Sample records for target height effects

  1. Boys with a simple delayed puberty reach their target height.

    PubMed

    Cools, B L M; Rooman, R; Op De Beeck, L; Du Caju, M V L

    2008-01-01

    Final height in boys with delayed puberty is thought to be below target height. This conclusion, however, is based on studies that included patients with genetic short stature. We therefore studied final height in a group of 33 untreated boys with delayed puberty with a target height >-1.5 SDS. Standing height, sitting height, weight and arm span width were measured in each patient. Final height was predicted by the method of Greulich and Pyle using the tables of Bailey and Pinneau for retarded boys at their bone age (PAH1) and the tables of Bailey and Pinneau for average boys plus six months (PAH2). Mean final height (175.8 +/- 6.5 cm) was appropriate for the mean target height (174.7 +/- 4.5 cm). The prediction method of Bailey and Pinneau overestimated the final height by 1.4 cm and the modified prediction method slightly underestimated the final height (-0.15 cm). Boys with untreated delayed puberty reach a final height appropriate for their target height. Final height was best predicted by the method of Bailey and Pinneau using the tables for average boys at their bone age plus six months. Copyright 2008 S. Karger AG, Basel.

  2. Modeling determinants of growth: evidence for a community-based target in height?

    PubMed

    Aßmann, Christian; Hermanussen, Michael

    2013-07-01

    Human growth is traditionally envisaged as a target-seeking process regulated by genes, nutrition, health, and the state of an individual's social and economic environment; it is believed that under optimal physical conditions, an individual will achieve his or her full genetic potential. Using a panel data set on individual height increments, we suggest a statistical modeling approach that characterizes growth as first-order trend stationary and allows for controlling individual growth tempo via observable measures of individual maturity. A Bayesian framework and corresponding Markov-chain Monte Carlo techniques allowing for a conceptually stringent treatment of missing values are adapted for parameter estimation. The model provides evidence for the adjustment of the individual growth rate toward average height of the population. The increase in adult body height during the past 150 y has been explained by the steady improvement of living conditions that are now being considered to have reached an optimum in Western societies. The current investigation questions the notion that the traditional concept in the understanding of this target-seeking process is sufficient. We consider an additional regulator that possibly points at community-based target seeking in growth.

  3. Target-adaptive polarimetric synthetic aperture radar target discrimination using maximum average correlation height filters.

    PubMed

    Sadjadi, Firooz A; Mahalanobis, Abhijit

    2006-05-01

    We report the development of a technique for adaptive selection of polarization ellipse tilt and ellipticity angles such that the target separation from clutter is maximized. From the radar scattering matrix [S] and its complex components, in phase and quadrature phase, the elements of the Mueller matrix are obtained. Then, by means of polarization synthesis, the radar cross section of the radar scatters are obtained at different transmitting and receiving polarization states. By designing a maximum average correlation height filter, we derive a target versus clutter distance measure as a function of four transmit and receive polarization state angles. The results of applying this method on real synthetic aperture radar imagery indicate a set of four transmit and receive angles that lead to maximum target versus clutter discrimination. These optimum angles are different for different targets. Hence, by adaptive control of the state of polarization of polarimetric radar, one can noticeably improve the discrimination of targets from clutter.

  4. 47 CFR 80.763 - Effective antenna height.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-10-01

    ... 47 Telecommunication 5 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Effective antenna height. 80.763 Section 80.763... MARITIME SERVICES Standards for Computing Public Coast Station VHF Coverage § 80.763 Effective antenna height. The effective height of the antenna is the vertical distance between the center of the radiating...

  5. 47 CFR 80.763 - Effective antenna height.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ... 47 Telecommunication 5 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Effective antenna height. 80.763 Section 80.763... MARITIME SERVICES Standards for Computing Public Coast Station VHF Coverage § 80.763 Effective antenna height. The effective height of the antenna is the vertical distance between the center of the radiating...

  6. 47 CFR 80.763 - Effective antenna height.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-10-01

    ... 47 Telecommunication 5 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Effective antenna height. 80.763 Section 80.763... MARITIME SERVICES Standards for Computing Public Coast Station VHF Coverage § 80.763 Effective antenna height. The effective height of the antenna is the vertical distance between the center of the radiating...

  7. 47 CFR 80.763 - Effective antenna height.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... 47 Telecommunication 5 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Effective antenna height. 80.763 Section 80.763... MARITIME SERVICES Standards for Computing Public Coast Station VHF Coverage § 80.763 Effective antenna height. The effective height of the antenna is the vertical distance between the center of the radiating...

  8. 47 CFR 80.763 - Effective antenna height.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-10-01

    ... 47 Telecommunication 5 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Effective antenna height. 80.763 Section 80.763... MARITIME SERVICES Standards for Computing Public Coast Station VHF Coverage § 80.763 Effective antenna height. The effective height of the antenna is the vertical distance between the center of the radiating...

  9. Measurement and Comparison of Taekwondo and Yongmudo Turning Kick Impact Force for Two Target Heights

    PubMed Central

    O’Sullivan, David; Chung, Chulsoo; Lee, Kikwang; Kim, Euihwan; Kang, Sungchul; Kim, Taewhan; Shin, Insik

    2009-01-01

    The primary purpose of this research was to compare the impact characteristics of Taekwondo (TKD) and Yongmudo (YMD) player’s turning kick according to the target height. 5 highly skilled YMD and 5 TKD players participated in this study. To measure the impact force, two accelerometers were fixed to a PVC pipe in a sandbag. Each participant performed 10 turning kicks trunk and face height in random order. Only the trial with the most accurate (most central impact) measurement was used in the statistical analysis (p < 0.05).There was a significant difference for impact force according to the target height approximately 6400 ± 898 N, 6393 ± 1382 N for the mid section and 5419 ± 659 N, 5475 ± 1293 N for the high section of TKD and YMD groups, but not between groups. The swing phase for the TKD group was significantly shorter than the YMD group’s. The TKD groups’ recovery phase of the trunk height turning kick was significantly shorter. There was a difference in the players’ center of mass (COM) movement as the TKD players’ moved significantly more forward, suggesting that the TKD players tended to slide towards the target during the execution of the kick. In conclusion, as the turning kick was performed quicker by the TKD players with a similar impact force and more forward motion, it is evaluated to be a better technique of turning kicking. Key Points This impact force measuring device had a significantly smaller standard deviation then that of impact force measuring devices. There was a significant difference between the impact forces according to the height approximately 6400 ± 898N, 6393 ± 1382N for the mid section and 5419 ± 659N, 5475 ± 1293N for the high section of TKD and YMD groups. The turning kick was performed quicker by the TKD players with a similar impact force and more forward motion. PMID:24474880

  10. Global effects of income and income inequality on adult height and sexual dimorphism in height.

    PubMed

    Bogin, Barry; Scheffler, Christiane; Hermanussen, Michael

    2017-03-01

    Average adult height of a population is considered a biomarker of the quality of the health environment and economic conditions. The causal relationships between height and income inequality are not well understood. We analyze data from 169 countries for national average heights of men and women and national-level economic factors to test two hypotheses: (1) income inequality has a greater association with average adult height than does absolute income; and (2) neither income nor income inequality has an effect on sexual dimorphism in height. Average height data come from the NCD-RisC health risk factor collaboration. Economic indicators are derived from the World Bank data archive and include gross domestic product (GDP), Gross National Income per capita adjusted for personal purchasing power (GNI_PPP), and income equality assessed by the Gini coefficient calculated by the Wagstaff method. Hypothesis 1 is supported. Greater income equality is most predictive of average height for both sexes. GNI_PPP explains a significant, but smaller, amount of the variation. National GDP has no association with height. Hypothesis 2 is rejected. With greater average adult height there is greater sexual dimorphism. Findings support a growing literature on the pernicious effects of inequality on growth in height and, by extension, on health. Gradients in height reflect gradients in social disadvantage. Inequality should be considered a pollutant that disempowers people from the resources needed for their own healthy growth and development and for the health and good growth of their children. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

  11. Effects of laterality and pitch height of an auditory accessory stimulus on horizontal response selection: the Simon effect and the SMARC effect.

    PubMed

    Nishimura, Akio; Yokosawa, Kazuhiko

    2009-08-01

    In the present article, we investigated the effects of pitch height and the presented ear (laterality) of an auditory stimulus, irrelevant to the ongoing visual task, on horizontal response selection. Performance was better when the response and the stimulated ear spatially corresponded (Simon effect), and when the spatial-musical association of response codes (SMARC) correspondence was maintained-that is, right (left) response with a high-pitched (low-pitched) tone. These findings reveal an automatic activation of spatially and musically associated responses by task-irrelevant auditory accessory stimuli. Pitch height is strong enough to influence the horizontal responses despite modality differences with task target.

  12. Effect of different professions' clothing on children's height perception.

    PubMed

    Rashidi, Mahmoud; Keshtkaran, Katayoun; Zabihidan, Sahar; Hosseinchari, Masoud; Pazhoohi, Farid

    2012-11-01

    Height is a biological factor that can affect how others perceive and behave toward an individual. Height is a biological factor that can affect how others perceive and behave toward an individual. Clothing, as a non-biological factor, can affect these perceptions of height. In this study weClothing, as a non-biological factor, can affect these perceptions of height. In this study we investigated the effect of different professions' clothing on children's perceptions of height. One investigated the effect of different professions' clothing on children's perceptions of height. One hundred and eighty primary school students participated in this study and estimated the height of an actor in the clothing of four different professions which differed in terms of prestige. The results of study showed that the difference between the perceived and actual height was larger when participants estimated the height of socially esteemed professions. Also there was no difference between girls' and boys' estimation of different professions' height. The implications of these findings are discussed.

  13. Effects of body height, notebook computer size, and workstation height on recommended adjustments for proper work posture when operating a notebook computer.

    PubMed

    Nanthavanij, Suebsak; Jalil, Sakib; Ammarapala, Veeris

    2008-12-01

    Factors which are likely to affect recommended workstation and notebook computer (NBC) adjustments to obtain ergonomic work posture during NBC operation are investigated. They are: (1) body height, (2) NBC size, and (3) workstation height (i.e., seat and work surface heights). Six recommended adjustments which are evaluated include: (1) footrest height, (2) seat support height, (3) NBC base support height, (4) distance between the user's body and NBC (or user-NBC distance), (5) tilt angle of NBC base, and (6) screen angle. It is found that body height has a significant effect on footrest height and user-NBC distance while NBC size has a significant effect on user-NBC distance, tilt angle of NBC base, and screen angle. Workstation height, on the other hand, does not show any effect on the six recommended adjustments. However, the results suggest that there are interactions between body height and NBC size, and between body height and workstation height when evaluating their effects on footrest height, tilt angle of NBC base, and screen angle.

  14. Final height and intrauterine growth retardation.

    PubMed

    Tauber, Maïthé

    2017-06-01

    Approximately 10% of small for gestational age (SGA) children maintain a small body size throughout childhood and often into adult life with a decreased pubertal spurt. Growth hormone (GH) therapy increases short-term growth in a dose-dependent manner and adult height had now been well documented. Shorter children might benefit from a higher dose at start (50μg/kg/day). The response to GH treatment was similar for both preterm and term short SGA groups and the effect of GH treatment on adult height showed a wide variation in growth response. As a whole, mean adult height is higher than -2 SDS in 60% of patients and 70% reached an adult height in their target height with better results with higher doses and combined GnRH analog therapy in those who were short at onset of puberty. Copyright © 2017. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS.

  15. Parentally-adjusted deficit of height as a prognostic factor of the effectiveness of growth hormone (GH) therapy in children with GH deficiency.

    PubMed

    Hilczer, Maciej; Smyczyńska, Joanna; Lewiński, Andrzej

    2006-01-01

    Parental height is the most important identifiable factor influencing final height (FH) of children with growth hormone (GH) deficiency (GHD), treated with GH. Assessment of FH of patients with GHD--classified into familial short stature (FSS) and non-familial short stature (non-FSS) according to parentally adjusted deficit of height. The analysis comprised 101 patients (76 boys) with childhood-onset GHD. Final height was compared with patients' height before GH therapy, predicted adult height (PAH) and target height (TH). Both GH peak in stimulating tests and height standard deviation score (SDS) before the therapy were significantly lower in non-FSS than in FSS. Target height was significantly lower in FSS than in non-FSS. Parentally-adjusted deficit of height was significantly more profound in non-FSS than in FSS. The prognosis of adult height was very similar in both groups of patients, being significantly worse in non-FSS than in FSS while corrected by TH. The absolute FH was similar in FSS and non-FSS, being, however, significantly lower in non-FSS than in FSS while corrected by TH. Improvement of height was significantly better in non-FSS than in FSS. In both groups, FH SDS was significantly better than height SDS before the therapy (H0SDS). In FSS group, PAH was similar to TH, moreover, FH corresponded to both PAH and TH. In non-FSS group FH was significantly higher than PAH, but both FH and PAH were significantly lower than TH. 1) Growth hormone therapy was more effective in the patients with non-FSS than in those with FSS. 2) Parentally-adjusted deficit of height is an important prognostic factor of GH therapy effectiveness.

  16. Chronobiological Hypothesis about the Association Between Height Growth Seasonality and Geographical Differences in Body Height According to Effective Day Length

    PubMed Central

    Higuchi, Yukito

    2016-01-01

    Studies on growth hormone therapy in children have shown that height velocity is greater in summer than in winter and that this difference increases with latitude. It is hypothesized that summer daylight is a causative factor and that geographical distribution of body height will approximate the distribution of summer day length over time. This is an ecological analysis of prefecture-level data on the height of Japanese youth. Mesh climatic data of effective day length were collated. While height velocity was greatest during the summer, the height of Japanese youth was strongly and negatively correlated with the distribution of winter effective day length. Therefore, it is anticipated that summer height velocity is greater according to winter day length (dark period). This may be due to epigenetic modifications, involving reversible DNA methylation and thyroid hormone regulation found in the reproductive system of seasonal breeding vertebrates. If the function is applicable to humans, summer height growth may quantitatively increase with winter day length, and height growth seasonality can be explained by thyroid hormone activities that-induced by DNA methylation-change depending on the seasonal difference in day length. Moreover, geographical differences in body height may be caused by geographical differences in effective day length, which could influence melatonin secretion among subjects who spend a significant time indoors.

  17. Vowel category dependence of the relationship between palate height, tongue height, and oral area.

    PubMed

    Hasegawa-Johnson, Mark; Pizza, Shamala; Alwan, Abeer; Cha, Jul Setsu; Haker, Katherine

    2003-06-01

    This article evaluates intertalker variance of oral area, logarithm of the oral area, tongue height, and formant frequencies as a function of vowel category. The data consist of coronal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) sequences and acoustic recordings of 5 talkers, each producing 11 different vowels. Tongue height (left, right, and midsagittal), palate height, and oral area were measured in 3 coronal sections anterior to the oropharyngeal bend and were subjected to multivariate analysis of variance, variance ratio analysis, and regression analysis. The primary finding of this article is that oral area (between palate and tongue) showed less intertalker variance during production of vowels with an oral place of articulation (palatal and velar vowels) than during production of vowels with a uvular or pharyngeal place of articulation. Although oral area variance is place dependent, percentage variance (log area variance) is not place dependent. Midsagittal tongue height in the molar region was positively correlated with palate height during production of palatal vowels, but not during production of nonpalatal vowels. Taken together, these results suggest that small oral areas are characterized by relatively talker-independent vowel targets and that meeting these talker-independent targets is important enough that each talker adjusts his or her own tongue height to compensate for talker-dependent differences in constriction anatomy. Computer simulation results are presented to demonstrate that these results may be explained by an acoustic control strategy: When talkers with very different anatomical characteristics try to match talker-independent formant targets, the resulting area variances are minimized near the primary vocal tract constriction.

  18. The Effects of Microgravity on Seated Height (Spinal Elongation)

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Young, K. S.; Rajulu, S.

    2011-01-01

    ABSTRACT Many physiological factors, such as spinal elongation, fluid shifts, bone atrophy, and muscle loss, occur during an exposure to a microgravity environment. Spinal elongation is just one of the factors that can also affect the safety and performance of a crewmember while in space. Spinal elongation occurs due to the lack of gravity/compression on the spinal column. This allows for the straightening of the natural spinal curve. There is a possible fluid shift in the inter-vertebral disks that may also result in changes in height. This study aims at collecting the overall change in seated height for crewmembers exposed to a microgravity environment. During previous Programs, Apollo-Soyuz Test Project (ASTP) and Skylab, spinal elongation data was collected from a small number of subjects in a standing posture but were limited in scope. Data from these studies indicated a quick increase in stature during the first few days of weightlessness, after which stature growth reached a plateau resulting in up to a 3% increase of the original measurement [1-5]. However, this data was collected only for crewmembers in standing posture and not in a seated posture. Seated height may have a different effect than standing height due to a change in posture as well as due to a compounded effect of wearing restraints and a potential compression of the gluteal area. Seated height was deemed as a critical measurement in the design of the Constellation Program s (CxP) Crew Exploration Vehicle (CEV), called Orion which is now the point-of-departure vehicle for the Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle (MPCV) Program; therefore a better understanding of the effects of microgravity on seated height is necessary. Potential changes in seated height that may not have impacted crew accommodation in previous Programs will have significant effects on crew accommodation due to the layout of seats in the Orion.. The current and existing configuration is such that the four crewmembers are stacked two by

  19. Should short children born small for gestational age with a distance to target height <1 standard deviation score be excluded from growth hormone treatment?

    PubMed

    Lem, Annemieke J; de Kort, Sandra W K; de Ridder, Maria A J; Hokken-Koelega, Anita C S

    2010-09-01

    The criteria for starting growth hormone (GH), an approved treatment for short children born small for gestational age (SGA), differ between Europe and the USA. One European requirement for starting GH, a distance to target height (DTH) of > or =1 standard deviation score (SDS), is controversial. To investigate the influence of DTH on growth during GH treatment in short SGA children and to ascertain whether it is correct to exclude children with a DTH <1 SDS from GH. A large group of short prepubertal SGA children (baseline n = 446; 4 years GH n = 215). We analysed the prepubertal growth response during 4 years of GH. We investigated the influence of the continuous variable DTH SDS on growth response and a possible DTH SDS cut-off level below which point the growth response is insufficient. Height gain SDS during 4 years of GH showed a wide variation at every DTH SDS level. Multiple regression analyses demonstrated that, after correction for other significant variables, an additional DTH of 1 SDS resulted in 0.13 SDS more height gain during 4 years of GH. We found no significant differences in height gain below and above certain DTH SDS cut-off levels. DTH SDS had a weak positive effect on height gain during 4 years of GH, while several other determinants had much larger effects. We found no support for using any DTH cut-off level. Based on our data, excluding children with a DTH <1 SDS from GH treatment is not justified.

  20. Effects of stand density on top height estimation for ponderosa pine

    Treesearch

    Martin Ritchie; Jianwei Zhang; Todd Hamilton

    2012-01-01

    Site index, estimated as a function of dominant-tree height and age, is often used as an expression of site quality. This expression is assumed to be effectively independent of stand density. Observation of dominant height at two different ponderosa pine levels-of-growing-stock studies revealed that top height stability with respect to stand density depends on the...

  1. Height effects in real and virtual environments.

    PubMed

    Simeonov, Peter I; Hsiao, Hongwei; Dotson, Brian W; Ammons, Douglas E

    2005-01-01

    The study compared human perceptions of height, danger, and anxiety, as well as skin conductance and heart rate responses and postural instability effects, in real and virtual height environments. The 24 participants (12 men, 12 women), whose average age was 23.6 years, performed "lean-over-the-railing" and standing tasks on real and comparable virtual balconies, using a surround-screen virtual reality (SSVR) system. The results indicate that the virtual display of elevation provided realistic perceptual experience and induced some physiological responses and postural instability effects comparable to those found in a real environment. It appears that a simulation of elevated work environment in a SSVR system, although with reduced visual fidelity, is a valid tool for safety research. Potential applications of this study include the design of virtual environments that will help in safe evaluation of human performance at elevation, identification of risk factors leading to fall incidents, and assessment of new fall prevention strategies.

  2. The Effect of Adolescent Experience on Labor Market Outcomes: The Case of Height.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Persico, Nicola; Postlewaite, Andrew; Silverman, Dan

    2004-01-01

    Taller workers receive a wage premium. Net of differences in family background, the disparity is similar in magnitude to the race and gender gaps. We exploit variation in an individual's height over time to explore how height affects wages. Controlling for teen height essentially eliminates the effect of adult height on wages for white men. The…

  3. Acute Effect of Foam Rolling and Dynamic Stretching on Flexibility and Jump Height.

    PubMed

    Smith, Jason C; Pridgeon, Brooke; Hall, MacGregor C

    2018-04-04

    Smith, JC, Pridgeon, B, and Hall, MC. Acute effect of foam rolling and dynamic stretching on flexibility and jump height. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2017-Dynamic stretching (DS) can acutely improve vertical jump (VJ) performance but its effect lasts no more than 5 minutes. Foam rolling (FR), a form of self-myofascial release, can acutely increase range of motion (ROM) with this effect lasting less than 10 minutes. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the time course of these effects, separately and combined, on VJ height and ROM. Twenty-nine university students completed 4 different sessions (control, FR, DS, and combo) in a randomized order. After a warm-up and baseline assessments of VJ height and sit-and-reach, participants rested (control) and performed FR, DS, and the combination of FR and DS (combo). Vertical jump height and ROM were assessed every 5 minutes for 20 minutes after treatment. Mean scores at each time point were expressed as a percent change from baseline scores. Immediately after FR, sit-and-reach was significantly greater than control (p = 0.003). Vertical jump height immediately after treatment for DS and combo was significantly greater than the control and FR counterparts (p ≤ 0.002). Vertical jump height for DS and combo was also significantly greater than the control counterpart at 5 minutes after treatment (p < 0.001). At 15 minutes after treatment, the percent change in VJ height for the combo was significantly greater than the control counterpart (p = 0.002). Although FR has no effect on VJ performance, it can acutely increase ROM, but its effect was quickly dissipated. Foam rolling does not seem to enhance VJ height either alone or in combination with DS.

  4. Genetic and Environmental Effects on Weight, Height, and BMI Under 18 Years in a Chinese Population-Based Twin Sample.

    PubMed

    Liu, Qingqing; Yu, Canqing; Gao, Wenjing; Cao, Weihua; Lyu, Jun; Wang, Shengfeng; Pang, Zengchang; Cong, Liming; Dong, Zhong; Wu, Fan; Wang, Hua; Wu, Xianping; Jiang, Guohong; Wang, Binyou; Li, Liming

    2015-10-01

    This study examined the genetic and environmental effects on variances in weight, height, and body mass index (BMI) under 18 years in a population-based sample from China. We selected 6,644 monozygotic and 5,969 dizygotic twin pairs from the Chinese National Twin Registry (CNTR) aged under 18 years (n = 12,613). Classic twin analyses with sex limitation were used to estimate the genetic and environmental components of weight, height, and BMI in six age groups. Sex-limitation of genetic and shared environmental effects was observed, especially when puberty begins. Heritability for weight, height, and BMI was low at 0-2 years old (less than 20% for both sexes) but increased over time, accounting for half or more of the variance in the 15-17 year age group for boys. For girls, heritabilities for weight, height and BMI was maintained at approximately 30% after puberty. Common environmental effects on all body measures were high for girls (59-87%) and presented a small peak during puberty. Genetics appear to play an increasingly important role in explaining the variation in weight, height, and BMI from early childhood to late adolescence, particularly in boys. Common environmental factors exert their strongest and most independent influence specifically in the pre-adolescent period and more significantly in girls. These findings emphasize the need to target family and social environmental interventions in early childhood years, especially for females. Further studies about puberty-related genes and social environment are needed to clarify the mechanism of sex differences.

  5. Effect of severing method and stump height on coppice growth

    Treesearch

    John B. Crist; James A. Mattson; Sharon A. Winsauer

    1983-01-01

    In this study we evaluated the effect of stem severing method and stump height on coppice growth in a short-rotation intensively cultured Populus plantation 1, 2, and 3 years after cutting. Initially, stumps 46 cm high had smaller and significantly more sprouts than either 8 or 15 cm high stumps. However, the dominant sprouts were not affected by the stump height....

  6. Final height in elite male artistic gymnasts.

    PubMed

    Georgopoulos, Neoklis A; Theodoropoulou, Anastasia; Roupas, Nikolaos D; Armeni, Anastasia K; Koukkou, Eftychia; Leglise, Michel; Markou, Kostas B

    2012-01-01

    Elite male artistic gymnasts (AG) are exposed to high levels of physical and psychological stress during adolescence and experience a significant late maturation in both linear growth and pubertal development. The aim of the present study was to determine the impact of intensive physical training on the adult final height in elite male AG. This study is unique in character, as all variables were measured on the field of competition. The study was prospective and longitudinal; however, the current analysis of data is cross-sectional. Data from 86 elite male AG were obtained during the gymnastics competitions of European and World Championships. Clinical evaluation included height and weight measurements, as well as assessment of pubic hair and genital development according to Tanner's stages of pubertal development. The laboratory investigation included determination of skeletal maturation. All athletes completed a questionnaire that included questions on personal (onset and intensity of training, number of competitions per year) and family data (paternal and maternal heights). Male AG were below the 50th percentile for both final height and weight. Elite male AG had final height standard deviation score (SDS) lower than their genetic predisposition. Final height SDS was correlated positively with target height SDS (r = 0.430, p < 0.001) and weight SDS (r = 0.477, p < 0.001) and negatively to the intensity of training (r = -0.252, p = 0.022). The main factors influencing final height, by multiple regression analysis were weight SDS (p < 0.001) and target height SDS (p = 0.003). In elite maleAG, final height falls short of genetic predisposition, still well within normal limits. Considering medical and psychological risks in general, and based on the results of this research project, the International Federation of Gymnastics has increased the age limit for participants in international gymnastics competitions by 1 year.

  7. Near-adult height in male kidney transplant recipients started on growth hormone treatment in late puberty.

    PubMed

    Gil, Silvia; Aziz, Mariana; Adragna, Marta; Monteverde, Marta; Belgorosky, Alicia

    2018-01-01

    Growth retardation and its impact on adult height is considered to be one of the most common complications in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Treatment with recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) has been effective in improving growth in kidney transplantation (KTx) patients, but little data are available on adult height in patients who began rhGh treatment in late puberty. Near-adult height was evaluated in 13 KTx patients treated with rhGH [growth hormone group (GHGr); dose 9.33 mg/m 2 per week] for a period of at least 18 months. At initiation of rhGH treatment, testicular volume was >8 ml and serum testosterone was >1 ng/ml compared with the control group (CGr) of ten KTx patients who did not receive rHGH. All subjects were of similar chronological age and bone age and had similar creatinine clearance (CrCl) levels, cumulative corticoid dose, height standard deviation score (SDS), target height SDS, and target height:initial height at the beginning of the study. Near-adult height was significantly greater in the GHGr than in the CGr (-1.8 ± 0.8 vs. -2.9 ± 1.1; p = 0.018). The difference between initial height and near-adult height in the GHGr revealed a significant height gain (initial height -3.1 ± 1.1; near-adult height -1.8 ± 0.8 SDS, respectively; delta 1.2 ± 0.3; p = 0.021). The CrCl level was not significantly different between the GHGr and CGr at either at study initiation or when attaining near-adult height (p = 0.74 and p = 0.23, respectively). Treatment with rhGH was effective in improving adult height in KTx patients who began treatment in late puberty, without any effect on renal function.

  8. Effects of Wheelchair Seat-height Settings on Alternating Lower Limb Propulsion With Both Legs.

    PubMed

    Murata, Tomoyuki; Asami, Toyoko; Matsuo, Kiyomi; Kubo, Atsuko; Okigawa, Etsumi

    2014-01-01

    This study investigated the effects of seat-height settings of wheelchairs with alternating propulsion with both legs. Seven healthy individuals with no orthopedic disease participated. Flexion angles at initial contact (FA-IC) of each joint, range of motion during propulsion period (ROM-PP), and ground reaction force (GRF) were measured using a three dimensional motion capture system and force plates, and compared with different seat-height settings. Statistically significant relationships were found between seat-height and speed, stride length, knee FA-IC, ankle FA-IC, hip ROM-PP, vertical ground reaction force (VGRF), and anterior posterior ground reaction force (APGRF). Speed, hip ROM-PP, VGRF and APGRF increased as the seat-height was lowered. This effect diminished when the seat-height was set below -40 mm. VGRF increased as the seat-height was lowered. The results suggest that the seat-height effect can be attributed to hip ROM-PP; therefore, optimal foot propulsion cannot be achieved when the seat height is set either too high or too low. Efficient foot propulsion of the wheelchair can be achieved by setting the seat height to lower leg length according to a combination of physical characteristics, such as the user's physical functions, leg muscles, and range of motion.

  9. Don't Look down: Emotional Arousal Elevates Height Perception

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Stefanucci, Jeanine K.; Storbeck, Justin

    2009-01-01

    In a series of experiments, it was found that emotional arousal can influence height perception. In Experiment 1, participants viewed either arousing or nonarousing images before estimating the height of a 2-story balcony and the size of a target on the ground below the balcony. People who viewed arousing images overestimated height and target…

  10. Randomised trial of LHRH analogue treatment on final height in girls with onset of puberty aged 7.5-8.5 years

    PubMed Central

    Cassio, A.; Cacciari, E.; Balsamo, A.; Bal, M.; Tassinari, D.

    1999-01-01

    OBJECTIVE—To study the effectiveness of luteinising hormone releasing hormone (LHRH) analogues in improving final height in girls affected by early puberty.
PATIENTS—Forty six consecutive girls with onset of puberty aged 7.5-8.5 years randomly divided into two groups: one treated with 3.75 mg triptorelin intramuscularly every four weeks (group 1); and the other with no treatment (group 2).
RESULTS—Mean (SD) chronological age at onset of menarche was significantly higher in group 1 than in group 2 (11.9 (1.0) v 10.8 (0.7) years). However, mean (SD) height at menarche (152.7 (7.2) v 152.5(5.7) cm) and mean (SD) growth after menarche (4.9 (3.0) v 5.4(2.2) cm) were similar in both groups. The mean (SD) final height was similar in the two groups (group 1, 158.1 (6.2) cm; group 2, 158.6 (6.0) cm) and not significantly different from target height. Fourteen of 20 patients in group 1 and 12 of 18 patients in group 2 showed final height equal to or higher than target height. Final heights of girls with poor initial height prognosis were significantly lower than those of girls with good prognosis, but in patients with the same initial height prognosis, both groups showed final heights similar and not significantly different from their target heights.
CONCLUSIONS—LHRH analogue has no apparent effect on final height in subjects with onset of puberty between 7.5 and 8.5years.

 PMID:10490438

  11. Genetic Variants Related to Height and Risk of Atrial Fibrillation

    PubMed Central

    Rosenberg, Michael A.; Kaplan, Robert C.; Siscovick, David S.; Psaty, Bruce M.; Heckbert, Susan R.; Newton-Cheh, Christopher; Mukamal, Kenneth J.

