are necessary to adequately appraise the mineral-resource potential of the area.

  2. An ATPase-deficient variant of the SNF2 family member HELLS shows altered dynamics at pericentromeric heterochromatin.

    PubMed

    Lungu, Cristiana; Muegge, Kathrin; Jeltsch, Albert; Jurkowska, Renata Z

    2015-05-22

    The HELLS (helicase, lymphoid specific, also known as lymphoid-specific helicase) protein is related to the SNF2 (sucrose non-fermentable 2) family of chromatin remodeling ATPases. It is required for efficient DNA methylation in mammals, particularly at heterochromatin-located repetitive sequences. In this study, we investigated the interaction of HELLS with chromatin and used an ATPase-deficient HELLS variant to address the role of ATP hydrolysis in this process. Chromatin fractionation experiments demonstrated that, in the absence of the ATPase activity, HELLS is retained at the nuclear matrix compartment, defined in part by lamin B1. Microscopy studies revealed a stronger association of the ATPase-deficient mutant with heterochromatin. These results were further supported by fluorescence recovery after photobleaching measurements, which showed that, at heterochromatic sites, wild-type HELLS is very dynamic, with a recovery half-time of 0.8s and a mobile protein fraction of 61%. In contrast, the ATPase-deficient mutant displayed 4.5-s recovery half-time and a reduction in the mobile fraction to 30%. We also present evidence suggesting that, in addition to the ATPase activity, a functional H3K9me3 signaling pathway contributes to an efficient release of HELLS from pericentromeric chromatin. Overall, our results show that a functional ATPase activity is not required for the recruitment of HELLS to heterochromatin, but it is important for the release of the enzyme from these sites. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  3. Exhumation Across Hells Canyon and the Arc-continent Boundary of Idaho-Oregon

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Kahn, M.; Fayon, A. K.; Tikoff, B.

    2015-12-01

    Hells Canyon is located along the Idaho-Oregon border. It is proximal to the Salmon River suture zone, the Cretaceous-age western margin of North America that juxtaposes accreted terranes to the west and cratonic North America to the east. We applied (U-Th)/He zircon and apatite thermochronometry to samples along an EW transect across Hells Canyon. (U-Th)/He zircon and apatite ages record the time at which rocks cool below ~ 200 and 60 °C, respectively, providing information on both the timing and rate at which rocks cooled. Samples were collected with respect to structural position relative to the basal Columbia River basalt flow (Imnaha), dated at ~ 17.4 Ma, with most samples taken <100 m below the contact. Given that all localities were at the Earth's surface - and thus cooled below 60˚C - at ~ 17.4 Ma, the variation in obtained ages are assessed relative to this common datum. The easternmost sites were taken on the western margin of the Idaho batholith at Lava Buttes, ID at ~2,700 m elevation: The (U-Th)/He zircon and apatite ages are 64.9±4.6 Ma and 53.8±4.9 Ma, respectively. The westernmost sites occur in the Wallowa Mountains, Oregon, where the base of the Imnaha flow exists at ~3,000 m: The (U-Th)/He zircon and apatite ages are 136.2±42.8 Ma and 21.7±10.0 Ma. Additionally, the basal basalt contact occurs at ~900 m and ~600 m at the bottom of the Salmon River Canyon and Hells Canyon respectively. The (U-Th)/He zircon and apatite ages are 73.1±14.6 Ma and 20.0±7.4 Ma, respectively, for the Salmon River Canyon and 88.6±2.4 Ma and 3.4±0.6 Ma, respectively, for Hells Canyon. The data indicate that: 1) The western Wallowa (accreted) terrane cooled below ~200 °C prior to the formation of the Idaho batholith; 2) The western side of the Idaho batholith shows a rapid and consistent cooling between ~200 °C and ~60 °C in the Paleogene; and 3) Samples at low elevation in Hells Canyon cooled below 60˚C in the Pliocene, which requires reburial of the rocks

  4. Mineral Resources of the Hells Canyon Study Area, Wallowa County, Oregon, and Idaho and Adams Counties, Idaho

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Simmons, George C.; Gualtieri, James L.; Close, Terry J.; Federspiel, Francis E.; Leszcykowski, Andrew M.

    2007-01-01

    Field studies supporting the evaluation of the mineral potential of the Hells Canyon study area were carried out by the U.S. Geological Survey and the U.S. Bureau of Mines in 1974-76 and 1979. The study area includes (1) the Hells Canyon Wilderness; (2) parts of the Snake River, Rapid River, and West Fork Rapid River Wild and Scenic Rivers; (3) lands included in the second Roadless Area Review and Evaluation (RARE II); and (4) part of the Hells Canyon National Recreation Area. The survey is one of a series of studies to appraise the suitability of the area for inclusion in the National Wilderness Preservation System as required by the Wilderness Act of 1964. The spectacular and mineralized area covers nearly 950 mi2 (2,460 km2) in northeast Oregon and west-central Idaho at the junction of the Northern Rocky Mountains and the Columbia Plateau.

  5. Imported fire ants: the ants from hell!

    PubMed

    Freeman, T M

    1994-01-01

    Imported fire ants may certainly be considered the ANTS FROM HELL! This review focuses on both the interesting entomology of fire ants and the important medical characteristics of fire ant stings. They sting and they kill; they destroy; they mate in mid-air; and we may not be able to stop them. However, although they inject extremely potent venom, individuals can prevent secondary infections by leaving the so-called pustules alone and not opening them. Individuals who suffer systemic reactions may receive adequate treatment with the whole body extract immunotherapy.

  6. Escape from Management Hell: 12 Tales of Horror, Humor, and Heroism.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Gilbreath, Robert D.

    This book offers a set of stories in which corporate executives demonstrate the folly and futility of their own business practices. In the stories, 12 executives are trying to escape from a hell of their own making. The tales provide insights into the management woes with which people at all levels deal on a daily basis. Topics include: the…

  7. Mercury cycling in the Hells Canyon Complex of the Snake River, Idaho and Oregon

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Clark, Gregory M.; Naymik, Jesse; Krabbenhoft, David P.; Eagles-Smith, Collin A.; Aiken, George R.; Marvin-DiPasquale, Mark C.; Harris, Reed C.; Myers, Ralph

    2016-07-11

    The Hells Canyon Complex (HCC) is a hydroelectric project built and operated by the Idaho Power Company (IPC) that consists of three dams on the Snake River along the Oregon and Idaho border (fig. 1). The dams have resulted in the creation of Brownlee, Oxbow, and Hells Canyon Reservoirs, which have a combined storage capacity of more than 1.5 million acre-feet and span about 90 miles of the Snake River. The Snake River upstream of and through the HCC historically has been impaired by water-quality issues related to excessive contributions of nutrients, algae, sediment, and other pollutants. In addition, historical data collected since the 1960s from the Snake River and tributaries near the HCC have documented high concentrations of mercury in fish tissue and sediment (Harris and Beals, 2013). Data collected from more recent investigations within the HCC continue to indicate elevated concentrations of mercury and methylmercury in the water column, bottom sediments, and biota (Clark and Maret, 1998; Essig, 2010; Fosness and others, 2013). As a result, Brownlee and Hells Canyon Reservoirs are listed as impaired for mercury by the State of Idaho, and the Snake River from the Oregon and Idaho border through the HCC downstream to the Oregon and Washington border is listed as impaired for mercury by the State of Oregon.

  8. Visual resource inventory and Imnaha Valley study: Hells Canyon National Recreation Area

    Treesearch

    David H. Blau; Michael C. Bowie; Frank Hunsaker

    1979-01-01

    Hells Canyon National Recreation Area was established by an Act of Congress in December 1975. At that time, the U.S. Forest Service, which administers most of the land included, was given the responsibility of developing a Comprehensive Management Plan for the NRA within five years. In order to minimize future visual degradation, the Forest Service planning team for...

  9. Seismic profile analysis of sediment deposits in Brownlee and Hells Canyon Reservoirs near Cambridge, Idaho

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Flocks, James; Kelso, Kyle; Fosness, Ryan; Welcker, Chris

    2014-01-01

    The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center, in cooperation with the USGS Idaho Water Science Center and the Idaho Power Company, collected high-resolution seismic reflection data in the Brownlee and Hells Canyon Reservoirs, in March of 2013.These reservoirs are located along the Snake River, and were constructed in 1958 (Brownlee) and 1967 (Hells Canyon). The purpose of the survey was to gain a better understanding of sediment accumulation within the reservoirs since their construction. The chirp system used in the survey was an EdgeTech Geo-Star Full Spectrum Sub-Bottom (FSSB) system coupled with an SB-424 towfish with a frequency range of 4 to 24 kHz. Approximately 325 kilometers of chirp data were collected, with water depths ranging from 0-90 meters. These reservoirs are characterized by very steep rock valley walls, very low flow rates, and minimal sediment input into the system. Sediments deposited in the reservoirs are characterized as highly fluid clays. Since the acoustic signal was not able to penetrate the rock substrate, only the thin veneer of these recent deposits were imaged. Results from the seismic survey indicate that throughout both of the Brownlee and Hells Canyon reservoirs the accumulation of sediments ranged from 0 to 2.5 m, with an average of 0.5 m. Areas of above average sediment accumulation may be related to lower slope, longer flooding history, and proximity to fluvial sources.

  10. With Dante in Hell on 9/11: "That Day We Read No Further"

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Rosenstein, Roy

    2015-01-01

    In this article, Roy Rosenstein shares the events that occurred during his first day of teaching the Dante and Medieval Culture course in the fall semester of 2001 at the American University of Paris (AUP). On, September 11, 2001, immediately following Rosenstein's opening statement of "Welcome to hell," the class was alerted to the…

  11. Politicians, Patriots and Plotters: Unlikely Debates Occasioned by Maximilian Hell's Venus Transit Expedition of 1769

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Kontler, Laszlo

    2013-05-01

    This paper discusses the cultural and political contexts and reception of the most important by-product of Maximilian Hell's famous Venus transit expedition of 1768-69, the Demonstratio. Idioma Ungarorum et Lapponum idem esse (1770) by Hell's associate Janos Sajnovics. Now considered a landmark in Finno-Ugrian linguistics, the Demonstratio addressed an academic subject that was at that time almost destined to be caught up in an ideological battlefield defined by the shifting relationship between the Habsburg government, the Society of Jesus, and the Hungarian nobility. The "enlightened absolutist" policies of the former aimed at consolidating the Habsburg monarchy as an empire, at the expense of privileged groups, including religious orders as well as the noble estates. In the situation created by the 1773 suppression of the Jesuit order (a signal of declining patronage from the dynasty), the growing preoccupation on the part of ex-Jesuits like Hell and Sajnovics with "things Hungarian" could have been part of an attempt to re-situate themselves on the Central European map of learning. At the same time, the founding document of this interest, the Demonstratio, evoked violent protests from the other target of Habsburg policies, the Hungarian nobility, because its basic assumptions - the kinship of the Hungarian and the Sami (Lappian) language - potentially undermined the noble ideology of social exclusiveness, established on the alleged "Scythian" ancestry of Hungarians. By exploring the complex motives, intentions, reactions and responses of the chief agents in this story, it is possible to highlight the extra-scientific constraints and facilitators for the practice of knowledge in late eighteenth century Central Europe.

  12. Tiffany Diamonds and Classical Music as Influences on the Performance of "Don Juan in Hell".

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Johnson, Jim

    This paper analyzes Paul Gregory's 1951 production of "Don Juan in Hell," now considered to be a seminal work in the development of professional and educational readers theatre. The paper contends that the production, which presented a nondramatic work without the usual emphasis on design and spectacle, forced a reexamination of the role…

  13. Dinosaur Census Reveals Abundant Tyrannosaurus and Rare Ontogenetic Stages in the Upper Cretaceous Hell Creek Formation (Maastrichtian), Montana, USA

    PubMed Central

    Horner, John R.; Goodwin, Mark B.; Myhrvold, Nathan

    2011-01-01

    Background A dinosaur census recorded during the Hell Creek Project (1999–2009) incorporates multiple lines of evidence from geography, taphohistory, stratigraphy, phylogeny and ontogeny to investigate the relative abundance of large dinosaurs preserved in the Upper Cretaceous Hell Creek Formation of northeastern Montana, USA. Overall, the dinosaur skeletal assemblages in the Hell Creek Formation (excluding lag-influenced records) consist primarily of subadult or small adult size individuals. Small juveniles and large adults are both extremely rare, whereas subadult individuals are relatively common. We propose that mature individuals of at least some dinosaur taxa either lived in a separate geographic locale analogous to younger individuals inhabiting an upland environment where sedimentation rates were relatively less, or these taxa experienced high mortality before reaching terminal size where late stage and often extreme cranial morphology is expressed. Methodology/Principal Findings Tyrannosaurus skeletons are as abundant as Edmontosaurus, an herbivore, in the upper Hell Creek Formation and nearly twice as common in the lower third of the formation. Smaller, predatory dinosaurs (e.g., Troodon and dromaeosaurids) are primarily represented by teeth found in microvertebrate localities and their skeletons or identifiable lag specimens were conspicuously absent. This relative abundance suggests Tyrannosaurus was not a typical predator and likely benefited from much wider food choice opportunities than exclusively live prey and/or specific taxa. Tyrannosaurus adults may not have competed with Tyrannosaurus juveniles if the potential for selecting carrion increased with size during ontogeny. Conclusions/Significance Triceratops is the most common dinosaur and isolated skulls contribute to a significant portion of this census. Associated specimens of Triceratops consisting of both cranial and postcranial elements remain relatively rare. This rarity may be explained

  14. Identifying and Quantifying Sources of Fall Chinook Salmon Spawning Gravel to the Snake River in Hells Canyon

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Welcker, C. W.; Burke, M.

    2015-12-01

    The Snake River in Hells Canyon supports a growing population of spawning Fall Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) immediately downstream of the Hells Canyon Complex (HCC) of hydroelectric dams for the last 60 years. The long-term survival of this salmon run depends on the input of spawning gravel (25-150 mm) from local tributaries balancing the losses of spawning gravel through attrition and export out of the reach between the HCC and the Salmon River confluence. We are working to quantify the gravel input of these local tributaries at different time-scales and put this into the context of historical supply and transport. Long-term total sediment production rates of these tributaries estimated through various methods have varied by over 2 orders of magnitude, but we have recently completed 10Be work to constrain these estimates. We are measuring the change in storage of Fall Chinook spawning-size gravel through repeat multibeam echosounder surveys of the riverbed. The limited amount of repeat data collected to date has shown complex patterns of change in the riverbed. One possible driver of this complexity is the episodic and spatially variable nature of sediment inputs from these tributaries. We are attempting to quantify the frequency of the debris flows or floods capable of transporting spawning gravel through digitizing historic imagery of the last 60 years to determine the recurrence interval. We are measuring the magnitude of these events by surveying tributary fans pre and post-event to measure the sediment volume and particle size produced by specific events. These floods and debris flows are driven by extreme rainfall or snowmelt events, so we have also reconstructed historical meteorological conditions to identify the triggering conditions for transport, and identify the areas where snowmelt or rainfall is the more likely trigger. We are currently testing whether the unique bedrock geology of Hells Canyon can be used as a tracer to identify the

  15. Divergent Effects of Beliefs in Heaven and Hell on National Crime Rates

    PubMed Central

    Shariff, Azim F.; Rhemtulla, Mijke

    2012-01-01

    Though religion has been shown to have generally positive effects on normative ‘prosocial’ behavior, recent laboratory research suggests that these effects may be driven primarily by supernatural punishment. Supernatural benevolence, on the other hand, may actually be associated with less prosocial behavior. Here, we investigate these effects at the societal level, showing that the proportion of people who believe in hell negatively predicts national crime rates whereas belief in heaven predicts higher crime rates. These effects remain after accounting for a host of covariates, and ultimately prove stronger predictors of national crime rates than economic variables such as GDP and income inequality. Expanding on laboratory research on religious prosociality, this is the first study to tie religious beliefs to large-scale cross-national trends in pro- and anti-social behavior. PMID:22723927

  16. Interview: Professor Helle Neergaard, President of the European Council for Small Business and Entrepreneurship, on the Nature of Creativity, Innovation and Entrepreneurship

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Industry and Higher Education, 2015

    2015-01-01

    On August 13, 2014, Rita G. Klapper conducted a Skype interview with Helle Neergaard. Neergaard is not only President of the European Council for Small Business and Entrepreneurship, but also Docent at the Hanken School of Economics, and Professor at iCARE, Department of Business Administration, School of Business and Social Sciences, University…

  17. Stories of Hell and Healing: Internet Users' Construction of Benzodiazepine Distress and Withdrawal.

    PubMed

    Fixsen, Alison M; Ridge, Damien

    2017-11-01

    Benzodiazepines are a group of drugs used mainly as sedatives, hypnotics, antiepileptics, and muscle relaxants. Consumption is recommended for 2 to 4 weeks only, due to fast onset of dependency and potentially distressing withdrawal symptoms. Few peer-review studies have drawn on the user experiences and language to appreciate firsthand experiences of benzodiazepine withdrawal or discontinuation syndrome. We looked extensively at patient stories of benzodiazepine withdrawal and recovery on Internet support sites and YouTube. Our analysis indicated that users employ rich metaphors to portray the psychologically disturbing and protracted nature of their suffering. We identified seven major themes: hell and isolation, anxiety and depression, alienation, physical distress, anger and remorse, waves and windows, and healing and renewal. By posting success stories, ex-users make known that "healing" can be a long, unpredictable process, but distress does lessen, and recovery can happen.

  18. Reworking of Cretaceous dinosaurs into Paleocene channel deposits, upper Hell Creek Formation, Montana

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Lofgren, D.L.; Hotton, C.L.; Runkel, A.C.

    1990-09-01

    Dinosaur teeth from Paleocene channel fills have been interpreted as indicating dinosaur survival into the Paleocene. However, enormous potential for reworking exists because these records are restricted to large channel fills that are deeply incised into Cretaceous strata. Identification of reworked fossils is usually equivocal. This problem is illustrated by the Black Spring Coulee channel fill, a dinosaur-bearing Paleocene deposit in the upper Hell Creek Formation of eastern Montana. In this example, the reworked nature of well-preserved dinosaur bones is apparent only after detailed sedimentological and palynological analysis. Because of the potential for reworking, dinosaur remains derived from Paleocene fluvialmore » deposits should not be assigned a Paleocene age unless the (1) are found in floodplain deposits, (2) are articulated, (3) are in channels that do not incise Cretaceous strata, or (4) are demonstrably reworked from Paleocene deposits. To date, reports of Paleocene dinosaurs do not fulfill any of these criteria. Thus, the proposal that dinosaurs persisted into the Paleocene remains unsubstantiated.« less

  19. Listen; There's a Hell of a Good Universe Next Door; Let's Go

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Rigby, Jane R.

    2012-01-01

    Scientific research is key to our nation's technological and economic development. One can attempt to focus research toward specific applications, but science has a way of surprising us. Think for example of the "charge-couple device", which was originally invented for memory storage, but became the modern digital camera that is used everywhere from camera phones to the Hubble Space Telescope. Using digital cameras, Hubble has taken pictures that reach back 12 billion light-years into the past, when the Universe was only 1-2 billion years old. Such results would never have been possible with the film cameras Hubble was originally supposed to use. Over the past two decades, Hubble and other telescopes have shown us much about the Universe -- many of these results are shocking. Our galaxy is swarming with planets; most of the mass in the Universe is invisible; and our Universe is accelerating ever faster and faster for unknown reasons. Thus, we live in a "hell of a good universe", to quote e.e. cummings, that we fundamentally don't understand. This means that you, as young scientists, have many worlds to discover

  20. Anthropogenic Impacts of Recreational Use on Sandbars in Hells Canyon on the Snake River, Idaho

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Morehead, M. D.

    2014-12-01

    Sandbars along large rivers are important cultural, recreational, and natural resources. In modern, historic and prehistoric times the sandbars have been used for camping, hunting, fishing and recreational activities. Sandbars are a dynamic geomorphic unit of the river system that stores and exchanges sand with the main river channel. Both natural and anthropogenic changes to river systems affect the size, shape and dynamics of sandbars. During high spring flows, the Snake River can resupply and build the sand bars. During the lower flows of the summer and fall the sand is redistributed to lower levels by natural and anthropogenic forces, where it can be remobilized by the river and exported from the bar. During the summer and fall high use season many people camp and recreate on the bars and redistribute the sand. This study utilizes change detection from repeat high resolution terrestrial LiDAR scanning surveys to study the impacts humans have on the sandbars in Hells Canyon. Nearly a decade of annual LiDAR and Bathymetric surveys were used to place these recreational impacts into the context of overall sandbar dynamics.

  1. Analyzing the Impacts of Dams on Riparian Ecosystems: A Review of Research Strategies and Their Relevance to the Snake River Through Hells Canyon

    PubMed Central

    Braatne, Jeffrey H.; Goater, Lori A.; Blair, Charles L.

    2007-01-01

    River damming provides a dominant human impact on river environments worldwide, and while local impacts of reservoir flooding are immediate, subsequent ecological impacts downstream can be extensive. In this article, we assess seven research strategies for analyzing the impacts of dams and river flow regulation on riparian ecosystems. These include spatial comparisons of (1) upstream versus downstream reaches, (2) progressive downstream patterns, or (3) the dammed river versus an adjacent free-flowing or differently regulated river(s). Temporal comparisons consider (4) pre- versus post-dam, or (5) sequential post-dam conditions. However, spatial comparisons are complicated by the fact that dams are not randomly located, and temporal comparisons are commonly limited by sparse historic information. As a result, comparative approaches are often correlative and vulnerable to confounding factors. To complement these analyses, (6) flow or sediment modifications can be implemented to test causal associations. Finally, (7) process-based modeling represents a predictive approach incorporating hydrogeomorphic processes and their biological consequences. In a case study of Hells Canyon, the upstream versus downstream comparison is confounded by a dramatic geomorphic transition. Comparison of the multiple reaches below the dams should be useful, and the comparison of Snake River with the adjacent free-flowing Salmon River may provide the strongest spatial comparison. A pre- versus post-dam comparison would provide the most direct study approach, but pre-dam information is limited to historic reports and archival photographs. We conclude that multiple study approaches are essential to provide confident interpretations of ecological impacts downstream from dams, and propose a comprehensive study for Hells Canyon that integrates multiple research strategies. PMID:18043964

  2. Mineralized soft-tissue structure and chemistry in a mummified hadrosaur from the Hell Creek Formation, North Dakota (USA).

    PubMed

    Manning, Phillip L; Morris, Peter M; McMahon, Adam; Jones, Emrys; Gize, Andy; Macquaker, Joe H S; Wolff, George; Thompson, Anu; Marshall, Jim; Taylor, Kevin G; Lyson, Tyler; Gaskell, Simon; Reamtong, Onrapak; Sellers, William I; van Dongen, Bart E; Buckley, Mike; Wogelius, Roy A

    2009-10-07

    An extremely well-preserved dinosaur (Cf. Edmontosaurus sp.) found in the Hell Creek Formation (Upper Cretaceous, North Dakota) retains soft-tissue replacement structures and associated organic compounds. Mineral cements precipitated in the skin apparently follow original cell boundaries, partially preserving epidermis microstructure. Infrared and electron microprobe images of ossified tendon clearly show preserved mineral zonation, with silica and trapped carbon dioxide forming thin linings on Haversian canals within apatite. Furthermore, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) of materials recovered from the skin and terminal ungual phalanx suggests the presence of compounds containing amide groups. Amino acid composition analyses of the mineralized skin envelope clearly differ from the surrounding matrix; however, intact proteins could not be obtained using protein mass spectrometry. The presence of endogenously derived organics from the skin was further demonstrated by pyrolysis gas chromatography mass spectrometry (Py-GCMS), indicating survival and presence of macromolecules that were in part aliphatic (see the electronic supplementary material).

  3. Mineralized soft-tissue structure and chemistry in a mummified hadrosaur from the Hell Creek Formation, North Dakota (USA)

    PubMed Central

    Manning, Phillip L.; Morris, Peter M.; McMahon, Adam; Jones, Emrys; Gize, Andy; Macquaker, Joe H. S.; Wolff, George; Thompson, Anu; Marshall, Jim; Taylor, Kevin G.; Lyson, Tyler; Gaskell, Simon; Reamtong, Onrapak; Sellers, William I.; van Dongen, Bart E.; Buckley, Mike; Wogelius, Roy A.

    2009-01-01

    An extremely well-preserved dinosaur (Cf. Edmontosaurus sp.) found in the Hell Creek Formation (Upper Cretaceous, North Dakota) retains soft-tissue replacement structures and associated organic compounds. Mineral cements precipitated in the skin apparently follow original cell boundaries, partially preserving epidermis microstructure. Infrared and electron microprobe images of ossified tendon clearly show preserved mineral zonation, with silica and trapped carbon dioxide forming thin linings on Haversian canals within apatite. Furthermore, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) of materials recovered from the skin and terminal ungual phalanx suggests the presence of compounds containing amide groups. Amino acid composition analyses of the mineralized skin envelope clearly differ from the surrounding matrix; however, intact proteins could not be obtained using protein mass spectrometry. The presence of endogenously derived organics from the skin was further demonstrated by pyrolysis gas chromatography mass spectrometry (Py-GCMS), indicating survival and presence of macromolecules that were in part aliphatic (see the electronic supplementary material). PMID:19570788

  4. Geology, geochronology, and potential volcanic hazards in the Lava Ridge-Hells Half Acre area, eastern Snake River Plain, Idaho

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Kuntz, Mel A.; Dalrymple, G. Brent

    1979-01-01

    The evaluation of volcanic hazards for the proposed Safety Test Reactor Facility (STF) at the Argonne National Laboratory-West (ANLW) site, Idaho National Engineering Laboratory (INEL), Idaho, involves an analysis of the geology of the Lava Ridge-Hells Half Acre area and of K-At age determinations on lava flows in cored drill holes. The ANLW site at INEL lies in a shallow topographic depression bounded on the east and south by volcanic rift zones that are the locus of past shield-type basalt volcanism and by rhyolite domes erupted along the ring fracture of an inferred rhyolite caldera. The K-At age data indicate that the ANLW site has been flooded by basalt lava flows at irregular intervals from perhaps a few thousand years to as much as 300,000-400,000 years, with an average recurrence interval between flows of approximately 80,000-100,000 years. At least five major lava flows have covered the ANLW site within the past 500,000 years.

  5. Archive of digital chirp subbottom profile data collected during USGS Cruise 13GFP01, Brownlee Dam and Hells Canyon Reservoir, Idaho and Oregon, 2013

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Forde, Arnell S.; Dadisman, Shawn V.; Flocks, James G.; Fosness, Ryan L.; Welcker, Chris; Kelso, Kyle W.

    2014-01-01

    From March 16 - 31, 2013, the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the Idaho Power Company conducted a geophysical survey to investigate sediment deposits and long-term sediment transport within the Snake River from Brownlee Dam to Hells Canyon Reservoir, along the Idaho and Oregon border; this effort will help the USGS to better understand geologic processes. This report serves as an archive of unprocessed digital chirp subbottom data, trackline maps, navigation files, Geographic Information System (GIS) files, Field Activity Collection System (FACS) logs, and formal Federal Geographic Data Committee (FGDC) metadata. Gained (showing a relative increase in signal amplitude) digital images of the seismic profiles are also provided. Refer to the Acronyms page for expansions of acronyms and abbreviations used in this report.

  6. Telomere maintenance through recruitment of internal genomic regions.

    PubMed

    Seo, Beomseok; Kim, Chuna; Hills, Mark; Sung, Sanghyun; Kim, Hyesook; Kim, Eunkyeong; Lim, Daisy S; Oh, Hyun-Seok; Choi, Rachael Mi Jung; Chun, Jongsik; Shim, Jaegal; Lee, Junho

    2015-09-18

    Cells surviving crisis are often tumorigenic and their telomeres are commonly maintained through the reactivation of telomerase. However, surviving cells occasionally activate a recombination-based mechanism called alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT). Here we establish stably maintained survivors in telomerase-deleted Caenorhabditis elegans that escape from sterility by activating ALT. ALT survivors trans-duplicate an internal genomic region, which is already cis-duplicated to chromosome ends, across the telomeres of all chromosomes. These 'Template for ALT' (TALT) regions consist of a block of genomic DNA flanked by telomere-like sequences, and are different between two genetic background. We establish a model that an ancestral duplication of a donor TALT region to a proximal telomere region forms a genomic reservoir ready to be incorporated into telomeres on ALT activation.

  7. Modelling lactation curve for milk fat to protein ratio in Iranian buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) using non-linear mixed models.

    PubMed

    Hossein-Zadeh, Navid Ghavi

    2016-08-01

    The aim of this study was to compare seven non-linear mathematical models (Brody, Wood, Dhanoa, Sikka, Nelder, Rook and Dijkstra) to examine their efficiency in describing the lactation curves for milk fat to protein ratio (FPR) in Iranian buffaloes. Data were 43 818 test-day records for FPR from the first three lactations of Iranian buffaloes which were collected on 523 dairy herds in the period from 1996 to 2012 by the Animal Breeding Center of Iran. Each model was fitted to monthly FPR records of buffaloes using the non-linear mixed model procedure (PROC NLMIXED) in SAS and the parameters were estimated. The models were tested for goodness of fit using Akaike's information criterion (AIC), Bayesian information criterion (BIC) and log maximum likelihood (-2 Log L). The Nelder and Sikka mixed models provided the best fit of lactation curve for FPR in the first and second lactations of Iranian buffaloes, respectively. However, Wood, Dhanoa and Sikka mixed models provided the best fit of lactation curve for FPR in the third parity buffaloes. Evaluation of first, second and third lactation features showed that all models, except for Dijkstra model in the third lactation, under-predicted test time at which daily FPR was minimum. On the other hand, minimum FPR was over-predicted by all equations. Evaluation of the different models used in this study indicated that non-linear mixed models were sufficient for fitting test-day FPR records of Iranian buffaloes.

  8. Hell Is Other People? Gender and Interactions with Strangers in the Workplace Influence a Person’s Risk of Depression

    PubMed Central

    Fischer, Sebastian; Wiemer, Anita; Diedrich, Laura; Moock, Jörn; Rössler, Wulf

    2014-01-01

    We suggest that interactions with strangers at work influence the likelihood of depressive disorders, as they serve as an environmental stressor, which are a necessary condition for the onset of depression according to diathesis-stress models of depression. We examined a large dataset (N = 76,563 in K = 196 occupations) from the German pension insurance program and the Occupational Information Network dataset on occupational characteristics. We used a multilevel framework with individuals and occupations as levels of analysis. We found that occupational environments influence employees’ risks of depression. In line with the quotation that ‘hell is other people’ frequent conflictual contacts were related to greater likelihoods of depression in both males and females (OR = 1.14, p<.05). However, interactions with the public were related to greater likelihoods of depression for males but lower likelihoods of depression for females (ORintercation = 1.21, p<.01). We theorize that some occupations may involve interpersonal experiences with negative emotional tones that make functional coping difficult and increase the risk of depression. In other occupations, these experiences have neutral tones and allow for functional coping strategies. Functional strategies are more often found in women than in men. PMID:25075855

  9. U.S. EPA, Pesticide Product Label, , 12/18/1974

    EPA Pesticide Factsheets

    2011-04-19

    ... dnt "luit' Dalk' I ~J ~I.'( t ' r)r( l1ljCf' r'\\;I.:,~e!rl') t lL'Rufne:.; "ht"'t' ~r\\t PH.' " ,. 1 r 11( rr,l:tf1: , . . , Io/'fJn,., (or~(~,\\ r~~ '~._;t,alt ,'_I t"')\\e-:t-dl ;(' Hlf· ...

  10. A kidney from hell? A nephrological view of the Whitechapel murders in 1888.

    PubMed

    Wolf, Gunter

    2008-10-01

    In the poor Whitechapel district of the East End of London in the fall of 1888, at least five prostitutes were brutally murdered, and in all but one case, also mutilated. The murderer was never caught and became known by his nickname 'Jack the Ripper'. The left kidney and the uterus were cut out and taken away from one of the victims named Catherine Eddowes. A kidney was also cut out of the body from another victim, but not taken away. Two weeks later, George Lusk, president of the Whitechapel Vigilance Committee, received a small cardboard box with half of a longitudinally divided kidney and a letter entitled 'From hell' claiming that the kidney inside the box was taken from the victim. The kidney was brought to Dr Thomas Horrocks Openshaw, the Curator of the London Pathological Museum, where the kidney could be microscopically examined. The press jumped on the topic and made a circumstantial case that this kidney had been indeed torn from the body of Catherine Eddowes. According to the later memoirs of Major Henry Smith of the City Police published more than 20 years after the incident, the kidney left in the corpse of Catherine Eddowes was in an advanced stage of Bright's disease and the kidney sent to George Lusk was in exactly a similar stage. Today, the majority of criminologists believe that the kidney sent to Mr Lusk was a hoax as were other letters signed with Jack the Ripper. However, the murderer took organs from his victims, and in the case of Catherine Eddowes, the kidney. Serial killers often mutilate their victims and abscond with the removed body parts as trophies. By removing the kidney from Catherine Eddowes, Jack the Ripper may have tried to take possession of the conscience, emotions and desires of one of his victims, attributes residing in the kidney as described in the Bible. Jack the Ripper was never caught; many suspects have been suggested, and the murder series ended as suddenly as it had begun. We will never know who this mentally

  11. Geomorphic Change Detection and Quantification Using LiDAR, SONAR and RTK-GPS of Sandbars along the Snake River in Hells Canyon

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Morehead, M. D.; Wilson, T.; Butler, M.; Seal, N.

    2012-12-01

    Sediment depletion downstream of large dams causes long-term geomorphic change along a river reach. Short- and long-term, natural and human-altered discharge patterns cause additional geomorphic change. Annual high-resolution, topobathymetry data are being collected on sandbars to track patterns of geomorphic and volumetric change through time. The sandbars are located along the Hells Canyon reach of the Snake River on the Oregon/Idaho border. The bars are downstream of a number of dams that have cut off the upstream source of sand to the Hells Canyon reach. We are combining LiDAR data for above water areas, multibeam SONAR data for below water areas and RTK-GPS data for the water/land interface and densely vegetated areas. Idaho Power has installed and surveyed a control point network to allow accurate positioning of the data and aligning of the various data sets. Data densities are a few points per square meter with the RTK-GPS, tens of points per square meter with the SONAR, and up to hundreds of points per square meter with the ground-based LiDAR. Automated and manual methods are being used to clean the point cloud data. A number of techniques are being used to convert the point clouds to grids, typically utilizing a unique technique for each data type (GPS, LiDAR, and SONAR). Surface roughness data are being used to determine the edges of the sand region, especially in the underwater area where we do not have visual confirmation of the boundary. After the different data types are gridded, they are combined to create seamless surfaces which are then analyzed. The morphologies of the central crest and the back channel of the sandbars are changing between years. In years with higher than average spring flows, the central crest of the sandbars increases in elevation and the back channels deepen. In years with moderate and low spring flows, the height of the crests decline and the back channels fill in. The flattening of the sandbars is attributed to natural

  12. Hells Canyon to the Bitterroot front: A transect from the accretionary margin eastward across the Idaho batholith

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Lewis, Reed S.; Smith, Keegan L.; Gaschnig, Richard M.; LaMaskin, Todd A.; Lund, Karen; Gray, Keith D.; Tikoff, Basil; Stetson-Lee, Tor; Moore, Nicholas

    2014-01-01

    This field guide covers geology across north-central Idaho from the Snake River in the west across the Bitterroot Mountains to the east to near Missoula, Montana. The regional geology includes a much-modified Mesozoic accretionary boundary along the western side of Idaho across which allochthonous Permian to Cretaceous arc complexes of the Blue Mountains province to the west are juxtaposed against autochthonous Mesoproterozoic and Neoproterozoic North American metasedimentary assemblages intruded by Cretaceous and Paleogene plutons to the east. The accretionary boundary turns sharply near Orofino, Idaho, from north-trending in the south to west-trending, forming the Syringa embayment, then disappears westward under Miocene cover rocks of the Columbia River Basalt Group. The Coolwater culmination east of the Syringa embayment exposes allochthonous rocks well east of an ideal steep suture. North and east of it is the Bitterroot lobe of the Idaho batholith, which intruded Precambrian continental crust in the Cretaceous and Paleocene to form one of the classical North American Cordilleran batholiths. Eocene Challis plutons, products of the Tertiary western U.S. ignimbrite flare-up, intrude those batholith rocks. This guide describes the geology in three separate road logs: (1) The Wallowa terrane of the Blue Mountains province from White Bird, Idaho, west into Hells Canyon and faults that complicate the story; (2) the Mesozoic accretionary boundary from White Bird to the South Fork Clearwater River east of Grangeville and then north to Kooskia, Idaho; and (3) the bend in the accretionary boundary, the Coolwater culmination, and the Bitterroot lobe of the Idaho batholith along Highway 12 east from near Lewiston, Idaho, to Lolo, Montana.

  13. Final Environmental Assessment: Military Family Housing Privatization at Keesler Air Force Base, Mississippi

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2010-02-01

    are· about four feet talt Male and female cranes are similar in appearance. All cranes have long ------necksrand-adult-eranes-poss~s-a- naked -red...they do not reach reproductive age until around 4 to 5 years of age (sometimes not until their " teens "), have large nesting territories, and frequently

  14. A new species of Ischyodus (Chondrichthyes: Holocephali: Callorhynchidae) from Upper Maastrichtian Shallow marine facies of the Fox Hills and Hell Creek Formations, Williston basin, North Dakota, USA

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Hoganson, J.W.; Erickson, J.M.

    2005-01-01

    A new species of chimaeroid, Ischyodus rayhaasi sp. nov., is described based primarily upon the number and configuration of tritors on palatine and mandibular tooth plates. This new species is named in honour of Mr Raymond Haas. Fossils of I. rayhaasi have been recovered from the Upper Maastrichtian Fox Hills Formation and the Breien Member and an unnamed member of the Hell Creek Formation at sites in south-central North Dakota and north-central South Dakota, USA. Ischyodus rayhaasi inhabited shallow marine waters in the central part of the Western Interior Seaway during the latest Cretaceous. Apparently it was also present in similar habitats at that time in the Volga region of Russia. Ischyodus rayhaasi is the youngest Cretaceous species Ischyodus known to exist before the Cretaceous/Tertiary extinction, and the species apparently did not survive that event. It was replaced by Ischyodus dolloi, which is found in the Paleocene Cannonball Formation of the Williston Basin region of North Dakota and is widely distributed elsewhere. ?? The Palaeontological Association.

  15. Growth of YBCO Thin Films on TiN(001) and CeO2-Coated TiN Surfaces

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2012-02-01

    Paranthaman, E.D. Specht , D.M. Kroeger, D.K. Christen, Q. He, B. Saffian, F.A. List, D.F. Lee, P.M. Martin, C.E. Klabunde, E. Hatfield, V.K. Sikka...Appl. Phys. Lett. 69 (1996) 1795. [4] M. Paranthaman, A. Goyal, F.A. List, E.D. Specht , D.F. Lee, P.M. Martin, Q. He, D.K. Christen, D.P. Norton, J.D

  16. Encapsulating Moral Dilemma through Short Story: Challenging Pre-Service Teachers to Critically Think about the Student/Teacher Personality and Leadership Dynamic

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Lennon, Sean M.

    2007-01-01

    Pre-service teachers and education students in three different classes (N = 53) were directed to read a short story by Mark Twain titled "Heaven or Hell?" written within a compilation of short stories late in his career. The story, "Heaven or Hell?" illustrates a koan, or an unanswerable moral or ethical dilemma. The students,…

  17. Problem Definition Study on TAX (1-acetylhexahydro-3,5-dinitro-1,3,5- triazine), SEX (1-acetyloctahydro-3,5,7-trinitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine), Lead Salicylate and Lead Beta-Resorcylate 2-Nitrodiphenylamine and Ethyl Centralite

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1979-07-01

    4 -Nitroaniline to Fish .............................. ... V-30 , V-7. Toxicity of Potential Ethyl Centralite Degradation Products and Related...disappearance of 1 4 C-RDX was found in aerobically incubated cultures. Sikka et al. (1978) studied the microbial degradation of RDX. Water collected...00 A4 0 AA AOA to0 QT N N 14.4 P4 04.) tAO 0 0M k C 4.4 fA t 11- 4 b. BioaccumulatiOn and Degradation No nfortmatio• as found on the

  18. Inquiry Response Security Issues with CGI Scripting and JAVA Implementations

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1998-03-26

    that looks like this? nobody@nowhere.com;mail badguys@hell.orgc/etc/ passwd ; Now the open0 statement will evaluate the following command: /usr/lib...sendmail nobody@nowhere.com; mail badguys@hell.orgdetc/ passwd Unintentionally, open0 has mailed the contents of the system password file to the remote...functions outside of the script. For example, the following URL requests a copy of /etc/ passwd from the server machine: http://www.odci.gov/cgi-bin

  19. Biotechnology patent challenged: ex-colleague seeks share of the credit.

    PubMed

    Budiansky, Stephen

    1982-11-25

    Dr. Robert Helling, supported by the University of Michigan, has decided to press a claim to co-ownership of two Cohen-Boyer genetic engineering patents assigned to Stanford and the University of California. This decision will likely delay further the issuing of the second patent, tentatively rejected by the Patent Office in part on the basis of Helling's unresolved role. It may also increase pressure for a re-examination of the first patent issued in 1980.

  20. The geochemistry of the Fox Hills-Basal Hell Creek Aquifer in southwestern North Dakota and northwestern South Dakota

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Thorstenson, Donald C.; Fisher, Donald W.; Croft, Mack G.

    1979-01-01

    The Late Cretaceous Fox Hills Formation and the basal portion of the overlying Hell Creek Formation constitute an important aquifer in the Fort Union coal region. Throughout most of southwestern North Dakota and northwestern South Dakota the aquifer is at depths ranging from 1000 to 2000 ft, except for exposures along the Cedar Creek anticline. Water flows in the aquifer from southwest to northeast, with flow rates of a few feet per year. The recharge and discharge areas of the aquifer are separated by a north-south trending transition zone in which significant changes in water chemistry occur. Dissolved constituents in the recharge area (the western part of the study area) are Na+ = 18 mmol/l, Cl− = 0.7 mmol/1, SO42− = 2.7 mmol/1, and HCO3− = 13 mmol/l (δ13C = −12‰) with pH = 8.5. Ca2+, Mg2+, and K+ are each less than 0.1 mmol/l, dissolved O2 = 0, and traces of H2S and CH4 are present. Computer modeling and carbon isotope data suggest the following reactions in the recharge area. CO2 derived from lignitic carbon reacts to dissolve carbonate minerals, with cations then being exchanged for Na+ on clay minerals. The high pH in the aquifer is the result of buffering by carbonate-ion exchange equilibria. In the discharge area, pH values have declined to 8.3, Cl− has increased from 0.7 to 5.5 mmol/l, with a parallel increase in Na+ SO42− has essentially disappeared, HCO3− has increased from 13 to 21 mmol/l (δ13C = −9‰), CH4 has attained concentrations greater than 0.5 mmol/l, and small amounts of He are present. Traces of H2S are present, and Ca2+, Mg2+, and K+concentrations remain low throughout the aquifer: These changes can be accounted for by reactions in the aquifer: (1) sulfate reduction to pyrite with lignitic material as the carbon source and (2) continuous buffering of pH by the carbonate-ion exchange equilibria. Chemical and hydrologic data suggest that the increase in NaCl results from upward movement of small volumes

  1. Genome-wide DNA methylation patterns in LSH mutant reveals de-repression of repeat elements and redundant epigenetic silencing pathways

    PubMed Central

    Yu, Weishi; McIntosh, Carl; Lister, Ryan; Zhu, Iris; Han, Yixing; Ren, Jianke; Landsman, David; Lee, Eunice; Briones, Victorino; Terashima, Minoru; Leighty, Robert; Ecker, Joseph R.

    2014-01-01

    Cytosine methylation is critical in mammalian development and plays a role in diverse biologic processes such as genomic imprinting, X chromosome inactivation, and silencing of repeat elements. Several factors regulate DNA methylation in early embryogenesis, but their precise role in the establishment of DNA methylation at a given site remains unclear. We have generated a comprehensive methylation map in fibroblasts derived from the murine DNA methylation mutant Hells−/− (helicase, lymphoid specific, also known as LSH). It has been previously shown that HELLS can influence de novo methylation of retroviral sequences and endogenous genes. Here, we describe that HELLS controls cytosine methylation in a nuclear compartment that is in part defined by lamin B1 attachment regions. Despite widespread loss of cytosine methylation at regulatory sequences, including promoter regions of protein-coding genes and noncoding RNA genes, overall relative transcript abundance levels in the absence of HELLS are similar to those in wild-type cells. A subset of promoter regions shows increases of the histone modification H3K27me3, suggesting redundancy of epigenetic silencing mechanisms. Furthermore, HELLS modulates CG methylation at all classes of repeat elements and is critical for repression of a subset of repeat elements. Overall, we provide a detailed analysis of gene expression changes in relation to DNA methylation alterations, which contributes to our understanding of the biological role of cytosine methylation. PMID:25170028

  2. Resolving the Timing of Events Around the Cretaceous-Paleogene Boundary

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Sprain, Courtney Jean

    Despite decades of study, the exact cause of the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary (KPB) mass extinction remains contentious. Hypothesized scenarios center around two main environmental perturbations: voluminous (>10 6 km3) volcanic eruptions from the Deccan Traps in modern-day India, and the large impact recorded by the Chicxulub crater. The impact hypothesis has gained broad support, bolstered by the discoveries of iridium anomalies, shocked quartz, and spherules at the KPB worldwide, which are contemporaneous with the Chicxulub impact structure. However, evidence for protracted extinctions, particularly in non-marine settings, and paleoenvironmental change associated with climatic swings before the KPB, challenge the notion that the impact was the sole cause of the KPB mass extinction. Despite forty years of study, the relative importance of each of these events is unclear, and one key inhibitor is insufficient resolution of existing geochronology. In this dissertation, I present work developing a high-precision global chronologic framework for the KPB that outlines the temporal sequence of biotic changes (both within the terrestrial and marine realms), climatic changes, and proposed perturbations (i.e. impact, volcanic eruptions) using 40Ar/39Ar geochronology and paleomagnetism. This work is focused on two major areas of study: 1) refining the timing and tempo of terrestrial ecosystem change around the KPB, and 2) calibrating the geomagnetic polarity timescale, and particularly the timing and duration of magnetic polarity chron C29r (the KPB falls about halfway into C29r). First I develop a high-precision chronostratigraphic framework for fluvial sediments within the Hell Creek region, in NE Montana, which is one of the best-studied terrestrial KPB sections worldwide. For this work I dated 15 tephra deposits with +/- 30 ka precision using 40Ar/ 39Ar geochronology, ranging in time from 300 ka before the KPB to 1 Ma after. By tying these results to paleontological

  3. Long-Distance Free Fall

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Gallant, Joseph

    1999-04-01

    One of the goals of physics education is to instill a sense of wonder in our students. We hope our natural curiosity will rub off on them and that they will apply the critical thinking skills we teach them to other aspects of their lives outside the classroom. As an example of this, consider the situation described in Milton's epic poem ``Paradise Lost''. Milton wrote that when the devil was cast out of heaven, he fell for nine days before landing in hell. In Milton's universe, hell is a separate place from Earth, but many people place hell at the center of the Earth. Based on these ideas, we can apply Newton's laws of motion to calculate the distance from heaven to Earth. This exercise is an example of the kind of intellectual exercise a physicist (or a physics student) might carry out when confronted with such information. We apply the basic principles of physics to a situation described in work of literature while making no attempt to validate or refute any philosophy, theology or ideology.

  4. To Hell with Privacy

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Kochersberger, Bob

    2009-01-01

    The author shares how he helps a student who is a drug addict and reflects about the role of teachers on the campus. He believes that most teachers on the faculty are caring individuals, often parents themselves who want the best for their students. But the author also realizes that teachers are pressed for time, have a wide range of conflicting…

  5. Medicolegal hell in Texas.

    PubMed Central

    Korcok, M

    1995-01-01

    In the ¿war zones¿ of Texas, lawyers use billboards, television commercials and Yellow Page advertisements to announce their availability to help the ¿unjustly injured,¿ and medicolegal lawsuits are as common as the rain that sweeps in from the nearby Gulf of Mexico. Almost 75% of the suits are dismissed without award or settlement, since many are plainly frivolous. However, even these can mean torment for physicians, who have to hire lawyers, answer charges, collect paperwork, take time off work for depositions and consultations, and then worry about how insurers will react the next time premiums are due--even if they are cleared. Texas estimates that defensive medicine practised because of legal fears costs the state at least $702 million annually, spending that is bound to continue as long as one lawsuit is filed annually for every 5.3 doctors in the state. PMID:7553498

  6. Limitations on K-T mass extinction theories based upon the vertebrate record

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Archibald, J. David; Bryant, Laurie J.

    1988-01-01

    Theories of extinction are only as good as the patterns of extinction that they purport to explain. Often such patterns are ignored. For the terminal Cretaceous events, different groups of organisms in different environments show different patterns of extinction that to date cannot be explained by a single causal mechanism. Several patterns of extinction (and/or preservational bias) can be observed for the various groups of vertebrates from the uppermost Cretaceous Hell Creek Formation and lower Paleocene Tullock Formation in eastern Montana. The taxonomic level at which the percentage of survivals (or extinctions) is calculated will have an effect upon the perception of faunal turnover. In addition to the better known mammals and better publicized dinosaurs, there are almost 60 additional species of reptiles, birds, amphibians, and fish in the HELL Creek Formation. Simple arithmetic suggests only 33 percent survival of these vertebrates from the Hell Creek Fm. into the Tullock Fm. A more critical examination of the data shows that almost all Hell Creek species not found in the Tullock are represented in one of the following categories; extremely rare forms, elasmobranch fish that underwent rapid speciation taxa that although not known or rare in the Tullock, are found elsewhere. Each of the categories is largely the result of the following biases: taphonomy, ecological differences, taxonomic artifact paleogeography. The two most important factors appear to be the possible taphonomic biases and the taxonomic artifacts. The extinction patterns among the vertebrates do not appear to be attributable to any single cause, catastrophic or otherwise.

  7. A footnote on the prehistory of interpretation of stellar colours

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Brosche, P.

    2001-10-01

    Father Maximilian Hell S.J. (1720-92) was one of the first astronomers to formulate a theory of aurorae. This paper speculates on the possibility that Hell somehow could have associated his theory with the colours of stars, possibly by assuming that in some stellar atmospheres frozen particles are prevailing whereas in other stellar atmospheres water droplets dominate; the first would be more white-yellow, the others could show all colours of the rainbow. Our main point consists in the fact that somebody had seen and recorded colours of stars as an intrinsic phenomenon which called for an explanation.

  8. Uptake of Rabies Control Measures by Dog Owners in Flores Island, Indonesia

    PubMed Central

    Wera, Ewaldus; Mourits, Monique C. M.; Hogeveen, Henk

    2015-01-01

    Background Rabies has been a serious public health threat in Flores Island, Indonesia since it was introduced in 1997. To control the disease, annual dog vaccination campaigns have been implemented to vaccinate all dogs free of charge. Nevertheless, the uptake rate of the vaccination campaigns has been low. The objective of this paper is to identify risk factors associated with the uptake of rabies control measures by individual dog owners in Flores Island. Methodology/principal findings A total of 450 dog owners from 44 randomly selected villages in the Sikka and Manggarai regencies were interviewed regarding their socio-demographic factors, knowledge of rabies, and their uptake of rabies control measures. The majority of dog owners surveyed (>90%) knew that rabies is a fatal disease and that it can be prevented. Moreover, 68% of the dog owners had a high level of knowledge about available rabies control measures. Fifty-two percent of the dog owners had had at least one of their dogs vaccinated during the 2012 vaccination campaign. Vaccination uptake was significantly higher for dog owners who resided in Sikka, kept female dogs for breeding, had an income of more than one million Rupiah, and had easy access to their village. The most important reasons not to join the vaccination campaign were lack of information about the vaccination campaign schedule (40%) and difficulty to catch the dog during the vaccination campaign (37%). Conclusions/significance Dog owners in Flores Island had a high level of knowledge of rabies and its control, but this was not associated with uptake of the 2012 vaccination campaign. Geographical accessibility was one of the important factors influencing the vaccination uptake among dog owners. Targeted distribution of information on vaccination schedules and methods to catch and restrain dogs in those villages with poor accessibility may increase vaccination uptake in the future. PMID:25782019

  9. This is How it Was...: In Four Parts

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Kogan, Ilya

    The following sections are included: * Part I - End of Childhood * Chapter 1 - A Thousand Years Before Our Era. June 15, 1941 * Chapter 2 - Farewell Childhood! August 18, 1941 * Chapter 3 - And They Came, Scourged By the Sun… Germans August 1941-June 1942 * Chapter 4 - Hell. Third Month in Hell. June 17, 1942 - October 31, 1942 * Chapter 5 - Third Day of the New Era. Policeman. November 3, 1942 * Chapter 6 - Happy Holiday, My Son! November 7, 1942 * Chapter 7 - My Dear Grachiki! November 13, 1942 * Chapter 8 - Mikhailovna and Pronya. Kettle. March 1943 * Chapter 9 - The Last… * Part II - Stalingrad * Part III - Glazov * Part IV - Kaddish

  10. Earth Observations taken by the Expedition 18 Crew

    NASA Image and Video Library

    2008-10-24

    ISS018-E-005321 (24 Oct. 2008) --- The Hell's Half Acre Lava Field in Idaho is featured in this image photographed by an Expedition 18 crewmember on the International Space Station. Located in eastern Idaho, the Hell's Half Acre Lava Field is the easternmost large field associated with the Snake River Plain that arcs across the center of the state. The abundant lava flows and other volcanic rocks of the Snake River Plain are thought to be the result of southwest passage of the North American tectonic plate over a fixed mantle plume or "hotspot". According to scientists, Volcanism attributed to the hotspot began approximately 15 million years ago in the western portion of the Plain, with lava fields becoming younger to the east -- with lavas erupted approximately 4,100 years ago, Hell's Half Acre is one of the youngest lava fields. Today, the center of hotspot volcanism is located in Yellowstone National Park and feeds the extensive geyser system there. Portions of the Hell's Half Acre Lava Field are designated as a National Natural Landmark and Wilderness Study Area. This detailed photograph illustrates the forbidding landscape of the basaltic lava field -- the complex ridge patterns of the black to grey-green flow surfaces, comprised of ropy pahoehoe and blocky A a lava, are clearly visible. Regions of tan soil surrounded by lava are known as kipukas -- these "islands" are windows onto the older underlaying soil surface as they were never covered by lava. The kipukas are used for agriculture (both crops and grazing) -- several green fields are visible to the northwest of Interstate Highway 15 (right). Light to dark mottling visible in the kipukas is most likely due to variations in moisture and disturbance by agricultural activities.

  11. Ionisation in ultra-cool, cloud forming extrasolar planetary atmospheres

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Helling, Christiane; the LEAP Team

    2015-04-01

    Transit spectroscopy provides evidence that extrasolare planets are covered in clouds, a finding that has been forecast by cloud model simulations 15 years ago. Atmospheres are strongly affected by clouds through their large opacity and their chemical activity. Cloud formation models allow to predict cloud particle sizes, their chemical composition and the composition of the remaining atmospheric gas (Woitke & Helling 2004, A&A 414; Helling & Woitke 2006, A&A 455), for example, as input for radiative transfer codes like Drift-Phoenix (Witte et al. 2009; A&A 506). These cloud particles are charged and can discharge, for example in form of lighting (Helling et al. 2013, ApJ 767; Bailey et al. 2014, ApJ 784). Earth observations demonstrate that lighting effects not only the local chemistry but also the electron budget of the atmosphere. This talk will present our work on cloud formation modelling and ionisation processes in cloud forming atmospheres. An hierarchy of ionisation processes leads to a vertically inhomogenously ionised atmosphere which has implications for planetary mass loss and global circulation pattern of planetary atmospheres. Processes involved, like Cosmic Ray ionisation, do also activate the local chemistry such that large hydrocarbon molecules form (Rimmer et al. 2014, IJAsB 13).

  12. White Sturgeon Management Plan in the Snake River between Lower Granite and Hells Canyon Dams; Nez Perce Tribe, 1997-2005 Final Report.

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Nez Perce Tribe Resources Management Staff,

    White sturgeon in the Hells Canyon reach (HCR) of the Snake River are of cultural importance to the Nez Perce Tribe. However, subsistence and ceremonial fishing opportunities have been severely limited as a result of low numbers of white sturgeon in the HCR. Hydrosystem development in the Columbia River Basin has depressed numbers and productivity of white sturgeon in the HCR by isolating fish in impounded reaches of the basin, restricting access to optimal rearing habitats, reducing the anadromous forage base, and modifying early life-history habitats. Consequently, a proactive management plan is needed to mitigate for the loss of whitemore » sturgeon production in the HCR, and to identify and implement feasible measures that will restore and rebuild the white sturgeon population to a level that sustains viability and can support an annual harvest. This comprehensive and adaptive management plan describes the goals, objectives, strategies, actions, and expected evaluative timeframes for restoring the white sturgeon population in the HCR. The goal of this plan, which is to maintain a viable, persistent population that can support a sustainable fishery, is supported by the following objectives: (1) a natural, stable age structure comprising both juveniles and a broad spectrum of spawning age-classes; (2) stable or increasing numbers of both juveniles and adults; (3) consistent levels of average recruitment to ensure future contribution to reproductive potential; (4) stable genetic diversity comparable to current levels; (5) a minimum level of abundance of 2,500 adults to minimize extinction risk; and (6) provision of an annual sustainable harvest of 5 kg/ha. To achieve management objectives, potential mitigative actions were developed by a Biological Risk Assessment Team (BRAT). Identified strategies and actions included enhancing growth and survival rates by restoring anadromous fish runs and increasing passage opportunities for white sturgeon, reducing mortality

  13. 36 CFR 292.48 - Grazing activities.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... RECREATION AREAS Hells Canyon National Recreation Area-Federal Lands § 292.48 Grazing activities. The... and located to minimize their impact on scenic, cultural, fish and wildlife, and other resources in... conditions which protect and conserve riparian areas. ...

  14. HARMONIC SPACE ANALYSIS OF PULSAR TIMING ARRAY REDSHIFT MAPS

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Roebber, Elinore; Holder, Gilbert, E-mail: roebbere@physics.mcgill.ca

    2017-01-20

    In this paper, we propose a new framework for treating the angular information in the pulsar timing array (PTA) response to a gravitational wave (GW) background based on standard cosmic microwave background techniques. We calculate the angular power spectrum of the all-sky gravitational redshift pattern induced at the Earth for both a single bright source of gravitational radiation and a statistically isotropic, unpolarized Gaussian random GW background. The angular power spectrum is the harmonic transform of the Hellings and Downs curve. We use the power spectrum to examine the expected variance in the Hellings and Downs curve in both cases.more » Finally, we discuss the extent to which PTAs are sensitive to the angular power spectrum and find that the power spectrum sensitivity is dominated by the quadrupole anisotropy of the gravitational redshift map.« less

  15. Microencapsulation of Lithium

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1985-12-31

    nuts, chestnuts, f ilberts, hazelnuts, pecans , walnuts (all nuts, in %hells). In other countries, the appropriate government regulatory agencies...75012 Paris, France, 10 Rue Villiot .. ...... . . . . . . 347.87-45 NEAR EAST 20124 Milan, Italy , Via Rosellini 12 ... ...... ...... 688.4563 Hemel

  16. "University?... Hell No!": Stammering through Education

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Butler, Clare

    2013-01-01

    Little research has addressed the effect of having a stammer on academic achievement, specifically progression into higher education. This study spans six decades of educational practice and shows few differences in participants' experiences. They describe their education as occasions of scant interaction, spatial segregation and limited…

  17. Not a Snowball's Chance in Hell.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Koontz, Jonathan W.

    1980-01-01

    Describes the involvement of administrators, faculty, and students in a successful publicity campaign designed to gain public backing for a referendum in support of Palm Beach Junior College, Florida. Examines various publicity tactics utilized, including newspaper advertisements and editorials, slideshows and lectures, and the distribution of…

  18. Primitive Earth: So Near to Hell

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Jastrow, Robert

    1973-01-01

    Discusses the atmospheric characteristics of the earth and their implications for the development of life on earth-like planets. Indicates that the chance of life developing on other planets is not as great as men might have thought. (CC)

  19. To Hell, with Dante and Students.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Ostarch, Valerie

    1981-01-01

    The process of creating a canto in imitation of Dante's "The Inferno" not only enables students to gain a sense of medieval morality and history but also allows them to have an imaginative understanding of their own lives and times. (RL)

  20. Mercury in the environment

    ScienceCinema

    Idaho National Laboratory - Mike Abbott

    2017-12-09

    Abbott works for Idaho National Laboratory as an environmental scientist. Using state-of-thescienceequipment, he continuously samples the air, looking for mercury. In turn, he'll analyzethis long-term data and try to figure out the mercury's point of or

  1. Environmental Investigations and Analyses for Los Angeles-Long Beach Harbors, Los Angeles, California, 1973-1976.

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1976-12-01

    Christine Yonai Fred Piltz Ichthyology Jay Carroll Karl Lyde John Helle Scott Ralston S. Ishikawa Steve Subber Catherine Kusick Catherine Terry...Charles Greaves Catherine Link Susan Harrison Julie Thompson Kaoru 0. Kendis Ismay Stanley Randall Kendis Marine Technicians Bruce Adams Gene Mummert

  2. DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Graves, Suzy

    Ranking criteria were developed to rate 19 tributaries on the Coeur d`Alene Indiana Reservation for potential of habitat enhancement for westslope cutthroat trout, Oncorhynchus clarki lewisi, and bull trout, Salvelinus malma. Cutthroat and bull trout habitat requirements, derived from an extensive literature review of each species, were compared to the physical and biological parameters of each stream observed during an aerial -- helicopter survey. Ten tributaries were selected for further study, using the ranking criteria that were derived. The most favorable ratings were awarded to streams that were located completely on the reservation, displayed highest potential for improvement and enhancement,more » had no barriers to fish migration, good road access, and a gradient acceptable to cutthroat and bull trout habitation. The ten streams selected for study were Bellgrove, Fighting, Lake, Squaw, Plummer, Little Plummer, Benewah, Alder, Hell`s Gulch and Evans creeks.« less

  3. Strategy for a Military Spiritual Self-Development Tool

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2008-12-12

    and Islam in the Middle East (the Hebrew prophets developed their monotheistic faith during this period), Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism in India......concepts such as the Bible , Jesus, the Holy Spirit, hell, and the devil, thereby making them insensitive to cultural differences and therefore

  4. 50 CFR 226.205 - Critical habitat for Snake River sockeye salmon, Snake River fall chinook salmon, and Snake River...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-10-01

    ... salmon, Snake River fall chinook salmon, and Snake River spring/summer chinook salmon. 226.205 Section... Snake River sockeye salmon, Snake River fall chinook salmon, and Snake River spring/summer chinook... River salmon (except reaches above impassable natural falls, and Dworshak and Hells Canyon Dams...

  5. 50 CFR 226.205 - Critical habitat for Snake River sockeye salmon, Snake River fall chinook salmon, and Snake River...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-10-01

    ... salmon, Snake River fall chinook salmon, and Snake River spring/summer chinook salmon. 226.205 Section... Snake River sockeye salmon, Snake River fall chinook salmon, and Snake River spring/summer chinook... River salmon (except reaches above impassable natural falls, and Dworshak and Hells Canyon Dams...

  6. 50 CFR 226.205 - Critical habitat for Snake River sockeye salmon, Snake River fall chinook salmon, and Snake River...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-10-01

    ... salmon, Snake River fall chinook salmon, and Snake River spring/summer chinook salmon. 226.205 Section... Snake River sockeye salmon, Snake River fall chinook salmon, and Snake River spring/summer chinook... River salmon (except reaches above impassable natural falls, and Dworshak and Hells Canyon Dams...

  7. World War II in Social Studies and Science Curricula.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Mayer, Victor J.

    2000-01-01

    Western educators are forgetting the need to impart knowledge about modern warfare's consequences. Science texts contain little about radiation damage. The nuclear bomb's destructiveness to humans and the biosphere should be a teacher responsibility in several curriculum areas. "War is hell" should be educators' main message. (Contains…

  8. The Moral Obligation of the Government to Recover POWs

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2012-03-12

    Freedom by James Rowe, and Surviving Hell by Leo Thorsness, several of a great many primary sources that tell autobiographically of life as a POW. A...from the collective social memory , allowing the government to politically maneuver itself for the next adversarial engagement. The political climate

  9. Research Outcomes and Their Applications.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Gagne, Robert M.

    1984-01-01

    Reviews articles by Shoemaker, Morell, and Smith that appear in this issue and summarizes their suggestions for translating research into practice. Other, more aggressive approaches--the "survival gambit," the "cost-effectiveness ploy," the "younger-generation-is-going-to-hell argument," and the "infiltration route"--are suggested. (MBR)

  10. Recherches sur l'histoire de l'astronomie ancienne

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Tannery, Paul

    2015-04-01

    Préface; 1. Ce que les Hellènes ont appelé astronomie; 2. Ce que les Hellènes ont appelé astrologie (cont.); 3. Les mathématiciens alexandrins; 4. Les postulats de l'astronomie d'après Ptlolémée et les auteurs élémentaires; 5. La sphéricité de la terre et la mesure de sa circonférence; 6. Le mouvement général des planètes; 7. Les cercles de la sphère; 8. La longueur de l'année solaire; 9. Les tables du soleil; 10. Les périodes d'Hipparque pour les mouvements lunaires; 11. Les tables de la lune; 12. Les parallaxes du soleil et de la lune; 13. Les prédictions d'éclipses; 14. La théorie des planètes; 15. Le catalogue des fixes; Appendice; Errata.

  11. 75 FR 22699 - Final Flood Elevation Determinations

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-04-30

    ... from the requirements of 44 CFR part 10, Environmental Consideration. An environmental impact..., Nebraska, and Incorporated Areas Docket No.: FEMA-B-7759 Hell Creek Approximately 100 feet +1038 City of La... of Homeland Security, Federal Emergency Management Agency. [FR Doc. 2010-10053 Filed 4-29-10; 8:45 am...

  12. 36 CFR 292.47 - Mining activities.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... 36 Parks, Forests, and Public Property 2 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Mining activities. 292.47 Section 292.47 Parks, Forests, and Public Property FOREST SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE NATIONAL RECREATION AREAS Hells Canyon National Recreation Area-Federal Lands § 292.47 Mining activities. (a) Other...

  13. 36 CFR 292.47 - Mining activities.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... 36 Parks, Forests, and Public Property 2 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Mining activities. 292.47 Section 292.47 Parks, Forests, and Public Property FOREST SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE NATIONAL RECREATION AREAS Hells Canyon National Recreation Area-Federal Lands § 292.47 Mining activities. (a) Other...

  14. 36 CFR 292.47 - Mining activities.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... 36 Parks, Forests, and Public Property 2 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Mining activities. 292.47 Section 292.47 Parks, Forests, and Public Property FOREST SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE NATIONAL RECREATION AREAS Hells Canyon National Recreation Area-Federal Lands § 292.47 Mining activities. (a) Other...

  15. 36 CFR 292.47 - Mining activities.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... 36 Parks, Forests, and Public Property 2 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Mining activities. 292.47 Section 292.47 Parks, Forests, and Public Property FOREST SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE NATIONAL RECREATION AREAS Hells Canyon National Recreation Area-Federal Lands § 292.47 Mining activities. (a) Other...

  16. 50 CFR Table 3 to Part 226 - Hydrologic Units Containing Critical Habitat for Snake River Sockeye Salmon and Snake River...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-10-01

    ... Habitat for Snake River Sockeye Salmon and Snake River Spring/Summer and Fall Chinook Salmon 3 Table 3 to... Spring/Summer and Fall Chinook Salmon Hydrologic unit name Hydrologic unit number Sockeye salmon Spring/summer chinook salmon Fall chinook salmon Hells Canyon 17060101 17060101 Imnaha 17060102 17060102 Lower...

  17. 50 CFR Table 3 to Part 226 - Hydrologic Units Containing Critical Habitat for Snake River Sockeye Salmon and Snake River...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-10-01

    ... Habitat for Snake River Sockeye Salmon and Snake River Spring/Summer and Fall Chinook Salmon 3 Table 3 to... Spring/Summer and Fall Chinook Salmon Hydrologic unit name Hydrologic unit number Sockeye salmon Spring/summer chinook salmon Fall chinook salmon Hells Canyon 17060101 17060101 Imnaha 17060102 17060102 Lower...

  18. 50 CFR Table 3 to Part 226 - Hydrologic Units Containing Critical Habitat for Snake River Sockeye Salmon and Snake River...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-10-01

    ... Habitat for Snake River Sockeye Salmon and Snake River Spring/Summer and Fall Chinook Salmon 3 Table 3 to... Spring/Summer and Fall Chinook Salmon Hydrologic unit name Hydrologic unit number Sockeye salmon Spring/summer chinook salmon Fall chinook salmon Hells Canyon 17060101 17060101 Imnaha 17060102 17060102 Lower...

  19. 77 FR 39694 - National Currents Energy Services, LLC; Notice of Declaration of Intention and Petition for...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-07-05

    ... Sea Dragon Tidal Turbine; (2) a vessel-based deployment Principal Project Works or Structural Support... Services, LLC. e. Name of Project: Wards Island Tidal Energy Project. f. Location: The proposed Wards Island Tidal Energy Project will be located off the south shore of Wards Island, in the Hell Gate...

  20. Rocks, resolution, and the record at the terrestrial K/T boundary, eastern Montana and western North Dakota

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Fastovsky, D. E.

    1988-01-01

    Reconstructions of mass extinction events are based upon faunal patterns, reconstructed from numerical and diversity data ultimately derived from rocks. It follows that geological complexity must not be subsumed in the desire to establish patterns. This is exemplified at the Terrestrial Cretaceous-Tertiary (K/T) boundary in eastern Montana and western North Dakota, where there are represented all of the major indicators of the terrestrial K/T transition: dinosaurian and non-dinosaurian vertebrate faunas, pollen, a megaflora, iridium, and shocked quartz. It is the patterns of these indicators that shape ideas about the terrestrial K/T transition. In eastern Montana and western North Dakota, the K/T transition is represented lithostratigraphically by the Cretaceous Hell Creek Formation, and the Tertiary Tullock Formation. Both of these are the result of aggrading, meandering, fluvial systems, a fact that has important consequences for interpretations of fossils they contain. Direct consequences of the fluvial depositional environments are: facies are lenticular, interfingering, and laterally discontinuous; the occurrence of fossils in the Hell Creek and Tullock formations is facies-dependent; and the K/T sequence in eastern Montana and western North Dakota is incomplete, as indicated by repetitive erosional contacts and soil successions. The significance for faunal patterns of lenticular facies, facies-dependent preservation, and incompleteness is discussed. A project attempting to reconstruct vertebrate evolution in a reproducible manner in Hell Creek-type sediments must be based upon a reliable scale of correlations, given the lenticular nature of the deposits, and a recognition of the fact that disparate facies are not comparable in terms of either numbers of preserved vertebrates or depositional rates.

  1. Evaluation of the hydrologic system and potential effects of mining in the Dickinson lignite area, eastern slope and western Stark and Hettinger counties, North Dakota

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Armstrong, C.A.

    1984-01-01

    The investigation of the water resources of the Dickinson lignite area, an area of about 500 square miles, was undertaken to define the hydrologic system of the area and to project probable effects of coal mining on the system.Aquifers occur in sandstone beds in: the Fox Hills Sandstone and the lower Hell Creek Formation of Cretaceous age, the upper Hell Creek Formation of Cretaceous age and the lower Ludlow Member of the Fort Union Formation of Tertiary age, and the upper Ludlow and lower Tongue River Members of the Fort Union Formation of Tertiary age. Aquifers also occur in the sandstone and lignite lenses in the upper Tongue River Member and the Sentinel Butte Member of the Fort Union Formation. Depths to the Fox Hills-lower Hell Creek aquifer system range from about 1,300 to 1,710 feet. Well yields range from 18 to 100 gallons per minute. The water is soft and is a sodium bicarbonate type. Dissolvedsolids concentrations in samples collected from the aquifer system ranged from 1,230 to 1,690 milligrams per liter.Depths to the upper Hell Creek-lower Ludlow aquifer system range from about 720 to 1,040 feet. Well yields generally are less than 30 gallons per minute but may be as much as 150 gallons per minute. The water is soft and a sodium bicarbonate type. Dissolved-solids concentrations in samples collected from the aquifer system ranged from 1,010 to 1,450 milligrams per liter.Depths to the upper Ludlow-lower Tongue River aquifer system range from about 440 to 713 feet. Well yields may range from about 1 to 100 gallons per minute. The water generally is soft and a sodium bicarbonate type but may be moderately hard and a sulfate type in the southwestern part of the area. Dissolved-solids concentrations in samples collected from the aquifer system ranged from 995 to 1,990 milligrams per liter. Depths to the upper Tongue River-Sentinel Butte aquifer system range from near land surface to about 530 feet below land surface. Well yields generally range from about 1

  2. The Hispano Ranchos of Northern New Mexico: Continuity and Change. Teaching with Historic Places.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Koman, Rita G.

    Northern New Mexico boasts river valleys surrounded by snow covered mountains. But it is also harsh and unforgiving. One settler called it a "glorious hell." The "Hispanos," as the early Spanish settlers and their descendants were called, and the "Anglos," the immigrants from the east, were often in conflict. The…

  3. 36 CFR 292.47 - Mining activities.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... 36 Parks, Forests, and Public Property 2 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Mining activities. 292.47... RECREATION AREAS Hells Canyon National Recreation Area-Federal Lands § 292.47 Mining activities. (a) Other Lands. The standards and guidelines of this section apply to mining activities in the Other Lands...

  4. 36 CFR 292.44 - Use of motorized and mechanical equipment.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... 36 Parks, Forests, and Public Property 2 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Use of motorized and mechanical equipment. 292.44 Section 292.44 Parks, Forests, and Public Property FOREST SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE NATIONAL RECREATION AREAS Hells Canyon National Recreation Area-Federal Lands § 292.44 Use of...

  5. 36 CFR 292.44 - Use of motorized and mechanical equipment.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... 36 Parks, Forests, and Public Property 2 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Use of motorized and mechanical equipment. 292.44 Section 292.44 Parks, Forests, and Public Property FOREST SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE NATIONAL RECREATION AREAS Hells Canyon National Recreation Area-Federal Lands § 292.44 Use of...

  6. 36 CFR 292.44 - Use of motorized and mechanical equipment.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... 36 Parks, Forests, and Public Property 2 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Use of motorized and mechanical equipment. 292.44 Section 292.44 Parks, Forests, and Public Property FOREST SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE NATIONAL RECREATION AREAS Hells Canyon National Recreation Area-Federal Lands § 292.44 Use of...

  7. 78 FR 73186 - Wallowa-Whitman National Forests, Oregon; Lower Imnaha Rangeland Analysis

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-12-05

    ... Creek, Cow Creek, and a portion of the Snake River watersheds of the Hells Canyon National Recreation... associated watersheds downstream of the Imnaha River Bridge ``Cow Creek Bridge'', and watersheds from Deep... allotments: Cow Creek, Lone Pine, Rhodes Creek, and Toomey, all of which are in Wallowa County, Oregon. This...

  8. Hurricane Harvey & Houston: Hell or High Water

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Bedient, P. B.

    2017-12-01

    Harvey was the largest rainfall and most damaging flood event in US history. By all measures the widespread impact was a devastating blow to all of Houston and surrounding areas. It dropped between 36 and 52 inches along the Texas coast over 5 days, exceeding all previous rainfall records, with up to 20 inches in a day. However, two earlier events from 2015 and 2016 also brought widespread flooding to many parts of Houston, especially concentrated in a few watersheds. Most bayous during Harvey were over bank by as much as 10 ft, and flooded an estimated 136000 homes in Harris county alone, greatly exceeding the massive TS Allison impact of 2001. While the area deals with a significant recovery effort, there is a massive call to action on the part of politicians, governmental agencies, and those affected by this event. There is need for a better statistical basis of rainfalls and floodplain mapping in Houston. Development patterns and density have come into question, as homes have been either built in 100 yr floodplains or taken into those floodplains over time. Estimates say > 47 % of homes flooded in TS Allison were outside the floodplain. Many homes were built behind Addicks/Barker reservoirs that protect downtown, many with no knowledge that they were in harms way (over 8000 were flooded there alone), and flooded as water reached record setting levels. New technologies have allowed the measurement and prediction of floods to make great strides since the mid 1990s, (Radar, LIDAR, GIS, hydrologic models, floodplain updates) and the Houston area has benefited from these efforts. While the plan going forward is daunting, there are a number of positive steps that are occurring and should lead to more resiliency. There needs to be policy changes on storage and detention requirements, green space & infrastructure improvements, and perhaps a third regional reservoir above Addicks. Also there is a renewed interest in flood warning systems to better inform the public about risk within specific watersheds. There is still a great deal of suffering out there after Harvey, but the three big floods we have just seen should cause a change in the way Houston addresses floodplains and develops into the future.

  9. Hello...Hello...This Is the Poet Speaking...Do You Read Me...?

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Gibbons, Maurice

    1972-01-01

    In dialogue between Poet" and English teacher", author writes, Kids will know a hell of a lot more about poetry if they read, experience, enjoy, talk, probe, criticize, respond and create...than if they line-by-line a few set poems." His thesis: the set poetry curriculum turns pupils off. (Author/PD)

  10. Breakdown: Mind Terror in Sylvia Plath and Doris Lessing.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Ahearn, Marie

    Both Sylvia Plath and Doris Lessing use themes prevalent in Gothic horror tales--fear, madness, dissolution of personality, the dream journey, and the grotesque--but both writers make use of these themes in their own inimitable way. This paper discusses Plath's "The Bell Jar" and Lessing's "Briefing for a Descent into Hell" in…

  11. 36 CFR 292.24 - Determination of compliance and noncompliance.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... land is assigned (§ 292.23); (ii) The use of development that exists or that is proposed for the property; (iii) A statement as to whether a change in the land category assignment will be necessary to..., DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE NATIONAL RECREATION AREAS Hells Canyon National Recreation Area-Private Lands § 292...

  12. Development and Psychometric Evaluation of the Military Suicide Attitudes Questionnaire (MSAQ)

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2015-05-12

    selfish 42 People who kill themselves will burn in hell 43 Someone who kills themselves must not believe in an afterlife 44 Those who attempt suicide...who attempt suicide will be punished in the afterlife 62 God will forgive those who take their own life 63 Chaplains should be required to report

  13. 40 CFR 81.425 - Oregon.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... 40 Protection of Environment 17 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Oregon. 81.425 Section 81.425... Visibility Is an Important Value § 81.425 Oregon. Area name Acreage Public Law establishing Federal land... Hells Canyon Wilderness, 192,700 acres overall, of which 108,900 acres are in Oregon, and 83,800 acres...

  14. 40 CFR 81.425 - Oregon.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... 40 Protection of Environment 18 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Oregon. 81.425 Section 81.425... Visibility Is an Important Value § 81.425 Oregon. Area name Acreage Public Law establishing Federal land... Hells Canyon Wilderness, 192,700 acres overall, of which 108,900 acres are in Oregon, and 83,800 acres...

  15. 40 CFR 81.425 - Oregon.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... 40 Protection of Environment 18 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Oregon. 81.425 Section 81.425... Visibility Is an Important Value § 81.425 Oregon. Area name Acreage Public Law establishing Federal land... Hells Canyon Wilderness, 192,700 acres overall, of which 108,900 acres are in Oregon, and 83,800 acres...

  16. 40 CFR 81.425 - Oregon.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... 40 Protection of Environment 18 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Oregon. 81.425 Section 81.425... Visibility Is an Important Value § 81.425 Oregon. Area name Acreage Public Law establishing Federal land... Hells Canyon Wilderness, 192,700 acres overall, of which 108,900 acres are in Oregon, and 83,800 acres...

  17. 40 CFR 81.425 - Oregon.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... 40 Protection of Environment 17 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Oregon. 81.425 Section 81.425... Visibility Is an Important Value § 81.425 Oregon. Area name Acreage Public Law establishing Federal land... Hells Canyon Wilderness, 192,700 acres overall, of which 108,900 acres are in Oregon, and 83,800 acres...

  18. Compensating Scientism through "The Black Hole."

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Roth, Lane

    The focal image of the film "The Black Hole" functions as a visual metaphor for the sacred, order, unity, and eternal time. The black hole is a symbol that unites the antinomic pairs of conscious/unconscious, water/fire, immersion/emersion, death/rebirth, and hell/heaven. The black hole is further associated with the quest for…

  19. Identifying Contradictions in Science Education Activity Using the Change Laboratory Methodology

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Kornelaki, Athina Christina; Plakitsi, Katerina

    2018-01-01

    The study is based on an implementation of the basic steps of the Change Laboratory methodology (Engeström, Virkkunen, Helle, Pihlaja & Poikela, 1996) at the University of Ioannina. It was derived by a discussion with master's students during a course about science education curricula in pre-school and primary education and their effectiveness…

  20. An Analysis of Tactical Military Airlift

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1997-09-01

    an officer; Ashley Donoho and Walinda Enoch, my brother and sister; and Shane Dies, my best friend, who taught me to play guitar - a hobby that has...1969: 29). The book Hell in a Very Small Place, a classic history of Dienbienphu by Bernard B. Fall, made many people in the United States skeptical

  1. Mortal Imperfection: The Revenge of the Social Animal in "Heart of Darkness" and "Moby Dick"

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Sumbal, Maqsood

    2014-01-01

    This paper seeks to explore and peek into the psychological hell of the so-called superior beings who, in their megalomaniacal intentions make the world a difficult place to live for some groups based on ethnicity, culture, race, religion, and other differences. It looks into the duplicity and double standards of people and the way they exploit a…

  2. Moving Clocks Do Not Always Appear to Slow down: Don't Neglect the Doppler Effect

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Wang, Frank

    2013-01-01

    In popular accounts of the time dilation effect in Einstein's special relativity, one often encounters the statement that moving clocks run slow. For instance, in the acclaimed PBS program "NOVA," Professor Brian Greene says, "[I]f I walk toward that guy... he'll perceive my watch ticking slower." Also in his earlier piece for The New York Times,…

  3. Precision Atomic Beam Spectroscopy Using Stabilized Lasers.

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1985-06-30

    spacer (a Zerodur rod 15 cm dia. by 30 cm length) under ir I MN, M A 9 differentials of its own weight. A powerful tilt stabilization concept has been...1120-2523 (1936). 3504. Jo L. Hell, No Len -Sheng and G. Kramer,’Prinuiples of *ptical phase lock ng: :ith eppr catien to internal mirror Ne-o

  4. Against the Intentional Fallacy: Legocentrism and Continuity in the Rhetoric of Indian Dispossession

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Wolfe, Patrick

    2012-01-01

    The road of US Indian law and policy, like its companion to hell, is paved with good intentions. Critics of its generally diabolic outcomes have had little difficulty demonstrating the moral chasm between the appealing rhetoric in which a policy or judgment was framed and the oppressive consequences to which it practically conduced. With a nod to…

  5. 36 CFR 292.40 - Purpose and scope.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... amended (89 Stat. 1117, 16 U.S.C. 460gg et seq.). (b) Scope. Management of National Forest System lands... 36 Parks, Forests, and Public Property 2 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Purpose and scope. 292.40... RECREATION AREAS Hells Canyon National Recreation Area-Federal Lands § 292.40 Purpose and scope. (a) Purpose...

  6. 36 CFR 292.40 - Purpose and scope.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... amended (89 Stat. 1117, 16 U.S.C. 460gg et seq.). (b) Scope. Management of National Forest System lands... 36 Parks, Forests, and Public Property 2 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Purpose and scope. 292.40... RECREATION AREAS Hells Canyon National Recreation Area-Federal Lands § 292.40 Purpose and scope. (a) Purpose...

  7. 36 CFR 292.40 - Purpose and scope.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... amended (89 Stat. 1117, 16 U.S.C. 460gg et seq.). (b) Scope. Management of National Forest System lands... 36 Parks, Forests, and Public Property 2 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Purpose and scope. 292.40... RECREATION AREAS Hells Canyon National Recreation Area-Federal Lands § 292.40 Purpose and scope. (a) Purpose...

  8. 36 CFR 292.40 - Purpose and scope.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... amended (89 Stat. 1117, 16 U.S.C. 460gg et seq.). (b) Scope. Management of National Forest System lands... 36 Parks, Forests, and Public Property 2 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Purpose and scope. 292.40... RECREATION AREAS Hells Canyon National Recreation Area-Federal Lands § 292.40 Purpose and scope. (a) Purpose...

  9. 36 CFR 292.40 - Purpose and scope.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... amended (89 Stat. 1117, 16 U.S.C. 460gg et seq.). (b) Scope. Management of National Forest System lands... 36 Parks, Forests, and Public Property 2 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Purpose and scope. 292.40... RECREATION AREAS Hells Canyon National Recreation Area-Federal Lands § 292.40 Purpose and scope. (a) Purpose...

  10. "A Heaven of Hell, a Hell of Heaven": "His Dark Materials," Inverted Theology, and the End of Philip Pullman's Authority

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Padley, Jonathan; Padley, Kenneth

    2006-01-01

    This article argues that Philip Pullman's "His Dark Materials" may be read as a series which attempts to assault the Christian doctrine of God. We believe that this demonstrably accords with Pullman's personal views, and that, through his story, he seeks to foster such views in his readership. However, the accuracy of his attack falls short of its…

  11. Odysseus Deconstructed: Crossing the Threshold into Critical Thinking

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Howell, Emily Nicole

    2012-01-01

    In a thematic study she calls The Hero's Journey, the author introduces the classical archetype of the hero and the journey of the hero with Homer's "The Odyssey." After all, the wily tactician dreams up the idea for the wooden horse trick, thereby winning the war for the Greeks. He visits hell and, against all odds, makes it back. He defeats the…

  12. Teaching Students to Show, Not Tell

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Spitzer, Mark

    2012-01-01

    In his epic poem "A Season in Hell," the surly French poet Arthur Rimbaud proposes that the Devil likes writing that lacks "descriptive" qualities. Rimbaud then makes a stand in favor of descriptive writing by offering "these hideous pages from [his] notes of the damned." The author would not go so far as to say that nondescriptive writing is evil…

  13. Outlook: The Next Twenty Years

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Murayama, Hitoshi

    2003-12-07

    I present an outlook for the next twenty years in particle physics. I start with the big questions in our field, broken down into four categories: horizontal, vertical, heaven, and hell. Then I discuss how we attack the bigquestions in each category during the next twenty years. I argue for a synergy between many different approaches taken in our field.

  14. Giardia Myth-Buster: How Hearsay and Anecdotal Evidence Has Created a False Industry Standard

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Schlimmer, Erik

    2009-01-01

    There are many things outdoor educators agree on. For example, a warm meal feels great at the end of the day. Cotton fabrics take forever to dry in the field and should thus be avoided. Most small groups generate less impact than large groups do. Mosquitoes and black flies come straight from hell. And, all backcountry water must be treated due to…

  15. "Arising from Sullen Earth": The 52nd Street Project's Transformative Teen Shakespeare Project

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Sandberg-Zakian, Megan

    2010-01-01

    The author of this document spent time as the Associate Artistic Director of The 52nd Street Project, a not-for-profit theater company dedicated to the creation and production of new plays for, and often by, kids between the ages of nine and eighteen that reside in the Hell's Kitchen neighborhood of New York City. Through a series of unique…

  16. Effects of Climatic Variability and Change on Upland Vegetation in the Blue Mountains [Chapter 6].

    Treesearch

    Becky K. Kerns; David C. Powell; Sabine Mellmann-Brown; Gunnar Carnwath; John Kim

    2017-01-01

    The Blue Mountains ecoregion (BME) extends from the Ochoco Mountains in central Oregon to Hells Canyon of the Snake River in extreme northeastern Oregon and adjacent Idaho, and then north to the deeply carved canyons and basalt rimrock of southeastern Washington (see fig. 1.1 in chapter 1). The BME consists of a series of mountain ranges occurring in a southwest to...

  17. Neutrinos from Hell: the Dawn of Neutrino Geophysics

    ScienceCinema

    Gratta, Giorgio

    2018-02-26

    Seismic waves have been for long time the only messenger reporting on the conditions deep inside the Earth. While global seismology provides amazing details about the structure of our planet, it is only sensitive to the mechanical properties of rocks and not to their chemical composition. In the last 5 years KamLAND and Borexino have started measuring anti-neutrinos produced by Uranium and Thorium inside the Earth. Such "Geoneutrinos" double the number of tools available to study the Earth's interior, enabling a sort of global chemical analysis of the planet, albeit for two elements only. I will discuss the results of these new measurements and put them in the context of the Earth Sciences.

  18. Hell and High Water: Practice-Relevant Adaptation Science

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Moss, Richard H.; Meehl, G.; Lemos, Maria Carmen

    2013-11-08

    Recent extreme weather such as Hurricane Sandy and the 2012 drought demonstrate the vulnerability of the United States to climate extremes in the present and point to the potential for increased future damages under a changing climate. They also provide lessons for reducing harm and realizing any potential benefits. Preparedness measures – also referred to as adaptation – can cost-effectively increase resilience today and in the future. The upfront costs will be more than offset by reductions in property damage, lives and livelihoods lost, and expensive post-disaster recovery processes. While others have addressed use of science for adaptation in specificmore » sectors including biodiversity (Heller and Zavaleta, 2009) and freshwater ecosystem management (Wilby et al., 2010), or by simply taking a more pragmatic approach to adaptation under uncertainty (Hallegatte, 2009), here the authors make the case that a new, comprehensive approach is needed to create and use science to inform adaptations with applicable and sound knowledge (Kerr et al., 2011).« less

  19. School Is Hell: Gendered Fears in Teenage Horror.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Jarvis, Christine

    2001-01-01

    Explores the use of schools as settings for teenage horror films. Asserts that these narratives reflect the stress of social pressures and uncertainties, particularly young girls. Focuses on the television show, "Buffy the Vampire Slayer," while making this argument. Includes references. (CMK)

  20. Teaching Human Rights? "All Hell Will Break Loose!"

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Cassidy, Claire; Brunner, Richard; Webster, Elaine

    2014-01-01

    Human rights education is a prominent concern of a number of international organisations and has been dominant on the United Nations' agenda for the past 20 years. The UN Decade for Human Rights Education (1995-2004) has been followed by the World Programme for Human Rights Education (2005-ongoing) and the recently adopted UN Declaration on Human…

  1. Hydrogeology and simulation of water flow in strata above Bearpaw Shale and equivalents of eastern Montana and northeastern Wyoming

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Hotchkiss, W.R.; Levings, J.F.

    1986-01-01

    The Powder River, Bull Mountains, and Williston basins of Montana and Wyoming were investigated to understand the geohydrology and subsurface water flow. Rocks were separated into: Fox Hills-lower Hell Creek aquifer (layer 1), upper Hell Creek confining layer (layer 2), Tullock aquifer (layer 3), Lebo confining layer (layer 4), and Tongue River aquifer (layer 5). Aquifer transmissivities were estimated from ratios of sand and shale and adjusted for kinematic viscosity and compaction. Vertical hydraulic conductance per unit area between layers was estimated. Potentiometric surface maps were drawn from limited data. A three-dimensional finite-difference model was used for simulation. Five stages of simulation decreased and standard error of estimate for hydraulic head from 135 to 110 feet for 739 observation nodes. The resulting mean transmissivities for layers 1-5 were 443, 191, 374, 217, and 721 sq ft/d. The corresponding mean vertical hydraulic conductances per unit area between the layers were simulated; they ranged from 0.000140 to 0.0000150. Mean annual recharge across the study area was about 0.26 percent of average annual precipitation. Large volumes of interlayer flow indicate the vertical flow may be significant. (USGS)

  2. Medical Surveillance Monthly Report (MSMR). Volume 20, Number 7

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2013-07-01

    involves social support, education, group therapy, mind- body medicine, virtual reality , hypnosis , spiritual counseling, cognitive behavioral therapy...deaths of innocent civilians including children. Sometimes the reality of what these service members have experienced is inde- scribable and usually...Th is month’s edition of the MSMR highlights the stark reality that “war is hell.” Forceful and intense physical and mental stress is a natural

  3. Early Treatment in Shock

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2007-06-01

    Dehydroepiandrosterone protects muscle flap microcirculatory hemodynamics from ischemia / reperfusion injury : an experimental in vivo study. J Trauma. 1997...haemorrhagic shock and reperfusion . British J of Pharmacol, 1986; 89:149-155 2 . Van Way, CW III, Dhar, A, Reddy R, Evans, L, Wogahn B, Helling TS. Changes in...grammed cell death, apoptosis, is a major pathway causing reperfusion injury . During apoptosis, cytosolic cytochrome-c is released from damaged

  4. Sample Archaeological Survey of Public Use Areas, Milford Lake, Kansas

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1982-09-01

    6,000 B.C. Llano -(Clovis projectile points) Lindenmeier - (Folsom projectile points) Plano -(Plainview, Angostora, Hell Gap, Scotts- bluff, etc...plain, flaring or S-form rims, shell tempered, plain surfaced pottery with low rolled rims 0 and incised alternating hatched triangles on the...tempered pottery with a marked collar rim incised with zig-zags, herringbone and hatched alternating triangles; unnotched triangular arrow points; French

  5. Formation of Ground Truth Databases and Related Studies and Regional Seismic Monitoring Research

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2006-06-01

    denoted by black circles) and those derived by the combined use of both IRIS and revised IDC for all 70 Chinese events. Arrows point towards the...IRIS data provide a large number of additional Lg amvals. Figure 45. Differences in epicentral location between the original REB (denoted by black ...Washington, USA Haystack Fork , Wyoming, USA Hells Canyon, Colorado, USA Hiawatha Road, Colorado, USA Hockley, Texas, USA Hailey, Idaho, USA Honiara

  6. 36 CFR 294.29 - List of designated Idaho Roadless Areas.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... 019 X X Boise Bear Wallow 125 X X Boise Bernard 029 X X Boise Black Lake 036 X X Boise Blue Bunch 923... Meadows 027 X X Boise Ten Mile/Black Warrior 013 X X X X Boise Tennessee 033 X X Boise Whiskey 031 X Boise...-Spring Creek 111 X X X X Caribou Gibson 181 X X Caribou Hell Hole 168 X X Caribou Huckleberry Basin 165 X...

  7. 36 CFR 294.29 - List of designated Idaho Roadless Areas.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ...-Spring Creek 111 X X X X Caribou Gibson 181 X X Caribou Hell Hole 168 X X Caribou Huckleberry Basin 165 X... Mink 151 X X X Caribou Williams Creek 174 X X X Caribou Worm Creek 170 X X X Challis Blue Bunch... Creek 509 X X Salmon South Panther 504 X Salmon Taylor Mountain 902 X Salmon West Big Hole 943 X X X X...

  8. 36 CFR 294.29 - List of designated Idaho Roadless Areas.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ...-Spring Creek 111 X X X X Caribou Gibson 181 X X Caribou Hell Hole 168 X X Caribou Huckleberry Basin 165 X... Mink 151 X X X Caribou Williams Creek 174 X X X Caribou Worm Creek 170 X X X Challis Blue Bunch... Mountain 902 X Salmon West Big Hole 943 X X X X Salmon West Panther Creek 504 X Sawtooth Black Pine 003 X X...

  9. 36 CFR 294.29 - List of designated Idaho Roadless Areas.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ...-Spring Creek 111 X X X X Caribou Gibson 181 X X Caribou Hell Hole 168 X X Caribou Huckleberry Basin 165 X... Mink 151 X X X Caribou Williams Creek 174 X X X Caribou Worm Creek 170 X X X Challis Blue Bunch... Creek 509 X X Salmon South Panther 504 X Salmon Taylor Mountain 902 X Salmon West Big Hole 943 X X X X...

  10. The psychological interdependence of family, school, and bureaucracy in Japan.

    PubMed

    Kiefer, C W

    1970-02-01

    The Japanese "examination hell" phenomenon is viewed as a series of crisis rites through which the child passes from family-centered to peer group - centered values in a "particularistic" society. It is held that this model has greater explanatory power than the "minimization of competition" model proposed by others and that it also helps to explain the phenomenon of student radicalism and centrifugal relationships in middle-class communities.

  11. Archeological and Historic Cultural Resources Inventory for a Proposed Flood Control Project at Grafton, Walsh County, North Dakota.

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1983-10-01

    types such as the Alberta, Plainview, Scotts Aluff, Eden Valley and Hell Gap ( Plano Complex) . A private collector from Sheyenne, North Dakota--on the...Grafton) (Michlovic 1979). An apparently early type point of the Plano Complex (Alberta point) was found net: the Manitoba community of Manitou (Pettipas...with the DL-S Burial Complex include miniature, smooth mortuary vessels, sometimes decorated with incised thunderbird designs and/or raised lizzards or

  12. Emetic Mechanism in Acute Radiation Sickness

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1987-08-20

    humans renders the subjects refractory to a wide variety of chemical emetic agents, now numbering more than 25 substances of both exogenous and endogenous...tractus solitarius with each of three neurons (shown as large triangles) in the nucleus of the tractus solitarius (NTS). These hells of NTS connect...Outputs are innervated through autonomic ganglia or by direct efferent connections. I4 Acute radiation-induced vomiting is generally typified by the

  13. Assessment of groundwater quality data for the Turtle Mountain Indian Reservation, Rolette County, North Dakota

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Lundgren, Robert F.; Vining, Kevin C.

    2013-01-01

    The Turtle Mountain Indian Reservation relies on groundwater supplies to meet the demands of community and economic needs. The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Turtle Mountain Band of Chippewa Indians, examined historical groundwater-level and groundwater-quality data for the Fox Hills, Hell Creek, Rolla, and Shell Valley aquifers. The two main sources of water-quality data for groundwater were the U.S. Geological Survey National Water Information System database and the North Dakota State Water Commission database. Data included major ions, trace elements, nutrients, field properties, and physical properties. The Fox Hills and Hell Creek aquifers had few groundwater water-quality data. The lack of data limits any detailed assessments that can be made about these aquifers. Data for the Rolla aquifer exist from 1978 through 1980 only. The concentrations of some water-quality constituents exceeded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency secondary maximum contaminant levels. No samples were analyzed for pesticides and hydrocarbons. Numerous water-quality samples have been obtained from the Shell Valley aquifer. About one-half of the water samples from the Shell Valley aquifer had concentrations of iron, manganese, sulfate, and dissolved solids that exceeded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency secondary maximum contaminant levels. Overall, the data did not indicate obvious patterns in concentrations.

  14. Evaluation of the hydrologic system in the New Leipzig coal area, Grant and Hettinger counties, North Dakota

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Armstrong, C.A.

    1982-01-01

    Aquifers in the New Leipzig coal area consist of sandstone beds in the Fox Hills Sandstone, the Hell Creek Formation, the Cannonball and Ludlow Members of the Fort Union Formation, and the basal part of the Tongue River Member of the Fort Union Formation. Aquifers also occur in sandstone and lignite beds in the upper part of the Tongue River Member and Sentinel Butte Member of the Fort Union Formation. Potential well yields from each of the aquifers are variable, but are less than 100 gallons per minute. Water in the Fox Hills, Hell Creek, Cannonball, and Ludlow is soft and of the sodium bicarbonate type. Water in basal Tongue River aquifer is either soft or very hard and generally is of the sodium bicarbonate type. Water in the upper Tongue River and Sentinel Butte aquifer system is very hard and generally is either of the calcium bicarbonate or sodium bicarbonate type. There is little or no contribution of ground water to Thirty Mile Creek or the Cannonball River from the area of minable coal. Coal mining will expose sulfide minerals to oxidation, and result in an increase in dissolved solids and sulfate in water in the basal Tongue River aquifer. (USGS)

  15. Seaworthy Quantum Key Distribution Design and Validation (SEAKEY)

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2015-08-07

    absorption and scattering using MODTRAN [ Berk et al.]. Thus, channel efficiency is expressed as follows: G=GT×exp[−αL], (10) where exp[−αL] is...34 New Journal of Physics 13, 013003 (2011). [Scarani et al.] Valerio Scarani, Helle Bechmann-Pasquinucci, Nicolas J . Cerf, Miloslav Dušek, Norbert...050303 (2005). [Renner and Cirac] R. Renner and J . I. Cirac, de Finetti representation theorem for infinite-dimensional quantum systems and

  16. [Mechanisms of domestic violence and the impact on children and teenagers].

    PubMed

    Ronai, Ernestine

    To be able to help women and their children escape the hell of domestic violence, some knowledge of the mechanisms of this abuse is necessary. Children are deeply affected by violence within the family and present various disorders depending on their age. Professionals must be aware of the warning signs in order to break the silence and put the right help in place as early as possible. Copyright © 2016. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS.

  17. CHMWTR: A Plasma Chemistry Code for Water Vapor

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2012-02-01

    Naval Research Laboratory Washington, DC 20375-5320 NRL/MR/6790--12-9383 CHMWTR: A Plasma Chemistry Code for Water Vapor Daniel F. GorDon Michael...NUMBER OF PAGES 17. LIMITATION OF ABSTRACT CHMWTR: A Plasma Chemistry Code for Water Vapor Daniel F. Gordon, Michael H. Helle, Theodore G. Jones, and K...October 2011 NRL *Directed Energy Scholar, Directed Energy Professional Society Plasma chemistry Breakdown field Conductivity 67-4270-02 CHMWTR: a Plasma

  18. Gateway. Volume 13

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2003-01-01

    Unclassified 5a. CONTRACT NUMBER 5b. GRANT NUMBER 5c. PROGRAM ELEMENT NUMBER 6. AUTHOR(S) Hart, Sandra G ; Drury , Colin G ; Hancock, Peter A ; Szalma, James...interventions, thereby improving threat inspection and, ultimately, homeland security. n For more information please contact: Colin G. Drury , Ph.D. University...at Buffalo, SUNY Department of Industrial Engineering 342 Bell Hell Hall Buffalo, NY 14260 A Unified Model of Security Inspection Colin G. Drury

  19. The United States Army and Large Cities Prior to the Global War on Terror

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2013-05-23

    great conflagrations of the western world—London, 1666 . . . Moscow, 1812. . . Chicago, 1871. . . San Francisco, 1906. No other air attack of the war...population centers rather than occupying them. As such, while MacArthur set the conditions for 89Louis A. DiMarco, Concrete Hell: Urban Warfare from... concrete floors and roofs. . .” could serve as not only pathways, but shelter and defensible positions as well.107 The 1952 FM 31-50 also specified the

  20. Archeological and Historic Cultural Resources Inventory for a Proposed Flood Control Project at Grafton, Walsh County, North Dakota.

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1983-10-01

    possibly Midland (Folsom Complex) , and a var iet- f point types such as the Alberta, Plainview, Scotts Bluff, Eden Valley anj Hell Gap ( Plano Complex). A...Red River Valley near Glyndon, Minnesota (south and slightly east of Grafton) (Michlovic 1979). An apparently early type point of the Plano Complex... incised thunderbird designs and/or raised lizzards or salamanders; welk shell (marine snail) masks/gorgets; "cigar holder-shaped" tubular pipes; and

  1. Cultural Resources Survey for the Lake Darling-Souris River Project, North Dakota (1982).

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1985-06-13

    order, of the Sentinel Butte, Tongue River, and Cannonball Formations of the Fort Union Group of the Tertiary System, and the Hell Creek and Fox Hills...epoch domi- nated by a general cultural pattern. Unfortunately, American archaeologists have chosen to mix and match their terms for cultural periods...period as defined by Antevs (1955), the Middle Plains Archaic which matched the early Middle Prehistoric Period of Mulloy, the Late Plains Archaic which

  2. "If You Give Him Seeds, He'll Eat Forever"

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Murphy, Betty

    1972-01-01

    Focuses on an OEO-funded farming project through which northern New Mexico Pueblo American Indians are growing crops indoors in nutritive water and gravel through a cultivation process known as hydroponics. (RJ)

  3. We're on a Merry-Go-Round to Hell.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Goldsmith, James

    1992-01-01

    Discusses ecological, social, and moral issues associated with destruction of rural communities, industrial agriculture, gene patenting and international trade. Analyzes agricultural ramifications of the Common Agriculture Policy (CAP) and the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade. Cites these and other measures as the struggle of industrialized…

  4. ["The best among the physicians to Gehinom (to hell)?"].

    PubMed

    Gesundheit, B

    2004-08-01

    At first glance, the well-known Mishnaic dictum, "The best among the physicians to Gehinom" (Kiddushin 4:14), is a harsh and sweeping denunciation of doctors and medicine. It is contrary to the respect and regard for physicians and medicine shown by the Talmud and Jewish tradition across the generations. This article explains the statement in its original context in the Mishnah and its parallels. We shall examine how the dictum was understood in both Jewish and non-Jewish literature in order to trace the new meanings that were attached to it over the course of history in both traditions. The article examines the Mishnaic source and its parallels in light of early manuscripts. Furthermore, it investigates the historical background and biographies of the many commentators on this dictum in order to account for the diverse explanations offered by those authors. An examination of the manuscripts demonstrates that this passage did not appear in the original Mishnah, but was added during a later period. The parallel texts imply that condemnation is limited to those physicians who treat their patients using heretical and idolatrous methods. Jewish commentators utilized this exceptional dictum as a means to teach important moral lessons, each author in accordance with his own viewpoint and the needs of the hour. Non-Jewish authors also exploited the passage, supporting their anti-Semitic ideology with Talmudic sources. No conclusions regarding the Jewish attitude toward medicine and doctors may be derived from the dictum: "The best of the physicians to Gehinom." The statement probably relates solely to doctors of that period who employed heretical and idolatrous practices in the treatment of their patients. The Talmud expresses its respect and appreciation for medicine and doctors. Jewish commentators across the generations continued to derive important moral lessons from this exceptional statement in order to enhance the professional and moral responsibility of Jewish physicians.

  5. Candies in hell: women's experiences of violence in Nicaragua.

    PubMed

    Ellsberg, M; Peña, R; Herrera, A; Liljestrand, J; Winkvist, A

    2000-12-01

    The aim of this study was to describe the characteristics of domestic violence against women in León, Nicaragua. A survey was carried out among a representative sample of 488 women between the ages of 15-49. The physical aggression sub-scale of the Conflict Tactics Scale was used to identify women suffering abuse. In-depth interviews with formerly battered women were performed and narratives from these interviews were analysed and compared with the survey data. Among ever-married women 52% reported having experienced physical partner abuse at some point in their lives. Median duration of abuse was 5 years. A considerable overlap was found between physical, emotional and sexual violence, with 21% of ever-married women reporting all three kinds of abuse. Thirty-one percent of abused women suffered physical violence during pregnancy. The latency period between the initiation of marriage or cohabitation and violence was short, with over 50% of the battered women reporting that the first act of violence act took place within the first 2 years of marriage. Significant, positive associations were found between partner abuse and problems among children, including physical abuse. Both the survey data and the narrative analysis pointed to extreme jealousy and control as constant features of the abusive relationship. Further, the data indicate that battered women frequently experience feelings of shame, isolation and entrapment which, together with a lack of family and community support, often contribute to women's difficulty in recognizing and disengaging from a violent relationship. These findings are consistent with theoretical conceptualisations of domestic violence developed in other countries, suggesting that, to a large degree, women's experiences of violence transcend specific cultural contexts.

  6. The Nazi engineers: reflections on technological ethics in hell.

    PubMed

    Katz, Eric

    2011-09-01

    Engineers, architects, and other technological professionals designed the genocidal death machines of the Third Reich. The death camp operations were highly efficient, so these technological professionals knew what they were doing: they were, so to speak, good engineers. As an educator at a technological university, I need to explain to my students-future engineers and architects-the motivations and ethical reasoning of the technological professionals of the Third Reich. I need to educate my students in the ethical practices of this hellish regime so that they can avoid the kind of ethical justifications used by the Nazi engineers. In their own professional lives, my former students should not only be good engineers in a technical sense, but good engineers in a moral sense. In this essay, I examine several arguments about the ethical judgments of professionals in Nazi Germany, and attempt a synthesis that can provide a lesson for contemporary engineers and other technological professionals. How does an engineer avoid the error of the Nazi engineers in their embrace of an evil ideology underlying their technological creations? How does an engineer know that the values he embodies through his technological products are good values that will lead to a better world? This last question, I believe, is the fundamental issue for the understanding of engineering ethics.

  7. To Heaven or Hell: Sensemaking about Why Faculty Leave

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    O'Meara, KerryAnn; Lounder, Andrew; Campbell, Corbin M.

    2014-01-01

    This article analyzes sensemaking about faculty departure among administrators, faculty colleagues, and faculty leavers in one research university. A mixed methods database was analyzed to reveal four dominant explanations for faculty departure and two influences on sensemaking. Dominant explanations included better opportunities, the likelihood…

  8. FOXM1 upregulation is an early event in human squamous cell carcinoma and it is enhanced by nicotine during malignant transformation.

    PubMed

    Gemenetzidis, Emilios; Bose, Amrita; Riaz, Adeel M; Chaplin, Tracy; Young, Bryan D; Ali, Muhammad; Sugden, David; Thurlow, Johanna K; Cheong, Sok-Ching; Teo, Soo-Hwang; Wan, Hong; Waseem, Ahmad; Parkinson, Eric K; Fortune, Farida; Teh, Muy-Teck

    2009-01-01

    Cancer associated with smoking and drinking remains a serious health problem worldwide. The survival of patients is very poor due to the lack of effective early biomarkers. FOXM1 overexpression is linked to the majority of human cancers but its mechanism remains unclear in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). FOXM1 mRNA and protein expressions were investigated in four independent cohorts (total 75 patients) consisting of normal, premalignant and HNSCC tissues and cells using quantitative PCR (qPCR), expression microarray, immunohistochemistry and immunocytochemistry. Effect of putative oral carcinogens on FOXM1 transcriptional activity was dose-dependently assayed and confirmed using a FOXM1-specific luciferase reporter system, qPCR, immunoblotting and short-hairpin RNA interference. Genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array was used to 'trace' the genomic instability signature pattern in 8 clonal lines of FOXM1-induced malignant human oral keratinocytes. Furthermore, acute FOXM1 upregulation in primary oral keratinocytes directly induced genomic instability. We have shown for the first time that overexpression of FOXM1 precedes HNSCC malignancy. Screening putative carcinogens in human oral keratinocytes surprisingly showed that nicotine, which is not perceived to be a human carcinogen, directly induced FOXM1 mRNA, protein stabilisation and transcriptional activity at concentrations relevant to tobacco chewers. Importantly, nicotine also augmented FOXM1-induced transformation of human oral keratinocytes. A centrosomal protein CEP55 and a DNA helicase/putative stem cell marker HELLS, both located within a consensus loci (10q23), were found to be novel targets of FOXM1 and their expression correlated tightly with HNSCC progression. This study cautions the potential co-carcinogenic effect of nicotine in tobacco replacement therapies. We hypothesise that aberrant upregulation of FOXM1 may be inducing genomic instability through a program of

  9. FOXM1 Upregulation Is an Early Event in Human Squamous Cell Carcinoma and it Is Enhanced by Nicotine during Malignant Transformation

    PubMed Central

    Gemenetzidis, Emilios; Bose, Amrita; Riaz, Adeel M.; Chaplin, Tracy; Young, Bryan D.; Ali, Muhammad; Sugden, David; Thurlow, Johanna K.; Cheong, Sok-Ching; Teo, Soo-Hwang; Wan, Hong; Waseem, Ahmad; Parkinson, Eric K.; Fortune, Farida; Teh, Muy-Teck

    2009-01-01

    Background Cancer associated with smoking and drinking remains a serious health problem worldwide. The survival of patients is very poor due to the lack of effective early biomarkers. FOXM1 overexpression is linked to the majority of human cancers but its mechanism remains unclear in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Methodology/Principal Findings FOXM1 mRNA and protein expressions were investigated in four independent cohorts (total 75 patients) consisting of normal, premalignant and HNSCC tissues and cells using quantitative PCR (qPCR), expression microarray, immunohistochemistry and immunocytochemistry. Effect of putative oral carcinogens on FOXM1 transcriptional activity was dose-dependently assayed and confirmed using a FOXM1-specific luciferase reporter system, qPCR, immunoblotting and short-hairpin RNA interference. Genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array was used to ‘trace’ the genomic instability signature pattern in 8 clonal lines of FOXM1-induced malignant human oral keratinocytes. Furthermore, acute FOXM1 upregulation in primary oral keratinocytes directly induced genomic instability. We have shown for the first time that overexpression of FOXM1 precedes HNSCC malignancy. Screening putative carcinogens in human oral keratinocytes surprisingly showed that nicotine, which is not perceived to be a human carcinogen, directly induced FOXM1 mRNA, protein stabilisation and transcriptional activity at concentrations relevant to tobacco chewers. Importantly, nicotine also augmented FOXM1-induced transformation of human oral keratinocytes. A centrosomal protein CEP55 and a DNA helicase/putative stem cell marker HELLS, both located within a consensus loci (10q23), were found to be novel targets of FOXM1 and their expression correlated tightly with HNSCC progression. Conclusions/Significance This study cautions the potential co-carcinogenic effect of nicotine in tobacco replacement therapies. We hypothesise that aberrant upregulation

  10. Depressed Physical Performance Outlasts Hormonal Disturbances after Military Training.

    PubMed

    Hamarsland, Håvard; Paulsen, Gøran; Solberg, Paul A; Slaathaug, Ole Gunnar; Raastad, Truls

    2018-06-21

    The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of an arduous one-week military course on measures of physical performance, body composition and blood biomarkers. Participants were apprentices in an annual selection course for the Norwegian Special Forces. Fifteen soldiers (23±4 yrs., 1.81±0.06 m, 78±7 kg) completed a hell-week consisting of rigorous activity only interspersed by 2-3 hours of sleep per day. Testing was conducted before and 0, 1, 3, 7 and 14 days after the hell-week. Physical performance was measured as muscle strength and jump performance. Body composition was measured by bioelectrical impedance and blood samples were collected and analyzed for hormones, creatine kinase, and C-reactive protein. Body mass was reduced by 5.3±1.9 kg during the hell-week and returned to baseline within one week. Fat mass was reduced by 2.1±1.7 kg and muscle mass by 1.9±0.9 kg. Muscle strength in leg-press and bench-press was reduced by 20±9% and 9±7%, respectively, and both were ~10% lower than baseline after one week of recovery. Jump-height was reduced by 28±13% and was still 14±5% below baseline after 2 weeks of recovery. Testosterone was reduced by 70±12% and recovered gradually within a week. Cortisol was increased by 154±74%, and did not fully recover during the next week. IGF-1 was reduced by 51±10% and T3 and T4 by 12-30%, all recovered within a week. One-week arduous military exercise resulted in reductions in body mass and performance, as well as considerable hormonal disturbances. Our most important observation was that whereas the hormonal systems was normalized within one week of rest and proper nutrition, lower body strength and jump performance were still depressed after two weeks.This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives License 4.0 (CCBY-NC-ND), where it is permissible to download and share the work provided it is properly cited. The work cannot be

  11. A Review of Chemical Warfare Agent (CWA) Detector Technologies and Commercial-Off-The-Shelf Items

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2009-03-01

    Environmental Health Perspectives 1994, 102, 18-38. 21. La Franchi , P., Chemical and Biological Weapons: The War from Hell. ADM September, 1995, pp 9-10...One-to-Five Gas Monitor with VOC Detection. In ENVCO Global . DSTO-GD-0570 98 152. MultiRAE Plus. In RAE Systems: San Jose, CA. 153. ToxiRAE Plus PID...158. Rippen, M., Chemical and Biological Agent Sensor/Detector Systems Technology Development for Applications in the Global War on Terrorism. In

  12. Unexpected resilience of species with temperature-dependent sex determination at the Cretaceous–Palaeogene boundary

    PubMed Central

    Silber, Sherman; Geisler, Jonathan H.; Bolortsetseg, Minjin

    2011-01-01

    It has been suggested that climate change at the Cretaceous–Palaeogene (K–Pg) boundary, initiated by a bolide impact or volcanic eruptions, caused species with temperature-dependent sex determination (TSD), including dinosaurs, to go extinct because of a skewed sex ratio towards all males. To test this hypothesis, the sex-determining mechanisms (SDMs) of Cretaceous tetrapods of the Hell Creek Formation (Montana, USA) were inferred using parsimony optimizations of SDMs on a tree, including Hell Creek species and their extant relatives. Although the SDMs of non-avian dinosaurs could not be inferred, we were able to determine the SDMs of 62 species; 46 had genotypic sex determination (GSD) and 16 had TSD. The TSD hypothesis for extinctions performed poorly, predicting between 32 and 34 per cent of survivals and extinctions. Most surprisingly, of the 16 species with TSD, 14 of them survived into the Early Palaeocene. In contrast, 61 per cent of species with GSD went extinct. Possible explanations include minimal climate change at the K–Pg, or if climate change did occur, TSD species that survived had egg-laying behaviour that prevented the skewing of sex ratios, or had a sex ratio skewed towards female rather than male preponderance. Application of molecular clocks may allow the SDMs of non-avian dinosaurs to be inferred, which would be an important test of the pattern discovered here. PMID:20980293

  13. Generation and analyses of human synthetic antibody libraries and their application for protein microarrays.

    PubMed

    Säll, Anna; Walle, Maria; Wingren, Christer; Müller, Susanne; Nyman, Tomas; Vala, Andrea; Ohlin, Mats; Borrebaeck, Carl A K; Persson, Helena

    2016-10-01

    Antibody-based proteomics offers distinct advantages in the analysis of complex samples for discovery and validation of biomarkers associated with disease. However, its large-scale implementation requires tools and technologies that allow development of suitable antibody or antibody fragments in a high-throughput manner. To address this we designed and constructed two human synthetic antibody fragment (scFv) libraries denoted HelL-11 and HelL-13. By the use of phage display technology, in total 466 unique scFv antibodies specific for 114 different antigens were generated. The specificities of these antibodies were analyzed in a variety of immunochemical assays and a subset was further evaluated for functionality in protein microarray applications. This high-throughput approach demonstrates the ability to rapidly generate a wealth of reagents not only for proteome research, but potentially also for diagnostics and therapeutics. In addition, this work provides a great example on how a synthetic approach can be used to optimize library designs. By having precise control of the diversity introduced into the antigen-binding sites, synthetic libraries offer increased understanding of how different diversity contributes to antibody binding reactivity and stability, thereby providing the key to future library optimization. © The Author 2016. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.

  14. 100 Companies Receiving the Largest Dollar Volume of Prime Contract Awards: Fiscal Year 1988

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1988-01-01

    CORPORATION 54 CHEVRON CORPORATION 71 MIP INSTANDSETZUNGSBETRIC 70 CHRYSLER CORPORATION 48 MITRE CORPORATION 69 COASTAL CORPORATION THE 57 MOBIL ...10,171 U S SPRINT COMMUNICATIOJS CO 1,710 TOTAL 422,544 0.30 54.88 39 DYNCORP 386,688 C F E SERVICES INC 386 DYN LOGISTICS SERVICES INC 927 DYNAIR...SERVICE CORP 1,936 DYNASPAN SERVICES COMPANY 16,668 HELl DYNE SYSTEMS INC 966 PAC ORD 3,587 SEA MOBILITY INC 10.282 TOTAL 421,440 0.30 55.19 40

  15. Lessons Learned: The Pale Horse Bioterrorism Response Exercise

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2003-12-01

    to define what the professional and personal liability of private health care providers is for Table 1. Participants in Pale Horse Tabletop Planning...Lessons Learned Lessons Learned: The “Pale Horse ” Bioterrorism Response Exercise Col. David Jarrett, MD, FACEP The city of San Antonio, Texas, and...Editorial, see p. 98 And I looked, and behold, a pale horse : and his name that sat on him was Death, and Hell followed with him. Book of Revelation 6:8 I n

  16. THE LAST PURSUIT: The 2d Armored Division’s Exploitation from the Rhine to the Elbe, 24 March-14 April 1945,

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1984-05-23

    34 - .- " MacDonald, Charles B. The Last Offensive. Ryan, Cornelius The Last Battle. 6 . i Toland, Joyn The Last 100 Days. Trahan, E. History of the 2d...18. Weigley, Eisenhower’s Lieutenants, pp. 17-19. 19. Ibid. 20. Ibid. 21. Ian V. Hog, The Enccopedia of Infantry Weapons of World~~War II (New York...Hogg, Ian V., The Encyclopedia of Infantry Weapons of World War II . New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Company, 1977. Houston, Donald E., Hell on Wheels

  17. The First Astronomical Observatory in Cluj-Napoca

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Szenkovits, Ferenc

    2008-09-01

    One of the most important cities of Romania is Cluj-Napoca (Kolozsvár, Klausenburg). This is a traditional center of education, with many universities and high schools. From the second half of the 18th century the University of Cluj has its own Astronomical Observatory, serving for didactical activities and scientific researches. The famous astronomer Maximillian Hell was one of those Jesuits who put the base of this Astronomical Observatory. Our purpose is to offer a short history of the beginnings of this Astronomical Observatory.

  18. Colombia: Gateway to Defeating Transnational Hell in the Western Hemisphere

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2004-03-19

    Hemisphere through addiction , violence, and corruption.” - General Barry R. McCaffrey This paper addresses the threat to US National security interests posed...million addicts living in the U.S., illicit drugs can be defined as a Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD).1 The ruinous effects of illicit drugs, 52,000...cheap opium, China suffered pandemic drug addiction . The government, incapable of stopping the addiction , was helpless and by the early 1900’s over half

  19. Internet: road to heaven or hell for the clinical laboratory?

    PubMed

    Chou, D

    1996-05-01

    The Internet started as a research project by the Department of Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency for networking computers. Ironically, the networking project now predominantly supports human rather than computer communications. The Internet's growth, estimated at 20% per month, has been fueled by commercial and public perception that it will become an important medium for merchandising, marketing, and advertising. For the clinical laboratory, the Internet provides high-speed communications through e-mail and allows the retrieval of important information held in repositories. All this capability comes at a price, including the need to manage a complex technology and the risk of instrusions on patient privacy.

  20. Back to "hell?" The threatening family planning crisis in Poland.

    PubMed

    Mrugala, G

    1990-12-01

    The Polish Senate proposed an anti-abortion law that less 5 main points: the one performing the abortion can be sentenced for up to 2 years of imprisonment, women who induce or allow someone to abort their fetus are not subject to punishment, abortions done to save the life of the woman or because the pregnancy was induced by an illegal act are exempt, a tribunal can renounce the penalty, and persons who use force or threat to induce an abortion can be sentenced for up to 5 years of imprisonment. The bill must go to the Parliament and pass in order to become a law. This proposed bill has caused a large scale public debate. Many women and doctors have publicly protested against the bill. The political force behind the bill is the Catholic population of Poland, including the Catholic Church. The current abortion law in Poland adopted in 1956 allows for the abortion for social indications, until week 20; medical indications, until the 2nd trimester; or when pregnancy was a result of rape. The law resulted an elimination of deaths related to abortion, also a reduction in the number of miscarriages. However since 1955 the number of abortions performed has increased. Causes are low levels of sexual knowledge in the public, few contraceptives, and limited sexual education. The abortion issue represents a larger problem in Polish society. The lack of governmental sponsored family planning results in a large number of unintended pregnancies. It is the author's opinion that the women of Poland should be allowed to have the choice to have an abortion.

  1. Amphibian, reptilian, and avian remains from the Fox Hills Formation (Maastrichtian): Shoreline and estuarine deposits of the Pierre Sea in south-central North Dakota

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Hoganson, J.W.; Erickson, J.M.; Holland, F.D.

    2007-01-01

    Although vertebrate fossils, except for fish, are not common in the Maastrichtian Fox Hills Formation, amphibian, reptilian, and avian remains have been recovered at several localities in south-central North Dakota from shoreline facies of the retreating Pierre-Fox Hills seaway. This mixed fauna of aquatic, terrestrial, and marine taxa provides insight into the composition of coastal communities and habitats at the interface between the Hell Creek delta and the Western Interior Seaway. The delta-platform aquatic paleocommunity is represented by the efficient swimming salamanders Opistho- trition kayi and Lisserpeton bairdi, the carnivorous soft-shelled turtle "Aspideretes" sensu lato, the underwater piscivorous predator Champsosaurus laramiensis, and the large, predatory crocodile IBorealosuchus. Terrestrial areas were inhabited by the tortoise-like Basilemys and the predatory dinosaurs Tyrannosaurus and cf. Saurornit- holestes. Birds occupied niches in the warm-temperate to subtropical, forested delta platform and shoreline areas. These nonmarine taxa in the Fox Hills Formation indicate that the geographic range of these animals extended to shoreline areas of the Western Interior Seaway. The toxochelyid turtle Lophochelys and the ambush predators Mosasaurus dekayi and IPlioplatecarpus resided in the shallow marine and estuarine habitats. These taxa and marine fish taxa reported earlier indicate that normal marine conditions in south- central North Dakota persisted into the latest Late Cretaceous in comparison with coeval Hell Creek Formation sites more distal from the Western Interior Seaway. ?? 2007 The Geological Society of America. All rights reserved.