    2014-01-01

    Increased height is a known independent risk factor for atrial fibrillation (AF). However, whether genetic determinants of height influence risk is uncertain. In this candidate gene study, we examined the association of 209 height-associated single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with incident AF in 3,309 persons of European descent from the Cardiovascular Health Study, a prospective cohort study of older adults (aged ≥65 years) enrolled in 1989–1990. After a median follow-up period of 13.2 years, 879 participants developed incident AF. The height-associated SNPs together explained approximately 10% of the variation in height (P = 6.0 × 10−8). Using an unweighted genetic height score, we found a nonsignificant association with risk of AF (per allele, hazard ratio = 1.01, 95% confidence interval: 1.00, 1.02; P = 0.06). In weighted analyses, we found that genetically predicted height was strongly associated with AF risk (per 10 cm, hazard ratio = 1.30, 95% confidence interval: 1.03, 1.64; P = 0.03). Importantly, for all models, the inclusion of actual height completely attenuated the genetic height effect. Finally, we identified 1 nonsynonymous SNP (rs1046934) that was independently associated with AF and may warrant future study. In conclusion, we found that genetic determinants of height appear to increase the risk of AF, primarily via height itself. This approach of examining SNPs associated with an intermediate phenotype should be considered as a method for identifying novel genetic targets. PMID:24944287

  12. A Critical Appraisal of the Effect of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormon Analog Treatment on Adult Height of Girls with Central Precocious Puberty

    PubMed Central

    Bereket, Abdullah

    2017-01-01

    Central precocious puberty (CPP) is a diagnosis that pediatric endocrinologists worldwide increasingly make in girls of age 6-8 years and is mostly idiopathic. Part of the reason for increasing referral and diagnosis is the perception among the doctors as well as the patients that treatment of CPP with long-acting gonadotropin-releasing hormon analogues (GnRHa) promote height of the child. Although, the timing and the tempo of puberty does influence statural growth and achieved adult height, the extent of this effect is variable depending on several factors and is modest in most cases. Studies investigating GnRHa treatment in girls with idiopathic CPP demonstrate that treatment is able to restore adult height compromised by precocious puberty. However, reports on untreated girls with precocious puberty demonstrate that some of these girls achieve their target height without treatment as well, thus, blurring the net effect of GnRHa treatment on height in girls with CPP. Clinical studies on treatment of girls with idiopathic CPP on adult stature suffers from the solid evidence-base due mainly to the lack of well-designed randomized controlled studies and our insufficiencies of predicting adult height of a child with narrow precision. This is particularly true for girls in whom age of pubertal onset is close to physiological age of puberty, which are the majority of cases treated with GnRHa nowadays. Heterogeneous nature of pubertal tempo (progressive vs. nonprogressive) leading to different height outcomes also complicates the interpretation of the results in both treated and untreated cases. This review will attemp to summarize and critically appraise available data in the field. PMID:29280737

  13. X-chromosome gene dosage as a determinant of impaired pre and postnatal growth and adult height in Turner syndrome.

    PubMed

    Fiot, Elodie; Zenaty, Delphine; Boizeau, Priscilla; Haigneré, Jeremy; Dos Santos, Sophie; Léger, Juliane

    2016-03-01

    Short stature is a key aspect of the phenotype of patients with Turner syndrome (TS). SHOX haploinsufficiency is responsible for about two-thirds of the height deficit. The aim was to investigate the effect of X-chromosome gene dosage on anthropometric parameters at birth, spontaneous height, and adult height (AH) after growth hormone (GH) treatment. We conducted a national observational multicenter study. Birth parameter SDS for gestational age, height, and AH before and after GH treatment respectively, and height deficit with respect to target height (SDS) were classified by karyotype subgroup in a cohort of 1501 patients with TS: 45,X (36%), isoXq (19%), 45,X/46,XX (15%), XrX (7%), presence of Y (6%), or other karyotypes (17%). Birth weight, length (P<0.0001), and head circumference (P<0.001), height and height deficit with respect to target height (SDS) before GH treatment, at a median age of 8.8 (5.3-11.8) years and after adjustment for age and correction for multiple testing (P<0.0001), and AH deficit with respect to target height at a median age of 19.3 (18.0-21.8) years and with additional adjustment for dose and duration of GH treatment (P=0.006), were significantly associated with karyotype subgroup. Growth retardation tended to be more severe in patients with XrX, isoXq, and, to a lesser extent, 45,X karyotypes than in patients with 45,X/46,XX karyotypes or a Y chromosome. These data suggest that haploinsufficiency for an unknown Xp gene increases the risk of fetal and postnatal growth deficit and short AH with respect to target height after GH therapy. © 2016 European Society of Endocrinology.

  14. A mixed-effects height-diameter model for cottonwood in the Mississippi Delta

    Treesearch

    Curtis L. VanderSchaaf; H. Christoph Stuhlinger

    2012-01-01

    Eastern cottonwood (Populus deltoides Bartr. ex Marsh.) has been artificially regenerated throughout the Mississippi Delta region because of its fast growth and is being considered for biofuel production.This paper presents a mixed-effects height-diameter model for cottonwood in the Mississippi Delta region. After obtaining height-diameter...

  15. Experience with long-term glucocorticoid treatment in congenital adrenal hyperplasia: growth pattern compared with genetic height potential.

    PubMed

    Aycan, Zehra; Ocal, Gonul; Berberoglu, Merih; Cetinkaya, Ergun; Adiyaman, Pelin; Evliyaoglu, Olcay

    2006-03-01

    Long-term replacement treatment with high doses of steroids in congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) is known to have a negative influence on growth. We evaluated the effects of long-term steroid treatment in patients with classical CAH on height development in relation to genetic height potential. Twenty-three patients with CAH (16 females, 7 males, mean age: 9.8 +/- 3.5 years) were included in this longitudinal study. The effect of steroid treatment on growth was determined by monitoring patients for 8.61 +/- 3.46 years (2-17 years) while they were treated with hydrocortisone at a mean dosage of 17.64 +/- 3.60 mg/m2/day. The height standard deviation scores (Ht-SDS), target Ht-SDS, and corrected Ht-SDS for target height was calculated for all patients. Predicted adult height according to bone age was calculated and it was determined whether height was developing according to the genetic height potential. In addition, patients were grouped as 'tight control' or 'poor control' according to their mean serum 17OH-progesterone or ACTH levels while on treatment. We evaluated whether height development was different for the tight and poor control groups. The mean chronological age of our patients at the time of the study was 9.89 +/- 3.53 years, Ht-SDS -0.77 +/- 1.57, target height (TH) 161.03 +/- 6.54 cm, TH-SDS -0.60 +/- 0.90, predicted height (PH) 157.2 +/- 11.16 cm, PH-SDS -1.1 +/- 1.69, and corrected Ht-SDS -0.75 +/- 1.14. There was no significant difference between the actual Ht-SDS and TH-SDS of our patients (p >0.05) but the corrected Ht-SDS was less than zero. Only 28.5% of our patients had normal height according to their genetic potential while 71.5% were shorter than their genetic height potential. While the Ht-SDS and corrected Ht-SDS were similar in the tight and poor metabolic control groups, the predicted height was significantly greater in the tight control group. We demonstrated that a hydrocortisone dose of 17.64 +/- 3.60 mg/m2/day in classical CAH had

  16. The Effects of Caffeine on Vertical Jump Height and Execution in Collegiate Athletes.

    PubMed

    Bloms, Lucas P; Fitzgerald, John S; Short, Martin W; Whitehead, James R

    2016-07-01

    Bloms, LP, Fitzgerald, JS, Short, MW, and Whitehead, JR. The effects of caffeine on vertical jump height and execution in collegiate athletes. J Strength Cond Res 30(7): 1855-1861, 2016-Caffeine ingestion elicits a variety of physiological effects that may be beneficial to maximal-intensity exercise performance, although its effectiveness and physical mechanism of action enhancing ballistic task performance are unclear. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of caffeine ingestion on vertical jump height and jump execution in Division I collegiate athletes. The study used a single-blind, randomized, crossover design. Athletes (n = 25) consumed either caffeine (5 mg·kg) or placebo. After a 60-minute waiting period, athletes performed 3 squat jumps (SJ) and 3 countermovement jumps (CMJ) while standing on a force platform. Jump height and execution variables were calculated from mechanography data. In comparison with placebo, caffeine increased SJ height (32.8 ± 6.2 vs. 34.5 ± 6.7 cm; p = 0.001) and CMJ height (36.4 ± 6.9 vs. 37.9 ± 7.4 cm; p = 0.001). Peak force (p = 0.032) and average rate of force development (p = 0.037) were increased during the CMJ in the caffeine trail compared with the control. Time to half peak force was the only execution variable improved with caffeine (p = 0.019) during the SJ. It seems that caffeine affects both height and execution of jumping. Our data indicate that the physical mechanism of jump enhancement is increased peak force production or rate of force development during jumping depending on technique. The physical mechanism of jump enhancement suggests that the ergogenic effects of caffeine may transfer to other ballistic tasks involving the lower-body musculature in collegiate athletes.

  17. Do centimetres matter? Self-reported versus estimated height measurements in parents.

    PubMed

    Gozzi, T; Flück, Ce; L'allemand, D; Dattani, M T; Hindmarsh, P C; Mullis, P E

    2010-04-01

    An impressive discrepancy between reported and measured parental height is often observed. The aims of this study were: (a) to assess whether there is a significant difference between the reported and measured parental height; (b) to focus on the reported and, thereafter, measured height of the partner; (c) to analyse its impact on the calculated target height range. A total of 1542 individual parents were enrolled. The parents were subdivided into three groups: normal height (3-97th Centile), short (<3%) and tall (>97%) stature. Overall, compared with men, women were far better in estimating their own height (p < 0.001). Where both partners were of normal, short or tall stature, the estimated heights of their partner were quite accurate. Women of normal stature underestimated the short partner and overestimated the tall partner, whereas male partners of normal stature overestimated both their short as well as tall partners. Women of tall stature estimated the heights of their short partners correctly, whereas heights of normal statured men were underestimated. On the other hand, tall men overestimated the heights of their female partners who are of normal and short stature. Furthermore, women of short stature estimated the partners of normal stature adequately, and the heights of their tall partners were overestimated. Interestingly, the short men significantly underestimated the normal, but overestimated tall female partners. Only measured heights should be used to perform accurate evaluations of height, particularly when diagnostic tests or treatment interventions are contemplated. For clinical trails, we suggest that only quality measured parental heights are acceptable, as the errors incurred in estimates may enhance/conceal true treatment effects.

  18. Plants in a crowded stand regulate their height growth so as to maintain similar heights to neighbours even when they have potential advantages in height growth.

    PubMed

    Nagashima, Hisae; Hikosaka, Kouki

    2011-07-01

    Although being tall is advantageous in light competition, plant height growth is often similar among dominant plants in crowded stands (height convergence). Previous theoretical studies have suggested that plants should not overtop neighbours because greater allocation to supporting tissues is necessary in taller plants, which in turn lowers leaf mass fraction and thus carbon gain. However, this model assumes that a competitor has the same potential of height growth as their neighbours, which does not necessarily account for the fact that height convergence occurs even among individuals with various biomass. Stands of individually potted plants of Chenopodium album were established, where target plants were lifted to overtop neighbours or lowered to be overtopped. Lifted plants were expected to keep overtopping because they intercept more light without increased allocation to stems, or to regulate their height to similar levels of neighbours, saving biomass allocation to the supporting organ. Lowered plants were expected to be suppressed due to the low light availability or to increase height growth so as to have similar height to the neighbours. Lifted plants reduced height growth in spite of the fact that they received higher irradiance than others. Lowered plants, on the other hand, increased the rate of stem elongation despite the reduced irradiance. Consequently, lifted and lowered plants converged to the same height. In contrast to the expectation, lifted plants did not increase allocation to leaf mass despite the decreased stem length. Rather, they allocated more biomass to roots, which might contribute to improvement of mechanical stability or water status. It is suggested that decreased leaf mass fraction is not the sole cost of overtopping neighbours. Wind blowing, which may enhance transpiration and drag force, might constrain growth of overtopping plants. The results show that plants in crowded stands regulate their height growth to maintain similar

  19. Effective pollutant emission heights for atmospheric transport modelling based on real-world information.

    PubMed

    Pregger, Thomas; Friedrich, Rainer

    2009-02-01

    Emission data needed as input for the operation of atmospheric models should not only be spatially and temporally resolved. Another important feature is the effective emission height which significantly influences modelled concentration values. Unfortunately this information, which is especially relevant for large point sources, is usually not available and simple assumptions are often used in atmospheric models. As a contribution to improve knowledge on emission heights this paper provides typical default values for the driving parameters stack height and flue gas temperature, velocity and flow rate for different industrial sources. The results were derived from an analysis of the probably most comprehensive database of real-world stack information existing in Europe based on German industrial data. A bottom-up calculation of effective emission heights applying equations used for Gaussian dispersion models shows significant differences depending on source and air pollutant and compared to approaches currently used for atmospheric transport modelling.

  20. Height premium for job performance.

    PubMed

    Kim, Tae Hyun; Han, Euna

    2017-08-01

    This study assessed the relationship of height with wages, using the 1998 and 2012 Korean Labor and Income Panel Study data. The key independent variable was height measured in centimeters, which was included as a series of dummy indicators of height per 5cm span (<155cm, 155-160cm, 160-165cm, and ≥165cm for women; <165cm, 165-170cm, 170-175cm, 175-180cm, and ≥180cm for men). We controlled for household- and individual-level random effects. We used a random-effect quantile regression model for monthly wages to assess the heterogeneity in the height-wage relationship, across the conditional distribution of monthly wages. We found a non-linear relationship of height with monthly wages. For men, the magnitude of the height wage premium was overall larger at the upper quantile of the conditional distribution of log monthly wages than at the median to low quantile, particularly in professional and semi-professional occupations. The height-wage premium was also larger at the 90th quantile for self-employed women and salaried men. Our findings add a global dimension to the existing evidence on height-wage premium, demonstrating non-linearity in the association between height and wages and heterogeneous changes in the dispersion and direction of the association between height and wages, by wage level. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

  1. Height-age and height-diameter relationships for monocultures and mixtures of eastern cottonwood clones

    Treesearch

    Steven A. Knowe; G. Sam Foster; Randall J. Rousseau; Warren L Nance

    1998-01-01

    Data from an eastern cottonwood clonal mixing study in Mississippi and Kentucky, USA, were used to test the effects of planting locations and genetics (clonal proportions) on height-age and height-d.b.h. functions. Planting locations, which accounted for 5.6 percent of the variation in observed dominant height growth (p = 0.0001), were more important than clonal...

  2. Effect of inhaled glucocorticoids in childhood on adult height.

    PubMed

    Kelly, H William; Sternberg, Alice L; Lescher, Rachel; Fuhlbrigge, Anne L; Williams, Paul; Zeiger, Robert S; Raissy, Hengameh H; Van Natta, Mark L; Tonascia, James; Strunk, Robert C

    2012-09-06

    The use of inhaled glucocorticoids for persistent asthma causes a temporary reduction in growth velocity in prepubertal children. The resulting decrease in attained height 1 to 4 years after the initiation of inhaled glucocorticoids is thought not to decrease attained adult height. We measured adult height in 943 of 1041 participants (90.6%) in the Childhood Asthma Management Program; adult height was determined at a mean (±SD) age of 24.9±2.7 years. Starting at the age of 5 to 13 years, the participants had been randomly assigned to receive 400 μg of budesonide, 16 mg of nedocromil, or placebo daily for 4 to 6 years. We calculated differences in adult height for each active treatment group, as compared with placebo, using multiple linear regression with adjustment for demographic characteristics, asthma features, and height at trial entry. Mean adult height was 1.2 cm lower (95% confidence interval [CI], -1.9 to -0.5) in the budesonide group than in the placebo group (P=0.001) and was 0.2 cm lower (95% CI, -0.9 to 0.5) in the nedocromil group than in the placebo group (P=0.61). A larger daily dose of inhaled glucocorticoid in the first 2 years was associated with a lower adult height (-0.1 cm for each microgram per kilogram of body weight) (P=0.007). The reduction in adult height in the budesonide group as compared with the placebo group was similar to that seen after 2 years of treatment (-1.3 cm; 95% CI, -1.7 to -0.9). During the first 2 years, decreased growth velocity in the budesonide group occurred primarily in prepubertal participants. The initial decrease in attained height associated with the use of inhaled glucocorticoids in prepubertal children persisted as a reduction in adult height, although the decrease was not progressive or cumulative. (Funded by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute and the National Center for Research Resources; CAMP ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00000575.).

  3. Final height in survivors of childhood cancer compared with Height Standard Deviation Scores at diagnosis.

    PubMed

    Knijnenburg, S L; Raemaekers, S; van den Berg, H; van Dijk, I W E M; Lieverst, J A; van der Pal, H J; Jaspers, M W M; Caron, H N; Kremer, L C; van Santen, H M

    2013-04-01

    Our study aimed to evaluate final height in a cohort of Dutch childhood cancer survivors (CCS) and assess possible determinants of final height, including height at diagnosis. We calculated standard deviation scores (SDS) for height at initial cancer diagnosis and height in adulthood in a cohort of 573 CCS. Multivariable regression analyses were carried out to estimate the influence of different determinants on height SDS at follow-up. Overall, survivors had a normal height SDS at cancer diagnosis. However, at follow-up in adulthood, 8.9% had a height ≤-2 SDS. Height SDS at diagnosis was an important determinant for adult height SDS. Children treated with (higher doses of) radiotherapy showed significantly reduced final height SDS. Survivors treated with total body irradiation (TBI) and craniospinal radiation had the greatest loss in height (-1.56 and -1.37 SDS, respectively). Younger age at diagnosis contributed negatively to final height. Height at diagnosis was an important determinant for height SDS at follow-up. Survivors treated with TBI, cranial and craniospinal irradiation should be monitored periodically for adequate linear growth, to enable treatment on time if necessary. For correct interpretation of treatment-related late effects studies in CCS, pre-treatment data should always be included.

  4. Sexual Orientation, Objective Height, and Self-Reported Height.

    PubMed

    Skorska, Malvina N; Bogaert, Anthony F

    2017-01-01

    Studies that have used mostly self-reported height have found that androphilic men and women are shorter than gynephilic men and women, respectively. This study examined whether an objective height difference exists or whether a psychosocial account (e.g., distortion of self-reports) may explain these putative height differences. A total of 863 participants, recruited at a Canadian university, the surrounding region, and through lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) events across Canada, self-reported their height and had their height measured. Androphilic men were shorter, on average, than gynephilic men. There was no objective height difference between gynephilic, ambiphilic, and androphilic women. Self-reported height, statistically controlling for objective height, was not related to sexual orientation. These findings are the first to show an objective height difference between androphilic and gynephilic men. Also, the findings suggest that previous studies using self-reported height found part of a true objective height difference between androphilic and gynephilic men. These findings have implications for existing biological theories of men's sexual orientation development.

  5. Rail height effects on safety performance of Midwest Guardrail System.

    PubMed

    Asadollahi Pajouh, Mojdeh; Julin, Ramen D; Stolle, Cody S; Reid, John D; Faller, Ronald K

    2018-02-17

    Guardrail heights play a crucial role in the way that errant vehicles interact with roadside barriers. Low rail heights increase the propensity of vehicle rollover and override, whereas excessively tall rails promote underride. Further, rail mounting heights and post embedment depths may be altered by variations in roadside terrain. An increased guardrail height may be desirable to accommodate construction tolerances, soil erosion, frost heave, and future roadway overlays. This study aimed to investigate and identify a maximum safe installation height for the Midwest Guardrail System that would be robust and remain crashworthy before and after pavement overlays. A research investigation was performed to evaluate the safety performance of increased mounting heights for the standard 787-mm (31-in.)-tall Midwest Guardrail System (MGS) through crash testing and computer simulation. Two full-scale crash tests with small passenger cars were performed on the MGS with top-rail mounting heights of 864 and 914 mm (34 and 36 in.). Test results were then used to calibrate computer simulation models. In the first test, a small car impacted the MGS with 864-mm (34-in.) rail height at 102 km/h (63.6 mph) and 25.0° and was successfully redirected. In the second test, another small car impacted the MGS with a 914-mm (36-in.) rail height at 103 km/h (64.1 mph) and 25.6° and was successful. Both system heights satisfied the Manual for Assessing Safety Hardware (MASH) Test Level 3 (TL-3) evaluation criteria. Test results were then used to calibrate computer simulation models. A mounting height of 36 in. was determined to be the maximum guardrail height that would safely contain and redirect small car vehicles. Simulations confirmed that taller guardrail heights (i.e., 37 in.) would likely result in small car underride. In addition, simulation results indicated that passenger vehicle models were successfully contained by the 34- and 36-in.-tall MGS installed on approach slopes

  6. Attaining genetic height potential: Analysis of height outcomes from the ANSWER Program in children treated with growth hormone over 5 years.

    PubMed

    Ross, Judith L; Lee, Peter A; Gut, Robert; Germak, John

    2015-12-01

    This study aimed to assess attainment of genetic height potential after long-term growth hormone (GH) treatment in GH-naïve children diagnosed with isolated growth hormone deficiency (IGHD), multiple pituitary hormone deficiency (MPHD), born small for gestational age (SGA), or idiopathic short stature (ISS) enrolled in the American Norditropin® Web-enabled Research (ANSWER) Program. Children with IGHD (n=2884), MPHD (n=200), SGA (n=481), or ISS (n=733) with baseline height standard deviation score (HSDS)≤-2 were assessed over 5 years of GH treatment for mean HSDS, change in HSDS (ΔHSDS), and corrected HSDS (HSDS-target HSDS). Mean HSDS and corrected HSDS significantly increased to close to target height across all diagnostic groups after 5 years of GH treatment (P<0.0001). ∆HSDS at year 5 increased for all groups (IGHD: 1.8; MPHD: 2.1; SGA: 1.8; ISS: 1.6). Among patients who continued GH for 5 years, mean insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) SDS increased to within normal range across all groups. Body mass index (BMI) SDS remained relatively stable in all diagnostic groups. Bone age (BA) increased, and the mean BA to chronological age (BA/CA) ratio reached or approached 1 across diagnostic groups over 5 years of GH treatment. Long-term GH therapy resulted in a significant increase in mean HSDS and corrected HSDS from baseline values in all diagnostic groups. The observed increase in mean corrected HSDS is consistent with growth that approached the patients' genetic height potential, although complete height gains will be evaluated at the attainment of final height. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  7. Fear of heights and visual height intolerance.

    PubMed

    Brandt, Thomas; Huppert, Doreen

    2014-02-01

    The aim of this review is, first, to cover the different aspects of visual height intolerance such as historical descriptions, definition of terms, phenomenology of the condition, neurophysiological control of gaze, stance and locomotion, and therapy, and, second, to identify warranted epidemiological and experimental studies. Vivid descriptions of fear of heights can be found in ancient texts from the Greek, Roman, and Chinese classics. The life-time prevalence of visual height intolerance is as high as 28% in the general population, and about 50% of those who are susceptible report an impact on quality of life. When exposed to heights, visual exploration by eye and head movements is restricted, and the velocity of locomotion is reduced. Therapy for fear of heights is dominated by the behavioral techniques applied during real or virtual reality exposure. Their efficacy might be facilitated by the administration of D-cycloserine or glucocorticoids. Visual height intolerance has a considerable impact on daily life and interpersonal interactions. It is much more frequent than fear of heights, which is defined as an environmental subtype of a specific phobia. There is certainly a continuum stretching from acrophobia to a less-pronounced visual height intolerance, to which the categorical distinction of a specific phobia does not apply.

  8. Effects of climate change on wave height at the coast

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Wolf, J.

    2003-04-01

    To make progress towards the ultimate objective of predicting coastal vulnerability to climate change, we need to predict the probability of extreme values of sea level and wave height, and their likely variation with changing climate. There is evidence of changes in sea level and wave height on various time-scales. For example, the North Atlantic Oscillation appears to be responsible for increasing wave height in the North Atlantic over recent decades. The impact of changes in wave height in the North Atlantic at the coastline in the North Sea, the Hebrides/Malin Shelf and the English Channel will be quite different. Three different, and contrasting areas are examined The effect of changing sea levels, due to global warming and changes in tides and surge height and frequency, is combined with increases in offshore wave height. Coastal wave modelling, using the WAM and SWAN wave models, provides a useful tool for examining the possible impacts of climate change at the coast. This study is part of a Tyndall Centre project which is examining the vulnerability of the UK coast to changing wave climate and sea level. These changes are likely to be especially important in low-lying areas with coastal wetlands such as the north Norfolk coast, which has been selected as a detailed case study area. In this area there are offshore shallow banks and extensive inter-tidal areas. There are transitions from upper marsh to freshwater grazing marshes, sand dunes, shingle beaches, mudflats and sandflats. Many internationally important and varied habitats are threatened by rising sea levels and changes in storminess due to potential climate change effects. Likely changes in overtopping of coastal embankments, inundation of intertidal areas, sediment transport and coastal erosion are examined. Changes in low water level may be important as well as high water. The second area of study is Christchurch Bay in the English Channel. The English Channel is exposed to swell from the North

  9. Height conditions salary expectations: Evidence from large-scale data in China

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Yang, Xiao; Gao, Jian; Liu, Jin-Hu; Zhou, Tao

    2018-07-01

    Height premium has been revealed by extensive literature, however, evidence from China based on large-scale data remains still lacking. In this paper, we study how height conditions salary expectations by exploring a dataset covering over 140,000 Chinese job seekers. By using graphical and regression models, we find evidence in support of height premium that tall people expect a significantly higher salary in career development. In particular, regression results suggest stronger effects of height premium on female than on male, however, the gender differences decrease as the education level increases and become insignificant after holding all control variables fixed. Further, results from graphical models suggest three promising ways in helping short people: (i) to accumulate more working experiences, since one year seniority can respectively make up about 3 cm and 7 cm shortness for female and male; (ii) to increase the level of education, since one higher academic degree may eliminate all disadvantages that brought by shortness; (iii) to target jobs in regions with a higher level of development. Our work provides a cross-culture supportive evidence of height premium and contributes two novel features to the literature: the compensation story in helping short people, and the focus on salary expectations in isolation from discrimination channels.

  10. Measurement of the photoneutron flux density distribution from cylindrical targets

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Golovkov, V. M.; Basina, T. N.; Yakovlev, M. R.

    1989-09-01

    Measurements are performed of the density of photoneutron fluxes from cylindrical targets of2H2O (diameter 64 and height 86 mm), Be (outer diameter 70, inner diameter 40, height 100mm), and238U (diameter 44.5 mm, height 50 mm) under the action of braking radiation from electrons with energies of 4 to 8 MeV in order to determine the effect of target form and orientation relative to the detector upon the recorded photoneutron level. The fluxes were measured by an “all-wave” neutron detector based on an SNM-11 counter in a paraffin retarder at an angle of 90‡ to the axis of the braking radiation beam for various target orientations relative to the detector. Measurement results are compared to calculations. Photoneutron fluxes from heavy water and beryllium targets of the indicated dimensions were also measured for angles of 90, 135, and 167‡. An isotropic nature was noted in the photoneutron fluxes from both targets.

  11. The effect of neighboring districts on body height of Polish conscripts.

    PubMed

    Gomula, Aleksandra; Koziel, Slawomir; Groth, Detlef; Bielicki, Tadeusz

    2017-04-01

    The aim of the study was to investigate the correlation of heights of conscripts living in neighboring districts in Poland. The study used 10% of a nationally representative sample of 26,178 males 18.5-19.5 years old examined during the National survey of Polish conscripts conducted in 2001. The sample represented all regions and social strata of the country and included 354 different districts within 16 voivodships (provinces). Analyses were performed with the R statistical software. A small but significant correlation (0.24, p < 0.0001) was observed for height between 1 st order neighboring districts. Correlations decreased with increased distances between neighboring districts, but remained significant for 7 th node neighbors (0.18, p < 0.0001). Regarding voivodships (provinces), average height showed a geographical trend from the northwest (relatively tall) to the southeast (relatively short), and the correlation was stronger for first order neighboring provinces (0.796, p < 0.001). This study revealed clusters of tall people and short people, providing a support for hypothesis of the community effect in height. Small correlations between 1 st order neighbors than in another country (Switzerland) may be associated with differences in geography, since in Poland there are no natural barriers (e.g., mountains) and road infrastructure is well-developed.

  12. Effect of inhomogeneous Schottky barrier height of SnO2 nanowires device

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Amorim, Cleber A.; Bernardo, Eric P.; Leite, Edson R.; Chiquito, Adenilson J.

    2018-05-01

    The current–voltage (I–V) characteristics of metal–semiconductor junction (Au–Ni/SnO2/Au–Ni) Schottky barrier in SnO2 nanowires were investigated over a wide temperature range. By using the Schottky–Mott model, the zero bias barrier height Φ B was estimated from I–V characteristics, and it was found to increase with increasing temperature; on the other hand the ideality factor (n) was found to decrease with increasing temperature. The variation in the Schottky barrier and n was attributed to the spatial inhomogeneity of the Schottky barrier height. The experimental I–V characteristics exhibited a Gaussian distribution having mean barrier heights {\\overline{{{Φ }}}}B of 0.30 eV and standard deviation σ s of 60 meV. Additionally, the Richardson modified constant was obtained to be 70 A cm‑2 K‑2, leading to an effective mass of 0.58m 0. Consequently, the temperature dependence of I–V characteristics of the SnO2 nanowire devices can be successfully explained on the Schottky–Mott theory framework taking into account a Gaussian distribution of barrier heights.

  13. Sex, Sport, IGF-1 and the Community Effect in Height Hypothesis

    PubMed Central

    Bogin, Barry; Hermanussen, Michael; Blum, Werner F.; Aßmann, Christian

    2015-01-01

    We test the hypothesis that differences in social status between groups of people within a population may induce variation in insulin-like growth factor-1(IGF-1) levels and, by extension, growth in height. This is called the community effect in height hypothesis. The relationship between IGF-1, assessed via finger-prick dried blood spot, and elite level sport competition outcomes were analysed for a sample of 116 undergraduate men and women. There was a statistically significant difference between winners and losers of a competition. Winners, as a group, had higher average pre-game and post-game IGF-1 levels than losers. We proposed this type of difference as a proxy for social dominance. We found no evidence that winners increased in IGF-1 levels over losers or that members of the same team were more similar in IGF-1 levels than they were to players from other teams. These findings provide limited support toward the community effect in height hypothesis. The findings are discussed in relation to the action of the growth hormone/IGF-1 axis as a transducer of multiple bio-social influences into a coherent signal which allows the growing human to adjust and adapt to local ecological conditions. PMID:25946190

  14. Sex, Sport, IGF-1 and the Community Effect in Height Hypothesis.

    PubMed

    Bogin, Barry; Hermanussen, Michael; Blum, Werner F; Aßmann, Christian

    2015-05-04

    We test the hypothesis that differences in social status between groups of people within a population may induce variation in insulin-like growth factor-1(IGF-1) levels and, by extension, growth in height. This is called the community effect in height hypothesis. The relationship between IGF-1, assessed via finger-prick dried blood spot, and elite level sport competition outcomes were analysed for a sample of 116 undergraduate men and women. There was a statistically significant difference between winners and losers of a competition. Winners, as a group, had higher average pre-game and post-game IGF-1 levels than losers. We proposed this type of difference as a proxy for social dominance. We found no evidence that winners increased in IGF-1 levels over losers or that members of the same team were more similar in IGF-1 levels than they were to players from other teams. These findings provide limited support toward the community effect in height hypothesis. The findings are discussed in relation to the action of the growth hormone/IGF-1 axis as a transducer of multiple bio-social influences into a coherent signal which allows the growing human to adjust and adapt to local ecological conditions.

  15. Geographical Distribution of Adolescent Body Height with Respect to Effective Day Length in Japan: An Ecological Analysis

    PubMed Central

    Yokoya, Masana; Shimizu, Hideyasu; Higuchi, Yukito

    2012-01-01

    The height of Japanese youth raised in the northern region tends to be greater than that of youth raised in the southern region; therefore, a geographical gradient in youth body height exists. Although this gradient has existed for about 100 years, the reasons for it remain unclear. Consideration of the nutritional improvement, economic growth, and intense migration that has occurred in this period indicates that it is probably the result of environmental rather than nutritional or genetic factors. To identify possible environmental factors, ecological analysis of prefecture-level data on the body size of 8- to 17-year-old youth averaged over a 13-year period (1996 to 2008) and Japanese mesh climatic data on the climatic variables of temperature, solar radiation, and effective day length (duration of photoperiod exceeding the threshold of light intensity) was performed. The geographical distribution of the standardized height of Japanese adolescents was found to be inversely correlated to a great extent with the distribution of effective day length at a light intensity greater than 4000 lx. The results of multiple regression analysis of effective day length, temperature, and weight (as an index of food intake) indicated that a combination of effective day length and weight was statistically significant as predictors of height in early adolescence; however, only effective day length was statistically significant as a predictor of height in late adolescence. Day length may affect height by affecting the secretion of melatonin, a hormone that inhibits sexual and skeletal maturation, which in turn induces increases in height. By affecting melatonin production, regional differences in the duration of the photoperiod may lead to regional differences in height. Exposure to light intensity greater than 4000 lx appears to be the threshold at which light intensity begins to affect the melatonin secretion of humans who spend much of their time indoors. PMID:23227226

  16. Naturally together: pitch-height and brightness as coupled factors for eliciting the SMARC effect in non-musicians.

    PubMed

    Pitteri, Marco; Marchetti, Mauro; Priftis, Konstantinos; Grassi, Massimo

    2017-01-01

    Pitch-height is often labeled spatially (i.e., low or high) as a function of the fundamental frequency of the tone. This correspondence is highlighted by the so-called Spatial-Musical Association of Response Codes (SMARC) effect. However, the literature suggests that the brightness of the tone's timbre might contribute to this spatial association. We investigated the SMARC effect in a group of non-musicians by disentangling the role of pitch-height and the role of tone-brightness. In three experimental conditions, participants were asked to judge whether the tone they were listening to was (or was not) modulated in amplitude (i.e., vibrato). Participants were required to make their response in both the horizontal and the vertical axes. In a first condition, tones varied coherently in pitch (i.e., manipulation of the tone's F0) and brightness (i.e., manipulation of the tone's spectral centroid); in a second condition, pitch-height varied whereas brightness was fixed; in a third condition, pitch-height was fixed whereas brightness varied. We found the SMARC effect only in the first condition and only in the vertical axis. In contrast, we did not observe the effect in any of the remaining conditions. The present results suggest that, in non-musicians, the SMARC effect is not due to the manipulation of the pitch-height alone, but arises because of a coherent change of pitch-height and brightness; this effect emerges along the vertical axis only.