  2. Habitat quality of historic Snake River fall Chinook salmon spawning locations and implications for incubation survival: part 1, substrate quality

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Hanrahan, Timothy P.; Geist, David R.; Arntzen, Evan V.

    2005-07-01

    We evaluated substrate quality at two historic fall Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) spawning sites in the Snake River, Idaho, USA. The primary objective of this evaluation was to measure sediment permeability within these areas to determine the potential quality of the habitat in the event that anadromous salmonids are reintroduced to the upper Snake River. Riverbed sediments within the two sites in the upper Snake River were sampled using freeze cores and hydraulic slug tests. Sediment grain size distributions at both sites were typical of gravel-bed rivers with the surface layer coarser than the underlying substrate, suggesting the riverbed surfacemore » was armored. Despite the armored nature of the bed, the size of the largest material present on the riverbed surface was well within the size limit of material capable of being excavated by spawning fall Chinook salmon. The percentage of fines was low, suggesting good quality substrate for incubating salmon embryos. Geometric mean particle sizes found in this study compared to a 55% to 80% survival to emergence based on literature values. Hydraulic slug tests showed moderate to high hydraulic conductivity and were comparable to values from current fall Chinook salmon spawning areas in the Hells Canyon Reach of the Snake River and the Hanford Reach of the Columbia River. Predicted estimates of mean egg survival at both sites (48% and 74%) equaled or exceeded estimates from fall Chinook salmon spawning areas in the Hells Canyon Reach and the Hanford Reach.« less

  3. Religiousness and mood in the last week of life: an explorative approach based on after-death proxy interviews.

    PubMed

    Braam, Arjan W; Klinkenberg, Marianne; Deeg, Dorly J H

    2011-01-01

    Although religiousness may, to a certain extent, be expected to alleviate emotional suffering in the last week of life, some religious beliefs might also provoke emotional distress. For the current study, after-death interviews with proxy respondents of deceased sample members of the Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam provided information on depressive mood and anxiety in the last week of life, as well as on the presence of a sense of peace at the approaching end of life. Proxy respondents also were asked about serious physical symptoms in the last week of life of the respondent, the respondent's cognitive decline, and their estimate of the salience of religion for the sample member. Other characteristics were derived from the last interviews with the sample members when still alive: depressive symptoms, chronic diseases, religious affiliation, church attendance, belief in Heaven, belief in Hell, and salience of religion. None of the characteristics of religiousness was significantly associated with depressive mood or anxiety, as estimated by the proxy respondent. A sense of peace, however, was predicted by higher church attendance, belief in Hell (among church-members), and the proxy's estimate of the salience of religion. It can be concluded that religiousness did not affect depressive mood or anxiety in the last week of life in the current sample. It is possible that religiousness supports a sense of peace, which may be a more-existential facet of mood and is discussed as relevant in the last phase of life and in palliative care.

  4. Public preception on education partnership programs between Indonesia and australia in East Nusa Tenggara Province

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Lobo, M.; Guntur, R. D.; Nalley, H. M.

    2018-05-01

    A research about partnership program in education between the government of Indonesia and Australia in East Nusa Tenggara Province (ENTP) has been conducted. The aim is to list the programs between the countries on the region in the last twenty years, together with their implementations to the community based on all the stakeholders’ perspectives. The samples taken by purposive sampling which targeted those who had direct involvement to the programs in the Districts of Sikka, Ende and Ngada. A literature review, questioners and a depth interview were employed in the data collection. The results show that the main partnership projects were NTT-PEP (Nusa Tenggara Timur-Primary Education Partnership), AIBEP (Australia Indonesia Building Education Project) and ProDEP (Professional Development for Education Personal). While the first and the third programs were targeting on human resources development, the second project was more focusing on the infrastructures. The analysis shows that in general, the majority of people think that the program implementation was good. Similar results were also reflected in the group of superintendent and the community. However, totally different feature was found in the group of government officials where all of them perceived that the program was good and need to be continued and sustained.

  5. Angular Motion of Projectiles with a Moving Internal Part.

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1977-02-01

    Ball Rotor T317 hellIntermal Projectile RingsM505 Fuze Quasi-linear Angular Motion N\\ ANSTRACT (-jCanhs si rveree side ff naeweemv end identify by...LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1. 20mm Shell T282E1 with Arming Ball Rotor .... .......... 20 2. Fast Mode Damping Rate for the 20mm T282E1...fuze has a spherical arming rotor in a cylindrical cavity with small but non-zero clearanc’es (Figure 1). The fourth sa.ell - the 8-inch T317 - showed

  6. The masculine gender role and its implications for the life expectancy of older men.

    PubMed

    Solomon, K

    1981-07-01

    The lifespan of men is shorter than that of women. This study is an effort to identify some causal factors. Six dimensions of the masculine gender role examined in relation to certain stress-related disorders more prevalent among older men than among older women. These dimensions are "No Sissy Stuff"; "The Big Wheel"; "The Sturdy Oak"; "Give 'Em Hell"; homophobia; and sexual dysfunctioning. Specific problems of retirement are also discussed. Only in recent years have the roles of men been studied more closely. The results may offer positive implications for the lifespan of men.

  7. The Irrigation Effect: How River Regulation Can Promote Some Riparian Vegetation.

    PubMed

    Gill, Karen M; Goater, Lori A; Braatne, Jeffrey H; Rood, Stewart B

    2018-04-01

    River regulation impacts riparian ecosystems by altering the hydrogeomorphic conditions that support streamside vegetation. Obligate riparian plants are often negatively impacted since they are ecological specialists with particular instream flow requirements. Conversely, facultative riparian plants are generalists and may be less vulnerable to river regulation, and could benefit from augmented flows that reduce drought stress during hot and dry periods. To consider this 'irrigation effect' we studied the facultative shrub, netleaf hackberry (Celtis reticulata), the predominant riparian plant along the Hells Canyon corridor of the Snake River, Idaho, USA, where dams produce hydropeaking, diurnal flow variation. Inventories of 235 cross-sectional transects revealed that hackberry was uncommon upstream from the reservoirs, sparse along the reservoir with seasonal draw-down and common along two reservoirs with stabilized water levels. Along the Snake River downstream, hackberry occurred in fairly continuous, dense bands along the high water line. In contrast, hackberry was sparsely scattered along the free-flowing Salmon River, where sandbar willow (Salix exigua), an obligate riparian shrub, was abundant. Below the confluence of the Snake and Salmon rivers, the abundance and distribution of hackberry were intermediate between the two upstream reaches. Thus, river regulation apparently benefited hackberry along the Snake River through Hells Canyon, probably due to diurnal pulsing that wets the riparian margin. We predict similar benefits for some other facultative riparian plants along other regulated rivers with hydropeaking during warm and dry intervals. To analyze the ecological impacts of hydropeaking we recommend assessing daily maxima, as well as daily mean river flows.

  8. Análise da medição do raio solar em ultravioleta

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Saraiva, A. C. V.; Giménez de Castro, C. G.; Costa, J. E. R.; Selhorst, C. L.; Simões, P. J. A.

    2003-08-01

    A medição acurada do raio solar em qualquer banda do espectro eletromagnético é de relevância na formulação e calibração de modelos da estrutura e atmosfera solar. Esses modelos atribuem emissão do contínuo do Sol calmo em microondas à mesma região da linha Ha do Hell. Apresentamos a medição do raio solar em UV com imagens do EIT (Extreme Ultraviolet Image Telescope) entre 1996 e 2002, no comprimento de onda 30,9 nm (Ha do Hell), que se forma na região de transição/cromosfera solar. A técnica utilizada para o cálculo do raio UV foi baseada na transformada Wavelet B3spline. Fizemos um banco de dados com 1 imagem por dia durante o período citado. Obtivemos como resultado o raio médio da ordem de 975.61" e uma diminuição do mesmo para o período citado variando em média -0,45" /ano. Comparamos estes dados com os valores obtidos pelo ROI (Radio Observatório de Itapetinga) em 22/48 GHz e Nobeyama Radio Heliograph em 17 GHz mostrando que os raios médios são muito próximos o que indica que a região de formação nessas freqüências é a mesma conforme os modelos. Comparamos os resultados também com outros índices de atividade solar.

  9. The Irrigation Effect: How River Regulation Can Promote Some Riparian Vegetation

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Gill, Karen M.; Goater, Lori A.; Braatne, Jeffrey H.; Rood, Stewart B.

    2018-04-01

    River regulation impacts riparian ecosystems by altering the hydrogeomorphic conditions that support streamside vegetation. Obligate riparian plants are often negatively impacted since they are ecological specialists with particular instream flow requirements. Conversely, facultative riparian plants are generalists and may be less vulnerable to river regulation, and could benefit from augmented flows that reduce drought stress during hot and dry periods. To consider this `irrigation effect' we studied the facultative shrub, netleaf hackberry ( Celtis reticulata), the predominant riparian plant along the Hells Canyon corridor of the Snake River, Idaho, USA, where dams produce hydropeaking, diurnal flow variation. Inventories of 235 cross-sectional transects revealed that hackberry was uncommon upstream from the reservoirs, sparse along the reservoir with seasonal draw-down and common along two reservoirs with stabilized water levels. Along the Snake River downstream, hackberry occurred in fairly continuous, dense bands along the high water line. In contrast, hackberry was sparsely scattered along the free-flowing Salmon River, where sandbar willow ( Salix exigua), an obligate riparian shrub, was abundant. Below the confluence of the Snake and Salmon rivers, the abundance and distribution of hackberry were intermediate between the two upstream reaches. Thus, river regulation apparently benefited hackberry along the Snake River through Hells Canyon, probably due to diurnal pulsing that wets the riparian margin. We predict similar benefits for some other facultative riparian plants along other regulated rivers with hydropeaking during warm and dry intervals. To analyze the ecological impacts of hydropeaking we recommend assessing daily maxima, as well as daily mean river flows.

  10. Nuclear Hell On Wheels Examining The Need For A Mobile ICBM

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2015-02-17

    www.defenseone.com/ideas/2014/11/last-thing- us-needs-are-mobile-nuclear-missiles/98828/?oref=d- skybox (accessed 28 Nov 2014) 4 Department of Defense...last-thing-us-needs- are-mobile-nuclear-missiles/98828/?oref=d- skybox (accessed 28 Nov 2014) Craig, Campbell. Destroying the Village: Eisenhower and

  11. Japanese Higher-Education Reformers Weigh Elitism, Academic Laxness, and "Exam Hell."

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Fararo, Kim

    1987-01-01

    Reform proposals for Japan's large higher education system include diminishing the trauma of university entrance examinations, strengthening the quality and diversity of undergraduate education, improving graduate school offerings, establishing a lifelong education system, and expanding the scope of international exchange programs. Politics are…

  12. Half Way to Hell: What Gove Is Doing to England's Schools

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Gillard, Derek

    2012-01-01

    Following the indecisive general election in May 2010, the Tories and Liberal Democrats formed a coalition government with David Cameron as Prime Minister, George Osborne as Chancellor of the Exchequer, and Michael Gove as Secretary of State for Education. Right from the start, Gove was a man in a hurry. Within two weeks of his appointment he had…

  13. To Excel at "O," Study the Map and Run Like Hell.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Conniff, Richard

    1992-01-01

    Explains the sport of orienteering in which participants use detailed topographic maps and compasses to reach control points along a course. Describes the history of the sport and its minimal success in the United States. Presents several versions of the sport and identifies the demographics of participants. (KS)

  14. Palynologically calibrated vertebrate record from North Dakota consistent with abrupt dinosaur extinction at the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Pearson, D.A.; Schaefer, T.; Johnson, K.R.; Nichols, D.J.

    2001-01-01

    New data from 17 Cretaceous-Tertiary (K-T) boundary sections and 53 vertebrate sites in the Hell Creek and Fort Union Formations in southwestern North Dakota document a 1.76 m barren interval between the highest Cretaceous vertebrate fossils and the palynologically recognized K-T boundary. The boundary is above the formational contact at 15 localities and coincident with it at two, demonstrating that the formational contact is diachronous. Dinosaurs are common in the highest Cretaceous vertebrate samples and a partial dinosaur skeleton in the Fort Union Formation is the highest recorded Cretaceous vertebrate fossil in this area.

  15. Bardsey Island, Wales

    NASA Image and Video Library

    2016-12-01

    Lying 3 km off the Llyn peninsula of Wales, the Bardsey Island is known as the Island of 20,000 saints. While today's permanent population numbers only four, the island was once an important religious site, with a 6th century monastery. It is the legendary burial site of King Arthur. Another legend holds that anyone who died on the island would not go to hell. The image was acquired April 4, 2006, covers an area of 6 by 10 km, and is located at 52.7 degrees north, 4.8 degrees west. http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA21182

  16. Civil Engineering Combat Experiences During the Vietnam War: Phase 2

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1990-09-01

    get away. BCE Capt No yes No. Wife became ill and had to leave her in a hospital in Hawaii . BCE W-4 No No BCE SSgt No Yes Yes. A reprieve from "hell...rzh1a:-gealby:, in his thesis (Lauson, 13:.) 28 _he e::-rerience Suz:-:ey is used when the ---= - :h ~ ~ 1 -~ "t gai fai -rty with a phenomeno or t ac...Interview Questions 5 8, 9, 10. Ii 12 Type Main Volun Unit Rank Age Job Locatirn Mo/Yr teer? 1 BCE Capt 29 Chief, Ops Br Ton Son Nhut Sep 68 No 2 BCE Capt 26

  17. A portrait of Fielding H Garrison (1870-1935): America's pioneering medical historian.

    PubMed

    Colman, Eric G

    2004-11-01

    Fielding Hudson Garrison once remarked that because his birthday fell on 5 November, Guy Fawkes Day, he was "fated to suffer from in-ward hell-fire and brimstone all [his] life". Though said in jest, Garrison was a vulnerable, melancholic and self-confessed lonely man who found solace in the papers, periodicals and books of the Army Medical Library-today's National Library of Medicine. Over the course of approximately 25 years, and often while working in his spare time, Garrison went from a clerk in the world's largest medical library to America's pioneering and, arguably, most prolific medical historian, past or present.

  18. Review of paleomagnetic data from the Klamath Mountains, Blue Mountains, and Sierra Nevada; Implications for paleogeographic reconstructions

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Mankinen, Edward A.; Irwin, William P.

    1990-01-01

    Paleomagnetic studies of the Klamath Mountains, Blue Mountains, Sierra Nevada, and northwestern Nevada pertain mostly to Jurassic and Cretaceous rocks, but some data also are available for Permian and Triassic rocks of the region. Large vertical-axis rotations are indicated for rocks in many of the terranes, but few studies show statistically significant latitudinal displacements. The most complete paleomagnetic record is from the Eastern Klamath terrane, which shows large post-Triassic clockwise rotations and virtual cessation of rotation by Early Cretaceous time, when accretion to the continent was completed. Data from Permian strata of the Eastern Klamath terrane indicate no paleolatitude anomaly, in contrast to preliminary results from coeval strata of Hells Canyon in the Blue Mountains region, which are suggestive of some southward movement. If these Hells Canyon results are confirmed, some of the terranes in these two regions must have been traveling on separate plates during late Paleozoic time. Data from Triassic and younger strata in the Blue Mountains region indicate paleolatitudes that are concordant with North America. Results from Triassic rocks of the Koipato Formation in west-central Nevada also indicate southward transport, but when this movement ceased is unknown. The Nevadan orogeny may have occurred in the Sierra Nevada during Jurassic accretion of the ophiolitic and volcanic-arc terranes of that province to the continent, whereas what has been considered to be the same orogeny in the Klamath Mountains may have occurred before accretion. Using the concordance of observed and expected paleomagnetic directions as a guide, the allochthonous Sierra Nevada, Klamath Mountains, and Blue Mountains composite terranes seem to have accreted to the continent sequentially from south to north.

  19. Geomorphology of the Burnt River, eastern Oregon, USA: Topographic adjustments to tectonic and dynamic deformation

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Morriss, Matthew Connor; Wegmann, Karl W.

    2017-02-01

    Eastern Oregon contains the deepest gorge in North America, where the Snake River cuts vertically down 2300 m. This deep gorge is known as Hells Canyon. A landscape containing such a topographic feature is likely undergoing relatively recent deformation. Study of the Burnt River, a tributary to the Snake River at the upstream end of Hells Canyon, yields data on active river incision in eastern Oregon, indicating that Quaternary faults are a first order control on regional landscape development. Through 1:24,000-scale geologic mapping, a 500,000-year record of fluvial incision along the Burnt River was constructed and is chronologically anchored by optically stimulated luminescence dating and tephrochronology analyses. A conceptual model of fluvial terrace formation was developed using these ages and likely applies to other non-glaciated catchments in eastern Oregon. Mapped terraces, inferred to have formed during glacial-interglacial cycles, provide constraints on rates of incision of the Burnt River. Incision through these terraces indicates that the Burnt River is down-cutting at 0.15 to 0.57 m kyr- 1. This incision appears to reflect a combination of local base-level adjustments tied to movement along the newly mapped Durkee fault and regional base-level control imposed by the downcutting of the Snake River. Deformation of terraces as young as 38.7 ± 5.1 ka indicates Quaternary activity along the Durkee fault, and when combined with topographic metrics (slope, relief, hypsometry, and stream-steepness), reveals a landscape in disequilibrium. Longer wavelength lithospheric dynamics (delamination and crustal foundering) that initiated in the Miocene may also be responsible for continued regional deformation of the Earth's surface.

  20. Microbial Extremophiles for Earth and Beyond: Pushing the Boundaries with Synthetic Biology

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Rothschild, Lynn J.

    2017-01-01

    All organisms live in a multi-dimensional physical and chemical niche space. Discoveries in the 20th century enormously expanded the range of what was considered "habitable." However, the current diversity of life on Earth begs the question of what terrestrial life - or indeed, another life form - would be capable of. With the needs of both modern laboratory science and the burgeoning field of biotechnology, as well as our deeply held desire to answer the question "are we alone in the universe?, we are exploiting the tools of synthetic biology to probe the question of whether we can create "synthetic extremophiles" or, as our lab has dubbed them, "Hell Cells."

  1. Stoking a fierce green fire: A review of Philip Shabecoff's history of the environmental movement

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Williams, D.

    Environmental journalist Philip Shabecoff begins his book on the American environmental movement, A Fierce Green Fire by guiding the reader across the American landscape as it might have looked to a 15th-century European. He creates a verdant land populated with unharried wildlife and noble savages, all living in absolute harmony. Sadly, this paradise is spoiled by villainous Europeans who invade the Edenic garden and, within a few hundred years, transform it into Hell's backyard. This sets the stage for Shabecoff's discussion of those who fought to protect the environment by making the environmental decision-making process more democratic and, therefore, lessmore » destructive.« less

  2. The HARP domain dictates the annealing helicase activity of HARP/SMARCAL1.

    PubMed

    Ghosal, Gargi; Yuan, Jingsong; Chen, Junjie

    2011-06-01

    Mutations in HepA-related protein (HARP, or SMARCAL1) cause Schimke immunoosseous dysplasia (SIOD). HARP has ATP-dependent annealing helicase activity, which helps to stabilize stalled replication forks and facilitate DNA repair during replication. Here, we show that the conserved tandem HARP (2HP) domain dictates this annealing helicase activity. Furthermore, chimeric proteins generated by fusing the 2HP domain of HARP with the SNF2 domain of BRG1 or HELLS show annealing helicase activity in vitro and, when targeted to replication forks, mimic the functions of HARP in vivo. We propose that the HARP domain endows HARP with this ATP-driven annealing helicase activity.

  3. When science meets capitalism

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Parker, Greg

    2008-03-01

    When I joined the University of Southampton's microelectronics group in 1987 after spending 10 years in industry, I shared some of my commercial ideas for advancing the group into the 21st century with my academic colleagues. To say that my personal vision of paradise was close to their vision of hell is probably a pretty accurate observation. Two decades on, I now understand why they felt that way. Science for Sale contains a lot of information that explains this vast difference in perception, and the book also does a good job of highlighting how academia and industry differ on practical and ethical levels.

  4. The future of electron microscopy

    DOE PAGES

    Zhu, Yimei; Durr, Hermann

    2015-04-01

    Seeing is believing. So goes the old adage and seen evidence is undoubtedly satisfying because it can be interpreted easily, though not always correctly. For centuries, humans have developed such instruments as telescopes that observe the heavens and microscopes that reveal bacteria and viruses. The 2014 Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to Eric Betzig, Stefan Hell, and William Moerner for their foundational work on superresolution fluorescence microscopy in which they overcame the Abbe diffraction limit for the resolving power of conventional light microscopes. (See Physics Today, December 2014, page 18.) That breakthrough enabled discoveries in biological research and testifiesmore » to the importance of modern microscopy.« less

  5. Assessment of Native Salmonids Above Hells Canyon Dam, Idaho, 2001 Annual Report.

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Meyer, Kevin A.; Lamansky, Jr., James A.

    We investigated factors affecting the distribution and abundance of Yellowstone cutthroat trout (YCT), the abundance of all trout, and species richness in several drainages in the upper Snake River basin in Idaho. A total of 326 randomly selected sites were visited within the four study drainages, and of these, there was sufficient water to inventory fish and habitat in 56 of the sites in the Goose Creek drainage, 64 in the Raft River drainage, 54 in the Blackfoot River drainage, and 27 in the Willow Creek drainage. Fish were captured in 36, 55, 49, and 22 of the sites, respectively,more » and YCT were present at 17, 37, 32, and 13 of the sites, respectively. There was little consistency or strength in the models developed to predict YCT presence/absence and density, trout density, or species richness. Typically, the strongest models had the lowest sample sizes. In the Goose Creek drainage, sites with YCT were higher in elevation and lower in conductivity. In the Raft River drainage, trout cover was more abundant at sites with YCT than without YCT. In the Blackfoot River drainage, there was less fine substrate and more gravel substrate at sites with YCT than at sites without YCT. In the Willow Creek drainage, 70% of the sites located on public land contained YCT, but only 35% of private land contained YCT. The differences in variable importance between drainages suggests that factors that influence the distribution of YCT vary between drainages, and that for the most part the variables we measured had little influence on YCT distribution. n sites containing YCT, average cutthroat trout density was 0.11/m{sup 2}, 0.08/m{sup 2}, 0.10/m{sup 2}, and 0.08/m{sup 2} in the Goose Creek, Raft River, Blackfoot River, and Willow Creek drainages, respectively. In sites containing trout in general, average total trout density in these same drainages was 0.16/m{sup 2}, 0.15/m{sup 2}, 0.10/m{sup 2}, and 0.10/m{sup 2}. Models to predict YCT density, total trout density, and species richness were either weak (i.e., explained little variation) or contained small sample sizes. Based on our results, it appears that factors other than those we measured are affecting fish populations in these drainages.« less

  6. From "Hell No!" to "Que Paso?": Interrogating a Hispanic-Serving Institution Possibility

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Lara, Dulcinea; Lara, Antonio

    2012-01-01

    Some Hispanic students are making it through the Eurocentric, United Statesian education pipeline, but exponentially more are failing. Meanwhile, poor Chican@ communities are disproportionately suffering from unemployment, low levels of education, chronic illness, pollution, and myriad social ills. At this historical crossroads, it behooves…

  7. Legal Education as Political Consciousness-Raising or Paving the Road to Hell.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Devlin, Richard F.

    1989-01-01

    One law teachers's experience in teaching a legal research and writing course in Ireland is discussed. A primary course objective was to raise law students' consciousness of the political aspects of legal research and literature through legal examination of a film categorized as pornographic. (MSE)

  8. Gradual Dinosaur Extinction and Simultaneous Ungulate Radiation in the Hell Creek Formation

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Sloan, Robert E.; Rigby, J. Keith; van Valen, Leigh M.; Gabriel, Diane

    1986-05-01

    Dinosaur extinction in Montana, Alberta, and Wyoming was a gradual process that began 7 million years before the end of the Cretaceous and accelerated rapidly in the final 0.3 million years of the Cretaceous, during the interval of apparent competition from rapidly evolving immigrating ungulates. This interval involves rapid reduction in both diversity and population density of dinosaurs. The last dinosaurs known are from a channel that contains teeth of Mantuan mammals, seven species of dinosaurs, and Paleocene pollen. The top of this channel is 1.3 meters above the likely position of the iridium anomaly, the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary.

  9. A hell of a life: addiction and marginality in post-industrial Detroit

    PubMed Central

    Draus, Paul J.; Roddy, Juliette K.; Greenwald, Mark

    2015-01-01

    Drawing on concepts from Foucault and Agamben, we maintain that the lives of daily heroin users provide a prime illustration of bare life in the zone of indistinction that is contemporary Detroit. First, we consider the case of Detroit as a stigmatized and racially segregated city, with concrete consequences for its residents. We then present evidence from in-depth ethnographic and economic interviews to illustrate the various spaces of confinement—that of addiction, that of economic marginality, and that of gender—occupied by these men and women, as well as the indeterminacy of their daily lives, captured through their descriptions of daily routines and interactions. We examine their expressions of worth as expressed in economic, emotional and moral terms. Finally, we draw connections between the sustained marginality of these individuals, as a contemporary category of homo sacer, and the policies and powers that both despise and depend upon them. Heroin, we contend, helps to fill and numb this social void, making bare life bearable, but also cementing one’s marginality into semi-permanence. PMID:25983655

  10. Postcards from Heaven and Hell: Understanding the Near-Death Experience through Art

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Rominger, Ryan

    2010-01-01

    Art making offers the opportunity to reflect upon ineffable experiences, including those surrounding death and dying. This article examines the artwork of two research participants who each reported a near-death experience (NDE). A trans-personal model was used to elicit the narratives and artwork of two individuals: one who experienced a pleasant…

  11. Globalization: the path to neo-liberal nirvana or health and environmental hell?

    PubMed

    Arya, Neil

    2003-01-01

    This article addresses the impact of the neo-liberal agenda of globalization and in particular how international financial institutions and transnational corporations have affected and continue to affect the health of peoples, especially the poorest. It also examines impacts of these policies on the environment and peace.

  12. The best of intentions.

    PubMed

    Humphreys, John

    2002-07-01

    Cynthia Mitchell has finally gotten a plum management opportunity at AgFunds, a Houston-based company that provides financial services to farmers and farmer-owned cooperatives. Peter Jones, regional vice president, has recruited Cynthia to revive the Arkansas district, which has been losing customers for 15 years. The sales force there isn't bad; it's just been poorly managed by an indifferent boss for too long. Still, Cynthia knows she'll need at least one powerhouse sales rep to get things back on track. She thinks she's found that person in Steve Ripley, this year's top trainee at AgFunds, who is inexplicably available three months after the training period is over. In the interview, he proves to be ambitious, intelligent, and personable. But several of Cynthia's colleagues suggest that Steve might not be the best fit for the job: He's a black man in a company whose customer base is mostly conservative and white. Uncomfortably recalling her own experiences at AgFunds--she'd been rejected for a position in a territory that was deemed too unfriendly to female sales reps--Cynthia addresses the issue with Peter. The mostly white farmers in Cynthia's district just won't trust their books to a black professional, Peter explains. And other minority professionals at AgFunds have derailed their careers trying to make inroads in unfriendly districts. "Steve deserves to start out in a more hospitable district. Once the right opportunity opens up, he'll be hired, and he'll do brilliantly," Peter reassures Cynthia, but she's still uncertain. Should she ignore her customers' biases and hire Steve, possibly setting him up to fail? Or would it be better to let Steve wait for a friendlier opportunity? Four experts comment on this fictional case study.

  13. Hydrodynamic Characteristics and Salinity Patterns in Estero Bay, Lee County, Florida

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Byrne, Michael J.; Gabaldon, Jessica N.

    2008-01-01

    Estero Bay is an estuary (about 12 miles long and 3 miles wide) on the southwestern Florida coast, with several inlets connecting the bay to the Gulf of Mexico and numerous freshwater tributaries. Continuous stage and salinity data were recorded at eight gaging stations in Estero Bay estuary from October 2001 to September 2005. Continuous water velocity data were recorded at six of these stations for the purpose of measuring discharge. In addition, turbidity data were recorded at four stations, suspended sediment concentration were measured at three stations, and wind measurements were taken at one station. Salinity surveys, within and around Estero Bay, were conducted 15 times from July 2002 to January 2004. The average daily discharge ranged from 35,000 to -34,000 ft3/s (cubic feet per second) at Big Carlos Pass, 10,800 to -11,200 ft3/s at Matanzas Pass, 2,200 to -2,900 ft3/s at Big Hickory Pass, 680 to -700 ft3/s at Mullock Creek, 330 to -370 ft3/s at Estero River, and 190 to -180 ft3/s at Imperial River. Flood tide is expressed as negative discharge and ebb flow as positive discharge. Reduced salinity at Matanzas Pass was negatively correlated (R2 = 0.48) to freshwater discharge from the Caloosahatchee River at Franklin Locks (S-79). Matanzas Pass is hydrologically linked to Hell Peckney Bay; therefore, water-quality problems associated with the Caloosahatchee River also affect Hell Peckney Bay. Rocky Bay was significantly less saline than Coconut Point and Matanzas Pass was significantly less saline than Ostego Bay, based on data from the salinity surveys. The quality-checked and edited continuous data and the salinity maps have been compiled and are stored on the U.S. Geological Survey South Florida Information Access (SOFIA) website (http://sofia.usgs.gov).

  14. Novel Insect Leaf-Mining after the End-Cretaceous Extinction and the Demise of Cretaceous Leaf Miners, Great Plains, USA

    PubMed Central

    Donovan, Michael P.; Wilf, Peter; Labandeira, Conrad C.; Johnson, Kirk R.; Peppe, Daniel J.

    2014-01-01

    Plant and associated insect-damage diversity in the western U.S.A. decreased significantly at the Cretaceous-Paleogene (K-Pg) boundary and remained low until the late Paleocene. However, the Mexican Hat locality (ca. 65 Ma) in southeastern Montana, with a typical, low-diversity flora, uniquely exhibits high damage diversity on nearly all its host plants, when compared to all known local and regional early Paleocene sites. The same plant species show minimal damage elsewhere during the early Paleocene. We asked whether the high insect damage diversity at Mexican Hat was more likely related to the survival of Cretaceous insects from refugia or to an influx of novel Paleocene taxa. We compared damage on 1073 leaf fossils from Mexican Hat to over 9000 terminal Cretaceous leaf fossils from the Hell Creek Formation of nearby southwestern North Dakota and to over 9000 Paleocene leaf fossils from the Fort Union Formation in North Dakota, Montana, and Wyoming. We described the entire insect-feeding ichnofauna at Mexican Hat and focused our analysis on leaf mines because they are typically host-specialized and preserve a number of diagnostic morphological characters. Nine mine damage types attributable to three of the four orders of leaf-mining insects are found at Mexican Hat, six of them so far unique to the site. We found no evidence linking any of the diverse Hell Creek mines with those found at Mexican Hat, nor for the survival of any Cretaceous leaf miners over the K-Pg boundary regionally, even on well-sampled, surviving plant families. Overall, our results strongly relate the high damage diversity on the depauperate Mexican Hat flora to an influx of novel insect herbivores during the early Paleocene, possibly caused by a transient warming event and range expansion, and indicate drastic extinction rather than survivorship of Cretaceous insect taxa from refugia. PMID:25058404

  15. Dinosaur bone beds and mass mortality: Implications for the K-T extinction

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Carpenter, Kenneth

    1988-01-01

    Mass accumulations of fossilized large terrestrial vertebrate skeletons (bone beds: BB) provide a test for K-T catastrophic extinction hypotheses. The two major factors contributing to BB formation are mode of death and sedimentation rate. Catastrophic mass mortality (CMM) is the sudden death of numerous individuals where species, age, health, gender, or social ranking offer no survivorship advantage. Noncatastrophic mass mortality (NCMM) occurs over time and is strongly influenced by species, age, or gender. In addition to cause of death, sedimentation rate is also important in BB formation. Models of BBs can be made. The CMM drops all individuals in their tracks, therefore, the BB should reflect the living population with respect to species, age, or gender. The NCMM results in monospecific BBs skewed in the direction of the less fit, usually the very young or very old, or towards a specific gender. The NCMM and AM BBs may become more similar the more spread out over time NCMM deaths occur because carcasses are widely scattered requiring hydraulic accumulation, and the greater time allows for more disarticulation and weathering. The CMM and NCMM BB appear to be dominated by social animals. Applying this and the characteristics of mortality patterns to the uppermost Cretaceous Hell Creek Formation indicates that only NCMM and AM BB occur. Furthermore, NCMM BB are rare in the upper third of the Hell Creek. Near the K-T boundary, only AM BB are known. The absence of CMM and NCMM BB appears to be real reflecting a decrease in population levels of some dinosaurs prior to the K-T event. The absence of CMM suggests that the K-T event did not lead to an instantaneous extinction of dinosaurs. Nor was there a protracted die-off due to an asteroid impact winter, because no NCMM BB are known at or near the K-T boundary.

  16. Single molecules, cells, and super-resolution optics (Presentation Video)

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Betzig, Eric

    2015-03-01

    In this plenary presentation, Eric Betzig talks about his scientific journey that led to the Nobel Prize. He made waves early in his career by helping to develop a technique known as near-field microscopy, which brought into focus structures that scientists had long considered too small to see with a light microscope. Eric Betzig is a group leader at Janelia Research Campus of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI) in Ashburn, VA. He recieved a BS in physics from California Institute of Technology and a PhD in applied and engineering physics from Cornell University. Betzig received the 2014 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, along with William Moerner and Stefan Hell, for their development of super-resolved fluorescence microscopy.

  17. Hell-Bent on Force Protection: Confusing Troop Welfare With Mission Accomplishment in Counterinsurgency

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2009-01-01

    embrace the tactical risks necessary for operational and strategic success. It is time to put our money where our mouth is, steel ourselves for the...to embrace the tactical risks necessary for operational and strategic success. It is time to put our money where our mouth is, steel ourselves for t...http://www.nytimes.com/2009/0]/22/world/asia/22taliban.html? fta =y (accessed February 26, 2009). , Foot , Richard. "Deadly lED Tactics Honed in Iraq

  18. Performing Economic Evaluation of Integrated Care: Highway to Hell or Stairway to Heaven?

    PubMed Central

    Stein, K. Viktoria; Evers, Silvia; Rutten-van Mölken, Maureen

    2016-01-01

    Health economists are increasingly interested in integrated care in order to support decision-makers to find cost-effective solutions able to tackle the threat that chronic diseases pose on population health and health and social care budgets. However, economic evaluation in integrated care is still in its early years, facing several difficulties. The aim of this paper is to describe the unique nature of integrated care as a topic for economic evaluation, explore the obstacles to perform economic evaluation, discuss methods and techniques that can be used to address them, and set the basis to develop a research agenda for health economics in integrated care. The paper joins the voices that call health economists to pay more attention to integrated care and argues that there should be no more time wasted for doing it. PMID:28316543

  19. Scholarship of teaching and learning: `what the hell' are we getting ourselves into?

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Swart, Arthur James; Luwes, Nicolaas; Olwagen, Lienie; Greyling, Cameron; Korff, Carel

    2017-11-01

    Academics must be encouraged to reflect on their teaching, to apply new pedagogies to support student learning and to report on the results of these actions, which really forms part of programmes relating to Scholarship of Teaching and Learning (SoTL). However, there seems to be resistance among some academics to get involved in these programmes due to fear of change or discrimination. The purpose of this article is to highlight the perceptions of four academics from different engineering fields towards such a programme from a University of Technology in South Africa. A qualitative study is employed where a focus group interview was used to gather data which are correlated to the SoTL unicycle detailed in the article. A benefit of joining an SoTL programme includes 'developing a teaching action plan' while a key challenge relates to time concerns. An implication may be to stimulate awareness among non-participating academics about what an SoTL programme really engenders.

  20. Invasive procedures on newly deceased examined with an ethical eye.

    PubMed

    1995-01-01

    Death is a hot topic. Books on death are making the best-seller lists and their authors are on speaker circuits, TV talk shows, and at book-signing parties. No longer a taboo topic in polite conversation, our society has become voyeuristic and hell-bent on unmasking death. At the Brooklyn Academy, for example, a dance/theater troupe is performing choreographer Bill T. Jones's "Still/Here," which incorporates videotaped segments of real people who are terminally ill and talk about it. Given the nation's preoccupation with death and dying, it should come as no surprise that the issue of how the newly deceased are treated within health care institutions has become a current topic in the literature, as the following articles show.

  1. Geologic map of the Lassen region, Cascade Range, USA

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Clynne, Michael; Muffler, L.J.

    1990-01-01

    A preliminary geologic map at 1:50,000 of the Lassen region encompasses 1400 km2. The map displays many small, monogenetic volcanoes of basalt to andesite as well as three major late Pliocene and Quaternary volcanic centers that have erupted products ranging from basaltic andesite to rhyolite. The youngest of these volcanic centers is the Lassen volcanic center, active from 600,000 years B.P. to the present. A major caldera formed at 400,000 years B.P. and has subsequently been filled with silicic lavas. The Lassen geothermal system, which consists of a central vapor-dominated reservoir at a temperature of 235??C underlain by a reservoir of hot water, is centered at Bumpass Hell within Lassen Volcanic National Park.

  2. FAST TRACK COMMUNICATION Critical exponents of domain walls in the two-dimensional Potts model

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Dubail, Jérôme; Lykke Jacobsen, Jesper; Saleur, Hubert

    2010-12-01

    We address the geometrical critical behavior of the two-dimensional Q-state Potts model in terms of the spin clusters (i.e. connected domains where the spin takes a constant value). These clusters are different from the usual Fortuin-Kasteleyn clusters, and are separated by domain walls that can cross and branch. We develop a transfer matrix technique enabling the formulation and numerical study of spin clusters even when Q is not an integer. We further identify geometrically the crossing events which give rise to conformal correlation functions. This leads to an infinite series of fundamental critical exponents h_{\\ell _1-\\ell _2,2\\ell _1}, valid for 0 <= Q <= 4, that describe the insertion of ell1 thin and ell2 thick domain walls.

  3. Historical and current perspectives on fish assemblages of the Snake River, Idaho and Wyoming

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Maret, T.R.; Mebane, C.A.

    2005-01-01

    The Snake River is the tenth longest river in the United States, extending 1,667 km from its origin in Yellowstone National Park in western Wyoming to its union with the Columbia River at Pasco, Washington. Historically, the main-stem Snake River upstream from the Hells Canyon Complex supported at least 26 native fish species, including anadromous stocks of Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, steelhead O. mykiss, Pacific lamprey Lampetra tridentata, and white sturgeon Acipenser transmontanus. Of these anadromous species, only the white sturgeon remains in the Snake River between the Hells Canyon Complex and Shoshone Falls. Today, much of the Snake River has been transformed into a river with numerous impoundments and flow diversions, increased pollutant loads, and elevated water temperatures. Current (1993-2002) fish assemblage collections from 15 sites along the Snake River and Henrys Fork contained 35 fish species, including 16 alien species. Many of these alien species such as catfish (Ictaluridae), carp (Cyprinidae), and sunfish (Centrarchidae) are adapted for warmwater impounded habitats. Currently, the Snake River supports 19 native species. An index of biotic integrity (IBI), developed to evaluate large rivers in the Northwest, was used to evaluate recent (1993-2002) fish collections from the Snake River and Henrys Fork in southern Idaho and western Wyoming. Index of biotic integrity site scores and component metrics revealed a decline in biotic integrity from upstream to downstream in both the Snake River and Henrys Fork. Two distinct groups of sites were evident that correspond to a range of IBI scores-an upper Snake River and Henrys Fork group with relatively high biotic integrity (mean IBI scores of 46-84) and a lower Snake River group with low biotic integrity (mean IBI scores of 10-29). Sites located in the lower Snake River exhibited fish assemblages that reflect poor-quality habitat where coldwater and sensitive species are rare or absent, and

  4. The geohydrologic system and probable effects of mining in the Sand Creek-Hanks lignite area, western Williams County, North Dakota

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Armstrong, C.A.

    1985-01-01

    The investigation was undertaken to define the geohydrology of the Sand Creek-Hanks area and to project probable hydrologic effects of lignite mining on the area. Aquifers occur in sandstone beds in the Fox Hills Sandstone and the Hell Creek Formation of Cretaceous age and in sandstone lenses and lignite beds in the Tongue River and Sentinel Butte Members of the Fort Union Formation of Tertiary age.The top of the Fox Hills aquifer ranges from about 1,200 to 2,000 feet below land surface. Yields of wells completed in the aquifer could be as much as 60 gallons per minute. Water in the Fox Hills aquifer is a sodium bicarbonate type and generallyDepths to the top of the Hell Creek aquifer range from about 900 to 1,600 feet. Well yields range from less than 10 to 40 gallons per minute. Water in the aquifer is a sodium bicarbonate type and generally contains between 1,000 and 2,200 milligrams per liter dissolved solids. Depths to aquifers in the Tongue River and Sentinel Butte Members of Fort Union Formation range from near land surface to about 1,000 feet below land surface. Wells completed in the aquifers may yield as much as 40 gallons per minute of sodium bicarbonate or a sodium sulfate type water that contains about 800 to 4,100 milligrams per liter dissolved solids.Glacial drift covers most of the study area. The drift thickness ranges from a veneer to about 380 feet. Well yields range from a few gallons per minute to 900 gallons per minute. Dissolved-solids concentrations in water from the glacial drift generally range from 477 to 2,050 milligrams per liter. Mining of lignite will destroy all aquifers in and above the mined lignite and will expose overburden to oxidation. Leaching will cause an increase in dissolved solids in ground water immediately beneath the mines and possibly will cause some increase in the dissolved solids in low flows in area streams.

  5. [Pain and fear in the ICU].

    PubMed

    Chamorro, C; Romera, M A

    2015-10-01

    Pain and fear are still the most common memories that refer patients after ICU admission. Recently an important politician named the UCI as the branch of the hell. It is necessary to carry out profound changes in terms of direct relationships with patients and their relatives, as well as changes in environmental design and work and visit organization, to banish the vision that our society about the UCI. In a step which advocates for early mobilization of critical patients is necessary to improve analgesia and sedation strategies. The ICU is the best place for administering and monitoring analgesic drugs. The correct analgesia should not be a pending matter of the intensivist but a mandatory course. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier España, S.L.U. and SEMICYUC. All rights reserved.

  6. The LSH/HELLS homolog Irc5 contributes to cohesin association with chromatin in yeast

    PubMed Central

    Bakowski, Tomasz; Maciaszczyk-Dziubinska, Ewa; Wysocki, Robert

    2017-01-01

    Abstract Accurate chromosome segregation is essential for every living cell as unequal distribution of chromosomes during cell division may result in genome instability that manifests in carcinogenesis and developmental disorders. Irc5 from Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a member of the conserved Snf2 family of ATP-dependent DNA translocases and its function is poorly understood. Here, we identify Irc5 as a novel interactor of the cohesin complex. Irc5 associates with Scc1 cohesin subunit and contributes to cohesin binding to chromatin. Disruption of IRC5 decreases cohesin levels at centromeres and chromosome arms, causing premature sister chromatid separation. Moreover, reduced cohesin occupancy at the rDNA region in cells lacking IRC5 leads to the loss of rDNA repeats. We also show that the translocase activity of Irc5 is required for its function in cohesion pathway. Finally, we demonstrate that in the absence of Irc5 both the level of chromatin-bound Scc2, a member of cohesin loading complex, and physical interaction between Scc1 and Scc2 are reduced. Our results suggest that Irc5 is an auxiliary factor that is involved in cohesin association with chromatin. PMID:28383696

  7. The LSH/HELLS homolog Irc5 contributes to cohesin association with chromatin in yeast.

    PubMed

    Litwin, Ireneusz; Bakowski, Tomasz; Maciaszczyk-Dziubinska, Ewa; Wysocki, Robert

    2017-06-20

    Accurate chromosome segregation is essential for every living cell as unequal distribution of chromosomes during cell division may result in genome instability that manifests in carcinogenesis and developmental disorders. Irc5 from Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a member of the conserved Snf2 family of ATP-dependent DNA translocases and its function is poorly understood. Here, we identify Irc5 as a novel interactor of the cohesin complex. Irc5 associates with Scc1 cohesin subunit and contributes to cohesin binding to chromatin. Disruption of IRC5 decreases cohesin levels at centromeres and chromosome arms, causing premature sister chromatid separation. Moreover, reduced cohesin occupancy at the rDNA region in cells lacking IRC5 leads to the loss of rDNA repeats. We also show that the translocase activity of Irc5 is required for its function in cohesion pathway. Finally, we demonstrate that in the absence of Irc5 both the level of chromatin-bound Scc2, a member of cohesin loading complex, and physical interaction between Scc1 and Scc2 are reduced. Our results suggest that Irc5 is an auxiliary factor that is involved in cohesin association with chromatin. © The Author(s) 2017. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Nucleic Acids Research.

  8. Editor's note

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    2005-11-01

    Nordita, the Nordic Institute for Theoretical Physics, was founded in 1957 by Niels Bohr and Torsten Gustafsson at Blegdamsvej in Copenhagen, joint to Bohr's legendary Institute. Today, memories of Bohr and his famous visitors -- Albert Einstein, Werner Heisenberg, Lev Landau and many others -- strongly contribute to Nordita's genius loci and inspire next generations of her visitors. Nordita awards ``Nordic Project'' grants to individual Nordic physicists to help conduct a world-class research in Nordic countries (Denmark, Finland, Island, Norway, and Sweden). Research reported here was generously supported by the Nordic Project "Quasi Periodic Oscillations in Black Hole and Neutron Star sources" awarded in 2005 to Marek Abramowicz. The Project supported the ``Nordita Workdays on QPO" (March 25 -- April 1, 2005) organized by Marek Abramowicz, Axel Brandenburg and Juri Poutanen with help of Hanne Bergen, Helle http://www.nordita.dk/positions/norproject.html

  9. Austrian-Hungarian Astronomical Observatories Run by the Society of Jesus at the Time of the 18th Century Venus Transits

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Posch, Thomas; Aspaas, Per Pippin; Bazso, Akos; Mueller, Isolde

    2013-05-01

    The Venus transit in June 1761 was the first one to be observed on a truly international scale: almost 250 astronomers followed this rare celestial event (e.g. Wulff 2012, p. 115), and at least 130 published successful observations of it (Aspaas 2012, p. 423). The present paper deals with the astronomical observatories built by the Society of Jesus in its eighteenth century "Provincia Austriae", at which the 1761 transit could be observed. Five Jesuit observatories are being presented in this context: three in today's Austria, namely, two in Vienna and one in Graz; one in Trnava in today's Slovakia and one in Cluj in today's Romania. Thereafter, we briefly examine which of these observatories submitted any Venus transit observations for publication in the appendix to Maximilian Hell's "Ephemerides astronomicae ad meridianum Vindobonensem" for the year 1762.

  10. Physical evidence of predatory behavior in Tyrannosaurus rex.

    PubMed

    DePalma, Robert A; Burnham, David A; Martin, Larry D; Rothschild, Bruce M; Larson, Peter L

    2013-07-30

    Feeding strategies of the large theropod, Tyrannosaurus rex, either as a predator or a scavenger, have been a topic of debate previously compromised by lack of definitive physical evidence. Tooth drag and bone puncture marks have been documented on suggested prey items, but are often difficult to attribute to a specific theropod. Further, postmortem damage cannot be distinguished from intravital occurrences, unless evidence of healing is present. Here we report definitive evidence of predation by T. rex: a tooth crown embedded in a hadrosaurid caudal centrum, surrounded by healed bone growth. This indicates that the prey escaped and lived for some time after the injury, providing direct evidence of predatory behavior by T. rex. The two traumatically fused hadrosaur vertebrae partially enclosing a T. rex tooth were discovered in the Hell Creek Formation of South Dakota.

  11. Physical evidence of predatory behavior in Tyrannosaurus rex

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    DePalma, Robert A., II; Burnham, David A.; Martin, Larry D.; Rothschild, Bruce M.; Larson, Peter L.

    2013-07-01

    Feeding strategies of the large theropod, Tyrannosaurus rex, either as a predator or a scavenger, have been a topic of debate previously compromised by lack of definitive physical evidence. Tooth drag and bone puncture marks have been documented on suggested prey items, but are often difficult to attribute to a specific theropod. Further, postmortem damage cannot be distinguished from intravital occurrences, unless evidence of healing is present. Here we report definitive evidence of predation by T. rex: a tooth crown embedded in a hadrosaurid caudal centrum, surrounded by healed bone growth. This indicates that the prey escaped and lived for some time after the injury, providing direct evidence of predatory behavior by T. rex. The two traumatically fused hadrosaur vertebrae partially enclosing a T. rex tooth were discovered in the Hell Creek Formation of South Dakota.

  12. Physical evidence of predatory behavior in Tyrannosaurus rex

    PubMed Central

    DePalma, Robert A.; Burnham, David A.; Martin, Larry D.; Rothschild, Bruce M.; Larson, Peter L.

    2013-01-01

    Feeding strategies of the large theropod, Tyrannosaurus rex, either as a predator or a scavenger, have been a topic of debate previously compromised by lack of definitive physical evidence. Tooth drag and bone puncture marks have been documented on suggested prey items, but are often difficult to attribute to a specific theropod. Further, postmortem damage cannot be distinguished from intravital occurrences, unless evidence of healing is present. Here we report definitive evidence of predation by T. rex: a tooth crown embedded in a hadrosaurid caudal centrum, surrounded by healed bone growth. This indicates that the prey escaped and lived for some time after the injury, providing direct evidence of predatory behavior by T. rex. The two traumatically fused hadrosaur vertebrae partially enclosing a T. rex tooth were discovered in the Hell Creek Formation of South Dakota. PMID:23858435

  13. Theoretical frameworks for testing relativistic gravity. IV - A compendium of metric theories of gravity and their post-Newtonian limits.

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Ni, W.-T.

    1972-01-01

    Metric theories of gravity are compiled and classified according to the types of gravitational fields they contain, and the modes of interaction among those fields. The gravitation theories considered are classified as (1) general relativity, (2) scalar-tensor theories, (3) conformally flat theories, and (4) stratified theories with conformally flat space slices. The post-Newtonian limit of each theory is constructed and its Parametrized Post-Newtonian (PPN) values are obtained by comparing it with Will's version of the formalism. Results obtained here, when combined with experimental data and with recent work by Nordtvedt and Will and by Ni, show that, of all theories thus far examined by our group, the only currently viable ones are general relativity, the Bergmann-Wagoner scalar-tensor theory and its special cases (Nordtvedt; Brans-Dicke-Jordan), and a recent, new vector-tensor theory by Nordtvedt, Hellings, and Will.

  14. Approaching hell's kitchen: Molecular daredevil clouds in the vicinity of Sagittarius A* ⋆⋆

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Moser, Lydia; Sánchez-Monge, Álvaro; Eckart, Andreas; Requena-Torres, Miguel A.; García-Marin, Macarena; Kunneriath, Devaky; Zensus, Anton; Britzen, Silke; Sabha, Nadeen; Shahzamanian, Banafsheh; Borkar, Abhijeet; Fischer, Sebastian

    2017-07-01

    We report serendipitous detections of line emission with the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) in bands 3, 6, and 7 in the central parsec down to within 1'' around Sgr A* at an up to now highest resolution (<0.5'') view of the Galactic center (GC) in the submillimeter (sub-mm) domain. From the 100 GHz continuum and the H39α emission we obtain a uniform electron temperature around Te 6000 K for the minispiral. The spectral index (S ∝ να) of Sagittarius A* (Sgr A*) is 0.5 at 100-250 GHz and 0.0 at 230-340 GHz. The bright sources in the center show spectral indices around -0.1 implying Bremsstrahlung emission, while dust emission is emerging in the minispiral exterior. Apart from CS, which is most widespread in the center, H13CO+, HC3N, SiO, SO, C2H, CH3OH, 13CS and N2H+ are also detected. The bulk of the clumpy emission regions is at positive velocities and in a region confined by the minispiral northern arm (NA), bar, and the sources IRS 3 and 7. Although partly spatially overlapping with the radio recombination line (RRL) emission at same negative velocities, the relation to the minispiral remains unclear. A likely explanation is an infalling clump consisting of denser cloud cores embedded in diffuse gas. This central association (CA) of clouds shows three times higher CS/X (X: any other observed molecule) ratios than the circumnuclear disk (CND) suggesting a combination of higher excitation, by a temperature gradient and/or infrared (IR) pumping, and abundance enhancement due to UV and/or X-ray emission. Hence, we conclude that this CA is closer to the center than the CND is to the center. Moreover, we find molecular line emission at velocities up to 200 km s-1. Apart from the CA, we identified two intriguing regions in the CND. One region shows emission in all molecular species and higher energy levels tested in this and previous observations and contains a methanol class I maser. The other region shows similar behavior of the line ratios such as the CA. Outside the CND, we find the traditionally quiescent gas tracer N2H+ coinciding with the largest IR dark clouds in the field. Methanol emission is found at and around previously detected methanol class I masers in the same region. We propose to make these particular regions subject to further studies in the scope of hot core, cold core, and extreme photon and/or X-ray dominated region (PDR/XDR) chemistry and consequent star formation in the central few parsecs. Based on ALMA observations under the project number 2011.0.00887.S, which were executed on 18 May 2012.Supplementary data (reduced FITS cubes and images) of the continuum and line emission listed in Tables 1 and 2 are only available at the CDS via anonymous ftp to http://cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr (http://130.79.128.5) or via http://cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr/viz-bin/qcat?J/A+A/603/A68

  15. A solution from hell: the United States and the rise of humanitarian interventionism, 1991-2003.

    PubMed

    Wertheim, Stephen

    2010-01-01

    This article traces the rise of humanitarian interventionist ideas in the US from 1991 to 2003. Until 1997, humanitarian intervention was a relatively limited affair, conceived ad hoc more than systematically, prioritized below multilateralism, aiming to relieve suffering without transforming foreign polities. For this reason, US leaders and citizens scarcely contemplated armed intervention in the Rwandan genocide of 1994: the US 'duty to stop genocide' was a norm still under development. It flourished only in the late 1990s, when humanitarian interventionism, like neoconservatism, became popular in the US establishment and enthusiastic in urging military invasion to remake societies. Now inaction in Rwanda looked outrageous. Stopping the genocide seemed, in retrospect, easily achieved by 5,000 troops, a projection that ignored serious obstacles. On the whole, humanitarian interventionists tended to understate difficulties of halting ethnic conflict, ignore challenges of postconflict reconstruction, discount constraints imposed by public opinion, and override multilateral procedures. These assumptions primed politicians and the public to regard the Iraq war of 2003 as virtuous at best and unworthy of strenuous dissent at worst. The normative commitment to stop mass killing outstripped US or international capabilities—a formula for dashed hopes and dangerous deployments that lives on in the 'responsibility to protect'.

  16. 76 FR 22670 - Black Hills National Forest, Hell Canyon Ranger District, South Dakota, Vestal Project

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-04-22

    ... landscape condition that reduces the potential for high severity wildfire adjacent to the at-risk community... density of pine trees and create a mosaic of structural stages across the landscape. Both commercial...

  17. To Hell with the Wigs! Native American Representation and Resistance at the World's Columbian Exposition

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Rinehart, Melissa

    2012-01-01

    The World's Columbian Exposition of 1893, in celebration of the quadricentennial anniversary of Columbus's landing in the Americas, spread over six hundred acres of reclaimed marsh lands in Chicago's South Side. Fourteen great buildings and two hundred additional buildings stood on the fairgrounds, and if tourists had visited every exhibit, they…

  18. Hell and High Water: Diminished Septic System Performance in Coastal Regions Due to Climate Change

    PubMed Central

    Cooper, Jennifer A.; Loomis, George W.; Amador, Jose A.

    2016-01-01

    Climate change may affect the ability of soil-based onsite wastewater treatment systems (OWTS) to treat wastewater in coastal regions of the Northeastern United States. Higher temperatures and water tables can affect treatment by reducing the volume of unsaturated soil and oxygen available for treatment, which may result in greater transport of pathogens, nutrients, and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) to groundwater, jeopardizing public and aquatic ecosystem health. The soil treatment area (STA) of an OWTS removes contaminants as wastewater percolates through the soil. Conventional STAs receive wastewater from the septic tank, with infiltration occurring deeper in the soil profile. In contrast, shallow narrow STAs receive pre-treated wastewater that infiltrates higher in the soil profile, which may make them more resilient to climate change. We used intact soil mesocosms to quantify the water quality functions of a conventional and two types of shallow narrow STAs under present climate (PC; 20°C) and climate change (CC; 25°C, 30 cm elevation in water table). Significantly greater removal of BOD5 was observed under CC for all STA types. Phosphorus removal decreased significantly from 75% (PC) to 66% (CC) in the conventional STA, and from 100% to 71–72% in shallow narrow STAs. No fecal coliform bacteria (FCB) were released under PC, whereas up to 17 and 20 CFU 100 mL-1 were released in conventional and shallow narrow STAs, respectively, under CC. Total N removal increased from 14% (PC) to 19% (CC) in the conventional STA, but decreased in shallow narrow STAs, from 6–7% to less than 3.0%. Differences in removal of FCB and total N were not significant. Leaching of N in excess of inputs was also observed in shallow narrow STAs under CC. Our results indicate that climate change can affect contaminant removal from wastewater, with effects dependent on the contaminant and STA type. PMID:27583363

  19. Hell and High Water: Diminished Septic System Performance in Coastal Regions Due to Climate Change.

    PubMed

    Cooper, Jennifer A; Loomis, George W; Amador, Jose A

    2016-01-01

    Climate change may affect the ability of soil-based onsite wastewater treatment systems (OWTS) to treat wastewater in coastal regions of the Northeastern United States. Higher temperatures and water tables can affect treatment by reducing the volume of unsaturated soil and oxygen available for treatment, which may result in greater transport of pathogens, nutrients, and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) to groundwater, jeopardizing public and aquatic ecosystem health. The soil treatment area (STA) of an OWTS removes contaminants as wastewater percolates through the soil. Conventional STAs receive wastewater from the septic tank, with infiltration occurring deeper in the soil profile. In contrast, shallow narrow STAs receive pre-treated wastewater that infiltrates higher in the soil profile, which may make them more resilient to climate change. We used intact soil mesocosms to quantify the water quality functions of a conventional and two types of shallow narrow STAs under present climate (PC; 20°C) and climate change (CC; 25°C, 30 cm elevation in water table). Significantly greater removal of BOD5 was observed under CC for all STA types. Phosphorus removal decreased significantly from 75% (PC) to 66% (CC) in the conventional STA, and from 100% to 71-72% in shallow narrow STAs. No fecal coliform bacteria (FCB) were released under PC, whereas up to 17 and 20 CFU 100 mL-1 were released in conventional and shallow narrow STAs, respectively, under CC. Total N removal increased from 14% (PC) to 19% (CC) in the conventional STA, but decreased in shallow narrow STAs, from 6-7% to less than 3.0%. Differences in removal of FCB and total N were not significant. Leaching of N in excess of inputs was also observed in shallow narrow STAs under CC. Our results indicate that climate change can affect contaminant removal from wastewater, with effects dependent on the contaminant and STA type.

  20. "Learning English Is Like Going to Hell": Using Learner Stories to Make Critical Pedagogical Decisions

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Lo, Yi-Hsuan Gloria

    2011-01-01

    Research has shown that English as a foreign language (EFL) learners in Taiwan fall into two peaks of the curve. This is to say, learners can be classified into two major groups: those who perform quite well on standardized tests, such as college entrance examinations, and those who perform poorly. From a socioeconomic perspective, the correlation…

  1. Talking Back to Power: Snowballs in Hell and the Imperative of Insisting on Structural Explanations

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Francis, Becky; Hey, Valerie

    2009-01-01

    This viewpoint explores and shares our experience of "doing" feminism in the context of its apparent "demise". We were recently invited to attend an event at the Cabinet Office, to "discuss the impact aspirations and expectations within the community have on the educational achievement of young people in deprived…

  2. Patterns of Storage, Synthesis and Changing Light Levels Revealed by Carbon Isotope Microsampling within Eocene Metasequoia Tree Rings

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Jahren, H.; Sternberg, L.

    2005-12-01

    Fossil tree rings from Axel Heiberg Island were microanalyzed for δ13C value in order to assess patterns of tree growth and carbon storage within the Middle Eocene (~45 Ma) Arctic paleoenvironment. Wood from four Metasequoia-type individuals was subsampled for analysis: each individual fossil consisted of between 4 and 10 large (~1 cm thick) consecutive tree rings. One of the fossils displayed an obvious concentric pattern, allowing for the determination of the direction of growth with isotopic pattern. Each ring was divided into ~1 mm thick subsamples, resulting in 5-10 δ13C value determinations per period of ring growth (i.e., growing season). All rings revealed a distinct pattern that was characteristic across growing seasons and across individual fossils. Early in the season, δ13C was at its highest value but descended systematically and sharply to its lowest value at the end of the growing season. Total decrease ranged between 3 and 5 ‰ over the course of each growing season. Identical patterns were observed in the δ13C value of alpha-cellulose isolated from each subsample, indicating that the trends observed did not represent changing levels of secondary metabolites, but rather a seasonal adjustment in the bulk source of carbon used during biosynthesis. Our results are consistent with the following annual pattern of wood synthesis 1.) complete dependence on the mobilization of stored carbon compounds early in the growing season; 2.) systematically increasing use of actively-acquired photosynthate during the growing season; 3.) complete reliance on active photosynthate by the end of the growing season. An additional and significant source of 13C discrimination is declining light levels late in the growing season, and likely contributes to the extreme pattern of δ13C decrease seen across each ring. Our results mimic those seen from modern broadleaf deciduous trees (Helle & Schlesser 2004), but differ from those seen in modern conifers (Barbour et al 2002

  3. The Roles of the Yellowstone Hotspot and Crustal Assimilation in Generating Pleistocene-Holocene Basalts on the Eastern Snake River Plain

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Mintz, H.; Chadwick, J.