  17. [Effects of target tree tending on community structure and diversity in subtropical natural secondary shrubs].

    PubMed

    Zhang, Hui; Zhou, Guo Mo; Bai, Shang Bin; Wang, Yi Xiang; You, Yu Jie; Zhu, Ting Ting; Zhang, Hua Feng

    2017-05-18

    The typical natural secondary shrub community was chosen in Lin'an of Zhejiang Pro-vince to discover its possibility of restoration to arbor forest with three kinds of forest management models being taken, i.e., no care as control, closed forest management and target tree tending. Over four years growth, compared with control, closed forest management significantly increased average DBH and height by 130% and 50%, respectively, while 260% and 110% for target tree tending. In target tree tending plots, larger trees had been emerging with 4.5-8.5 cm diameter class and 4.5-8.5 m height class and formed a new storey of 4 m compared with control. The species biodiversity indexes at shrub layer were significantly increased in closed management plots, and did not decrease in target tree tending plots. Closed forest management did not change the tree species composition, following its previous succession direction. However, target tree tending increased the importance value of target species with the high potential succession direction of mixed coniferous-broadleaved forest. The results revealed that the secondary shrub community with target tree tending achieved more desired goals on DBH and height growth of dominant trees and species composition improvement compared with closed management. If the secondary shrub community could be managed when the operational conditions existed, target tree tending model should be selected to accelerate the restoration of shrub toward arbor forest.

  18. The genetic architecture of maize height.

    PubMed

    Peiffer, Jason A; Romay, Maria C; Gore, Michael A; Flint-Garcia, Sherry A; Zhang, Zhiwu; Millard, Mark J; Gardner, Candice A C; McMullen, Michael D; Holland, James B; Bradbury, Peter J; Buckler, Edward S

    2014-04-01

    Height is one of the most heritable and easily measured traits in maize (Zea mays L.). Given a pedigree or estimates of the genomic identity-by-state among related plants, height is also accurately predictable. But, mapping alleles explaining natural variation in maize height remains a formidable challenge. To address this challenge, we measured the plant height, ear height, flowering time, and node counts of plants grown in >64,500 plots across 13 environments. These plots contained >7300 inbreds representing most publically available maize inbreds in the United States and families of the maize Nested Association Mapping (NAM) panel. Joint-linkage mapping of quantitative trait loci (QTL), fine mapping in near isogenic lines (NILs), genome-wide association studies (GWAS), and genomic best linear unbiased prediction (GBLUP) were performed. The heritability of maize height was estimated to be >90%. Mapping NAM family-nested QTL revealed the largest explained 2.1 ± 0.9% of height variation. The effects of two tropical alleles at this QTL were independently validated by fine mapping in NIL families. Several significant associations found by GWAS colocalized with established height loci, including brassinosteroid-deficient dwarf1, dwarf plant1, and semi-dwarf2. GBLUP explained >80% of height variation in the panels and outperformed bootstrap aggregation of family-nested QTL models in evaluations of prediction accuracy. These results revealed maize height was under strong genetic control and had a highly polygenic genetic architecture. They also showed that multiple models of genetic architecture differing in polygenicity and effect sizes can plausibly explain a population's variation in maize height, but they may vary in predictive efficacy.

  19. Effect of advanced nanowire-based targets in nanosecond laser-matter interaction (invited)

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Lanzalone, G.; Altana, C.; Mascali, D.; Muoio, A.; Malferrari, L.; Odorici, F.; Malandrino, G.; Tudisco, S.

    2016-02-01

    An experimental campaign aiming to investigate the effects of innovative nanostructured targets based on Ag nanowires on laser energy absorption in the ns time domain has been carried out at the Laser Energy for Nuclear Science laboratory of INFN-LNS in Catania. The tested targets were realized at INFN-Bologna by anodizing aluminium sheets in order to obtain layers of porous Al2O3 of different thicknesses, on which nanowires of various metals are grown by electro-deposition with different heights. Targets were then irradiated by using a Nd:YAG laser at different pumping energies. Advanced diagnostic tools were used for characterizing the plasma plume and ion production. As compared with targets of pure Al, a huge enhancement (of almost two order of magnitude) of the X-ray flux emitted by the plasma has been observed when using the nanostructured targets, with a corresponding decrease of the "optical range" signal, pointing out that the energetic content of the laser produced plasma was remarkably increased. This analysis was furthermore confirmed from time-of-flight spectra.

  20. Effect of advanced nanowire-based targets in nanosecond laser-matter interaction (invited).

    PubMed

    Lanzalone, G; Altana, C; Mascali, D; Muoio, A; Malferrari, L; Odorici, F; Malandrino, G; Tudisco, S

    2016-02-01

    An experimental campaign aiming to investigate the effects of innovative nanostructured targets based on Ag nanowires on laser energy absorption in the ns time domain has been carried out at the Laser Energy for Nuclear Science laboratory of INFN-LNS in Catania. The tested targets were realized at INFN-Bologna by anodizing aluminium sheets in order to obtain layers of porous Al2O3 of different thicknesses, on which nanowires of various metals are grown by electro-deposition with different heights. Targets were then irradiated by using a Nd:YAG laser at different pumping energies. Advanced diagnostic tools were used for characterizing the plasma plume and ion production. As compared with targets of pure Al, a huge enhancement (of almost two order of magnitude) of the X-ray flux emitted by the plasma has been observed when using the nanostructured targets, with a corresponding decrease of the "optical range" signal, pointing out that the energetic content of the laser produced plasma was remarkably increased. This analysis was furthermore confirmed from time-of-flight spectra.

  1. Effect of advanced nanowire-based targets in nanosecond laser-matter interaction (invited)

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Lanzalone, G., E-mail: Gaetano.Lanzalone@ct.infn.it; Università degli Studi di Enna “Kore,” Via delle Olimpiadi, 94100 Enna; Altana, C.

    2016-02-15

    An experimental campaign aiming to investigate the effects of innovative nanostructured targets based on Ag nanowires on laser energy absorption in the ns time domain has been carried out at the Laser Energy for Nuclear Science laboratory of INFN-LNS in Catania. The tested targets were realized at INFN-Bologna by anodizing aluminium sheets in order to obtain layers of porous Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} of different thicknesses, on which nanowires of various metals are grown by electro-deposition with different heights. Targets were then irradiated by using a Nd:YAG laser at different pumping energies. Advanced diagnostic tools were used for characterizing the plasmamore » plume and ion production. As compared with targets of pure Al, a huge enhancement (of almost two order of magnitude) of the X-ray flux emitted by the plasma has been observed when using the nanostructured targets, with a corresponding decrease of the “optical range” signal, pointing out that the energetic content of the laser produced plasma was remarkably increased. This analysis was furthermore confirmed from time-of-flight spectra.« less

  2. Effect of bed height and use of hands on trunk angular velocity during the sit-to-stand transfer.

    PubMed

    Lindemann, Ulrich; van Oosten, Leon; Evers, Jordi; Becker, Clemens; van Dieen, Jaap H; van Lummel, Rob C

    2014-01-01

    The ability to rise from a chair or bed is critical to an individual's quality of life because it determines functional independence. This study was to investigate the effect of bed height and use of hands on trunk angular velocity and trunk angles during the sit-to-stand (STS) performance. Twenty-four older persons (median age 74 years) were equipped with a body-fixed gyroscopic sensor and stood up from a bed adjusted to different heights, with and without the use of hands at each height. Peak angular velocity and trunk range of motion decreased with increasing bed height (all p ≤ 0.038) and were lower using hands during STS transfer indicating less effort. In conclusion, gyroscopic sensor data of the STS transfer of older persons show differences as an effect of bed height and use of hands. These results provide the rationale for recommending a relatively high bed height for most of the older persons. To minimise the effort during sit-to-stand transfer performance from bed, it is necessary to understand the effect of bed height and use of hands. It is concluded that a relatively high bed height and the use of hands is helpful for most of the older persons during sit-to-stand transfer.

  3. Titan-Like Exoplanets: Variations in Geometric Albedo and Effective Transit Height with Haze Production Rate

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Checlair, Jade; McKay, Christopher P.; Imanaka, Hiroshi

    2016-01-01

    Extensive studies characterizing Titan present an opportunity to study the atmospheric properties of Titan-like exoplanets. Using an existing model of Titan's atmospheric haze, we computed geometric albedo spectra and effective transit height spectra for six values of the haze production rate (zero haze to twice present) over a wide range of wavelengths (0.2-2 microns). In the geometric albedo spectra, the slope in the UV-visible changes from blue to red when varying the haze production rate values from zero to twice the current Titan value. This spectral feature is the most effective way to characterize the haze production rates. Methane absorption bands in the visible-NIR compete with the absorbing haze, being more prominent for smaller haze production rates. The effective transit heights probe a region of the atmosphere where the haze and gas are optically thin and that is thus not effectively probed by the geometric albedo. The effective transit height decreases smoothly with increasing wavelength, from 376 km to 123 km at 0.2 and 2 microns, respectively. When decreasing the haze production rate, the methane absorption bands become more prominent, and the effective transit height decreases with a steeper slope with increasing wavelength. The slope of the geometric albedo in the UV-visible increases smoothly with increasing haze production rate, while the slope of the effective transit height spectra is not sensitive to the haze production rate other than showing a sharp rise when the haze production rate increases from zero. We conclude that geometric albedo spectra provide the most sensitive indicator of the haze production rate and the background Rayleigh gas. Our results suggest that important and complementary information can be obtained from the geometric albedo and motivates improvements in the technology for direct imaging of nearby exoplanets.

  4. Analysis of the COS/NUV Extraction Box Heights

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Synder, Elaine M.; Sonnentrucker, Paule

    2017-08-01

    We present a diagnostic test of the extraction box heights (EBHs) used when extracting NUV spectroscopic data. This study was motivated by a discrepancy between the EBH used by the COS Exposure Time Calculator during observation planning (8 pixels) and the COS calibration pipeline (CALCOS) during the creation of the final spectra (57 pixels). In this Instrument Science Report, we study the effects of decreasing the EBH on the net counts and signal-to-noise ratio for CALCOS-reduced spectra of many different targets. We also provide detailed instructions for users who wish to perform a custom extraction for their data

  5. The Effects of Height and Distance on the Force Production and Acceleration in Martial Arts Strikes

    PubMed Central

    Bolander, Richard P.; Neto, Osmar Pinto; Bir, Cynthia A.

    2009-01-01

    Almost all cultures have roots in some sort of self defence system and yet there is relatively little research in this area, outside of a sports related environment. This project investigated different applications of strikes from Kung Fu practitioners that have not been addressed before in the literature. Punch and palm strikes were directly compared from different heights and distances, with the use of a load cell, accelerometers, and high speed video. The data indicated that the arm accelerations of both strikes were similar, although the force and resulting acceleration of the target were significantly greater for the palm strikes. Additionally, the relative height at which the strike was delivered was also investigated. The overall conclusion is that the palm strike is a more effective strike for transferring force to an object. It can also be concluded that an attack to the chest would be ideal for maximizing impact force and moving an opponent off balance. Key Points It has been determined that the palm strike is more effective than the punch for developing force and for transferring momentum, most likely the result of a reduced number of rigid links and joints. A strike at head level is less effective than a strike at chest level for developing force and transferring momentum. Distance plays an effect on the overall force and momentum changes, and most likely is dependent on the velocity of the limb and alignment of the bones prior to impact. The teaching of self defence for novices and law enforcement would benefit from including the palm strike as a high priority technique. PMID:24474886

  6. Manifestations of Proprioception During Vertical Jumps to Specific Heights

    PubMed Central

    Struzik, Artur; Pietraszewski, Bogdan; Winiarski, Sławomir; Juras, Grzegorz; Rokita, Andrzej

    2017-01-01

    Abstract Artur, S, Bogdan, P, Kawczyński, A, Winiarski, S, Grzegorz, J, and Andrzej, R. Manifestations of proprioception during vertical jumps to specific heights. J Strength Cond Res 31(6): 1694–1701, 2017—Jumping and proprioception are important abilities in many sports. The efficiency of the proprioceptive system is indirectly related to jumps performed at specified heights. Therefore, this study recorded the ability of young athletes who play team sports to jump to a specific height compared with their maximum ability. A total of 154 male (age: 14.8 ± 0.9 years, body height: 181.8 ± 8.9 cm, body weight: 69.8 ± 11.8 kg, training experience: 3.8 ± 1.7 years) and 151 female (age: 14.1 ± 0.8 years, body height: 170.5 ± 6.5 cm, body weight: 60.3 ± 9.4 kg, training experience: 3.7 ± 1.4 years) team games players were recruited for this study. Each participant performed 2 countermovement jumps with arm swing to 25, 50, 75, and 100% of the maximum height. Measurements were performed using a force plate. Jump height and its accuracy with respect to a specified height were calculated. The results revealed no significant differences in jump height and its accuracy to the specified heights between the groups (stratified by age, sex, and sport). Individuals with a higher jumping accuracy also exhibited greater maximum jump heights. Jumps to 25% of the maximum height were approximately 2 times higher than the target height. The decreased jump accuracy to a specific height when attempting to jump to lower heights should be reduced with training, particularly among athletes who play team sports. These findings provide useful information regarding the proprioceptive system for team sport coaches and may shape guidelines for training routines by working with submaximal loads. PMID:28538322

  7. Effect of Alveolar Segmental Sandwich Osteotomy on Alveolar Height: A Preliminary Study.

    PubMed

    Mehta, Karan S; Prasad, Kavitha; Shetty, Vibha; Ranganath, Krishnappa; Lalitha, R M; Dexith, Jayashree; Munoyath, Sejal K; Kumar, Vineeth

    2017-12-01

    Bone loss following extraction is maximum in horizontal dimension. Height is also reduced which is pronounced on the buccal aspect. Various surgical procedures are available to correct the bone volume viz. GBR, onlay bone grafting, alveolar distraction and sandwich osteotomy. Sandwich osteotomy has been found to increase the vertical alveolar bone height successfully. The objective of the study was to assess the effect of alveolar segmental sandwich osteotomy on alveolar height and crestal width. A prospective study was undertaken from December 2012 to August 2014. Seven patients with 12 implant sites with a mean age of 36 years were recruited. All seven patients with 12 implant sites underwent alveolar segmental sandwich osteotomy and interpositional bone grafting. Alveolar bone height was assessed radiographically preoperatively, immediate post-op, and at 3 months post-op. Alveolar bone width was assessed radiographically preoperatively and at 3 months post-op. Statistical significance was inferred at p  < 0.05. The mean vertical augmentation at immediate post-op was 6.58 mm ( p  = 0.001). The vertical augmentation that was achieved 3 months post-op was a mean of 3.75 mm which was statistically significant ( p  = 0.004). The change in alveolar height from immediate post-op to 3 month post-op was a mean 1.69 mm. The mean change in alveolar crestal width at 3 months was a mean of -0.29 mm ( p  = 0.57). Sandwich osteotomy can be used as an alternative technique to increase alveolar bone height prior to implant placement. Moderate alveolar deficiency can be predictably corrected by this technique.

  8. Effects of Axial Torsion on Disc Height Distribution: an In Vivo Study

    PubMed Central

    Espinoza Orías, Alejandro A.; Mammoser, Nicole M.; Triano, John J.; An, Howard S.; Andersson, Gunnar B.J.; Inoue, Nozomu

    2016-01-01

    Objectives Axial rotation of the torso is commonly used during manipulation treatment of low back pain. Little is known about the effect of these positons on disc morphology. Rotation is a three-dimensional event that is inadequately represented with planar images in the clinic. True quantification of the intervertebral gap can be achieved with a disc height distribution. The objective of this study was to analyze disc height distribution patterns during torsion relevant to manipulation in vivo. Methods Eighty-one volunteers were CT-scanned both in supine and in right 50° rotation positions. Virtual models of each intervertebral gap representing the disc were created with the inferior endplate of each ‘disc’ set as the reference surface and separated into five anatomical zones: four peripheral and one central, corresponding to the footprint of the annulus fibrosus and nucleus pulposus, respectively. Whole-disc and individual anatomical zone disc height distributions were calculated in both positions, and were compared against each other with ANOVA, with significance set at p < 0.05. Results Mean neutral disc height was 7.32 (1.59) mm. With 50° rotation, a small but significant increase to 7.44 (1.52) mm (p < 0.0002) was observed. The right side showed larger separation in most levels, except at L5/S1. The posterior and right zones increased in height upon axial rotation of the spine (p < 0.0001), while the left, anterior and central decreased. Conclusions This study quantified important tensile/compressive changes disc height during torsion. The implications of these mutually opposing changes on spinal manipulation are still unknown. PMID:27059249

  9. Effects of Axial Torsion on Disc Height Distribution: An In Vivo Study.

    PubMed

    Espinoza Orías, Alejandro A; Mammoser, Nicole M; Triano, John J; An, Howard S; Andersson, Gunnar B J; Inoue, Nozomu

    2016-05-01

    Axial rotation of the torso is commonly used during manipulation treatment of low back pain. Little is known about the effect of these positions on disc morphology. Rotation is a three-dimensional event that is inadequately represented with planar images in the clinic. True quantification of the intervertebral gap can be achieved with a disc height distribution. The objective of this study was to analyze disc height distribution patterns during torsion relevant to manipulation in vivo. Eighty-one volunteers were computed tomography-scanned both in supine and in right 50° rotation positions. Virtual models of each intervertebral gap representing the disc were created with the inferior endplate of each "disc" set as the reference surface and separated into 5 anatomical zones: 4 peripheral and 1 central, corresponding to the footprint of the annulus fibrosus and nucleus pulposus, respectively. Whole-disc and individual anatomical zone disc height distributions were calculated in both positions and were compared against each other with analysis of variance, with significance set at P < .05. Mean neutral disc height was 7.32 mm (1.59 mm). With 50° rotation, a small but significant increase to 7.44 mm (1.52 mm) (P < .0002) was observed. The right side showed larger separation in most levels, except at L5/S1. The posterior and right zones increased in height upon axial rotation of the spine (P < .0001), whereas the left, anterior, and central decreased. This study quantified important tensile/compressive changes disc height during torsion. The implications of these mutually opposing changes on spinal manipulation are still unknown. Copyright © 2016 National University of Health Sciences. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

  10. Anatomy of the larynx and pharynx: effects of age, gender and height revealed by multidetector computed tomography.

    PubMed

    Inamoto, Y; Saitoh, E; Okada, S; Kagaya, H; Shibata, S; Baba, M; Onogi, K; Hashimoto, S; Katada, K; Wattanapan, P; Palmer, J B

    2015-09-01

    Although oropharyngeal and laryngeal structures are essential for swallowing, the three-dimensional (3D) anatomy is not well understood, due in part to limitations of available measuring techniques. This study uses 3D images acquired by 320-row area detector computed tomography ('320-ADCT'), to measure the pharynx and larynx and to investigate the effects of age, gender and height. Fifty-four healthy volunteers (30 male, 24 female, 23-77 years) underwent one single-phase volume scan (0.35 s) with 320-ADCT during resting tidal breathing. Six measurements of the pharynx and two of larynx were performed. Bivariate statistical methods were used to analyse the effects of gender, age and height on these measurements. Length and volume were significantly larger for men than for women for every measurement (P < 0.05) and increased with height (P < 0.05). Multiple regression analysis was performed to understand the interactions of gender, height and age. Gender, height and age each had significant effects on certain values. The volume of the larynx and hypopharynx was significantly affected by height and age. The length of pharynx was associated with gender and age. Length of the vocal folds and distance from the valleculae to the vocal folds were significantly affected by gender (P < 0.05). These results suggest that age, gender and height have independent and interacting effects on the morphology of the pharynx and larynx. Three-dimensional imaging and morphometrics using 320-ADCT are powerful tools for efficiently and reliably observing and measuring the pharynx and larynx. © 2015 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

  11. Height Assessment in the Dutch-Origin Pediatric Cystic Fibrosis Population.

    PubMed

    Woestenenk, Janna W; Gulmans, Vincent A M; van der Ent, Cornelis K; Houwen, Roderick H J

    2017-02-01

    Height evaluation is an integral part of cystic fibrosis (CF) care. Height is compared with reference values by converting it to height-for-age (HFA) z scores. However, HFA z scores do not adjust for genetic potential (ie, target height [TH]), which could result in an incorrect estimation of the height. To evaluate the magnitude of this potential problem, we assessed the agreement between HFA and HFA-adjusted-for-TH (HFA/TH) z scores in 474 Dutch children with CF. In this study sample, HFA z scores were -0.07 (95% confidence interval, -0.02 to -0.12) lower than HFA/TH z scores. When HFA and HFA/TH z scores were subdivided into 4 categories (≥0, <0 and ≥-1, <-1 and ≥-2, and ≤-2), a moderate agreement was found. HFA z scores were classified lower than HFA/TH z scores in 21% of the measurements and higher in 15% of the measurements. In clinical routine, height evaluation based on HFA may result in underestimation or overestimation of height growth, which may induce inappropriate nutrition interventions.

  12. Effect of prescribed prism on monocular interpupillary distances and fitting heights for progressive add lenses.

    PubMed

    Brooks, C W; Riley, H D

    1994-06-01

    Success in fitting progressive addition lenses is dependent upon the accurate placement of the progressive zone. Both eyes must track simultaneously within the boundary of the progressive corridor. Vertical prism will displace the wearer's lines of sight and consequently eye position. Because fitting heights are measured using an empty frame, subjects with vertical phorias usually will fuse, and not show the vertical differences in pupil heights during the measuring process. Therefore, when prescriptions contain vertical prism one must consider the changes in measured fitting heights that will occur once the lenses are placed in the frame. Fitting heights must be altered approximately 0.3 mm for each vertical prism diopter prescribed. The fitting height adjustment is opposite from the base direction of the prescribed prism. An explanation of the effect of prescribed horizontal prism on monocular interpupillary distance (PD) measurements is also included.

  13. Effects of height on treetop transpiration and stomatal conductance in coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens).

    PubMed

    Ambrose, Anthony R; Sillett, Stephen C; Koch, George W; Van Pelt, Robert; Antoine, Marie E; Dawson, Todd E

    2010-10-01

    Treetops become increasingly constrained by gravity-induced water stress as they approach maximum height. Here we examine the effects of height on seasonal and diurnal sap flow dynamics at the tops of 12 unsuppressed Sequoia sempervirens (D. Don) Endl. (coast redwood) trees 68-113 m tall during one growing season. Average treetop sap velocity (V(S)), transpiration per unit leaf area (E(L)) and stomatal conductance per unit leaf area (G(S)) significantly decreased with increasing height. These differences in sap flow were associated with an unexpected decrease in treetop sapwood area-to-leaf area ratios (A(S):A(L)) in the tallest trees. Both E(L) and G(S) declined as soil moisture decreased and vapor pressure deficit (D) increased throughout the growing season with a greater decline in shorter trees. Under high soil moisture and light conditions, reference G(S) (G(Sref); G(S) at D = 1 kPa) and sensitivity of G(S) to D (-δ; dG(S)/dlnD) significantly decreased with increasing height. The close relationship we observed between G(Sref) and -δ is consistent with the role of stomata in regulating E(L) and leaf water potential (Ψ(L)). Our results confirm that increasing tree height reduces gas exchange of treetop foliage and thereby contributes to lower carbon assimilation and height growth rates as S. sempervirens approaches maximum height.

  14. Genetic determination of height-mediated mate choice.

    PubMed

    Tenesa, Albert; Rawlik, Konrad; Navarro, Pau; Canela-Xandri, Oriol

    2016-01-19

    Numerous studies have reported positive correlations among couples for height. This suggests that humans find individuals of similar height attractive. However, the answer to whether the choice of a mate with a similar phenotype is genetically or environmentally determined has been elusive. Here we provide an estimate of the genetic contribution to height choice in mates in 13,068 genotyped couples. Using a mixed linear model we show that 4.1% of the variation in the mate height choice is determined by a person's own genotype, as expected in a model where one's height determines the choice of mate height. Furthermore, the genotype of an individual predicts their partners' height in an independent dataset of 15,437 individuals with 13% accuracy, which is 64% of the theoretical maximum achievable with a heritability of 0.041. Theoretical predictions suggest that approximately 5% of the heritability of height is due to the positive covariance between allelic effects at different loci, which is caused by assortative mating. Hence, the coupling of alleles with similar effects could substantially contribute to the missing heritability of height. These estimates provide new insight into the mechanisms that govern mate choice in humans and warrant the search for the genetic causes of choice of mate height. They have important methodological implications and contribute to the missing heritability debate.

  15. Comparisons of modeled height predictions to ocular height estimates

    Treesearch

    W.A. Bechtold; S.J. Zarnoch; W.G. Burkman

    1998-01-01

    Equations used by USDA Forest Service Forest Inventory and Analysis projects to predict individual tree heights on the basis of species and d.b.h. were improved by the addition of mean overstory height. However, ocular estimates of total height by field crews were more accurate than the statistically improved models, especially for hardwood species. Height predictions...

  16. Fall from heights: does height really matter?

    PubMed

    Alizo, G; Sciarretta, J D; Gibson, S; Muertos, K; Romano, A; Davis, J; Pepe, A

    2018-06-01

    Fall from heights is high energy injuries and constitutes a fraction of all fall-related trauma evaluations while bearing an increase in morbidity and mortality. We hypothesize that despite advancements in trauma care, the overall survivability has not improved in this subset of trauma patients. All adult trauma patients treated after sustaining a fall from heights during a 40-month period were retrospectively reviewed. Admission demographics, clinical data, fall height (ft), injury patterns, ISS, GCS, length of stay, and mortality were reviewed. 116 patients sustained a fall from heights, 90.4% accidental. A mean age of 37± 14.7 years, 86% male, and a fall height of 19 ± 10 ft were encountered. Admission GCS was 13 ± 2 with ISS 10 ± 11. Overall LOS was 6.6 ± 14.9 days and an ICU LOS of 2.8 ± 8.9 days. Falls ≥ 25 ft.(16%) had lower GCS 10.4 ± 5.8, increased ISS 22.6 ± 13.8, a fall height 37.9 ± 13.1 ft and associated increased mortality (p < 0.001). Mortality was 5.2%, a mean distance fallen of 39 ± 22 ft. and an ISS of 31.5 ±16.5. Brain injury was the leading cause of death, 50% with open skull fractures. Level of height fallen is a good predictor of overall outcome and survival. Despite advances in trauma care, death rates remain unchanged. Safety awareness and injury prevention programs are needed to reduce the risk of high-level falls.

  17. Effects of Electrostimulation and Plyometric Training Program Combination on Jump Height in Teenage Athletes

    PubMed Central

    Martínez-López, Emilio J.; Benito-Martínez, Elisa; Hita-Contreras, Fidel; Lara-Sánchez, Amador; Martínez-Amat, Antonio

    2012-01-01

    The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of eight-week (2 days/week) training periods of plyometric exercises (PT) and neuromuscular electrostimulation (EMS) on jump height in young athletes. Squat jump (SJ), counter movement jump (CMJ) and drop jump (DJ) were performed to assess the effects of the training protocols 98 athletes (100 & 200m and 100m & 110m hurdles) voluntarily took part in this study, 51 males (52%) and 47 females (48%), 17.91 ± 1.42 years old, and 5.16 ± 2.56 years of training experience. The participants were randomly assigned to four different groups according to the frequency and the timing of the stimulation. Analysis of covariance was used to analyze the effects of every training program on jump height. Our findings suggest that compared to control (Plyometrics (PT) only), the combination of 150Hz EMS + PT simultaneously combined in an 8 week (2days/week) training program, we could observe significant jump height improvements in the different types of strength: explosive, explosive-elastic, and explosive-elastic-reactive. The combination of PT after ≤ 85 Hz EMS did not show any jump height significant increase in sprinters. In conclusion, an eight week training program (with just two days per week) of EMS combined with plyometric exercises has proven useful for the improvement of every kind of vertical jump ability required for sprint and hurdles disciplines in teenage athletes. Key points The combined use of high frequency electromyostimulation and plyometric training 2 days/week in an 8 week training program produce significant improvements in jump height in teenage athletes. A high-frequency (≥ 150 Hz) EMS and its simultaneous application with PT can significantly contribute to the improvement of the three different types of strength manifestations (explosive, explosive-elastic and explosive-elastic-reactive strength). An alternate training with different stimulation frequencies [85Hz EMS/ PT combination and 150Hz EMS

  18. The effect of obturator bulb height on speech in maxillectomy patients.

    PubMed

    Kwon, H B; Chang, S W; Lee, S H

    2011-03-01

    The purpose of this study was to compare the speech function of low height bulb obturators with that of high height bulb obturators. Thirteen maxillectomy patients, who underwent post-operative prosthodontic rehabilitations, were included. Two obturators of the same design except for different bulb heights were fabricated for each maxillectomy patient. One of the two obturators had high bulb design and the other had low bulb design. After one of the obturators was used for a period of 3 weeks, the patient's speaking functions were evaluated by measuring nasalance scores, formant frequencies, and vowel working space areas. The same procedures were repeated with the second obturator following another 3-week period of usage. In addition, the effect of delivery sequence and anatomic conditions related to maxillectomy were analysed. The results demonstrated that the nasalance scores with the low bulb obturators were significantly higher than those with the high bulb obturators. There were no significant differences in formant frequencies based on the bulb height of the obturators. The vowel working spaces for the two obturators were similar in shape and there were no significant differences between the vowel working space areas created by the two obturators. The delivery sequence affected the results. However, there were no significant differences related to the other anatomical variables. Although low bulb obturators might function similarly with high bulb obturators in terms of the articulation of speech, they would exhibit a difficulty in controlling hypernasality in maxillectomy patients. © 2010 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.

  19. Genetic variants related to height and risk of atrial fibrillation: the cardiovascular health study.

    PubMed

    Rosenberg, Michael A; Kaplan, Robert C; Siscovick, David S; Psaty, Bruce M; Heckbert, Susan R; Newton-Cheh, Christopher; Mukamal, Kenneth J

    2014-07-15

    Increased height is a known independent risk factor for atrial fibrillation (AF). However, whether genetic determinants of height influence risk is uncertain. In this candidate gene study, we examined the association of 209 height-associated single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with incident AF in 3,309 persons of European descent from the Cardiovascular Health Study, a prospective cohort study of older adults (aged ≥ 65 years) enrolled in 1989-1990. After a median follow-up period of 13.2 years, 879 participants developed incident AF. The height-associated SNPs together explained approximately 10% of the variation in height (P = 6.0 × 10(-8)). Using an unweighted genetic height score, we found a nonsignificant association with risk of AF (per allele, hazard ratio = 1.01, 95% confidence interval: 1.00, 1.02; P = 0.06). In weighted analyses, we found that genetically predicted height was strongly associated with AF risk (per 10 cm, hazard ratio = 1.30, 95% confidence interval: 1.03, 1.64; P = 0.03). Importantly, for all models, the inclusion of actual height completely attenuated the genetic height effect. Finally, we identified 1 nonsynonymous SNP (rs1046934) that was independently associated with AF and may warrant future study. In conclusion, we found that genetic determinants of height appear to increase the risk of AF, primarily via height itself. This approach of examining SNPs associated with an intermediate phenotype should be considered as a method for identifying novel genetic targets. © The Author 2014. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.