    2017-12-01

    The southwest motion of the North American plate across the Yellowstone hotspot created a chain of age-progressive rhyolitic calderas over the past 16 myr. in southern Idaho, U.S. The focus of Yellowstone activity now resides in northwest Wyoming, but basaltic volcanism has continued in its wake in southern Idaho on the eastern Snake River Plain (ESRP). These younger basaltic lavas are not age progressive and have buried the Yellowstone rhyolites on the ESRP. The ultimate source of the basalts is commonly ascribed to the passage or presence of the hotspot. However, the mechanisms involved, and the relative roles of the hotspot, other mantle sources, and the North American crust in generating the ESRP basalts remain unclear and have been the subject of recent geochemical and isotopic studies. In this study, the role of crustal assimilation is addressed by analyzing the chemical and isotopic characteristics of some of the youngest Pleistocene-Holocene tholeiitic volcanic fields on the ESRP, which were erupted through varying thicknesses of continental crust. Samples were analyzed from the Hell's Half Acre flow (5,200 years old; all dates Kuntz et al., 1986, 1994), Cerro Grande flow (13,380 years), and Black Butte Crater (a.k.a. Shoshone) flow (10,130 years), which were erupted at distances from between about 200 to 300 km from the current location of the hotspot. The crust of the ESRP thins from northeast to southwest, from about 47 km at the Hells Half Acre flow to 40 km at the Black Butte Crater flow, a thickness difference of about 15%. The apparently similar tectonic and magmatic environments of the three sampled flows suggest the crustal thickness variation may be a primary influence on the magnitude of assimilation and therefore the isotopic characteristics of the lavas. The goal of this work is to constrain the relative role of assimilation and to understand the source(s) of the magmas and the Yellowstone hotspot contribution. Major elements, trace elements

  4. STABLE ISOTOPE GEOCHEMISTRY OF THERMAL FLUIDS FROM LASSEN VOLCANIC NATIONAL PARK, CALIFORNIA.

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Janik, Cathy J.; Nehring, Nancy L.; Truesdell, Alfred H.

    1983-01-01

    In the Lassen vapor-dominated geothermal system, surface manifestations of thermal fluids at high elevations (1800-2500 m) include superheated and drowned fumaroles, steam-heated acid-sulfate hot springs, and low-chloride bicarbonate springs. Neutral high-chloride hot water discharges at lower elevations. Deuterium and oxygen-18 data establish genetic connections between these fluids and with local meteoric waters. Steam from the highest temperature fumarole at Bumpass Hell and water from the highest chloride hot spring have isotopic compositions corresponding to vapor-liquid equilibrium at 235 degree C. Carbon and sulfur isotope data suggest that the CO//2 and H//2S in the system did not entirely originate from magmatic sources, but probably include contributions from thermal metamorphism of marine sedimentary rocks. Observations suggest that carbon and sulfur isotope variations are useful indicators of gas reactions and flow paths in geothermal systems. Refs.

  5. "Abomination"--life as a Bible belt gay.

    PubMed

    Barton, Bernadette

    2010-01-01

    Drawing on observation, autoethnography, and audio-taped interviews, this article explores the religious backgrounds and experiences of Bible Belt gays. In the Bible Belt, Christianity is not confined to Sunday worship. Christian crosses, messages, paraphernalia, music, news, and attitudes permeate everyday settings. Consequently, Christian fundamentalist dogma about homosexuality-that homosexuals are bad, diseased, perverse, sinful, other, and inferior-is cumulatively bolstered within a variety of other social institutions and environments in the Bible Belt. Of the 46 lesbians and gay men interviewed for this study (age 18-74 years), most describe living through spirit-crushing experiences of isolation, abuse, and self-loathing. This article argues that the geographic region of the Bible Belt intersects with religious-based homophobia. Informants explained that negative social attitudes about homosexuality caused a range of harmful consequences in their lives including the fear of going to hell, depression, low self-esteem, and feelings of worthlessness.

  6. "Will This Hell Never End?": Substantiating and Resisting "Race-Language" Policies in a Multilingual High School

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Malsbary, Christine

    2014-01-01

    This article presents a critical race theory analysis of teachers' and students' language policy negotiation. It draws on an ethnographic study in a high-school English as a Second Language (ESL) program. Results demonstrate how race-language processes create conditions that traumatize immigrant and bilingual youth of color through…

  7. "This Was My Hell": The Violence Experienced by Gender Non-Conforming Youth in US High Schools

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Wyss, Shannon E.

    2004-01-01

    This paper explores the experiences of harassment and violence endured by seven gender non-conforming youth in US high schools. Based on a larger research project, it opens an inquiry into the school-based lives of gender-variant teens, a group heretofore ignored by most academics and educators. Breaking violence down into two main types (physical…

  8. 'What the hell is water?' How to use deliberate clinical inertia in common emergency department situations.

    PubMed

    Egerton-Warburton, Diana; Cullen, Louise; Keijzers, Gerben; Fatovich, Daniel M

    2018-06-01

    Appropriate deliberate clinical inertia refers to the art of doing nothing as a positive clinical response. It includes shared decision-making to improve patient care with the use of clinical judgement. We discuss common clinical scenarios where the use of deliberate clinical inertia can occur. The insertion of peripheral intravenous cannulae, investigating patients with suspected renal colic and the investigation of low risk chest pain are all opportunities for the thoughtful clinician to 'stand there' and use effective patient communication to avoid low value tests and procedures. Awareness is key to identifying these opportunities to practice deliberate clinical inertia, as many of the situations may be so much a part of our environment that they are hidden in plain view. © 2018 Australasian College for Emergency Medicine and Australasian Society for Emergency Medicine.

  9. Concreteness and context availability in lexical decision tasks.

    PubMed

    Levy-Drori, Shelly; Henik, Avishai

    2006-01-01

    Three experiments were carried out to elucidate the origins of the concreteness (C) effect in a lexical decision task. The first experiment was a replication of the work of Schwanenflugel et al. (1988) and Van Hell and De Groot (1998), who presented the context availability (CA) hypothesis. In this experiment CA seemed to be a dominant factor. Familiarity (FAM) was not incorporated in the ANOVA, but a regression analysis and negative correlation between C and FAM in the groups matched on CA showed that FAM could explain the disappearance of the C effect. Experiment 2 controlled FAM and revealed a C effect, although concrete and abstract words were matched on CA. Experiment 3 controlled C and FAM and revealed a CA effect. The current data emphasize the importance of controlling FAM and CA in examining the C effect in a lexical decision task and support a revised version of the dual-coding theory.

  10. Intimate partner violence, pregnancy and the decision for abortion.

    PubMed

    Williams, Gail B; Brackley, Margaret H

    2009-04-01

    Pregnant women whose lives are affected by intimate partner violence and unintended pregnancy are often faced with the decision for abortion. In this qualitative research, the authors explored women's experiences of unintended pregnancy and intimate partner violence (IPV) from the perspective of adult pregnant women seeking abortion. Women were assessed for intimate partner violence and study inclusion by means of two IPV screening tools. The authors collected data during one-to two-hour semi-structured interviews with eight pregnant women. At the completion of the interviews, all women were assessed for safety using an assessment of danger tool. Safety planning and referrals were provided for all women. Qualitative data collection and data analysis were guided by naturalistic inquiry to identify prevalent themes. Three major themes emerged from the data: (1) It Wasn't That Bad, (2) Then It Got Worse, and (3) If I Have the Baby He'll Come Back. Descriptive statistics were used to tabulate and describe the women's responses to the three tools.

  11. [Christian religiosity and psychothematics].

    PubMed

    Zweifel, A; Scharfetter, C

    1977-01-01

    Correlations of (christian) religiosity and religious thematization in functional psychoses with paranoid syndromes (60 pat.) were studied by an extensive questionnaire. In regard of the frequency of religious themes in the paranoid syndromes there was no difference between catholic and protestant confession. Probands with religious experiences in their psychoses had other religious socialization (a home with special interest in religious subjects). They are themselves more active in regard to religious practices, more interested in religious problems, refer more often to fear of devil and hell, feel themselves more frequently close bound to the church. The premorbid religious activity increased in the period of 6 months before hospitalisation. They judge their fathers retrospectively more often as permissive. Concerning psychopathology probands with religious thematization in their psychosis had higher values of "grandiosity" in the IMPS (LORR), had more often experiences of immediate inspiration, evidence and clearness. They were hospitalized for a longer period than probands without religious thematization.

  12. Special regulatory T-cell review: T-cell dependent suppression revisited.

    PubMed

    Basten, Antony; Fazekas de St Groth, Barbara

    2008-01-01

    The concept of T-cell dependent regulation of immune responses has been a central tenet of immunological thinking since the delineation of the two cell system in the 1960s. Indeed T-cell dependent suppression was discovered before MHC restriction. When reviewing the data from the original wave of suppression, it is intriguing to reflect not just on the decline and fall of suppressor T cells in the 1980s, but on their equally dramatic return to respectability over the past decade. Hopefully their resurgence will be supported by solid mechanistic data that will underpin their central place in our current and future understanding of the immune system. Cannon to right of them, Cannon to left of them, Cannon in front of them Volley'd and thunder'd Storm'd at with shot and shell, Boldly they rode and well, Into the jaws of Death, Into the mouth of Hell, Rode the six hundred (suppressionists). (Adapted from The Charge of the Light Brigade, Alfred, Lord Tennyson)

  13. The Influence of Divine Rewards and Punishments on Religious Prosociality

    PubMed Central

    Saleam, James; Moustafa, Ahmed A.

    2016-01-01

    A common finding across many cultures has been that religious people behave more prosocially than less (or non-) religious people. Numerous priming studies have demonstrated that the activation of religious concepts via implicit and explicit cues (e.g., ‘God,’ ‘salvation,’ among many others) increases prosociality in religious people. However, the factors underlying such findings are less clear. In this review we discuss hypotheses (e.g., the supernatural punishment hypothesis) that explain the religion-prosociality link, and also how recent findings in the empirical literature converge to suggest that the divine rewards (e.g., heaven) and punishments (e.g., hell) promised by various religious traditions may play a significant role. In addition, we further discuss inconsistencies in the religion-prosociality literature, as well as existing and future psychological studies which could improve our understanding of whether, and how, concepts of divine rewards and punishments may influence prosociality. PMID:27536262

  14. ESO and the UK. Why does the UK need more astronomy?

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Gilmore, Gerry

    2002-09-01

    “What was God doing before he made heaven and earth? … He was preparing hell for those who would pry into such profound mysteries.''1 This joke was already venerable when quoted by Augustine, in his analysis of the ancient and still modern problem, time. Understanding the origin(s), meaning( s), future(s), and significance(s) of time, space, existence, mass, matter, geometry, of origins and endings, of what and where, remains one of the greatest intellectual endeavours of the human mind. From the caves of Lascaux, through the megaliths of Stonehenge to the dreamtime of Australia, mankind has striven to understand his origins and future. Our generation has the exceptional good fortune to be living through the greatest increase in knowledge relevant to these fundamental questions since someone first looked up at night. We are also increasing understanding, while realizing how much more there is in the Universe still be learned and understood.

  15. Brand Suicide? Memory and Liking of Negative Brand Names

    PubMed Central

    Guest, Duncan; Estes, Zachary; Gibbert, Michael; Mazursky, David

    2016-01-01

    Negative brand names are surprisingly common in the marketplace (e.g., Poison perfume; Hell pizza, and Monster energy drink), yet their effects on consumer behavior are currently unknown. Three studies investigated the effects of negative brand name valence on brand name memory and liking of a branded product. Study 1 demonstrates that relative to non-negative brand names, negative brand names and their associated logos are better recognised. Studies 2 and 3 demonstrate that negative valence of a brand name tends to have a detrimental influence on product evaluation with evaluations worsening as negative valence increases. However, evaluation is also dependent on brand name arousal, with high arousal brand names resulting in more positive evaluations, such that moderately negative brand names are equally as attractive as some non-negative brand names. Study 3 shows evidence for affective habituation, whereby the effects of negative valence reduce with repeated exposures to some classes of negative brand name. PMID:27023872

  16. Brand Suicide? Memory and Liking of Negative Brand Names.

    PubMed

    Guest, Duncan; Estes, Zachary; Gibbert, Michael; Mazursky, David

    2016-01-01

    Negative brand names are surprisingly common in the marketplace (e.g., Poison perfume; Hell pizza, and Monster energy drink), yet their effects on consumer behavior are currently unknown. Three studies investigated the effects of negative brand name valence on brand name memory and liking of a branded product. Study 1 demonstrates that relative to non-negative brand names, negative brand names and their associated logos are better recognised. Studies 2 and 3 demonstrate that negative valence of a brand name tends to have a detrimental influence on product evaluation with evaluations worsening as negative valence increases. However, evaluation is also dependent on brand name arousal, with high arousal brand names resulting in more positive evaluations, such that moderately negative brand names are equally as attractive as some non-negative brand names. Study 3 shows evidence for affective habituation, whereby the effects of negative valence reduce with repeated exposures to some classes of negative brand name.

  17. [Dante's Inferno and the McGill Pain Questionnaire].

    PubMed

    Tonelli, N; Marcolongo, R

    2007-01-01

    To study the images which depict the damned's sufferings in Dante's Inferno, in their expression of the several meanings of "pain", the semantics of "pain" in the poem has been analyzed, eventually trying to determine whether the organization of punishments of Inferno may somehow mirror a disability scale. A detailed analysis of the text was carried out, which proved a valuable tool for interpreting the organization of punishments as a possible disability scale. The semantics of pain in the Divine Comedy was studied through all the forms of the pain descriptors (included the archaic terminological forms) from the Italian version of the McGill Pain Questionnaire (MGPQ) by Maiani and Sanavio. In Dante's Inferno a classification of pain is provided, based on the experience of sufferings; Dante's images seem not only instrumental to investigating the sensorial but also the affective and intellectual spheres by introducing a number of characters and describing the impact of punishment onto their souls. Our research highlighted that 46 out of 78 terms from the MGPQ are present in Inferno, though with different forms; the Groups the MGPQ is divided into are also represented with the exception of Group XII, the most frequently detected being Groups XIII-which studies the fear-related sensations in the emotional sphere - XIV, XIX and XX. The great attention emerges that Dante devoted to describing simple sensorial experiences as well as the way punishments affected the soul. As a whole, the terms pertaining to the sensorial sphere are the most frequently encountered. The lack of motion which increases circle after circle in Hell, well matches the progressing physical and psychological impairment caused by some invalidating diseases. Noticeably, Dante created such a complex system centuries before the studies were released on the impact of pain and its quantitative and mostly qualitative definition. In conclusion, this interpretation suggests that the writing on the door to

  18. Geologic Map of Part of the Uinkaret Volcanic Field, Mohave County, Northwestern Arizona

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Billingsley, George H.; Hamblin, W. Kenneth; Wellmeyer, Jessica L.; Dudash, Stephanie L.

    2001-01-01

    addition, there are 12 sections belonging to the State of Arizona, about 12 sections are private land, and several sections are within the Grand Canyon National Park and Lake Mead National Recreational Area (U.S. Department of the Interior, 1993). The private land is in Potato Valley and Lake Valley, southwest and west of Mount Trumbull, and in Whitmore Canyon and Toroweap (Tuweap) Valley. Portions of the Sawmill Mountains, Mount Logan, and Mount Trumbull areas were originally established as part of the Dixie National Forest in 1904. In 1924, Dixie National Forest land became part of the Kaibab National Forest. Then on February 13, 1974, management of this part of the Kaibab National Forest was transferred to the Bureau of Land Management, Arizona Strip Field Office (personal commun. Becky Hammond, Bureau of Land Management, 1997). Mount Logan and part of the Sawmill Mountains are now designated as the Mount Logan Wilderness Area, and Mount Trumbull is designated as the Mount Trumbull Wilderness Area. Most of the map area is now part of the new Grand Canyon-Parashant Canyon National Monument established January 11, 2000. Lower elevations within Hells Hollow, Whitmore Canyon, Toroweap Valley, and Cove Canyon support a sparse growth of sagebrush, cactus, grass, and a variety of desert shrubs. Sagebrush, grass, cactus, cliffrose bush, pinion pine, and juniper trees thrive at elevations above 1,830 m (6,000 ft). Ponderosa pine and oak forests thrive at higher elevations in the Mount Trumbull and Mount Logan areas. Surface runoff within the map area drains south towards the Colorado River through Hells Hole, Hollow, Whitmore Canyon, Toroweap Valley, and Cove Canyon. Upper Toroweap Valley, upper Hells Hollow, and Whitmore Canyon are part of the physiographic area of Grand Canyon, but are not within Grand Canyon National Park (Billingsley and others, 1997). As of January 11, 2000, these areas are now part of the new Grand Canyon-Parashant

  19. To hell and back: excessive drug use, addiction, and the process of recovery in mainstream rock autobiographies.

    PubMed

    Oksanen, Atte

    2012-01-01

    Rock autobiographies have become increasingly popular since the 1990s. This article analyzes 31 mainstream rock autobiographies describing a wide variety of legal and illegal substances used and reckless behavior. Narrative analysis shows that books concentrate on recovering from addiction. The majority of writers have participated in some kind of treatment. Rock autobiographies use therapeutic vocabulary and borrow discursive elements from culturally familiar Alcoholics Anonymous texts recounting recovery stories. The analysis shows that drugs and alcohol are not associated with rebellion and authenticity as they once were in rock music. Surviving addiction has become a key theme of rock culture.

  20. Unpaving the Road to Hell: Disrupting Good Intentions and Bad Science about Islam and the Middle East

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Sensoy, Özlem; Ali-Khan, Carolyne

    2016-01-01

    Teachers across all subject areas engage students, in some way, in the study of "otherness"--other societies, other cultures, other practices. Often teachers and teacher educators attend to teaching about others with strong desires toward social justice as they seek to make a difference and do good. However, with insufficient tools to…

  1. Wilderness - between the promise of hell and paradise: A cultural-historical exploration of a Dutch National Park

    Treesearch

    Koen Arts; Anke Fischer; Rene van der Wal

    2011-01-01

    ‘Wilderness' is often seen as an ideal state in contemporary debates on ecological restoration. This paper asks what is left of ‘wilderness' in present-day Western Europe and explores this question by drawing on a case study of the Hoge Veluwe National Park in the Netherlands. An overview of intellectual histories of wilderness ideas is used as a backdrop to...

  2. 'This chimp will kick your ass at memory games - but how the hell does he do it?'.

    PubMed

    Humphrey, Nicholas

    2012-07-01

    Extraordinary evidence generates extraordinary claims. I discuss the remarkable memory skills of chimpanzees tested in the Kyoto Primate Laboratory, and suggest a novel – but deflationary – hypothesis to explain them. Could the chimpanzees, who have been highly trained to learn the sequence of Arabic numerals, have developed number–colour synaesthesia?

  3. A Chance in Hell: Evaluating the Efficacy of U.S. Military Health Systems in Foreign Disaster Relief

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2013-12-10

    no direct access to rail or sea. Many of these roads were severed in the 2005 quake due to landslides.127 Regional tensions with India and...to the timing of the quake , many of the dead and injured were schoolchildren whose classrooms collapsed around them. 132Sharon Wiharta et al., The...139According to NATO’s Euro-Atlantic Response Center Report dated October 8, the top two priorities were rescue/cargo helicopters and earth moving

  4. Synthetic Astrobiology

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Rothschild, Lynn J.

    2017-01-01

    "Are we alone?" is one of the primary questions of astrobiology, and whose answer defines our significance in the universe. Unfortunately, this quest is hindered by the fact that we have only one confirmed example of life, that of earth. While this is enormously helpful in helping to define the minimum envelope for life, it strains credulity to imagine that life, if it arose multiple times, has not taken other routes. To help fill this gap, our lab has begun using synthetic biology - the design and construction of new biological parts and systems and the redesign of existing ones for useful purposes - as an enabling technology. One theme, the "Hell Cell" project, focuses on creating artificial extremophiles in order to push the limits for Earth life, and to understand how difficult it is for life to evolve into extreme niches. In another project, we are re-evolving biotic functions using only the most thermodynamically stable amino acids in order to understand potential capabilities of an early organism with a limited repertoire of amino acids.

  5. Analysis of alkylamides in Echinacea plant materials and dietary supplements by ultrafast liquid chromatography with diode array and mass spectrometric detection.

    PubMed

    Mudge, Elizabeth; Lopes-Lutz, Daise; Brown, Paula; Schieber, Andreas

    2011-08-10

    Alkylamides are a class of compounds present in plants of the genus Echinacea (Asteraceae), which have been shown to have high bioavailability and immunomodulatory effects. Fast analysis to identify these components in a variety of products is essential to profile products used in clinical trials and for quality control of these products. A method based on ultrafast liquid chromatography (UFLC) coupled with diode array detection and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry was developed for the analysis of alkylamides from the roots of Echinacea angustifolia (DC.) Hell., Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench, and commercial dietary supplements. A total of 24 alkylamides were identified by LC-MS. The analysis time for these components is 15 min. Compared to the alkylamide profiles determined in the Echinacea root materials, the commercial products showed a more complex profile due to the blending of root and aerial parts of E. purpurea. This versatile method allows for the identification of alkylamides in a variety of Echinacea products and presents the most extensive characterization of alkylamides in E. angustifolia roots so far.

  6. The Detection of Gravitational Waves

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Blair, David G.

    2005-10-01

    Part I. An Introduction to Gravitational Waves and Methods for their Detection: 1. Gravitational waves in general relativity D. G. Blair; 2. Sources of gravitational waves D. G. Blair; 3. Gravitational wave detectors D. G. Blair; Part II. Gravitational Wave Detectors: 4. Resonant-bar detectors D. G. Blair; 5. Gravity wave dewars W. O. Hamilton; 6. Internal friction in high Q materials J. Ferreirinko; 7. Motion amplifiers and passive transducers J. P. Richard; 8. Parametric transducers P. J. Veitch; 9. Detection of continuous waves K. Tsubono; 10. Data analysis and algorithms for gravitational wave-antennas G. V. Paalottino; Part III. Laser Interferometer Antennas: 11. A Michelson interferometer using delay lines W. Winkler; 12. Fabry-Perot cavity gravity-wave detectors R. W. P. Drever; 13. The stabilisation of lasers for interferometric gravitational wave detectors J. Hough; 14. Vibration isolation for the test masses in interferometric gravitational wave detectors N. A. Robertson; 15. Advanced techniques A. Brillet; 16. Data processing, analysis and storage for interferometric antennas B. F. Schutz; 17. Gravitational wave detection at low and very low frequencies R. W. Hellings.

  7. A New Large-Bodied Oviraptorosaurian Theropod Dinosaur from the Latest Cretaceous of Western North America

    PubMed Central

    Lamanna, Matthew C.; Sues, Hans-Dieter; Schachner, Emma R.; Lyson, Tyler R.

    2014-01-01

    The oviraptorosaurian theropod dinosaur clade Caenagnathidae has long been enigmatic due to the incomplete nature of nearly all described fossils. Here we describe Anzu wyliei gen. et sp. nov., a new taxon of large-bodied caenagnathid based primarily on three well-preserved partial skeletons. The specimens were recovered from the uppermost Cretaceous (upper Maastrichtian) Hell Creek Formation of North and South Dakota, and are therefore among the stratigraphically youngest known oviraptorosaurian remains. Collectively, the fossils include elements from most regions of the skeleton, providing a wealth of information on the osteology and evolutionary relationships of Caenagnathidae. Phylogenetic analysis reaffirms caenagnathid monophyly, and indicates that Anzu is most closely related to Caenagnathus collinsi, a taxon that is definitively known only from a mandible from the Campanian Dinosaur Park Formation of Alberta. The problematic oviraptorosaurs Microvenator and Gigantoraptor are recovered as basal caenagnathids, as has previously been suggested. Anzu and other caenagnathids may have favored well-watered floodplain settings over channel margins, and were probably ecological generalists that fed upon vegetation, small animals, and perhaps eggs. PMID:24647078

  8. F-100A with nose through hangar wall following Scott Crossfield's emergency landing

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    1954-01-01

    A NACA High-Speed Flight Station hangar wall meets the nose of a North American F-100A Super Sabre airplane on 8 September 1954. On the first NACA research flight of airplane #52-5778, pilot Scott Crossfield had to make a powerless 'deadstick' landing following an engine fire warning. This was something North American's own test pilots doubted could be done, for the early F-100 lacked flaps and landed 'hot as hell.' Crossfield followed up the flawless approach and landing by coasting off the lakebed, up the ramp, and then through the front door of the NACA hangar, frantically trying to stop the F-100A, which had used up its emergency brake power. Crossfield missed the NACA X fleet, but crunched the nose of the aircraft through the hangar's side wall. It is reported that Chuck Yeager then proclaimed that while the sonic wall had been his, the hangar wall was Crossfield's! The hangar wall and the F-100A were repaired, and the airplane flew again.

  9. Synthetic Biology and the Search for Extraterrestrial Life

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Rothschild, Lynn J.

    2015-01-01

    "Are we alone?" is one of the primary questions of astrobiology, and whose answer defines our significance in the universe. Unfortunately, this quest is hindered by the fact that we have only one confirmed example of life, that of earth. While this is enormously helpful in helping to define the minimum envelope for life, it strains credulity to imagine that life, if it arose multiple times, has not taken other routes. To help fill this gap, our lab has begun using synthetic biology - the design and construction of new biological parts and systems and the redesign of existing ones for useful purposes - as an enabling technology. One theme, the "Hell Cell" project, focuses on creating artificial extremophiles in order to push the limits for Earth life, and to understand how difficult it is for life to evolve into extreme niches. In another project, we are re-evolving biotic functions using only the most thermodynamically stable amino acids in order to understand potential capabilities of an early organism with a limited repertoire of amino acids.

  10. Synthetic Astrobiology

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Rothschild, Lynn J.

    2015-01-01

    'Are we alone?' is one of the primary questions of astrobiology, and whose answer defines our significance in the universe. Unfortunately, this quest is hindered by the fact that we have only one confirmed example of life, that of earth. While this is enormously helpful in helping to define the minimum envelope for life, it strains credulity to imagine that life, if it arose multiple times, has not taken other routes. To help fill this gap, our lab has begun using synthetic biology - the design and construction of new biological parts and systems and the redesign of existing ones for useful purposes - as an enabling technology. One theme, the "Hell Cell" project, focuses on creating artificial extremophiles in order to push the limits for Earth life, and to understand how difficult it is for life to evolve into extreme niches. In another project, we are re-evolving biotic functions using only the most thermodynamically stable amino acids in order to understand potential capabilities of an early organism with a limited repertoire of amino acids.

  11. DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Porter, Mark C.; Ketchum, Sarah

    Noxious weeds threaten fish and wildlife habitat by contributing to increased sedimentation rates, diminishing riparian structure and function, and reducing forage quality and quantity. Wallowa Resources Wallowa Canyonlands Partnership (WCP) protects the unique ecological and economic values of the Hells Canyon grasslands along lower Joseph Creek, the lower Grande Ronde and Imnaha Rivers from invasion and degradation by noxious weeds using Integrated Weed Management techniques. Objectives of this grant were to inventory and map high priority weeds, coordinate treatment of those weeds, release and monitor bio-control agents, educate the public as to the dangers of noxious weeds and how tomore » deal with them, and restore lands to productive plant communities after treatment. With collaborative help from partners, WCP inventoried {approx} 215,000 upland acres and 52.2 miles of riparian habitat, released bio-controls at 23 sites, and educated the public through posters, weed profiles, newspaper articles, and radio advertisements. Additionally, WCP used other sources of funding to finance the treatment of 1,802 acres during the course of this grant.« less

  12. Demonstration of the Military Ecological Risk Assessment Framework (MERAF): Apache Longbow - Hell Missile Test at Yuma Proving Ground

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Efroymson, R.A.

    2002-05-09

    This ecological risk assessment for a testing program at Yuma Proving Ground, Arizona, is a demonstration of the Military Ecological Risk Assessment Framework (MERAF; Suter et al. 2001). The demonstration is intended to illustrate how risk assessment guidance concerning-generic military training and testing activities and guidance concerning a specific type of activity (e.g., low-altitude aircraft overflights) may be implemented at a military installation. MERAF was developed with funding from the Strategic Research and Development Program (SERDP) of the Department of Defense. Novel aspects of MERAF include: (1) the assessment of risks from physical stressors using an ecological risk assessment framework,more » (2) the consideration of contingent or indirect effects of stressors (e.g., population-level effects that are derived from habitat or hydrological changes), (3) the integration of risks associated with different component activities or stressors, (4) the emphasis on quantitative risk estimates and estimates of uncertainty, and (5) the modularity of design, permitting components of the framework to be used in various military risk assessments that include similar activities. The particular subject of this report is the assessment of ecological risks associated with a testing program at Cibola Range of Yuma Proving Ground, Arizona. The program involves an Apache Longbow helicopter firing Hellfire missiles at moving targets, i.e., M60-A1 tanks. Thus, the three component activities of the Apache-Hellfire test were: (1) helicopter overflight, (2) missile firing, and (3) tracked vehicle movement. The demonstration was limited, to two ecological endpoint entities (i.e., potentially susceptible and valued populations or communities): woody desert wash communities and mule deer populations. The core assessment area is composed of about 126 km{sup 2} between the Chocolate and Middle Mountains. The core time of the program is a three-week period, including fourteen days of activity in August of 2000.« less

  13. "Facilis Descensus Averni" Mind, Brain, Education, and Ethics: Highway to Hell, Stairway to Heaven, or Passing Dead End?

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    della Chiesa, Bruno

    2010-01-01

    Are human beings born unequal when it comes to ethics? Or are ethical standards acquired? Or both nature and nurture? Neuroscience is on its way to discovering biological underpinnings of ethics in our brains. Whatever the upcoming findings on this front will be, our philosophical, political, and educational views, and even the way we look at…

  14. "What the Hell Is Revise?": Student Approaches to Coursework in Developmental English at One Urban-Serving Community College

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Perun, Stefan A.

    2014-01-01

    The primary objective of this dissertation was to help illuminate why most students who enroll in developmental English at community colleges never make it to a college-level course. The extant literature suggests that students' learning experiences in a course largely account for success or failure, yet few studies have uncovered how students…

  15. Climate reconstructions from tree-ring widths for the last 850 years in Northern Poland

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Heinrich, Ingo; Knorr, Antje; Heußner, Karl-Uwe; Wazny, Tomasz; Slowinski, Michal; Helle, Gerhard; Simard, Sonia; Scharnweber, Tobias; Buras, Allan; Beck, Wolfgang; Wilmking, Martin; Brauer, Achim

    2015-04-01

    temperature r = 0,61 and N-Poland pine-tracheid-lumen-area-chronology with mean Feb-to-June temperature r = -0,66). By using only raw values, low-frequency signals could be sustained in the chronologies. Liang, W.; Heinrich, I.; Helle, G.; Dorado Liñán, I.; Heinken, T. (2013a): Applying CLSM to increment core surfaces for histometric analyses: A novel advance in quantitative wood anatomy. Dendrochronologia 31, 140-145. Liang, W.; Heinrich, I.; Simard, S.; Helle, G.; Dorado Liñán, I.; Heinken, T. (2013b): Climate signals derived from cell anatomy of Scots pine in NE Germany. Tree Physiology 33, 833-844.

  16. Hydrogeologic framework and estimates of ground-water volumes in Tertiary and upper Cretaceous hydrogeologic units in the Powder River basin, Wyoming

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Hinaman, Kurt

    2005-01-01

    The Powder River Basin in Wyoming and Montana is an important source of energy resources for the United States. Coalbed methane gas is contained in Tertiary and upper Cretaceous hydrogeologic units in the Powder River Basin. This gas is released when water pressure in coalbeds is lowered, usually by pumping ground water. Issues related to disposal and uses of by-product water from coalbed methane production have developed, in part, due to uncertainties in hydrologic properties. One hydrologic property of primary interest is the amount of water contained in Tertiary and upper Cretaceous hydrogeologic units in the Powder River Basin. The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Bureau of Land Management, conducted a study to describe the hydrogeologic framework and to estimate ground-water volumes in different facies of Tertiary and upper Cretaceous hydrogeologic units in the Powder River Basin in Wyoming. A geographic information system was used to compile and utilize hydrogeologic maps, to describe the hydrogeologic framework, and to estimate the volume of ground water in Tertiary and upper Cretaceous hydrogeologic units in the Powder River structural basin in Wyoming. Maps of the altitudes of potentiometric surfaces, altitudes of the tops and bottoms of hydrogeologic units, thicknesses of hydrogeologic units, percent sand of hydrogeologic units, and outcrop boundaries for the following hydrogeologic units were used: Tongue River-Wasatch aquifer, Lebo confining unit, Tullock aquifer, Upper Hell Creek confining unit, and the Fox Hills-Lower Hell Creek aquifer. Literature porosity values of 30 percent for sand and 35 percent for non-sand facies were used to calculate the volume of total ground water in each hydrogeologic unit. Literature specific yield values of 26 percent for sand and 10 percent for non-sand facies, and literature specific storage values of 0.0001 ft-1 (1/foot) for sand facies and 0.00001 ft-1 for non-sand facies, were used to calculate a

  17. Effects of a test flood on fishes of the Colorado River in Grand Canyon, Arizona

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Valdez, R.A.; Hoffnagle, T.L.; McIvor, C.C.; McKinney, T.; Leibfried, W.C.

    2001-01-01

    A beach/habitat-building flow (i.e., test flood) of 1274 m3/s, released from Glen Canyon Dam down the Colorado River through Grand Canyon, had little effect on distribution, abundance, or movement of native fishes, and only short-term effects on densities of some nonnative species Shoreline and backwater catch rates of native fishes, including juvenile humpback chub (Gila cypha), flannelmouth suckers (Catostomus latipinnis), and bluehead suckers (C. discobolus), and all ages of speckled dace (Rhinichthys osculus), were not significantly different before and after the flood. Annual spring spawning migrations of flannelmouth suckers into the Paria River and endangered humpback chub into the Little Colorado River (LCR) took place during and after the flood, indicating no impediment to fish migrations. Pre-spawning adults staged in large slack water pools formed at the mouths of these tributaries during the flood. Net movement and habitat used by nine radio-tagged adult humpback chub during the flood were not significantly different from prior observations. Diet composition of adult humpback chub varied, but total biomass did not differ significantly before, during, and after the flood, indicating opportunistic feeding for a larger array of available food items displaced by the flood. Numbers of nonnative rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) <152 mm total length decreased by ???8% in electrofishing samples from the dam tailwaters (0-25 km downstream of the dam) during the flood. Increased catch rates in the vicinity of the LCR (125 km downstream of the dam) and Hell's Hollow (314 km downstream of the dam) suggest that these young trout were displaced downstream by the flood, although displacement distance was unknown since some fish could have originated from local populations associated with intervening tributaries. Abundance, catch rate, body condition, and diet of adult rainbow trout in the dam tailwaters were not significantly affected by the flood, and the flood

  18. Climatic interpretation of tree-ring methoxyl d2H time-series from a central alpine larch forest

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Riechelmann, Dana F. C.; Greule, Markus; Siegwolf, Rolf T. W.; Esper, Jan; Keppler, Frank

    2017-04-01

    We measured stable hydrogen isotope ratios of lignin methoxyl groups (d2HLM) in high elevation larch trees (Larix decidua Mill.) from the Simplon Valley in southern Switzerland. Thirty-seven larch trees were sampled and five individuals analysed for their d2HLM values at annual (1971-2009) and pentadal resolution (1746-2009). Testing the climate response of the d2HLM series, the annually resolved series show a positive correlation of r = 0.60 with June/July precipitation and weaker but negative correlation with June/July temperature. In addition, a negative correlation with June-August d2H in precipitation of the nearby GNIP station in Locarno is observed. The pentadally resolved d2HLM series show no significant correlation to climate parameters. The positive correlation of the annually resolved data to summer precipitation is uncommon to d2H measurements from tree-rings (Feakins et al., 2013; Helle and Schleser, 2004; McCarroll and Loader, 2004; Mischel et al., 2015; White et al., 1994). However, we explain the positive association with warm season hydroclimate as follows: methoxyl groups of lignin are directly formed from tissues in the xylem water. More precipitation during June and July, which are on average relatively dry month, results in higher d2H values of the xylem water and therefore, higher d2H value in the lignin methoxyl groups. Therefore, we suggest that d2HLM values of high elevation larch trees might likely serve as a summer precipitation proxy. References: Feakins, S.J., Ellsworth, P.V., Sternberg, L.d.S.L., 2013. Lignin methoxyl hydrogen isotope rations in a coastal ecosystem. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 121: 54-66. Helle, G., Schleser, G.H., 2004. Interpreting Climate Proxies from Tree-rings. In: Fischer, H., Floeser, G., Kumke, T., Lohmann, G., Miller, H., Negendank, J.F.W., et al., editors. The Climate in Historical Times. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 129-148. McCarroll, D., Loader, N.J., 2004. Stable isotopes in tree rings. Quaternary

  19. Water resources of the Fort Berthold Indian Reservation, west-central North Dakota

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Cates, Steven W.; Macek-Rowland, Kathleen M.

    1998-01-01

    Water resources of the Fort Berthold Indian Reservation in west-central North Dakota occur as ground water in bedrock and buried-valley aquifers and as surface water in streams and Lake Sakakawea. The bedrock aquifers-the Fox Hills-Hell Creek, Tongue River, and Sentinel Butte store about 93 million acre-feet of water under the Reservation. The Fox Hills-Hell Creek aquifer is composed mainly of very fine to medium-grained sandstone and stores about 51 million acrefeet of water. Water levels in the aquifer declined from 1976 through 1992. The Tongue River aquifer is composed mainly of claystones and siltstones and has widely distributed pockets of sandstone or lignite layers. The aquifer stores about 24 million acre-feet of water. The Sentinel Butte aquifer is composed mainly of interbedded claystones, siltstones, shale, lignite, and sandstone and stores about 18 million acre-feet of water. Yields from the lignite beds are highly variable. Water in the aquifers was predominantly a sodium bicarbonate type. Mean dissolved solids concentrations were 1,530 milligrams per liter in water from the Fox Hills-Hell Creek aquifer, 2,110 milligrams per liter in water from the Tongue River aquifer, and 1,300 milligrams per liter in water from the Sentinel Butte aquifer. The East Fork Shell Creek, Shell Creek, White Shield, New Town, and Sanish aquifers occur within buried valleys and store about 1,414,000 acre-feet of water. The East Fork Shell Creek and Shell Creek aquifers are composed of sand and gravel lenses that are surrounded by less permeable till. Water in the East Fork Shell Creek aquifer is a sodium sulfate bicarbonate type, and water in the Shell Creek aquifer is a sodium bicarbonate sulfate type. Mean dissolved-solids concentrations were 3,220 milligrams per liter in water from the East Fork Shell Creek aquifer and 1,470 milligrams per liter in water from the Shell Creek aquifer.The White Shield aquifer is composed of very fine to coarse sand and fine to coarse

  20. The road to heaven is paved with effort: Perceived effort amplifies moral judgment.

    PubMed

    Bigman, Yochanan E; Tamir, Maya

    2016-12-01

    If good intentions pave the road to hell, what paves the road to heaven? We propose that moral judgments are based, in part, on the degree of effort exerted in performing the immoral or moral act. Because effort can serve as an index of goal importance, greater effort in performing immoral acts would lead to more negative judgments, whereas greater effort in performing moral acts would lead to more positive judgments. In support of these ideas, we found that perceived effort intensified judgments of both immoral (Studies 1-2) and moral (Studies 2-7) agents. The effect of effort on judgment was independent of the outcome (Study 3) and of perceptions of the outcome extremity (Study 6). Furthermore, the effect of effort on judgment was mediated by perceived goal importance (Studies 4-6), even when controlling for perceived intentions (Studies 5-6). Finally, we demonstrate that perceived effort can influence actual behavior, such as the assignment of monetary rewards (Study 7). We discuss the possible implications of effort as a causal motivational factor in moral judgment and social retribution. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved).

  1. Michelangelo, Copernicus and the Sistine chapel

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Shrimplin, Valerie

    2011-06-01

    It is argued that Copernican astronomy is a key theme in Michelangelo's fresco of the Last Judgment in the Sistine Chapel, and was incorporated with the knowledge, consent and approval of the Popes concerned. In Christian art, the iconography of the Last Judgment (depicting the three parts of the universe: heaven, Earth and hell) was traditionally based on a layered structure relating to perceptions of the flat Earth covered by the dome of heaven according to biblical cosmology. In Michelangelo's revolutionary work, Christ is significantly depicted as a beardless Apollonian Sun-god, positioned in the centre of a dramatic circular design rather than at the top of a layered format. This appears to relate to the traditional Christian analogy between the deity and the astronomical feature of the sun, the neoplatonic cult of Sun-symbolism and sources in Dante. More importantly, the influence of the Copernican theory of heliocentricity is argued, since interest in such ideas in papal circles is demonstrated at exactly the time of the commission of the painting (1533). This provides important evidence of papal support for Copernican heliocentricity as early as the 1530s.

  2. What's "up" with God? Vertical space as a representation of the divine.

    PubMed

    Meier, Brian P; Hauser, David J; Robinson, Michael D; Friesen, Chris Kelland; Schjeldahl, Katie

    2007-11-01

    "God" and "Devil" are abstract concepts often linked to vertical metaphors (e.g., "glory to God in the highest," "the Devil lives down in hell"). It is unknown, however, whether these metaphors simply aid communication or implicate a deeper mode of concept representation. In 6 experiments, the authors examined the extent to which the vertical dimension is used in noncommunication contexts involving God and the Devil. Experiment 1 established that people have implicit associations between God-Devil and up-down. Experiment 2 revealed that people encode God-related concepts faster if presented in a high (vs. low) vertical position. Experiment 3 found that people's memory for the vertical location of God- and Devil-like images showed a metaphor-consistent bias (up for God; down for Devil). Experiments 4, 5a, and 5b revealed that people rated strangers as more likely to believe in God when their images appeared in a high versus low vertical position, and this effect was independent of inferences related to power and likability. These robust results reveal that vertical perceptions are invoked when people access divinity-related cognitions. (c) 2007 APA, all rights reserved.

  3. ``Who polluted the Potomac?'' The translation and implementation of a US environmental story in Brazilian and Turkish classrooms

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Oliveira, Alandeom W.; Colak, Huseyin; Akerson, Valarie L.

    2009-03-01

    In this study we examine how elementary teachers in Brazil and Turkey approached the translation and subsequent classroom implementation of an instructional activity that promotes environmental awareness through a combination of student role playing and teacher oral delivery of an environmental story about river pollution. A discourse analysis showed that translation into Portuguese was literal, an approach that fostered a classroom implementation that emphasized detached transmission of knowledge (the teacher frequently interrupted her delivery to provide textual, contextual and recontextualizing information to students). In contrast, translation into Turkish was free, that is, with many modifications that led to a decontextualized and detached text. Implementation of this text was focused on the creation of student involvement, being dominated by oral strategies such as religious analogies (heaven and hell), and parallel repetitions of statements of shared guilt. Based on these findings, it was concluded that neither translation promoted an equivalent form of environmental instruction (i.e., involved transmission of environmental knowledge). Furthermore, an argument is made that effective translation requires that original and translated curricula foster analogous levels of involvement (or detachment) as well as equivalent forms of classroom relationships and social roles (pragmatic equivalence).

  4. Adapt or Die on the Highway To Hell: Metagenomic Insights into Altered Genomes of Firmicutes from the Deep Biosphere

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Briggs, B. R.; Colwell, F. S.

    2014-12-01

    The ability of a microbe to persist in low-nutrient environments requires adaptive mechanisms to survive. These microorganisms must reduce metabolic energy and increase catabolic efficiency. For example, Escherichia coli surviving in low-nutrient extended stationary phase have mutations that confer a growth advantage in stationary phase (GASP) phenotype, thus allowing for persistence for years in low-nutrient environments. Based on the fact that subseafloor environments are characterized by energy flux decrease with time of burial we hypothesize that cells from older (deeper) sediment layers will have more altered genomes compared to sequenced surface relatives and that these differences reflect adaptations to a low-energy flux environment. To test this hypothesis, sediment samples were collected from the Andaman Sea from the depths of 21, 40 and 554 meters below seafloor, with the ages of 0.34, 0.66, and 8.76 million years, respectively. A single operational taxonomic unit within Firmicutes, based on full-length 16S rDNA, dominated these low diversity samples. This unique feature allowed for metagenomic sequencing using the Illumina HiSeq to identify nucleotide variations (NV) between the subsurface Firmicutes and the closest sequenced representative, Bacillus subtilis BEST7613. NVs were present at all depths in genes that code for proteins used in energy-dependent proteolysis, cell division, sporulation, and (similar to the GASP mutants) biosynthetic pathways for amino acids, nucleotides, and fatty acids. Conserved genes such as 16S rDNA did not contain NVs. More NVs were found in genes from deeper depths. These NV may be beneficial or harmful allowing them to survive for millions of years in the deep biosphere or may be latent deleterious gene alterations that are masked by the minimal-growth status of these deep microbes. Either way these results show that microbes present in the deep biosphere experience environmental forcing that alters the genome.

  5. Prospects for developing stock - Water supplies from wells in northeastern Garfield County, Montana

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Van Lewen, M. C.; King, Norman Julius

    1971-01-01

    Ground-water resources in northeastern Garfield County, Mont., afford a practical and reliable source of stock water on the intermingled public and private grazing lands that together comprise an area of about 1,200 square miles. The oldest formation exposed in the area is the relatively thick and impermeable Bearpaw Shale of Cretaceous .age. Overlying the Bearpaw Shale in succession are the Fox Hills Sandstone and Hell Creek Formation of Cretaceous age, the Fort Union Formation of Tertiary age, and thin glacial deposits .and alluvium of Quaternary age. All but the Bearpaw Shale and the glacial deposits are potential aquifers. Published geologic maps were found to be satisfactory after fitting contacts to the topographic base. Mapping, therefore, was limited mainly to outlining on aerial photographs the alluvial deposits in the stream valleys. The major structural feature is the Blood Creek syncline, the axis of which plunges eastward 10-15 feet per mile across the southern part of the area. Beds generally dip 15-25 feet per mile toward the synclinal axis. Water in bedrock aquifers is under artesian pressure, .and most wells in Big and Little Dry Creek valleys flow at the land surface. The only bedrock aquifer having appreciable areal extent is a sandstone 30-70 feet thick that has been mapped by previous investigators as the upper part of the Fox Hills Sandstone. This aquifer crops out in the northern and northwestern parts of the area and dips about 20 feet per mile southeastward beneath younger beds. Most wells in the northern half of the area obtain water from this sandstone at drilling depths of less than 200 feet. The depth to the Fox Hills Sandstone increases progressively southward, and most wells south of Woody Creek obtain water from irregularly distributed sandstone beds and lenses in the overlying Hell Creek and Fort Union Formations. The depth at which water may be obtained from these beds is not accurately predictable, but the depth seldom exceeds 300

  6. Psychologists in Partnership with Criminal Justice in American Public Schools: A Match Made in Heaven or a Marriage from Hell?

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    McCarthy-Tucker, Sherri; Waters, Thomas Franklin; Little, Augustus

    This report describes the impact of a professional development workshop, Five Keys to Successfully Managing Classrooms, designed to help teachers work with at-risk students and better manage problem behaviors in the classroom. The activity was led by an interdisciplinary team of experts in psychology, instructional leadership, and criminal justice…

  7. Ladies from hell, Aberdeen free gardeners, and the Russian influenza: an anthropometric analysis of WWI-era Scottish soldiers and civilians.

    PubMed

    Riggs, Paul; Cuff, Timothy

    2013-01-01

    We analyze data on the height of Scottish men, both civilians and members of the military forces serving in World War I measured in the 1910s, in order to provide another window into the biological well-being of late nineteenth-century birth cohorts. The evidence indicates that rural residents still had a distinct height advantage over their urban counterparts and that military men displayed a slower growth profile than did civilians, but mean heights for the two groups of adults were similar. Mean stature for both groups is well above those found by Floud for British troops born in the 1880s and greater than that of Scottish convicts from the 1830s. Men who were in utero between 1889 and 1893 were slightly stunted, "marked for life" by an encounter with the Russian influenza which struck the region repeatedly. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

  8. Solidarity and AIDS: introduction.

    PubMed

    Krieger, N

    1991-01-01

    Perhaps more than any other disease in recent history, AIDS has taught a cruel and crucial lesson: the constraints on our response to this epidemic are as deep as our denial, as entrenched as the inequities that permeate our society, as circumscribed as our knowledge, and as unlimited as our compassion and our commitment to human rights. Elaborating on these themes, the final three articles in this Special Section on AIDS consider three widely divergent yet intimately connected topics: AIDS in Cuba, AIDS in Brazil, and global AIDS prevention in the 1990s. Together, they caution that if we persist in treating AIDS as a problem only of "others," no country will be spared the social and economic devastation that promises to be the cost of our contempt and our folly. Solidarity is not an option; it is a necessity. Without conscious recognition of the worldwide relationship between health, human rights, and social inequalities, our attempts to abate the spread of AIDS--and to ease the suffering that follows in its wake--most surely will fall short of our goals. Finally, as we mourn our dead, we must take to heart the words of Mother Jones, and "fight like hell for living." This is the politics of survival.

  9. Spatial niche partitioning in dinosaurs from the latest cretaceous (Maastrichtian) of North America.

    PubMed

    Lyson, Tyler R; Longrich, Nicholas R

    2011-04-22

    We examine patterns of occurrence of associated dinosaur specimens (n = 343) from the North American Upper Cretaceous Hell Creek Formation and equivalent beds, by comparing their relative abundance in sandstone and mudstone. Ceratopsians preferentially occur in mudstone, whereas hadrosaurs and the small ornithopod Thescelosaurus show a strong association with sandstone. By contrast, the giant carnivore Tyrannosaurus rex shows no preferred association with either lithology. These lithologies are used as an indicator of environment of deposition, with sandstone generally representing river environments, and finer grained sediments typically representing floodplain environments. Given these patterns of occurrence, we argue that spatial niche partitioning helped reduce competition for resources between the herbivorous dinosaurs. Within coastal lowlands ceratopsians preferred habitats farther away from rivers, whereas hadrosaurs and Thescelosaurus preferred habitats in close proximity to rivers, and T. rex, the ecosystem's sole large carnivore, inhabited both palaeoenvironments. Spatial partitioning of the environment helps explain how several species of large herbivorous dinosaurs coexisted. This study emphasizes that different lithologies can preserve dramatically dissimilar vertebrate assemblages, even when deposited in close proximity and within a narrow window of time. The lithology in which fossils are preserved should be recorded as these data can provide unique insights into the palaeoecology of the animals they preserve.

  10. Spatial niche partitioning in dinosaurs from the latest cretaceous (Maastrichtian) of North America

    PubMed Central

    Lyson, Tyler R.; Longrich, Nicholas R.

    2011-01-01

    We examine patterns of occurrence of associated dinosaur specimens (n = 343) from the North American Upper Cretaceous Hell Creek Formation and equivalent beds, by comparing their relative abundance in sandstone and mudstone. Ceratopsians preferentially occur in mudstone, whereas hadrosaurs and the small ornithopod Thescelosaurus show a strong association with sandstone. By contrast, the giant carnivore Tyrannosaurus rex shows no preferred association with either lithology. These lithologies are used as an indicator of environment of deposition, with sandstone generally representing river environments, and finer grained sediments typically representing floodplain environments. Given these patterns of occurrence, we argue that spatial niche partitioning helped reduce competition for resources between the herbivorous dinosaurs. Within coastal lowlands ceratopsians preferred habitats farther away from rivers, whereas hadrosaurs and Thescelosaurus preferred habitats in close proximity to rivers, and T. rex, the ecosystem's sole large carnivore, inhabited both palaeoenvironments. Spatial partitioning of the environment helps explain how several species of large herbivorous dinosaurs coexisted. This study emphasizes that different lithologies can preserve dramatically dissimilar vertebrate assemblages, even when deposited in close proximity and within a narrow window of time. The lithology in which fossils are preserved should be recorded as these data can provide unique insights into the palaeoecology of the animals they preserve. PMID:20943689

  11. The price of incivility.

    PubMed

    Porath, Christine; Pearson, Christine

    2013-01-01

    We've all heard of (or experienced) the "boss from hell." But that's just one form that incivility in the workplace can take. Rudeness on the job is surprisingly common, and it's on the rise. Whether it involves overt bullying or subtle acts of thoughtlessness, incivility takes a toll. It erodes productivity, chips away at morale, leads employees to quit, and damages customer relationships. Dealing with its aftermath can soak up weeks of managerial attention and time. Over the past 14 years the authors have conducted interviews with and collected data from more than 14,000 people throughout the United States and Canada in order to track the prevalence, types, causes, costs, and cures of incivility at work. They suggest several steps leaders can take to counter rudeness. Managers should start with themselves-monitoring their own behavior, asking for feedback on it, and making sure that their actions are a model for others. When it comes to managing the organization, leaders should hire with civility in mind, teach it on the job, create group norms, reward good behavior, and penalize bad behavior. Lest consistent civility seem an extravagance, the authors caution that just one habitually offensive employee critically positioned in an organization can cost millions in Lost employees, lost customers, and lost productivity.

  12. Religious content of hallucinations in paranoid schizophrenia.

    PubMed

    Krzystanek, Marek; Krysta, Krzysztof; Klasik, Adam; Krupka-Matuszczyk, Irena

    2012-09-01

    Different environmental factors are thought to be responsible for 15-20% of schizophrenia pathogenesis. Religion has long been considered a major force in human life, regardless of economic, social or political affiliation. How the perception of religion has changed over time, especially in the context of mental illness, was the focal point of this long-term comparative study. A random selection of 100 case histories from the years 1932, 1952, 1972 and 1992 was selected. By reviewing the subject history and medical notes, information on the presence of religious hallucinations and/or delusions were collected and grouped. Religious topics were demonstrated in 46.8% of the test population. Whereas there was a clear diversity of religious-themed delusions, "God", "Christ", "Mary", "Satan/devil" and "hell" all figured prominently across all reviewed years. There is a progressive decrease in the number of religious topics in paranoid schizophrenia. The transfer of holiness from historical saints onto a subject was observed. Evil dominates over good in productive symptoms in paranoid schizophrenia. The phenomenon of apocalyptic subjects in paranoid hallucinations and delusions increased after the Second World War. Religious topics of hallucinations and delusions change over time and relate to objective historical events and reflect changes in religiosity in society.

  13. False recognition production indexes in forward associative strength (FAS) lists with three critical words.

    PubMed

    Beato, María Soledad; Arndt, Jason

    2014-01-01

    False memory illusions have been widely studied using the Deese/Roediger-McDermott paradigm (DRM). In this paradigm, participants study words semantically related to a single nonpresented critical word. In a memory test critical words are often falsely recalled and recognized. The present study was conducted to measure the levels of false recognition for seventy-five Spanish DRM word lists that have multiple critical words per list. Lists included three critical words (e.g., HELL, LUCEFER, and SATAN) simultaneously associated with six studied words (e.g., devil, demon, fire, red, bad, and evil). Different levels of forward associative strength (FAS) between the critical words and their studied associates were used in the construction of the lists. Specifically, we selected lists with the highest FAS values possible and FAS was continuously decreased in order to obtain the 75 lists. Six words per list, simultaneously associated with three critical words, were sufficient to produce false recognition. Furthermore, there was wide variability in rates of false recognition (e.g., 53% for DUNGEON, PRISON, and GRATES; 1% for BRACKETS, GARMENT, and CLOTHING). Finally, there was no correlation between false recognition and associative strength. False recognition variability could not be attributed to differences in the forward associative strength.

  14. People Control Their Addictions: No matter how much the "chronic" brain disease model of addiction indicates otherwise, we know that people can quit addictions - with special reference to harm reduction and mindfulness.

    PubMed

    Peele, Stanton

    2016-12-01

    The world, led by the United States, is hell bent on establishing the absence of choice in addiction, as expressed by the defining statement that addiction is a " chronic relapsing brain disease" (my emphasis). The figure most associated with this model, the director of the American National Institute on Drug Abuse, Nora Volkow, claims that addiction vitiates free will through its effects on the brain. In reality, while by no means a simple task, people regularly quit their substance addictions, often by moderating their consumption, usually through mindfulness-mediated processes (Peele, 2007). Ironically, the brain disease model's ascendance in the U.S. corresponds with epidemic rises in opiate addiction, both painkillers (Brady et al., 2016) and heroin (CDC, n.d.), as well as heroin, painkiller, and tranquilizer poisoning deaths (Rudd et al., 2016). More to the point, the conceptual and treatment goal of eliminating choice in addiction and recovery is not only futile, but iatrogenic. Indeed, the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism's epidemiological surveys, while finding natural recovery for both drug and alcohol disorders to be typical, has found a decline in natural recovery rates (Dawson et al., 2005) and a sharp increase in AUDs (Grant et al., 2015).

  15. ET versus Alien : Popular Attitudes to bringing back Biological Material from Space

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Evans, D.

    The general public tend to react to radical scientific innovation in extreme ways, seeing them alternatively as a passport to utopia or a ticket to hell. The possible discovery of alien life forms has generated both types of reaction, as a brief survey of Hollywood movies shows. In this fanciful world, alens are either the friendly beings of ET and Close Encounters, who show us a way to improve ourselves, or the frightening monsters of Alien and Independence Day, who are bent on our destruction. Yet most astrobiologists would agree that both types of scenario are extremely unlikely. If we do encounter other life forms, the scientific consensus is that such life is vastly more likely to be microbial than to be an advanced, intelligent multicellular species. The public focus on the improbable stories of Hollywood means that they are little prepared to engage in sensible dialogue about plans for sample return missions from Mars and other planets. Unless scientific organisations take steps to encourage a more realistic understanding of the kinds of life we are most likely to encounter in space, we risk seeing public debate on these matters degenerate into the same hysteria and idiocy as that which has surrounded the use of GM foods and stem cell research.

  16. Investigating dynamical complexity in the time series of the upgraded ENIGMA magnetometer array using various entropy measures

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Balasis, Georgios; Daglis, Ioannis A.; Papadimitriou, Constantinos; Melis, Nikolaos; Giannakis, Omiros; Kontoes, Charalampos

    2016-04-01

    The HellENIc GeoMagnetic Array (ENIGMA) is a network of 3 ground-based magnetometer stations in the areas of Trikala, Attiki and Lakonia in Greece that provides measurements for the study of geomagnetic pulsations, resulting from the solar wind - magnetosphere coupling. ENIGMA magnetometer array enables effective remote sensing of geospace dynamics and the study of space weather effects on the ground (i.e., Geomagnetically Induced Currents - GIC). ENIGMA contributes data to SuperMAG, a worldwide collaboration of organizations and national agencies that currently operate more than 300 ground-based magnetometers. ENIGMA is currently extended and upgraded receiving financial support through the national funding KRIPIS project and European Commission's BEYOND project. In particular, the REGPOT project BEYOND is an FP7 project that aims to maintain and expand the existing state-of-the-art interdisciplinary research potential, by Building a Centre of Excellence for Earth Observation based monitoring of Natural Disasters in south-eastern Europe, with a prospect to increase its access range to the wider Mediterranean region through the integrated cooperation with twining organizations. This study explores the applicability and effectiveness of a variety of computable entropy measures to the ENIGMA time series in order to investigate dynamical complexity between pre-storm activity and magnetic storms.

  17. Radiocarbon studies of latest Pleistocene and Holocene lava flows of the Snake River Plain, Idaho: Data, lessons, interpretations

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Kuntz, M.A.; Spiker, E. C.; Rubin, M.; Champion, D.E.; Lefebvre, R.H.

    1986-01-01

    Latest Pleistocene-Holocene basaltic lava fields of the Snake River Plain, Idaho, have been dated by the radiocarbon method. Backhoe excavations beneath lava flows typically yielded carbon-bearing, charred eolian sediment. This material provided most of the samples for this study; the sediment typically contains less than 0.2% carbon. Charcoal fragments were obtained from tree molds but only from a few backhoe excavations. Contamination of the charred sediments and charcoal by younger carbon components is extensive; the effects of contamination were mitigated but appropriate pretreatment of samples using acid and alkali leaches. Twenty of the more than 60 lava flows of the Craters of the Moon lava field have been dated; their ages range from about 15,000 to about 2000 yr B.P. The ages permit assignment of the flows to eight distinct eruptive periods with an average recurrence interval of about 2000 yr. The seven other latest Pleistocene-Holocene lava fields were all emplaced in short eruptive bursts. Their 14C ages (yr B.P.) are: Kings Bowl (2222?? 100), Wapi (2270 ?? 50), Hells Half Acre (5200 ?? 150), Shoshone (10,130 ?? 350), North Robbers and South Robbers (11.980 ?? 300), and Cerro Grande (13,380 ?? 350). ?? 1986.

  18. Radiocarbon studies of latest Pleistocene and Holocene lava flows of the Snake River Plain, Idaho: Data, lessons, interpretations

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Kuntz, Mel A.; Spiker, Elliott C.; Rubin, Meyer; Champion, Duane E.; Lefebvre, Richard H.

    1986-03-01

    Latest Pleistocene-Holocene basaltic lava fields of the Snake River Plain, Idaho, have been dated by the radiocarbon method. Backhoe excavations beneath lava flows typically yielded carbon-bearing, charred eolian sediment. This material provided most of the samples for this study; the sediment typically contains less than 0.2% carbon. Charcoal fragments were obtained from tree molds but only from a few backhoe excavations. Contamination of the charred sediments and charcoal by younger carbon components is extensive; the effects of contamination were mitigated but appropriate pretreatment of samples using acid and alkali leaches. Twenty of the more than 60 lava flows of the Craters of the Moon lava field have been dated; their ages range from about 15,000 to about 2000 yr B.P. The ages permit assignment of the flows to eight distinct eruptive periods with an average recurrence interval of about 2000 yr. The seven other latest Pleistocene-Holocene lava fields were all emplaced in short eruptive bursts. Their 14C ages (yr B.P.) are: Kings Bowl (2222± 100), Wapi (2270 ± 50), Hells Half Acre (5200 ± 150), Shoshone (10,130 ± 350), North Robbers and South Robbers (11.980 ± 300), and Cerro Grande (13,380 ± 350).

  19. "Why the hell do we need electronic health records?". EHR acceptance among physicians in private practice in Austria: a qualitative study.

    PubMed

    Hackl, W O; Hoerbst, A; Ammenwerth, E

    2011-01-01

    Progress in the medical sciences, together with related technologies, in the past has led to higher specialization and has created a strong need to exchange health information across institutional borders. The concept of electronic health records (EHR) was introduced to fulfill these needs. Remarkably, many EHR introduction projects ran into trouble, not least because they lacked the acceptance of EHR among physicians. Negative emotions, such as anxiety and fear due to a lack of information, may cause change barriers and hamper physicians' acceptance of such projects. The goal of this study was to gain deeper insight into the negative emotions related to the intended implementation of a mandatory national electronic health record system (called ELGA) in Austria among physicians in private practice. Qualitative, problem-centered interviews were conducted with eight physicians in private practice in the capital region of Tyrol. The methods of qualitative content analysis were used to analyze the data. Three hundred and twenty-eight passages in the interviews were selected, annotated, and paraphrased. These passages were assigned to 139 different primary categories. Finally, 18 main categories in the form of statements were derived. They were correlated and a theoretical model was formed to explain the genesis of the detected fears and anxiety related to the ELGA project. The results show that the physicians feel uninformed and snubbed. They fear unknown changes, increased costs, as well as workload and surveillance without obtaining any advantages from using electronic health records in their daily practice. Impartial information campaigns that are tailored to the physicians' needs and questions as along with a comprehensive cost-benefit analysis could benefit the physicians' opinion of EHRs.

  20. The Grim Reaper, Hounds of Hell, and Dr. Death: The Role of Storytelling for Palliative Care in Competing Medical Meaning Systems.

    PubMed

    Omilion-Hodges, Leah M; Swords, Nathan M

    2017-10-01

    Palliative care (PC) is a medical specialty that strives to fulfill the physical, psychosocial, emotional, practical, and spiritual needs of individuals at end of life or in tandem with curative treatment. Although exponentially rising in use and beneficial to patient well-being at end of life, the purpose of PC is often misunderstood and those providing its services frequently report resistance from organizational members. Such resistance can be attributed to tensions between traditional biomedical models of medicine that privilege curative treatment and biosocial models of medicine that holistically care for patients. Thus, this study addresses what tensions PC providers experience in their institutions and what communicative strategies they use at the interpersonal level in managing those tensions. Using structuration theory in tandem with relational dialectics theory, we inductively analyzed semistructured interviews with 24 Circle of Life award-winning PC providers. Findings indicate two dialectics experienced by PC providers in their institutions: the living-dying dialectic and the practicing-advocating dialectic. We conclude that these interpersonal dialectics emerge through interaction in competing medical meaning systems and found that storytelling was a particularly salient form of communication that participants used for management.

  1. Proton Induced X-Ray Emission (PIXE) Analysis to Measure Trace Metals in Soil Along the East River in Queens, New York

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Chalise, Sajju; Conlan, Skye; Porat, Zachary; Labrake, Scott; Vineyard, Michael

    2017-09-01

    The Union College Ion-Beam Analysis Lab's 1.1 MV tandem Pelletron accelerator is used to determine the presence of heavy trace metals in Queens, NY between Astoria Park and 3.5 miles south to Gantry State Park. A PIXE analysis was performed on 0.5 g pelletized soil samples with a 2.2 MeV proton beam. The results show the presence of elements ranging from Ti to Pb with the concentration of Pb in Astoria Park (2200 +/-200 ppm) approximately ten times that of the Gantry State Park. We hypothesize that the high lead concentration at Astoria Park is due to the nearby Hell Gate Bridge, painted in 1916 with lead based paint, then sandblasted and repainted in the '90s. If the lead is from the repair of the bridge, then we should see the concentration decrease as we go further from the bridge. To test this, soil samples were collected and analyzed from seven different locations north and south of the bridge. The concentrations of lead decreased drastically within a 500 m radius and were approximately constant at greater distances. More soil samples need to be collected within the 500 m radius from bridge to identify the potential source of Pb. We will describe the experimental procedure, the PIXE analysis of soil samples, and present preliminary results on the distribution of heavy trace metals.

  2. Hanford Waste Physical and Rheological Properties: Data and Gaps

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Wells, Beric E.; Kurath, Dean E.; Mahoney, Lenna A.

    2011-08-01

    The Hanford Site in Washington State manages 177 underground storage tanks containing approximately 250,000 m3 of waste generated during past defense reprocessing and waste management operations. These tanks contain a mixture of sludge, saltcake and supernatant liquids. The insoluble sludge fraction of the waste consists of metal oxides and hydroxides and contains the bulk of many radionuclides such as the transuranic components and 90Sr. The saltcake, generated by extensive evaporation of aqueous solutions, consists primarily of dried sodium salts. The supernates consist of concentrated (5-15 M) aqueous solutions of sodium and potassium salts. The 177 storage tanks include 149 single-shellmore » tanks (SSTs) and 28 double -hell tanks (DSTs). Ultimately the wastes need to be retrieved from the tanks for treatment and disposal. The SSTs contain minimal amounts of liquid wastes, and the Tank Operations Contractor is continuing a program of moving solid wastes from SSTs to interim storage in the DSTs. The Hanford DST system provides the staging location for waste feed delivery to the Department of Energy (DOE) Office of River Protection’s (ORP) Hanford Tank Waste Treatment and Immobilization Plant (WTP). The WTP is being designed and constructed to pretreat and then vitrify a large portion of the wastes in Hanford’s 177 underground waste storage tanks.« less

  3. Spectroscopic monitoring of V1357 Cyg = Cyg X-1 in 2002-2004

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Karitskaya, E. A.; Bochkarev, N. G.; Bondar', A. V.; Galazutdinov, G. A.; Lee, B.-C.; Musaev, F. A.; Sapar, A. A.; Shimanskii, V. V.

    2008-05-01

    We discuss the results of optical spectroscopic monitoring of Cyg X-1 = HDE 226868/V1357 Cyg in 2002-2004. Our spectroscopy was carried out at the Terskol Observatory (Kabarda-Balkaria, Russia; the resolving power was R = 45 000 and 13 000) and at the Bohyunsan Optical Astronomy Observatory (BOAO, Korea, R = 30 000 and 44 000). Each spectrum covers most of the optical range. We obtained a total of 75 echelle spectra on 33 nights, during both “soft” and “hard” X-ray states of Cyg X-1. We study the influence of the X-rays on spectral-line profiles using RXTE/ASM X-ray data. We find that the X-ray flare of June 13, 2003 resulted in strong variations of the emission profiles of the Hα and Hellλ4686 Å lines within a night. This behavior is due to variations of the ionization state of the gas in the system. We also analyzed line-profile variations with orbital phase. A spectral atlas of Cyg X-1 was created, and the lines it contains identified. A total of 172 stellar lines and blends belonging to 12 chemical elements (H, He, C, N, O, Ne, Mg, Al, Si, S, Fe, Zn) were identified. The spectral classification of HDE 226868 as an ON star is confirmed.

  4. "Hell no, they'll think you're mad as a hatter": Illness discourses and their implications for patients in mental health practice.

    PubMed

    Ringer, Agnes; Holen, Mari

    2016-03-01

    This article examines how discourses on mental illness are negotiated in mental health practice and their implications for the subjective experiences of psychiatric patients. Based on a Foucauldian analysis of ethnographic data from two mental health institutions in Denmark--an outpatient clinic and an inpatient ward--this article identifies three discourses in the institutions: the instability discourse, the discourse of "really ill," and the lack of insight discourse. This article indicates that patients were required to develop a finely tuned and precise sense of the discourses and ways to appear in front of professionals if they wished to have a say in their treatment. We suggest that the extent to which an individual patient was positioned as ill seemed to rely more on his or her ability to navigate the discourses and the psychiatric setting than on any objective diagnostic criteria. Thus, we argue that illness discourses in mental health practice are not just materialized as static biomedical understandings, but are complex and diverse--and have implications for patients' possibilities to understand themselves and become understandable to professionals. © The Author(s) 2015.

  5. What the Hell Do We Do Now? A Policy Options Analysis of State, Local, and Tribal Law Enforcement Participation in Immigration Enforcement

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2013-09-01

    less like adversaries and more like partners with the affected communities in the effort. 94 THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK 95 LIST OF... INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK i REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE Form Approved OMB No. 0704–0188 Public reporting burden for this collection of information is...ABSTRACT UU NSN 7540–01–280–5500 Standard Form 298 (Rev. 2–89) Prescribed by ANSI Std. 239–18 ii THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK iii Approved

  6. "What the Hell Is Revise?": A Qualitative Study of Student Approaches to Coursework in Developmental English at One Urban-Serving Community College

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Perun, Stefan Austin

    2015-01-01

    Objective: To learn how interactions among the content, professor, and students shaped passing and failing developmental English at one urban-serving community college (USCC). Method: I observed three sections of developmental English at USCC throughout a semester and conducted semi-structured interviews with all three professors and a sample of…

  7. "I'm Sure as Hell Not Putting Any Man on a Pedestal": Male Privilege and Accountability in Domestic and Sexual Violence Work.

    PubMed

    Macomber, Kris

    2018-05-01

    Efforts to involve men as allies in domestic and sexual violence work are expanding, marking a shift for these historically women-led movements. Although this shift is beneficial, it also generates new challenges. From a multi-method qualitative study, this article presents descriptive findings about the internal tensions accompanying the "men as allies" development, namely the gender inequality and male privilege reproduced within movement organizations. I draw on sociological theorizing about men in female-dominated professions to explain the reproduction of gender inequality within movement spaces. I also examine how people are dealing with these tensions by developing a discourse around "men's accountability." My findings suggest that, although discourse about accountability has been successfully integrated into the culture of domestic and sexual violence work, there are key challenges that hinder effective accountability practices. I end by offering suggestions for implementing accountability practices at the organizational level. This study contributes important empirical and theoretical insights currently missing from the literature on male allies, which can be used to inform men's growing involvement in anti-violence work.

  8. Reflecting on Hell in Anticipation of Armageddon: The Impact of Reflection and Adaptation on the Education of the US Army Officer Corps

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2016-05-10

    Daniel W. Johnson, “Focused vs Broad in World War I: A Historical Comparison of General Staff Officer Education at Pre-war Leavenworth and Langres...expressions of the same culture that produces the values. They included objects ( logos , uniforms, memorabilia), verbal expressions (speeches, legends...TRADOC, stressed the impact of these numbers within comparison to the US Army in a presentation titled “Implications of the Middle East War on US Army

  9. "It was five years of hell": Parental experiences of navigating and processing the slow and arduous time to pediatric resective epilepsy surgery.

    PubMed

    Pieters, Huibrie C; Iwaki, Tomoko; Vickrey, Barbara G; Mathern, Gary W; Baca, Christine B

    2016-09-01

    Children with medically refractory epilepsy stand to benefit from surgery and live a life free of seizures. However, a large proportion of potentially eligible children do not receive a timely referral for a surgical evaluation. We aimed to describe experiences during the arduous time before the referral and the parent-reported facilitators that helped them move forward through this slow time. Individual semi-structured interviews with 37 parents of children who had previously undergone epilepsy surgery at UCLA (2006-2011) were recorded, transcribed, and systematically analyzed by two independent coders using thematic analysis. Clinical data were extracted from medical records. Parents, 41.3years of age on average, were mostly Caucasian, English-speaking, mothers, married, and employed. The mean age at surgery for children was 8.2years with a mean time from epilepsy onset to surgery of 5.4years. Parental decision-making was facilitated when parents eventually received a presurgical referral and navigated to a multidisciplinary team that they trusted to care for their child with medically refractory epilepsy. Four themes described the experiences that parents used to feel a sense of moving forward. The first theme, processing, involved working through feelings and was mostly done alone. The second theme, navigating the complex unknowns of the health-care system, was more active and purposeful. Processing co-occurred with navigating in a fluid intersection, the third theme, which was evidenced by deliberate actions. The fourth theme, facilitators, explained helpful ways of processing and navigating; parents utilized these mechanisms to turn vulnerable times following the distress of their child's diagnosis into an experience of productivity. To limit parental distress and remediate the slow and arduous journey to multidisciplinary care at a comprehensive epilepsy center for a surgical evaluation, we suggest multi-pronged interventions to modify barriers associated with parents, providers, and health-care systems. Based on the facilitators that moved parents of our sample forward, we provide practical suggestions such as increased peer support, developing the role of patient navigators and communication strategies with parents before, during, and after referral to a comprehensive epilepsy center and presurgical evaluation. Published by Elsevier Inc.

  10. Need Authorities for the Gray Zone Stop Whining. Instead, Help Yourself to Title 100. Hell,Take Some Title 200 While Youre at it

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2016-12-07

    greatly enabled by cap - ture options, and directly feeds the last two steps. “Exploit” refers to both the individual captured and all of the...difficult, and placing decisionmakers in a space where it is becoming more the norm that a decision must be taken, absent all (or even most) of the...of the Gray Zone. Because of the United States’ conventional (and nuclear ) military overmatch against any near peer competitor for the foreseeable

  11. "The Road to Hell Is Paved with Good Intentions": A Historical, Theoretical, and Legal Analysis of Zero-Tolerance Weapons Policies in American Schools

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Mongan, Philip; Walker, Robert

    2012-01-01

    With the passing of the Gun Free School Act of 1994, the 1990s bore witness to the birth of zero-tolerance policies. During the remainder of that decade, several school shootings occurred that solidified zero-tolerance in schools across the United States. With the possibility of threats constantly increasing, school personnel having a thorough…

  12. DNA cloning: A personal view after 40 years

    PubMed Central

    Cohen, Stanley N.

    2013-01-01

    In November 1973, my colleagues A. C. Y. Chang, H. W. Boyer, R. B. Helling, and I reported in PNAS that individual genes can be cloned and isolated by enzymatically cleaving DNA molecules into fragments, linking the fragments to an autonomously replicating plasmid, and introducing the resulting recombinant DNA molecules into bacteria. A few months later, Chang and I reported that genes from unrelated bacterial species can be combined and propagated using the same approach and that interspecies recombinant DNA molecules can produce a biologically functional protein in a foreign host. Soon afterward, Boyer’s laboratory and mine published our collaborative discovery that even genes from animal cells can be cloned in bacteria. These three PNAS papers quickly led to the use of DNA cloning methods in multiple areas of the biological and chemical sciences. They also resulted in a highly public controversy about the potential hazards of laboratory manipulation of genetic material, a decision by Stanford University and the University of California to seek patents on the technology that Boyer and I had invented, and the application of DNA cloning methods for commercial purposes. In the 40 years that have passed since publication of our findings, use of DNA cloning has produced insights about the workings of genes and cells in health and disease and has altered the nature of the biotechnology and biopharmaceutical industries. Here, I provide a personal perspective of the events that led to, and followed, our report of DNA cloning. PMID:24043817

  13. Fish vs. power: Remaking salmon, science and society on the Fraser River, 1900--1960

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Evenden, Matthew Dominic

    Overlapping resource demands made the Fraser River a contested site of development politics in twentieth century British Columbia. Since the turn of the century, power interests surveyed the river's flow, sited dams and promoted development schemes. Fisheries interests, on the other hand, sought to maintain the river as salmon spawning habitat. They questioned the necessity of dams, supported fisheries research and rehabilitation and organized anti-development coalitions. Before the mid-1950s a number of dam projects proceeded on Fraser tributaries and major landslides at Hells Gate modeled the dangers of main stem development. Because of the concerted political lobbying of fisheries groups, the skeptical appraisal of fisheries scientists to development proposals and the legal and political authority of the federal Department of Fisheries and the International Pacific Salmon Fisheries Commission, major dam projects were defeated on the Fraser in the late 1950s. Delayed development on the Fraser helped to spur hydroelectric projects on other rivers in the province; the fish-power problem on the Fraser altered the province's spatial economy of power. Once development began on the Columbia and Peace Rivers, the Fraser was protected by implication. The study combines approaches from environmental history, the history of science and political economy to demonstrate the intersections and interactions between nature, knowledge and society. Research was conducted at eleven archives in Canada and the United States in the papers of organizations, corporations, government departments, politicians, scientists and individuals.

  14. Episodic sediment-discharge events in Cascade Springs, southern Black Hills, South Dakota

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Hayes, Timothy Scott

    1999-01-01

    Cascade Springs is a group of artesian springs in the southern Black Hills, South Dakota, with collective flow of about 19.6 cubic feet per second. Beginning on February 28, 1992, a large discharge of red suspended sediment was observed from two of the six known discharge points. Similar events during 1906-07 and 1969 were documented by local residents and newspaper accounts. Mineralogic and grain-size analyses were performed to identify probable subsurface sources of the sediment. Geochemical modeling was performed to evaluate the geochemical evolution of water discharged from Cascade Springs. Interpretations of results provide a perspective on the role of artesian springs in the regional geohydrologic framework. X-ray diffraction mineralogic analyses of the clay fraction of the suspended sediment were compared to analyses of clay-fraction samples taken from nine geologic units at and stratigraphically below the spring-discharge points. Ongoing development of a subsurface breccia pipe(s) in the upper Minnelusa Formation and/or Opeche Shale was identified as a likely source of the suspended sediment; thus, exposed breccia pipes in lower Hell Canyon were examined. Upper Minnelusa Formation breccia pipes in lower Hell Canyon occur in clusters similar to the discrete discharge points of Cascade Springs. Grain-size analyses showed that breccia masses lack clay fractions and have coarser distributions than the wall rocks, which indicates that the red, fine-grained fractions have been carried out as suspended sediment. These findings support the hypothesis that many breccia pipes were formed as throats of abandoned artesian springs. Geochemical modeling was used to test whether geochemical evolution of ground water is consistent with this hypothesis. The evolution of water at Cascade Springs could not be suitably simulated using only upgradient water from the Minnelusa aquifer. A suitable model involved dissolution of anhydrite accompanied by dedolomitization in the

  15. Comparison of PTR-MS and GC-MS measurements of oxidized VOC and aromatic VOC concentrations at a boreal forest

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Kajos, M.

    2013-12-01

    M.K. Kajos1, M. Hill2, H. Hellén3, P. Rantala1, C. C Hoerger2, S. Reimann2, H. Hakola3, T. Petäjä1, T.M. Ruuskanen1 1 Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, P.O.Box 64, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland 2 Empa, Laboratory for Air Pollution/ Environmental Technology, Ueberlandstr. 129, 8600 Duebendorf, Switzerland 3 Finnish Metorological Institute, P.O.Box 503, 00101 Helsinki, Finland Oxidized volatile organic compounds (OVOCs) such as acetaldehyde and acetone and aromatic VOCs such as benzene and toluene originate from various natural and anthropogenic sources. The lifetimes of these compounds are relatively long, from hundreds of days in the winter to a few days in summer thus they are effectively transported. Some of them are continuously monitored e.g. benzene due to it being carcinogenic. In this study the volume mixing ratios of acetaldehyde, acetone, benzene and toluene, were measured with two different methods; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) and Proton Transfer Reaction-Mass Spectrometry (PTR-MS). GC-MS is a well-established and old method to measure these compounds with a low, often one hour, time resolution. However it is rather labor intensive method and often used in short term campaigns. The other method, PTR-MS has a sub-minute time resolution and it is suitable for long term continuous measurements. The disadvantage of the PTR-MS is that the identification of the compounds is based on mass only, thus compounds with the same nominal mass cannot be distinguished. Both methods are widely used at atmospheric measurement stations around the world. The concentrations were measured with two GC-MSs and two PTR-MSs (Ionicon Analytik, Austria) at SMEAR II site (Station for Measuring Forest Ecosystem-Atmosphere Relations, 61°51'N, 24°17'E, 181 m a.s.l.) in Hyytiälä, Southern Finland in April-May 2012. The site is a well characterized atmosphere flagship station located in a rural boreal forest (Hari and Kulmala, 2005). The

  16. Burial history, thermal maturity, and oil and gas generation history of petroleum systems in the Wind River Basin Province, central Wyoming: Chapter 6 in Petroleum systems and geologic assessment of oil and gas resources in the Wind River Basin Province, Wyoming

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Roberts, Laura N.R.; Finn, Thomas M.; Lewan, Michael D.; Kirschbaum, Mark A.

    2007-01-01

    Burial history, thermal maturity, and timing of oil and gas generation were modeled for eight key source rock units at nine well locations throughout the Wind River Basin Province. Petroleum source rocks include the Permian Phosphoria Formation, the Cretaceous Mowry Shale, Cody Shale, and Mesaverde, Meeteetse, and Lance Formations, and the Tertiary (Paleocene) Fort Union Formation, including the Waltman Shale Member. Within the province boundary, the Phosphoria is thin and only locally rich in organic carbon. Phosphoria oil produced from reservoirs in the province is thought to have migrated from the Wyoming and Idaho thrust belt. Locations (wells) selected for burial history reconstructions include three in the deepest parts of the province (Adams OAB-17, Bighorn 1-5, and Coastal Owl Creek); three at intermediate depths (Hells Half Acre, Shell 33X-10, and West Poison Spider); and three at relatively shallow locations (Young Ranch, Amoco Unit 100, and Conoco-Coal Bank). The thermal maturity of source rocks is greatest in the deep northern and central parts of the province and decreases to the south and east toward the basin margins. The results of the modeling indicate that, in the deepest areas, (1) peak petroleum generation from Cretaceous rocks occurred from Late Cretaceous through middle Eocene time, and (2) onset of oil generation from the Waltman Shale Member occurred from late Eocene to early Miocene time. Based on modeling results, gas generation from the cracking of Phosphoria oil reservoired in the Park City Formation reached a peak in the late Paleocene/early Eocene (58 to 55 Ma) only in the deepest parts of the province. The Mowry Shale and Cody Shale (in the eastern half of the basin) contain a mix of Type-II and Type-III kerogens. Oil generation from predominantly Type-II source rocks of these units in the deepest parts of the province reached peak rates during the latest Cretaceous to early Eocene (65 to 55 Ma). Only in these areas of the basin did

  17. The Road to Hell Is Paved with Good Intentions: Why Harm-Benefit Analysis and Its Emphasis on Practical Benefit Jeopardizes the Credibility of Research.

    PubMed

    Grimm, Herwig; Eggel, Matthias; Deplazes-Zemp, Anna; Biller-Andorno, Nikola

    2017-09-11

    It is our concern that European Union Directive 2010/63/EU with its current project evaluation of animal research in the form of a harm-benefit analysis may lead to an erosion of the credibility of research. The HBA assesses whether the inflicted harm on animals is outweighed by potential prospective benefits. Recent literature on prospective benefit analysis prioritizes "societal benefits" that have a foreseeable, positive impact on humans, animals, or the environment over benefit in the form of knowledge. In this study, we will argue that whether practical benefits are realized is (a) impossible to predict and (b) exceeds the scope and responsibility of researchers. Furthermore, we believe that the emphasis on practical benefits has the drawback of driving researchers into speculation on the societal benefit of their research and, therefore, into promising too much, thereby leading to a loss of trust and credibility. Thus, the concepts of benefit and benefit assessment in the HBA require a re-evaluation in a spirit that embraces the value of knowledge in our society. The generation of scientific knowledge has been utilised to great benefit for humans, animals, and the environment. The HBA, as it currently stands, tends to turn this idea upside down and implies that research is of value only if the resulting findings bring about immediate societal benefit.

  18. Intention of dog owners to participate in rabies control measures in Flores Island, Indonesia.

    PubMed

    Wera, Ewaldus; Mourits, Monique C M; Hogeveen, Henk

    2016-04-01

    The success of a rabies control strategy depends on the commitment and collaboration of dog owners. In this study the theory of planned behaviour (TPB) was used to identify the factors, which are associated with the intention of dog owners to participate in rabies control measures in the Manggarai and Sikka regencies of Flores Island, Indonesia. Questionnaires were administered to 450 dog owners from 44 randomly selected villages in the two regencies. Ninety-six percent of the dog owners intended to participate in a free-of-charge vaccination campaign. The intention decreased to 24% when dog owners were asked to pay a vaccination fee equal to the market price of the vaccine (Rp 18.000 per dose=US$2). Approximately 81% of the dog owners intended to keep their dogs inside their house or to leash them day and night during a period of at least three months in case of an incidence of rabies in the dog population within their village. Only 40% intended to cull their dogs in case of a rabies incident within their village. Using multivariable logistic regression analysis, the attitude item 'vaccinating dogs reduces rabies cases in humans', and the perceived behavioural control items 'availability of time' and 'ability to confine dogs' were shown to be significantly associated with the intention to participate in a free-of-charge vaccination campaign. The attitude item 'culling dogs reduces rabies cases in humans' was significantly associated with the intention to participate in a culling measure. The attitude item 'leashing of dogs reduces human rabies cases' and perceived behavioural controls 'availability of time' and 'money to buy a leash' were associated with the intention to leash dogs during a rabies outbreak. As the attitude variables were often significantly associated with intention to participate in a rabies control measure, an educational rabies campaign focusing on the benefit of rabies control measures is expected to increase the intention of dog owners to

  19. Delirium Quantum Or, where I will take quantum mechanics if it will let me

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Fuchs, Christopher A.

    2007-02-01

    Once again, I take advantage of the wonderfully liberal and tolerant mood Andrei Khrennikov sets at his yearly conferences by submitting a nonstandard paper for the proceedings. This pseudo-paper consists of excerpts drawn from two of my samizdats [Quantum States: What the Hell Are They? and Darwinism All the Way Down (and Probabilism All the Way Back Up)] that I think best summarize what I am aiming for on the broadest scale with my quantum foundations program. Section 1 tries to draw a picture of a physical world whose essence is "Darwinism all the way down." Section 2 outlines how quantum theory should be viewed in light of that, i.e., as being an expression of probabilism (in Bruno de Finetti or Richard Jeffrey's sense) all the way back up. Section 3 describes how the idea of "identical" quantum measurement outcomes, though sounding atomistic in character, nonetheless meshes well with a William Jamesian style "radical pluralism." Sections 4 and 5 further detail how quantum theory should not be viewed so much as a "theory of the world," but rather as a theory of decision-making for agents immersed within a quantum world—that is, a world in continual creation. Finally, Sections 6 and 7 attempt to sketch once again the very positive sense in which quantum theory is incomplete, but still just as complete is it can be. In total, I hope these heady speculations convey some of the excitement and potential I see for the malleable world quantum mechanics hints of.

  20. Influence of Microbial Biofilms on the Preservation of Primary Soft Tissue in Fossil and Extant Archosaurs

    PubMed Central

    Peterson, Joseph E.; Lenczewski, Melissa E.; Scherer, Reed P.

    2010-01-01

    Background Mineralized and permineralized bone is the most common form of fossilization in the vertebrate record. Preservation of gross soft tissues is extremely rare, but recent studies have suggested that primary soft tissues and biomolecules are more commonly preserved within preserved bones than had been presumed. Some of these claims have been challenged, with presentation of evidence suggesting that some of the structures are microbial artifacts, not primary soft tissues. The identification of biomolecules in fossil vertebrate extracts from a specimen of Brachylophosaurus canadensis has shown the interpretation of preserved organic remains as microbial biofilm to be highly unlikely. These discussions also propose a variety of potential mechanisms that would permit the preservation of soft-tissues in vertebrate fossils over geologic time. Methodology/Principal Findings This study experimentally examines the role of microbial biofilms in soft-tissue preservation in vertebrate fossils by quantitatively establishing the growth and morphology of biofilms on extant archosaur bone. These results are microscopically and morphologically compared with soft-tissue extracts from vertebrate fossils from the Hell Creek Formation of southeastern Montana (Latest Maastrichtian) in order to investigate the potential role of microbial biofilms on the preservation of fossil bone and bound organic matter in a variety of taphonomic settings. Based on these analyses, we highlight a mechanism whereby this bound organic matter may be preserved. Conclusions/Significance Results of the study indicate that the crystallization of microbial biofilms on decomposing organic matter within vertebrate bone in early taphonomic stages may contribute to the preservation of primary soft tissues deeper in the bone structure. PMID:20967227

  1. Dowry--a deep-rooted cause of violence against women in India.

    PubMed

    Sharma, B R; Harish, D; Gupta, Manisha; Singh, Virendar Pal

    2005-04-01

    The world has entered the new millenium but it is a harsh reality that the woman in India has long been ill-treated in our male-dominated society. She is deprived of her independent identity and is looked upon as a commodity. She is not only robbed of her dignity and pride by way of seduction by the men outside, but also may become a victim of cruelty by her saviours, within the four walls of her own house. However, her trauma does not end here, it may even go to the extent of forcing her to commit suicide or she may be burnt to death for various reasons, including that of dowry. This type of violence transgresses the boundaries of caste, class, region or religion and is prevalent in almost all societies in India. The system of dowry is a social practice which on its own has claimed the lives of scores of women--both young and old, and has made life a virtual hell for many more. Unfortunately, education among women has not produced a reformative effect on their social outlook, nor encouraged any change in them conducive to social upliftment. Those parents who prefer not to take dowry for their well-qualified and settled male children, are in fact considered 'strange' by the society and doubts about 'the respectability of the groom's family' are usually raised. The present study makes an in-depth review of the dowry system in India and analyses the reasons which have demonized dowry into its present commercialized and institutionalized form.

  2. DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Tsai, Shang-Min; Grosheintz, Luc; Kitzmann, Daniel

    We present an open-source and validated chemical kinetics code for studying hot exoplanetary atmospheres, which we name VULCAN. It is constructed for gaseous chemistry from 500 to 2500 K, using a reduced C–H–O chemical network with about 300 reactions. It uses eddy diffusion to mimic atmospheric dynamics and excludes photochemistry. We have provided a full description of the rate coefficients and thermodynamic data used. We validate VULCAN by reproducing chemical equilibrium and by comparing its output versus the disequilibrium-chemistry calculations of Moses et al. and Rimmer and Helling. It reproduces the models of HD 189733b and HD 209458b by Mosesmore » et al., which employ a network with nearly 1600 reactions. We also use VULCAN to examine the theoretical trends produced when the temperature–pressure profile and carbon-to-oxygen ratio are varied. Assisted by a sensitivity test designed to identify the key reactions responsible for producing a specific molecule, we revisit the quenching approximation and find that it is accurate for methane but breaks down for acetylene, because the disequilibrium abundance of acetylene is not directly determined by transport-induced quenching, but is rather indirectly controlled by the disequilibrium abundance of methane. Therefore we suggest that the quenching approximation should be used with caution and must always be checked against a chemical kinetics calculation. A one-dimensional model atmosphere with 100 layers, computed using VULCAN, typically takes several minutes to complete. VULCAN is part of the Exoclimes Simulation Platform (ESP; exoclime.net) and publicly available at https://github.com/exoclime/VULCAN.« less

  3. An Agent-based Model for Groundwater Allocation and Management at the Bakken Shale in Western North Dakota

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Lin, T.; Lin, Z.; Lim, S.

    2017-12-01

    We present an integrated modeling framework to simulate groundwater level change under the dramatic increase of hydraulic fracturing water use in the Bakken Shale oil production area. The framework combines the agent-based model (ABM) with the Fox Hills-Hell Creek (FH-HC) groundwater model. In development of the ABM, institution theory is used to model the regulation policies from the North Dakota State Water Commission, while evolutionary programming and cognitive maps are used to model the social structure that emerges from the behavior of competing individual water businesses. Evolutionary programming allows individuals to select an appropriate strategy when annually applying for potential water use permits; whereas cognitive maps endow agent's ability and willingness to compete for more water sales. All agents have their own influence boundaries that inhibit their competitive behavior toward their neighbors but not to non-neighbors. The decision-making process is constructed and parameterized with both quantitative and qualitative information, i.e., empirical water use data and knowledge gained from surveys with stakeholders. By linking institution theory, evolutionary programming, and cognitive maps, our approach addresses a higher complexity of the real decision making process. Furthermore, this approach is a new exploration for modeling the dynamics of Coupled Human and Natural System. After integrating ABM with the FH-HC model, drought and limited water accessibility scenarios are simulated to predict FH-HC ground water level changes in the future. The integrated modeling framework of ABM and FH-HC model can be used to support making scientifically sound policies in water allocation and management.

  4. Th-230 - U-238 series disequilibrium of the Olkaria basalts Gregory Rift Valley, Kenya

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Black, S.; Macdonald, R.; Kelly, M.

    1993-01-01

    U-Th disequilibrium analyses of the Naivasha basalts show a very small (U-238/Th-230) ratios which are lower than any previously analyzed basalts. The broadly positive internal isochron trend from one sample indicates that the basalts may have source heterogeneities, this is supported by earlier work. The Naivasha complex comprises a bimodal suite of basalts and rhyolites. The basalts are divided into two stratigraphic groups each of a transitional nature. The early basalt series (EBS) which were erupted prior to the Group 1 comendites and, the late basalt series (LBS) which erupted temporally between the Broad Acres and the Ololbutot centers. The basalts represent a very small percentage of the overall eruptive volume of material at Naivasha (less than 2 percent). The analyzed samples come from four stratigraphic units in close proximity around Ndabibi, Hell's Gate and Akira areas. The earliest units occur as vesicular flows from the Ndabibi plain. These basalts are olivine-plagioclase phyric with the associated hawaiites being sparsely plagioclase phyric. An absolute age of 0.5Ma was estimated for these basalts. The next youngest basalts flows occur as younger tuft cones in the Ndabibi area and are mainly olivine-plagioclase-clinopyroxcene phyric with one purely plagioclase phyric sample. The final phase of activity at Ndabibi resulted in much younger tuft cones consisting of air fall ashes and lapilli tufts. Many of these contain resorbed plagioclase phenocrysts with sample number 120c also being clinopyroxene phyric. The isotopic evidence for the basalt formation is summarized.

  5. Ground-water resources of McKenzie County, North Dakota. Part III

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Croft, M.G.

    Ground water suitable for domestic and livestock supplies in McKenzie County is available from three aquifer systems in semiconsolidated rocks of Late Cretaceous and Tertiary age. Ground water from aquifers in unconsolidated sand and gravel of Quaternary age is suitable for domestic, livestock, municipal, industrial, and irrigation uses. Rocks older than Late Cretaceous age extend to 15,000 feet (4572 meters) and generally contain brackish water that is unsuitable for most purposes. The Fox Hills and basal Hell Creek aquifer system is used as a source for livestock and domestic supplies. It generally is 1100 to 1800 feet (335 to 549more » meters) in depth, and the transmissivity is 200 to 300 feet squared per day (19 to 28 meters squared per day). The water is lower in dissolved solids than water in overlying aquifers of Tertiary age and has a median dissolved-solids concentration of about 1325 milligrams per liter. Wells may yield 100 gallons per minute (6.3 liters per second). Six aquifers, each consisting of 50 to 176 feet (15 to 54 meters) of unconsolidated sand and gravel of Quaternary age, occur in McKensie County. The sand and gravel could yield 100 to more than 500 gallons per minute (6.3 to 32 liters per second). The water from four of the aquifers generally is a sodium bicarbonate type and has a median dissolved-solids concentration of 1100 to 2330 milligrams per liter. Water from the Charbonneau, Tobacco Garden, and Yellowstone-Missouri aquifers is suitable for irrigation. 26 figs., 9 tabs.« less

  6. Influence of microbial biofilms on the preservation of primary soft tissue in fossil and extant archosaurs.

    PubMed

    Peterson, Joseph E; Lenczewski, Melissa E; Scherer, Reed P

    2010-10-12

    Mineralized and permineralized bone is the most common form of fossilization in the vertebrate record. Preservation of gross soft tissues is extremely rare, but recent studies have suggested that primary soft tissues and biomolecules are more commonly preserved within preserved bones than had been presumed. Some of these claims have been challenged, with presentation of evidence suggesting that some of the structures are microbial artifacts, not primary soft tissues. The identification of biomolecules in fossil vertebrate extracts from a specimen of Brachylophosaurus canadensis has shown the interpretation of preserved organic remains as microbial biofilm to be highly unlikely. These discussions also propose a variety of potential mechanisms that would permit the preservation of soft-tissues in vertebrate fossils over geologic time. This study experimentally examines the role of microbial biofilms in soft-tissue preservation in vertebrate fossils by quantitatively establishing the growth and morphology of biofilms on extant archosaur bone. These results are microscopically and morphologically compared with soft-tissue extracts from vertebrate fossils from the Hell Creek Formation of southeastern Montana (Latest Maastrichtian) in order to investigate the potential role of microbial biofilms on the preservation of fossil bone and bound organic matter in a variety of taphonomic settings. Based on these analyses, we highlight a mechanism whereby this bound organic matter may be preserved. Results of the study indicate that the crystallization of microbial biofilms on decomposing organic matter within vertebrate bone in early taphonomic stages may contribute to the preservation of primary soft tissues deeper in the bone structure.

  7. Star scientists and institutional transformation: patterns of invention and innovation in the formation of the biotechnology industry.

    PubMed

    Zucker, L G; Darby, M R

    1996-11-12

    The most productive ("star") bioscientists had intellectual human capital of extraordinary scientific and pecuniary value for some 10-15 years after Cohen and Boyer's 1973 founding discovery for biotechnology [Cohen, S., Chang, A., Boyer, H. & Helling, R. (1973) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 70, 3240-3244]. This extraordinary value was due to the union of still scarce knowledge of the new research techniques and genius and vision to apply them in novel, valuable ways. As in other sciences, star bioscientists were very protective of their techniques, ideas, and discoveries in the early years of the revolution, tending to collaborate more within their own institution, which slowed diffusion to other scientists. Close, bench-level working ties between stars and firm scientists were needed to accomplish commercialization of the breakthroughs. Where and when star scientists were actively producing publications is a key predictor of where and when commercial firms began to use biotechnology. The extent of collaboration by a firm's scientists with stars is a powerful predictor of its success: for an average firm, 5 articles coauthored by an academic star and the firm's scientists result in about 5 more products in development, 3.5 more products on the market, and 860 more employees. Articles by stars collaborating with or employed by firms have significantly higher rates of citation than other articles by the same or other stars. The U.S. scientific and economic infrastructure has been particularly effective in fostering and commercializing the bioscientific revolution. These results let us see the process by which scientific breakthroughs become economic growth and consider implications for policy.

  8. What the History of Drugs Can Teach Us About the Current Cannabis Legalization Process: Unfinished Business.

    PubMed

    Adrian, Manuella

    2015-01-01

    Over time, there have been considerable changes in the variety, availability, production, distribution, and use and user(s) of psychoactive substances, the meaning of substance use and its impact on users and their social or physical environment(s). This article reviews the mechanisms of introduction of psychoactive substances such as alcohol, tobacco, coffee, tea and cannabis to populations and communities that did not have them before. It considers the historical tension between early adopters who greet new substances with various levels of enthusiasm in their eagerness to enjoy what they believe to be the benefits of using these substances, and those focused on what they believe to be the negative aspects of use, who decry these new substances with horror. With more nonusers than users in the population, social policies tend to be directed at preventing, restricting, or punishing selected use, users and .drugs., using controls and interventions such regulation, incarceration, death sentence, treatment, prevention, legalization, taxation, among others. Whatever their intent or wished-for impact, all had consequences that produced additional, unplanned for, and (often) negative effects. This paper will consider some of these sequences as they occurred historically with other substances in light of the current shift to legalization and normalization of cannabis, noting the mechanisms of use, controls, and consequences of some types of formal interventions and give some attention to how and what we can learn from our experiences in order to plan ahead and become better prepared to successfully deal with the 'unexpecteds' of that well-known 'hell' paved with good intentions.

  9. Theta-band Oscillations in the Middle Temporal Gyrus Reflect Novel Word Consolidation.

    PubMed

    Bakker-Marshall, Iske; Takashima, Atsuko; Schoffelen, Jan-Mathijs; van Hell, Janet G; Janzen, Gabriele; McQueen, James M

    2018-05-01

    Like many other types of memory formation, novel word learning benefits from an offline consolidation period after the initial encoding phase. A previous EEG study has shown that retrieval of novel words elicited more word-like-induced electrophysiological brain activity in the theta band after consolidation [Bakker, I., Takashima, A., van Hell, J. G., Janzen, G., & McQueen, J. M. Changes in theta and beta oscillations as signatures of novel word consolidation. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 27, 1286-1297, 2015]. This suggests that theta-band oscillations play a role in lexicalization, but it has not been demonstrated that this effect is directly caused by the formation of lexical representations. This study used magnetoencephalography to localize the theta consolidation effect to the left posterior middle temporal gyrus (pMTG), a region known to be involved in lexical storage. Both untrained novel words and words learned immediately before test elicited lower theta power during retrieval than existing words in this region. After a 24-hr consolidation period, the difference between novel and existing words decreased significantly, most strongly in the left pMTG. The magnitude of the decrease after consolidation correlated with an increase in behavioral competition effects between novel words and existing words with similar spelling, reflecting functional integration into the mental lexicon. These results thus provide new evidence that consolidation aids the development of lexical representations mediated by the left pMTG. Theta synchronization may enable lexical access by facilitating the simultaneous activation of distributed semantic, phonological, and orthographic representations that are bound together in the pMTG.

  10. Vegetation Description, Rare Plant Inventory, and Vegetation Monitoring for Craig Mountain, Idaho.

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Mancuso, Michael; Moseley, Robert

    The Craig Mountain Wildlife Mitigation Area was purchased by Bonneville Power Administration (BPA) as partial mitigation for wildlife losses incurred with the inundation of Dworshak Reservoir on the North Fork Clearwater River. Upon completion of the National Environmental Protection Act (NEPA) process, it is proposed that title to mitigation lands will be given to the Idaho Department of Fish and Game (IDFG). Craig Mountain is located at the northern end of the Hells Canyon Ecosystem. It encompasses the plateau and steep canyon slopes extending from the confluence of the Snake and Salmon rivers, northward to near Waha, south of Lewiston,more » Idaho. The forested summit of Craig Mountain is characterized by gently rolling terrain. The highlands dramatically break into the canyons of the Snake and Salmon rivers at approximately the 4,700 foot contour. The highly dissected canyons are dominated by grassland slopes containing a mosaic of shrubfield, riparian, and woodland habitats. During the 1993 and 1994 field seasons, wildlife, habitat/vegetation, timber, and other resources were systematically inventoried at Craig Mountain to provide Fish and Game managers with information needed to draft an ecologically-based management plan. The results of the habitat/vegetation portion of the inventory are contained in this report. The responsibilities for the Craig Mountain project included: (1) vegetation data collection, and vegetation classification, to help produce a GIS-generated Craig Mountain vegetation map, (2) to determine the distribution and abundance of rare plants populations and make recommendations concerning their management, and (3) to establish a vegetation monitoring program to evaluate the effects of Fish and Game management actions, and to assess progress towards meeting habitat mitigation goals.« less

  11. A simulation study of factors controlling white sturgeon recruitment in the Snake River

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Jager, H.I.; Van Winkle, W.; Chandler, James Angus; Lepla, K.B.; Bates, P.; Counihan, T.D.

    2002-01-01

    Five of the nine populations of white sturgeon Acipenser transmontanus, located between dams on the Middle Snake River, have declined from historical levels and are now at risk of extinction. One step towards more effectively protecting and managing these nine populations is ranking factors that influence recruitment in each of these river segments. We developed a model to suggest which of seven mechanistic factors contribute most to lost recruitment in each river segment: (1) temperature-related mortality during incubation, (2) flow-related mortality during incubation, (3) downstream export of larvae, (4) limitation of juvenile and adult habitat, (5) mortality of all ages during summer episodes of poor water quality in reservoirs, (6) entrainment mortality of juveniles and adults, and (7) angling mortality. We simulated recruitment with, and without, each of the seven factors, over a typical series of hydrologic years. We found a hierarchical pattern of limitation. In the first tier, river segments with severe water quality problems grouped together. Poor water quality during summer had a strong negative effect on recruitment in the river segments between Swan Falls Dam and Hell's Canyon Dam. In the second tier, river segments with better water quality divided into short river segments and longer river segments. Populations in short river segments were limited by larval export. Populations in longer river segments tended to be less strongly limited by any one factor. We also found that downstream effects could be important, suggesting that linked populations cannot be viewed in isolation. In two cases, the effects of a factor on an upstream population had a significant influence on its downstream neighbors. ?? 2002 by the American Fisheries Society.

  12. Indigenous Knowledge Approach to Successful Psychotherapies with Aboriginal Suicide Attempters.

    PubMed

    Mehl-Madrona, Lewis

    2016-11-01

    Suicide is disproportionately common among Aboriginal people in Canada. Life stories were collected from 54 Aboriginal suicide attempters in northern Saskatchewan. Constant comparison techniques and modified grounded theory identified common themes expressed. Three common plots/themes preceded suicide attempts: 1) relationship breakup, usually sudden, unanticipated, involving a third person; 2) being publicly humiliated by another person(s), accompanied by high levels of shame; and 3) high levels of unremitting, chronic life stress (including poverty) with relative isolation. We found 5 common purposes for suicide attempts: 1) to "show" someone how badly they had hurt the attempter, 2) to stop the pain, 3) to save face in a difficult social situation, 4) to get revenge, and 5) don't know/don't remember/made sense at the time, all stated by people who were under the influence of alcohol and/or drugs at the time of their suicide attempt. We found 5 common beliefs about death: 1) you just cease to exist, and everything just disappears; 2) you go into the spirit world and can see and hear everything that is happening in this world; 3) you go to heaven or hell; 4) you go to a better place; and 5) don't know/didn't think about it. The idea of personal and cultural continuity is essential to understanding suicide among First Nations youth. Interventions targeted to the individual's beliefs about death, purpose for suicide, and consistent with the life story (plot) in which they find themselves may be more successful than one-size-fits-all programs developed outside of aboriginal communities. © The Author(s) 2016.

  13. Mantle plumes & lithospheric foundering: Determining the timing and amplitude of post-Miocene uplift in the Wallowa mountains, north-east Oregon with low-temperature thermochronometry.

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Schoettle-Greene, P.; Duvall, A. R.

    2016-12-01

    The foundering of gravitationally unstable lithosphere, while frequently invoked to explain anomalous topography, proves difficult to verify from an Earth surface perspective. Theoretically, direct observables like sudden uplift associated with extension and mantle-sourced volcanism should help identify affected regions but these markers are often obscured by background stresses and heterogeneous lithosphere. To better understand topographic evolution following the removal of mantle lithosphere, we present new apatite U-Th/He thermocrhonometry data and field observations from the Wallowa mountains adjacent to Hells Canyon in the northwestern United States. The granodiorite-cored Wallowa are increasingly recognized as a type locality for the process of lithospheric foundering, as they are bound by extensional structures and were presumably uplifted contemporaneous with the intrusion of feeder dikes for the mantle-sourced Columbia River Basalts at 16 Ma. Cretaceous and early Cenozoic cooling ages from our study imply that in spite of the presumed 1-2 km of basalt flows eroded from the Wallowa and heating associated with the intrusion of the Chief Joseph dike swarm, and 2 km of proposed rapid post-foundering uplift, there has been little exhumation. We attempt to reconcile these conflicting observations with field mapping of folded basalt flows at the margins of the Wallowa mountains, modeling of geothermal response times following a thermal perturbation, and further study using the 4He/3He thermochronometer on a subset of samples to reveal more recent cooling histories. Our findings will improve our understanding of the landscape evolution of the Wallowa mountains, information pertinent to the geodynamics of lithosphere removal and the eruption of Columbia River Basalts.

  14. Revision of the western Palaearctic species of Aleiodes Wesmael (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Rogadinae). Part 1: Introduction, key to species groups, outlying distinctive species, and revisionary notes on some further species

    PubMed Central

    van Achterberg, Cornelis; Shaw, Mark R.

    2016-01-01

    Abstract Seven new species of the genus Aleiodes Wesmael, 1838 (Braconidae: Rogadinae) are described and illustrated: Aleiodes abraxanae sp. n., Aleiodes angustipterus sp. n., Aleiodes artesiariae sp. n., Aleiodes carminatus sp. n., Aleiodes diarsianae sp. n., Aleiodes leptofemur sp. n., and Aleiodes ryrholmi sp. n. A neotype is designated for each of Aleiodes circumscriptus (Nees, 1834) and Aleiodes pictus (Herrich-Schäffer, 1838), and both species are redescribed and illustrated. Aleiodes ochraceus Hellén, 1927 (not Aleiodes ochraceus (Curtis, 1834)) is renamed as Aleiodes curticornis nom. n. & stat. rev., and redescribed and illustrated. Aleiodes bistrigatus Roman, 1917, Aleiodes nigriceps Wesmael, 1838, and Aleiodes reticulatus (Noskiewicz, 1956), are re-instated as valid species. A lectotype is designated for Aleiodes bistrigatus Roman. An illustrated key is given to some distinctive species and the residual species groups along which further parts of an entire revision of western Palaearctic species of Aleiodes and Heterogamus will be organised. Biology, host associations and phenology are discussed for the keyed species (in addition to the above, Aleiodes albitibia (Herrich-Schäffer, 1838), Aleiodes apiculatus (Fahringer, 1932), Aleiodes arcticus (Thomson, 1892), Aleiodes cantherius (Lyle, 1919), Aleiodes esenbeckii (Hartig, 1834), Aleiodes jakowlewi (Kokujev, 1898), Aleiodes modestus (Reinhard, 1863), Aleiodes nigricornis Wesmael, 1838, Aleiodes pallidator (Thunberg, 1822), Aleiodes praetor (Reinhard, 1863), Aleiodes seriatus (Herrich- Schäffer, 1838) sensu lato, Aleiodes testaceus (Telenga, 1941), Aleiodes ungularis (Thomson, 1892), and Aleiodes varius (Herrich-Schäffer, 1838)) which are dealt with in full here (with the exception of Aleiodes seriatus s.l. which is, however, included in the key). The experimental methodology covering the revision as a whole, which involves some behavioural investigation, is outlined. PMID:28138281

  15. Carl Sagan's Cosmic Connection

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Sagan, Carl; Agel, Jerome

    2000-08-01

    Foreword Freeman Dyson; Personal reflections Ann Druyan; Preface; Part I. Cosmic Perspective: 1. A transitional animal; 2. The Unicorn of Cetus; 3. A message from earth; 4. A message to earth; 5. Experiments in utopias; 6. Chauvinism; 7. Space exploration as a human enterprise I. The scientific interest; 8. Space exploration as a human enterprise II. The public interest; 9. Space exploration as a human enterprise III. The historical interest; Part II. The Solar System: 10. On teaching the first grade; 11. 'The ancient and legendary Gods of old'; 12. The Venus detective story; 13. Venus is hell; 14. Science and 'intelligence'; 15. The moons of Barsoom; 16. The mountains of Mars I. Observations from earth; 17. The mountains of Mars II. Observations from space; 18. The canals of Mars; 19. The lost pictures of Mars; 20. The Ice Age and the cauldron; 21. Beginnings and ends of the Earth; 22. Terraforming the plants; 23. The exploration and utlization of the solar system; Part III. Beyond the Solar System: 24. Some of my best friends are dolphins; 25. 'Hello, central casting? Send me twenty extraterrestrials'; 26. The cosmic connection; 27. Extraterrestrial life: an idea whose time has come; 28. Has the Earth been visited?; 29. A search strategy for detecting extraterrestrial intelligence; 30. If we succeed 31. Cables, drums, and seashells; 32. The night freight to the stars; 33. Astroengineering; 34. Twenty questions: a classification of cosmic civilisations; 35. Galactic cultural exchanges; 36. A passage to elsewhere; 37. Starfolk I. A Fable; 38. Starfolk II. A future; 39. Starfolk III. The cosmic Cheshire cats; Epilog David Morrison; Index.

  16. Indigenous Knowledge Approach to Successful Psychotherapies with Aboriginal Suicide Attempters

    PubMed Central

    2016-01-01

    Introduction: Suicide is disproportionately common among Aboriginal people in Canada. Methods: Life stories were collected from 54 Aboriginal suicide attempters in northern Saskatchewan. Constant comparison techniques and modified grounded theory identified common themes expressed. Results: Three common plots/themes preceded suicide attempts: 1) relationship breakup, usually sudden, unanticipated, involving a third person; 2) being publicly humiliated by another person(s), accompanied by high levels of shame; and 3) high levels of unremitting, chronic life stress (including poverty) with relative isolation. We found 5 common purposes for suicide attempts: 1) to “show” someone how badly they had hurt the attempter, 2) to stop the pain, 3) to save face in a difficult social situation, 4) to get revenge, and 5) don’t know/don’t remember/made sense at the time, all stated by people who were under the influence of alcohol and/or drugs at the time of their suicide attempt. We found 5 common beliefs about death: 1) you just cease to exist, and everything just disappears; 2) you go into the spirit world and can see and hear everything that is happening in this world; 3) you go to heaven or hell; 4) you go to a better place; and 5) don’t know/didn’t think about it. Discussion: The idea of personal and cultural continuity is essential to understanding suicide among First Nations youth. Interventions targeted to the individual’s beliefs about death, purpose for suicide, and consistent with the life story (plot) in which they find themselves may be more successful than one-size-fits-all programs developed outside of aboriginal communities. PMID:27738250

  17. HELLE: Health Effects of Low Level Exposures/ Gezondheidseffecten van lage blootstellingniveaus [International workshop: Influence of low level exposures to chemicals and radiation on human and ecological health

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Schoten, Eert

    1998-11-26

    The Health Council is closely involved in establishing the scientific foundation of exposure limits for substances and radiation in order to protect public health. Through the years, the Council has contributed to the formulation of principles and procedures, both for carcinogenic and for noncarcinogenic agents. As a rule, the discussion with regard to the derivation of health-based recommended exposure limits centers around the appropriateness of extrapolation methods (What can be inferred from data on high exposure levels and on experimental animals?). Generally speaking, there is a lack of direct information on the health effects of low levels of exposure. Effectsmore » at these levels cannot usually be detected by means of traditional animal experiments or epidemiological research. The capacity of these analytical instruments to distinguish between ''signal'' and ''noise'' is inadequate in most cases. Annex B of this report contains a brief outline of the difficulties and the established methods for tackling this problem. In spite of this, the hope exists that the posited weak signals, if they are indeed present, can be detected by other means. The search will have to take place on a deeper level. In other words, effort must be made to discover what occurs at underlying levels of biological organization when organisms are exposed to low doses of radiation or substances. Molecular and cell biology provide various methods and techniques which give an insight into the processes within the cell. This results in an increase in the knowledge about the molecular and cellular effects of exposure to agents, or stated differently, the working mechanisms which form the basis of the health effects. Last year, the Health Council considered that the time was ripe to take stock of the state of knowledge in this field. To this end, an international working conference was held from 19 to 21 October 1997, entitled ''Health Effects of Low Level Exposures: Scientific Developments and Perspectives for Risk Assessment''. The central question was the extent to which the sometimes fast-growing knowledge about molecular and cellular effects offers the desired basis for extrapolation. Against this setting, a number of more specific questions which have been hotly debated for some time were also addressed. One of the primary questions concerned the traditional but increasingly questioned division between stochastic and non-stochastic working agents, and the corresponding division between exposure-effect relations without a threshold and with a threshold. Thoughts were also exchanged on what is often referred to as hormesis: the notion that low levels of exposure could actually improve health. For the purpose of illuminating the many aspects of these issues, experts from a number of areas were invited. In addition to this, three agents were selected to serve as points of crystallization for the general debate: ionizing radiation, ultraviolet (UV) radiation and dioxins. The present report calls attention to a selection of issues which emerged during the discussions on the above-mentioned central topic. Various more detailed questions and the wider context of the points considered are described at greater length in the enclosed conference report and in the background documents attached to the report. What follows is a series of considerations regarding the scientific basis for the derivation of recommended exposure levels, viewed in the light of current procedures and against the background of the work of the Health Council. In the preparation of the following comments and recommendations, various Dutch experts have been consulted.« less

  18. Anders Johan Lexell's Role in the Determination of the Solar Parallax

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Sten, Johan Carl-Erik; Aspaas, Per Pippin

    2013-05-01

    Anders Johan Lexell (1740-1784) was a mathematician who gained considerable recognition for his scientific achievements during the century of Enlightenment. Born and educated in Abo/Turku in the Finnish part of the Swedish Realm, he was invited as an assistant and collaborator of Leonhard Euler at the Imperial Academy of Sciences in Saint Petersburg in 1768. After Euler's death in 1783 he inherited his mentor's chair and became professor of mathematics at the Petersburg Academy of Sciences, but survived only a year in this office. One of Lexell's first tasks in Saint Petersburg was to assist in the calculations involved in the Venus transit project of 1769. Under Euler's supervision, Lexell formulated a system of modeling equations involving the whole bulk of observation data obtained from all over the world. Thus, by searching (manually) the best estimate of the parallax with respect to all available measurements made of the Venus transit simultaneously, he anticipated later statistical modeling methods. The usual method at the time consisted of juxtaposing a pair of measurements at a time and taking a mean value of all the parallax values obtained in this way. What had started as an innocent, purely academic attempt to establish the solar parallax, soon escalated into a heated controversy of international dimensions. The roles played by Jerome de Lalande in Paris and Maximilian Hell in Vienna in this controversy are well known; Lexell's role less so. Our analysis has two aims. First, we elucidate Lexell's place in the international solar parallax controversy by making use of his published works as well as surviving parts of his correspondence. Second, we present the method used by Lexell and analyze his way of calculating the solar parallax.

  19. DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Fryer, John L.

    The Department of Microbiology at Oregon State University with funding from the Bonneville Power Administration conducted a study relating to the epidemiology and control of three fish diseases of salmonids in the Columbia River Basin. These three diseases were ceratomyxosis caused by the myxosporidan parasite Ceratomyxa Shasta, bacterial kidney disease, the causative agent Renibacterium salmoninarum, and infectious hematopoietic necrosis, caused by a rhabdovirus. Each of these diseases is highly destructive and difficult or impossible to treat with antimicrobial agents. The geographic range of the infectious stage of C. Shasta has been extended to include the Snake River to the Oxbowmore » and Hells Canyon Dams. These are the farthest upriver sites tested. Infections of ceratomyxosis were also initiated in the east fork of the Lewis River and in the Washougal River in Washington. Laboratory studies with this parasite failed to indicate that tubeficids are required in its life cycle. Bacterial kidney disease has been demonstrated in all life stages of salmonids: in the eggs, fry, smolts, juveniles and adults in the ocean, and in fish returning to fresh water. Monoclonal antibodies produced against R. salmoninarum demonstrated antigenic differences among isolates of the bacterium. Monoclonal antibodies also showed antigens of R. salmoninarum which are similar to those of a wide variety of gram positive and gram negative bacteria. A demonstration project at Round Butte Hatchery showed U V treatment to be an effective method for reducing the microbial population of the water supply and could reduce risks of IHNV. Tangential flow filtration was used successfully to concentrate IHNV from environmental water. At Round Butte Hatchery the carrier rate of IHNV in adults was very low and there was no subsequent mortality resulting from IHN in juveniles.« less

  20. Quantitative comparison of some aesthetic factors among rivers

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Leopold, Luna Bergere

    1969-01-01

    It is difficult to evaluate the factors contributing to aesthetic or nonmonetary aspects of a landscape. In contrast, aspects which lend themselves to cost-benefit comparisons are now treated in a routine way. As a result, nonmonetary values are described either in emotion-loaded words or else are mentioned and thence forgotten.The present report is a preliminary attempt to quantify some elements of aesthetic appeal while eliminating, insofar as possible, value judgments or personal preferences. If methods of recording such factors can be developed, the results promise to be a useful, new kind of basic data needed in many planning and decision-making circumstances. Such data would be especially useful when choices must be made among alternative courses of action. Such data would tend to provide a more prominent consideration of the nonmonetary aspects of a landscape.Assignment of quantitative estimates to aesthetic factors leads not so much to ratios of value as to relative rank positions. In fact, value itself tends to carry a connotation of preference, whereas ranking can more easily be used for categorization without attribution of preference and thus it tends to a void the introduction at too early a stage of differences in preference. Because the Federal Power Commission has been studying an application for a permit to construct one or more additional hydropower dams in the vicinity of Hells Canyon of the Snake River, the localities studied for the present discussion are in that region of Idaho. Hopefully, the data collected will provide some useful information on factors related to nonmonetary values in the region. The present discussion has been kept free of the preference judgments of the writer, and throughout the discussions observations are treated as facts.

  1. Stratigraphy and depositional environments of Fox Hills Formation in Williston basin

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Daly, D.J.

    The Fox Hills Formation (Maestrichtian), representing part of a regressive wedge deposited during the withdrawal of the sea from the Western Interior at the close of the Cretaceous, consists of marginal marine strata transitional between the offshore deposits of the underlying Pierre Shale and the terrestrial deltaic and coastal deposits of the overlying Hell Creek Formation. An investigation of outcrops of the Fox Hills Formation along the western and southern flanks of the Williston basin and study of over 300 oil and gas well logs from the central part of the basin indicate that the formation can be divided bothmore » stratigraphically and areally. Stratigraphically, the Fox Hills can be divided into lower and upper sequences; the lower includes the Trail City and Timber Lake Members, and the upper sequence includes the Colgate Member in the west and the Iron Lightning and Linton Members in the east. Areally, the formation can be divided into a northeastern and western part, where the strata are 30-45 m thick and are dominated by the lower sequence, and into a southeastern area where both the lower and upper sequences are well developed in a section 80-130 m thick. Typically, the lower Fox Hills consists of upward-coarsening shoreface or delta-front sequences containing hummocky bedding and a limited suite of trace fossils, most notably Ophiomorpha. In the southeast, however, these strata are dominated by bar complexes, oriented northeast-southwest, composed of cross-bedded medium to very fine-grained sand with abundant trace and body fossils. The upper Fox Hills represents a variety of shoreface, deltaic, and channel environments. The strata of the Fox Hills Formation exhibit facies similar to those reported for Upper Cretaceous gas reservoirs in the northern Great Plains.« less

  2. Stratigraphy and depositional environments of Fox Hills Formation (Late Cretaceous), Williston basin

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Daly, D.J.

    The Fox Hills Formation (Late Cretaceous, Maestrichtian) was investigated where it crops out along the southern flank of the Williston basin and in the subsurface over the central portion of the basin, using 300 well logs. The formation is conformable and gradational with the underlying Pierre formation and can be either conformable or unconformable with the overlying Hell Creek Formation. The Fox Hills Formation is younger, thicker, and stratigraphically more complex to the east and is comprised of marginal marine sediments deposited during the final Cretaceous regression. To the west, the Fox Hills Formation is an upward-coarsening unit generally 30more » to 45 m thick and usually contains three members: from the base, Trail City, Timber Lake, and Colgate. The lower Fox Hills (Trail City, Timber Lake) is generally dominated by hummocky bedding and contains a variety of trace fossils, most notably Ophiomorpha. The upper Fox Hills (Colgate), where present, is characterized by cross-bedding. To the east, including the type area, the section is generally 80 to 100 m thick and contains four members: from the base, Trail City, Timber Lake, Iron Lightning (Colgate and Bullhead lithofacies), and Linton. In contrast to the section in the west, this section is as much as three times thicker, contains abundant body fossils, generally lacks hummocky bedding, and contains the Bullhead and Linton strata. In the west, the strata represent lower shoreface deposits, predominantly of storm origin (lower Fox Hills), overlain by upper shoreface and fluvial deposits (upper Fox Hills). In the east, the lower Fox Hills contains deposits of the lower shoreface (Trail City) and a barrier bar complex (Timber Lake), overlain by the deltaic deposits of the upper Fox Hills (Iron Lightning, Linton).« less

  3. Impacts of the Columbia River hydroelectric system on main-stem habitats of fall chinook salmon

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Dauble, D.D.; Hanrahan, T.P.; Geist, D.R.; Parsley, M.J.