  20. The Effect of Backward-Facing Step Height on Instability Growth and Breakdown in Swept Wing Boundary-Layer Transition

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Eppink, Jenna L.; Wlezien, Richard W.; King, Rudolph A.; Choudhari, Meelan

    2015-01-01

    A low-speed experiment was performed on a swept at plate model with an imposed pressure gradient to determine the effect of a backward-facing step on transition in a stationary-cross flow dominated flow. Detailed hot-wire boundary-layer measurements were performed for three backward-facing step heights of approximately 36, 45, and 49% of the boundary-layer thickness at the step. These step heights correspond to a subcritical, nearly-critical, and critical case. Three leading-edge roughness configurations were tested to determine the effect of stationary-cross flow amplitude on transition. The step caused a local increase in amplitude of the stationary cross flow for the two larger step height cases, but farther downstream the amplitude decreased and remained below the baseline amplitude. The smallest step caused a slight local decrease in amplitude of the primary stationary cross flow mode, but the amplitude collapsed back to the baseline case far downstream of the step. The effect of the step on the amplitude of the primary cross flow mode increased with step height, however, the stationary cross flow amplitudes remained low and thus, stationary cross flow was not solely responsible for transition. Unsteady disturbances were present downstream of the step for all three step heights, and the amplitudes increased with increasing step height. The only exception is that the lower frequency (traveling crossflow-like) disturbance was not present in the lowest step height case. Positive and negative spikes in instantaneous velocity began to occur for the two larger step height cases and then grew in number and amplitude downstream of reattachment, eventually leading to transition. The number and amplitude of spikes varied depending on the step height and cross flow amplitude. Despite the low amplitude of the disturbances in the intermediate step height case, breakdown began to occur intermittently and the flow underwent a long transition region.

  1. The effect of step stool use and provider height on CPR quality during pediatric cardiac arrest: A simulation-based multicentre study.

    PubMed

    Cheng, Adam; Lin, Yiqun; Nadkarni, Vinay; Wan, Brandi; Duff, Jonathan; Brown, Linda; Bhanji, Farhan; Kessler, David; Tofil, Nancy; Hecker, Kent; Hunt, Elizabeth A

    2018-01-01

    We aimed to explore whether a) step stool use is associated with improved cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) quality; b) provider adjusted height is associated with improved CPR quality; and if associations exist, c) determine whether just-in-time (JIT) CPR training and/or CPR visual feedback attenuates the effect of height and/or step stool use on CPR quality. We analysed data from a trial of simulated cardiac arrests with three study arms: No intervention; CPR visual feedback; and JIT CPR training. Step stool use was voluntary. We explored the association between 1) step stool use and CPR quality, and 2) provider adjusted height and CPR quality. Adjusted height was defined as provider height + 23 cm (if step stool was used). Below-average height participants were ≤ gender-specific average height; the remainder were above average height. We assessed for interaction between study arm and both adjusted height and step stool use. One hundred twenty-four subjects participated; 1,230 30-second epochs of CPR were analysed. Step stool use was associated with improved compression depth in below-average (female, p=0.007; male, p<0.001) and above-average (female, p=0.001; male, p<0.001) height providers. There is an association between adjusted height and compression depth (p<0.001). Visual feedback attenuated the effect of height (p=0.025) on compression depth; JIT training did not (p=0.918). Visual feedback and JIT training attenuated the effect of step stool use (p<0.001) on compression depth. Step stool use is associated with improved compression depth regardless of height. Increased provider height is associated with improved compression depth, with visual feedback attenuating the effects of height and step stool use.

  2. Effects of Stimulants on Height and Weight: A Review of the Literature

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Faraone, Stephen V.; Biederman, Joseph; Morley, Christopher P.; Spencer, Thomas J.

    2008-01-01

    The article reviews existing literature on the effects of stimulant medications on the growth of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. It concludes that treatment with stimulants in childhood results in moderate growth deficit in height and weight.

  3. Holistic metrology qualification extension and its application to characterize overlay targets with asymmetric effects

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Dos Santos Ferreira, Olavio; Sadat Gousheh, Reza; Visser, Bart; Lie, Kenrick; Teuwen, Rachel; Izikson, Pavel; Grzela, Grzegorz; Mokaberi, Babak; Zhou, Steve; Smith, Justin; Husain, Danish; Mandoy, Ram S.; Olvera, Raul

    2018-03-01

    Ever increasing need for tighter on-product overlay (OPO), as well as enhanced accuracy in overlay metrology and methodology, is driving semiconductor industry's technologists to innovate new approaches to OPO measurements. In case of High Volume Manufacturing (HVM) fabs, it is often critical to strive for both accuracy and robustness. Robustness, in particular, can be challenging in metrology since overlay targets can be impacted by proximity of other structures next to the overlay target (asymmetric effects), as well as symmetric stack changes such as photoresist height variations. Both symmetric and asymmetric contributors have impact on robustness. Furthermore, tweaking or optimizing wafer processing parameters for maximum yield may have an adverse effect on physical target integrity. As a result, measuring and monitoring physical changes or process abnormalities/artefacts in terms of new Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) is crucial for the end goal of minimizing true in-die overlay of the integrated circuits (ICs). IC manufacturing fabs often relied on CD-SEM in the past to capture true in-die overlay. Due to destructive and intrusive nature of CD-SEMs on certain materials, it's desirable to characterize asymmetry effects for overlay targets via inline KPIs utilizing YieldStar (YS) metrology tools. These KPIs can also be integrated as part of (μDBO) target evaluation and selection for final recipe flow. In this publication, the Holistic Metrology Qualification (HMQ) flow was extended to account for process induced (asymmetric) effects such as Grating Imbalance (GI) and Bottom Grating Asymmetry (BGA). Local GI typically contributes to the intrafield OPO whereas BGA typically impacts the interfield OPO, predominantly at the wafer edge. Stack height variations highly impact overlay metrology accuracy, in particular in case of multi-layer LithoEtch Litho-Etch (LELE) overlay control scheme. Introducing a GI impact on overlay (in nm) KPI check quantifies the

  4. Effect of an isolated semi-arid pine forest on the boundary layer height

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Brugger, Peter; Banerjee, Tirtha; Kröniger, Konstantin; Preisler, Yakir; Rotenberg, Eyal; Tatarinov, Fedor; Yakir, Dan; Mauder, Matthias

    2017-04-01

    Forests play an important role for earth's climate by influencing the surface energy balance and CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere. Semi-arid forests and their effects on the local and regional climate are studied within the CliFF project (Climate Feedbacks and benefits of semi-arid Forests). This requires understanding of the atmospheric boundary layer over semi-arid forests, because it links the surface and the free atmosphere and determines the exchange of momentum, heat and trace gases. Our study site, Yatir, is a semi-arid isolated pine forest in the Negev desert in Israel. Higher roughness and lower albedo compared to the surrounding shrubland make it interesting to study the influences of the semi-arid Yatir forest on the boundary layer. Previous studies of the forest focused on the energy balance and secondary circulations. This study focuses on the boundary layer structure above the forest, in particular the boundary layer height. The boundary layer height is an essential parameter for many applications (e.g. construction of convective scaling parameters or air pollution modeling). We measured the boundary layer height upwind, over and downwind of the forest. In addition we measured at two sites wind profiles within the boundary layer and turbulent fluxes at the surface. This allows us to quantify the effects of the forest on boundary layer compared to the surrounding shrubland. Results show that the forest increases the boundary layer height in absence of a strong boundary layer top inversion. A model of the boundary layer height based on eddy-covariance data shows some agreement to the measurements, but fails during anticyclonic conditions and the transition to the nocturnal boundary layer. More complex models accounting for large scale influences are investigated. Further influences of the forest and surrounding shrubland on the turbulent transport of energy are discussed in a companion presentation (EGU2017-2219).

  5. The Effect of Molar Axial Wall Height on CAD/CAM Ceramic Crowns With Moderate Occlusal Convergence

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2006-05-01

    CEREC e.max* CAD crowns on preparations with moderate total occlusal convergence (16 degrees). Methods: 60 recently-extracted maxillary third molars ...The Effect of Molar Axial Wall Height on CAD/CAM Ceramic Crowns With Moderate Occlusal Convergence Wyeth L. Hoopes The Effect of Molar Axial Wall... Molar Axial Wall Height on CAD/CAM Ceramic Crowns With Moderate Occlusal Convergence is appropria tely acknowledged and beyond brief excerpts, is with

  6. The effect of growth hormone treatment on height in children with idiopathic short stature.

    PubMed

    Jeong, Hwal Rim; Shim, Young Seok; Lee, Hae Sang; Hwang, Jin Soon

    2014-07-01

    Idiopathic short stature (ISS) is short stature of unknown cause. In 2003, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the use of growth hormone (GH) for ISS. Several studies have evaluated the effect of GH in children with ISS, in whom improved growth velocities and height standard deviation scores (SDS) have been reported. However, clinical variables influence the height improvement. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of GH treatment on ISS and to analyze clinical factors associated with growth velocity. This study was conducted retrospectively. Subjects diagnosed with ISS at Ajou University Hospital were divided into two groups, an ISS with GH-treatment group (n=34) and an ISS control group (n=36). All children were prepubertal, and aged <10 years. We reviewed their auxological data, laboratory findings, and bone age. Growth velocity of the GH-treatment group exceeded that of controls by 3.37 cm/year (95% CI, 2.78-3.95). At baseline, the mean SDS for height in the treatment and control groups were equivalent (-2.25 ± 0.29 and -2.22 ± 0.31, respectively). However, after 1 year, the height of the GH-treated group exceeded that of the control group by 0.73 SDS (95% CI, 0.57-0.88). A negative correlation was found between age and growth velocity in the GH-treatment group. GH treatment increased short-term growth velocity and height SDS of Korean children with ISS. Age was identified as the single most important factor correlated with growth velocity in GH treatment.

  7. Height growth in western white pine progenies

    Treesearch

    G. E. Rehfeldt; R. J. Steinhoff

    1970-01-01

    Heights of 31 progenies of western white pines from four geographic localities and four crosses between localities were assessed on 14-year-old trees at two sites. Differences in height among individual progenies were detected but could not be related to localities or crosses between localities. Although differential effects of sites on tree height became apparent...

  8. Quantitative trait locus analysis of heterosis for plant height and ear height in an elite maize hybrid zhengdan 958 by design III.

    PubMed

    Li, Hongjian; Yang, Qingsong; Fan, Nannan; Zhang, Ming; Zhai, Huijie; Ni, Zhongfu; Zhang, Yirong

    2017-04-17

    Plant height (PH) and ear height (EH) are two important agronomic traits in maize selection breeding. F 1 hybrid exhibit significant heterosis for PH and EH as compared to their parental inbred lines. To understand the genetic basis of heterosis controlling PH and EH, we conducted quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis using a recombinant inbreed line (RIL) based design III population derived from the elite maize hybrid Zhengdan 958 in five environments. A total of 14 environmentally stable QTLs were identified, and the number of QTLs for Z 1 and Z 2 populations was six and eight, respectively. Notably, all the eight environmentally stable QTLs for Z 2 were characterized by overdominance effect (OD), suggesting that overdominant QTLs were the most important contributors to heterosis for PH and EH. Furthermore, 14 environmentally stable QTLs were anchored on six genomic regions, among which four are trait-specific QTLs, suggesting that the genetic basis for PH and EH is partially different. Additionally, qPH.A-1.3, modifying about 10 centimeters of PH, was further validated in backcross populations. The genetic basis for PH and EH is partially different, and overdominant QTLs are important factors for heterosis of PH and EH. A major QTL qPH.A-1.3 may be a desired target for genetic improvement of maize plant height.

  9. Outer layer effects in wind-farm boundary layers: Coriolis forces and boundary layer height

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Allaerts, Dries; Meyers, Johan

    2015-11-01

    In LES studies of wind-farm boundary layers, scale separation between the inner and outer region of the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) is frequently assumed, i.e., wind turbines are presumed to fall within the inner layer and are not affected by outer layer effects. However, modern wind turbine and wind farm design tends towards larger rotor diameters and farm sizes, which means that outer layer effects will become more important. In a prior study, it was already shown for fully-developed wind farms that the ABL height influences the power performance. In this study, we use the in-house LES code SP-Wind to investigate the importance of outer layer effects on wind-farm boundary layers. In a suite of LES cases, the ABL height is varied by imposing a capping inversion with varying inversion strengths. Results indicate the growth of an internal boundary layer (IBL), which is limited in cases with low inversion layers. We further find that flow deceleration combined with Coriolis effects causes a change in wind direction throughout the farm. This effect increases with decreasing boundary layer height, and can result in considerable turbine wake deflection near the end of the farm. The authors are supported by the ERC (ActiveWindFarms, grant no: 306471). Computations were performed on VSC infrastructiure (Flemish Supercomputer Center), funded by the Hercules Foundation and the Flemish Government-department EWI.

  10. Height and calories in early childhood.

    PubMed

    Griffen, Andrew S

    2016-03-01

    This paper estimates a height production function using data from a randomized nutrition intervention conducted in rural Guatemala from 1969 to 1977. Using the experimental intervention as an instrument, the IV estimates of the effect of calories on height are an order of magnitude larger than the OLS estimates. Information from a unique measurement error process in the calorie data, counterfactuals results from the estimated model and external evidence from migration studies suggest that IV is not identifying a policy relevant average marginal impact of calories on height. The preferred, attenuation bias corrected OLS estimates from the height production function suggest that, averaging over ages, a 100 calorie increase in average daily calorie intake over the course of a year would increase height by 0.06 cm. Counterfactuals from the model imply that calories gaps in early childhood can explain at most 16% of the height gap between Guatemalan children and the US born children of Guatemalan immigrants. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

  11. The effect of dropping height on jumping performance in trained and untrained prepubertal boys and girls.

    PubMed

    Bassa, Eleni I; Patikas, Dimitrios A; Panagiotidou, Aikaterini I; Papadopoulou, Sophia D; Pylianidis, Theofilos C; Kotzamanidis, Christos M

    2012-08-01

    Plyometric training in children, including different types of jumps, has become common practice during the last few years in different sports, although there is limited information about the adaptability of children with respect to different loads and the differences in performance between various jump types. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of gender and training background on the optimal drop jump height of 9- to 11-year-old children. Sixty prepubertal (untrained and track and field athletes, boys and girls, equally distributed in each group [n = 15]), performed the following in random order: 3 squat jumps, 3 countermovement jumps (CMJs) and 3 drop jumps from heights of 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 cm. The trial with the best performance in jump height of each test was used for further analysis. The jump type significantly affected the jump height. The jump height during the CMJ was the highest among all other jump types, resulting in advanced performance for both trained and untrained prepubertal boys and girls. However, increasing the dropping height did not change the jumping height or contact time during the drop jump. This possibly indicates an inability of prepubertal children to use their stored elastic energy to increase jumping height during drop jumps, irrespective of their gender or training status. This indicates that children, independent of gender and training status, have no performance gain during drop jumps from heights up to 50 cm, and therefore, it is recommended that only low drop jump heights be included in plyometric training to limit the probability of sustaining injuries.

  12. [Genetic characteristics associated with drought tolerance of plant height and thousand-grain mass of recombinant inbred lines of wheat].

    PubMed

    Yang, De-Long; Zhang, Guo-Hong; Li, Xing-Mao; Xing, Hua; Cheng, Hong-Bo; Ni, Sheng-Li; Chen, Xiao-Ping

    2012-06-01

    A total of 120 recombinant inbred lines (RIL) derived from Chinese winter wheat cultivars Longjian 19xQ9086 and the two parents were taken as test materials to study the quantitative genetics characteristics of their plant height at different development stages, thousand-grain mass, as well as the correlations between the two traits under rainfed (drought stress) and well-watered conditions, and evaluate the genetic variation of the RIL. Under the two water conditions, the target traits of the RIL showed substantial transgressive segregation and great sensitivity to water condition. The drought stress coefficient of the plant height was higher at jointing stage, being up to 0.851. There was a significant positive correlation between the plant height at different development stages and the thousand-grain mass, and comparing with that at other growth stages, the plant height at jointing stage had a higher correlation coefficient with the thousand-grain mass (R2DS = 0.32, R2WW = 0.28). The plant height at both jointing and flowering stages had significant positive and direct effect but negative and indirect gross effect on the thousand-grain mass, while the plant height at heading and maturing stages was in adverse. The target traits showed a lower heritability ranged from 0.27 to 0.60. The numbers of the gene pairs controlling the thousand-grain mass were 10 under rainfed and 13 under well-watered conditions, while those of the gene pairs controlling the plant height at different development stages were 3-7 under rainfed and 4-14 under well-watered conditions, respectively. According to the clustering of the drought stress coefficient of plant height, the RIL could be classified into five subgroups, showing the abundant variation of the RIL in their phe- notypes and in the sensitivity to water condition. It was considered that the test RIL were appropriate for the study of the quantitative genetics of wheat drought resistance.

  13. Effects of LiDAR point density, sampling size and height threshold on estimation accuracy of crop biophysical parameters.

    PubMed

    Luo, Shezhou; Chen, Jing M; Wang, Cheng; Xi, Xiaohuan; Zeng, Hongcheng; Peng, Dailiang; Li, Dong

    2016-05-30

    Vegetation leaf area index (LAI), height, and aboveground biomass are key biophysical parameters. Corn is an important and globally distributed crop, and reliable estimations of these parameters are essential for corn yield forecasting, health monitoring and ecosystem modeling. Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) is considered an effective technology for estimating vegetation biophysical parameters. However, the estimation accuracies of these parameters are affected by multiple factors. In this study, we first estimated corn LAI, height and biomass (R2 = 0.80, 0.874 and 0.838, respectively) using the original LiDAR data (7.32 points/m2), and the results showed that LiDAR data could accurately estimate these biophysical parameters. Second, comprehensive research was conducted on the effects of LiDAR point density, sampling size and height threshold on the estimation accuracy of LAI, height and biomass. Our findings indicated that LiDAR point density had an important effect on the estimation accuracy for vegetation biophysical parameters, however, high point density did not always produce highly accurate estimates, and reduced point density could deliver reasonable estimation results. Furthermore, the results showed that sampling size and height threshold were additional key factors that affect the estimation accuracy of biophysical parameters. Therefore, the optimal sampling size and the height threshold should be determined to improve the estimation accuracy of biophysical parameters. Our results also implied that a higher LiDAR point density, larger sampling size and height threshold were required to obtain accurate corn LAI estimation when compared with height and biomass estimations. In general, our results provide valuable guidance for LiDAR data acquisition and estimation of vegetation biophysical parameters using LiDAR data.

  14. Homogamy and imprinting-like effect on mate choice preference for body height in the current Japanese population.

    PubMed

    Seki, Motohide; Ihara, Yasuo; Aoki, Kenichi

    2012-01-01

    Homogamy for body height has been repeatedly documented in Western societies. Nevertheless, the underlying mechanism is unclear and the reasons for its apparent absence in non-Western societies remain unexplained. This study investigates spousal correlation and mate preference for height in the Japanese population. This study analyses self-reported data on the height of individuals, their parents and their ideal marriage partners, collected by a series of questionnaires on university students. In contrast to a previous study, this study found a significant positive correlation between the heights of Japanese spouses, after controlling for age. It also found a positive correlation between the heights of subjects and of their ideal partners, suggesting that an individual's self-referent preference may contribute to the observed homogamy for height. However, a subject's preference is also influenced by the height of his/her opposite-sex--but not same-sex--parent, where this effect is more prominent in male subjects. This study shows that homogamy for body height is present in the current Japanese population and that it may in part result from an individual's preference. It also indicates a possible role of a sexual imprinting-like mechanism in human mate choice.

  15. Vertical gaze angle: absolute height-in-scene information for the programming of prehension.

    PubMed

    Gardner, P L; Mon-Williams, M

    2001-02-01

    One possible source of information regarding the distance of a fixated target is provided by the height of the object within the visual scene. It is accepted that this cue can provide ordinal information, but generally it has been assumed that the nervous system cannot extract "absolute" information from height-in-scene. In order to use height-in-scene, the nervous system would need to be sensitive to ocular position with respect to the head and to head orientation with respect to the shoulders (i.e. vertical gaze angle or VGA). We used a perturbation technique to establish whether the nervous system uses vertical gaze angle as a distance cue. Vertical gaze angle was perturbed using ophthalmic prisms with the base oriented either up or down. In experiment 1, participants were required to carry out an open-loop pointing task whilst wearing: (1) no prisms; (2) a base-up prism; or (3) a base-down prism. In experiment 2, the participants reached to grasp an object under closed-loop viewing conditions whilst wearing: (1) no prisms; (2) a base-up prism; or (3) a base-down prism. Experiment 1 and 2 provided clear evidence that the human nervous system uses vertical gaze angle as a distance cue. It was found that the weighting attached to VGA decreased with increasing target distance. The weighting attached to VGA was also affected by the discrepancy between the height of the target, as specified by all other distance cues, and the height indicated by the initial estimate of the position of the supporting surface. We conclude by considering the use of height-in-scene information in the perception of surface slant and highlight some of the complexities that must be involved in the computation of environmental layout.

  16. [Final height in symptomatic boys with late-onset adrenal hyperplasia (LOCAH), treated with glucocorticoids. Clinical cases].

    PubMed

    Pasqualini, Titania; Alonso, Guillermo; Fernández, Cecilia; Buzzalino, Noemí; Dain, Liliana

    2013-04-01

    Although corticoid replacement is recommended for those late-onset adrenal hyperplasia with clinical manifestations, asymptomatic patients do not need treatment. We describe clinical features at diagnosis, treatment, and growth till adult- height, in 4 boys. At diagnosis, age ranged from 9.2-11.6 years. The initial symptoms/signs were: precocious pubarche (n = 2), accelerated bone age (n = 1) and precocious puberty (n = 1). All of them presented elevated 17 hydroxyprogesterone levels and were compound heterozygotes carrying p.V281L mutation. Since, at diagnosis, bone age was significantly advanced for chronological age (13.1 ± 0.5 vs. 10.2 ± 1.1 p = 0.008), hydrocortisone therapy was initiated. During follow-up, mean height Z score decreased 1.4 ± 0.4 SDS (p = 0.007), though adult mean height was not different from target height (-0.39 ± 0.7 vs. -0.04 ± 0.5 SDS, p = 0.054). In conclusion, in 4 symptomatic patients, accurate treatment of late-onset adrenal hyperplasia led to an adult mean height not different from target height. Advanced bone age at diagnosis and the loss of height during pubertal development suggest the need of therapy.

  17. Reduced Height (Rht) Alleles Affect Wheat Grain Quality.

    PubMed

    Casebow, Richard; Hadley, Caroline; Uppal, Rajneet; Addisu, Molla; Loddo, Stefano; Kowalski, Ania; Griffiths, Simon; Gooding, Mike

    2016-01-01

    The effects of dwarfing alleles (reduced height, Rht) in near isogenic lines on wheat grain quality are characterised in field experiments and related to effects on crop height, grain yield and GA-sensitivity. Alleles included those that conferred GA-insensitivity (Rht-B1b, Rht-B1c, Rht-D1b, Rht-D1c) as well as those that retained GA-sensitivity (rht(tall), Rht8, Rht8 + Ppd-D1a, Rht12). Full characterisation was facilitated by including factors with which the effects of Rht alleles are known to interact for grain yield (i.e. system, [conventional or organic]; tillage intensity [plough-based, minimum or zero]; nitrogen fertilizer level [0-450 kg N/ha]; and genetic backgrounds varying in height [cvs Maris Huntsman, Maris Widgeon, and Mercia]. Allele effects on mean grain weight and grain specific weight were positively associated with final crop height: dwarfing reduced these quality criteria irrespective of crop management or GA-sensitivity. In all but two experiments the effects of dwarfing alleles on grain nitrogen and sulphur concentrations were closely and negatively related to effects on grain yield, e.g. a quadratic relationship between grain yield and crop height manipulated by the GA-insensitive alleles was mirrored by quadratic relationships for nitrogen and sulphur concentrations: the highest yields and most dilute concentrations occurred around 80cm. In one of the two exceptional experiments the GA-insensitive Rht-B1b and Rht-B1c significantly (P<0.05) reduced grain nitrogen concentration in the absence of an effect on yield, and in the remaining experiment the GA-sensitive Rht8 significantly reduced both grain yield and grain nitrogen concentration simultaneously. When Rht alleles diluted grain nitrogen concentration, N:S ratios and SDS-sedimentation volumes were often improved. Hagberg falling number (HFN) was negatively related to crop height but benefits from dwarfing were only seen for GA-insensitive alleles. For HFN, therefore, there was the

  18. Effects of trimming weight-for-height data on growth-chart percentiles1–3

    PubMed Central

    Flegal, Katherine M; Carroll, Margaret D; Ogden, Cynthia L

    2016-01-01

    Background Before estimating smoothed percentiles of weight-for-height and BMI-for-age to construct the WHO growth charts, WHO excluded observations that were considered to represent unhealthy weights for height. Objective The objective was to estimate the effects of similar data trimming on empirical percentiles from the CDC growth-chart data set relative to the smoothed WHO percentiles for ages 24–59 mo. Design We used the nationally representative US weight and height data from 1971 to 1994, which was the source data for the 2000 CDC growth charts. Trimming cutoffs were calculated on the basis of weight-for-height for 9722 children aged 24–71 mo. Empirical percentiles for 7315 children aged 24–59 mo were compared with the corresponding smoothed WHO percentiles. Results Before trimming, the mean empirical percentiles for weight-for-height in the CDC data set were higher than the corresponding smoothed WHO percentiles. After trimming, the mean empirical 95th and 97th percentiles of weight-for-height were lower than the WHO percentiles, and the proportion of children in the CDC data set above the WHO 95th percentile decreased from 7% to 5%. The findings were similar for BMI-for-age. However, for weight-for-age, which had not been trimmed by the WHO, the empirical percentiles before trimming agreed closely with the upper percentiles from the WHO charts. Conclusion WHO data-trimming procedures may account for some of the differences between the WHO growth charts and the 2000 CDC growth charts. PMID:22990032

  19. The effect of arch height on kinematic coupling during walking.

    PubMed

    Wilken, Jason; Rao, Smita; Saltzman, Charles; Yack, H John

    2011-03-01

    The purpose of the current study was to assess kinematic coupling within the foot in individuals across a range of arch heights. Seventeen subjects participated in this study. Weight-bearing lateral radiographs were used to measure the arch height, defined as angle between the 1st metatarsal and the calcaneus. A kinematic model including the 1st metatarsal, lateral forefoot, calcaneus and tibia was used to assess foot kinematics during walking. Four coupling ratios were calculated: calcaneus frontal to forefoot transverse plane motion (Calcaneal EV/Forefoot AB), calcaneus frontal to transverse plane motion (Calcaneus EV/AB), forefoot sagittal to transverse plane motion (Forefoot DF/AB), and 1st metatarsal sagittal to transverse plane motion (1st Metatarsal DF/AB). Pearson product moment correlations were used to assess the relationship between arch height and coupling ratios. Mean (SD) radiographic arch angles of 129.8 (12.1) degrees with a range from 114 to 153 were noted, underscoring the range of arch heights in this cohort. Arch height explained approximately 3%, 38%, 12% and 1% of the variance in Calcaneal EV/Forefoot AB, Calcaneus EV/AB, Forefoot DF/AB and 1st Metatarsal DF/AB respectively. Calcaneal EV/Forefoot AB, Calcaneus EV/AB, Forefoot DF/AB and 1st Metatarsal DF/AB coupling ratios of 1.84 ± 0.80, 0.56 ± 0.35, 0.96 ± 0.27 and 0.43 ± 0.21 were noted, consistent with the twisted foot plate model, windlass mechanism and midtarsal locking mechanisms. Arch height had a small and modest relationship with kinematic coupling ratios during walking. Copyright © 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  20. The Effects of Shoe Traction and Obstacle Height on Lower Extremity Coordination Dynamics during Walking

    PubMed Central

    Decker, Leslie; Houser, Jeremy J.; Noble, John M.; Karst, Gregory M.; Stergiou, Nicholas

    2009-01-01

    This study aims to investigate the effects of shoe traction and obstacle height on lower extremity relative phase dynamics (analysis of intralimb coordination) during walking to better understand the mechanisms employed to avoid slippage following obstacle clearance. Ten participants walked at a self-selected pace during eight conditions: four obstacle heights (0%, 10%, 20%, and 40% of limb length) while wearing two pairs of shoes (low and high traction). A coordination analysis was used and phasing relationships between lower extremity segments were examined. The results demonstrated that significant behavioral changes were elicited under varied obstacle heights and frictional conditions. Both decreasing shoe traction and increasing obstacle height resulted in a more in-phase relationship between the interacting lower limb segments. The higher the obstacle and the lower the shoe traction, the more unstable the system became. These changes in phasing relationship and variability are indicators of alterations in coordinative behavior, which if pushed further may have lead to falling. PMID:19187929

  1. Assessing and Correcting Topographic Effects on Forest Canopy Height Retrieval Using Airborne LiDAR Data

    PubMed Central

    Duan, Zhugeng; Zhao, Dan; Zeng, Yuan; Zhao, Yujin; Wu, Bingfang; Zhu, Jianjun

    2015-01-01

    Topography affects forest canopy height retrieval based on airborne Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) data a lot. This paper proposes a method for correcting deviations caused by topography based on individual tree crown segmentation. The point cloud of an individual tree was extracted according to crown boundaries of isolated individual trees from digital orthophoto maps (DOMs). Normalized canopy height was calculated by subtracting the elevation of centres of gravity from the elevation of point cloud. First, individual tree crown boundaries are obtained by carrying out segmentation on the DOM. Second, point clouds of the individual trees are extracted based on the boundaries. Third, precise DEM is derived from the point cloud which is classified by a multi-scale curvature classification algorithm. Finally, a height weighted correction method is applied to correct the topological effects. The method is applied to LiDAR data acquired in South China, and its effectiveness is tested using 41 field survey plots. The results show that the terrain impacts the canopy height of individual trees in that the downslope side of the tree trunk is elevated and the upslope side is depressed. This further affects the extraction of the location and crown of individual trees. A strong correlation was detected between the slope gradient and the proportions of returns with height differences more than 0.3, 0.5 and 0.8 m in the total returns, with coefficient of determination R2 of 0.83, 0.76, and 0.60 (n = 41), respectively. PMID:26016907

  2. Modeling effects of overstory density and competing vegetation on tree height growth

    Treesearch

    Christian Salas; Albert R. Stage; Andrew P. Robinson

    2007-01-01

    We developed and evaluated an individual-tree height growth model for Douglas-fir [Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco] in the Inland Northwest United States. The model predicts growth for all tree sizes continuously, rather than requiring a transition between independent models for juvenile and mature growth phases. The model predicts the effects...

  3. Workload of horses on a water treadmill: effect of speed and water height on oxygen consumption and cardiorespiratory parameters.

    PubMed

    Greco-Otto, Persephone; Bond, Stephanie; Sides, Raymond; Kwong, Grace P S; Bayly, Warwick; Léguillette, Renaud

    2017-11-28

    Despite the use of water treadmills (WT) in conditioning horses, the intensity of WT exercise has not been well documented. The workload on a WT is a function of water height and treadmill speed. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the effects of these factors on workload during WT exercise. Fifteen client-owned Quarter Horses were used in a randomized, controlled study. Three belt speeds and three water heights (mid cannon, carpus and stifle), along with the control condition (dry treadmill, all three speeds), were tested. Measured outcomes were oxygen consumption (V̇O 2 ), ventilation (respiratory frequency, tidal volume (V T )), heart rate (HR), and blood lactate. An ergospirometry system was used to measure V̇O 2 and ventilation. Linear mixed effects models were used to examine the effects of presence or absence of water, water height and speed (as fixed effects) on measured outcomes. Water height and its interaction with speed had a significant effect on V̇O 2 , V T and HR, all peaking at the highest water level and speed (stifle at 1.39 m/s, median V̇O 2  = 16.70 ml/(kg.min), V T  = 6 L, HR = 69 bpm). Respiratory frequency peaked with water at the carpus at 1.39 m/s (median 49 breaths/min). For a given water height, the small increments in speed did not affect the measured outcomes. Post-exercise blood lactate concentration did not change. Varying water height and speed affects the workload associated with WT exercise. The conditions utilized in this study were associated with low intensity exercise. Water height had a greater impact on exercise intensity than speed.

  4. Relative effects of posture and activity on human height estimation from surveillance footage.

    PubMed

    Ramstrand, Nerrolyn; Ramstrand, Simon; Brolund, Per; Norell, Kristin; Bergström, Peter

    2011-10-10

    Height estimations based on security camera footage are often requested by law enforcement authorities. While valid and reliable techniques have been established to determine vertical distances from video frames, there is a discrepancy between a person's true static height and their height as measured when assuming different postures or when in motion (e.g., walking). The aim of the research presented in this report was to accurately record the height of subjects as they performed a variety of activities typically observed in security camera footage and compare results to height recorded using a standard height measuring device. Forty-six able bodied adults participated in this study and were recorded using a 3D motion analysis system while performing eight different tasks. Height measurements captured using the 3D motion analysis system were compared to static height measurements in order to determine relative differences. It is anticipated that results presented in this report can be used by forensic image analysis experts as a basis for correcting height estimations of people captured on surveillance footage. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

  5. Love and fear of heights: the pathophysiology and psychology of height imbalance.

    PubMed

    Salassa, John R; Zapala, David A

    2009-01-01

    Individual psychological responses to heights vary on a continuum from acrophobia to height intolerance, height tolerance, and height enjoyment. This paper reviews the English literature and summarizes the physiologic and psychological factors that generate different responses to heights while standing still in a static or motionless environment. Perceptual cues to height arise from vision. Normal postural sway of 2 cm for peripheral objects within 3 m increases as eye-object distance increases. Postural sway >10 cm can result in a fall. A minimum of 20 minutes of peripheral retinal arc is required to detect motion. Trigonometry dictates that a 20-minute peripheral retinal arch can no longer be achieved in a standing position at an eye-object distance of >20 m. At this distance, visual cues conflict with somatosensory and vestibular inputs, resulting in variable degrees of imbalance. Co-occurring deficits in the visual, vestibular, and somatosensory systems can significantly increase height imbalance. An individual's psychological makeup, influenced by learned and genetic factors, can influence reactions to height imbalance. Enhancing peripheral vision and vestibular, proprioceptive, and haptic functions may improve height imbalance. Psychotherapy may improve the troubling subjective sensations to heights.

  6. Assessment of headlamp glare and potential countermeasures : the effects of headlamp mounting height

    DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

    2008-01-01

    This project examined the effects of headlamp mounting height on the disability and the sensation of discomfort caused by glare. This was performed through a field study and a simulation study. In the field study, subjects evaluated the degree of gla...

  7. Effect of oxandrolone therapy on adult height in Turner syndrome patients treated with growth hormone: a meta-analysis.

    PubMed

    Sheanon, Nicole M; Backeljauw, Philippe F

    2015-01-01

    Turner syndrome is a chromosomal abnormality in which there is complete or partial absence of the X chromosome. Turner syndrome effects 1 in every 2000 live births. Short stature is a cardinal feature of Turner Syndrome and the standard treatment is recombinant human growth hormone. When growth hormone is started at an early age a normal adult height can be achieved. With delayed diagnosis young women with Turner Syndrome may not reach a normal height. Adjuvant therapy with oxandrolone is used but there is no consensus on the optimal timing of treatment, the duration of treatment and the long term adverse effects of treatment. The objective of this review and meta-analysis is to examine the effect of oxandrolone on adult height in growth hormone treated Turner syndrome patients. Eligible trials were identified by a literature search using the terms: Turner syndrome, oxandrolone. The search was limited to English language randomized-controlled trials after 1980. Twenty-six articles were reviewed and four were included in the meta-analysis. A random effects model was used to calculate an effect size and confidence interval. The pooled effect size of 2.0759 (95 % CI 0.0988 to 4.0529) indicates that oxandrolone has a positive effect on adult height in Turner syndrome when combined with growth hormone therapy. In conclusion, the addition of oxandrolone to growth hormone therapy for treatment of short stature in Turner syndrome improves adult height. Further studies are warranted to investigate if there is a subset of Turner syndrome patients that would benefit most from growth hormone plus oxandrolone therapy, and to determine the optimal timing and duration of such therapy.

  8. Gibberellin in plant height control: old player, new story.

    PubMed

    Wang, Yijun; Zhao, Jia; Lu, Wenjie; Deng, Dexiang

    2017-03-01

    Height relates to plant architecture, lodging resistance, and yield performance. Growth-promoting phytohormones gibberellins (GAs) play a pivotal role in plant height control. Mutations in GA biosynthesis, metabolism, and signaling cascades influence plant height. Moreover, GA interacts with other phytohormones in the modulation of plant height. Here, we first briefly describe the regulation of plant height by altered GA pathway. Then, we depict effects of the crosstalk between GA and other phytohormones on plant height. We also dissect the co-localization of GA pathway genes and established quantitative genetic loci for plant height. Finally, we suggest ways forward for the application of hormone GA knowledge in breeding of crops with plant height ideotypes.

  9. Effect of the plate surface characteristics and gap height on yield stresses of a magnetorheological fluid

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Jonkkari, I.; Kostamo, E.; Kostamo, J.; Syrjala, S.; Pietola, M.

    2012-07-01

    Effects of the plate material, surface roughness and measuring gap height on static and dynamic yield stresses of a magnetorheological (MR) fluid were investigated with a commercial plate-plate magnetorheometer. Magnetic and non-magnetic plates with smooth (Ra ˜ 0.3 μm) and rough (Ra ˜ 10 μm) surface finishes were used. It was shown by Hall probe measurements and finite element simulations that the use of magnetic plates or higher gap heights increases the level of magnetic flux density and changes the shape of the radial flux density profile. The yield stress increase caused by these factors was determined and subtracted from the measured values in order to examine only the effect of the wall characteristics or the gap height. Roughening of the surfaces offered a significant increase in the yield stresses for non-magnetic plates. With magnetic plates the yield stresses were higher to start with, but roughening did not increase them further. A significant part of the difference in measured stresses between rough non-magnetic and magnetic plates was caused by changes in magnetic flux density rather than by better contact of the particles to the plate surfaces. In a similar manner, an increase in gap height from 0.25 to 1.00 mm can lead to over 20% increase in measured stresses due to changes in the flux density profile. When these changes were compensated the dynamic yield stresses generally remained independent of the gap height, even in the cases where it was obvious that the wall slip was present. This suggests that with MR fluids the wall slip cannot be reliably detected by comparison of flow curves measured at different gap heights.

  10. Climate Cloud Height

    Atmospheric Science Data Center

    2017-11-27

    article title:  Is Climate Changing Cloud Heights? Too Soon to Say Climate change may eventually change global cloud heights, but scientists need ... whether that's happening already. For details see: Is Climate Changing Cloud Heights? Too Soon to Say . Climate ...

  11. Health, Height, Height Shrinkage, and SES at Older Ages: Evidence from China†

    PubMed Central

    Huang, Wei; Lei, Xiaoyan; Ridder, Geert; Strauss, John

    2015-01-01

    In this paper, we build on the literature that examines associations between height and health outcomes of the elderly. We investigate the associations of height shrinkage at older ages with socioeconomic status, finding that height shrinkage for both men and women is negatively associated with better schooling, current urban residence, and household per capita expenditures. We then investigate the relationships between pre-shrinkage height, height shrinkage, and a rich set of health outcomes of older respondents, finding that height shrinkage is positively associated with poor health outcomes across a variety of outcomes, being especially strong for cognition outcomes. PMID:26594311

  12. Predicting diameter at breast height from total height and crown length

    Treesearch

    Quang V. Cao; Thomas J. Dean

    2013-01-01

    Tree diameter at breast height (d.b.h.) is often predicted from total height (model 1a) or both total height and number of trees per acre (model 1b). These approaches are useful when Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) data are available. LiDAR height data can be employed to predict tree d.b.h., and consequently individual tree volumes and volume/ ha can be obtained...

  13. A comparison of the thick-target model with stereo data on the height structure of solar hard X-ray bursts

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Brown, J. C.; Carlaw, V. A.; Cromwell, D.; Kane, S. R.

    1983-01-01

    The thick target, hard solar X-ray source height structure is predicted for the case of a beam that is injected vertically downward, having a power law spectrum, being dominated by Coulomb collisional energy losses, and being structurally characterized by the ratio of hard X-ray flux from an upper part of the source to that from the entire source. These predictions are compared with the flux ratios at 150 and 350 keV which were observed by two spacecraft for five events in which the solar limb occults part of the source for one spacecraft. The energy dependence of the occultation ratio is found to be inconsistent with that predicted by the model, and it is concluded that noncollisional losses must be significant in beam dynamics.

  14. Flexible nonlinear estimates of the association between height and mental ability in early life.

    PubMed

    Murasko, Jason E

    2014-01-01

    To estimate associations between early-life mental ability and height/height-growth in contemporary US children. Structured additive regression models are used to flexibly estimate the associations between height and mental ability at approximately 24 months of age. The sample is taken from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study-Birth Cohort, a national study whose target population was children born in the US during 2001. A nonlinear association is indicated between height and mental ability at approximately 24 months of age. There is an increasing association between height and mental ability below the mean value of height, but a flat association thereafter. Annualized growth shows the same nonlinear association to ability when controlling for baseline length at 9 months. Restricted growth at lower values of the height distribution is associated with lower measured mental ability in contemporary US children during the first years of life. Copyright © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

  15. Walking variations in healthy women wearing high-heeled shoes: Shoe size and heel height effects.

    PubMed

    Di Sipio, Enrica; Piccinini, Giulia; Pecchioli, Cristiano; Germanotta, Marco; Iacovelli, Chiara; Simbolotti, Chiara; Cruciani, Arianna; Padua, Luca

    2018-05-03

    The use of high heels is widespread in modern society in professional and social contests. Literature showed that wearing high heels can produce injurious effects on several structures from the toes to the pelvis. No studies considered shoe length as an impacting factor on walking with high heels. The aim of this study is to evaluate walking parameters in young healthy women wearing high heels, considering not only the heel height but also the foot/shoe size. We evaluate spatio-temporal, kinematic and kinetic data, collected using a 8-camera motion capture system, in a sample of 21 healthy women in three different walking conditions: 1) barefoot, 2) wearing 12 cm high heel shoes independently from shoe size, and 3) wearing shoes with heel height based on shoe size, keeping the ankles' plantar flexion angle constant. The main outcome measures were: spatio-temporal parameters, gait harmony measurement, range of motion, flexion and extension maximal values, power and moment of lower limb joints. Comparing the three walking conditions, the Mixed Anova test, showed significant differences between both high heeled conditions (variable and constant height) and barefoot in spatio-temporal, kinematic and kinetic parameters. Regardless of the shoe size, both heeled conditions presented a similar gait pattern and were responsible for negative effects on walking parameters. Considering our results and the relevance of the heel height, further studies are needed to identify a threshold, over which it is possible to observe that wearing high heels could cause harmful effects, independently from the foot/shoe size. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

  16. Spinal Elongation and its Effects on Seated Height in a Microgravity Environment

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Rajulu, Sudhakar; Young, Karen

    2009-01-01

    Objectives: 1. To collect spinal elongation induced seated height data for subjects exposed to microgravity environments. 2. To provide information relating to the seated height rate of change over time for astronauts subjected to microgravity. We will collect: Seated Height measurement (ground & flight) and digital still photograph (ground and flight).

  17. Reduced Height (Rht) Alleles Affect Wheat Grain Quality

    PubMed Central

    Casebow, Richard; Hadley, Caroline; Uppal, Rajneet; Addisu, Molla; Loddo, Stefano; Kowalski, Ania; Griffiths, Simon; Gooding, Mike

    2016-01-01

    The effects of dwarfing alleles (reduced height, Rht) in near isogenic lines on wheat grain quality are characterised in field experiments and related to effects on crop height, grain yield and GA-sensitivity. Alleles included those that conferred GA-insensitivity (Rht-B1b, Rht-B1c, Rht-D1b, Rht-D1c) as well as those that retained GA-sensitivity (rht(tall), Rht8, Rht8 + Ppd-D1a, Rht12). Full characterisation was facilitated by including factors with which the effects of Rht alleles are known to interact for grain yield (i.e. system, [conventional or organic]; tillage intensity [plough-based, minimum or zero]; nitrogen fertilizer level [0–450 kg N/ha]; and genetic backgrounds varying in height [cvs Maris Huntsman, Maris Widgeon, and Mercia]. Allele effects on mean grain weight and grain specific weight were positively associated with final crop height: dwarfing reduced these quality criteria irrespective of crop management or GA-sensitivity. In all but two experiments the effects of dwarfing alleles on grain nitrogen and sulphur concentrations were closely and negatively related to effects on grain yield, e.g. a quadratic relationship between grain yield and crop height manipulated by the GA-insensitive alleles was mirrored by quadratic relationships for nitrogen and sulphur concentrations: the highest yields and most dilute concentrations occurred around 80cm. In one of the two exceptional experiments the GA-insensitive Rht-B1b and Rht-B1c significantly (P<0.05) reduced grain nitrogen concentration in the absence of an effect on yield, and in the remaining experiment the GA-sensitive Rht8 significantly reduced both grain yield and grain nitrogen concentration simultaneously. When Rht alleles diluted grain nitrogen concentration, N:S ratios and SDS-sedimentation volumes were often improved. Hagberg falling number (HFN) was negatively related to crop height but benefits from dwarfing were only seen for GA-insensitive alleles. For HFN, therefore, there was the

  18. The effects of radiation therapy on height and spine MRI characteristics in children with neuroblastoma.

    PubMed

    Yu, Jeong Il; Lim, Do Hoon; Jung, Sang Hoon; Sung, Ki Woong; Yoo, So-Young; Nam, Heerim

    2015-03-01

    To investigate the effect of radiotherapy (RT) on height and spine using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) analysis in children with neuroblastoma and to identify parameters related to patient height. We performed a retrospective cohort study of neuroblastoma patients treated between January 1997 and December 2007. Twenty-seven children were enrolled. Whole spine MRI was completed and height percentiles were compared with national growth charts. The median ages were 28, 43, and 126 months at diagnosis, RT, and analysis, respectively. All of the enrolled children received local RT, and 15 patients received total body irradiation (TBI). Median growth percentiles were 67.0, 54.0, and 4.9 at diagnosis, RT, and analysis, respectively. The number of irradiated vertebrae (P=0.009) and having undergone TBI (P=0.03) were significantly associated with shorter stature. Among the MRI parameters for irradiated vertebrae, signal intensity was higher (P=0.05) and more heterogeneous (P=0.02) in T1-weighted images and roundness was lower (P=0.03) in T2-weighted images. Height of children with neuroblastoma was significantly affected by RT. The number of irradiated vertebrae and having undergone TBI were significantly associated with lower height. Irradiated spine showed changes in both signal and shape on MRI. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

  19. Intelligent person identification system using stereo camera-based height and stride estimation

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Ko, Jung-Hwan; Jang, Jae-Hun; Kim, Eun-Soo

    2005-05-01

    In this paper, a stereo camera-based intelligent person identification system is suggested. In the proposed method, face area of the moving target person is extracted from the left image of the input steros image pair by using a threshold value of YCbCr color model and by carrying out correlation between the face area segmented from this threshold value of YCbCr color model and the right input image, the location coordinates of the target face can be acquired, and then these values are used to control the pan/tilt system through the modified PID-based recursive controller. Also, by using the geometric parameters between the target face and the stereo camera system, the vertical distance between the target and stereo camera system can be calculated through a triangulation method. Using this calculated vertical distance and the angles of the pan and tilt, the target's real position data in the world space can be acquired and from them its height and stride values can be finally extracted. Some experiments with video images for 16 moving persons show that a person could be identified with these extracted height and stride parameters.

  20. Extent of height variability explained by known height-associated genetic variants in an isolated population of the Adriatic coast of Croatia.

    PubMed

    Zhang, Ge; Karns, Rebekah; Sun, Guangyun; Indugula, Subba Rao; Cheng, Hong; Havas-Augustin, Dubravka; Novokmet, Natalija; Rudan, Dusko; Durakovic, Zijad; Missoni, Sasa; Chakraborty, Ranajit; Rudan, Pavao; Deka, Ranjan

    2011-01-01

    Human height is a classical example of a polygenic quantitative trait. Recent large-scale genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified more than 200 height-associated loci, though these variants explain only 2∼10% of overall variability of normal height. The objective of this study was to investigate the variance explained by these loci in a relatively isolated population of European descent with limited admixture and homogeneous genetic background from the Adriatic coast of Croatia. In a sample of 1304 individuals from the island population of Hvar, Croatia, we performed genome-wide SNP typing and assessed the variance explained by genetic scores constructed from different panels of height-associated SNPs extracted from five published studies. The combined information of the 180 SNPs reported by Lango Allen el al. explained 7.94% of phenotypic variation in our sample. Genetic scores based on 20~50 SNPs reported by the remaining individual GWA studies explained 3~5% of height variance. These percentages of variance explained were within ranges comparable to the original studies and heterogeneity tests did not detect significant differences in effect size estimates between our study and the original reports, if the estimates were obtained from populations of European descent. We have evaluated the portability of height-associated loci and the overall fitting of estimated effect sizes reported in large cohorts to an isolated population. We found proportions of explained height variability were comparable to multiple reference GWAS in cohorts of European descent. These results indicate similar genetic architecture and comparable effect sizes of height loci among populations of European descent. © 2011 Zhang et al.

  1. Spatial representation of pitch height: the SMARC effect.

    PubMed

    Rusconi, Elena; Kwan, Bonnie; Giordano, Bruno L; Umiltà, Carlo; Butterworth, Brian

    2006-03-01

    Through the preferential pairing of response positions to pitch, here we show that the internal representation of pitch height is spatial in nature and affects performance, especially in musically trained participants, when response alternatives are either vertically or horizontally aligned. The finding that our cognitive system maps pitch height onto an internal representation of space, which in turn affects motor performance even when this perceptual attribute is irrelevant to the task, extends previous studies on auditory perception and suggests an interesting analogy between music perception and mathematical cognition. Both the basic elements of mathematical cognition (i.e. numbers) and the basic elements of musical cognition (i.e. pitches), appear to be mapped onto a mental spatial representation in a way that affects motor performance.

  2. Effects of shoe inserts and heel height on foot pressure, impact force, and perceived comfort during walking.

    PubMed

    Yung-Hui, Lee; Wei-Hsien, Hong

    2005-05-01

    Studying the impact of high-heeled shoes on kinetic changes and perceived discomfort provides a basis to advance the design and minimize the adverse effects on the human musculoskeletal system. Previous studies demonstrated the effects of inserts on kinetics and perceived comfort in flat or running shoes. No study attempted to investigate the effectiveness of inserts in high heel shoes. The purpose of this study was to determine whether increasing heel height and the use of shoe inserts change foot pressure distribution, impact force, and perceived comfort during walking. Ten healthy females volunteered for the study. The heel heights were 1.0cm (flat), 5.1cm (low), and 7.6cm (high). The heel height effects were examined across five shoe-insert conditions of shoe only; heel cup, arch support, metatarsal pad, and total contact insert (TCI). The results indicated that increasing heel height increases impact force (p<0.01), medial forefoot pressure (p<0.01), and perceived discomfort (p<0.01) during walking. A heel cup insert for high-heeled shoes effectively reduced the heel pressure and impact force (p<0.01), an arch support insert reduced the medial forefoot pressure, and both improved footwear comfort (p<0.01). In particular, a TCI reduced heel pressure by 25% and medial forefoot pressure by 24%, attenuate the impact force by 33.2%, and offered higher perceived comfort when compared to the non-insert condition.

  3. Is self-reported height or arm span a more accurate alternative measure of height?

    PubMed

    Brown, Jean K; Feng, Jui-Ying; Knapp, Thomas R

    2002-11-01

    The purpose of this study was to determine whether self-reported height or arm span is the more accurate alternative measure of height. A sample of 409 people between the ages of 19 and 67 (M = 35.0) participated in this anthropometric study. Height, self-reported height, and arm span were measured by 82 nursing research students. Mean differences from criterion measures were 0.17 cm for the measuring rules, 0.47 cm for arm span, and 0.85 cm and 0.87 cm for heights. Test-retest reliability was r = .997 for both height and arm span. The relationships of height to self-reported height and arm span were r = .97 and .90, respectively. Mean absolute differences were 1.80 cm and 4.29 cm, respectively. These findings support the practice of using self-reported height as an alternative measure of measured height in clinical settings, but arm span is an accurate alternative when neither measured height nor self-reported height is obtainable.

  4. The genetic overlap between schizophrenia and height.

    PubMed

    Bacanu, Silviu-Alin; Chen, Xianging; Kendler, Kenneth S

    2013-12-01

    Epidemiological studies suggest that height and schizophrenia risk are inversely correlated. These findings might arise because i) height and schizophrenia share genetic variants and ii) the effects of these shared variants are in opposite direction for the two traits. We use genome wide association data to empirically evaluate these hypotheses. We find that variants which impact on height and risk for schizophrenia are distributed across several genomic regions and the directions of effect vary, some consistent and others inconsistent with the direction expected from the phenotypic data. Moreover, signals that were in and not in accord with the phenotypic data aggregated in distinct biological pathways. © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

  5. Acute effects of fine particulate air pollution on ST segment height: A longitudinal study

    PubMed Central

    2010-01-01

    Background The mechanisms for the relationship between particulate air pollution and cardiac disease are not fully understood. Air pollution-induced myocardial ischemia is one of the potentially important mechanisms. Methods We investigate the acute effects and the time course of fine particulate pollution (PM2.5) on myocardium ischemic injury as assessed by ST-segment height in a community-based sample of 106 healthy non-smokers. Twenty-four hour beat-to-beat electrocardiogram (ECG) data were obtained using a high resolution 12-lead Holter ECG system. After visually identifying and removing all the artifacts and arrhythmic beats, we calculated beat-to-beat ST-height from ten leads (inferior leads II, III, and aVF; anterior leads V3 and V4; septal leads V1 and V2; lateral leads I, V5, and V6,). Individual-level 24-hour real-time PM2.5 concentration was obtained by a continuous personal PM2.5 monitor. We then calculated, on a 30-minute basis, the corresponding time-of-the-day specific average exposure to PM2.5 for each participant. Distributed lag models under a linear mixed-effects models framework were used to assess the regression coefficients between 30-minute PM2.5 and ST-height measures from each lead; i.e., one lag indicates a 30-minute separation between the exposure and outcome. Results The mean (SD) age was 56 (7.6) years, with 41% male and 74% white. The mean (SD) PM2.5 exposure was 14 (22) μg/m3. All inferior leads (II, III, and aVF) and two out of three lateral leads (I and V6), showed a significant association between higher PM2.5 levels and higher ST-height. Most of the adverse effects occurred within two hours after PM2.5 exposure. The multivariable adjusted regression coefficients β (95% CI) of the cumulative effect due to a 10 μg/m3 increase in Lag 0-4 PM2.5 on ST-I, II, III, aVF and ST-V6 were 0.29 (0.01-0.56) μV, 0.79 (0.20-1.39) μV, 0.52 (0.01-1.05) μV, 0.65 (0.11-1.19) μV, and 0.58 (0.07-1.09) μV, respectively, with all p < 0

  6. Height, height-related SNPs, and risk of non-melanoma skin cancer

    PubMed Central

    Li, Xin; Liang, Liming; Feng, Yen-Chen Anne; De Vivo, Immaculata; Giovannucci, Edward; Tang, Jean Y; Han, Jiali

    2017-01-01

    Background: Adult height has been associated with risk of several site-specific cancers, including melanoma. However, less attention has been given to non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC). Methods: We prospectively examined the risk of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and basal cell carcinoma (BCC) in relation to adult height in the Nurses' Health Study (NHS, n=117 863) and the Health Professionals Follow-up Study (HPFS, n=51 111). We also investigated the relationships between height-related genetic markers and risk of BCC and SCC in the genetic data sets of the NHS and HPFS (3898 BCC cases, and 8530 BCC controls; 527 SCC cases, and 8962 SCC controls). Results: After controlling for potential confounding factors, the hazard ratios were 1.09 (95% CI: 1.02, 1.15) and 1.10 (95% CI: 1.07, 1.13) for the associations between every 10 cm increase in height and risk of SCC and BCC respectively. None of the 687 height-related single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) was significantly associated with the risk of SCC or BCC, nor were the genetic scores combining independent height-related loci. Conclusions: Our data from two large cohorts provide further evidence that height is associated with an increased risk of NMSC. More studies on height-related genetic loci and early-life exposures may help clarify the underlying mechanisms. PMID:27846199

  7. Height, height-related SNPs, and risk of non-melanoma skin cancer.

    PubMed

    Li, Xin; Liang, Liming; Feng, Yen-Chen Anne; De Vivo, Immaculata; Giovannucci, Edward; Tang, Jean Y; Han, Jiali

    2017-01-03

    Adult height has been associated with risk of several site-specific cancers, including melanoma. However, less attention has been given to non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC). We prospectively examined the risk of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and basal cell carcinoma (BCC) in relation to adult height in the Nurses' Health Study (NHS, n=117 863) and the Health Professionals Follow-up Study (HPFS, n=51 111). We also investigated the relationships between height-related genetic markers and risk of BCC and SCC in the genetic data sets of the NHS and HPFS (3898 BCC cases, and 8530 BCC controls; 527 SCC cases, and 8962 SCC controls). After controlling for potential confounding factors, the hazard ratios were 1.09 (95% CI: 1.02, 1.15) and 1.10 (95% CI: 1.07, 1.13) for the associations between every 10 cm increase in height and risk of SCC and BCC respectively. None of the 687 height-related single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) was significantly associated with the risk of SCC or BCC, nor were the genetic scores combining independent height-related loci. Our data from two large cohorts provide further evidence that height is associated with an increased risk of NMSC. More studies on height-related genetic loci and early-life exposures may help clarify the underlying mechanisms.

  8. Measured parental height in Turner syndrome-a valuable but underused diagnostic tool.

    PubMed

    Ouarezki, Yasmine; Cizmecioglu, Filiz Mine; Mansour, Chourouk; Jones, Jeremy Huw; Gault, Emma Jane; Mason, Avril; Donaldson, Malcolm D C

    2018-02-01

    Early diagnosis of Turner syndrome (TS) is necessary to facilitate appropriate management, including growth promotion. Not all girls with TS have overt short stature, and comparison with parental height (Ht) is needed for appropriate evaluation. We examined both the prevalence and diagnostic sensitivity of measured parental Ht in a dedicated TS clinic between 1989 and 2013. Lower end of parental target range (LTR) was calculated as mid-parental Ht (correction factor 12.5 cm minus 8.5 cm) and converted to standard deviation scores (SDS) using UK 1990 data, then compared with patient Ht SDS at first accurate measurement aged > 1 year. Information was available in 172 girls of whom 142 (82.6%) were short at first measurement. However, both parents had been measured in only 94 girls (54.6%). In 92 of these girls age at measurement was 6.93 ± 3.9 years, Ht SDS vs LTR SDS - 2.63 ± 0.94 vs - 1.77 ± 0.81 (p < 0.001), Ht SDS < LTR in 78/92 (85%). Eleven of the remaining 14 girls were < 5 years, while karyotype was 45,X/46,XX in 2 and 45,X/47,XXX in 3. This study confirms the sensitivity of evaluating height status against parental height but shows that the latter is not being consistently measured. What is Known: • Girls with Turner syndrome are short in relation to parental heights, with untreated final height approximately 20 cm below female population mean. • Measured parental height is more accurate than reported height. What is New: • In a dedicated Turner clinic, there was 85% sensitivity when comparing patient height standard deviation score at first accurate measurement beyond 1 year of age with the lower end of the parental target range standard deviation. • However, measured height in both parents had been recorded in only 54.6% of the Turner girls attending the clinic. This indicates the need to improve the quality of growth assessment in tertiary care.

  9. 47 CFR 90.635 - Limitations on power and antenna height.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-10-01

    ... 47 Telecommunication 5 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Limitations on power and antenna height. 90.635... and antenna height. (a) The effective radiated power and antenna height for base stations may not... justify power levels and antenna heights requested. (b) The maximum output power of the transmitter for...

  10. 47 CFR 90.635 - Limitations on power and antenna height.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... 47 Telecommunication 5 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Limitations on power and antenna height. 90.635... and antenna height. (a) The effective radiated power and antenna height for base stations may not... justify power levels and antenna heights requested. (b) The maximum output power of the transmitter for...

  11. 47 CFR 90.635 - Limitations on power and antenna height.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-10-01

    ... 47 Telecommunication 5 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Limitations on power and antenna height. 90.635... and antenna height. (a) The effective radiated power and antenna height for base stations may not... justify power levels and antenna heights requested. (b) The maximum output power of the transmitter for...

  12. 47 CFR 90.635 - Limitations on power and antenna height.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ... 47 Telecommunication 5 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Limitations on power and antenna height. 90.635... and antenna height. (a) The effective radiated power and antenna height for base stations may not... justify power levels and antenna heights requested. (b) The maximum output power of the transmitter for...

  13. 47 CFR 90.635 - Limitations on power and antenna height.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-10-01

    ... 47 Telecommunication 5 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Limitations on power and antenna height. 90.635... and antenna height. (a) The effective radiated power and antenna height for base stations may not... justify power levels and antenna heights requested. (b) The maximum output power of the transmitter for...

  14. Effect of Scintillometer Height on Structure Parameter of the Refractive Index of Air Measurements

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Gowda, P. H.; Howell, T. A.; Hartogensis, O.; Basu, S.; Scanlon, B. R.

    2009-12-01

    Scintillometers measure amount of scintillations by emitting a beam of light over a horizontal path and expresses as the atmospheric turbulence structure parameter as the refractive index of air (Cn2). Cn2 represents the turbulent strength of the atmosphere and describes the ability of the atmosphere to transport heat and humidity. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of scintillometer height on Cn2 measurements and on the estimation of latent heat fluxes. The study was conducted during the 2009 summer growing season in the USDA-ARS Conservation and Production Research Laboratory (CPRL) at Bushland [350 11' N, 1020 06' W; 1,170 m elevation MSL], Texas. Field experiment consisted of two steps: (1) cross-calibration of scintillometers and (2) measurement of Cn2 at different heights. In the first step, three large aperture scintillometers (LAS) were deployed across two large lysimeter fields with bare soil surfaces. During the 3-week cross-calibration period, all three scintillometers were installed at a 2-m height with a path length of 420 m. Cn2 was monitored at a 1-min interval and averaged for 15-min periods. Cn2 measurements were synchronized with weather station and weighing lysimeter measurements. After the cross-calibration period, scintillometers were installed at 2-, 2.5- and 3-m heights, and Cn2 measurements were continued for another 3-week period. In addition to the Cn2 measurements, net radiation (Rn) and soil heat fluxes (G) were measured in both lysimeter fields. Cn2 values were corrected for inner scale dependence before cross calibration and estimation of sensible heat fluxes. Measurements of wind speed, air temperature, and relative humidity were used with Cn2 data to derive sensible heat fluxes. Latent heat fluxes were estimated as a residual from the energy balance and compared with lysimeter data. Results of cross calibration and effects of scintillometer height on the estimation of latent heat fluxes were reported and

  15. Adult height in patients with familial male-limited precocious puberty and the role of an aromatase inhibitor in patient management.

    PubMed

    Lane, Laura C; Flowers, Josephine; Johnstone, Helen; Cheetham, Tim

    2018-04-25

    There is little adult height data in patients with familial male-limited precocious puberty (FMPP) and no management consensus. We assessed the treatment and adult height in local patients with FMPP and those reported in the literature. Growth data were obtained on four local patients with FMPP and a search performed to obtain management details and adult height data on cases in the literature. UK (90) population standards were used to calculate standard deviation scores (SDS). Adult height data were available on 25 men with FMPP of whom 21 were treated. Median adult height SDS of patients was -1.5 SD with a mid-parental target of -0.6 SD (p=0.1). Eight patients (32%) had an adult height above the mid-parental target and seven patients (28%) had a height >2 SD below the mean. The median height SD was -0.03 in untreated patients and +0.5 SD in those receiving an aromatase inhibitor. There was no relationship between height and age at presentation. Aromatase inhibitor therapy is associated with a positive height outcome in FMPP but the outcome with and without intervention is unpredictable. Clinicians need to be cautious when counselling families about the potential height outcome in FMPP.

  16. Accuracy of recumbent height measurement.

    PubMed

    Gray, D S; Crider, J B; Kelley, C; Dickinson, L C

    1985-01-01

    Since many patients requiring specialized nutritional support are bedridden, measurement of height for purposes of nutritional assessment or prescription must often be done with the patient in bed. This study examined the accuracy of measuring body height in bed in the supine position. Two measurements were performed on 108 ambulatory inpatients: (1) standing height using a standard height-weight scale, and (2) bed height using a flexible tape. Patients were divided into four groups based on which of two researchers performed each of the two measurements. Each patient was also weighed and self-reported height, weight, sex, and age were recorded. Bed height was significantly longer than standing height by 3.68 cm, but the two measurements were equally precise. It was believed, however, that this 2% difference was probably not clinically significant in most circumstances. Bed height correlated highly with standing height (r = 0.95), and the regression equation was standing height = 13.82 +/- 0.09 bed height. Patients overestimated their heights. Heights recorded by nurses were more accurate when patients were measured than when asked about their heights, but the patients were more often asked than measured.

  17. Height extrapolation of wind data

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Mikhail, A.S.