    2003-01-01

    Salmonid habitats in main-stem reaches of the Columbia and Snake rivers have changed dramatically during the past 60 years because of hydroelectric development and operation. Only about 13% and 58% of riverine habitats in the Columbia and Snake rivers, respectively, remain. Most riverine habitat is found in the upper Snake River; however, it is upstream of Hells Canyon Dam and not accessible to anadromous salmonids. We determined that approximately 661 and 805 km of the Columbia and Snake rivers, respectively, were once used by fall chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha for spawning. Fall chinook salmon currently use only about 85 km of the main-stem Columbia River and 163 km of the main-stem Snake River for spawning. We used a geomorphic model to identify three river reaches downstream of present migration barriers with high potential for restoration of riverine processes: the Columbia River upstream of John Day Dam, the Columbia-Snake-Yakima River confluence, and the lower Snake River upstream of Little Goose Dam. Our analysis substantiated the assertion that historic spawning areas for fall chinook salmon occurred primarily within wide alluvial floodplains, which were once common in the mainstem Columbia and Snake rivers. These areas possessed more unconsolidated sediment and more bars and islands and had lower water surface slopes than did less extensively used areas. Because flows in the main stem are now highly regulated, the predevelopment alluvial river ecosystem is not expected to be restored simply by operational modification of one or more dams. Establishing more normative flow regimes - specifically, sustained peak flows for scouring - is essential to restoring the functional characteristics of existing, altered habitats. Restoring production of fall chinook salmon to any of these reaches also requires that population genetics and viability of potential seed populations (i.e., from tributaries, tailrace spawning areas, and hatcheries) be considered.

  4. Got Questions About the Higgs Boson? Ask a Scientist

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Hinchliffe, Ian

    Ask a scientist about the Higgs boson. There's a lot of buzz this week over new data from CERN's Large Hadron Collider (LHC) and the final data from Fermilab's Tevatron about the Higgs boson. It raises questions about what scientists have found and what still remains to be found -- and what it all means. Berkeley Lab's Ian Hinchliffe invites you to send in questions about the Higgs. He'll answer a few of your questions in a follow-up video later this week. Hinchliffe is a theoretical physicist who heads Berkeley Lab's sizable contingent with the ATLAS experiment at CERN. •more » Post your questions in the comment box • E-mail your questions to askascientist@lbl.gov • Tweet to @BerkeleyLab • Or post on our facebook page: facebook/berkeleylab Update on July 5: Ian responds to several of your questions in this video: http://youtu.be/1BkpD1IS62g. Update on 7/04: Here's CERN's press release from earlier today on the latest preliminary results in the search for the long sought Higgs particle: http://press.web.cern.ch/press/PressReleases/Releases2012/PR17.12E.htm. And here's a Q&A on what the news tells us: http://cdsweb.cern.ch/journal/CERNBulletin/2012/28/News%20Articles/1459460?ln=en. CERN will present the new LHC data at a seminar July 4th at 9:00 in the morning Geneva time (3:00 in the morning Eastern Daylight Time, midnight on the Pacific Coast), where the ATLAS collaboration and their rivals in the CMS experiment will announce their results. Tevatron results were announced by Fermilab on Monday morning. For more background on the LHC's search for the Higgs boson, visit http://newscenter.lbl.gov/feature-stories/2012/06/28/higgs-2012/.« less

  5. Triboelectrification of KCl and ZnS particles with applications to GJ1214b

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Mendez, Joshua; Dufek, Josef

    2017-10-01

    When mobilized, granular materials become charged as individual grains undergo collisions and frictional interactions. On Earth, this process, known as triboelectrification, has been recognized in volcanic plumes and sandstorms (Kok & Lacks 2009 )(Cimarelli et al. 2014 ) (Méndez Harper & Dufek 2016 ). Yet, frictional charging almost certainly exists on other worlds in our own Solar System (such as Mars, the Moon, and Venus) as well as extra solar planets. Indeed, recent observations and numerical modeling have suggested that many exoplanets may have processes that lift large quantities of particles into their atmospheres (volcanic activity, for instance) (Hodosán et al. 2016 ) or maintain extensive condensed granular reservoirs in the form of clouds or hazes (Helling et al. 2013 )(Kreidberg et al. 2014 ) (Gao & Benneke 2016 ). On these worlds, triboelectric charging almost certainly contributes to their global electric circuits, providing a mechanism to generate lightning, to drive chemical processes in the atmospheres, and, perhaps, influence habitability. Yet, despite the high likelihood of granular electrification processes occurring on worlds beyond our Solar System, no experiments, to our knowledge, have been conducted to characterize the triboelectrification of materials expected to exist in the exoplanet atmospheres under appropriate conditions. To help close this knowledge-gap, we explore the electrification of potassium chloride and zinc sulfide, two substances possibly composing the clouds on super-Earth GJ1214b (Kreidberg et al. 2014 ) (Charnay et al. 2015 ) (Gao & Benneke 2016 ). We find that both materials become readily electrified when mobilized, attaining charge densities similar to those found on volcanic ash particles. Thus, if GJ1214b does indeed host salt clouds in its atmosphere, they are likely electrified and may be capable of producing lightning or corona discharge.

  6. Got Questions About the Higgs Boson? Ask a Scientist

    ScienceCinema

    Hinchliffe, Ian

    2017-12-12

    Ask a scientist about the Higgs boson. There's a lot of buzz this week over new data from CERN's Large Hadron Collider (LHC) and the final data from Fermilab's Tevatron about the Higgs boson. It raises questions about what scientists have found and what still remains to be found -- and what it all means. Berkeley Lab's Ian Hinchliffe invites you to send in questions about the Higgs. He'll answer a few of your questions in a follow-up video later this week. Hinchliffe is a theoretical physicist who heads Berkeley Lab's sizable contingent with the ATLAS experiment at CERN. • Post your questions in the comment box • E-mail your questions to askascientist@lbl.gov • Tweet to @BerkeleyLab • Or post on our facebook page: facebook/berkeleylab Update on July 5: Ian responds to several of your questions in this video: http://youtu.be/1BkpD1IS62g. Update on 7/04: Here's CERN's press release from earlier today on the latest preliminary results in the search for the long sought Higgs particle: http://press.web.cern.ch/press/PressReleases/Releases2012/PR17.12E.htm. And here's a Q&A on what the news tells us: http://cdsweb.cern.ch/journal/CERNBulletin/2012/28/News%20Articles/1459460?ln=en. CERN will present the new LHC data at a seminar July 4th at 9:00 in the morning Geneva time (3:00 in the morning Eastern Daylight Time, midnight on the Pacific Coast), where the ATLAS collaboration and their rivals in the CMS experiment will announce their results. Tevatron results were announced by Fermilab on Monday morning. For more background on the LHC's search for the Higgs boson, visit http://newscenter.lbl.gov/feature-stories/2012/06/28/higgs-2012/.

  7. Environments and extinctions at the K-T boundary in eastern Montana are compatible with an asteroid impact

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Fastovsky, D.E.; Sheehan, P.M.

    1992-01-01

    In the terrestrial latest Cretaceous Hell Creek (HC) Formation, both non-biotic events and patterns of extinction and survivorship are consistent with an asteroid impact causing the extinctions. Environments through the last 2--3 million-year interval represented by the HC remained relatively constant: an aggrading coastal lowland dissected by meandering rivers. The K-T boundary occurred during an abrupt change to impeded drainage represented by coals and pond deposits formed under low-energy conditions. Because of the close temporal proximity of the sediments of the Paleocene Cannonball Sea to the K-T boundary in South Dakota, impeded drainage in the earliest Paleocene in eastern Montanamore » may be attributable to riverine base-level changes associated with a renewed transgression of the western interior sea during the K-T transition. Patterns within the biota mirror those of the paleoenvironments. The ecological diversity of HC dinosaurs remains statistically unchanged through HC time. Analyses of vertebrates at the species level indicate a differential extinction in which the terrestrial biota underwent far more extinction than its aquatic counterpart. There is no evidence for changing environments in the upper HC, and there is circumstantial evidence that the latest Cretaceous was a time of renewed transgression rather than regression. Likewise, biotic patterns do not accord with gradual, environmentally driven extinctions. While the paleoenvironmental change that marks the K-T transition in eastern Montana accounts for some of the extinctions, the pattern of differential extinction is concordant with an asteroid impact. In this scenario, aquatic ecosystems and some land-based food chains would be buffered by detritus-based feeding. Terrestrial systems, dependent upon primary productivity, would undergo a short-term loss of resources causing extinctions.« less

  8. Mapping gravitational-wave backgrounds using methods from CMB analysis: Application to pulsar timing arrays

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Gair, Jonathan; Romano, Joseph D.; Taylor, Stephen; Mingarelli, Chiara M. F.

    2014-10-01

    We describe an alternative approach to the analysis of gravitational-wave backgrounds, based on the formalism used to characterize the polarization of the cosmic microwave background. In contrast to standard analyses, this approach makes no assumptions about the nature of the background and so has the potential to reveal much more about the physical processes that generated it. An arbitrary background can be decomposed into modes whose angular dependence on the sky is given by gradients and curls of spherical harmonics. We derive the pulsar timing overlap reduction functions for the individual modes, which are given by simple combinations of spherical harmonics evaluated at the pulsar locations. We show how these can be used to recover the components of an arbitrary background, giving explicit results for both isotropic and anisotropic uncorrelated backgrounds. We also find that the response of a pulsar timing array to curl modes is identically zero, so half of the gravitational-wave sky will never be observed using pulsar timing, no matter how many pulsars are included in the array. An isotropic, unpolarized and uncorrelated background can be accurately represented using only three modes, and so a search of this type will be only slightly more complicated than the standard cross-correlation search using the Hellings and Downs overlap reduction function. However, by measuring the components of individual modes of the background and checking for consistency with isotropy, this approach has the potential to reveal much more information. Each individual mode on its own describes a background that is correlated between different points on the sky. A measurement of the components that indicates the presence of correlations in the background on large angular scales would suggest startling new physics.

  9. Phenobarbital induces cell cycle transcriptional responses in mouse liver humanized for constitutive androstane and pregnane x receptors.

    PubMed

    Luisier, Raphaëlle; Lempiäinen, Harri; Scherbichler, Nina; Braeuning, Albert; Geissler, Miriam; Dubost, Valerie; Müller, Arne; Scheer, Nico; Chibout, Salah-Dine; Hara, Hisanori; Picard, Frank; Theil, Diethilde; Couttet, Philippe; Vitobello, Antonio; Grenet, Olivier; Grasl-Kraupp, Bettina; Ellinger-Ziegelbauer, Heidrun; Thomson, John P; Meehan, Richard R; Elcombe, Clifford R; Henderson, Colin J; Wolf, C Roland; Schwarz, Michael; Moulin, Pierre; Terranova, Rémi; Moggs, Jonathan G

    2014-06-01

    The constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) and the pregnane X receptor (PXR) are closely related nuclear receptors involved in drug metabolism and play important roles in the mechanism of phenobarbital (PB)-induced rodent nongenotoxic hepatocarcinogenesis. Here, we have used a humanized CAR/PXR mouse model to examine potential species differences in receptor-dependent mechanisms underlying liver tissue molecular responses to PB. Early and late transcriptomic responses to sustained PB exposure were investigated in liver tissue from double knock-out CAR and PXR (CAR(KO)-PXR(KO)), double humanized CAR and PXR (CAR(h)-PXR(h)), and wild-type C57BL/6 mice. Wild-type and CAR(h)-PXR(h) mouse livers exhibited temporally and quantitatively similar transcriptional responses during 91 days of PB exposure including the sustained induction of the xenobiotic response gene Cyp2b10, the Wnt signaling inhibitor Wisp1, and noncoding RNA biomarkers from the Dlk1-Dio3 locus. Transient induction of DNA replication (Hells, Mcm6, and Esco2) and mitotic genes (Ccnb2, Cdc20, and Cdk1) and the proliferation-related nuclear antigen Mki67 were observed with peak expression occurring between 1 and 7 days PB exposure. All these transcriptional responses were absent in CAR(KO)-PXR(KO) mouse livers and largely reversible in wild-type and CAR(h)-PXR(h) mouse livers following 91 days of PB exposure and a subsequent 4-week recovery period. Furthermore, PB-mediated upregulation of the noncoding RNA Meg3, which has recently been associated with cellular pluripotency, exhibited a similar dose response and perivenous hepatocyte-specific localization in both wild-type and CAR(h)-PXR(h) mice. Thus, mouse livers coexpressing human CAR and PXR support both the xenobiotic metabolizing and the proliferative transcriptional responses following exposure to PB.

  10. Implementation of a single sign-on system between practice, research and learning systems.

    PubMed

    Purkayastha, Saptarshi; Gichoya, Judy W; Addepally, Siva Abhishek

    2017-03-29

    Multiple specialized electronic medical systems are utilized in the health enterprise. Each of these systems has their own user management, authentication and authorization process, which makes it a complex web for navigation and use without a coherent process workflow. Users often have to remember multiple passwords, login/logout between systems that disrupt their clinical workflow. Challenges exist in managing permissions for various cadres of health care providers. This case report describes our experience of implementing a single sign-on system, used between an electronic medical records system and a learning management system at a large academic institution with an informatics department responsible for student education and a medical school affiliated with a hospital system caring for patients and conducting research. At our institution, we use OpenMRS for research registry tracking of interventional radiology patients as well as to provide access to medical records to students studying health informatics. To provide authentication across different users of the system with different permissions, we developed a Central Authentication Service (CAS) module for OpenMRS, released under the Mozilla Public License and deployed it for single sign-on across the academic enterprise. The module has been in implementation since August 2015 to present, and we assessed usability of the registry and education system before and after implementation of the CAS module. 54 students and 3 researchers were interviewed. The module authenticates users with appropriate privileges in the medical records system, providing secure access with minimal disruption to their workflow. No passwords requests were sent and users reported ease of use, with streamlined workflow. The project demonstrates that enterprise-wide single sign-on systems should be used in healthcare to reduce complexity like "password hell", improve usability and user navigation. We plan to extend this to work with other

  11. Fear not the tectosphere (and other -spheres)

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Lee, C. A.

    2004-12-01

    Based on a highly unrepresentative sampling of the community, not unlike Fox news polls, it has been recognized that the use of words having the suffix "-sphere" is confused and often abused. Such words include lithosphere, asthenosphere, perisphere, tectosphere, and mesosphere. In addition, there appears to be equal confusion in the use of the related terms: mechanical boundary layer, thermal boundary layer, chemical boundary layer, low velocity zone, low viscosity zone, effective elastic thickness, etc. This confusion is not confined to beginning students of the Earth sciences but is also manifest in seasoned Earth scientists (including myself), that is, it is not uncommon to find a geochemist and a geophysicist with completely different definitions of "lithosphere" and "tectosphere", for example. In this poster, an attempt will be made to illustrate the concepts behind some of these terms using visual and verbal aids. One of the focuses, could be the concept of a tectosphere, which may go something like this: A Wise maN once said to me; That cOntinents float because they are light; Then said my dog - DiorITE; Oceans sInk because they are heavy; And so I ask, why miGht this be?; With a Laugh and a Bark, she says the oceans are cOld; And to test if she's rigHT; I stick a tHermometer in the continent's core; To my surprise coNtinents are cold, if not more; So something does not Jive; A parAdox has come alive; Perhaps you surMise that the story is not coMplete; Indeed, you may be right; BecausE under the contiNents lie Green rocks - PerIdotite!; InFertile as Hell and fortuitouslY light; Together they fOrm the TecToSphere; And this is why we are here; Fear not the TecToSphere.

  12. Italy: An Open Air Museum

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Pizzorusso, Ann

    2016-04-01

    Imagine if you could see the River Styx, bathe in the Fountain of Youth, collect water which enhances fertility, wear a gem that heals bodily ailments, understand how our health is affected by geomagnetic fields, venture close to the flames of Hell on Earth and much, much, more. Know something? These things exist - on Earth - today - in Italy and you can visit them because Italy is an open air museum. Ann C. Pizzorusso, in her recent book, reveals how Italy's geology has affected its art, literature, architecture, religion, medicine and just about everything else. She explores the geologic birth of the land, describing the formation of the Alps and Apennines, romantic bays of Tuscany and Lazio, volcanoes of the south and Caribbean-like beaches of Puglia. But that's not all, from the first pages of this visually stunning book, the reader has the impression of being in an art museum, where one can wander from page to page to satisfy one's curiosity-- guided from time to time by the Etruscan priests, Virgil, Dante, Goethe or Leonardo da Vinci himself. Pizzorusso stitches together widely diverse topics - such as gemology, folk remedies, grottoes, painting, literature, physics and religion - using geology as a thread. Quoting everyone from Pliny the Elder to NASA physicist Friedemann Freund, the work is solidly backed scholarship that reads as easily as a summer novel. Wonderfully illustrated with many photos licensed from Italian museums, HRH Elizabeth II and the Ministero Beni Culturali the book highlights the best works in Italian museums and those outside in the "open air museums." This approach can be used in any other country in the world and can be used for cultural tourism (a tour following the book has been organized for cultural and university groups), an ideal way of linking museums to the surrounding landscape.

  13. Aerial radiometric and magnetic reconnaissance survey of portions of Arizona, Idaho, Montana, New Mexico, South Dakota and Washington. Volume 2-F. Lewistown Quadrangle. Final report

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Not Available

    1979-06-01

    Results of a high-sensitivity, aerial, gamma-ray spectrometer and magnetometer survey of the Lewistown Quadrangle, Montana, are presented. Instrumentation and methods are described in Volume 1 of this final report. Statistical and geological analysis of the radiometric data revealed 58 uranium anomalies worthy of field-checking as possible prospects. One anomaly may be associated with the Cambrian Flathead Quartzite that may contain deposits similar to the Blind River and Rand uranium deposits. Three anomalies may be indicative of sandstone-type deposits in Jurassic rocks, particularly the Morrison Formation, which hosts uranium mineralization elsewhere. One of the latter anomalies is also related to rocksmore » of the Mississippian Madison Group, and this suggests the possible presence of uranium in limestones of the Mission Canyon Formation. There are 45 anomalies related to the Cretaceous rocks. Lignite in the Hell Creek and Judith River formations and Eagle Sandstone may have caused the formation of 22 epigenetic uranium deposits. Many anomalies occur in the Bearpaw Shale and Claggett Formation. However, only five are considered significant of the remainder are expected to be caused by large amounts of radioactive bentonite or bentonitic shale. Two other Cretaceous units that may host sandstone-type deposits are the Colorado Shale and Kootenai Formation that register 16 and two anomalies respectively. Only one anomaly pertains to Tertiary rocks, and it may be indicative of vein-type deposits in the intrusives of the Judith Mountains. These rocks may also act as source rocks for deposits surrounding the Judith Mountains. Eight anomalies related only to Quaternary units may be demonstrative of uranium-rich source rocks that could host uranium mineralization.Several anomalies are located close to oil fields and may have been cause by radium-rich oil-field brines.« less

  14. Addressing scale dependence in roughness and morphometric statistics derived from point cloud data.

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Buscombe, D.; Wheaton, J. M.; Hensleigh, J.; Grams, P. E.; Welcker, C. W.; Anderson, K.; Kaplinski, M. A.

    2015-12-01

    The heights of natural surfaces can be measured with such spatial density that almost the entire spectrum of physical roughness scales can be characterized, down to the morphological form and grain scales. With an ability to measure 'microtopography' comes a demand for analytical/computational tools for spatially explicit statistical characterization of surface roughness. Detrended standard deviation of surface heights is a popular means to create continuous maps of roughness from point cloud data, using moving windows and reporting window-centered statistics of variations from a trend surface. If 'roughness' is the statistical variation in the distribution of relief of a surface, then 'texture' is the frequency of change and spatial arrangement of roughness. The variance in surface height as a function of frequency obeys a power law. In consequence, roughness is dependent on the window size through which it is examined, which has a number of potential disadvantages: 1) the choice of window size becomes crucial, and obstructs comparisons between data; 2) if windows are large relative to multiple roughness scales, it is harder to discriminate between those scales; 3) if roughness is not scaled by the texture length scale, information on the spacing and clustering of roughness `elements' can be lost; and 4) such practice is not amenable to models describing the scattering of light and sound from rough natural surfaces. We discuss the relationship between roughness and texture. Some useful parameters which scale vertical roughness to characteristic horizontal length scales are suggested, with examples of bathymetric point clouds obtained using multibeam from two contrasting riverbeds, namely those of the Colorado River in Grand Canyon, and the Snake River in Hells Canyon. Such work, aside from automated texture characterization and texture segmentation, roughness and grain size calculation, might also be useful for feature detection and classification from point

  15. The Black Canyon of the Gunnison: Today and Yesterday

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Hansen, Wallace R.

    1965-01-01

    Since the early visit of Captain John William Gunnison in the middle of the last century, the Black Canyon of the Gunnison has stirred mixed apprehension and wonder in the hearts of its viewers. It ranks high among the more awesome gorges of North America. Many great western canyons are as well remembered for their brightly colored walls as for their airy depths. Not so the Black Canyon. Though it is assuredly not black, the dark-gray tones of its walls and the hazy shadows of its gloomy depths join together to make its name well deserved. Its name conveys an impression, not a picture. After the first emotional impact of the canyon, the same questions come to the minds of most reflective viewers and in about the following order: How deep is the Black Canyon, how wide, how does it compare with other canyons, what are the rocks, how did it form, and how long did it take? Several western canyons exceed the Black Canyon in overall size. Some are longer; some are deeper; some are narrower; and a few have walls as steep. But no other canyon in North American combines the depth, narrowness, sheerness, and somber countenance of the Black Canyon. In many places the Black Canyon is as deep as it is wide. Between The Narrows and Chasm View in the Black Canyon of the Gunnison National Monument (fig. 15) it is much deeper than wide. Average depth in the monument is about 2,000 feet, ranging from a maximum of about 2,700 feet, north of Warner Point (which also is the greatest depth anywhere in the canyon), to a minimum of about 1,750 feet at The Narrows. The stretch of canyon between Pulpit Rock and Chasm View, including The Narrows, though the shallowest in the monument, is also the narrowest, has some of the steepest walls, and is, therefore, among the most impressive segments of the canyon (fig. 3). Profiles of several well-known western canyons are shown in figure 1. Deepest of these by far is Hells Canyon of the Snake, on the Idaho-Oregon border. Clearly, it dwarfs the

  16. Construction and calibration of a groundwater-flow model to assess groundwater availability in the uppermost principal aquifer systems of the Williston Basin, United States and Canada

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Davis, Kyle W.; Long, Andrew J.

    2018-05-31

    The U.S. Geological Survey developed a groundwater-flow model for the uppermost principal aquifer systems in the Williston Basin in parts of Montana, North Dakota, and South Dakota in the United States and parts of Manitoba and Saskatchewan in Canada as part of a detailed assessment of the groundwater availability in the area. The assessment was done because of the potential for increased demands and stresses on groundwater associated with large-scale energy development in the area. As part of this assessment, a three-dimensional groundwater-flow model was developed as a tool that can be used to simulate how the groundwater-flow system responds to changes in hydrologic stresses at a regional scale.The three-dimensional groundwater-flow model was developed using the U.S. Geological Survey’s numerical finite-difference groundwater model with the Newton-Rhapson solver, MODFLOW–NWT, to represent the glacial, lower Tertiary, and Upper Cretaceous aquifer systems for steady-state (mean) hydrological conditions for 1981‒2005 and for transient (temporally varying) conditions using a combination of a steady-state period for pre-1960 and transient periods for 1961‒2005. The numerical model framework was constructed based on existing and interpreted hydrogeologic and geospatial data and consisted of eight layers. Two layers were used to represent the glacial aquifer system in the model; layer 1 represented the upper one-half and layer 2 represented the lower one-half of the glacial aquifer system. Three layers were used to represent the lower Tertiary aquifer system in the model; layer 3 represented the upper Fort Union aquifer, layer 4 represented the middle Fort Union hydrogeologic unit, and layer 5 represented the lower Fort Union aquifer. Three layers were used to represent the Upper Cretaceous aquifer system in the model; layer 6 represented the upper Hell Creek hydrogeologic unit, layer 7 represented the lower Hell Creek aquifer, and layer 8 represented the Fox

  17. How do informal information sources influence women's decision-making for birth? A meta-synthesis of qualitative studies.

    PubMed

    Sanders, Ruth A; Crozier, Kenda

    2018-01-10

    Women approach birth using various methods of preparation drawing from conventional healthcare providers alongside informal information sources (IIS) outside the professional healthcare context. An investigation of the forms in which these informal information sources are accessed and negotiated by women, and how these disconnected and often conflicting elements influence women's decision-making process for birth have yet to be evaluated. The level of antenatal preparedness women feel can have significant and long lasting implications on their birth experience and transition into motherhood and beyond. The aim of this study was to provide a deeper understanding of how informal information sources influence women's preparation for birth. Seven electronic databases were searched with predetermined search terms. No limitations were imposed for year of publication. English language studies using qualitative methods exploring women's experiences of informal information sources and their impact upon women's birth preparation were included, subject to a quality appraisal framework. Searches were initiated in February 2016 and completed by March 2016. Studies were synthesised using an interpretive meta-ethnographic approach. Fourteen studies were included for the final synthesis from Great Britain, Australia, Canada and the United States. Four main themes were identified: Menu Birth; Information Heaven/Hell; Spheres of Support; and Trust. It is evident that women do not enter pregnancy as empty vessels devoid of a conceptual framework, but rather have a pre-constructed embodied knowledge base upon which other information is superimposed. Allied to this, it is clear that informal information was sought to mitigate against the widespread experience of discordant information provided by maternity professionals. Women's access to the deluge of informal information sources in mainstream media during pregnancy have significant impact on decision making for birth. These informal

  18. Age-Specific Gene Expression Signatures for Breast Tumors and Cross-Species Conserved Potential Cancer Progression Markers in Young Women

    PubMed Central

    Colak, Dilek; Nofal, Asmaa; AlBakheet, AlBandary; Nirmal, Maimoona; Jeprel, Hatim; Eldali, Abdelmoneim; AL-Tweigeri, Taher; Tulbah, Asma; Ajarim, Dahish; Malik, Osama Al; Kaya, Namik; Park, Ben H.; Bin Amer, Suad M.

    2013-01-01

    Breast cancer in young women is more aggressive with a poorer prognosis and overall survival compared to older women diagnosed with the disease. Despite recent research, the underlying biology and molecular alterations that drive the aggressive nature of breast tumors associated with breast cancer in young women have yet to be elucidated. In this study, we performed transcriptomic profile and network analyses of breast tumors arising in Middle Eastern women to identify age-specific gene signatures. Moreover, we studied molecular alterations associated with cancer progression in young women using cross-species comparative genomics approach coupled with copy number alterations (CNA) associated with breast cancers from independent studies. We identified 63 genes specific to tumors in young women that showed alterations distinct from two age cohorts of older women. The network analyses revealed potential critical regulatory roles for Myc, PI3K/Akt, NF-κB, and IL-1 in disease characteristics of breast tumors arising in young women. Cross-species comparative genomics analysis of progression from pre-invasive ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) to invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) revealed 16 genes with concomitant genomic alterations, CCNB2, UBE2C, TOP2A, CEP55, TPX2, BIRC5, KIAA0101, SHCBP1, UBE2T, PTTG1, NUSAP1, DEPDC1, HELLS, CCNB1, KIF4A, and RRM2, that may be involved in tumorigenesis and in the processes of invasion and progression of disease. Array findings were validated using qRT-PCR, immunohistochemistry, and extensive in silico analyses of independently performed microarray datasets. To our knowledge, this study provides the first comprehensive genomic analysis of breast cancer in Middle Eastern women in age-specific cohorts and potential markers for cancer progression in young women. Our data demonstrate that cancer appearing in young women contain distinct biological characteristics and deregulated signaling pathways. Moreover, our integrative genomic and cross

  19. Age-specific gene expression signatures for breast tumors and cross-species conserved potential cancer progression markers in young women.

    PubMed

    Colak, Dilek; Nofal, Asmaa; Albakheet, Albandary; Nirmal, Maimoona; Jeprel, Hatim; Eldali, Abdelmoneim; Al-Tweigeri, Taher; Tulbah, Asma; Ajarim, Dahish; Malik, Osama Al; Inan, Mehmet S; Kaya, Namik; Park, Ben H; Bin Amer, Suad M

    2013-01-01

    Breast cancer in young women is more aggressive with a poorer prognosis and overall survival compared to older women diagnosed with the disease. Despite recent research, the underlying biology and molecular alterations that drive the aggressive nature of breast tumors associated with breast cancer in young women have yet to be elucidated. In this study, we performed transcriptomic profile and network analyses of breast tumors arising in Middle Eastern women to identify age-specific gene signatures. Moreover, we studied molecular alterations associated with cancer progression in young women using cross-species comparative genomics approach coupled with copy number alterations (CNA) associated with breast cancers from independent studies. We identified 63 genes specific to tumors in young women that showed alterations distinct from two age cohorts of older women. The network analyses revealed potential critical regulatory roles for Myc, PI3K/Akt, NF-κB, and IL-1 in disease characteristics of breast tumors arising in young women. Cross-species comparative genomics analysis of progression from pre-invasive ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) to invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) revealed 16 genes with concomitant genomic alterations, CCNB2, UBE2C, TOP2A, CEP55, TPX2, BIRC5, KIAA0101, SHCBP1, UBE2T, PTTG1, NUSAP1, DEPDC1, HELLS, CCNB1, KIF4A, and RRM2, that may be involved in tumorigenesis and in the processes of invasion and progression of disease. Array findings were validated using qRT-PCR, immunohistochemistry, and extensive in silico analyses of independently performed microarray datasets. To our knowledge, this study provides the first comprehensive genomic analysis of breast cancer in Middle Eastern women in age-specific cohorts and potential markers for cancer progression in young women. Our data demonstrate that cancer appearing in young women contain distinct biological characteristics and deregulated signaling pathways. Moreover, our integrative genomic and cross

  20. Favorable fragmentation: river reservoirs can impede downstream expansion of riparian weeds.

    PubMed

    Rood, Stewart B; Braatne, Jeffrey H; Goater, Lori A

    2010-09-01

    River valleys represent biologically rich corridors characterized by natural disturbances that create moist and barren sites suitable for colonization by native riparian plants, and also by weeds. Dams and reservoirs interrupt the longitudinal corridors and we hypothesized that this could restrict downstream weed expansion. To consider this "reservoir impediment" hypothesis we assessed the occurrences and abundances of weeds along a 315-km river valley corridor that commenced with an unimpounded reach of the Snake River and extended through Brownlee, Oxbow, and Hells Canyon reservoirs and dams, and downstream along the Snake River. Sampling along 206 belt transects with 3610 quadrats revealed 16 noxious and four invasive weed species. Ten weeds were upland plants, with Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense) restricted to the upstream reaches, where field morning glory (Convolvulus arvensis) was also more common. In contrast, St. John's wort (Hypericum perforatum) was more abundant below the dams, and medusahead wildrye (Taeniatherum caput-medusae) occurred primarily along the reservoirs. All seven riparian species were abundant in the upstream zones but sparse or absent below the dams. This pattern was observed for the facultative riparian species, poison hemlock (Conium maculatum) and perennial pepperweed (Lepidium latifolium), the obligate riparian, yellow nut sedge (Cyperus esculentus), the invasive perennial, reed canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea), and three invasive riparian trees, Russian olive (Elaeagnus angustifolia), false indigo (Amorpha fruticosa), and tamarisk (Tamarix spp.). The hydrophyte purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria) was also restricted to the upstream zone. These longitudinal patterns indicate that the reservoirs have impeded the downstream expansion of riparian weeds, and this may especially result from the repetitive draw-down and refilling of Brownlee Reservoir that imposes a lethal combination of drought and flood stress. The dams and

  1. Triggering of the Largest Deccan Eruptions and Other Possible Geophysical Effects of the Mw 11 Chicxulub Impact

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Richards, M. A.; Renne, P. R.; Alvarez, W.; DePalma, R. A.; Smit, J.; Manga, M.; Karlstrom, L.; Vanderkluysen, L.; Fainstein, R.; Gibson, S. A.

    2017-12-01

    The Chicxulub impact in Yucatán, México, and the onset of the most voluminous phase of Deccan Traps eruptions in the Western Ghats of India both occurred within <50,000 years of the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary (KPB), at which time 70% of all species in the fossil record perished, including the non-avian dinosaurs. A broad range of evidence (geochronological, volcanological, geochemical, and tectonic) suggests that the aerially-extensive Wai Sub-group eruptions of the main Deccan sequence may have been triggered by the impact, probably due to a transient increase in the effective permeability of the existing Réunion plume head's mantle magmatic system. Whether similar effects might be observed in the possibly even larger volume of offshore Deccan-equivalent eruptions is not presently well-constrained by geochronological or stratigraphic data. Several lines of evidence suggest that the Chicxulub impact caused an earthquake of magnitude Mw 11, or perhaps 1000 times more energetic than any known tectonic earthquake, and therefore well outside of human historical experience. The consequences of such a large geophysical event remain to be fully explored, but are likely to have involved triggering of volcanism globally (including the mid-ocean ridge system), tsunamis in the open oceans, seiches in confined bodies of water, soft-sediment liquefaction, and mass wasting, with some far-field events most likely responding to longer-period seismic waves. A particularly interesting case is a deposit in the Hell Creek Formation of southwestern North Dakota ("Tanis"), where a remarkable "death assemblage" of marine and terrestrial biota were buried at exactly KPB time in a local surge deposit, most likely due to a seiche on an arm or embayment of the Western Interior Seaway due to seismic waves from the Chicxulub impact. Another KPB unit (Hvar, Croatia) previously identified as a tsunami deposit might also be interpreted as having resulted from a seiche. This presentation

  2. Identification of key transcription factors in caerulein-induced pancreatitis through expression profiling data

    PubMed Central

    QI, DACHUAN; WU, BO; TONG, DANIAN; PAN, YE; CHEN, WEI

    2015-01-01

    The current study aimed to isolate key transcription factors (TFs) in caerulein-induced pancreatitis, and to identify the difference between wild type and Mist1 knockout (KO) mice, in order to elucidate the contribution of Mist1 to pancreatitis. The gene profile of GSE3644 was downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus database then analyzed using the t-test. The isolated differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were mapped into a transcriptional regulatory network derived from the Integrated Transcription Factor Platform database and in the network, the interaction pairs involving at least one DEG were screened. Fisher’s exact test was used to analyze the functional enrichment of the target genes. A total of 1,555 and 3,057 DEGs were identified in the wild type and Mist1KO mice treated with caerulein, respectively. DEGs screened in Mist1KO mice were predominantly enriched in apoptosis, mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling and other cancer-associated pathways. A total of 188 and 51 TFs associated with pathopoiesis were isolated in Mist1KO and wild type mice, respectively. Out of the top 10 TFs (ranked by P-value), 7 TFs, including S-phase kinase-associated protein 2 (Skp2); minichromosome maintenance complex component 3 (Mcm3); cell division cycle 6 (Cdc6); cyclin B1 (Ccnb1); mutS homolog 6 (Msh6); cyclin A2 (Ccna2); and cyclin B2 (Ccnb2), were expressed in the two types of mouse. These TFs were predominantly involved in phosphorylation, DNA replication, cell division and DNA mismatch repair. In addition, specific TFs, including minichromosome maintenance complex component 7 (Mcm7); lymphoid-specific helicase (Hells); and minichromosome maintenance complex component 6 (Mcm6), that function in the unwinding of DNA were identified to participate in Mist1KO pancreatitis. The DEGs, including Cdc6, Mcm6, Msh6 and Wdr1 are closely associated with the regulation of caerulein-induced pancreatitis. Furthermore, other identified TFs were also involved in this type of

  3. A surface vitrinite reflectance anomaly related to Bell Creek oil field, Montana, U.S.A.

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Barker, C.E.; Dalziel, M.C.; Pawlewicz, M.J.

    1983-01-01

    Vitrinite reflectance measurements from surface samples of mudrock and coal show anomalously high values over the Bell Creek oil field. The average vitrinite reflectance (Rm) increases to a maximum of 0.9 percent over the field against background values of about 0.3 percent. The Rm anomaly coincides with a geochemical anomaly indicated by diagenetic magnetite in surface rocks and a geobiologic anomaly indicated by ethane-consuming bacteria. These samples were taken from the Upper Cretaceous Hell Creek and Paleocene Fort Union Formations which form an essentially conformable sequence. The depositional environment is similar in both formations, and we expect little variation in the source and composition of the organic matter. The surface R m should be approximately constant because of a uniform thermal history across the field. Temperature studies over local oil fields with similar geology suggest the expected thermal anomaly would be less than 10?C (50?F), which is too small to account for the significantly higher rank over the field. Coal clinkers are rare in the vicinity of Bell Creek and an Rm anomaly caused by burning of the thin, discontinuous coal seams is unlikely. The limited topographic relief, less than 305 m (1,000 ft), over the shallow-dipping homoclinal structure and the poor correlation between Rm and sample locality elevation (r = -0.2) indicate that the Rm anomaly is not due to burial, deformation and subsequent erosion. We conjecture that activity by petroleum-metabolizing bacteria is a possible explanation of the Rm anomaly. Microseepage from oil reservoirs supports large colonies of these organisms, some of which can produce enzymes that can cleave hydrocarbon side-chains on the kerogen molecule. The loss of these side chains causes condensation of the ring structures (Stach and others, 1982) and consequently increases its reflectance. These data indicate that vitrinite reflectance may be a useful tool to explore for stratigraphic traps in the

  4. Bernstein's failure to join the space race: his commentary on Tsiolkovskii's "Mechanics in Biology" (1964).

    PubMed

    Meijer, O G; Feigenberg, I M

    2000-07-01

    October 4, 1957, the Soviet Union launched Sputnik I into orbit from Tyuratam in Turkistan. An event "with the suddenness and surprise of a Pearl Harbor and of the impact of a Hiroshima atomic explosion" (Stoiko, 1970, p. ix). Nor would this be the only time America lost to the Russians in the space race. November 3 of the same year, Sputnik II carried the dog Laika, the first living being who traveled, and died, in space. In the USA, Senator Lyndon B. Johnson lamented: "Control of space means control of the world" (quoted from Heppenheimer, 1997, p. 126), and attempts were made to speed up Wernher von Braun's launching program (Piszkiewicz, 1995; cf. Von Braun, 1968). Alas, on December 6, when the American rocket began to lift, "it seemed as if the gates of hell had opened up. Brilliant stiletto flames shot out from the side of the rocket near the engine. The vehicle agonizingly hesitated for a moment, quivered again, and in front of our unbelieving, shocked eyes, began to topple" (Halberstam, quoted from Heppenheimer, p. 127). Thus, at the UN, "Soviet delegates asked their American counterparts if the United States might wish to receive foreign aid under Moscow's program of technical assistance to backwards nations" (from Heppenheimer, p. 128). Von Braun finally succeeded with the Explorer I on January 31, 1958, but for the Americans the agonizing wasn't over. On August 21, 1957, the Soviet Union launched an intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM), this time carrying a dummy, but able to carry a nuclear bomb (Harford, 1997). So, the first ICBMs in the world were aimed at the USA. And then, on the morning of April 12, 1961, Yuri Gagarin shouted "Poyekhali" ("Let's go!") (quoted from Heppenheimer, p. 172), and was launched into space at 9:06 to fly "over America" 51 minutes later. Quite naturally, the Soviet authorities wanted to show that Russia had been ahead all the time, and historical heroes were in strong demand. The Russians didn't have to look far.

  5. Complete genome sequence of the extremely acidophilic methanotroph isolate V4, Methylacidiphilum infernorum, a representative of the bacterial phylum Verrucomicrobia.

    PubMed

    Hou, Shaobin; Makarova, Kira S; Saw, Jimmy H W; Senin, Pavel; Ly, Benjamin V; Zhou, Zhemin; Ren, Yan; Wang, Jianmei; Galperin, Michael Y; Omelchenko, Marina V; Wolf, Yuri I; Yutin, Natalya; Koonin, Eugene V; Stott, Matthew B; Mountain, Bruce W; Crowe, Michelle A; Smirnova, Angela V; Dunfield, Peter F; Feng, Lu; Wang, Lei; Alam, Maqsudul

    2008-07-01

    The phylum Verrucomicrobia is a widespread but poorly characterized bacterial clade. Although cultivation-independent approaches detect representatives of this phylum in a wide range of environments, including soils, seawater, hot springs and human gastrointestinal tract, only few have been isolated in pure culture. We have recently reported cultivation and initial characterization of an extremely acidophilic methanotrophic member of the Verrucomicrobia, strain V4, isolated from the Hell's Gate geothermal area in New Zealand. Similar organisms were independently isolated from geothermal systems in Italy and Russia. We report the complete genome sequence of strain V4, the first one from a representative of the Verrucomicrobia. Isolate V4, initially named "Methylokorus infernorum" (and recently renamed Methylacidiphilum infernorum) is an autotrophic bacterium with a streamlined genome of ~2.3 Mbp that encodes simple signal transduction pathways and has a limited potential for regulation of gene expression. Central metabolism of M. infernorum was reconstructed almost completely and revealed highly interconnected pathways of autotrophic central metabolism and modifications of C1-utilization pathways compared to other known methylotrophs. The M. infernorum genome does not encode tubulin, which was previously discovered in bacteria of the genus Prosthecobacter, or close homologs of any other signature eukaryotic proteins. Phylogenetic analysis of ribosomal proteins and RNA polymerase subunits unequivocally supports grouping Planctomycetes, Verrucomicrobia and Chlamydiae into a single clade, the PVC superphylum, despite dramatically different gene content in members of these three groups. Comparative-genomic analysis suggests that evolution of the M. infernorum lineage involved extensive horizontal gene exchange with a variety of bacteria. The genome of M. infernorum shows apparent adaptations for existence under extremely acidic conditions including a major upward shift

  6. CryoSat-2 Processing and Model Interpretation of Greenland Ice Sheet Volume Changes

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Nilsson, J.; Gardner, A. S.; Sandberg Sorensen, L.

    2015-12-01

    CryoSat-2 was launched in late 2010 tasked with monitoring the changes of the Earth's land and sea ice. It carries a novel radar altimeter allowing the satellite to monitor changes in highly complex terrain, such as smaller ice caps, glaciers and the marginal areas of the ice sheets. Here we present on the development and validation of an independent elevation retrieval processing chain and respective elevation changes based on ESA's L1B data. Overall we find large improvement in both accuracy and precision over Greenland relative to ESA's L2 product when comparing against both airborne data and crossover analysis. The seasonal component and spatial sampling of the surface elevation changes where also compared against ICESat derived changes from 2003-2009. The comparison showed good agreement between the to product on a local scale. However, a global sampling bias was detected in the seasonal signal due to the clustering of CryoSat-2 data in higher elevation areas. The retrieval processing chain presented here does not correct for changes in surface scattering conditions and appears to be insensitive to the 2012 melt event (Nilsson et al., 2015). This in contrast to the elevation changes derived from ESA's L2 elevation product, which where found to be sensitive to the effects of the melt event. The positive elevation bias created by the event introduced a discrepancy between the two products with a magnitude of roughly 90 km3/year. This difference can directly be attributed to the differences in retracking procedure pointing to the importance of the retracking of the radar waveforms for altimetric volume change studies. Greenland 2012 melt event effects on CryoSat-2 radar altimetry./ Nilsson, Johan; Vallelonga, Paul Travis; Simonsen, Sebastian Bjerregaard; Sørensen, Louise Sandberg; Forsberg, René; Dahl-Jensen, Dorthe; Hirabayashi, Motohiro; Goto-Azuma, Kumiko; Hvidberg, Christine S.; Kjær, Helle A.; Satow, Kazuhide.

  7. How right is left? Handedness modulates neural responses during morphosyntactic processing.

    PubMed

    Grey, Sarah; Tanner, Darren; van Hell, Janet G

    2017-08-15

    Most neurocognitive models of language processing generally assume population-wide homogeneity in the neural mechanisms used during language comprehension, yet individual differences are known to influence these neural mechanisms. In this study, we focus on handedness as an individual difference hypothesized to affect language comprehension. Left-handers and right-handers with a left-handed blood relative, or familial sinistrals, are hypothesized to process language differently than right-handers with no left-handed relatives (Hancock and Bever, 2013; Ullman, 2004). Yet, left-handers are often excluded from neurocognitive language research, and familial sinistrality in right-handers is often not taken into account. In the current study we used event-related potentials to test morphosyntactic processing in three groups that differed in their handedness profiles: left-handers (LH), right-handers with a left-handed blood relative (RH FS+), and right-handers with no reported left-handed blood relative (RH FS-; both right-handed groups were previously tested by Tanner and Van Hell, 2014). Results indicated that the RH FS- group showed only P600 responses during morphosyntactic processing whereas the LH and RH FS+ groups showed biphasic N400-P600 patterns. N400s in LH and RH FS+ groups are consistent with theories that associate left-handedness (self or familial) with increased reliance on lexical/semantic mechanisms during language processing. Inspection of individual-level results illustrated that variability in RH FS- individuals' morphosyntactic processing was remarkably low: most individuals were P600-dominant. In contrast, LH and RH FS+ individuals showed marked variability in brain responses, which was similar for both groups: half of individuals were N400-dominant and half were P600-dominant. Our findings have implications for neurocognitive models of language that have been largely formulated around data from only right-handers without accounting for familial

  8. Water-quality conditions near the confluence of the Snake and Boise Rivers, Canyon County, Idaho

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Wood, Molly S.; Etheridge, Alexandra

    2011-01-01

    Total Maximum Daily Loads (TMDLs) have been established under authority of the Federal Clean Water Act for the Snake River-Hells Canyon reach, on the border of Idaho and Oregon, to improve water quality and preserve beneficial uses such as public consumption, recreation, and aquatic habitat. The TMDL sets targets for seasonal average and annual maximum concentrations of chlorophyll-a at 14 and 30 micrograms per liter, respectively. To attain these conditions, the maximum total phosphorus concentration at the mouth of the Boise River in Idaho, a tributary to the Snake River, has been set at 0.07 milligrams per liter. However, interactions among chlorophyll-a, nutrients, and other key water-quality parameters that may affect beneficial uses in the Snake and Boise Rivers are unknown. In addition, contributions of nutrients and chlorophyll-a loads from the Boise River to the Snake River have not been fully characterized. To evaluate seasonal trends and relations among nutrients and other water-quality parameters in the Boise and Snake Rivers, a comprehensive monitoring program was conducted near their confluence in water years (WY) 2009 and 2010. The study also provided information on the relative contribution of nutrient and sediment loads from the Boise River to the Snake River, which has an effect on water-quality conditions in downstream reservoirs. State and site-specific water-quality standards, in addition to those that relate to the Snake River-Hells Canyon TMDL, have been established to protect beneficial uses in both rivers. Measured water-quality conditions in WY2009 and WY2010 exceeded these targets at one or more sites for the following constituents: water temperature, total phosphorus concentrations, total phosphorus loads, dissolved oxygen concentration, pH, and chlorophyll-a concentrations (WY2009 only). All measured total phosphorus concentrations in the Boise River near Parma exceeded the seasonal target of 0.07 milligram per liter. Data collected

  9. Geohydrologic reconnaissance of the Avoca lignite deposit area near Williston, northwestern North Dakota

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Horak, W.F.; Crosby, O.A.

    1985-01-01

    The Avoca lignite deposit in the Sentinel Butte Member of the Fort Union Formation consists of four potentially strippable lignite beds. Average bed thicknesses, in descending order, are 5, 5, 9, and 8 .feet. In the area between Stony Creek and Crazy Man Coulee, the lignite beds are unsaturated, and between Stony Creek and Little Muddy River, only the two lowest beds are saturated. Natural discharge to outcrops in the stream valleys results in low potentiometric levels in the lignite beds.Aquifers in sandstone beds in the Fox Hills Sandstone and the Hell Creek Formation probably would yield as much as 50 gallons per minute of sodium bicarbonate type water. Dissolved-solids concentrations range from 800 to 2,000 milligrams per liter. The aquifers are from 1,100 to 1,800 feet below land surface. Sandstone beds in the Ludlow and Cannonball Members of the Fort Union Formation probably could yield several gallons per minute of sodium bicarbonate water with dissolved-solids concentrations ranging from 800 to 2,000 milligrams per liter. Aquifers in the Ludlow and Cannonball Members lie between 700 and 1,300 feet below land surface. Individual sand beds in the Tongue River and Sentinel Butte Members of the Fort Union Formation are the shallowest aquifers encountered below the minable lignite beds. Properly constructed wells completed in these sand beds could yield as much as 40 gallons per minute. The water generally is a sodium bicarbonate type with dissolved-solids concentrations ranging from about 500 to 4,200 milligrams per liter. Alluvium and glacial-drift deposits constitute the Little Muddy aquifer bordering the lignite deposit on the west and south. The aquifer could yield as much as 1,200 gallons per minute of sodium bicarbonate type water with dissolved-solids concentrations ranging from 975 to 1, 730 milligrams per liter.Little Muddy Creek and Stony Creek have significant base flow. The flow is contributed partly by discharge from the lignite. Quality of water

  10. Phase-dependent organization of postural adjustments associated with arm movements while walking.

    PubMed

    Nashner, L M; Forssberg, H

    1986-06-01

    This study examines the interactions between anteroposterior postural responses and the control of walking in human subjects. In the experimental paradigm, subjects walked upon a treadmill, gripping a rigid handle with one hand. Postural responses at different phases of stepping were elicited by rapid arm pulls or pushes against the handle. During arm movements, EMG's recorded the activity of representative arm, ankle, and thigh segment muscles. Strain gauges in the handle measured the force of the arm movement. A Selspot II system measured kinematics of the stepping movements. The duration of support and swing phases were marked by heel and toe switches in the soles of the subjects' shoes. In the first experiment, subjects were instructed to pull on the handle at their own pace. In these trials all subjects preferred to initiate pulls near heel strikes. Next, when instructed to pull as rapidly as possible in response to tone stimuli, reaction times were similar for all phases of the step cycle. Leg muscle responses associated with arm pulls and pushes, referred to as "postural activations," were directionally specific and preceded arm muscle activity. The temporal order and spatial distribution of postural activations in the muscles of the support leg were similar when arm pull movements occurred while the subject was standing in place and after heel strike while walking. Activations began in the ankle and radiated proximally to the thigh and then the arm. Activations of swing leg muscles were also directionally specific and involved flexion and forward or backward thrust of the limb. When arm movements were initiated during transitions from support by one leg to the other, patterns of postural activations were altered. Alterations usually occurred 10-20 ms before hell strikes and involved changes in the timing and sometimes the spatial structure of postural activations. Postural activation patterns are similar during in-place standing and during the support phase

  11. Factors Associated with Pre-Event Hydration Status and Drinking Behavior of Middle-Aged Cyclists.

    PubMed

    Yates, B A; Ellis, L A; Butts, C L; McDermott, B P; Williamson, K H; Armstrong, L E

    2018-01-01

    Water is an essential nutrient for thermoregulation, metabolism, cognition, and overall physiological homeostatic function. However, aging adults display a blunted thirst mechanism and subsequently have an increased risk for dehydration or hyponatremia. Fluid consumption behaviors are modifiable and the importance of practicing adequate drinking behaviors for aging adults is amplified during exercise. Identification of aging adult's hydration beliefs and how they attain hydration advice could provide valuable information into ways to promote better drinking habits to reduce fluid imbalances. Thus, this investigation evaluated the knowledge, beliefs and behaviors of middle-aged cyclists (MA) that were associated with hydration status and drinking behavior, before and during a 164-km mass-participation event (ambient temperature, 33.3±2.8ºC(mean±SD)). This cross-sectional field study retrospectively grouped participants by their second urine specific gravity (Usg) measurement of the event morning prior to a mass participation cycling event. Usg was assessed via handheld refractometer. The Hotter N' Hell Hundred 164-km cycling event in Wichita Falls, Texas during the month of August. 36 male recreational cyclists (age, 53±9 y(mean±SD)). Participants were grouped according their urine specific gravity as either slightly hyperhydrated (SH; n=12, Usg≤1.014), euhydrated (EUH; n=12, Usg, 1.015-1.020), or slightly dehydrated (SD; n=12, Usg≥1.021). Exercise histories and questionnaires were recorded 24-48 h prior to the cycling event. Regardless of pre-event hydration status, all groups experienced a similar body mass loss during the 164-km event and finished with statistically similar exercise times; also, drinking behavior within all groups was influenced by multiple factors. The primary factors associated with MA cyclist drinking behavior were trial and error/personal history and thirst; further, the majority of cyclists (≥65%) in SH, EUH, and SD believed that

  12. Complete genome sequence of the extremely acidophilic methanotroph isolate V4, Methylacidiphilum infernorum, a representative of the bacterial phylum Verrucomicrobia

    PubMed Central

    Hou, Shaobin; Makarova, Kira S; Saw, Jimmy HW; Senin, Pavel; Ly, Benjamin V; Zhou, Zhemin; Ren, Yan; Wang, Jianmei; Galperin, Michael Y; Omelchenko, Marina V; Wolf, Yuri I; Yutin, Natalya; Koonin, Eugene V; Stott, Matthew B; Mountain, Bruce W; Crowe, Michelle A; Smirnova, Angela V; Dunfield, Peter F; Feng, Lu; Wang, Lei; Alam, Maqsudul

    2008-01-01

    Background The phylum Verrucomicrobia is a widespread but poorly characterized bacterial clade. Although cultivation-independent approaches detect representatives of this phylum in a wide range of environments, including soils, seawater, hot springs and human gastrointestinal tract, only few have been isolated in pure culture. We have recently reported cultivation and initial characterization of an extremely acidophilic methanotrophic member of the Verrucomicrobia, strain V4, isolated from the Hell's Gate geothermal area in New Zealand. Similar organisms were independently isolated from geothermal systems in Italy and Russia. Results We report the complete genome sequence of strain V4, the first one from a representative of the Verrucomicrobia. Isolate V4, initially named "Methylokorus infernorum" (and recently renamed Methylacidiphilum infernorum) is an autotrophic bacterium with a streamlined genome of ~2.3 Mbp that encodes simple signal transduction pathways and has a limited potential for regulation of gene expression. Central metabolism of M. infernorum was reconstructed almost completely and revealed highly interconnected pathways of autotrophic central metabolism and modifications of C1-utilization pathways compared to other known methylotrophs. The M. infernorum genome does not encode tubulin, which was previously discovered in bacteria of the genus Prosthecobacter, or close homologs of any other signature eukaryotic proteins. Phylogenetic analysis of ribosomal proteins and RNA polymerase subunits unequivocally supports grouping Planctomycetes, Verrucomicrobia and Chlamydiae into a single clade, the PVC superphylum, despite dramatically different gene content in members of these three groups. Comparative-genomic analysis suggests that evolution of the M. infernorum lineage involved extensive horizontal gene exchange with a variety of bacteria. The genome of M. infernorum shows apparent adaptations for existence under extremely acidic conditions including a

  13. SU-E-J-141: Comparison of Dose Calculation On Automatically Generated MRBased ED Maps and Corresponding Patient CT for Clinical Prostate EBRT Plans

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Schadewaldt, N; Schulz, H; Helle, M

    2014-06-01

    Purpose: To analyze the effect of computing radiation dose on automatically generated MR-based simulated CT images compared to true patient CTs. Methods: Six prostate cancer patients received a regular planning CT for RT planning as well as a conventional 3D fast-field dual-echo scan on a Philips 3.0T Achieva, adding approximately 2 min of scan time to the clinical protocol. Simulated CTs (simCT) where synthesized by assigning known average CT values to the tissue classes air, water, fat, cortical and cancellous bone. For this, Dixon reconstruction of the nearly out-of-phase (echo 1) and in-phase images (echo 2) allowed for water andmore » fat classification. Model based bone segmentation was performed on a combination of the DIXON images. A subsequent automatic threshold divides into cortical and cancellous bone. For validation, the simCT was registered to the true CT and clinical treatment plans were re-computed on the simCT in pinnacle{sup 3}. To differentiate effects related to the 5 tissue classes and changes in the patient anatomy not compensated by rigid registration, we also calculate the dose on a stratified CT, where HU values are sorted in to the same 5 tissue classes as the simCT. Results: Dose and volume parameters on PTV and risk organs as used for the clinical approval were compared. All deviations are below 1.1%, except the anal sphincter mean dose, which is at most 2.2%, but well below clinical acceptance threshold. Average deviations are below 0.4% for PTV and risk organs and 1.3% for the anal sphincter. The deviations of the stratifiedCT are in the same range as for the simCT. All plans would have passed clinical acceptance thresholds on the simulated CT images. Conclusion: This study demonstrated the clinical usability of MR based dose calculation with the presented Dixon acquisition and subsequent fully automatic image processing. N. Schadewaldt, H. Schulz, M. Helle and S. Renisch are employed by Phlips Technologie Innovative Techonologies, a

  14. Age calibration of geomagnetic polarity reversals around the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Sprain, C. J.; Renne, P. R.

    2014-12-01

    Testing different Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary (KPB) extinction hypotheses is inhibited by insufficient geochronology, exemplified in the geomagnetic polarity time scale (GPTS). The GPTS is used for age control in studies lacking means for high-precision age determination, ranging from studies on climate change to the evolution of life across the KPB. If well-calibrated, the GPTS would provide a powerful tool for probing deeper into the events around the KPB extinctions. Current calibration of the GPTS (GTS2012; Ogg, 2012) across circum KPB chrons (C30n-C28n) draws heavily on the age results of Swisher et al. (1993) for the KPB, which has been shown to be ~ 200 ka too old per reanalysis by Renne et al. (2013). Further, GPTS estimations rely heavily on astronomical tuning of ODP cores and land-based records (Zumaia) (Husson et al., 2011; Thibault et al., 2012; Kuiper et al., 2008; Westerhold et al., 2008), which fail to account for possible biasing effects of climate signals other than those due to orbital forcing, such as those associated with the KPB events. Moreover, complex sedimentation in marine sections following the mass extinction can obscure orbital signals and complicate cyclostratigraphic interpretation (Westerhold et al., 2008). Terrestrial deposits in the Hell Creek region of NE Montana (USA) provide an opportunity to refine the ages of polarity reversals near the KPB (C30n-C28n), and test the accuracy of orbitally tuned chronologies e.g. (Ogg, 2012). These strata are interbedded with abundant sanidine-bearing ashes, which have yielded 40Ar/39Ar ages with resolution as good as ± 11 ka and absolute accuracy in the range of ± 40 ka (Renne et al, 2013; Sprain et al., 2014). Further, these sections have relatively uniform sediment accumulation rates, which support the use of interpolation to calculate reversal ages from bounding tephra layers (Sprain et al., 2014). Preliminary results using new 40Ar/39Ar ages and magnetostratigraphic data suggests a

  15. Potential effects of surface coal mining on the hydrology of the Circle West coal tracts, McCone County, eastern Montana

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Cannon, M.R.

    1984-01-01

    in shallow aquifers in and near the coal tracts. Some of the effects on local water supplies could be mitigated by development of alternative water resources in deeper aquifers such as the Tullock aquifer of Paleocene age and the Fox Hills-lower Hell Creek aquifer of Late Cretaceous age. (Author 's abstract)

  16. Seismicity and fluid geochemistry at Lassen Volcanic National Park, California: Evidence for two circulation cells in the hydrothermal system

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Janik, Cathy J.; McLaren, Marcia K.

    2010-01-01

    Seismic analysis and geochemical interpretations provide evidence that two separate hydrothermal cells circulate within the greater Lassen hydrothermal system. One cell originates south to SW of Lassen Peak and within the Brokeoff Volcano depression where it forms a reservoir of hot fluid (235-270 °C) that boils to feed steam to the high-temperature fumarolic areas, and has a plume of degassed reservoir liquid that flows southward to emerge at Growler and Morgan Hot Springs. The second cell originates SSE to SE of Lassen Peak and flows southeastward along inferred faults of the Walker Lane belt (WLB) where it forms a reservoir of hot fluid (220-240 °C) that boils beneath Devils Kitchen and Boiling Springs Lake, and has an outflow plume of degassed liquid that boils again beneath Terminal Geyser. Three distinct seismogenic zones (identified as the West, Middle, and East seismic clusters) occur at shallow depths (< 6 km) in Lassen Volcanic National Park, SW to SSE of Lassen Peak and adjacent to areas of high-temperature (≤ 161 °C) fumarolic activity (Sulphur Works, Pilot Pinnacle, Little Hot Springs Valley, and Bumpass Hell) and an area of cold, weak gas emissions (Cold Boiling Lake). The three zones are located within the inferred Rockland caldera in response to interactions between deeply circulating meteoric water and hot brittle rock that overlies residual magma associated with the Lassen Volcanic Center. Earthquake focal mechanisms and stress inversions indicate primarily N-S oriented normal faulting and E-W extension, with some oblique faulting and right lateral shear in the East cluster. The different focal mechanisms as well as spatial and temporal earthquake patterns for the East cluster indicate a greater influence by regional tectonics and inferred faults within the WLB. A fourth, deeper (5-10 km) seismogenic zone (the Devils Kitchen seismic cluster) occurs SE of the East cluster and trends NNW from Sifford Mountain toward the Devils Kitchen thermal

  17. Geology and ground-water hydrology of the Heart River irrigation project and the Dickinson area, North Dakota, with a section on the mineral quality of waters of the Heart River project

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Tychsen, Paul C.; Swenson, Herbert A.