    1982-11-01

    Hourly average data for a period of 1 year from three tall meteorological towers - the Erie tower in Colorado, the Goodnoe Hills tower in Washington and the WKY-TV tower in Oklahoma - were used to analyze the wind shear exponent variabiilty with various parameters such as thermal stability, anemometer level wind speed, projection height and surface roughness. Different proposed models for prediction of height variability of short-term average wind speeds were discussed. Other models that predict the height dependence of Weilbull distribution parameters were tested. The observed power law exponent for all three towers showed strong dependence on themore » anemometer level wind speed and stability (nighttime and daytime). It also exhibited a high degree of dependence on extrapolation height with respect to anemometer height. These dependences became less severe as the anemometer level wind speeds were increased due to the turbulent mixing of the atmospheric boundary layer. The three models used for Weibull distribution parameter extrapolation were he velocity-dependent power law model (Justus), the velocity, surface roughness, and height-dependent model (Mikhail) and the velocity and surface roughness-dependent model (NASA). The models projected the scale parameter C fairly accurately for the Goodnoe Hills and WKY-TV towers and were less accurate for the Erie tower. However, all models overestimated the C value. The maximum error for the Mikhail model was less than 2% for Goodnoe Hills, 6% for WKY-TV and 28% for Erie. The error associated with the prediction of the shape factor (K) was similar for the NASA, Mikhail and Justus models. It ranged from 20 to 25%. The effect of the misestimation of hub-height distribution parameters (C and K) on average power output is briefly discussed.« less

  18. Genetic control of plant height in European winter wheat cultivars.

    PubMed

    Würschum, Tobias; Langer, Simon M; Longin, C Friedrich H

    2015-05-01

    Plant height variation in European winter wheat cultivars is mainly controlled by the Rht - D1 and Rht - B1 semi-dwarfing genes, but also by other medium- or small-effect QTL and potentially epistatic QTL enabling fine adjustments of plant height. Plant height is an important goal in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) breeding as it affects crop performance and thus yield and quality. The aim of this study was to investigate the genetic control of plant height in European winter wheat cultivars. To this end, a panel of 410 winter wheat varieties from across Europe was evaluated for plant height in multi-location field trials and genotyped for the candidate loci Rht-B1, Rht-D1, Rht8, Ppd-B1 copy number variation and Ppd-D1 as well as by a genotyping-by-sequencing approach yielding 23,371 markers with known map position. We found that Rht-D1 and Rht-B1 had the largest effects on plant height in this cultivar collection explaining 40.9 and 15.5% of the genotypic variance, respectively, while Ppd-D1 and Rht8 accounted for 3.0 and 2.0% of the variance, respectively. A genome-wide scan for marker-trait associations yielded two additional medium-effect QTL located on chromosomes 6A and 5B explaining 11.0 and 5.7% of the genotypic variance after the effects of the candidate loci were accounted for. In addition, we identified several small-effect QTL as well as epistatic QTL contributing to the genetic architecture of plant height. Taken together, our results show that the two Rht-1 semi-dwarfing genes are the major sources of variation in European winter wheat cultivars and that other small- or medium-effect QTL and potentially epistatic QTL enable fine adjustments in plant height.

  19. Deriving Temporal Height Information for Maize Breeding

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Malambo, L.; Popescu, S. C.; Murray, S.; Sheridan, R.; Richardson, G.; Putman, E.

    2016-12-01

    Phenotypic data such as height provide useful information to crop breeders to better understand their field experiments and associated field variability. However, the measurement of crop height in many breeding programs is done manually which demands significant effort and time and does not scale well when large field experiments are involved. Through structure from motion (SfM) techniques, small unmanned aerial vehicles (sUAV) or drones offer tremendous potential for generating crop height data and other morphological data such as canopy area and biomass in cost-effective and efficient way. We present results of an on-going UAV application project aimed at generating temporal height metrics for maize breeding at the Texas A&M AgriLife Research farm in Burleson County, Texas. We outline the activities involved from the drone aerial surveys, image processing and generation of crop height metrics. The experimental period ran from April (planting) through August (harvest) 2016 and involved 36 maize hybrids replicated over 288 plots ( 1.7 Ha). During the time, crop heights were manually measured per plot at weekly intervals. Corresponding aerial flights were carried out using a DJI Phantom 3 Professional UAV at each interval and images captured processed into point clouds and image mosaics using Pix4D (Pix4D SA; Lausanne, Switzerland) software. LiDAR data was also captured at two intervals (05/06 and 07/29) to provide another source of height information. To obtain height data per plot from SfM point clouds and LiDAR data, percentile height metrics were then generated using FUSION software. Results of the comparison between SfM and field measurement height show high correlation (R2 > 0.7), showing that use of sUAV can replace laborious manual height measurement and enhance plant breeding programs. Similar results were also obtained from the comparison of SfM and LiDAR heights. Outputs of this project are helping plant breeders at Texas A&M automate routine height

  20. The Effect of Perceived Height on Judgments of Women's Personality Orientations.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Hensley, Wayne E.

    A number of past investigations have documented a relationship between height and personality for males and children. A study was conducted to discover the perceived personality characteristics dependent on women's heights. Subjects, 501 college students, responded to one of four pictures of two women, via a questionnaire, estimating personality…

  1. Falls from height: A retrospective analysis.

    PubMed

    Turgut, Kasim; Sarihan, Mehmet Ediz; Colak, Cemil; Güven, Taner; Gür, Ali; Gürbüz, Sükrü

    2018-01-01

    Emergency services manage trauma patients frequently and falls from height comprise the main cause of emergency service admissions. In this study, we aimed to analyse the demographic characteristics of falls from height and their relationship to the mortality. A total of 460 patients, who admitted to the Emergency Department of Inonu University between November 2011 and November 2014 with a history of fall from height, were examined retrospectively. Demographic parameters, fall characteristics and their effect to mortality were evaluated statistically. The study comprised of 292 (63.5%) men and 168 (36.5%) women patients. The mean age of all patients was 27±24.99 years. Twenty-six (5.6%) patients died and the majority of them were in ≥62 years old group. The highest percentage of falls was at 0-5 years age group (28.3%). People fell mainly from 1.1-4 metres(m) level (46.1%). The causes of falls were ordered as unintentional (92.2%), workplace (8.1%) and suicidal (1.7%). Skin and soft tissue injuries (37.4%) were the main traumatic lesions. Age, fall height, fall place, lineer skull fracture, subarachnoidal hemorrhage, cervical fracture, thoracic vertebra fracture and trauma scores had statistically significant effect on mortality. The casualties died because of subarachnoid hemorrhage mostly.

  2. Greater effect of increasing shrub height on winter versus summer soil temperature

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Paradis, Mélissa; Lévesque, Esther; Boudreau, Stéphane

    2016-08-01

    Shrub expansion is increasingly observed in arctic and subarctic environments. The development of shrub structure may significantly impact the abiotic environment at the local scale. Our objective was to reconstruct the development of the vertical structure of Betula glandulosa Michx. and to evaluate its effects on winter and summer soil temperature and on snow depth. Stratified sampling of the shrub revealed that shrub biomass distribution followed a similar pattern in stands of contrasting heights. Woody biomass was maximal in the lower stratum and relatively stable in the intermediate strata, while the foliar biomass tracked the vertical development of the shrub structure. Dendrochronological analysis revealed that shrub stands are relatively young; most of the dominant stems started their development after 1990. Shrub height was positively associated with both the dominant stem age and its vertical growth rate. Temperature differences among sites were greater during winter (ca 10 °C) than during summer (ca 2 °C), while the sum of freezing degree-days varied from 680 °C to 2125 °C. Shrub height was the most plausible variable explaining snow depth, winter ground level temperature and the sum of freezing degree-days. However, woody biomass in the 30-40 cm strata best explained summer ground level temperature. Our results suggest that the development of a shrub structure will have far-reaching consequences on the abiotic environment of subarctic ecosystems.

  3. Measuring perceived ceiling height in a visual comparison task.

    PubMed

    von Castell, Christoph; Hecht, Heiko; Oberfeld, Daniel

    2017-03-01

    When judging interior space, a dark ceiling is judged to be lower than a light ceiling. The method of metric judgments (e.g., on a centimetre scale) that has typically been used in such tasks may reflect a genuine perceptual effect or it may reflect a cognitively mediated impression. We employed a height-matching method in which perceived ceiling height had to be matched with an adjustable pillar, thus obtaining psychometric functions that allowed for an estimation of the point of subjective equality (PSE) and the difference limen (DL). The height-matching method developed in this paper allows for a direct visual match and does not require metric judgment. It has the added advantage of providing superior precision. Experiment 1 used ceiling heights between 2.90 m and 3.00 m. The PSE proved sensitive to slight changes in perceived ceiling height. The DL was about 3% of the physical ceiling height. Experiment 2 found similar results for lower (2.30 m to 2.50 m) and higher (3.30 m to 3.50 m) ceilings. In Experiment 3, we additionally varied ceiling lightness (light grey vs. dark grey). The height matches showed that the light ceiling appeared significantly higher than the darker ceiling. We therefore attribute the influence of ceiling lightness on perceived ceiling height to a direct perceptual rather than a cognitive effect.

  4. Effect on adult height of pubertal growth hormone retesting and withdrawal of therapy in patients with previously diagnosed growth hormone deficiency.

    PubMed

    Zucchini, Stefano; Pirazzoli, Piero; Baronio, Federico; Gennari, Monia; Bal, Milva Orquidea; Balsamo, Antonio; Gualandi, Stefano; Cicognani, Alessandro

    2006-11-01

    GH replacement therapy in GH-deficient (GHD) patients is usually continued until adult height despite the fact that most of these subjects display a normal secretion when retested at the end of growth. Puberty is the most likely time for normalization of GH secretion. The objectives of this study are to establish the characteristics and the percentage of the subjects with isolated GHD who normalized secretion at puberty and to compare their statural outcomes with those of the subjects with persistent deficiency treated also after retesting. This was a prospective, nonrandomized, open-label study conducted in a university research hospital. Sixty-nine subjects (40 male, 29 female) with a diagnosis before puberty of isolated GHD by means of arginine and l-dopa tests were reevaluated with the same tests after at least 2 yr of therapy and after puberty onset. If GH peak at retesting was more than 10 microg/liter, therapy was withdrawn. Percentage and characteristics of normalized subjects at retesting, outcome of treatment in the subjects treated or untreated to adult height, and factors predictive of growth outcome were measured. At retesting, 44 subjects (63.7%) confirmed a GH peak less than 10 microg/liter (24 of 40 male and 20 of 29 female). Apart from a less delayed bone age at diagnosis in females, the subjects with confirmed GHD were not different at diagnosis from the other group for height deficit at diagnosis, first year growth response to GH, age and height at puberty onset, height, and IGF-I at retesting. Mean adult height was 165.1 +/- 4.5 cm in the male group treated until adult height vs. 164.0 +/- 3.4 cm in the group who suspended therapy at retesting. Mean adult height was 153.2 +/- 4.1 cm in the female group treated until adult height vs. 152.9 +/- 5.2 cm in the group that suspended therapy at retesting. As regards the parameters expressing the final outcome, the only difference was found in the mean increment adult height-target height sd score in

  5. The effect of step height on the performance of three-dimensional ac electro-osmotic microfluidic pumps.

    PubMed

    Urbanski, John Paul; Levitan, Jeremy A; Burch, Damian N; Thorsen, Todd; Bazant, Martin Z

    2007-05-15

    Recent numerical and experimental studies have investigated the increase in efficiency of microfluidic ac electro-osmotic pumps by introducing nonplanar geometries with raised steps on the electrodes. In this study, we analyze the effect of the step height on ac electro-osmotic pump performance. AC electro-osmotic pumps with three-dimensional electroplated steps are fabricated on glass substrates and pumping velocities of low ionic strength electrolyte solutions are measured systematically using a custom microfluidic device. Numerical simulations predict an improvement in pump performance with increasing step height, at a given frequency and voltage, up to an optimal step height, which qualitatively matches the trend observed in experiment. For a broad range of step heights near the optimum, the observed flow is much faster than with existing planar pumps (at the same voltage and minimum feature size) and in the theoretically predicted direction of the "fluid conveyor belt" mechanism. For small step heights, the experiments also exhibit significant flow reversal at the optimal frequency, which cannot be explained by the theory, although the simulations predict weak flow reversal at higher frequencies due to incomplete charging. These results provide insight to an important parameter for the design of nonplanar electro-osmotic pumps and clues to improve the fundamental theory of ACEO.

  6. Comparison of dust-layer heights from active and passive satellite sensors

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Kylling, Arve; Vandenbussche, Sophie; Capelle, Virginie; Cuesta, Juan; Klüser, Lars; Lelli, Luca; Popp, Thomas; Stebel, Kerstin; Veefkind, Pepijn

    2018-05-01

    Aerosol-layer height is essential for understanding the impact of aerosols on the climate system. As part of the European Space Agency Aerosol_cci project, aerosol-layer height as derived from passive thermal and solar satellite sensors measurements have been compared with aerosol-layer heights estimated from CALIOP measurements. The Aerosol_cci project targeted dust-type aerosol for this study. This ensures relatively unambiguous aerosol identification by the CALIOP processing chain. Dust-layer height was estimated from thermal IASI measurements using four different algorithms (from BIRA-IASB, DLR, LMD, LISA) and from solar GOME-2 (KNMI) and SCIAMACHY (IUP) measurements. Due to differences in overpass time of the various satellites, a trajectory model was used to move the CALIOP-derived dust heights in space and time to the IASI, GOME-2 and SCIAMACHY dust height pixels. It is not possible to construct a unique dust-layer height from the CALIOP data. Thus two CALIOP-derived layer heights were used: the cumulative extinction height defined as the height where the CALIOP extinction column is half of the total extinction column, and the geometric mean height, which is defined as the geometrical mean of the top and bottom heights of the dust layer. In statistical average over all IASI data there is a general tendency to a positive bias of 0.5-0.8 km against CALIOP extinction-weighted height for three of the four algorithms assessed, while the fourth algorithm has almost no bias. When comparing geometric mean height there is a shift of -0.5 km for all algorithms (getting close to zero for the three algorithms and turning negative for the fourth). The standard deviation of all algorithms is quite similar and ranges between 1.0 and 1.3 km. When looking at different conditions (day, night, land, ocean), there is more detail in variabilities (e.g. all algorithms overestimate more at night than during the day). For the solar sensors it is found that on average SCIAMACHY data

  7. Energy costs of manual therapy: effects of plinth height and an assistive device.

    PubMed

    O'Connell, D G; Holmes, C F; Santos, J L; Jordan, E; Acosta, F

    1994-01-01

    significantly greater during E than the SMTH condition. RPE for S was significantly greater than SMTH, E, or EMTH. It can be concluded that the MTH significantly reduced the physiologic cost of providing manual therapy at either standard or elevated plinth height. further studies on these types of assistive devices and the effects of health status of the therapist on the provision of manual therapy treatments at various plinth heights are needed.

  8. A revised calibration of the interferometric mode of the CryoSat-2 radar altimeter improves ice height and height change measurements in western Greenland

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Gray, Laurence; Burgess, David; Copland, Luke; Dunse, Thorben; Langley, Kirsty; Moholdt, Geir

    2017-05-01

    We compare geocoded heights derived from the interferometric mode (SARIn) of CryoSat to surface heights from calibration-validation sites on Devon Ice Cap and western Greenland. Comparisons are included for both the heights derived from the first return (the point-of-closest-approach or POCA) and heights derived from delayed waveform returns (swath processing). While swath-processed heights are normally less precise than edited POCA heights, e.g. standard deviations of ˜ 3 and ˜ 1.5 m respectively for the western Greenland site, the increased coverage possible with swath data complements the POCA data and provides useful information for both system calibration and improving digital elevation models (DEMs). We show that the pre-launch interferometric baseline coupled with an additional roll correction ( ˜ 0.0075° ± 0.0025°), or equivalent phase correction ( ˜ 0.0435 ± 0.0145 radians), provides an improved calibration of the interferometric SARIn mode. We extend the potential use of SARIn data by showing the influence of surface conditions, especially melt, on the return waveforms and that it is possible to detect and measure the height of summer supraglacial lakes in western Greenland. A supraglacial lake can provide a strong radar target in the waveform, stronger than the initial POCA return, if viewed at near-normal incidence. This provides an ideal situation for swath processing and we demonstrate a height precision of ˜ 0.5 m for two lake sites, one in the accumulation zone and one in the ablation zone, which were measured every year from 2010 or 2011 to 2016. Each year the lake in the ablation zone was viewed in June by ascending passes and then 5.5 days later by descending passes, which allows an approximate estimate of the filling rate. The results suggest that CryoSat waveform data and measurements of supraglacial lake height change could complement the use of optical satellite imagery and be helpful as proxy indicators for surface

  9. PASSIVE SMOKING AND HEIGHT GROWTH OF PREADOLESCENT CHILDREN

    EPA Science Inventory

    The attained height and height growth of 9273 children participating in a longitudinal study of the health effects of air pollutants were analyzed to assess the association between passive exposure to cigarette smoke and physical growth between 6 and 11 years of age. Children wer...

  10. The acute effects of a warm-up including static or dynamic stretching on countermovement jump height, reaction time, and flexibility.

    PubMed

    Perrier, Erica T; Pavol, Michael J; Hoffman, Mark A

    2011-07-01

    The purpose of this research was to compare the effects of a warm-up with static vs. dynamic stretching on countermovement jump (CMJ) height, reaction time, and low-back and hamstring flexibility and to determine whether any observed performance deficits would persist throughout a series of CMJs. Twenty-one recreationally active men (24.4 ± 4.5 years) completed 3 data collection sessions. Each session included a 5-minute treadmill jog followed by 1 of the stretch treatments: no stretching (NS), static stretching (SS), or dynamic stretching (DS). After the jog and stretch treatment, the participant performed a sit-and-reach test. Next, the participant completed a series of 10 maximal-effort CMJs, during which he was asked to jump as quickly as possible after seeing a visual stimulus (light). The CMJ height and reaction time were determined from measured ground reaction forces. A treatment × jump repeated-measures analysis of variance for CMJ height revealed a significant main effect of treatment (p = 0.004). The CMJ height was greater for DS (43.0 cm) than for NS (41.4 cm) and SS (41.9 cm) and was not less for SS than for NS. Analysis also revealed a significant main effect of jump (p = 0.005) on CMJ height: Jump height decreased from the early to the late jumps. The analysis of reaction time showed no significant effect of treatment. Treatment had a main effect (p < 0.001) on flexibility, however. Flexibility was greater after both SS and DS compared to after NS, with no difference in flexibility between SS and DS. Athletes in sports requiring lower-extremity power should use DS techniques in warm-up to enhance flexibility while improving performance.

  11. The Effect of Arch Height and Material Hardness of Personalized Insole on Correction and Tissues of Flatfoot.

    PubMed

    Su, Shonglun; Mo, Zhongjun; Guo, Junchao; Fan, Yubo

    2017-01-01

    Flat foot is one of the common deformities in the youth population, seriously affecting the weight supporting and daily exercising. However, there is lacking of quantitative data relative to material selection and shape design of the personalized orthopedic insole. This study was to evaluate the biomechanical effects of material hardness and support height of personalized orthopedic insole on foot tissues, by in vivo experiment and finite element modeling. The correction of arch height increased with material hardness and support height. The peak plantar pressure increased with the material hardness, and these values by wearing insoles of 40° were apparently higher than the bare feet condition. Harder insole material results in higher stress in the joint and ligament stress than softer material. In the calcaneocuboid joint, the stress increased with the arch height of insoles. The material hardness did not apparently affect the stress in the ankle joints, but the support heights of insole did. In general, insole material and support design are positively affecting the correction of orthopedic insole, but negatively resulting in unreasonable stress on the stress in the joint and ligaments. There should be an integration of improving correction and reducing stress in foot tissues.

  12. Body height and occupational success for actors and actresses.

    PubMed

    Stieger, Stefan; Burger, Christoph

    2010-08-01

    The association of body height with occupational success has been frequently studied, with previous research mainly finding a positive effect among men and positive or null effects among women. Occupational success has almost exclusively been measured so far by short-term success variables (e.g., annual income). In the present study, the relationship of success and height was examined in a group of actors and actresses using a large online database about movies (Internet Movie Database) where heights of actors and actresses are stated. The number of roles played in movies and television series during each actor's lifetime was used as a measure of long-term occupational success. No height effect was found for male actors but a significant negative effect was found for actresses, even after controlling for possible confounding influences (age and birth year). Compared to the general population, actors and actresses were significantly taller; however, actresses who were shorter than average were more likely to achieve greater occupational success, in terms of being featured in more movies.

  13. The effect of economic status on height, insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I and IGF binding protein-3 concentrations in healthy Turkish children.

    PubMed

    Turan, S; Bereket, A; Furman, A; Omar, A; Berber, M; Ozen, A; Akbenlioglu, C; Haklar, G

    2007-06-01

    The effect of economic status (ES) on growth, insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I and IGF-binding protein (IGFBP)-3 in healthy children is not well characterized. We aimed to study the interrelationship between height, weight, IGF-I, IGFBP-3, mid-parental height (MPH) and ES. Eight hundred and fourteen healthy children (428 boys, 386 girls; age 3-18 years) were classified according to income of the families as low, middle and high. Standard deviation scores (SDSs) of height, weight, MPH, IGF-I and IGFBP-3 were compared between the groups. The combined effect of these parameters and ES on height SDS was investigated with complex statistical models. There was a significant trend for height and weight SDSs to increase with higher income levels in boys, but not in girls. Body mass index (BMI) SDSs were similar in three groups. There was a general trend for MPH SDS to increase with income levels in both sexes. In boys, IGF-I SDS was significantly higher in high ES group than low ES. In girls, IGFBP-3 SDSs were significantly higher in high ES group than in middle ES group. For both genders, height SDS was highly correlated with weight SDS and moderately correlated with BMI SDS, MPH SDS and IGF-1 SDS. All correlations were significant and positive. Complex models showed that MPH (19%), IGF-I (13%) and ES (3%) in boys, and MPH (16%) and IGF-I (7%) in girls have significant contribution to height SDSs. ES per se, independent of overt malnutrition, affects height, weight, IGF-I and IGFBP-3 with some gender differences in healthy children. Influence of income on height and weight show sexual dimorphism, a slight but significant effect is observed only in boys. MPH is the most prominent variable effecting height in healthy children. Higher height and MPH SDSs observed in higher income groups suggest that secular trend in growth still exists, at least in boys, in a country of favorable economic development.

  14. The effects of infant massage on weight, height, and mother-infant interaction.

    PubMed

    Lee, Hae Kyung

    2006-12-01

    The purpose of this study was to test the effects of infant massage (auditory (mother's voice), tactile/kinesthetic (massage) and visual (eye to eye contact) stimulation) on weight and height of infant and mother-infant interaction with normal infants over a period of 4 weeks. This study was designed as a nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest design. The experimental group infants (aged 2-6 months) participated in one of the infant massage programs at the health district center for 4 weeks. The control group (N=26) was paired with the experimental group (N=26) by matching the infant's age and sex. Infant weight, height, and mother-infant interaction were measured two times and recordings of the mother-infant interaction were done using the video equipment in a room at the health center for 10 minutes. After 4 weeks of massage, there were no significant differences weight gain and height increase between the two groups. Comparison of the total scores for the mother-infant interaction between the two groups showed a significant difference (t=5.21, p=.000). There were also significant differences on maternal response (t=3.78, p=000), infant response (t=5.71, p=000) and dyadic response (t=4.05, p=000) in the mother-infant interaction between the two groups. Overall, the results of this study reassure that infant massage facilitates the mother-infant interaction for infants and mothers who give massage to their baby.

  15. X-Ray Source Heights in a Solar Flare: Thick-Target Versus Thermal Conduction Front Heating

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Reep, J. W.; Bradshaw, S. J.; Holman, G. D.

    2016-01-01

    Observations of solar flares with RHESSI have shown X-ray sources traveling along flaring loops, from the corona down to the chromosphere and back up. The 2002 November 28 C1.1 flare, first observed with RHESSI by Sui et al. and quantitatively analyzed by O'Flannagain et al., very clearly shows this behavior. By employing numerical experiments, we use these observations of X-ray source height motions as a constraint to distinguish between heating due to a non-thermal electron beam and in situ energy deposition in the corona. We find that both heating scenarios can reproduce the observed light curves, but our results favor non-thermal heating. In situ heating is inconsistent with the observed X-ray source morphology and always gives a height dispersion with photon energy opposite to what is observed.

  16. Effects of pruning height on the diameter growth of yellow birch

    Treesearch

    Dale S. Solomon; Barton M. Blum

    1977-01-01

    The diameter growth rate of pruned trees increased the second year after pruning, whereas the diameter growth of unpruned trees was not as fast during the second year. Diameter growth rate was positively correlated with the height to which all branches were pruned. After the pruning shock of the first year, trees pruned to 50 percent of their height showed the greatest...

  17. The effect of height and BMI on computer dynamic posturography parameters in women.

    PubMed

    Olchowik, Grażyna; Tomaszewski, Marek; Olejarz, Piotr; Warchoł, Jan; Różańska-Boczula, Monika

    2014-01-01

    The human body's posture control is a complex system of organs and mechanisms which controls the body's centre of gravity (COG) over its base of support (BOS). Computerised Dynamic Posturography (CDP) allows for the quantitative and objective assessment of the sensory and motor components of the body's posture control system as well as of the integration and adaptation mechanisms in the central nervous system. The aim of this study was to assess the relationships between the body's height and BMI on CDP results in a group of young healthy women without any clinical symptoms of balance disorders. It was found that the MS depended significantly on the height and BMI of the subjects as well as on the SOT conditions. As the height and BMI increased the MS value decreased. The postural response latency (LC) in the MCT statistically significantly depended only on height and showed a positive correlation. The postural response latency increased with height. The postural response amplitude for both right and left lower limbs significantly depended on height and BMI, but only for the backward movement of the platform. The response amplitude for all platform translations under all MCT conditions increased with height and BMI. The body's resultant imbalance caused by the platform perturbations in the ADT was greater in shorter people and those with a lower BMI.

  18. Spatial Representation of Pitch Height: The SMARC Effect

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Rusconi, Elena; Kwan, Bonnie; Giordano, Bruno L.; Umilta, Carlo; Butterworth, Brian

    2006-01-01

    Through the preferential pairing of response positions to pitch, here we show that the internal representation of pitch height is spatial in nature and affects performance, especially in musically trained participants, when response alternatives are either vertically or horizontally aligned. The finding that our cognitive system maps pitch height…

  19. Effect of the Earth's inner structure on the gravity in definitions of height systems

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Tenzer, Robert; Foroughi, Ismael; Pitoňák, Martin; Šprlák, Michal

    2017-04-01

    In context of the vertical datum unification, the geoid-to-quasi-geoid separation has been of significant interest in recent years, because most of existing local vertical datums are realized in the system of either normal or orthometric heights. Nevertheless, the normal-orthometric heights are still used in many other countries where the normal gravity values along leveling lines were adopted instead of the observed gravity. Whereas the conversion between the orthometric and normal heights is defined by means of the mean gravity disturbances (i.e. differences between the mean values of the actual and normal gravity) along the plumbline within the topography, differences between the normal and normal-orthometric heights can be described by means of the surface gravity disturbances. Since the normal gravity field does not reflect the topographic masses and actual mass density distribution inside the Earth, the definition of gravity represents a principal aspect for a realization of particular vertical datum. To address this issue in this study, we investigate effects of the Earth's inner density structure on the surface and mean gravity disturbances, and discuss their impact on the vertical datum realization. These two gravity field quantities are computed globally with a spectral resolution complete to a spherical harmonic degree 2160 using the global gravity, terrain, ice-thickness, inland bathymetry and crustal structure models. Our results reveal that both, the surface and mean gravity disturbances mostly comprise the gravitational signal of topography and masses distributed below the geoid surface. Moreover, in polar areas, a significant contribution comes from large glaciers. In contrast, the contributions of anomalous density distribution within the topography attributed to major lakes, sediments and bedrock density variations are much less pronounced. We also demonstrate that the mean gravity disturbances within the topography are significantly modified

  20. Height Dependency of Aerosol-Cloud Interaction Regimes: Height Dependency of ACI Regime

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Chen, Jingyi; Liu, Yangang; Zhang, Minghua

    This study investigates the height dependency of aerosol-cloud interaction regimes in terms of the joint dependence of the key cloud microphysical properties (e.g. cloud droplet number concentration, cloud droplet relative dispersion, etc.) on aerosol number concentration (N a) and vertical velocity (w). The three distinct regimes with different microphysical features are the aerosol-limited regime, the updraft-limited regime, and the transitional regime. The results reveal two new phenomena in updraft-limited regime: 1) The “condensational broadening” of cloud droplet size distribution in contrast to the well-known “condensational narrowing” in the aerosol-limited regime; 2) Above the level of maximum supersaturation, some cloud dropletsmore » are deactivated into interstitial aerosols in the updraft-limited regime whereas all droplets remain activated in the aerosol-limited regime. Further analysis shows that the particle equilibrium supersaturation plays important role in understanding these unique features. Also examined is the height of warm rain initiation and its dependence on N a and w. The rain initiation height is found to depend primarily on either N a or w or both in different N a-w regimes, thus suggesting a strong regime dependence of the second aerosol indirect effect.« less

  1. Height Dependency of Aerosol-Cloud Interaction Regimes: Height Dependency of ACI Regime

    DOE PAGES

    Chen, Jingyi; Liu, Yangang; Zhang, Minghua; ...

    2018-01-10

    This study investigates the height dependency of aerosol-cloud interaction regimes in terms of the joint dependence of the key cloud microphysical properties (e.g. cloud droplet number concentration, cloud droplet relative dispersion, etc.) on aerosol number concentration (N a) and vertical velocity (w). The three distinct regimes with different microphysical features are the aerosol-limited regime, the updraft-limited regime, and the transitional regime. The results reveal two new phenomena in updraft-limited regime: 1) The “condensational broadening” of cloud droplet size distribution in contrast to the well-known “condensational narrowing” in the aerosol-limited regime; 2) Above the level of maximum supersaturation, some cloud dropletsmore » are deactivated into interstitial aerosols in the updraft-limited regime whereas all droplets remain activated in the aerosol-limited regime. Further analysis shows that the particle equilibrium supersaturation plays important role in understanding these unique features. Also examined is the height of warm rain initiation and its dependence on N a and w. The rain initiation height is found to depend primarily on either N a or w or both in different N a-w regimes, thus suggesting a strong regime dependence of the second aerosol indirect effect.« less

  2. Epigenetic and genetic components of height regulation.

    PubMed

    Benonisdottir, Stefania; Oddsson, Asmundur; Helgason, Agnar; Kristjansson, Ragnar P; Sveinbjornsson, Gardar; Oskarsdottir, Arna; Thorleifsson, Gudmar; Davidsson, Olafur B; Arnadottir, Gudny A; Sulem, Gerald; Jensson, Brynjar O; Holm, Hilma; Alexandersson, Kristjan F; Tryggvadottir, Laufey; Walters, G Bragi; Gudjonsson, Sigurjon A; Ward, Lucas D; Sigurdsson, Jon K; Iordache, Paul D; Frigge, Michael L; Rafnar, Thorunn; Kong, Augustine; Masson, Gisli; Helgason, Hannes; Thorsteinsdottir, Unnur; Gudbjartsson, Daniel F; Sulem, Patrick; Stefansson, Kari

    2016-11-16

    Adult height is a highly heritable trait. Here we identified 31.6 million sequence variants by whole-genome sequencing of 8,453 Icelanders and tested them for association with adult height by imputing them into 88,835 Icelanders. Here we discovered 13 novel height associations by testing four different models including parent-of-origin (|β|=0.4-10.6 cm). The minor alleles of three parent-of-origin signals associate with less height only when inherited from the father and are located within imprinted regions (IGF2-H19 and DLK1-MEG3). We also examined the association of these sequence variants in a set of 12,645 Icelanders with birth length measurements. Two of the novel variants, (IGF2-H19 and TET1), show significant association with both adult height and birth length, indicating a role in early growth regulation. Among the parent-of-origin signals, we observed opposing parental effects raising questions about underlying mechanisms. These findings demonstrate that common variations affect human growth by parental imprinting.

  3. Effect of fiber post length and abutment height on fracture resistance of endodontically treated premolars prepared for zirconia crowns.

    PubMed

    Lin, Jie; Matinlinna, Jukka Pekka; Shinya, Akikazu; Botelho, Michael George; Zheng, Zhiqiang

    2018-04-01

    The purpose of this study was to compare the fracture resistance, mode of fracture, and stress distribution of endodontically treated teeth prepared with three different fiber post lengths and two different abutment heights, using both experimental and finite element (FE) approaches. Forty-eight human maxillary premolars with two roots were selected and endodontically treated. The teeth were randomly distributed into six equally sized groups (n = 8) with different combinations of post lengths (7.5, 11, and 15 mm) and abutment heights (3 and 5 mm). All the teeth restored with glass fiber post (Rely X Fiber Post, 3M ESPE, USA) and a full zirconia crown. All the specimens were thermocycled and then loaded to failure at an oblique angle of 135°. Statistical analysis was performed for the effects of post length and abutment height on failure loads using ANOVA and Tukey's honestly significant difference test. In addition, corresponding FE models of a premolar restored with a glass fiber post were developed to examine mechanical responses. The factor of post length (P < 0.01) had a significant effect on failure load. The abutment height (P > 0.05) did not have a significant effect on failure load. The highest mean fracture resistance was recorded for the 15 mm post length and 5 mm abutment height test group, which was significantly more resistant to fracture than the 7.5 mm post and 5 mm abutment height group (P < 0.05). The FE analysis showed the peak compression and tension stress values of 7.5 mm post length were higher than that of 11 and 15 mm post length. The stress value of remaining tooth decreased as the post length was increased. Within the limitations of this experimental and FE analysis study, increasing the post length inside the root of endodontically treated premolar teeth restored with glass-fiber posts increase the fracture resistance to non-axial forces. Failure mode is more favorable with reduced abutment heights.

  4. Enantioselective Effects of Chiral Pesticides on their Primary Targets and Secondary Targets.

    PubMed

    Yang, Ye; Zhang, Jianyun; Yao, Yijun

    2017-01-01

    Enantioselectivity has been well recognized in the environmental fate and effects of chiral pesticides. Enantiospecific action of the optical enantiomers on the biological molecules establishes the mechanistic basis for the enantioselective toxicity of chiral pesticides to both target and non-target organisms. We undertook a structured search of bibliographic databases for research literature concerning the enantioselective effects of chiral pesticides, including insecticides, herbicides and fungicides, on biomolecules in various species by using some key words. The results of the relevant literatures were reviewed in the text and summarized in tables. Pesticides generally exert their activity on the target organisms via disrupting the primary target biomolecules. In non-target species, effects of pesticides on the secondary targets distinguished from the primary ones make great contribution to their toxicity. Recent investigations have provided convincing evidence of enantioselective toxicity of chiral pesticides to both target and non-target species which is recognized to result from their enantiospecific action on the primary or secondary targets in organisms. This review confirms that chiral pesticides have enantiospecific effects on both primary and secondary target biomolecules in organisms. Future studies regarding toxicological effects of chiral pesticides should focus on the relationship between the enantiomeric difference in the compound-biomolecules interaction and the enantioselectivity in their toxicity.

  5. Effects of height and live crown ratio imputation strategies on stand biomass estimation

    Treesearch

    Elijah J. Allensworth; Temesgen. Hailemariam

    2015-01-01

    The effects of subsample design and imputation of total height (ht) and live crown ratio (cr) on the accuracy of stand-level estimates of component and total aboveground biomass are not well investigated in the current body of literature. To assess this gap in research, this study uses a data set of 3,454 Douglas-fir trees obtained from 102 stands in southwestern...

  6. 17 Years of Cloud Heights from Terra, and Beyond

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Davies, R.

    2017-12-01

    The effective cloud height, H, is the integral of observed cloud-top heights, weighted by their frequency of occurrence. Here we look at changes in the effective cloud height, H', as measured by the Multiangle Imaging Spectroradiometer (MISR) on the first Earth Observing System platform, Terra. Terra was launched in December 1999, and now has over 17 years of consistently measured climate records. Globally, HG' has an important influence on Earth's climate, whereas regionally, HR' is a useful measure of low frequency changes in circulation patterns. MISR has a sampling error in the annual mean HG' of ≈11 m, allowing fairly small interannual variations to be detected. This paper extends the previous 15-year summary that showed significant differences in the long term mean hemispheric cloud height changes. Also of interest are the correlations in tropical cloud height changes and related teleconnections. The largest ephemeral values in the annual HR' [over 1.5 km] are noted over the Central Pacific and the Maritime Continent. These changes are strongly anticorrelated with each other, being directly related to changes in ENSO. They are also correlated with the largest ephemeral changes in HG'. Around the equator, we find at least four distinct centres of similar fluctuations in cloud height. This paper examines the relative time dependence of these regional height changes, separately for La Niña and El Niño events, and stresses the value of extending the time series of uniformly measured cloud heights from space beyond EOS-Terra.

  7. Socioeconomic development and secular trend in height in China.

    PubMed

    Zong, Xin-Nan; Li, Hui; Wu, Hua-Hong; Zhang, Ya-Qin

    2015-12-01

    The objective of this study was to examine the effect of socioeconomic development on secular trend in height among children and adolescents in China. Body height and spermarcheal/menarcheal ages were obtained from two periodic large-scale national representative surveys in China between 1975 and 2010. Chinese socioeconomic development indicators were obtained from the United Nations world population prospects. The effects of plausible determinants were assessed by partial least-squares regression. The average height of children and adolescents improved in tandem with socioeconomic development, without any tendency to plateau. The increment of height trend presented larger around puberty than earlier or later ages. The partial least-squares regressions with gross national income, life expectancy and spermarcheal/menarcheal age accounted for increment of height trend from 88.3% to 98.3% for males and from 82.9% to 97.3% for females in adolescence. Further, through the analysis of the variable importance for projection, the contributions of gross national income and life expectancy on height increment were confirmed to be significant in childhood and adolescence, and the contribution of spermarcheal/menarcheal age was superior to both of them in adolescence. We concluded that positive secular trend in height in China was significantly associated with socioeconomic status (GNI as indicator) and medical and health conditions (life expectancy as indicator). Earlier onset of spermarche and menarche proved to be an important role in larger increment of the trend over time of height at puberty for a population. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

  8. The Effect of Arch Height and Material Hardness of Personalized Insole on Correction and Tissues of Flatfoot

    PubMed Central

    Su, Shonglun; Mo, Zhongjun; Guo, Junchao

    2017-01-01

    Flat foot is one of the common deformities in the youth population, seriously affecting the weight supporting and daily exercising. However, there is lacking of quantitative data relative to material selection and shape design of the personalized orthopedic insole. This study was to evaluate the biomechanical effects of material hardness and support height of personalized orthopedic insole on foot tissues, by in vivo experiment and finite element modeling. The correction of arch height increased with material hardness and support height. The peak plantar pressure increased with the material hardness, and these values by wearing insoles of 40° were apparently higher than the bare feet condition. Harder insole material results in higher stress in the joint and ligament stress than softer material. In the calcaneocuboid joint, the stress increased with the arch height of insoles. The material hardness did not apparently affect the stress in the ankle joints, but the support heights of insole did. In general, insole material and support design are positively affecting the correction of orthopedic insole, but negatively resulting in unreasonable stress on the stress in the joint and ligaments. There should be an integration of improving correction and reducing stress in foot tissues. PMID:29065655

  9. The limits to tree height.

    PubMed

    Koch, George W; Sillett, Stephen C; Jennings, Gregory M; Davis, Stephen D

    2004-04-22

    Trees grow tall where resources are abundant, stresses are minor, and competition for light places a premium on height growth. The height to which trees can grow and the biophysical determinants of maximum height are poorly understood. Some models predict heights of up to 120 m in the absence of mechanical damage, but there are historical accounts of taller trees. Current hypotheses of height limitation focus on increasing water transport constraints in taller trees and the resulting reductions in leaf photosynthesis. We studied redwoods (Sequoia sempervirens), including the tallest known tree on Earth (112.7 m), in wet temperate forests of northern California. Our regression analyses of height gradients in leaf functional characteristics estimate a maximum tree height of 122-130 m barring mechanical damage, similar to the tallest recorded trees of the past. As trees grow taller, increasing leaf water stress due to gravity and path length resistance may ultimately limit leaf expansion and photosynthesis for further height growth, even with ample soil moisture.

  10. Small-scale open ocean currents have large effects on wind wave heights

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Ardhuin, Fabrice; Gille, Sarah T.; Menemenlis, Dimitris; Rocha, Cesar B.; Rascle, Nicolas; Chapron, Bertrand; Gula, Jonathan; Molemaker, Jeroen