    1950-01-01

    The Heart River irrigation project, in southwestern North Dakota, lies in the Missouri Plateau section of the Great Plains physiographic province, which extends from the Missouri escarpment to and beyond the western border of the State. The area ranges in altitude from 1,620 to 2,275 feet and locally has strong relief. The floor of the Heart River Valley is underlain by alluvial deposits of Quaternary age. In the westernmost part of the areas the Fort Union formation of Paleocene (Tertiary) age forms the valley sides, but in a downstream direction the Cannonball and Ludlow formations, here undifferentiated, also of Paleocene age, crop out in the valley sides and underlie progressively broader areas of the upland surface. The Hell Creek formation of Upper Cretaceous age appears above stream level only in the stretch of the valley between the center of T. 136 N., R. 85 W., and the northeastern part of T.. 137 N., R. 84 W. Glacial Drift, which once covered the whole area, now has been almost entirely removed by erosion except for .scattered boulders on the uplands. The Cannonball and Ludlow unit and the Fort Union formation yield, moderate supplies of ground water, and the river alluvium yields more abundant supplies. At the present rate of withdrawal and with normal precipitation there is little danger of seriously depleting the supply. In 1946 the average depth to water in observation wells in the Heart River Valley was 19 feet, whereas the depth to water in observation wells in the upland averaged 30 feet. The Dickinson area is small and is about 45 miles upstream from the Heart River irrigation project. Ground-water levels in the Dickinson municipal well field have declined considerably within recent years, but the impounding of Heart River water is expected to insure a more adequate water supply for the town. Samples of ground water from four wells in the lower Heart River Valley were analyzed to determine the present mineral character of the waters in this

  18. Why Devil's town has Devil's water

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Jovic, Sladjana; Mitriceski, Bojana

    2015-04-01

    Why Devil's town has Devil's water In the south of Serbia, lies a first-class natural landmark "Devil's Town" at an altitude of 660-700 m. Earthen figures or "towers" as the locals call them, are located in the watershed between two gullies, whose sources joined together create a unique erosive formation, tremendously demolished by the erosive processes. The gullies also have strange names: "Devil's Gully" and "Hell's Gully". There are two rare natural phenomena at the same spot: 202 earthen figures of different shape and dimension, from 2 m to 15 m in height, and from 0.5 m to 3 m in width, with stone caps on the top. They are an outcome of a specific erosive process that lasts for centuries. When figures are formed, they grow, change, shorten, gradually (very slowly) disappear and reappear. The loose soil is dissolved and washed away by the rain. However, the material under the stone caps is protected from the "bombardment" of the rain drops and washout, and remains in place in the form of the rising earthen pillars - figures. Another natural rarity in "Devil's Town" are two springs of extraordinary properties "Devil's Water", which is located in vicinity of these earthen figures, is a cold and extremely acid spring (pH 1.5) of high mineral concentration (15 g/l of water), springing out in "Devil's Gully". In comparison to drinking water, it is 10 to 1000 times richer in minerals (aluminium, iron, potassium, copper, nickel, sulphur, and alaun). "Red Well" is another spring located downstream, in the alluvial plain, 400 m away from the first spring. Its water (pH 3.5) is less acid and has a lower general mineral concentration (4.372 mg/l of water). Due to the oxidation of iron, which is contained in water in large amounts, an attractive red terrace in the form of a fan is created. The main assessment for students is to take some examples of water from Devils Gully and the others from Red Well . Second part is to find out content of minerals in water examples and

  19. Dust in brown dwarfs. III. Formation and structure of quasi-static cloud layers

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Woitke, P.; Helling, Ch.

    2004-01-01

    In this paper, first solutions of the dust moment equations developed in (Woitke & Helling \\cite{wh2003a}) for the description of dust formation and precipitation in brown dwarf and giant gas planet atmospheres are presented. We consider the special case of a static brown dwarf atmosphere, where dust particles continuously nucleate from the gas phase, grow by the accretion of molecules, settle gravitationally and re-evaporate thermally. Mixing by convective overshoot is assumed to replenish the atmosphere with condensable elements, which is necessary to counterbalance the loss of condensable elements by dust formation and gravitational settling (no dust without mixing). Applying a kinetic description of the relevant microphysical and chemical processes for TiO2-grains, the model makes predictions about the large-scale stratification of dust in the atmosphere, the depletion of molecules from the gas phase, the supersaturation of the gas in the atmosphere as well as the mean size and the mass fraction of dust grains as function of depth. Our results suggest that the presence of relevant amounts of dust is restricted to a layer, where the upper boundary (cloud deck) is related to the requirement of a minimum mixing activity (mixing time-scale τmix ≈ 10 6 s) and the lower boundary (cloud base) is determined by the thermodynamical stability of the grains. The nucleation occurs around the cloud deck where the gas is cool, strongly depleted, but nevertheless highly supersaturated (S ≫ 1). These particles settle gravitationally and populate the warmer layers below, where the in situ formation (nucleation) is ineffective or even not possible. During their descent, the particles grow and reach mean radii of ≈30 \\mum ... 400 \\mum at the cloud base, but the majority of the particles in the cloud layer remains much smaller. Finally, the dust grains sink into layers which are sufficiently hot to cause their thermal evaporation. Hence, an effective transport mechanism

  20. Assessment of Surrogate Fractured Rock Networks for Evidence of Complex Behavior

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Wood, T. R.; McJunkin, T. R.; Podgorney, R. K.; Glass, R. J.; Starr, R. C.; Stoner, D. L.; Noah, K. S.; LaViolette, R. A.; Fairley, J.

    2001-12-01

    A complex system or complex process is -"one whose properties are not fully explained by an understanding of its component parts". Results from field experiments conducted at the Hell's Half-Acre field site (Arco, Idaho) suggest that the flow of water in an unsaturated, fractured medium exhibits characteristics of a complex process. A series of laboratory studies is underway with sufficient rigor to determine if complex behavior observed in the field is in fact a fundamental characteristic of water flow in unsaturated, fractured media. As an initial step, a series of four duplicate experiments has been performed using an array of bricks to simulate fractured, unsaturated media. The array consisted of 12 limestone blocks cut to uniform size (5cm x 7 cm x 30 cm) stacked on end 4 blocks wide and 3 blocks high with the interfaces between adjacent blocks representing 3 vertical fractures intersecting 2 horizontal fractures. Water was introduced at three point sources on the upper boundary of the model at the top of the vertical fractures. Water was applied under constant flux at a rate below the infiltration capacity of the system, thus maintaining unsaturated flow conditions. Water was collected from the lower boundary via fiberglass wicks at the bottom of each fracture. An automated system acquired and processed water inflow and outflow data and time-lapse photographic data during each of the 72-hour tests. From these experiments, we see that a few general statements can be made on the overall advance of the wetting front in the surrogate fracture networks. For instance, flow generally converged with depth to the center fracture in the bottom row of bricks. Another observation is that fracture intersections integrate the steady flow in overlying vertical fractures and allow or cause short duration high discharge pulses or "avalanches" of flow to quickly traverse the fracture network below. Smaller scale tests of single fracture and fracture intersections are underway

  1. Evaluation of total phosphorus mass balance in the lower Boise River and selected tributaries, southwestern Idaho

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Etheridge, Alexandra B.

    2013-01-01

    phosphorus in the lower Boise River in October 2012 and March 2013. Model results indicate that point sources represent the largest contribution of phosphorus to the Boise River year round, but that reductions in point and nonpoint source phosphorus loads may be necessary to achieve seasonal total phosphorus concentration targets at Parma (RM 3.8) from May 1 through September 30, as set by the 2004 Snake River-Hells Canyon Total Maximum Daily Load document. The mass-balance models do not account for biological or depositional instream processes, but are useful indicators of locations where appreciable phosphorus uptake or release by aquatic plants may occur.

  2. The cranial anatomy of the neornithischian dinosaur Thescelosaurus neglectus

    PubMed Central

    2014-01-01

    Though the dinosaur Thescelosaurus neglectus was first described in 1913 and is known from the relatively fossiliferous Lance and Hell Creek formations in the Western Interior Basin of North America, the cranial anatomy of this species remains poorly understood. The only cranial material confidently referred to this species are three fragmentary bones preserved with the paratype, hindering attempts to understand the systematic relationships of this taxon within Neornithischia. Here the cranial anatomy of T. neglectus is fully described for the first time based on two specimens that include well-preserved cranial material (NCSM 15728 and TLAM.BA.2014.027.0001). Visual inspection of exposed cranial elements of these specimens is supplemented by detailed CT data from NCSM 15728 that enabled the examination of otherwise unexposed surfaces, facilitating a complete description of the cranial anatomy of this species. The skull of T. neglectus displays a unique combination of plesiomorphic and apomorphic traits. The premaxillary and ‘cheek’ tooth morphologies are relatively derived, though less so than the condition seen in basal iguanodontians, suggesting that the high tooth count present in the premaxillae, maxillae, and dentaries may be related to the extreme elongation of the skull of this species rather than a retention of the plesiomorphic condition. The morphology of the braincase most closely resembles the iguanodontians Dryosaurus and Dysalotosaurus, especially with regard to the morphology of the prootic. One autapomorphic feature is recognized for the first time, along with several additional cranial features that differentiate this species from the closely related and contemporaneous Thescelosaurus assiniboiensis. Published phylogenetic hypotheses of neornithischian dinosaur relationships often differ in the placement of the North American taxon Parksosaurus, with some recovering a close relationship with Thescelosaurus and others with the South American

  3. Is fishing selective for physiological and energetic characteristics in migratory adult sockeye salmon?

    PubMed Central

    Cooke, Steven J; Donaldson, Michael R; Hinch, Scott G; Crossin, Glenn T; Patterson, David A; Hanson, Kyle C; English, Karl K; Shrimpton, J Mark; Farrell, Anthony P

    2009-01-01

    There is extensive evidence that fishing is often selective for specific phenotypic characteristics, and that selective harvest can thus result in genotypic change. To date, however, there are no studies that evaluate whether fishing is selective for certain physiological or energetic characteristics that may influence fish behaviour and thus vulnerability to capture. Here, adult sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) were used as a model to test the null hypothesis that fishing is not selective for specific physiological or energetic traits. Fish were intercepted during their spawning migrations, implanted with a gastric radio transmitter, and biopsied (i.e., non-lethally sampled for blood, gill tissue and quantification of energetic status). In both 2003 and 2006, we tagged and biopsied 301 and 770 sockeye salmon, respectively, in the marine environment en route to their natal river system to spawn. In 2006 an additional 378 individuals were tagged and biopsied in freshwater. We found that 23 (7.6%) of the marine fish tagged in 2003, 78 (10.1%) of the marine fish tagged in 2006 and 57 (15.1%) of the freshwater fish tagged in 2006 were harvested by one of three fisheries sectors that operate in the coastal marine environment and the Fraser River (i.e. commercial, recreational or First Nations fisheries between the site of release and Hell's Gate in the Fraser River, approximately 250 km upriver and 465 km from the ocean tagging site). However, fisheries were not open continually or consistently in different locations and for different fisheries sectors necessitating a paired analytical approach. As such, for statistical analyses we paired individual fish that were harvested with another fish of the same genetic stock that was released on the same date and exhibited similar migration behaviour, except that they successfully evaded capture and reached natal spawning grounds. Using two-tailed Wilcoxon matched pairs signed-rank tests, we revealed that the physiological

  4. Scientific meaning of meanings: quests for discoveries concerning our cultural ills.

    PubMed

    Patterson, C C

    1998-08-01

    complex and sophisticated abstract ratiocinations to become manifest in materialized forms of usage within relatively large groups of humans living i certain regions of the earth. (7) Thinking processes of the utilitarian category within brains living in such regions guided and dominated the development of sophisticated and complex social hierarchies and institutions, forms of communication, technologies, and cultures since that time. This dominating factor relegated thinking processes within the nonutilitarian categories of those brains to subservient roles during those developments. (8) Nonutilitarian abstracts ratiocinations possess a potential for proper adjudication and guidance of utilitarian abstract ratiocinations in the latter's development of culture. However, lack of the former's proper role in cultural developments since the beginning of the Holocene interglacial era has resulted in the imprisonment of Hss as aliens in an intellectual hell on a foreign planet.

  5. Research, monitoring, and evaluation of emerging issues and measures to recover the Snake River Fall Chinook Salmon ESU, 1/1/2016 - 12/31/2016

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Connor, William P.; Mullins, Frank L.; Tiffan, Kenneth F.; Plumb, John M.; Perry, Russell W.; Erhardt, John M.; Hemingway, Rulon J.; Bickford, Brad; Rhodes, Tobyn N.

    2017-01-01

    The portion of the Snake River fall Chinook Salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha ESU that spawns upstream of Lower Granite Dam transitioned from low to high abundance during 1992–2016 in association with U.S. Endangered Species Act recovery efforts and other federally mandated actions. This annual report focuses on (1) numeric and habitat use responses by natural- and hatchery-origin spawners, (2) phenotypic and numeric responses by natural-origin juveniles, and (3) predator responses in the Snake River upper and lower reaches as abundance of adult and juvenile fall Chinook Salmon increased. Spawners have located and used most of the available spawning habitat and that habitat is gradually approaching redd capacity. Timing of spawning and fry emergence has been relatively stable; whereas the timing of parr dispersal from riverine rearing habitat into Lower Granite Reservoir has become earlier as apparent abundance of juveniles has increased. Growth rate (g/d) and dispersal size of parr also declined as apparent abundance of juveniles increased. Passage timing of smolts from the two Snake River reaches has become earlier and downstream movement rate faster as estimated abundance of fall Chinook Salmon smolts in Lower Granite Reservoir has increased. In 2016, we described estimated the consumption rate and loss of subyearlings by Smallmouth Bass before, during, and after four hatchery releases. Before releases, Smallmouth Bass consumption rates of subyearling was low (0–0.36 fish/bass/d), but the day after the releases consumption rates reached as high as 1.6 fish/bass/d. Bass consumption in the upper portion of Hells Canyon was high for about 1–2 d before returning to pre-release levels, but in the lower river consumption rates were reduced but took longer to return to pre-release levels. We estimated that most of the subyearlings consumed by bass were of hatchery origin. Smallmouth Bass predation on subyearlings is intense following a hatchery release, but the

  6. Seismicity and fluid geochemistry at Lassen Volcanic National Park, California: Evidence for two circulation cells in the hydrothermal system

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Janik, Cathy J.; McLaren, Marcia K.

    2010-01-01

    Seismic analysis and geochemical interpretations provide evidence that two separate hydrothermal cells circulate within the greater Lassen hydrothermal system. One cell originates south to SW of Lassen Peak and within the Brokeoff Volcano depression where it forms a reservoir of hot fluid (235–270°C) that boils to feed steam to the high-temperature fumarolic areas, and has a plume of degassed reservoir liquid that flows southward to emerge at Growler and Morgan Hot Springs. The second cell originates SSE to SE of Lassen Peak and flows southeastward along inferred faults of the Walker Lane belt (WLB) where it forms a reservoir of hot fluid (220–240°C) that boils beneath Devils Kitchen and Boiling Springs Lake, and has an outflow plume of degassed liquid that boils again beneath Terminal Geyser. Three distinct seismogenic zones (identified as the West, Middle, and East seismic clusters) occur at shallow depths (<6 km) in Lassen Volcanic National Park, SW to SSE of Lassen Peak and adjacent to areas of high-temperature (≤161°C) fumarolic activity (Sulphur Works, Pilot Pinnacle, Little Hot Springs Valley, and Bumpass Hell) and an area of cold, weak gas emissions (Cold Boiling Lake). The three zones are located within the inferred Rockland caldera in response to interactions between deeply circulating meteoric water and hot brittle rock that overlies residual magma associated with the Lassen Volcanic Center. Earthquake focal mechanisms and stress inversions indicate primarily N–S oriented normal faulting and E–W extension, with some oblique faulting and right lateral shear in the East cluster. The different focal mechanisms as well as spatial and temporal earthquake patterns for the East cluster indicate a greater influence by regional tectonics and inferred faults within the WLB. A fourth, deeper (5–10 km) seismogenic zone (the Devils Kitchen seismic cluster) occurs SE of the East cluster and trends NNW from Sifford Mountain toward the Devils Kitchen

  7. Earth Observations taken by Expedition 32 crewmember

    NASA Image and Video Library

    2012-09-03

    ISS032-E-024687 (3 Sept. 2012) --- Idaho fires are featured in this image photographed by an Expedition 32 crew member on the International Space Station. Taken with a short lens (45 mm), this west-looking photograph has a field of view covering much of the forested region of central Idaho. The dark areas are all wooded mountains—the Salmon River Mountains (left), Bitterroot Mountains (lower right) and Clearwater Mountains (right). All three areas experienced wildfires in September 2012—this image illustrates the situation early in the month. Smaller fire ‘complexes” appear as tendrils of smoke near the sources (e.g. Halstead complex at left), and as major white smoke plumes from the Mustang fire complex in the densest forests (darkest green, center) of the Clearwater Mountains. This was the largest plume noted in the region with thick smoke blowing eastward over the Beaverhead Mountains at bottom. The linear shape of the smoke plumes gives a sense of the generally eastward smoke transport on this day in early September. The smoke distribution shows another kind of transport: at night, when winds are weak, cooling of the atmosphere near the ground causes drainage of cooled (denser) air down into the major valleys. Here the smoke can be seen flowing west down into the narrow Salmon and Lochsa River valleys (at a local time of 12:18:50 p.m.) – in the opposite direction to the higher winds and the thick smoke masses. The bright yellow-tan areas at top left and top right contrasting with the mountains are grasslands of the Snake River in southern Idaho around Boise, and the Palouse region in western Idaho–SE Washington state. This latter area is known to ecologists as the Palouse Grasslands Ecoregion. Light green areas visible in the center of many of the valleys are agricultural crops including barley, alfalfa, and wheat. The image also shows several firsts of which Idaho can boast. The Snake River between Boise and the Palouse region has cut Hells Canyon

  8. Survival, development, and growth of Snake River fall Chinook salmon Embryos, Alevins, and Fry Exposed to Variable Thermal and Dissolved Oxygen Regimes

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Geist, David R.; Abernethy, Cary S.; Hand, Kristine D.

    2006-11-01

    Fall Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) initiate spawning in the Hells Canyon reach of the Snake River, Idaho (rkm 240-397), at water temperatures above 16 C. This temperature exceeds the states of Idaho and Oregon water quality standards for salmonid spawning. These standards are consistent with results from studies of embryos exposed to a constant thermal regime, while salmon eggs in the natural environment are rarely exposed to a constant temperature regime. The objective of this study was to assess whether variable temperatures (i.e., declining after spawning) affected embryo survival, development, and growth of Snake River fall Chinook salmon alevins andmore » fry. In 2003, fall Chinook salmon eggs were exposed to initial incubation temperatures ranging from 11-19 C in 2 C increments, and in 2004 eggs were exposed to initial temperatures of 13 C, 15 C, 16 C, 16.5 C, and 17 C. In both years, temperatures were adjusted downward approximately 0.2 C/day to mimic the thermal regime of the Snake River where these fish spawn. At 37-40 days post-fertilization, embryos were moved to a common exposure regime that followed the thermal profile of the Snake River through emergence. Mortality of fall Chinook salmon embryos increased markedly at initial incubation temperatures >17 C in both years. A logistic regression model estimated that a 50% reduction in survival from fertilization to emergence would occur at an initial incubation temperature of {approx}16 C. The laboratory results clearly showed a significant reduction in survival between 15 C and 17 C, which supported the model estimate. Results from 2004 showed a rapid decline in survival occurred between 16.5 C and 17 C, with no significant differences in survival at initial incubation temperatures <16.5 C. There were no significant differences across the range of initial temperature exposures for alevin and fry size at hatch and emergence. Differences in egg mass among females (notably 2003) most likely

  9. First Official Pluto Feature Names

    NASA Image and Video Library

    2017-09-06

    through hell and purgatory in the Divine Comedy. Adlivun Cavus is a deep depression named for Adlivun, the underworld in Inuit mythology. Hayabusa Terra is a large land mass saluting the Japanese spacecraft and mission (2003-2010) that performed the first asteroid sample return. Voyager Terra honors the pair of NASA spacecraft, launched in 1977, that performed the first "grand tour" of all four giant planets. The Voyager spacecraft are now probing the boundary between the Sun and interstellar space. Tartarus Dorsa is a ridge named for Tartarus, the deepest, darkest pit of the underworld in Greek mythology. Elliot crater recognizes James Elliot (1943-2011), an MIT researcher who pioneered the use of stellar occultations to study the solar system -- leading to discoveries such as the rings of Uranus and the first detection of Pluto's thin atmosphere. https://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA21944

  10. High diversity of methanotrophic bacteria in geothermal soils affected by high methane fluxes

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    D'Alessandro, Walter; Gagliano, Antonina Lisa; Quatrini, Paola; Parello, Francesco

    2014-05-01

    Volcanic and geothermal systems emit endogenous gases by widespread degassing from soils, including CH4, a greenhouse gas 25 times as potent as CO2. Recently, it has been demonstrated that volcanic/geothermal soils act as source, but also as biological filter for methane release to the atmosphere. For long time, volcanic/geothermal soils has been considered inhospitable for methanotrophic microorganisms, but new extremophile methanotrophs belonging to Verrucomicrobia were identified in three different areas (Pozzuoli, Italy; Hell's Gate, New Zealand; Kamchatka, Russia), explaining anomalous behaviours in methane leakages of several geothermal/volcanic sites. Our aim was to increase the knowledge of the relationship between methane emissions from volcanic/geothermal areas and biological methane oxidation, by investigating a geothermal site of Pantelleria island (Italy). Pantelleria Island hosts a high enthalpy geothermal system characterized by high temperature, high CH4 and very low H2S fluxes. Such characteristics are reflected in potentially great supply of methane for methanotrophs and scarce presence of inhibitors of their activity (H2S and NH3) in the Pantelleria soils. Potential methanotrophic activity within these soils was already evidenced by the CH4/CO2 ratio of the flux measurements which was lower than that of the respective fumarolic manifestations indicating a loss of CH4 during the gas travel towards the earth's surface. In this study laboratory incubation experiments using soils sampled at Favara Grande, the main hydrothermal area of Pantelleria, showed very high methane consumption rates (up to 9500 ng CH4 h-1 g-1). Furthermore, microbiological and culture-independent molecular analyses allowed to detect the presence of methanotrophs affiliated to Gamma- and Alpha-Proteobacteria and to the newly discovered acidothermophilic methanotrophs Verrucomicrobia. Culturable methanotrophic Alpha-proteobacteria of the genus Methylocystis were isolated by

  11. Survival, development, and growth of fall Chinook salmon embryos, alevin, and fry exposed to variable thermal and dissolved oxygen regimes

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Geist, David R.; Abernethy, Cary S.; Hand, Kristine D.

    2006-11-15

    Some fall Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) initiate spawning in the Snake River downstream of Hells Canyon Dam at temperatures that exceed 13?C and at intergravel dissolved oxygen concentrations that are less than 8 mg O2/L. Although water temperature declines and dissolved oxygen increases soon after spawning, these temperature and dissolved oxygen levels do not meet the water quality standards established by the states of Oregon and Idaho for salmonid spawning. Our objective was to determine if temperatures from 13 to 17 C and dissolved oxygen levels from 4 to greater than 8 mg O2/L during the first 40 days ofmore » incubation followed by declining temperature and rising dissolved oxygen affected survival, development, and growth of Snake River fall Chinook salmon embryos, alevins, and fry. During the first 40 days of incubation, temperatures were adjusted downward approximately 0.2 C/day and oxygen was increased in increments of 2 mg O2/L to mimic the thermal and oxygen regime of the Snake River where these fish spawn. At 40 days post-fertilization, embryos were moved to a common exposure regime that followed the thermal and dissolved oxygen profile of the Snake River through emergence. Mortality of fall Chinook salmon embryos increased markedly at initial incubation temperatures equal to or greater than 17?C, and a rapid decline in survival occurred between 16.5 C and 17 C, with no significant difference in survival at temperatures less than or equal to 16.5 C. Initial dissolved oxygen levels as low as 4 mg O2/L over a range of initial temperatures from 15 to 16.5 C did not affect embryo survival to emergence. There were no significant differences across the range of initial temperature exposures for alevin and fry size at hatch and emergence. The number of days from fertilization to eyed egg, hatch, and emergence was highly related to temperature and dissolved oxygen; it took from 6 to 10 days longer to reach hatch at 4 mg O2/L than at saturation

  12. Ground-water resources and potential hydrologic effects of surface coal mining in the northern Powder River basin, southeastern Montana

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Slagle, Steven E.; Lewis, Barney D.; Lee, Roger W.

    1985-01-01

    The shallow ground-water system in the northern Powder River Basin consists of Upper Cretaceous to Holocene aquifers overlying the Bearpaw Shale--namely, the Fox Hills Sandstone; Hell Creek, Fort Union, and Wasatch Formations; terrace deposits; and alluvium. Ground-water flow above the Bearpaw Shale can be divided into two general flow patterns. An upper flow pattern occurs in aquifers at depths of less than about 200 feet and occurs primarily as localized flow controlled by the surface topography. A lower flow pattern occurs in aquifers at depths from about 200 to 1,200 feet and exhibits a more regional flow, which is generally northward toward the Yellowstone River with significant flow toward the Powder and Tongue Rivers. The chemical quality of water in the shallow ground-water system in the study area varies widely, and most of the ground water does not meet standards for dissolved constituents in public drinking water established by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Water from depths less than 200 feet generally is a sodium sulfate type having an average dissolved-solids concentration of 2,100 milligrams per liter. Sodium bicarbonate water having an average dissolved-solids concentration of 1,400 milligrams per liter is typical from aquifers in the shallow ground-water system at depths between 200 and 1,200 feet. Effects of surface coal mining on the water resources in the northern Powder River Basin are dependent on the stratigraphic location of the mine cut. Where the cut lies above the water-yielding zone, the effects will be minimal. Where the mine cut intersects a water-ielding zone, effects on water levels and flow patterns can be significant locally, but water levels and flow patterns will return to approximate premining conditions after mining ceases. Ground water in and near active and former mines may become more mineralized, owing to the placement of spoil material from the reducing zone in the unsaturated zone where the minerals are

  13. Recovery as perceived by people with schizophrenia, family members and health professionals: a grounded theory.

    PubMed

    Noiseux, Sylvie; Ricard, Nicole

    2008-08-01

    Advances in knowledge in the biomedical and psychosocial sciences have expanded our understanding of schizophrenia and of how it evolves in people living with it. These individuals are no longer viewed as being 'ill' and requiring long-term hospitalisation. We have come instead to have a much more positive view of them and of the role they can play in coming to terms both with their health condition and with society. In the majority of cases, schizophrenia sufferers have the potential to recover. The purpose of this study is to propose a theoretical explanation of recovery based on the concept of human responses put forward by the American Nurses' Association. Data were collected from 41 participants (16 people living with schizophrenia, 5 family members, 20 health professionals). Selection criteria required the people living with schizophrenia to be in stable health, see themselves as being in the process of recovery, and be able to speak about it. Family members were expected to have displayed a strong bond with their relative living with schizophrenia, and the health professionals to have had at least 3 years experience dealing with schizophrenia patients. The Grounded Theory approach was selected because it allows for diversified data sources to be used in the empirical study of a phenomenon. It is an appropriate approach for the conceptualization of complex phenomena and the development of middle-range theory. To ensure a variety of subjects were involved, semi-structured interviews were conducted in three different settings: a specialised psychiatric hospital, a self-help group, and a community setting. Seven categories emerged from the analysis and conceptualization: perceiving schizophrenia as a 'descent into hell'; igniting a spark of hope; developing insight; activating the instinct to fight back; discovering keys to well-being; maintaining a constant equilibrium between internal and external forces; and, finally, seeing light at the end of the tunnel

  14. In praise of anesthesia: Two case studies of pain and suffering during major surgical procedures with and without anesthesia in the United States Civil War-1861-65.

    PubMed

    Albin, Maurice S

    2017-12-29

    left arm similar to that of Private Winchell. Transported to a field hospital about thirty miles away, the evacuation was carried out under artillery fire and the General dropped from the stretcher at least twice before arriving at the field hospital. There, a team of surgeons operated on "Stonewall", using open drop chloroform, the surgery taking 50 min, anesthesia times of one hour with General Jackson awake and speaking with clarity shortly after the termination of the anesthesia. A brief explanation of the use of anesthetics in the military environment during the Crimean, Mexican American and the United States Civil War is also presented. Conclusion and implications Two case stories illustrate the profound improvement in surgical pain made possible with ether and chloroform only 160 years ago. Surgeons and patients nowadays have no ideas what these most important improvements in modern medicine means, unless "reliving" the true hell of pain surgery was before ether and chloroform.

  15. EDITORIAL: Focus on Carbon Nanotubes

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    2003-09-01

    planes to stable loops caused by annealing M Endo, B J Lee, Y A Kim, Y J Kim, H Muramatsu, T Yanagisawa, T Hayashi, M Terrones and M S Dresselhaus Energetics and electronic structure of C70-peapods and one-dimensional chains of C70 Susumu Okada, Minoru Otani and Atsushi Oshiyama Theoretical characterization of several models of nanoporous carbon F Valencia, A H Romero, E Hernández, M Terrones and H Terrones First-principles molecular dynamics study of the stretching frequencies of hydrogen molecules in carbon nanotubes Gabriel Canto, Pablo Ordejón, Cheng Hansong, Alan C Cooper and Guido P Pez The geometry and the radial breathing mode of carbon nanotubes: beyond the ideal behaviour Jeno Kürti, Viktor Zólyomi, Miklos Kertesz and Sun Guangyu Curved nanostructured materials Humberto Terrones and Mauricio Terrones A one-dimensional Ising model for C70 molecular ordering in C70-peapods Yutaka Maniwa, Hiromichi Kataura, Kazuyuki Matsuda and Yutaka Okabe Nanoengineering of carbon nanotubes for nanotools Yoshikazu Nakayama and Seiji Akita Narrow diameter double-wall carbon nanotubes: synthesis, electron microscopy and inelastic light scattering R R Bacsa, E Flahaut, Ch Laurent, A Peigney, S Aloni, P Puech and W S Bacsa Sensitivity of single multiwalled carbon nanotubes to the environment M Krüger, I Widmer, T Nussbaumer, M Buitelaar and C Schönenberger Characterizing carbon nanotube samples with resonance Raman scattering A Jorio, M A Pimenta, A G Souza Filho, R Saito, G Dresselhaus and M S Dresselhaus FTIR-luminescence mapping of dispersed single-walled carbon nanotubes Sergei Lebedkin, Katharina Arnold, Frank Hennrich, Ralph Krupke, Burkhard Renker and Manfred M Kappes Structural properties of Haeckelite nanotubes Ph Lambin and L P Biró Structural changes in single-walled carbon nanotubes under non-hydrostatic pressures: x-ray and Raman studies Sukanta Karmakar, Surinder M Sharma, P V Teredesai, D V S Muthu, A Govindaraj, S K Sikka and A K Sood Novel properties of 0

  16. The use of luminescence for dating young volcanic eruptions

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Schmidt, Christoph; Schaarschmidt, Maria; Kolb, Thomas; Richter, Daniel; Tchouankoue, Jean Pierre; Zöller, Ludwig

    2017-04-01

    luminescence methods (TL, OSL) yield equally valid age estimates averaging to 33.6 ± 2.4 ka for the Wartgesberg site, in good agreement with 40Ar/39Ar and 14C results. The Facher Höhe, however, is much younger than previously expected with an average TL age of 15.5 ± 1.1 ka. This southeastern part of the WEVF thus hosts many of the most recent eruption sites, which has important implications for studying the causes of Eifel volcanism but also for assessing future eruption locations. Preliminary findings suggest that the phreatomagmatic explosion of the Nyos Maar was capable of completely resetting the inherited luminescence signal and indicate a significant overestimation by K-Ar. References Aka, F.T., Yokoyama, T., Kusakabe, M., Nakamura, E., Tanyileke, G., Ateba, B., Ngako, V., Nnange, J., Hell, J., 2008. U-series dating of Lake Nyos maar basalts, Cameroon (West Africa): Implications for potential hazards on the Lake Nyos dam. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 176, 212-224. Mertz, D.F., Löhnertz, W., Nomade, S., Pereira, A., Prelevic, D., Renne, P.R., 2015. Temporal-spatial evolution of low-SiO2 volcanism in the Pleistocene West Eifel volcanic field (West Germany) and relationship to upwelling asthenosphere. Journal of Geodynamics 88, 59-79.

  17. Analysis of inflated submarine and sub-lacustrine Pahoehoe lava flows using high-resolution bathymetric and lidar data (Invited)

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Deschamps, A.; Van Vliet-Lanoe, B.; Soule, S. A.; Allemand, P.; Le Saout, M.; Delacourt, C.

    2013-12-01

    . For example, the Hells Half Acres Holocene lava flows, Idaho, display similar morphology as EPR flows, with sheet lavas, flow lobes 5-8 m high and approximately 100 m wide, and pressure ridges. Similar flows are observed in the ESRP: Craters of the Moon, Wapi, and Cerro Grande lava flows for example. In Oregon, Potholes, Devils Garden, Diamond Craters, Deschute River, Owyhee River, Jordan Crater flows are also strictly comparable. In Iceland, Lake Mytvan lava flows, for example, were emplaced in sublacustrine environments, and Budahraun flows in Snaefellness were emplaced at the coast below the sea level. The common point of these presently "aerial" lava flow is their emplacement in lakes, paleo-lakes and river beds, thus in "wet" environment, often controlled by rivers and their tributaries. A more efficient cooling of the lava lobes in wet environment probably triggers the development of strong and plastic margins due to cooling, which resists continued movement of the flow, whereas a thinner margin developing in aerial environment may favor lobe break out when internal pressure rises above the tensile strength of the crust. We propose a theoretical model for these lava flow emplacement on sub-horizontal basement.

  18. Comparison of publically available Moho depth and crustal thickness grids with newly derived grids by 3D gravity inversion for the High Arctic region.

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Lebedeva-Ivanova, Nina; Gaina, Carmen; Minakov, Alexander; Kashubin, Sergey

    2016-04-01

    deep Arctic Ocean: results of a 3D gravity modeling Russian Geology and Geophysics 54, 247-262. Jakobsson M, Mayer L, Coakley B, Dowdeswell JA, Forbes S, Fridman B, Hodnesdal H, Noormets R, Pedersen R, Rebesco M, Schenke HW, Zarayskaya Y, Accettella D, Armstrong A, Anderson RM, Bienhoff P, Camerlenghi A, Church I, Edwards M, Gardner JV, Hall JK, Hell B, Hestvik O, Krist-offersen Y, Marcussen C, Mohammad R, Mosher D, Nghiem SV, Pedrosa MT, Travaglini PG, Weatherall P (2012). The international bathymetric chart of the Arctic Ocean (IBCAO) version 3.0. Geophys Res Lett 39, L12609. Laske, G., Masters., G., Ma, Z. and Pasyanos, M. (2013). Update on CRUST1.0 - A 1-degree Global Model of Earth's Crust, Geophys. Res. Abstracts, 15, Abstract EGU2013-2658, 2013. Minakov A, Faleide JI, Glebovsky VY, Mjelde R (2012) Structure and evolution of the northern Barents-Kara Sea continental margin from integrated analysis of potential fields, bathymetry and sparse seismic data. Geophys J Int 188, 79-102. Petrov O., Smelror M., Shokalsky S., Morozov A., Kashubin S., Grikurov G., Sobolev N., Petrov E., (2013). A new international tectonic map of the Arctic (TeMAr) at 1:5 M scale and geodynamic evolution in the Arctic region. EGU2013-13481. Reguzzoni, M., & Sampietro, D. (2014). GEMMA: An Earth crustal model based on GOCE satellite data. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation Spasojevic S. & Gurnis M., (2012). Sea level and vertical motion of continents from dynamic earth models since the late Cretaceous. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, 96, pp. 2037-2064.

  19. The SPASE Data Model for Heliophysics Data: Is it Working?

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Thieman, James; King, Todd; Roberts, Aaron

    2011-01-01

    The Space Physics Archive Search and Extract (SPASE) Data Model was developed to provide a metadata standard for describing Heliophysics (Space and Solar Physics) data within that science discipline. The SPASE Data Model has matured over the many years of its creation and is presently represented by Version 2.2.1. Information about SPASE can be obtained from the website group.org. The Data Model defines terms and values as well as the relationships between them in order to describe the data resources in the Heliophysics data environment. This data environment is quite complex, consisting of Virtual Observatories, Resident Archives, Data Providers, Partnering Data Centers, Services, Final Archives, and a Deep Archive. SPASE is the metadata language standard intended to permeate the complexity and provide a common method of obtaining and understanding data. Is it working in this capacity? SPASE has been used to describe a wide range of data. Examples range from ground-based magnetometer data to interplanetary satellite measurements to space weather model results. Has it achieved the goal of making the data easier to find and use? To find data of interest it is necessary that all the data of importance be described using the SPASE Data Model. Within the part of the data community associated with NASA (supported through NASA funding) there are obligations to use SPASE and (0 describe the old and new data using the SPASE XML schema. Although this pan of the community is not near 100% compliance with the mandate, there is good progress being made and the goal should be reachable in the future. Outside of the NASA data community there is still work to be done to convince the international community that SPASE descriptions are w011h the cost of their generation. Some of these groups such as Cluster, HELlO, GAIA, NOAA/NGDe. CSSDP, VSTO, SuperMAG, and IUGONET have agreed to use SPASE. but there are still other groups of importance that need (0 be reached. It is also assumed

  20. Life in the Clouds of Venus? An Experimental Synthetic Biology Approach

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Rothschild, L. J.; Paulino-Lima, I. G.; Amatya, D.; Bajar, B.; Geilich, B.; Hu, J.; Jackson, C. J.

    2015-01-01

    The surface of Venus constitutes the most hellish and biologically inhospitable planetary surface in our solar system, boasting a pH of 0, blistering winds that can melt lead, and pressures of 60 atm. However, during the earlier years of the solar system, without the runaway greenhouse effect that has plagued the planet, Venus potentially housed oceans and perhaps even life. There is a possibility that microbes could have retreated into hospitable niches in the atmosphere, as suggested by Carl Sagan as early as 1967 [1]. For example, 50 km above the raging hell of the Venusian surface, exists a relatively temperate environment that might serve as reservoir for life. This astrobiology project seeks to explore life at the extremes and to theorize whether microbial communities could not only survive but also reproduce in the Venusian atmosphere. Specifically, we ask: are aerosols viable microbial environments? But before we can test for life in the clouds, we have to develop a proper reporter to visualize cell growth in situ. For this purpose, we aimed to develop cell-growth dependent reporters to serve as remote biosensors for cell growth. We developed two using the polA promoter, a DNA-replication dependent promoter, and nrd operon promoter, a cell-cycle dependent promoter. Using these cell-growth reporters, the next step is to aerosolize microbes expressing these reporters in a suspension chamber adapted from a Millikan Drop Apparatus to assay reproduction in an aerosolized environment. Better yet is to test the reproduction of microbes in a microgravity regime such as on ISS.Approach: We engineered two cell-cycle dependent genetic reporters. One was the polA promoter which codes for DNA Polymerase I, a gene active in DNA replication [2]. The other was the nrdP. The activation of ribonucleotide reductase reduces ribonucleotides into deoxyribonucleotides and is involved in the bacterial cell cycle [3]. This promoter began activation during the initiation of DNA

  1. Cocreated Smartphone App to Improve the Quality of Life of Adolescents and Young Adults with Cancer (Kræftværket): Protocol for a Quantitative and Qualitative Evaluation.

    PubMed

    Elsbernd, Abbey; Hjerming, Maiken; Visler, Camilla; Hjalgrim, Lisa Lyngsie; Niemann, Carsten Utoft; Boisen, Kirsten; Pappot, Helle

    2018-05-10

    using thematic analysis. Results and appropriate analysis from both the qualitative and quantitative branches of the pilot test will be discussed amongst the research group, and appropriate changes based on user feedback will be made to the app before the final project phase. In the implementation test, the app will be provided and utilized by a sample of 50 adolescents and young adults aged 15-29 years selected for equal representation amongst gender, age group, diagnosis, and treatment status over the course of 3 months. Participants will be asked to complete a baseline and follow-up EORTC QLQ-C30 HRQoL inventory. Pilot testing is expected to take place in February 2018, and implementation testing is expected to begin May 2018. It is the hope that Kræftværket app will serve as a beneficial and easily utilized product. The process of evaluating the app and its effect on quality of life will address the absence of evidence-based mHealth interventions, and attempt to validate new approaches to benefitting adolescents and young adult oncology patients in the digital world. RR1-10.2196/10098. ©Abbey Elsbernd, Maiken Hjerming, Camilla Visler, Lisa Lyngsie Hjalgrim, Carsten Utoft Niemann, Kirsten Boisen, Helle Pappot. Originally published in JMIR Research Protocols (http://www.researchprotocols.org), 10.05.2018.

  2. Fragmented Landscapes in the San Gorgonio Pass Region: Insights into Quaternary Strain History of the Southern San Andreas Fault System

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Kendrick, K. J.; Matti, J. C.; Landis, G. P.; Alvarez, R. M.

    2006-12-01

    displaced by 8-10 km from entrenched bedrock drainages north of the SAFm (North Fork Whitewater River and Hell-For-Sure Canyon). This restoration, along with restoration of 3-4 km of dextral-slip along SAFmi, leads to an integrated drainage network that extended from San Gorgonio Peak southward across the SAFm and SAFmi, through the San Timoteo drainage basin and ultimately to the Santa Ana River drainage. Following final slip on the SAFmi, which occurred between approximately 1.2 and 0.5 Ma, the 8-10 km dextral-slip reconstruction on the SAFm can be used to restore the ancestral Mission Creek drainage system, which has always flowed southeast. A large alluvial-fan complex that overlies the SAFmi strand developed where the ancestral Mission Creek River debouched into the Coachella Valley. Analysis of cosmogenic radionuclides (21Ne from quartz) from surface boulders indicates that oldest deposits in the fan complex are about 400ka old, compatible with pedogenic development on the oldest surface. Approximately 2-4 km dextral slip on the youngest strands of the SAF (Banning and Garnet Hill) represents the latest bypass of the SGP structural knot. Cumulative displacement on all strands of the SAF in the greater SGP region appears to have been no more than ~18 km since inception of the left step in the SAFmi. Regional evidence suggests that this event initiated at ~1.2Ma, leading to a Quaternary slip rate on the SAF at SGP of no more than 10-15 mm/yr.

  3. EDITORIAL: Focus on Carbon Nanotubes

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    2003-09-01

    Filho, R Saito, G Dresselhaus and M S Dresselhaus FTIR-luminescence mapping of dispersed single-walled carbon nanotubes Sergei Lebedkin, Katharina Arnold, Frank Hennrich, Ralph Krupke, Burkhard Renker and Manfred M Kappes Structural properties of Haeckelite nanotubes Ph Lambin and L P Biró Structural changes in single-walled carbon nanotubes under non-hydrostatic pressures: x-ray and Raman studies Sukanta Karmakar, Surinder M Sharma, P V Teredesai, D V S Muthu, A Govindaraj, S K Sikka and A K Sood Novel properties of 0.4 nm single-walled carbon nanotubes templated in the channels of AlPO4-5 single crystals Z K Tang, N Wang, X X Zhang, J N Wang, C T Chan and Ping Sheng Lattice dynamics and symmetry of double wall carbon nanotubes M Damnjanovic, E Dobardzic, I Milosevic, T Vukovic and B Nikolic Optical characterization of single-walled carbon nanotubes synthesized by catalytic decomposition of alcohol Shigeo Maruyama, Yuhei Miyauchi, Yoichi Murakami and Shohei Chiashi Christian Thomsen, Technische Universität Berlin, Germany Hiromichi Kataura, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Japan

  4. The Messinian/Early Pliocene transition in Eastern Mediterranean: New palaeoenvironmental data from the Kalamaki section (Zakynthos Island, Greece)

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Drinia, Hara; Antonarakou, Assimina; Tsourou, Theodora; Tzortzaki, Evi; Filippidi, Amalia; Nikolaou, Konstantinos

    2010-05-01

    foraminiferal facies distribution in the studied part of the Kalamaki section is in accordance with isotope oxygen data from basins in the central and eastern Mediterranean basin which indicates the existence of a salinity gradient during this time span. Ostracod fauna is characterised by low diversity and abundance. It is consisting mainly of Bythocypris and Cytherella species, which confirm the bathyal depositional environment. The study of the late Messinian-Early Pliocene sediments in Zakynthos island (Kalamaki section) correlated with time equivalent sections in Crete (e.g. Drinia et al., 2007) and the comparison with the offshore coeval deposits drilled in the ODP Leg 160 boreholes, illustrate the environmental changes which occurred in the Eastern Mediterranean at the end of the salinity crisis. References Dermitzakis, M.D., 1978. Stratigraphy and sedimentary history of the Miocene of Zakynthos (Ionian Islands, Greece). Ann. Geol. Pays Hell., 29:47 186. Drinia, H., Antonarakou, A., Kontakiotis, G., 2007. On the occurrence of Early Pliocene marine deposits in the Ierapetra Basin, Eastern Crete, Greece. Bulletin of Geosciences, 83 (1), 63-78. Jorissen, F.J., 1988. Benthic foraminifera from the Adriatic Sea: principles of phenotypic variation. Utrecht Micropaleontological Bulletins, 37, 1-174. Murray, J., 2006. Ecology and applications of Benthic foraminifera. Cambridge University press, 426pp. Nikolaou, K.A., 1986. Contribution to the knowledge of the Neogene , the geology and the limits of the Ionian and Preapulian zones, in relation to the petroleum exploration , observations in Strofades , Zakynthos and Kefallinia islands. The doct. University of Athens. Pierre, C., Caruso, A., Blanc-Valleron, M., Rouchy, J. M., Orzsag-Sperber, F., 2006. Reconstruction of the paleoenvironmental changes around the Miocene-Pliocene boundary along a West-East transect across the Mediterranean. Sedimentary Geology 188-189, 319-340. The Messinian Salinity Crisis Revisited. Pujos, M., 1976

  5. A Cocoon Found Inside the Black Widow's Web

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    2003-02-01

    and relatively low magnetic field of millisecond pulsars put them in a totally separate class from young pulsars observed in the remnants of supernova explosions. "This star has had an incredible journey. It was born in a supernova explosion as a young and energetic pulsar, but after a few million years grew old and slow and faded from view," said Bryan Gaensler of the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics in Cambridge, Mass., a coauthor of the paper. "Over the next few hundred million years, this dead pulsar had material dumped on it by its companion, and the pulsar's magnetic field has been dramatically reduced. B1957+20 B1957+20 Artist's illustrations of B1957+20 "This pulsar has been through hell, yet somehow it's still able to generate high-energy particles just like its younger brethren," continued Gaensler. The key is the rapid rotation of B1957+20. The Chandra result confirms the theory that even a relatively weakly magnetized neutron star can generate intense electromagnetic forces and accelerate particles to high energies to create a pulsar wind, if it is rotating rapidly enough. Chandra's Advanced CCD Imaging Spectrometer observed B1957+20 for over 40,000 seconds on June 21, 2001. Other members of the research team include Victoria Kaspi (McGill University, Montreal), Michiel van der Klis (University of Amsterdam) and Walter Lewin (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge). NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Ala., manages the Chandra program, and TRW, Inc., Redondo Beach, Calif., is the prime contractor for the spacecraft. The Smithsonian's Chandra X-ray Center controls science and flight operations from Cambridge, Mass., for the Office of Space Science at NASA Headquarters, Washington.

  6. Geology of the Knife River area, North Dakota

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Benson, William Edward

    1953-01-01

    The Knife River area, consisting of six 15-minute quadrangles, includes the lower half of the Knife River valley in west-central North Dakota. The area, in the center of the Williston Basin, is underlain by the Tongue River member of the Fort Union formation (Paleocene) and the Golden Valley formation (Eocene). The Tongue River includes beds equivalent to the Sentinel Butte shale; the Golden Valley formation, which receives its first detailed description in this report, consists of two members, a lower member of gray to white sandy kaolin clay and an upper member of cross-bedded micaceous sandstone. Pro-Tongue River rocks that crop out in southwestern North Dakota include the Ludlow member of the Fort Union formation, the Cannonball marine formation (Paleocene) and the Hell Creek, Fox Hills, and Pierre formations, all upper Cretaceous. Post-Golden Valley rocks include the White River formation (Oligocene) and gravels on an old planation surface that may be Miocene or Pliocent. Surficial deposits include glacial and fluvial deposits of Pleistocene age and alluvium, dune sand, residual silica, and landslide blocks of Recent age. Three ages of glacial deposits can be differentiated, largely on the basis of three fills, separated by unconformities, in the Knife River valley. All three are of Wisconsin age and probably represent the Iowan, Tazewell, and Mankato substages. Deposits of the Cary substage have not been identified either in the Knife River area or elsewhere in southern North Dakota. Iowan glacial deposits form the outermost drift border in North Dakota. Southwest of this border are a few scattered granite boulders that are residual from the erosion of either the White River formation or a pre-Wisconsin till. The Tazewell drift border cannot be followed in southern North Dakota. The Mankato drift border can be traced in a general way from the South Dakota State line northwest across the Missouri River and through the middle of the Knife River area. The major

  7. Assessment of Local Recharge Area Characteristics of Four Caves in Northern Arkansas and Northeastern Oklahoma, 2004-07

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Gillip, Jonathan A.; Galloway, Joel M.; Hart, Rheannon M.

    2009-01-01

    .0 degrees Celsius. The calculated recharge area for Civil War Cave ranged from 0.13 to 2.5 square miles using the water-balance equation to 3.80 square miles using a normalized base-flow method. Tracer tests indicated a portion of the water within Civil War Cave was from across a major topographic divide located to the southwest. January-Stansbury Cave is located in Delaware County in northeastern Oklahoma, and provides habitat for the Oklahoma cave crayfish and the Ozark cavefish. January-Stansbury Cave is developed in the St. Joe Limestone member of the Boone Formation. The daily mean discharge for the period of study was 1.0 cubic foot per second and ranged from 0.35 to 8.7 cubic feet per second. The mean water temperature for January-Stansbury Cave was 14.3 degrees. The calculated recharge area for January-Stansbury Cave using the water-balance equation ranged from approximately 0.04 to 0.83 square miles. Tracer tests generally showed water discharging from January-Stansbury Cave during high flow originates from within the topographic drainage area and from an area outside the topographic drainage area to the southwest. Nesbitt Spring Cave is located near the city of Mountain View in north-central Arkansas and provides habitat for the Hell Creek cave crayfish. Nesbitt Spring Cave is developed in the Plattin Limestone (Ozark aquifer) and is recharged through the Boone Formation (Springfield Plateau aquifer). The mean daily discharge for the period of study was 4.5 cubic feet per second and ranged from 0.39 to 70.7 cubic feet per second. The mean water temperature for Nesbitt Spring Cave was 14.2 degrees Celsius. The calculated recharge area for Nesbitt Spring Cave using the water-balance equation ranged from 0.49 square mile to 4.0 square miles. Tracer tests generally showed a portion of water discharging from Nesbitt Spring during high flow originates from outside the topographic drainage area. Wasson's Mud Cave is located near the city of Springtown

  8. 100 and counting : SOHO's score as the world's top comet finder

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    2000-02-01

    comet hunters," said Shanklin, who is director of the British Astronomical Association's comet section. "It allows amateurs to discover some of the smallest comets ever seen. Yet they link us to sightings of great comets going back more than 2000 years." Nine of the comets found with LASCO, including SOHO-100, 101 and 102, passed the Sun at a safe distance. SOHO-49, which showed up in LASCO images in May 1998 and was designated as Comet 1998 J1, became visible to the naked eye in the southern hemisphere. But the great majority of SOHO's comets failed to survive very close encounters with the Sun. Snowballs in hell Of the first 100 SOHO comets, 92 vaporized in the solar atmosphere. Isaac Newton suggested 300 years ago that infalling comets might supply the Sun with fuel, but no one has ever tracked a comet that definitely hit the bright surface. Near misses are well known, and 100 years ago Heinrich Kreutz in Kiel, Germany, realized that several comets seen buzzing the Sun seemed to have a common origin, because they came from the same direction among the stars. These comets are now called the Kreutz sungrazers, and the 92 vanishing SOHO comets belong to that class. They were not unexpected. Between 1979 and 1989 the P78-1 and SMM solar satellites spotted 16 comets closing with the Sun. Life is perilous for a sungrazer. The mixture of ice and dust that makes up a comet's nucleus is heated like the proverbial snowball in hell, and can survive its visit to the Sun only if it is quite large. What's more, the very strong tidal effect of the Sun's gravity can tear the loosely glued nucleus apart. The disruption that created the many SOHO sungrazers was similar to the fate of Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9, which went too close to Jupiter and broke up into many pieces that eventually fell into the massive planet in 1994. "SOHO is seeing fragments from the gradual break-up of a great comet, perhaps the one that the Greek astronomer Ephorus saw in 372 BC," commented Brian Marsden of the

  9. Analysis of ASAR Wide Swath Mode time series for the retrieval of soil moisture in mountainous areas

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Greifeneder, Felix; Notarnicola, Claudia; Cuozzo, Giovanni; Spindler, Nadine; Bertoldi, Giacomo; Della Chiesa, Stefano; Niedrist, Georg; Stamenkovic, Jelena; Wagner, Wolgang

    2014-05-01

    water balance at and below the land surface accounting for soil freezing, snow cover and terrain effects." Geoscientific Model Development Discussions 6, no. 4 (2013): 6279-6341. Heathman, G. C., P. J. Starks, L. R. Ahuja, and T. J. Jackson. "Assimilation of surface soil moisture to estimate profile soil water content." Journal of Hydrology 279, no. 1 (2003): 1-17. Pasolli, L., C. Notarnicola, L. Bruzzone, G. Bertoldi, S. Della Chiesa, V. Hell, G. Niedrist. "Estimation of Soil Moisture in an Alpine catchment with RADARSAT2 Images." Applied and Environmental Soil Science 2011 (2011)

  10. Spectroscopy as a diagnostic tool for urban soil

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Brook, Anna; Kopel, Daniella; Wittenberg, Lea

    2015-04-01

    % followed by concrete dust, plastic crumbs, other man made materials, clay and other minerals. The major part of the mineralogical composition was dominated by Montmorillonite and Kaolinite as is it expected to be in the Mount Carmel soils. Pyroxene and Olivine are also typical to the mineralogy of the Mount Carmel were there are several known magmatic eruption areas of Scoria and Basalt. There is a high frequency of Actinolite (Ca2(Mg,Fe)5(Si8O22)(OH)2), Amphibole family (2.5%) that is typical to metamorphic rocks that are not to be found in the Mount Carmel region. Some of the mineral found in the analysis is of marine origin like Syngenite (K2Ca(SO4)2(H2O)) and Blodite (Na2Mg(SO4)24(H2O)) as the area was created under the Mediterranean Sea and is still influence by it. None of the endmembers were detected only once, the lowest frequency was 4 times for Cyanide-Cadmium (Cd(CN)2) and Andalusite (Al2SiO5). The results of the soils pH, measured electrometrically and the particle size distribution, measured by Laser diffraction, indicate there is no big different between the samples particle size distribution and the pH values of the samples but they are not significantly different from the expected, except for the OM percentage which is significantly higher in most samples. The suggested method was very effective for tracing the man-made substances, we could find concrete and asphalt, plastic and synthetic polymers after they were assimilated, broken down and decomposed into soil particles. By the top-down unmixing method we did not limit the substances we characterize and so we could detect unexpected materials and contaminants. Gómez-Baggethun, Erik and David N. Barton. 2013. "Classifying and Valuing Ecosystem Services for Urban Planning." Ecological Economics 86: 235-245. Pavao-Zuckerman, M. A. 2008. "The Nature of Urban Soils and their Role in Ecological Restoration in Cities." Restoration Ecology 16 (4): 642-649. Li, Lijun, Peter E. Holm, Helle Marcussen, and Hans

  11. Water resources and potential hydrologic effects of oil-shale development in the southeastern Uinta Basin, Utah and Colorado

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Lindskov, K.L.; Kimball, B.A.

    1984-01-01

    withdrawal to about 20,000 acre-feet per year.An oil-shale industry in the southeastern Uinta Basin with a peak production of 400,000 barrels of oil per day would require a water supply of about 70,000 acre-feet per year. Sources of water supply considered for such an industry were: diversion from the natural flow of the White River, a proposed reservoir on the White River, diversion from the White River combined with proposed off-stream storage in Hells Hole Canyon, diversion from the Green River, and conjunctive use of ground and surface water.The proposed reservoir on the White River would trap about 90 percent of the sediment moving in the river and in turn would release almost sediment-free water. Possible impacts are changes in channel gradient in the downstream 18 miles of the White River and changes in bank stability. In some parts of the area, annual sheet-erosion rates are as great as 2.2 acre-feet per square mile but sediment yield to the White River is less than might be expected because the runoff is small. If process water from retort operations or water used in the construction of surface facilities is discharged into a normally dry streambed, increased channel erosion and sediment in tributary streams could result in increased sediment loads in the White River. In addition, sediment yields from retorted-shale piles with minimum slopes could exceed 0.1 acrefoot per square mile during a common storm. Thus, without safeguards, the useful life of any proposed reservoir or holding pond could be decreased considerably.Leachate water from retorted-shale piles has large concentrations of sodium and sulfate, and the chemical composition of retort waters differs considerably from that of the natural waters of the area. The retort waters contain a greater concentration of dissolved solids and more organic carbon and nutrients. Without proper disposal or impoundment of retort and leachate waters, the salinity of downstream waters in the Colorado River Basin would be

  12. Advance of the perihelion of Mercury deduced from QFT

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Chen, Shao-Guang

    it alone existence, and cause the momentum, energy and angular momentum of particles will be no longer conservation. The energy loss rate in earth orbital motion is - 6.15 * 10 (-12) /year and in earth rotation is - 6.38 * 10 (-15) /day. The gravitational mass and the inertial mass are decreased synchronously, when the mass decrease the earth orbit not change, Kepler second law still remains. The solar radiation energy loss rate is about - 3.3 * 10 (-14) /year, it far less than the loss rate of the earth. Therefore in the solar system the orbit of planet and spacecraft to be almost irrespective their mass changes, it is confirmed by Hellings (R.W.Hellings, et al., Phys.Rev.Lett.51, 1609(1983)) from the Viking spacecraft radar ranging results. But with the decrease of earth mass, the gravity on the moon will reduced and leading to the moon is getting more and more far away from the earth, the gravity relative decrease rate DeltaΔf /f = (DeltaΔm /m) _{earth} + (DeltaΔm /m) _{moon } - 2DeltaΔr/r = - 3.18* 10 (-11) /year, which is confirmed quantitatively by the observed tidal acceleration. The relative variation of orbital angular velocity of the moon circling the earth is - (3.2±±1.1)* 10 (-11) /year from the results of ancient lunar eclipses and modern laser ranging observed by Van Flandem (T.C.Van Flandern, Astrophys. J. 248 813-816(1981)) and Muller (P.M.Muller, In On the Measurement of Cosmological Variations of the Gravitational Constant, ed. L.Hapern, P.92,(1978)), but they believe the gravitational constant to be reduced. In Eq.(1) and Eq.(2) the angle thetaθ between r and v is the angle between f _{P} and f _{C}. The mass change by f _{C} causes the angular momentum to be not conserved, but r * v = r v sin thetaθ = L is still conserved quantity. L/2 is the passing area in unit time. The projection of f _{C} at the perpendicular direction of f _{P} is f _{P} betaβ sin thetaθ, it multiply r take the damping torque at the opposite direction of angular

  13. New steps in testing the Tidal Downsizing hypothesis for planet formation

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Nayakshin, S.

    2013-09-01

    Broadly speaking, there are two opposite views on how planet formation proceeds. The first of these is the Core Accretion (CA), a well established theory in which assembly of all planets occurs in the bottom-up direction. The second one is a modified gravitational disc in- stability model, which originally was thought to form only giant gaseous planets at large distances from the tar (e.g., Rafikov 2005). Now it emerges that migrating gaseous clumps may form not only giant planets but also terrestrial-like planets if dust sediments into the cores and the clumps' gas is removed by tidal disruption (Boley et al 2010, Nayakshin 2010; also reviewed in the upcoming PPVI by Helled et al 2013). This top-down scenario is referred to as "Tidal Downsizing" (TD) hypothesis. While TD hypothesis may potentially explain all of planet populations at any separation from the parent star (as planets migrate from 100 AU all the way to their disruption at ˜0.1 AU; Nayakshin and Lodato 2012), this scenario is currently in the embryonic state and needs further detailed calculations. Here we present several new calculations aimed at testing the theory with observations of exoplanets and young accreting stars possibly in the process of planet formation. (1) Nayakshin (2011) proposed that young massive "hot jupiters" may actually be tidally disrupted by the gravity of their parent stars if they migrate inward too quickly. If a significant fraction of dust grains managed to sediment into the centres of these gas clumps before they are disrupted, the solid cores are left behind as hot super-Earths and "hot neptunes". The discplanet interaction before and during planet disruption was modelled in detail by Nayakshin and Lodato (2012), who showed that the process of tidal disruption produces FU-Ori like accretion events onto the parent star. This model thus may account for both the hot planets observed and episodic accretion of young stars (Dunham and Vorobyov 2012). Another crucial prediction

  14. A 400 year reconstruction of July relative air humidity for the region Vienna (eastern Austria) based on carbon and oxygen stable isotope ratios in tree-ring latewood cellulose of oaks

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Haupt, M.; Boettger, T.; Weigl, M.; Grabner, M.

    2009-04-01

    , Guillemin MT, Gutierrez E, Haupt M, Helle G, Hilasvuori E, Jungner H, Kalela-Brundin M, Krapiec M, Leuenberger M, Loader NJ, Masson-Delmotte V, Pazdur A, Pawelczyk S, Pierre M, Planells O, Pukiene R, Reynolds-Henne CE, Rinne KT, Saracino A, Saurer M, Sonninen E, Stievenard M, Switsur VR, Szczepanek M, Szychowska-Krapiec E, Todaro L, Waterhouse JS, Weigl M, Schleser GH (2007) Signal strength and climate calibration of a European tree ring isotope network. Geophys Res Lett 34: L24302. van der Schrier G, Efthymiadis D, Briffa KR, Jones PD (2007) European Alpine moisture variability for 1900-2003. Int J Climatol 27: 415-427.

  15. Editorial: Focus on Laser- and Beam-Driven Plasma Accelerators

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Joshi, Chan; Malka, Victor

    2010-04-01

    , S Mangles, L O Silva, R Fonseca and P A Norreys Electro-optic shocks from blowout laser wakefields D F Gordon, A Ting, M H Helle, D Kaganovich and B Hafizi Onset of self-steepening of intense laser pulses in plasmas J Vieira, F Fiúza, L O Silva, M Tzoufras and W B Mori Analysis of laser wakefield dynamics in capillary tubes N E Andreev, K Cassou, F Wojda, G Genoud, M Burza, O Lundh, A Persson, B Cros, V E Fortov and C-G Wahlstrom Characterization of the beam loading effects in a laser plasma accelerator C Rechatin, J Faure, X Davoine, O Lundh, J Lim, A Ben-Ismaïl, F Burgy, A Tafzi, A Lifschitz, E Lefebvre and V Malka Energy gain scaling with plasma length and density in the plasma wakefield accelerator P Muggli, I Blumenfeld, C E Clayton, F J Decker, M J Hogan, C Huang, R Ischebeck, R H Iverson, C Joshi, T Katsouleas, N Kirby, W Lu, K A Marsh, W B Mori, E Oz, R H Siemann, D R Walz and M Zhou Generation of tens of GeV quasi-monoenergetic proton beams from a moving double layer formed by ultraintense lasers at intensity 1021-1023Wcm-2 Lu-Le Yu, Han Xu, Wei-Min Wang, Zheng-Ming Sheng, Bai-Fei Shen, Wei Yu and Jie Zhang Carbon ion acceleration from thin foil targets irradiated by ultrahigh-contrast, ultraintense laser pulses D C Carroll, O Tresca, R Prasad, L Romagnani, P S Foster, P Gallegos, S Ter-Avetisyan, J S Green, M J V Streeter, N Dover, C A J Palmer, C M Brenner, F H Cameron, K E Quinn, J Schreiber, A P L Robinson, T Baeva, M N Quinn, X H Yuan, Z Najmudin, M Zepf, D Neely, M Borghesi and P McKenna Numerical modelling of a 10-cm-long multi-GeV laser wakefield accelerator driven by a self-guided petawatt pulse S Y Kalmykov, S A Yi, A Beck, A F Lifschitz, X Davoine, E Lefebvre, A Pukhov, V Khudik, G Shvets, S A Reed, P Dong, X Wang, D Du, S Bedacht, R Zgadzaj, W Henderson, A Bernstein, G Dyer, M Martinez, E Gaul, T Ditmire and M C Downer Effects of laser prepulses on laser-induced proton generation D Batani, R Jafer, M Veltcheva, R Dezulian, O Lundh, F Lindau, A

  16. Opening Remarks: SciDAC 2007

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Strayer, Michael

    2007-09-01

    to Ken Kennedy, we shall designate the ECPI grants to beginning faculty in Computer Science as the Ken Kennedy Fellowship. Watch the ASCR website for more information about ECPI and other early career programs in the computational sciences. We look to you, our scientists, researchers, and visionaries to take X-scale computing and use it to explode scientific discovery in your fields. We at SciDAC will work to ensure that this tool is the sharpest and most precise and efficient instrument to carve away the unknown and reveal the most exciting secrets and stimulating scientific discoveries of our time. The partnership between research and computing is the marriage that will spur greater discovery, and as Spencer said to Susan in Robert Parker's novel, `Sudden Mischief', `We stick together long enough, and we may get as smart as hell'. Michael Strayer

  17. Houston, We Have a Podcast. Episode #23: Test Pilot to Astronaut

    NASA Image and Video Library

    2017-12-15

    Gary Jordan (Host): "Houston We Have a Podcast." Welcome to the official podcast for the NASA Johnson Space Center, episode 23, Test Pilot to Astronaut. I'm Gary Jordan and I will be your host today. So, if you're new the show, this is where we bring in NASA experts, NASA scientists, engineers, astronauts, all to tell you the coolest parts about NASA. So, today we're talking with Scott Tingle. He's a U.S. Astronaut and he's about to launch to the International Space Station in a few days on December 17, 2017 for the very first time. We talked about his education going for mechanical engineering, his time in the navy as a test pilot, his astronaut training, and his expectations for his first flight. So, with no further delay, let's go light speed and jump right ahead to our talk with captain Scott Tingle. Enjoy. [00:00:41] [ Podcast Intro Music ] [00:01:05] Host: All right, well Maker, thank you so much for coming on the show today. I know this is coming so close to your launch date already, do you have, what your plans, I mean from now on, are you going to be traveling a lot? Do you have some training coming up? [00:01:16] Scott Tingle: Well, this is my last trip back to Johnson Space Center. [00:01:19] Host: Oh wow. [00:01:19] Scott Tingle: I'm here for five weeks, which sounds like it's a nice long time, relaxing. No, we'll have none of that. We've got a lot of training. We're going to finish up, we've got integrated simulators with the full crew compliment they're coming in from Russia. [00:01:33] Host: Wow. [00:01:34] Scott Tingle: And Japan to do these simulators. I'm finishing up with some evaluations and the EVA community. And then doing a lot of payloads training and getting, getting all my rust knocked off my fingertips so that I can be good when I get back up on station. And then the last week that I'm here, I'll be really focusing on the family and trying to make sure the roof's not going to leak in the next hurricane. [00:02:01] Host: Yeah. [00:02:01] Scott Tingle: And make sure the bills are paid, make sure things are set up, the cars are running right, they're all registered. And all the little details it takes to run a family. So, everything that's going to happen in the next six months I have to look forward in my crystal ball and either take care of it, or have the, have a plan to attack it when it comes up for that. And then on October 27th I leave a one-way ticket to Moscow. And we begin final exams in Soyuz. [00:02:28] Host: Are you staying there up until your launch? [00:02:30] Scott Tingle: We'll stay are Star City until about 15 to 17 days prior to launch. And we spend about two weeks in Baikonur. [00:02:37] Host: Oh okay. [00:02:38] Scott Tingle: Which in Kazakhstan and so and we'll have training there and we'll start getting on the whatever sleep cycle we have to get on. And we'll use that as a little bit of relaxation. But yeah, the family will join us out there about three days before the launch. [00:02:52] Host: Cool. [00:02:52] Scott Tingle: And we'll, I'll see them from quarantine, you know, from the other side of the glass. [00:02:56] Host: Yeah. [00:02:57] Scott Tingle: And then we'll get ready to go. And then December 17th will be the actual launch. [00:03:02] Host: Yes. [00:03:02] Scott Tingle: And off to space station we go. [00:03:05] Host: Very cool. Hey that will be my first trip to Russia actually is for, is for that launch. [00:03:10] Scott Tingle: Oh that's awesome. [00:03:11] Host: Yeah, I think I'll be media escort for Nemo Kanai. [00:03:15] Scott Tingle: Oh excellent. [00:03:16] Host: Yeah, so some of the public affairs folks that are going over there, I'll be escorting as a media. [00:03:20] Scott Tingle: That's good. I'm sure I'll see you there. Make sure you waving hi. [00:03:24] Host: I will. [00:03:24] Scott Tingle: And maybe we can get some time off the, off the side to enjoy a beer. [00:03:27] Host: Hey, I hope so. That would be fantastic. But I a mean a lot of your stuff in Russia, though, is are you going to be doing some Soyuz training over there? [00:03:35] Scott Tingle: Absolutely. [00:03:36] Host: Oh yeah. [00:03:36] Scott Tingle: Yeah, yeah, we'll go through and we'll do some refresher type training on the Russian segment. We'll do some refresher training and final exam for emergencies and daily ops on the Russian segment. Ad then the big push we'll have several simulators for Kanai, myself, and our commander Shapirov in the Soyuz. And those by far will take the most time for us to prepare for and they'll be the hardest simulators to get through the Soyuz. [00:04:05] Host: Yeah. Well I was, we did a podcast a while ago actually now with Randy Bresnik talking about that stuff. [00:04:12] Scott Tingle: Right. [00:04:12] Host: And then his final training. Especially with Joe Acaba, too, because he had the accelerated program. [00:04:17] Scott Tingle: That's right. [00:04:17] Host: Where he had to jam it all in within six months before his, before his trip up. [00:04:21] Scott Tingle: That's right. [00:04:22] Host: Yeah, they all talk about the difficulties of that. [00:04:24] Scott Tingle: Yeah. [00:04:24] Host: And Russian language too. How is, how's Russian language training for you? [00:04:27] Scott Tingle: Well, Russian language training has been a challenge. They always say it's the first ten years that are the hardest. [00:04:33] Host: Yeah. [00:04:33] Scott Tingle: So, I've only had seven or eight years of it, so I'm not quite over the hump yet. [00:04:37] Host: Still quite a bit. [00:04:38] Scott Tingle: Yeah, it is. And I can survive but, you know, when things get really busy and they start talking really fast, you know, I got to get them to slow down. I can't, I can't, it's very hard to keep up. I can pick up some keywords and I can kind of sense kind of that somethings not right and we've got to be doing something, but the details, the devil's in the details with this, in this business. [00:05:00] Host: Oh yeah. [00:05:00] Scott Tingle: So you've got to. It really exercises my patience and my trust, in which I have 100% trust in my crew and my Russian compadres over there. That includes all the ground crew, all the engineers, all the management, all of the my other cosmonaut, colleagues. I really do trust them. And they trust me. So, it kind of fills in some of the gaps that we see in the language. [00:05:28] Host: Hey, trust is key. [00:05:29] Scott Tingle: Absolutely. [00:05:30] Host: I myself minored in Spanish and that's supposed to be one of the easier ones to go from English to Spanish. And honestly, if I don't practice, which I don't. I lost almost all of it. [00:05:39] Scott Tingle: Right. [00:05:39] Host: So it just takes tons of practices. And especially with Russian. [00:05:41] Scott Tingle: Absolutely. [00:05:42] Host: Russian is one of those harder ones to go from English to Russian especially because it uses a whole new alphabet. [00:05:47] Scott Tingle: Yeah. [00:05:47] Host: So, I'm sure they expose it to you quite a bit too. How often do you get refresher training? [00:05:52] Scott Tingle: Well, when I was here, I was getting four hours a week. [00:05:55] Host: There you go. [00:05:55] Scott Tingle: This was after I was assigned. And there in Star City with a native Russian, Russian teacher, I was getting four hours a week as well. [00:06:05] Host: Wow. [00:06:05] Scott Tingle: But now that we're in the final throws and getting ready for launch, we're really focusing on the simulators. You know it's kind of funny because you know I can be at a party and I kind of have a small conversation with my Russian colleagues. And you know, we'll laugh, and we can tell jokes and sometimes I need some help. It's like, wait a minute I didn't quite get that one. But once we get into the simulator, assuming everything's kind of going as planned, the language just happens. Right, because we train so much to it, we know the keywords. We've been through the checklist 100 times. We kind of know what each other's thinking. [00:06:40] Host: Yeah. [00:06:40] Scott Tingle: And we can operate off of keywords together. And so, it becomes a subset of the vocabulary. But when things start going off nominal, which they do all the time in the simulator. [00:06:50] Host: Sure. [00:06:50] Scott Tingle: We really have to slow down and make sure we're communicating. [00:06:54] Host: Yeah. And I'm sure, because you do so many runs in the Soyuz it's almost like, you know, could you do Soyuz operations in the English language, or have you done it so much in the Russian language that that's just what you're used to now? [00:07:07] Scott Tingle: Well, you know, to me it's about, that's probably say probably would have to be in Russian because everything's in Russian. [00:07:13] Host: Yeah. [00:07:13] Scott Tingle: The buttons are in Russian, the menus are in Russian, the switches are in Russian, everything's in Russian. But I, you know, I have not transitioned to thinking like a Russian yet. I'm working very hard on it, and I'm getting closer and closer, but I still when they say you know, [speaks foreign language]. I think "Turn on the switch." And then I turn on the switch. Yes. Host: Oh, yeah, yeah you have to translate. [00:07:39] Scott Tingle: Where as, yeah, where as ideally, I would just hear it and go boom. You know, and I'm almost there, and maybe on this next trip I'll take a big huge stride forward. Host: Have you dreamed in Russian yet? [00:07:52] Scott Tingle: Yeah, they always say that. You know what, I don't remember any dreams in Russian. [00:07:56] Host: Ah okay. [00:07:56] Scott Tingle: You know, my brain is just not wired for. [00:07:58] Host: I think I had one dream in Spanish when I was taking the class. I had to take an interpretation class for one semester. And that was, you know, someone reads to you in English and you have to translate either simultaneous or consecutive Spanish vice versa too, from Spanish to English. [00:08:12] Scott Tingle: Yeah. [00:08:12] Host: And when I was taking that class I was just exposed to it so much that I started dreaming in Spanish and I really wish I stuck with it because that was, I've honestly lost a lot of it so far just not taking it. [00:08:23] Scott Tingle: Yeah, and I always think, you know, sometimes it's definitely been some of the most challenging and frustrating parts of the training. But, and so on the bad days I'm like God, I don't know how to do this anymore. [00:08:34] Host: Yeah. [00:08:34] Scott Tingle: This language is killing me. But, on the medium to okay days, I come back thinking you know, I've put a lot of time into this and I'm making progress. As slow as it is, I'm making progress. I need to keep going with it. Even if I never fly in space with a cosmonauts again because it's another language, there's tons of things going on all the time between the united states and Russia, and having this skill is one of the benefits of being in this community. And, I've, the people over in Russia are like a second family to me. [00:09:03] Host: Yeah. Especially because you spend so much time there. [00:09:05] Scott Tingle: So, you know, I want to maintain communications. [00:09:07] Host: Right. [00:09:07] Scott Tingle: And I want to continue that process. [00:09:09] Host: Absolutely. Yeah, it is an international space station, right. We've got to work all together [00:09:14] Scott Tingle: Absolutely. [00:09:15] Host: You're right it is a family. We're all going towards the same goal. [00:09:17] Scott Tingle: Absolutely. [00:09:18] Host: So that's pretty cool. Well, Maker, you know, besides all your training, I really just kind of wanted to go through your story and if you don't mind we could start with growing up in Massachusetts. That's kind of your home, right? Did you move a lot or just kind of stick around Massachusetts? [00:09:32] Scott Tingle: I was pretty much Massachusetts. I was born in Edinboro, Massachusetts. [00:09:36] Host: Okay. [00:09:36] Scott Tingle: I spent some time in Bangor, Maine. And then we went down to Randolph, Massachusetts when I was I think in fourth grade. [00:09:43] Host: Okay. [00:09:44] Scott Tingle: And so from fourth grade to the time I left to go to Purdue university, I was in Massachusetts. [00:09:49] Host: Oh, okay, yeah, because you went to next was vo-tech school high school, right. [00:09:54] Scott Tingle: Yep. [00:09:54] Host: It was right before you went to college. [00:09:56] Scott Tingle: I did, yeah. [00:09:56] Host: So, what got you there? [00:09:57] Scott Tingle: Well, you know, I had a choice. I was in a community that was participating in the local vocational regional high school. [00:10:04] Host: Oh, okay. [00:10:04] Scott Tingle: Blue Hills Regional. Or I could go to the town of Randolph High School for that. And the high school was at the time was a good high school and it had a lot of your standard academic things, and you know, people that went to college went to there. [00:10:19] Host: Yeah. [00:10:19] Scott Tingle: All this stuff. But the vocational school drugs were starting to get on the rise, and things like that. But, so the vocational school at that point was kind of had me interested right from the get go. I was really good with my hands. I like, you know, motorcycles and cars, and you know, things that fly. [00:10:39] Host: Yeah. [00:10:39] Scott Tingle: And all this other stuff. And, and they had a really good design program, for machine drafting. And so, I went there, and I got to experience. They had a great program. You go up to the, you start at the high school and you start in a shop. And I was in metal fabrication. And then I went to machine worker class, shop. And then towards the end of the year I went up to my choice, which was machine drafting. [00:11:06] Host: Okay. [00:11:06] Scott Tingle: And so by the time I got done with my sophomore year, I had experienced so many hands-on types of types of things. [00:11:15] Host: Right. [00:11:15] Scott Tingle: That would only help me as an engineer or as an operator of some machine like an airplane. [00:11:21] Host: Yeah. [00:11:21] Scott Tingle: A small, fast airplane. With weapons. [00:11:24] Host: Which, yeah. [00:11:25] Scott Tingle: With weapons. [00:11:26] Host: There you go. Which is eventually what you go into. But, you know, I talked with Joe Acaba before he launched, and he had a similar thing. And he didn't go to a vo-tech school, but he did have a welding class. And he had a teacher that really inspired him to pursue more of a science-technology, a STEM career. [00:11:45] Scott Tingle: Right. [00:11:46] Host: And maybe it was because it was hands-on. Maybe it was because of trust. Were the educators kind of influential to you, the teachers that were -- ? [00:11:53] Scott Tingle: They were influential from the standpoint of, if you want to do it, then do it. Go try it. Don't worry about failing, just do it, and we'll work it from there. They were very inspirational from that standpoint. At that timeframe, we did not have a lot of folks coming from this, this high school going to college. And I didn't think about that when I decided to go there. [00:12:16] Host: Really? [00:12:16] Scott Tingle: I just went there I thought they had a really good program. [00:12:19] Host: Yeah. [00:12:20] Scott Tingle: And, it turns out to be one of the best decisions I've ever made. By the time I was in eleventh grade, I was already working part-time as a machine draftsman. And then on my senior year, because I had excelled on a lot of the, the program requirements, instead of going to school on my shop weeks, I would go to work. [00:12:41] Host: Oh. [00:12:41] Scott Tingle: And so that, I saved up enough money to get me through my first year of college. And so, I never would have gone to college had I not had that opportunity. [00:12:48] Host: How about that? [00:12:49] Scott Tingle: Yeah. [00:12:49] Host: Well, what was it someone or some event that inspired you? That says you know what yeah, I want to take that next step and go to college? [00:12:56] Scott Tingle: Well, you know, I decided very early that I really wanted to be an astronaut. [00:13:02] Host: Hey, all right. [00:13:03] Scott Tingle: And I mean very young. Before junior high school, before you know, before I was in school. And, and I was looking for ways to do that. And I knew that becoming an engineer would be a good thing because the next step is I want to be a pilot. And then after a pilot I want to be a test pilot. And then after a test pilot I want to try to be an astronaut. And so, to me, that was the path. And when I looked at it, I was like, okay do I like doing all of these things? And if I never get any higher than engineer, is that good enough? Absolutely yes, I would enjoy that. That would be great, and so that's how I kind of worked stepping through those goals. And the vocational background just made that. You know having an engineer that actually has been down and bent metal, and drilled holes and put things together and seeing how it doesn't work and how it could work. [00:13:53] Host: Yeah. [00:13:53] Scott Tingle: Huge benefit to any design team. [00:13:55] Host: Did it help you visualize it? [00:13:57] Scott Tingle: Absolutely. [00:13:57] Host: Yeah. [00:13:58] Scott Tingle: Absolutely, and when somebody comes up from the shop and says "Hey, I can't get these things to work." You know, I go okay let's go look at the drawings. It's like oh okay. The tolerances are too tight. It's not realistic. You know, we don't have the control processes on the floor to actually make these tolerances work so we have to widen them up. Just having that knowledge and having that trust that when somebody from the floor comes up and says "Hey, why don't you design it like this, we really need it like this." To listen to them. [00:14:24] Host: Yeah. [00:14:24] Scott Tingle: You know. [00:14:24] Host: Because it gave you perspective. [00:14:26] Scott Tingle: Absolutely. [00:14:26] Host: It gave you perspective on both ends. [00:14:28] Scott Tingle: Absolutely. [00:14:28] Host: The design, you know, looking at paper. But then also [00:14:31] Scott Tingle: Absolutely. [00:14:31] Host: Looking at, you know, thinking about the machines [inaudible]. [00:14:33] Scott Tingle: Absolutely. [00:14:34] Host: So, why mechanical? [00:14:36] Scott Tingle: Well, the college I went to only had mechanical. [00:14:40] Host: Mechanical engineering, yeah. [00:14:41] Scott Tingle: At the time. [00:14:42] Scott Tingle: And so, so I went, decided to do that but I, tried to specialize and take as many courses as I could in the thermal sciences. Because I had a big interest in thermodynamics and airplanes. [00:14:53] Host: Yeah. [00:14:54] Scott Tingle: And gas dynamics, and fluid mechanics, and heat transfer is all what makes airplanes fly. [00:15:00] Host: Oh absolutely. [00:15:01] Scott Tingle: So, I did all of that. And by the way in Blue Hills Regional right now has a great program, engineering program now. It's pre-engineering and they send a lot of people to college now. [00:15:12] Host: Oh wow. [00:15:12] Scott Tingle: So they've transitioned, they've got a great equation going for -- . [00:15:15] Host: How about that? [00:15:15] Scott Tingle: For their students. Yeah, I couldn't be more proud of them. [00:15:17] Host: Well, I mean you, you kind of set the bar here when you were talking about your plan. I'm going to take all these steps to get to astronaut and then. [00:15:22] Scott Tingle: Yeah. [00:15:22] Host: The last two were test pilot, astronaut. [00:15:24] Scott Tingle: Yeah. [00:15:25] Host: Looking at your bio here, you followed it exactly. [00:15:27] Scott Tingle: I did. Yeah [00:15:28] Host: And, was that really part of the plan, that early? Like you knew that test pilot, astronaut was the last two steps from that early? [00:15:35] Scott Tingle: I did. [00:15:36] Host: Wow. [00:15:37] Scott Tingle: Yeah. I didn't expect, we're jumping ahead here a little bit here. [00:15:42] Host: Sure. [00:15:42] Scott Tingle: I at each step I really liked what I was doing. It was not easy to make the decision to stop being an engineer and go fly airplanes. [00:15:51] Host: Yeah. [00:15:51] Scott Tingle: For the Navy. And it was not easy to leave the operational community and go be a test pilot. It was not easy to say, hey thank you you've just offered me command of the Navy's biggest test squadron, but I'm going to go be an astronaut. It was not easy. [00:16:06] Host: Wow. [00:16:06] Scott Tingle: You know. [00:16:06] Host: Yeah. [00:16:07] Scott Tingle: But I had to stay true to my plan, and you know, if it wasn't hard, anybody would be doing it. [00:16:17] Host: Yeah, that's true. Because when you're thinking about it, you know, you think okay I'll just take that next step. But you're right, when you're in the moment, it's difficult. Especially when you enjoy your job which is-- . [00:16:25] Scott Tingle: Absolutely [00:16:25] Host: You know, they tell you, if you enjoy your job, that's, you're basically not working at that point because that's' the best part. [00:16:31] Scott Tingle: Absolutely. Yeah and the people involved in each one of those jobs, incredible. Incredible. [00:16:35] Host: Yeah. [00:16:35] Scott Tingle: People. Talented, motivated, dedicated, full of support. They all, you know, became good friends and colleagues. You know, they're my ex-bosses, ex-people that worked for me just friends in general. And I tell you what, when the cans light underneath me on December 17th, I'm going to be thinking of every one of those folks, and they're going to be coming with me to the space station. [00:16:57] Host: That's true. I mean, you're right, we are kind of jumping around a little bit. But kind of off that point, you know, you have to, you kind of work your way up. You worked, I think you were an engineer for a little bit then you were a pilot. But you're working with people in different scenarios. [00:17:12] Scott Tingle: Absolutely. [00:17:13] Host: They were both your coworkers, but then also you said you were a leader at some points, and somehow you had to manage. You know, what did you learn along the way and how to work with others, and then eventually manage others? [00:17:24] Scott Tingle: Yeah. So, my first real leadership job was, I had just gotten into the Navy I finished flight training and I joined my squadron. And I had been previously enlisted because I had to pay my way through college and I needed a job. And I was an ordnanceman E-3, E-4 type person. And so, I had a lot of experience on the floor, a lot of experience as a mechanic, and you know, working with ordinance and putting things on airplanes and cleaning toilets, and mopping floors and things like that. And when I got into this job, I had a lot of instant credibility because I had gone through that process. I had been them, you know, for six to eight years. And so, I was able to see dynamics in the community that I was in, and I was able to address problems before they became huge problems. I was able to achieve goals. I was able to stop people from doing silly things, you know, and help their families. And it was really inspiring to have that much impact on the people around you, positive impact. [00:18:31] Host: Wow. [00:18:32] Scott Tingle: And once, when I experienced that, you know, my life really started changing towards the teamwork, team-building relationships, leadership type things. It's really the core of everything we do. [00:18:45] Host: Even now, right? [00:18:46] Scott Tingle: Even now. [00:18:46] Host: You're seeing it now in astronaut training. [00:18:48] Scott Tingle: Absolutely [00:18:48] Host: it's not just an astronaut. There's a lot of people behind you, right? [00:18:51] Scott Tingle: Absolutely. Thousands, and thousands of people. [00:18:53] Host: Yeah, and they're all helping you to achieve the goals. [00:18:56] Scott Tingle: Yep. [00:18:56] Host: And running their own things too. [00:18:58] Scott Tingle: Yeah, thousands of people in 16 different countries. [00:19:01] Host: That's right. In terms of collaboration, this is pretty big. You're talking about global collaboration. [00:19:07] Scott Tingle: Yeah, absolutely. [00:19:08] Host: And you know, I'm sorry for jumping around for those who are listening because we're all over the place. But we'll go back to your school. You know, you went to get your mechanical engineering. Is it Southeastern Massachusetts University? [00:19:21] Scott Tingle: That's where I graduated from. [00:19:22] Host: Okay. [00:19:22] Scott Tingle: But they've recently changed names. [00:19:24] Host: Oh. [00:19:24] Scott Tingle: They're now University of Massachusetts in North Dartmouth. [00:19:26] Host: Oh, there you go. OH okay, in North Dartmouth. Okay, cool. But then you eventually pursued a Master's and I'm guessing that was part of your plan too. [00:19:31] Scott Tingle: Yes, and that was the Purdue University. [00:19:33] Host: Purdue University, cool. Did you, it says you, you were focusing mainly on fluid dynamics, or fluid mechanics and propulsion. [00:19:41] Scott Tingle: Yeah. [00:19:41] Host: What made you pursue that over other specialties? [00:19:44] Scott Tingle: Airplanes. [00:19:44] Host: There you go. Part of the plan, right? [00:19:48] Scott Tingle: Absolutely. [00:19:49] Host: Wow. So, what is it that, about propulsions that really kind of, you know, that really enjoyed? [00:19:56] Scott Tingle: Well -- . [00:19:56] Host: Because eventually you, worked for Aerospace Corporation and you were the propulsion department, right? [00:20:01] Scott Tingle: I was. Yeah. I liked rockets. [00:20:03] Host: Yeah. [00:20:04] Scott Tingle: You know, and big turbine engines, big powerful turbine engines. [00:20:07] Host: Yeah. [00:20:08] Scott Tingle: Jet fighters. There's a lot of heat, and there's a lot of science and theory that goes into how they run, how they work. And it's just, it just drew my interest. [00:20:18] Host: Absolutely. So what do you do for Aerospace Corporation? [00:20:20] Scott Tingle: I worked in their, in their propulsion department. I started off working, working shuttle solid motors. [00:20:28] Host: Oh, hey. [00:20:28] Scott Tingle: A little bit there. And for those that don't know. The Aerospace Corporation is federal, it used to be called Federally Contracted Resource Corporation. They've got a different name for it now. It's like RAND, it's like a think tank. [00:20:38] Host: Okay. [00:20:38] Scott Tingle: And there, there's positioned right next to Airforce Space Systems Command in El Segundo, California. [00:20:43] Host: Okay. [00:20:44] Scott Tingle: And they're really in charge of just kind of looking over the whole program. The details of the designs. Looking at the readiness of the vehicles. And offering their just thousands and thousands of years of experience on helping out the community. And then overlooking for the government the program and making sure things are ready. [00:21:05] Host: Yeah. [00:21:06] Scott Tingle: To blast off. [00:21:08] Host: Wow. So, doing the science and the engineering of the propulsion aspect. Was your next step applying for the Navy to be a pilot? [00:21:16] Scott Tingle: Yes. [00:21:16] Host: Okay, so did you have any flight experience before you did that? [00:21:19] Scott Tingle: I did. I had a few hundred hours. [00:21:20] Host: Okay. [00:21:21] Scott Tingle: When I was younger at, in my undergraduate at University of Massachusetts. [00:21:26] Host: Oh okay. [00:21:26] Scott Tingle: I had joined, enlisted in the Navy. [00:21:29] Host: Oh, so this is back in college you were already, okay. [00:21:31] Scott Tingle: Yeah. I did. I was 18. I enlisted. And I spent a couple summers at various boot camps. And, getting educated on how to load bombs on airplanes and things like that. [00:21:41] Host: Yeah. [00:21:41] Scott Tingle: And, but once of the benefits was you get the GI Bill and flight training qualified. So, I used some of my benefits to go get my private pilot's license, which I did. It took me three or four years. I was very slow, but I did it. And -- . [00:21:55] Host: During college? [00:21:56] Scott Tingle: During college. [00:21:57] Host: During college. [00:21:58] Scott Tingle: And I got it. And my first flight was I took my mom flying up to New Hampshire. [00:22:01] Host: Hey, cool. [00:22:02] Scott Tingle: Yeah, that was cool. [00:22:04] Host: Yeah. [00:22:04] Scott Tingle: That was a fun day. [00:22:05] Host: Absolutely [00:22:06] Scott Tingle: When I got to California, which has a huge aviation community in southern California, I met a guy who had a Pitts Special, which is very acrobatic, you know, limited to 12 or 13 gs. It will stall before you overstress it. [00:22:22] Host: Wow. [00:22:23] Scott Tingle: And we used to, I used to take lunch breaks and I used to go flying his Pitts Special right out of Hawthorne. Right where they're building SpaceX now. [00:22:31] Host: Wow. [00:22:32] Scott Tingle: Right out of Hawthorne Airport, and we'd fly out over Palos Verdes over the Spruce Goose, and the Queen Mary. And we'd do Lomcovaks, and spins, and rolls, and there used to be a guy that comes out of Santa Monica in it a Burt Rutan very easy. And he would always try to get on my six to try to shoot us. And so, we would just dogfight for a little bit. [00:22:52] Host: Wow. [00:22:52] Scott Tingle: And I'd always end up shooting him because he's got the canards and I was fairly smart. I knew that he couldn't pull forever. It was kind of, he was going to be limited. And so, I'd just bleed him down and then we'd go in for the kill. [00:23:03] Host: Wow. [00:23:03] Scott Tingle: And then, we'd come back, and we'd land, and I'd go back to work as an engineer. [00:23:07] Host: So, on your lunch breaks you were learning how to dogfight. How about that? [00:23:10] Scott Tingle: That was fun. [00:23:11] Host: I'm guessing you had lunch after you did all those crazy maneuvers, right, not before? [00:23:16] Scott Tingle: It depends. But there was, and you know, for those that think that "wow he can just take all these G-forces and it's no big deal." I had days where I was not feeling so good. [00:23:25] Host: Oh, yeah. [00:23:25] Scott Tingle: But I still went. [00:23:27] Scott Tingle: I never backed off, I just want you to know that. But the, but afterwards there was, there was a hamburger joint. It was just right on the way, it was like, really, kind of in a bad part of L.A. but it was kind of on East L.A. from between Hawthorne and where I worked. And I always used to stop and get a hamburger. And it was just the greasiest thing you've ever seen, but it just made me feel so much better. Yeah. After doing all the whiffer deals. [00:23:50] Host: Wow, how about that. How long were you in the air before you actually landed and then eventually got the burger? [00:23:55] Scott Tingle: That's usually about an hour, hour and a half or so. [00:23:57] Host: All right, that's a decent amount of experience too. So, there's, yeah. [00:24:00] Scott Tingle: It was very fun. I was very comfortable flying upside by the time I got into the Navy. [00:24:04] Host: So that probably helped you get into the Navy, right? [00:24:07] Scott Tingle: You know, I didn't list that as a qualification, because sometimes they look at that, you can learn bad habits. [00:24:13] Host: Oh I see. [00:24:13] Scott Tingle: That the military doesn't want you to have. [00:24:16] Host: Oh yeah. [00:24:16] Scott Tingle: And some of their worst students are folks that already know how to fly something. So, and I was warned about that, and so I just kept it to myself for a little while. [00:24:24] Host: Okay. [00:24:24] Scott Tingle: I had a couple of good instructors that they're like, "Okay, you obviously know how to fly. What's going on?" You know, and I told them. I was open about it. But, I said it's really important that you know, that I'm here to learn what you want me to learn. [00:24:36] Host: Yeah. [00:24:36] Scott Tingle: And there's 100 ways to peel the onion and I want to know how you want me to peel the onion. And so. [00:24:42] Host: Well I think that's the difference, that -- . [00:24:43] Scott Tingle: Yeah. [00:24:44] Host: You know, you actually went in with that mentality. Not the, "Oh, I know everything mentality." [00:24:47] Scott Tingle: Absolutely. [00:24:48] Host: You went in to learn. [00:24:49] Scott Tingle: Yeah. Yeah. [00:24:49] Host: So, you know, you went in as a Naval officer in '91 right, and then how long until you actually, you know, a Navy pilot? [00:24:56] Scott Tingle: '92. [00:24:57] Host: Oh, how about that. Wow. [00:24:59] Scott Tingle: Yeah. [00:24:59] Host: That's pretty quick. [00:25:00] Scott Tingle: It went fast. It went fast. And the program I went into, there were no gaps. A lot of folks, you know, if you go ROTC or Academy they'll give you orders to some other place for a year or two to kill some time. But I went right through. [00:25:13] Host: How about that. [00:25:14] Scott Tingle: It was fast. [00:25:15] Host: So what were some of the first things you were flying. [00:25:18] Scott Tingle: Well, I started off in the T-34C, was the Mentor I believe that's what they call it. And it was a single turbo prop. You know, it was fairly, it was one of the fastest things I'd ever flown at the time, but it was compared to the fighters it was very slow. But it was a nice little trainer. And we landed, we six months and you know, we kind of went through the equivalent of a private pilot's license. [00:25:40] Host: Okay. [00:25:41] Scott Tingle: From VFR type flying only. Then we moved into the T-2 Buckeye which I hated flying. It was so huge, my body did not fit in it. I couldn't reach anything. [00:25:50] Host: Wow. [00:25:50] Scott Tingle: And I couldn't see over the canopy, it was just -- and I had to bring this thing to the boat. You know, I was like oh my God. [00:25:56] Host: Oh. [00:25:56] Scott Tingle: It was really hard. But we used that one to actually go through and do some instrument training and some acrobatic training and formation flying. And then we did our first stent day only carrier landings out on the USS America. [00:26:11] Host: Wow. [00:26:11] Scott Tingle: Yeah, that's decommissioned now, but I got my first straps on the America. And, and then I graduated from that's intermediate, and went into advanced jet, which was the A-4. [00:26:23] Host: Okay. [00:26:24] Scott Tingle: Now the A-4. [00:26:25] Host: Little bit faster, right? [00:26:26] Scott Tingle: Folks talk about the A-4 and they're like, "God, I could never fit in that cockpit it was too small and it was just too tight, I couldn't move my arms." It was beautiful. One of my favorite airplane. [00:26:37] Host: Awesome. [00:26:38] Scott Tingle: It's all mechanical, no electronics or anything. You just start up the engines, the engine, and it either works or it doesn't. And the flight controls are all rod and tube, and cables. And so, you're just pushing stuff around, and you're like yep that's working. And it had mechanical leading edge slats. So, when you got slow, these things would pop down. And when you went fast they would pop up, all automatic. [00:27:01] Host: Oh wow. [00:27:02] Scott Tingle: It's just based off of dynamics, you know, aerodynamics when they you know, just slide up and down on these rails. [00:27:07] Host: Wow. [00:27:08] Scott Tingle: And the cockpit was so tight. It fits you like a glove. You know, and you could feel every little thing that that jet wanted you to do. And, you know, compared to jets today, the A-4's slow and bulky and whatever. But the roll rate, God it was, must have been about 320 degrees a second, maybe 300, it was really fast. In fact, the Angels used to fly them, the A-4 a long time ago because it had such a great roll rate. [00:27:32] Host: Wow. [00:27:33] Scott Tingle: But it's definitely one of the top two airplanes that I've ever flown. I love the, if I could buy an A-4, I would buy an A-4. [00:27:42] Host: Well how many, so you said it fit you like a glove, and you know, you're talking, can how many gs did that get up to? [00:27:47] Scott Tingle: You know, I think it was probably limited to probably 5 or so, 4 or 5. It wasn't a, they were old airplanes. And a lot of the limitations we have are for fatigue life, not what it can really take, so. [00:27:57] Host: Oh, okay. [00:27:57] Scott Tingle: Yeah, we didn't really fight those airplanes to max, max performance like that. [00:28:02] Host: Okay. [00:28:02] Scott Tingle: They were there for training and they worked out good. But we did a lot of form flying. We did a lot of night flying. And we brought that airplane to the ship as well, day only, but. [00:28:12] Host: Ah, yeah. Did it have lights or anything or was it just difficult to just fly at night? [00:28:17] Scott Tingle: Landing at the ship at night is the scariest thing you'll ever do. [00:28:21] Host: Oh. [00:28:22] Scott Tingle: And so, we offload that training to your final airplane with all the bells and whistles, the F-18 is the one I got. [00:28:31] Host: Oh okay. And, so, you know, going at night in an A-4, could it be done? Scott Tingle: Yeah, they used to do it all the time, but it's high risk. [00:28:39] Host: Yeah. Definitely. How about those first couple of times landing on the aircraft carrier? I'm sure that's a stressful time. [00:28:45] Scott Tingle: Yeah, it's very stressful. And you know, you're by yourself. [00:28:47] Host: Yeah, oh okay. [00:28:48] Scott Tingle: You want to talk about somebody giving you the keys and say here don't hurt yourself, you know, that's it. So, the T-2 was kind of okay, you know, I was, I did okay. I was never the, you know, the top gun of landing at the ship. When I got the A-4 my first landing was really hard. [00:29:06] Host: Oh. [00:29:07] Scott Tingle: And to the point where we thought we broke the airplane. And it was a bad grade. And since we only did I think six total landings, to pass I had to really do good on the last five. [00:29:18] Host: Oh wow. [00:29:19] Scott Tingle: Which I did. [00:29:20] Host: Okay. [00:29:20] Scott Tingle: I did really good. And I got through on that and a slightly above average or whatever. [00:29:25] Host: Cool. [00:29:25] Scott Tingle: And so that was fun. And then we got into the F-18 for the final, the final you know, airplane that I was assigned to fly, a bunch of new systems and a whole new way to think about operating off the ship. And it was very exciting. We did our first night landings in the F-18. [00:29:43] Host: Oh right, and I'm sure that was a stressful time too. [00:29:45] Scott Tingle: It was. [00:29:46] Host: Yeah. [00:29:46] Scott Tingle: You know, but you know night, you know, in the day time you can see everything. [00:29:49] Host: Yeah. [00:29:49] Scott Tingle: And the more you can see, the more scared you get. You know, at night time. [00:29:52] Host: Oh. [00:29:52] Scott Tingle: I can, you know, ignorance is bliss. I can't see the boat moving. I can't see anything, I'm just, I'm just doing what I have to do and I'm going to land. [00:30:00] Host: Watching your instruments probably? [00:30:01] Scott Tingle: Pretty much. We have a scan called meatball lineup angel of attack. [00:30:05] Host: Okay. [00:30:05] Scott Tingle: We look at the meatball that's on the ship. We look at the center line. And we have an angle of attack gauge. And then that's all we look at. [00:30:13] Host: So, I mean, how long until you transition from, you know, I'm sure this is all training right, until you were operational? [00:30:22] Scott Tingle: Yeah, so, I did my, I joined my first squadron in the end of 1994 and I deployed in 199-- the end of 1994. [00:30:32] Host: Okay. [00:30:32] Scott Tingle: And I spent the holidays of 1995 over in the Far East and Middle East. [00:30:38] Host: Okay. Cool. How long from there, what made you go to test pilot school, how did you get there? [00:30:45] Scott Tingle: Yeah, so I did, I was in the first squadron for the first set of orders is about three years. And I applied at the two-year mark. Having achieved, you know, the required minimum hours, it was like I can't remember I think it was like 1000 hours or something. But, and as I was going through it, a lot of folks hey you're too early, you've got to go get more experience. You've got to do whatever. And but had such an extensive engineering background I came back selected. And I was the youngest, I wasn't the youngest, but I was the junior person in my test pilot school class. [00:31:23] Host: Wow. [00:31:24] Scott Tingle: Yeah. [00:31:24] Host: How about that. [00:31:25] Scott Tingle: Yeah, yeah. That worked out good. [00:31:27] Host: Yeah, that's fantastic. I mean, thinking about test pilots you said, astronaut was in your mind since you were a kid. And I'm sure that test pilot was definitely the last step before astronaut because of heroes like the Mercury 7 and then those kinds of guys. Is that, that's why you wanted that path? [00:31:48] Scott Tingle: Well, I wanted, that was the thinking. [00:31:51] Host: Yeah. [00:31:51] Scott Tingle: I always had that goal as the icing on the cake. But being a test pilot, if that was as far as I got, I'm a happy man. It's a great way to make a living. You know. [00:32:00] Host: Yeah. [00:32:00] Scott Tingle: You get to work with some great people. You get to do some, some crazy things in airplanes. And you get to make things better for the folks that really need them on the front line. [00:32:09] Host: Yeah. [00:32:09] Scott Tingle: And so, to me it was just win-win. You know, at that point I was kind of like, well yeah I'd like to be an astronaut, but if it doesn't work out, this is not a bad job. [00:32:17] Host: Well, so for those who don't know, you know, just what is like the overall what is a test pilot if you had to describe it? [00:32:24] Scott Tingle: Yeah. So, you're connecting engineering to users. [00:32:27] Host: Okay. [00:32:28] Scott Tingle: Okay, so when Google goes out and creates this new subroutine, or this new platform or something, they don't just sit there in their box and design it and then sell it. They bring people in from the frontline, you, or beta testers or whatever. And they go, "Hey, this is what we're thinking. What do you see wrong with it? Do you, can you try this out and give us your comments on it? Hey, what do you think about these design, you know, characteristics?" And then, so they're connecting the user to engineering. And so, the engineering test pilot does exactly that. You know, we have experience on the front lines, whether flying combat or flying form a ship, or flying whatever vehicle it is. But we also have an extensive engineering background. And so, they train us to be able to connect the dots between the two communities. And actually provide a better product over all to the, to the operators, to the users that have to be effective, but also to the business managers because they don't want to have to redo this product at the end of the, at the end of the life cycle. [00:33:28] Host: Yeah, so you're doing feedback both ways. [00:33:30] Scott Tingle: Absolutely. [00:33:31] Host: You say, you know, you're living, you're living these designed aircraft, but then you're also [00:33:35] Scott Tingle: Absolutely. [00:33:35] Host: Going backwards and saying "Hey, fix this." [00:33:37] Scott Tingle: Absolutely. [00:33:37] Host: "This needs to be tweaked there." [00:33:38] Scott Tingle: Absolutely. [00:33:38] Host: I'm sure that's wise. That must have been the thinking of why they selected test pilots for the Mercury 7 is because they were the ones that had this experience. You're designing brand new space craft. [00:33:48] Scott Tingle: Absolutely. [00:33:48] Host: And you need that sort of feedback. [00:33:49] Scott Tingle: Absolutely. Absolutely. [00:33:50] Host: So, you said you were working with, you know, you were working with some great people. [00:33:55] Scott Tingle: Yeah. [00:33:55] Host: So how was that relationship, you know, with the operational side but then also the engineering side? [00:33:59] Scott Tingle: Well, there's always little things that go back and forth, "Well you're a test guy, we're talking tactics. Get out of here." [00:34:05] Host: I'm sure, yeah. [00:34:05] Scott Tingle: You know, and they'll rib you a little bit, but as I got older and more senior, you know, I went to test pilot school in '96, '97. And so, here we are you know, 20 years later, with, and I've only, I've been at NASA for 8 years, so you know, 12 years after test pilot school I was working either as a test pilot or as an operational combat pilot. You know, in the Navy we go back and forth. The Air Force doesn't quite do it like that, but the Navy goes back and forth. So, you're always just kind of changing groups and communities and things like that. But, during my second year as a test pilot, I was at the courier suit department. I was actually the lead for the department. And so, anything that went to the ship had to come through us. And we, you know, the new airplanes, new systems, you know, whatever it was, and we'd actually go out and certify the ships as safe for flight on their systems. And we tweaked their systems and make sure they were working just right. [00:35:00] Host: Yeah. [00:35:00] Scott Tingle: And we'd get calls from folks in Bahrain, you know, they're in the Persian Gulf and hey, our systems somethings off. You know, we've had a couple near misses here can you come out. And we'd get a team together and go out and we'd look at it and fix it. [00:35:13] Host: Oh, cool. [00:35:14] Scott Tingle: And do what we needed to do. But the, that whole process, you know, you're working with military folks, you're working with civil servants, and you're working with contractors. [00:35:24] Host: Yeah. [00:35:25] Scott Tingle: And they all had different ideas on what's better, you know, what the fleet needs, how things should work. And when you get them all together, and if you're patient, man the team can pick up character and a personality of its own. And the product that comes out is just absolutely amazing. Those folks, they are just great Americans. They are great people. They love their job. And they want to do nothing more than just support the troops 110%. [00:35:53] Host: Wow. [00:35:53] Scott Tingle: And so, seeing all that come to work and being in the middle of it as a test pilot, somebody that's connecting all of those folks together really, really rewarding. [00:36:04] Host: Absolutely. So how has that translated to working with folks here at NASA. I'm guessing there's, it's a similar relationship, right? [00:36:10] Scott Tingle: It's absolutely the same. [00:36:12] Host: Yeah. [00:36:12] Scott Tingle: And, whether you're working commercial vehicles, or you're working Orion, or you're working International Space Station and current operations, you've got people all over the world, 16 to 18 different countries at any given time. And, you've got new systems, new experiments, new things coming up. And having that skill of being able to pull a team together and really kind of figure out what's the right answer here, is just and watching it work is just inspiring. [00:36:43] Host: Yeah. [00:36:43] Scott Tingle: I look at some of these teams and then the support that they're doing, they're in here on the weekends. They're you know, somethings going wrong on the station they ramp up and they put the put down whatever they're working on and they go work this project, you know, 24/7 for six or seven days straight. You know, living on coffee and energy drinks. And I tell you what, I come out of some of these meetings and some of these experiences, and I'm just so inspired by these folks. It's just incredible. [00:37:07] Host: Absolutely. I mean, you being an astronaut I'm sure you've worked with some veteran astronauts before who have been in space and kind of know the, and so how, I'm guessing, you know, how have they communicated in a very test pilot sort of fashion to others? You know, how does that relationship work with you know, you've lived in space, you know how this works. You know, how does that work? [00:37:27] Scott Tingle: Yeah, so it's, that can be a little bit tricky. [00:37:29] Host: Okay. [00:37:30] Scott Tingle: Because you know, even though folks may have formal training, we've got a lot of folks that don't have formal training. And that's consistent with civilian commercial operations. Not everybody goes through an engineering curriculum or a test pilot curriculum. [00:37:44] Host: Yeah. [00:37:45] Scott Tingle: Or, a flight engineer curriculum. [00:37:47] Host: Right. [00:37:47] Scott Tingle: But it's really important to include all those people because there's different perspectives. [00:37:52] Host: Yes. [00:37:52] Scott Tingle: And, the users are a very diverse group. And that's really good. The bad part is, is that everybody's got a different idea sometimes. And getting those ideas together and figuring out the right path forward can be challenging to do that. And, the astronaut office tries very hard to make this happen so that the program doesn't get a bunch of different perspectives and different directions. They kind of know, and the folks in the community whether you're in the program or on the operator side or on the flight director side, or on the flight controller side, they all understand the dynamic. And so, they're all very good. If they need a no kid in, this is the answer. They will come back and go we want a formal memo stating the answer. And so, and then the meetings start, and we figure out what we want to do. [00:38:44] Host: Absolutely. [00:38:45] Scott Tingle: For that. But it's a complicated process, but you know, again, if it was easy, you know, we'd be flying to space hundreds of years ago. [00:38:54] Host: Yeah, it's true. Yeah. Now space flight doesn't really have a reputation of being the easy thing, you know, the easy job to go into. Especially with that much going and that many people involved. [00:39:04] Scott Tingle: Right. [00:39:04] Host: You know, obviously there's challenges, but, you know, your background as a test pilot like you said before, when you were a test pilot working with operators and engineers, contractors, everyone, everyone getting together and becoming that team. [00:39:15] Scott Tingle: Right. [00:39:16] Host: You know, that's you know, that translates pretty. [00:39:18] Scott Tingle: It's amazing. [00:39:18] Host: Pretty directly. You know, so, what were the steps for you to go from test pilot to astronaut? You know, where was that, what came up where you were like now's the time to apply? [00:39:30] Scott Tingle: Well, it's funny you should ask. I think I applied somewhere between four and five times. [00:39:37] Host: Oh, how about that. [00:39:39] Scott Tingle: Yeah. And my first job out of being, out of test pilot school. And I loved test pilot school. It was an applied engineering course that you got to fly airplanes. And I flew 22 airplanes while I was just in test pilot school. [00:39:55] Host: Wow. [00:39:55] Scott Tingle: Which was the highest that they had seen in a long time. I was trying to, I was jumping into different airplanes any chance I could. [00:40:01] Host: Just say yes to everything. [00:40:02] Scott Tingle: Let's go. Absolutely. [00:40:03] Host: Yeah. [00:40:03] Scott Tingle: And, so, you know, I put in my first application as when I was working as an operational test pilot at China Lake. And so, we were the first guys, we were the guys to IOC, which means initial operational configuration of the Super Hornet. The F-18 E and F. [00:40:26] Host: Okay. [00:40:27] Scott Tingle: And so, I spent two years out there putting that airplane through its operational paces so that the fleet could take it and go operate in the desert where they didn't go off in boats and things like that. But that wasn't considered developmental tests. It wasn't considered a huge test pilot job. Although, that experience I had at VX-9 at China Lake was the most valuable experience I have had that relates to what I'm doing on a day to day basis here at Johnson Space Center. [00:40:56] Host: Oh wow. [00:40:56] Scott Tingle: Yeah. It's just a community cliché kind of thing. You know, if they're going to hire somebody, they're going to hire somebody with developmental test experience. And I'm going to, hopefully we can a look at that and maybe open that up a little bit as we move forward into the future here. [00:41:13] Host: Right. [00:41:14] Scott Tingle: But, so I had to go back. And I did a leadership tour in the Navy, you know, that lasted five years, six years. [00:41:21] Host: Oh. [00:41:22] Scott Tingle: You know, or so, and then I went to my second test tour. The whole time I was putting in applications every couple of years every time they had it. And it went, went, went, went, went. And then on the last time I was carrier sue department head at Pax River, really liking what I was doing. When I was moving into the program to be an assistant program manager, and I just screened for command, I was going to command VX-23 which is the Navy's biggest test squadron. [00:41:43] Host: Wow. [00:41:44] Scott Tingle: And, it was just absolutely a dream come true. And I was like, looking at my application for the 2009 class. I was like, well, I got to go to my grave knowing I tried as hard as I could. I updated a couple little things, and then threw it in the application. And lo and behold I got a call. It said, why don't you come down and talk to us. It was like, okay. And I'm kind of old. No, come on down. So, we came down. We had a good interview, came out for the second. Had a good interview and then I got the call to be an astronaut. But I had kind of given up a little bit. I didn't give up totally, but I was kind of seeing some writing on the wall that my path was going to be leadership in the United States Navy and having a great career there. [00:42:26] Host: Okay. [00:42:27] Scott Tingle: But then, I got this call to come be an astronaut and I couldn't resist. [00:42:31] Host: Of course. [00:42:31] Scott Tingle: Like I said earlier, it was a hard decision. [00:42:33] Host: Yeah. [00:42:34] Scott Tingle: It wasn't easy, but I had to do it. [00:42:36] Host: Right. Wow. So was it, I mean you said you were going back and forth putting applications in. Is that where you, you know, you realize okay I need that developmental experience. Yeah? [00:42:47] Scott Tingle: So, and I had a couple folks here that I had talked to on and off. And, you know, I was always the geek that would surf the new guys that got selected. And then I'd email or call them out of the blue, and go hey how did you do it? And a lot of them were really good folks that helped me out with some good. In fact, I was trying to decide whether I wanted to go in the Navy or go in the Air Force to be a pilot when I was working as an engineer. And then one class got selected and it was Taco out at, he had just gotten selected from the Navy side. And I called him, and he was one of the guys that actually answered his phone. And I was like, hey, I'm trying to decide if I want to be an Air Force pilot or a Navy pilot. And it was quiet. And then I hear this. Boy, there ain't nothing like flying off the ship. The next day I signed up at the Navy. [00:43:42] Host: No way, next day? All right there it is. I've made up my mind. How about that. I should have asked you before, why Navy over Air Force because -- . [00:43:50] Scott Tingle: You know, I was actually probably leaning towards the Navy a little bit more because I was enlisted in the Navy, you know, during that time frame. [00:43:58] Host: Makes sense. [00:43:58] Scott Tingle: Yeah. So, it was an easier transition. But the Air Force has some really nice machines and some good communities. [00:44:05] Host: Yeah. [00:44:05] Scott Tingle: That are very, very interesting. [00:44:07] Host: Absolutely. But you know, even back then, you know, you were calling up astronauts asking them, you know, what did you do to get to where you are. And that astronaut made it very clear. [00:44:17] Scott Tingle: [laughter] Exactly. [00:44:19] Host: There you go. [00:44:20] Scott Tingle: I may not make it to the astronaut corner, but I'm sure as hell going to fly off the ship. [00:44:23] Host: Yeah. Wow. All right. So, taking that Navy experience and you know, your first couple years of astronaut training. You know, we only have a couple minutes here. But, you know, how has that helped you, your experience in the Navy with especially, I'm guessing, the T-38 was kind of not a nice transition flying more aircraft. [00:44:42] Scott Tingle: Yeah, it absolutely was. The T-38's a really fun airplane to fly. And the ones we have here, if you've ever been out to Ellington and met those, the maintainers out there, phenomenal. Phenomenal mechanics and structural guys. They absolutely, those airplanes are 50 years old. [00:44:59] Host: Wow. [00:44:59] Scott Tingle: Plus, and the amount of rework and care and TLC they put into those things, it's absolutely amazing. They're a dream to fly. It's like getting into a new car every time. And they're just such good care about that. It's really impressive. It makes me not want to fly them because I don't want to break them, you know. But they're really fun to fly. The Navy experience was really valuable from a grit perspective, you know, flying in a cockpit that's hot well maybe the systems aren't working right, or you lose an engine. Or you're in a poopy soup because your flying out over the cold water and you're having a hard time moving and breathing. [00:45:40] Host: Oh, yeah. [00:45:41] Scott Tingle: And you learn to overcome these things by just focusing on the things you need to focus on. [00:45:46] Host: Yeah. [00:45:47] Scott Tingle: I call it being on government time. You know, it's okay I'm working for the man right now. I can't quit, I got to keep going. And then, and so that you know, the Marines call it you know, we'll say Semper Fi, never leave a man behind, or whatever. And they just drive through it the Seals, they just drive through the pain. They drive through the challenge. They drive through the frustration. And you get a lot of that in the, with flying in the Navy to make things work out right. But the big thing I take away from all of that experience is the oodles, and oodles of people working behind the scenes to make an operation happen. You can be the guy that goes out and jumps in the cockpit, but the cockpit you're jumping into that airplane was just worked on by probably 30 people. You know, and it was probably you have a whole support of thousands of people making sure the systems are designed right and are working right and are the logistics chain to get them the parts to you, to keep them running. [00:46:44] Host: Yeah. [00:46:44] Scott Tingle: And then you have all the operational people who are feeding you the intelligence you need, the information you need to have a safe flight plan. You know, and all the trainers that have taught you how to fly safe formation, keep safe tactics, and certified you in combat operations. And then you have people on the ship making sure you're not going to fly into the back of the boat, and making sure you can come home and get that slider at the end of the night. [00:47:09] Host: Yeah. [00:47:09] Scott Tingle: For that. And so, to me, putting that all together, you know, it's just all of my friends working together to make the mission happen. [00:47:18] Host: How about that. [00:47:19] Scott Tingle: It's the most inspiring thing I've ever seen. [00:47:21] Host: Fantastic. Well, you're going to be launching here soon. And I think, I'm not sure when we're going to release the podcast, maybe before or after your flight. But, you know, you're going to be going up soon here, in December. What are some of the things we can look forward to seeing you do on orbit. Do you have, you know, EVAs planned some special experiments or some social media that you're going to be doing? [00:47:41] Scott Tingle: Yeah. So, we'll be doing some social media a little bit. I'm going to hand it off to Craig Bernard up at CB office there. [00:47:47] Host: Sure. [00:47:48] Scott Tingle: He'll help keep me out of trouble. We're going to do some things there that can get ourselves into trouble pretty good. So, I'll send down some ideas to him, and he'll follow through. And he'll filter out the things that will get us into trouble. Right, Craig? And then. [00:48:00] Host: He's listening. [00:48:01] Scott Tingle: Yeah, we'll definitely be doing some science up there. You'll be seeing the little experiments up there. We do have some EVAs coming up. I don't know if I'm going to be going outside or working as the IV inside helping the other folks go outside. Okay. [00:48:13] Host: We are going to be capturing some vehicles. Some dragons, some sickness I think. We'll be doing some robotics there as well for that. And then we'll be doing a lot of educational outreach events as we call down to different schools, different locations to you know, say hey and say come work in the space community because it's cool. [00:48:33] Scott Tingle: Yeah. [00:48:34] Host: Go, you know, study science technology engineering math, you know, become a test pilot, do whatever you've got to do to do your dream. [00:48:41] Scott Tingle: Absolutely. [00:48:41] Host: And you know, maybe follow Scott Tingle's path and plan it out from an early age. [00:48:45] Scott Tingle: Yeah, you know talking about the test pilot thing, obviously that's very interesting to me. That's my career path. It's you know, flying the heat is just absolutely wonderful great experience. But, you know, the space community has all types. We have mathematicians. We have scientists. We have advertising specialists. We have, you know, marketing. We have PAOs. We have all types of folks involved in this community. So, no matter what your love is. If you want to apply that towards space, there is room for here in this community. [00:49:22] Host: I love it. That is the perfect place to end it. We'll do it right there. Well, Maker, thank you so much for coming on the show. For the listeners, just stay tuned to after the music here to learn how you can follow Maker on his journey and some of the, some of the other accounts on where you can follow along on the International Space Station journey. So, again, Maker thanks again for taking this time. And you know, best of luck on your launch and finishing up your training in the next couple months. And your six-month increment aboard the International Space Station. [00:49:51] Scott Tingle: That's right. Thank you so much. And it's definitely time to get busy. Chop chop, Hubba bubba. [00:49:56] [ Music ] [00:50:21] Host: Hey thanks for sticking around. So, today we talked with Scott Tingle. He goes by the call sign Maker. So, if you go on Twitter he is @astro_maker. And if you follow along on his journey. He said Craig Bernard is going to be doing the bulk of the work. But trust me, once he gets up there and he sees that, the view of the Earth from 250 miles above the Earth it's going to be hard to not take pictures of all the beautiful sights. And he'll be sharing that during his journey aboard the International Space Station for the next couple months. So, that's @Astro_Maker. If you follow the International Space Station go to nasa.gov/iss or if you go on social media, Facebook, Twitter, Instagram you know we've talked about this a bunch of times before. But again, just go to the International Space Station, all the verified accounts. Twitter @Space_Station Instagram @iss, and you can follow along on the journey there. If you the use the hashtag #AskNASA on your favorite platform, you can submit an idea. Trust me I do look at them, and I've already made changes to the show because of some of the suggestions. You guys have been sending in. So, again, thank you very much. [00:51:21] Just make sure to mention "Houston We Have a Podcast" that way it's easy for me to search. And I can find your query. Because #AskNASA, you know, that's everybody asks NASA everything. There's a lot of questions that come about. So, we try to answer as much as we can. But for "Houston We Have a Podcast", just, that'll help me out a lot. So, this podcast was recorded on September 25, 2017. Thanks to Alex Perryman, John Stoll, Pat Ryan, and John Streeter. Thanks again to Captain Scott Tingle for coming on the show. We'll be back next week.

  18. HWHAP_Ep2_Your 2017 Astrounaut Class

    NASA Image and Video Library

    2017-07-14

    right, that's a new aircraft that's coming online for all of the service branches and I think each service branch has some modifications to suit their various platforms but certainly one of the newest and probably most cutting edge pieces of technology coming into the military and he's been responsible for leading a significant portion of the testing efforts around that in relation to the U.S. Airforce. Host: So he'll be good with kind of familiarizing himself with brand new space craft and figuring stuff out, learning the quirks. I know coming up here we got some new spacecraft that the astronauts are going to fly, right. We got the SpaceX crew dragon and the Boeing Star liner. They're actually going to be flying these brand-new vehicles on top of other things. You know, you got the Orion capsule too so he's going to be very good probably at, a good person to pilot that. He also has a Master's degree from MIT in aeronautics and astronautics. So he's very familiar with the skies and beyond, I guess. Anne Roemer: Yeah, we hope so. Host: Okay so Matt Dominick, a Lt. Commander in the U.S. Navy, also some engineering experience and a pilot serving in FA-18 E pilot strike fire squadron. 1,600 hours of flight time over several combat missions. We've got quite a few pilots I guess, I think, I forget the number, 4? Anne Roemer: 3, we hired 3 pilots in this class. So you have Matt, Matt certainly I think will add a lot to this class as well. One of the things that probably isn't on his resume but we had the pleasure of learning about through the interview processes, also he's a really great cooks, so. I'm sure that will enhance the experience for his classmates. Host: For sure have you seen some of the things that Jack Fisher is making onboard too? He takes pictures of them, he makes like crazy burritos and all kinds of stuff. Anne Roemer: Yeah, so Matt should be well prepared for that and certainly right, we were fortunate to have him here last week for the event. When we

  19. hwhap_Ep20_ Special Delivery

    NASA Image and Video Library

    2017-11-22

    training team a week or two prior to each vehicle showing up, so we remember you're looking here, not here, based on whatever the vehicle was, and using certain cues to help get the vehicle onboard. Matthew Buffington: I'd imagine no matter how much you train on that, and I'm sure there's simulations and different things of remoting the giant robotic arm, I imagine once you're doing that for the first time, it's got to be nerve-wracking, because you're like, this is a very expensive toy, I don't want to mess this up. Shane Kimbrough: Yeah, it was on the first time. And again, we got several opportunities, so I won't say it became less important, but you got more comfortable with it. But, it is a big deal. And I really wanted Tomas, the French astronaut I was flying with, to get a lot of experiment. So, when we were together, I grabbed the first one, and after that I let him grab all the other ones, to get his experience level up. And he'll go fly again here in a few years, hopefully, and be able to use all that experience to help his crewmates out when he's onboard. Gary Jordan: Definitely. When you're training to capture these things, like Matt was saying, when you're in the real thing, it's a little bit different, but the training, I've seen it before. It's pretty detailed. There's a projection of, it's like a, I don't know, describe the training. Shane Kimbrough: We have this, we call it a dome facility, because that's what it is, and the graphics are just fantastic. And it gives you the sense of speed in which things are coming together, and the rats that you're coming are very good. But, it's just not the real thing. It's like our pool. Our pool is amazing to train for space walks, but it's not the real thing. There are differences. And until you get up there -- and now, we're in the Cupola, we're flying almost all of these out of the Kupla, which maybe think about you're upside down flying it, so spatially you've got to get your head around where are the arms moving