    2017-06-01

    Tidal currents and large-scale oceanic currents are known to modify ocean wave properties, causing extreme sea states that are a hazard to navigation. Recent advances in the understanding and modeling capability of open ocean currents have revealed the ubiquitous presence of eddies, fronts, and filaments at scales 10-100 km. Based on realistic numerical models, we show that these structures can be the main source of variability in significant wave heights at scales less than 200 km, including important variations down to 10 km. Model results are consistent with wave height variations along satellite altimeter tracks, resolved at scales larger than 50 km. The spectrum of significant wave heights is found to be of the order of 70>>2/>(g2>>2>) times the current spectrum, where >> is the spatially averaged significant wave height, >> is the energy-averaged period, and g is the gravity acceleration. This variability induced by currents has been largely overlooked in spite of its relevance for extreme wave heights and remote sensing.Plain Language SummaryWe show that the variations in currents at scales 10 to 100 km are the main source of variations in wave <span class="hlt">heights</span> at the same scales. Our work uses a combination of realistic numerical models for currents and waves and data from the Jason-3 and SARAL/AltiKa satellites. This finding will be of interest for the investigation of extreme wave <span class="hlt">heights</span>, remote sensing, and air-sea interactions. As an immediate application, the present results will help constrain the error budget of the up-coming satellite missions, in particular the Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) mission, and decide how the data will have to be processed to arrive at accurate sea level and wave measurements. It will also help in the analysis of wave measurements by the CFOSAT satellite.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20307441','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20307441"><span><span class="hlt">Effect</span> of using truncated versus total foot length to calculate the arch <span class="hlt">height</span> ratio.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>McPoil, Thomas G; Cornwall, Mark W; Vicenzino, Bill; Teyhen, Deydre S; Molloy, Joseph M; Christie, Douglas S; Collins, Natalie</p> <p>2008-12-01</p> <p>The purpose of this study was to determine the arch <span class="hlt">height</span> ratio in a large cohort of subjects as well as to assess the reliability and validity of the foot measurements utilized in the study. Eight hundred and fifty subjects, 393 women and 457 men, consented to participate in the study. The dorsal arch <span class="hlt">height</span>, total foot length, and the truncated foot length were used to calculate two variations of the arch <span class="hlt">height</span> ratio. In addition to determining within- and between-rater measurement reliability, radiographs were used to establish validity. The truncated arch <span class="hlt">height</span> ratio can be estimated using the total foot length, unless toe deformities are present in the individual being assessed. All foot measurements had high levels of intra- and inter-rater reliability and the validity of measuring the dorsal arch <span class="hlt">height</span> while standing with equal weight on both feet was established. This investigation provides normative values from a large cohort of healthy female and male subjects for two variations of the arch <span class="hlt">height</span> ratio. The arch <span class="hlt">height</span> ratio is a reliable and valid measurement that may prove useful to clinicians and researchers for the classification of foot posture.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19210642','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19210642"><span><span class="hlt">Effects</span> of tree <span class="hlt">height</span> on branch hydraulics, leaf structure and gas exchange in California redwoods.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Ambrose, Anthony R; Sillett, Stephen C; Dawson, Todd E</p> <p>2009-07-01</p> <p>We examined changes in branch hydraulic, leaf structure and gas exchange properties in coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens) and giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum) trees of different sizes. Leaf-specific hydraulic conductivity (k(L)) increased with <span class="hlt">height</span> in S. sempervirens but not in S. giganteum, while xylem cavitation resistance increased with <span class="hlt">height</span> in both species. Despite hydraulic adjustments, leaf mass per unit area (LMA) and leaf carbon isotope ratios (delta(13)C) increased, and maximum mass-based stomatal conductance (g(mass)) and photosynthesis (A(mass)) decreased with <span class="hlt">height</span> in both species. As a result, both A(mass) and g(mass) were negatively correlated with branch hydraulic properties in S. sempervirens and uncorrelated in S. giganteum. In addition, A(mass) and g(mass) were negatively correlated with LMA in both species, which we attributed to the <span class="hlt">effects</span> of decreasing leaf internal CO(2) conductance (g(i)). Species-level differences in wood density, LMA and area-based gas exchange capacity constrained other structural and physiological properties, with S. sempervirens exhibiting increased branch water transport efficiency and S. giganteum exhibiting increased leaf-level water-use efficiency with increasing <span class="hlt">height</span>. Our results reveal different adaptive strategies for the two redwoods that help them compensate for constraints associated with growing taller, and reflect contrasting environmental conditions each species faces in its native habitat.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26273836','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26273836"><span>Increases of Chamber <span class="hlt">Height</span> and Base Diameter Have Contrasting <span class="hlt">Effects</span> on Grazing Rate of Two Cladoceran Species: Implications for Microcosm Studies.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Pan, Ying; Zhang, Yunshu; Peng, Yan; Zhao, Qinghua; Sun, Shucun</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>Aquatic microcosm studies often increase either chamber <span class="hlt">height</span> or base diameter (to increase water volume) to test spatial ecology theories such as "scale" <span class="hlt">effects</span> on ecological processes, but it is unclear whether the increase of chamber <span class="hlt">height</span> or base diameter have the same <span class="hlt">effect</span> on the processes, i.e., whether the <span class="hlt">effect</span> of the shape of three-dimensional spaces is significant. We orthogonally manipulated chamber <span class="hlt">height</span> and base diameter and determined swimming activity, average swimming velocity and grazing rates of the cladocerans Daphnia magna and Moina micrura (on two algae Scenedesmus quadricauda and Chlorella vulgaris; leading to four aquatic algae-cladoceran systems in total) under different microcosm conditions. Across all the four aquatic systems, increasing chamber <span class="hlt">height</span> at a given base diameter significantly decreased the duration and velocity of horizontal swimming, and it tended to increase the duration but decrease the velocity of vertical swimming. These collectively led to decreases in both average swimming velocity and grazing rate of the cladocerans in the tall chambers (at a given base diameter), in accordance with the positive relationship between average swimming velocity and grazing rate. In contrast, an increase of base diameter at a given chamber <span class="hlt">height</span> showed contrasting <span class="hlt">effects</span> on the above parameters. Consistently, at a given chamber volume increasing ratio of chamber <span class="hlt">height</span> to base diameter decreased the average swimming velocity and grazing rate across all the aquatic systems. In general, increasing chamber depth and base diameter may exert contrasting <span class="hlt">effects</span> on zooplankton behavior and thus phytoplankton-zooplankton interactions. We suggest that spatial shape plays an important role in determining ecological process and thus should be considered in a theoretical framework of spatial ecology and also the physical setting of aquatic microcosm experiments.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4537195','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4537195"><span>Increases of Chamber <span class="hlt">Height</span> and Base Diameter Have Contrasting <span class="hlt">Effects</span> on Grazing Rate of Two Cladoceran Species: Implications for Microcosm Studies</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Pan, Ying; Zhang, Yunshu; Peng, Yan; Zhao, Qinghua; Sun, Shucun</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>Aquatic microcosm studies often increase either chamber <span class="hlt">height</span> or base diameter (to increase water volume) to test spatial ecology theories such as “scale” <span class="hlt">effects</span> on ecological processes, but it is unclear whether the increase of chamber <span class="hlt">height</span> or base diameter have the same <span class="hlt">effect</span> on the processes, i.e., whether the <span class="hlt">effect</span> of the shape of three-dimensional spaces is significant. We orthogonally manipulated chamber <span class="hlt">height</span> and base diameter and determined swimming activity, average swimming velocity and grazing rates of the cladocerans Daphnia magna and Moina micrura (on two algae Scenedesmus quadricauda and Chlorella vulgaris; leading to four aquatic algae-cladoceran systems in total) under different microcosm conditions. Across all the four aquatic systems, increasing chamber <span class="hlt">height</span> at a given base diameter significantly decreased the duration and velocity of horizontal swimming, and it tended to increase the duration but decrease the velocity of vertical swimming. These collectively led to decreases in both average swimming velocity and grazing rate of the cladocerans in the tall chambers (at a given base diameter), in accordance with the positive relationship between average swimming velocity and grazing rate. In contrast, an increase of base diameter at a given chamber <span class="hlt">height</span> showed contrasting <span class="hlt">effects</span> on the above parameters. Consistently, at a given chamber volume increasing ratio of chamber <span class="hlt">height</span> to base diameter decreased the average swimming velocity and grazing rate across all the aquatic systems. In general, increasing chamber depth and base diameter may exert contrasting <span class="hlt">effects</span> on zooplankton behavior and thus phytoplankton-zooplankton interactions. We suggest that spatial shape plays an important role in determining ecological process and thus should be considered in a theoretical framework of spatial ecology and also the physical setting of aquatic microcosm experiments. PMID:26273836</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19709898','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19709898"><span>Serious complications in experiments in which UV doses are <span class="hlt">effected</span> by using different lamp <span class="hlt">heights</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Flint, Stephan D; Ryel, Ronald J; Hudelson, Timothy J; Caldwell, Martyn M</p> <p>2009-10-06</p> <p>Many experiments examining plant responses to enhanced ultraviolet-B radiation (280-315nm) simply compare an enhanced UV-B treatment with ambient UV-B (or no UV-B radiation in most greenhouse and controlled-environment studies). Some more detailed experiments utilize multiple levels of UV-B radiation. A number of different techniques have been used to adjust the UV dose. One common technique is to place racks of fluorescent UV-emitting lamps at different <span class="hlt">heights</span> above the plant canopy. However, the lamps and associated support structure cast shadows on the plant bed below. We calculated one example of the sequence of shade intervals for two common <span class="hlt">heights</span> of lamp racks and show the patterns and duration of shade which the plants receive is distributed differently over the course of the day for different <span class="hlt">heights</span> of the lamp racks. We also conducted a greenhouse experiment with plants (canola, sunflower and maize) grown under unenergized lamp racks suspended at the same two <span class="hlt">heights</span> above the canopy. Growth characteristics differed in unpredictable ways between plants grown under the two <span class="hlt">heights</span> of lamp racks. These differences could enhance or obscure potential UV-B <span class="hlt">effects</span>. Also, differences in leaf mass per unit foliage area, which were observed in this experiment, could contribute to differences in plant UV-B sensitivity. We recommend the use of other techniques for achieving multiple doses of UV-B radiation. These range from simple and inexpensive approaches (e.g., wrapping individual fluorescent tubes in layers of a neutral-density filter such as cheese cloth) to more technical and expensive alternatives (e.g., electronically modulated lamp control systems). These choices should be determined according to the goals of the particular experiment.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4845866','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4845866"><span>Pubertal <span class="hlt">Height</span> Growth and Adult <span class="hlt">Height</span> in Cystic Fibrosis After Newborn Screening</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Zhang, Zhumin; Lindstrom, Mary J.; Farrell, Philip M.</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>BACKGROUND: To examine long-term growth benefit of newborn screening (NBS), adolescent peak <span class="hlt">height</span> velocity (PHV), and adult <span class="hlt">height</span> were compared between the screened (diagnosed early via NBS) and the control (identified generally by symptoms) in the Wisconsin Randomized Clinical Trial. METHODS: Data from 107 children born in 1985–1994 and followed through 2012 were analyzed. PHV was estimated by a semiparametric growth curve model and compared with Tanner reference. RESULTS: Meconium ileus (MI; n = 25) was associated with the worst pubertal growth and adult <span class="hlt">height</span>, including 1 child who did not experience apparent PHV; children with pancreatic sufficiency (n = 18) achieved the best growth (normal PHV and adult <span class="hlt">height</span>). In children with pancreatic insufficiency without meconium ileus (n = 64), the subgroup most likely to benefit from NBS, screened children had similar PHV but better adult <span class="hlt">height</span> compared with controls. Specifically, in boys, the screened group (n = 22) achieved normal PHV (9.5 cm at 13.5 years); the control group (n = 19) had similar onset age (13.6 years) but 0.6-cm lower magnitude (P = .08). In girls, the screened group (n = 10) had somewhat later (12.5 years vs 11.7 years, P = .12) and lower PHV (7.3 cm vs 7.9 cm, P = .33) than the controls (n = 13), coinciding with later menarche (13.6 years vs 12.2 years, P = .10). Adult <span class="hlt">height</span> was taller in the screened than the control (50th vs 29th percentile, P = .02), even after adjusted for genetic potential (32nd vs15th percentile, P = .006). Differences in adult <span class="hlt">height</span> were primarily attributable to NBS and better prepubertal growth. CONCLUSIONS: Early linear growth benefits of NBS were sustained through puberty, leading to better adult <span class="hlt">height</span> in cystic fibrosis. PMID:27244789</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70193319','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70193319"><span><span class="hlt">Effects</span> of plant phenology and vertical <span class="hlt">height</span> on accuracy of radio-telemetry locations</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Grovenburg, Troy W.; Jacques, Christopher N.; Klaver, Robert W.; DePerno, Christopher S.; Lehman, Chad P.; Brinkman, Todd J.; Robling, Kevin A.; Rupp, Susan P.; Jenks, Jonathan A.</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>The use of very high frequency (VHF) radio-telemetry remains wide-spread in studies of wildlife ecology and management. However, few studies have evaluated the influence of vegetative obstruction on accuracy in differing habitats with varying transmitter types and <span class="hlt">heights</span>. Using adult and fawn collars at varying <span class="hlt">heights</span> above the ground (0, 33, 66 and 100 cm) to simulate activities (bedded, feeding and standing) and ages (neonate, juvenile and adult) of deer Odocoileus spp., we collected 5,767 bearings and estimated 1,424 locations (28-30 for each of 48 subsamples) in three habitat types (pasture, grassland and forest), during two stages of vegetative growth (spring and late summer). Bearing error was approximately twice as large at a distance of 900 m for fawn (9.9°) than for adult deer collars (4.9°). Of 12 models developed to explain the variation in location error, the analysis of covariance model (HT*D + C*D + HT*TBA + C*TBA) containing interactions of <span class="hlt">height</span> of collar above ground (HT), collar type (C), vertical <span class="hlt">height</span> of understory vegetation (D) and tree basal area (TBA) was the best model (wi = 0.92) and explained ∼ 71% of the variation in location error. Location error was greater for both collar types at 0 and 33 cm above the ground compared to 66 and 100 cm above the ground; however, location error was less for adult than fawn collars. Vegetation metrics influenced location error, which increased with greater vertical <span class="hlt">height</span> of understory vegetation and tree basal area. Further, interaction of vegetation metrics and categorical variables indicated significant <span class="hlt">effects</span> on location error. Our results indicate that researchers need to consider study objectives, life history of the study animal, signal strength of collar (collar type), distance from transmitter to receiver, topographical changes in elevation, habitat composition and season when designing telemetry protocols. Bearing distances in forested habitat should be decreased (approximately 23</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017SuMi..111.1226Y','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017SuMi..111.1226Y"><span>Impact of source <span class="hlt">height</span> on the characteristic of U-shaped channel tunnel field-<span class="hlt">effect</span> transistor</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Yang, Zhaonian; Zhang, Yue; Yang, Yuan; Yu, Ningmei</p> <p>2017-11-01</p> <p>Tunnel field-<span class="hlt">effect</span> transistor (TFET) is very attractive in replacing a MOSFET, particularly for low-power nanoelectronic circuits. The U-shaped channel TFET (U-TFET) was proposed to improve the drain-source current with a reduced footprint. In this work, the impact of the source <span class="hlt">height</span> (HS) on the characteristic of the U-shaped channel tunnel field-<span class="hlt">effect</span> transistor (U-TFET) is investigated by using TCAD simulation. It is found that with a fixed gate <span class="hlt">height</span> (HG) the drain-source current has a negative correlation with HS. This is because when the gate region is deeper than the source region, the electric field near the corner of the tunneling junction can be enhanced and the tunneling rate is increased. When HS becomes very thin, the drain-source current is limited by the source region volume. The U-TFET with an n+ pocket is also studied and the same trend is observed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AcO....83...56D','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AcO....83...56D"><span>Edge, <span class="hlt">height</span> and visibility <span class="hlt">effects</span> on nest predation by birds and mammals in the Brazilian cerrado</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Dodonov, Pavel; Paneczko, Ingrid Toledo; Telles, Marina</p> <p>2017-08-01</p> <p>Edge influence is one of the main impacts in fragmented landscapes; yet, most of studies on edge influence have focused on high-contrast edges, and the impacts of low-contrast edges and narrow linear openings are less understood. Edge influence often affects bird nest predation, but these <span class="hlt">effects</span> are not ubiquitous and may depend on characteristics such as nest <span class="hlt">height</span> and visibility. We performed an experiment on nest predation in a migratory passerine, Elaenia chiriquensis (Lesser Elaenia; Passeriformes: Tyrannidae), in a savanna vegetation of the Brazilian Cerrado biome in South-Eastern Brazil. We used 89 real E. chiriquensis nests, collected during previous reproductive seasons, with two plasticine eggs in each, and randomly distributed them at two locations (edge - up to 20 m from a firebreak edge and interior - approx. 150-350 m from the edge) and two <span class="hlt">heights</span> (low - 60-175 cm and high - 190-315 cm above ground). We also measured leaf and branch density around each nest. We performed this study on two 15-days campaigns, checking the nests every 2-3 days and removing those with predation marks. We sorted the predation marks into those made by birds, mammals, or unidentified predators, and used generalized linear models to assess the <span class="hlt">effects</span> of location, <span class="hlt">height</span> and leaf density on survival time and predator type. Only four nests had not been predated during the experiment; 55 nests were predated by birds, 7 by mammals, and 23 by unidentified predators. Low nests in the interior tended to have larger survival times whereas high nests at the edge tended to be more predated by birds and less predated by mammals. Thus, even a low-contrast (firebreak) edge may significantly increase nest predation, which is also affected by the nest's <span class="hlt">height</span>, mainly due to predation by birds. These <span class="hlt">effects</span> may be due to predator movement along the edge as well as to edge-related changes in vegetation structure. We suggest that higher-contrast edges which may also be used as movement</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/40847','TREESEARCH'); return false;" href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/40847"><span>An evaluation of modeled plume injection <span class="hlt">height</span> with satellite-derived observed plume <span class="hlt">height</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/">Treesearch</a></p> <p>Sean M. Raffuse; Kenneth J. Craig; Narasimhan K. Larkin; Tara T. Strand; Dana Coe Sullivan; Neil J.M. Wheeler; Robert Solomon</p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>Plume injection <span class="hlt">height</span> influences plume transport characteristics, such as range and potential for dilution. We evaluated plume injection <span class="hlt">height</span> from a predictive wildland fire smoke transport model over the contiguous United States (U.S.) from 2006 to 2008 using satellite-derived information, including plume top <span class="hlt">heights</span> from the Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (...</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_7");'>7</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_8");'>8</a></li> <li class="active"><span>9</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_9 --> <div id="page_10" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_8");'>8</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_9");'>9</a></li> <li class="active"><span>10</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="181"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7365700','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7365700"><span>Message valence, familiarity, sex, and personality <span class="hlt">effects</span> on the perceptual distortion of <span class="hlt">height</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Hensley, W E; Angoli, M</p> <p>1980-03-01</p> <p>The perceptual distortion of <span class="hlt">height</span> was examined in a group of American male and female college student volunteers (n = 139). A message which announced either good or bad news was delivered by a familiar or unfamiliar person who was either male or female. After hearing the message, the students were asked to estimate the <span class="hlt">height</span> of the communicator. Additionally, the variables of self-esteem and independence of judgment were measured. Results indicated that familiarity with the message source (p less than .0025) as well as sex of the communicator (p less than .024) were predictors of the perceptual distortion of <span class="hlt">height</span>, but message valence was not. Neither self-esteem nor independence of judgment was functionally related to the proclivity to distort the <span class="hlt">heights</span> of the communicators.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11006368','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11006368"><span><span class="hlt">Effect</span> of growth hormone treatment on the adult <span class="hlt">height</span> of children with chronic renal failure. German Study Group for Growth Hormone Treatment in Chronic Renal Failure.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Haffner, D; Schaefer, F; Nissel, R; Wühl, E; Tönshoff, B; Mehls, O</p> <p>2000-09-28</p> <p>Growth hormone treatment stimulates growth in short children with chronic renal failure. However, the extent to which this therapy increases final adult <span class="hlt">height</span> is not known. We followed 38 initially prepubertal children with chronic renal failure treated with growth hormone for a mean of 5.3 years until they reached their final adult <span class="hlt">height</span>. The mean (+/-SD) age at the start of treatment was 10.4+/-2.2 years, the mean bone age was 7.1+/-2.3 years, and the mean <span class="hlt">height</span> was 3.1+/-1.2 SD below normal. Fifty matched children with chronic renal failure who were not treated with growth hormone served as controls. The children treated with growth hormone had sustained catch-up growth, whereas the control children had progressive growth failure. The mean final <span class="hlt">height</span> of the growth hormone-treated children was 165 cm for boys and 156 cm for girls. The mean final adult <span class="hlt">height</span> of the growth hormone-treated children was 1.6+/-1.2 SD below normal, which was 1.4 SD above their standardized <span class="hlt">height</span> at base line (P< 0.001). In contrast, the final <span class="hlt">height</span> of the untreated children (2.1+/-1.2 SD below normal) was 0.6 SD below their standardized <span class="hlt">height</span> at base line (P<0.001). Although prepubertal bone maturation was accelerated in growth hormone-treated children, treatment was not associated with a shortening of the pubertal growth spurt. The total <span class="hlt">height</span> gain was positively associated with the initial <span class="hlt">target-height</span> deficit and the duration of growth hormone therapy and was negatively associated with the percentage of the observation period spent receiving dialysis treatment. Long-term growth hormone treatment of children with chronic renal failure induces persistent catch-up growth, and the majority of patients achieve normal adult <span class="hlt">height</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24744499','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24744499"><span>Mechanical analysis of the roundhouse kick according to <span class="hlt">height</span> and distance in taekwondo.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Estevan, I; Falco, C</p> <p>2013-12-01</p> <p>Competition regulation in taekwondo has experienced several changes during the last few years, for example, kicks to the head score more points than kicks to the chest. In addition, some external factors such as the <span class="hlt">height</span> of <span class="hlt">target</span> and execution distance seem to affect the kick performance. The aim of this study was to analyse selected biomechanical parameters (impact force, reaction time, and execution time) according to the <span class="hlt">height</span> and execution distance in two different male groups (experts (n = 12) and novices (n = 21)). Athletes kicked twice from every execution distance (short, normal and long) and towards two different <span class="hlt">heights</span> of <span class="hlt">target</span> (chest and head) in a random order. Novices kicked to the head with a longer reaction time than to the chest (p < 0.05) but experts were able to kick with similar performance for both <span class="hlt">heights</span>. From short and normal distances experts kicked with similar performance; whereas from the normal distance novices had longer reaction and execution time than from the short distance (p < 0.05). In conclusion, in counterattacking situations, experts should perform the roundhouse kick to the head instead of to the chest, because it produces better scores with similar performance; whereas novice athletes should avoid kicking to the head because they are not able to kick with similar performance. Moreover, it is recommended that during counterattacks higher-level taekwondo athletes should intend to kick from normal distances.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3944546','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3944546"><span>MECHANICAL ANALYSIS OF THE ROUNDHOUSE KICK ACCORDING TO <span class="hlt">HEIGHT</span> AND DISTANCE IN TAEKWONDO</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Falco, C.</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>Competition regulation in taekwondo has experienced several changes during the last few years, for example, kicks to the head score more points than kicks to the chest. In addition, some external factors such as the <span class="hlt">height</span> of <span class="hlt">target</span> and execution distance seem to affect the kick performance. The aim of this study was to analyse selected biomechanical parameters (impact force, reaction time, and execution time) according to the <span class="hlt">height</span> and execution distance in two different male groups (experts (n = 12) and novices (n = 21)). Athletes kicked twice from every execution distance (short, normal and long) and towards two different <span class="hlt">heights</span> of <span class="hlt">target</span> (chest and head) in a random order. Novices kicked to the head with a longer reaction time than to the chest (p < 0.05) but experts were able to kick with similar performance for both <span class="hlt">heights</span>. From short and normal distances experts kicked with similar performance; whereas from the normal distance novices had longer reaction and execution time than from the short distance (p < 0.05). In conclusion, in counterattacking situations, experts should perform the roundhouse kick to the head instead of to the chest, because it produces better scores with similar performance; whereas novice athletes should avoid kicking to the head because they are not able to kick with similar performance. Moreover, it is recommended that during counterattacks higher-level taekwondo athletes should intend to kick from normal distances. PMID:24744499</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27614704','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27614704"><span>A rare variant in COL11A1 is strongly associated with adult <span class="hlt">height</span> in Chinese Han population.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Shen, Changbing; Zheng, Xiaodong; Gao, Jing; Zhu, Caihong; Ko, Randy; Tang, Xianfa; Yang, Chao; Dou, Jinfa; Lin, Yan; Cheng, Yuyan; Liu, Lu; Xu, Shuangjun; Chen, Gang; Zuo, Xianbo; Yin, Xianyong; Sun, Liangdan; Cui, Yong; Yang, Sen; Zhang, Xuejun; Zhou, Fusheng</p> <p>2016-09-20</p> <p>Human <span class="hlt">height</span> is a highly heritable trait in which multiple genes are involved. Recent genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have identified that COL11A1 is an important susceptibility gene for human <span class="hlt">height</span>. To determine whether the variants of COL11A1 are associated with adult and children <span class="hlt">height</span>, we analyzed splicing and coding single-nucleotide variants across COL11A1 through exome-<span class="hlt">targeted</span> sequencing and two validation stages with a total 20,426 Chinese Han samples. A total of 105 variants were identified by exome-<span class="hlt">targeted</span> sequencing, of which 30 SNPs were located in coding region. The strongest association signal was Chr1_103380393 with P value of 4.8 × 10(-7). Chr1_103380393 also showed nominal significance in the validation stage (P = 1.21 × 10(-6)). Combined analysis of 16,738 samples strengthened the original association of chr1_103380393 with adult <span class="hlt">height</span> (Pcombined = 3.1 × 10(-8)), with an increased <span class="hlt">height</span> of 0.292sd (standard deviation) per G allele (95% CI: 0.19-0.40). There was no evidence (P = 0.843) showing that chr1_103380393 altered child <span class="hlt">height</span> in 3688 child samples. Only the group of 12-15 years showed slight significance with P value of 0.0258. This study firstly shows that genetic variants of COL11A1 contribute to adult <span class="hlt">height</span> in Chinese Han population but not to children <span class="hlt">height</span>, which expand our knowledge of the genetic factors underlying <span class="hlt">height</span> variation and the biological regulation of human <span class="hlt">height</span>. Copyright © 2016 Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and Genetics Society of China. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016EGUGA..1814017G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016EGUGA..1814017G"><span>Tree <span class="hlt">height</span> growth indicating drought and nitrogen deposition</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Gulyás, Krisztina; Berki, Imre</p> <p>2016-04-01</p> <p>Several studies have been reported the increasing trends of forest growth in Europe in the last decades. Sites, where the water is not limiting factor, the increasing carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration and high nitrogen deposition influenced accelerated tree <span class="hlt">height</span> growth. However few researches show that the drying climate conditions and water deficit cause slow/not definite trend of tree <span class="hlt">height</span> growth in forests. The aim of our study presents the <span class="hlt">effects</span> of drying climate and surplus nitrogen on <span class="hlt">height</span> growth of sessile oak (Quercus petraea). Almost 50 sessile oak stands (with zonal site condition) have been measured along a humid-arid climatic transect in Hungary. Top <span class="hlt">heights</span> of the trees are the best dendrometric parameter for indicating the changing site conditions. Observed top <span class="hlt">heights</span> dates were compared with 50-years climate condition along the humid-arid climatic transect. Tree <span class="hlt">height</span> growth in the dry and mesic section of climatic gradient slowed at the last 4 decades, because of the increasing frequency of dry periods. Accelerated <span class="hlt">height</span> growth were measured in the mesic and humid section of transect, where the nitrogen deposition due to local air pollution were higher than the background deposition. These results draw attention to the importance of the drying climate and surplus nitrogen in the global changes. Keywords: climate change impacts, drought periods, surplus deposition, tree <span class="hlt">height</span> growth Acknowledgements: Research is supported by the "Agroclimate.2" (VKSZ_12-1-2013-0034) EU-national joint funded research project.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3617400','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3617400"><span>Trawling bats exploit an echo-acoustic ground <span class="hlt">effect</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Zsebok, Sandor; Kroll, Ferdinand; Heinrich, Melina; Genzel, Daria; Siemers, Björn M.; Wiegrebe, Lutz</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>A water surface acts not only as an optic mirror but also as an acoustic mirror. Echolocation calls emitted by bats at low <span class="hlt">heights</span> above water are reflected away from the bat, and hence the background clutter is reduced. Moreover, <span class="hlt">targets</span> on the surface create an enhanced echo. Here, we formally quantified the <span class="hlt">effect</span> of the surface and <span class="hlt">target</span> <span class="hlt">height</span> on both <span class="hlt">target</span> detection and -discrimination in a combined laboratory and field approach with Myotis daubentonii. In a two-alternative, forced-choice paradigm, the bats had to detect a mealworm and discriminate it from an inedible dummy (20 mm PVC disc). Psychophysical performance was measured as a function of <span class="hlt">height</span> above either smooth surfaces (water or PVC) or above a clutter surface (artificial grass). At low <span class="hlt">heights</span> above the clutter surface (10, 20, or 35 cm), the bats' detection performance was worse than above a smooth surface. At a <span class="hlt">height</span> of 50 cm, the surface structure had no influence on <span class="hlt">target</span> detection. Above the clutter surface, also <span class="hlt">target</span> discrimination was significantly impaired with decreasing <span class="hlt">target</span> <span class="hlt">height</span>. A detailed analysis of the bats' echolocation calls during <span class="hlt">target</span> approach shows that above the clutter surface, the bats produce calls with significantly higher peak frequency. Flight-path reconstruction revealed that the bats attacked an <span class="hlt">target</span> from below over water but from above over a clutter surface. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that trawling bats exploit an echo-acoustic ground <span class="hlt">effect</span>, in terms of a spatio-temporal integration of direct reflections with indirect reflections from the water surface, to optimize prey detection and -discrimination not only for prey on the water but also for some range above. PMID:23576990</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18608473','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18608473"><span>Modelling foot <span class="hlt">height</span> and foot shape-related dimensions.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Xiong, Shuping; Goonetilleke, Ravindra S; Witana, Channa P; Lee Au, Emily Yim</p> <p>2008-08-01</p> <p>The application of foot anthropometry to design good-fitting footwear has been difficult due to the lack of generalised models. This study seeks to model foot dimensions so that the characteristic shapes of feet, especially in the midfoot region, can be understood. Fifty Hong Kong Chinese adults (26 males and 24 females) participated in this study. Their foot lengths, foot widths, ball girths and foot <span class="hlt">heights</span> were measured and then evaluated using mathematical models. The results showed that there were no significant allometry (p > 0.05) <span class="hlt">effects</span> of foot length on ball girth and foot width. Foot <span class="hlt">height</span> showed no direct relationship with foot length. However, a normalisation with respect to foot length and foot <span class="hlt">height</span> resulted in a significant relationship for both males and females with R(2) greater than 0.97. Due to the lack of a direct relationship between foot <span class="hlt">height</span> and foot length, the current practice of grading shoes with a constant increase in <span class="hlt">height</span> or proportionate scaling in response to foot length is less than ideal. The results when validated with other populations can be a significant way forward in the design of footwear that has an improved fit in the <span class="hlt">height</span> dimension.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23649903','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23649903"><span>Association of <span class="hlt">height</span> and pubertal timing with lipoprotein subclass profile: exploring the role of genetic and environmental <span class="hlt">effects</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Jelenkovic, Aline; Bogl, Leonie H; Rose, Richard J; Kangas, Antti J; Soininen, Pasi; Ala-Korpela, Mika; Kaprio, Jaakko; Silventoinen, Karri</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>Little is known about the relationship between growth and lipoprotein profile. We aimed to analyze common genetic and environmental factors in the association of <span class="hlt">height</span> from late childhood to adulthood and pubertal timing with serum lipid and lipoprotein subclass profile. A longitudinal cohort of Finnish twin pairs (FinnTwin12) was analyzed using self-reported <span class="hlt">height</span> at 11-12, 14, 17 years and measured stature at adult age (21-24 years). Data were available for 719 individual twins including 298 complete pairs. Serum lipids and lipoprotein subclasses were measured by proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Multivariate variance component models for twin data were fitted. Cholesky decomposition was used to partition the phenotypic covariation among traits into additive genetic and unique environmental correlations. In men, the strongest associations for both adult <span class="hlt">height</span> and puberty were observed with total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, intermediate-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein particle subclasses (max. r = -0.19). In women, the magnitude of the correlations was weaker (max. r = -0.13). Few associations were detected between <span class="hlt">height</span> during adolescence and adult lipid profile. Early onset of puberty was related to an adverse lipid profile, but delayed pubertal development in girls was associated with an unfavorable profile, as well. All associations were mediated mainly by additive genetic factors, but unique environmental <span class="hlt">effects</span> cannot be disregarded. Early puberty and shorter adult <span class="hlt">height</span> relate to higher concentrations of atherogenic lipids and lipoprotein particles in early adulthood. Common genetic <span class="hlt">effects</span> behind these phenotypes substantially contribute to the observed associations. Copyright © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/14073','TREESEARCH'); return false;" href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/14073"><span>Stand level <span class="hlt">height</span>-diameter mixed <span class="hlt">effects</span> models: parameters fitted using loblolly pine but calibrated for sweetgum</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/">Treesearch</a></p> <p>Curtis L. Vanderschaaf</p> <p>2008-01-01</p> <p>Mixed <span class="hlt">effects</span> models can be used to obtain site-specific parameters through the use of model calibration that often produces better predictions of independent data. This study examined whether parameters of a mixed <span class="hlt">effect</span> <span class="hlt">height</span>-diameter model estimated using loblolly pine plantation data but calibrated using sweetgum plantation data would produce reasonable...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25187243','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25187243"><span>Relationships between explosive and maximal triple extensor muscle performance and vertical jump <span class="hlt">height</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Chang, Eunwook; Norcross, Marc F; Johnson, Sam T; Kitagawa, Taichi; Hoffman, Mark</p> <p>2015-02-01</p> <p>The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships between maximum vertical jump <span class="hlt">height</span> and (a) rate of torque development (RTD) calculated during 2 time intervals, 0-50 milliseconds (RTD50) and 0-200 milliseconds (RTD200) after torque onset and (b) peak torque (PT) for each of the triple extensor muscle groups. Thirty recreationally active individuals performed maximal isometric voluntary contractions (MVIC) of the hip, knee and ankle extensors, and a countermovement vertical jump. Rate of torque development was calculated from 0 to 50 (RTD50) and 0 to 200 (RTD200) milliseconds after the onset of joint torque. Peak torque was identified and defined as the maximum torque value during each MVIC trial. Greater vertical jump <span class="hlt">height</span> was associated with greater knee and ankle extension RTD50, RTD200, and PT (p ≤ 0.05). However, hip extension RTD50, RTD200, and PT were not significantly related to maximal vertical jump <span class="hlt">height</span> (p > 0.05). The results indicate that 47.6 and 32.5% of the variability in vertical jump <span class="hlt">height</span> was explained by knee and ankle extensor RTD50, respectively. Knee and ankle extensor RTD50 also seemed to be more closely related to vertical jump performance than RTD200 (knee extensor: 28.1% and ankle extensor: 28.1%) and PT (knee extensor: 31.4% and ankle extensor: 13.7%). Overall, these results suggest that training specifically <span class="hlt">targeted</span> to improve knee and ankle extension RTD, especially during the early phases of muscle contraction, may be <span class="hlt">effective</span> for increasing maximal vertical jump performance.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28457687','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28457687"><span>Sex Differences in the Impact of Thinness, Overweight, Obesity, and Parental <span class="hlt">Height</span> on Adolescent <span class="hlt">Height</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Pinhas-Hamiel, Orit; Reichman, Brian; Shina, Avi; Derazne, Estela; Tzur, Dorit; Yifrach, Dror; Wiser, Itay; Afek, Arnon; Shamis, Ari; Tirosh, Amir; Twig, Gilad</p> <p>2017-08-01</p> <p>The secular trend of increasing weight may lead to a decline in <span class="hlt">height</span> gain compared with the genetic <span class="hlt">height</span> potential. The impact of weight on <span class="hlt">height</span> in healthy male and female adolescents compared with their genetic <span class="hlt">height</span> was assessed. <span class="hlt">Height</span> and weight were measured in Israeli adolescent military recrutees aged 16-19 years between 1967 and 2013. The study population comprised 355,229 recrutees for whom parental <span class="hlt">height</span> measurements were documented. Subjects were classified into four body mass index percentile groups according to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention body mass index percentiles for age and sex:<5th (underweight), 5th-49th (low-normal), 50th-84th (high-normal), and ≥85th (overweight-obese). Short stature was defined as <span class="hlt">height</span> ≤ third percentile and tall stature as <span class="hlt">height</span> ≥ 90th percentile for age and sex. Overweight-obese females had a 73% increased risk for short stature (odds ratio [OR]: 1.73, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.51-1.97, p < .001). Conversely, underweight females had a 56% lower risk of short stature (OR: .44, 95% CI = .28-.70, p = .001) and a twofold increased risk for being tall (OR: 2.08, 95% CI = 1.86-2.32, p < .001). Overweight-obese males had a 23% increased risk of being short (OR: 1.23, 95% CI = 1.10-1.37, p < .001). Underweight females were on average 4.1 cm taller than their mid-parental <span class="hlt">height</span>. Overweight-obese males and females had an increased risk of being short, and underweight females were significantly taller compared with their genetic <span class="hlt">height</span>. The significantly increased <span class="hlt">height</span> among underweight healthy females may reflect a potential loss of <span class="hlt">height</span> gain in overweight-obese females. Copyright © 2017 Society for Adolescent Health and Medicine. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24967955','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24967955"><span>Waist-to-<span class="hlt">Height</span> Ratio: a simple, <span class="hlt">effective</span> and practical screening tool for childhood obesity and metabolic syndrome.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Zhou, Dan; Yang, Min; Yuan, Zhe-Ping; Zhang, Dan-Dan; Liang, Li; Wang, Chun-Lin; Zhang, Shuai; Zhu, Hong-Hong; Lai, Mao-De; Zhu, Yi-Min</p> <p>2014-10-01</p> <p>This study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic value of Waist-to-<span class="hlt">Height</span> Ratio in early detection of obesity and metabolic syndrome in Chinese children and adolescents. A cross-sectional study was conducted in six cities in China in 2010 with 16,914 children and adolescents aged 7-17 years. Participants were randomly divided into the training and testing sets. Diagnostic values were estimated using sensitivity, specificity and areas under receiver operating characteristic curves. The coefficients of variation of Waist-to-<span class="hlt">Height</span> Ratio among age groups were lower than that of body mass index and waist circumstance. The area under receiver operating characteristic curve of Waist-to-<span class="hlt">Height</span> Ratio was 0.968 in boys and 0.949 in girls for general obesity evaluation, and 0.983 in boys and 0.984 in girls for central obesity. The optimal cut-offs of Waist-to-<span class="hlt">Height</span> Ratio were 0.47 in boys and 0.45 in girls in the training set and validated in the testing set. For metabolic syndrome evaluation, the sensitivity and specificity were 0.858 and 0.825 in boys, 0.864 and 0.812 in girls under the suggested cut-offs. Waist-to-<span class="hlt">Height</span> Ratio was a simple, <span class="hlt">effective</span> and practical tool for mass screening childhood obesity and metabolic syndrome in China. It will have potential values in public health practice. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70041045','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70041045"><span>A multi-sensor lidar, multi-spectral and multi-angular approach for mapping canopy <span class="hlt">height</span> in boreal forest regions</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Selkowitz, David J.; Green, Gordon; Peterson, Birgit E.; Wylie, Bruce</p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>Spatially explicit representations of vegetation canopy <span class="hlt">height</span> over large regions are necessary for a wide variety of inventory, monitoring, and modeling activities. Although airborne lidar data has been successfully used to develop vegetation canopy <span class="hlt">height</span> maps in many regions, for vast, sparsely populated regions such as the boreal forest biome, airborne lidar is not widely available. An alternative approach to canopy <span class="hlt">height</span> mapping in areas where airborne lidar data is limited is to use spaceborne lidar measurements in combination with multi-angular and multi-spectral remote sensing data to produce comprehensive canopy <span class="hlt">height</span> maps for the entire region. This study uses spaceborne lidar data from the Geosciences Laser Altimeter System (GLAS) as training data for regression tree models that incorporate multi-angular and multi-spectral data from the Multi-Angle Imaging Spectroradiometer (MISR) and the Moderate Resolution Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MODIS) to map vegetation canopy <span class="hlt">height</span> across a 1,300,000 km2 swath of boreal forest in Interior Alaska. Results are compared to in situ <span class="hlt">height</span> measurements as well as airborne lidar data. Although many of the GLAS-derived canopy <span class="hlt">height</span> estimates are inaccurate, applying a series of filters incorporating both data associated with the GLAS shots as well as ancillary data such as land cover can identify the majority of <span class="hlt">height</span> estimates with significant errors, resulting in a filtered dataset with much higher accuracy. Results from the regression tree models indicate that late winter MISR imagery acquired under snow-covered conditions is <span class="hlt">effective</span> for mapping canopy <span class="hlt">heights</span> ranging from 5 to 15 m, which includes the vast majority of forests in the region. It appears that neither MISR nor MODIS imagery acquired during the growing season is <span class="hlt">effective</span> for canopy <span class="hlt">height</span> mapping, although including summer multi-spectral MODIS data along with winter MISR imagery does appear to provide a slight increase in the accuracy of</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29431595','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29431595"><span>Wheelchair Mobility Performance enhancement by Changing Wheelchair Properties; What is the <span class="hlt">Effect</span> of Grip, Seat <span class="hlt">Height</span> and Mass?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>van der Slikke, Rienk M A; de Witte, Annemarie M H; Berger, Monique A M; Bregman, Daan J J; Veeger, Dirk Jan H E J</p> <p>2018-02-12</p> <p>The purpose of this study was to provide insight in the <span class="hlt">effect</span> of wheelchair settings on wheelchair mobility performance. Twenty elite wheelchair basketball athletes of low (n=10) and high classification (n=10), were tested in a wheelchair basketball directed field test. Athletes performed the test in their own wheelchair, which was modified for five additional conditions regarding seat <span class="hlt">height</span> (high - low), mass (central - distributed) and grip. The previously developed, inertial sensor based wheelchair mobility performance monitor 1 was used to extract wheelchair kinematics in all conditions. Adding mass showed most <span class="hlt">effect</span> on wheelchair mobility performance, with a reduced average acceleration across all activities. Once distributed, additional mass also reduced maximal rotational speed and rotational acceleration. Elevating seat <span class="hlt">height</span> had <span class="hlt">effect</span> on several performance aspects in sprinting and turning, whereas lowering seat <span class="hlt">height</span> influenced performance minimally. Increased rim grip did not alter performance. No differences in response were evident between low and high classified athletes. The wheelchair mobility performance monitor showed sensitive to detect performance differences due to the small changes in wheelchair configuration made. Distributed additional mass had the most <span class="hlt">effect</span> on wheelchair mobility performance, whereas additional grip had the least <span class="hlt">effect</span> of conditions tested. Performance <span class="hlt">effects</span> appear similar for both low and high classified athletes. Athletes, coaches and wheelchair experts are provided with insight in the performance <span class="hlt">effect</span> of key wheelchair settings, and they are offered a proven sensitive method to apply in sports practice, in their search for the best wheelchair-athlete combination.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17972481','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17972481"><span>Judgments of visually perceived eye level (VPEL) in outdoor scenes: <span class="hlt">effects</span> of slope and <span class="hlt">height</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>O'Shea, Robert P; Ross, Helen E</p> <p>2007-01-01</p> <p>When one looks up a hill from below, its peak appears lower than it is; when one looks at a hill across a valley from another peak, the peak of that hill appears higher than it is. These illusions have sometimes been explained by assuming that the subjective horizontal is assimilated to the nearby slope: when looking up a slope, the subjective horizontal is raised, diminishing the <span class="hlt">height</span> of the peak above the subjective horizontal, and making the peak appear lower than it is. When looking down a slope towards another hill, the subjective horizontal is lowered, increasing the <span class="hlt">height</span> of that hill above the subjective horizontal, and making its peak appear higher than it is. To determine subjective horizontals we measured visually perceived eye levels (VPELs) in 21 real-world scenes on a range of slopes. We found that VPEL indeed assimilates by about 40% to slopes between 7 degrees downhill and 7 degrees uphill. For larger uphill slopes up to 23 degrees, VPEL asymptotes at about 4.5 degrees. For larger downhill slopes, the assimilation of VPEL diminishes, and at 23 degrees is raised by about 1 degree. These results are consistent with the assimilation explanation of the illusions if we assume that steep downhill slopes lose their <span class="hlt">effectiveness</span> by being out of view. We also found that VPEL was raised when viewing from a <span class="hlt">height</span>, in comparison with ground-level views, perhaps because the perceived slope increases with viewing <span class="hlt">height</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20187749','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20187749"><span>Gender-related differences in adolescent hypertension and in <span class="hlt">target</span> organ <span class="hlt">effects</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Juhász, Mária; Katona, Eva; Settakis, Georgios; Paragh, György; Molnár, Csilla; Fülesdi, Béla; Páll, Dénes</p> <p>2010-04-01</p> <p>To assess whether a gender difference exists in adolescent hypertension and its <span class="hlt">target</span> organ damage and to compare potential confounding factors and <span class="hlt">target</span> organ damage in hypertensive and normotensive adolescent girls. From the Debrecen Hypertension Study, the anthropometric, blood pressure, and laboratory data as well as intima-media thickness (IMT) and left ventricular mass index (LVMI) of 58 hypertensive boys, 56 hypertensive girls, and 30 normotensive girls were analyzed. Both systolic and mean blood pressure values were higher in adolescent hypertensive boys than in girls. This difference was also present when comparing 24-hour average blood pressure values. Plasma concentrations of nitric oxide (NO) and endothelin-1 were not different in the two gender groups. IMT of the carotid arteries were similar in hypertensive boys and girls, but a significantly higher LVMI was detected in boys. A significant difference was detected in anthropometric data (<span class="hlt">height</span>, weight, and body mass index [BMI]), plasma concentration of NO (lower levels in hypertensives), and IMT in hypertensive and normotensive girls (higher IMT in hypertensive girls). There is a difference between the severity of hypertension between hypertensive adolescent girls and boys. Hypertensive girls differ from normotensive girls not only in blood pressure values but also in risk factors and subclinical <span class="hlt">target</span> organ <span class="hlt">effects</span>. Further studies are needed to explain the gender differences in adolescent hypertension. The potential role of sex hormones in hypertensive teenagers also needs to be clarified in future works.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22408769','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22408769"><span>The <span class="hlt">effect</span> of cigarette smoking and native bone <span class="hlt">height</span> on dental implants placed immediately in sinuses grafted by hydraulic condensation.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Lin, Thomas H S; Chen, Leon; Cha, Jennifer; Jeffcoat, Marjorie; Kao, Daniel W K; Nevins, Myron; Fiorellini, Joseph P</p> <p>2012-06-01</p> <p>The purpose of this study was to determine the <span class="hlt">effect</span> of cigarette smoking and residual native bone <span class="hlt">height</span> on the survival of dental implants placed immediately in grafted sinuses. In this retrospective study, 334 subject records were screened, and 75 subjects (155 implants) were included. Data collection based on treatment notes and radiographs included age, sex, smoking status, sinus floor bone <span class="hlt">height</span>, dental implant information, and implant survival. The survival rates of implants for nonsmokers and smokers at stage-two surgery were 93% and 84%, respectively. After 12 months of functional loading, the survival rates of implants for nonsmokers and smokers were 87% (81 of 93) and 79% (49 of 62), respectively (P < .000). Analysis revealed that the <span class="hlt">effect</span> of smoking on implant survival is significant when the preoperative bone <span class="hlt">height</span> is less than 4 mm, with an 82.4% implant survival rate in nonsmokers compared to 60% in smokers (P < .05). Smoking should be considered as a high risk factor when implants are placed immediately in grafted sinuses, particularly in areas of limited bone <span class="hlt">height</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19528842','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19528842"><span>Hip and knee extensor moments predict vertical jump <span class="hlt">height</span> in adolescent girls.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Ford, Kevin R; Myer, Gregory D; Brent, Jensen L; Hewett, Timothy E</p> <p>2009-07-01</p> <p>Biomechanical factors, such as hip and knee extensor moments, related to drop jump (DJ) performance have not been investigated in adolescent girls. The purpose of this study was to determine the key independent biomechanical variables that predict overall vertical jump performance in adolescent girls. Sixteen high school adolescent girls from club-sponsored and high school-sponsored volleyball teams performed DJ at 3 different drop <span class="hlt">heights</span> (15, 30, and 45 cm). A motion analysis system consisting of 10 digital cameras and a force platform was used to calculate vertical jump <span class="hlt">height</span>, joint angles, and joint moments during the tasks. A multiple linear regression was used to determine the biomechanical parameters that were best predictive of vertical jump <span class="hlt">height</span> at each box drop distance. The 2 predictor variables in all 3 models were knee and hip extensor moments. The models predicted 82.9, 81.9, and 88% of the vertical jump <span class="hlt">height</span> variance in the 15, 30, and 45 cm trials, respectively. The results of the investigation indicate that knee and hip joint moments are the main contributors to vertical jump <span class="hlt">height</span> during the DJ in adolescent girls. Strength and conditioning specialists attempting to improve vertical jump performance should <span class="hlt">target</span> power and strength training to the hip and knee extensors in their athletes.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29590666','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29590666"><span><span class="hlt">Effect</span> of Premolar Axial Wall <span class="hlt">Height</span> on Computer-Aided Design/Computer-Assisted Manufacture Crown Retention.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Martin, Curt; Harris, Ashley; DuVall, Nicholas; Wajdowicz, Michael; Roberts, Howard Wayne</p> <p>2018-03-28</p> <p>To evaluate the <span class="hlt">effect</span> of premolar axial wall <span class="hlt">height</span> on the retention of adhesive, full-coverage, computer-aided design/computer-assisted manufacture (CAD/CAM) restorations. A total of 48 premolar teeth randomized into four groups (n = 12 per group) received all-ceramic CAD/CAM restorations with axial wall <span class="hlt">heights</span> (AWH) of 3, 2, 1, and 0 mm and 16-degree total occlusal convergence (TOC). Specimens were restored with lithium disilicate material and cemented with self-adhesive resin cement. Specimens were loaded to failure after 24 hours. The 3- and 2-mm AWH specimens demonstrated significantly greater failure load. Failure analysis suggests a 2-mm minimum AWH for premolars with a TOC of 16 degrees. Adhesive technology may compensate for compromised AWH.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_8");'>8</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_9");'>9</a></li> <li class="active"><span>10</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_10 --> <div id="page_11" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_9");'>9</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li class="active"><span>11</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="201"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29463626','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29463626"><span>Maternal and Paternal <span class="hlt">Height</span> and the Risk of Preeclampsia.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Lee, Yunsung; Magnus, Per</p> <p>2018-04-01</p> <p>The etiology of preeclampsia is unknown. Tall women have been found to have lower incidence of preeclampsia. This points to a possible biological causal <span class="hlt">effect</span> but may be because of socioeconomic confounding. We used paternal <span class="hlt">height</span> as an unexposed control to examine confounding. The MoBa (Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study) was used to extract data on parental <span class="hlt">heights</span>, maternal prepregnancy weight, other background factors, and pregnancy outcomes for 99 968 singleton births. Multiple logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios for preeclampsia according to parental <span class="hlt">height</span>. The adjusted odds ratio for preeclampsia was 0.74 (95% CI, 0.66-0.82) for women >172 cm as compared with women <164 cm. The adjusted odds ratio for preeclampsia for men >186 cm was 1.03 (95% CI, 0.93-1.15) compared with men <178 cm. The association between maternal <span class="hlt">height</span> and preeclampsia is unlikely to be because of confounding by familial, socioeconomic factors or by fetal genes related to <span class="hlt">height</span>. The observed association between maternal <span class="hlt">height</span> and preeclampsia merits further investigation. © 2018 American Heart Association, Inc.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27165022','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27165022"><span><span class="hlt">Effects</span> of Different Cutting <span class="hlt">Height</span> on Nutritional Quality of Whole Crop Barley Silage and Feed Value on Hanwoo Heifers.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Kim, Dong Hyeon; Amanullah, Sardar M; Lee, Hyuk Jun; Joo, Young Ho; Han, Ouk Kyu; Adesogan, Adegbola T; Kim, Sam Churl</p> <p>2016-09-01</p> <p>The present study evaluated the <span class="hlt">effects</span> of different cutting <span class="hlt">height</span> on nutritive value, fermentation quality, in vitro and in vivo digestibility of whole crop barley silage. Whole crop barley forage (Yuyeon hybrid) was harvested at <span class="hlt">height</span> of 5, 10, and 15 cm from the ground level. Each cutting <span class="hlt">height</span> was rolled to make round bale and ensiled for 100 days. After 100 days of ensiling, pH of silage was lower (p<0.05) in 5 cm, but no difference between 10 and 15 cm of cutting <span class="hlt">height</span>. The content of lactate and lactate to acetate ratio were increased (p<0.05) in 5 cm of cutting <span class="hlt">height</span>, whereas the acetate content was higher (p<0.05) in 10 and 15 cm than that of 5 cm cutting <span class="hlt">height</span>. Aerobic stability was greater (p<0.05) in silages of 10 and 15 cm of cutting <span class="hlt">height</span>. Three total mixed rations (TMR) were formulated with silages from the three different cutting <span class="hlt">heights</span> (TMR5, TMR10, and TMR15) incorporated as forage at 70:30 ratio with concentrate (dry matter [DM] basis). In vitro dry matter digestibility was higher (p<0.05) in the TMR5 and TMR10 than that in TMR15, whereas in vitro neutral detergent fiber digestibility was higher (p<0.05) in the TMR10 and TMR15 than that in TMR5. Concentration of NH3-N was highest (p<0.05) in the TMR10 followed by TMR15 and TMR5. Total volatile fatty acid was decreased (p<0.05) with increased cutting <span class="hlt">height</span>. The digestibility of DM and neutral detergent fiber were highest (p<0.05) in TMR15, than those in TMR5 and TMR10, whereas acid detergent fiber digestibility was higher (p<0.05) in TMR5 than that in TMR10. The results showed that increasing cutting <span class="hlt">height</span>, at least up to 10 to 15 cm, of whole crop barley forage at harvest (Yuyeon) may be beneficial for making silage for TMR formulation and increasing digestibility of DM and NDF.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28895621','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28895621"><span>Optimum Drop Jump <span class="hlt">Height</span> in Division III Athletes: Under 75% of Vertical Jump <span class="hlt">Height</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Peng, Hsien-Te; Khuat, Cong Toai; Kernozek, Thomas W; Wallace, Brian J; Lo, Shin-Liang; Song, Chen-Yi</p> <p>2017-10-01</p> <p>Our purpose was to evaluate the vertical ground reaction force, impulse, moments and powers of hip, knee and ankle joints, contact time, and jump <span class="hlt">height</span> when performing a drop jump from different drop <span class="hlt">heights</span> based on the percentage of a performer's maximum vertical jump <span class="hlt">height</span> (MVJH). Fifteen male Division III athletes participated voluntarily. Eleven synchronized cameras and two force platforms were used to collect data. One-way repeated-measures analysis of variance tests were used to examine the differences between drop <span class="hlt">heights</span>. The maximum hip, knee and ankle power absorption during 125%MVJH and 150%MVJH were greater than those during 75%MVJH. The impulse during landing at 100%MVJH, 125%MVJH and 150%MVJH were greater than 75%MVJH. The vertical ground reaction force during 150%MVJH was greater than 50%MVJH, 75%MVJH and 100%MVJH. Drop <span class="hlt">height</span> below 75%MVJH had the most merits for increasing joint power output while having a lower impact force, impulse and joint power absorption. Drop <span class="hlt">height</span> of 150%MVJH may not be desirable as a high-intensity stimulus due to the much greater impact force, increasing the risk of injury, without increasing jump <span class="hlt">height</span> performance. © Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22464634','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22464634"><span>Influence of real and virtual <span class="hlt">heights</span> on standing balance.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Cleworth, Taylor W; Horslen, Brian C; Carpenter, Mark G</p> <p>2012-06-01</p> <p>Fear and anxiety induced by threatening scenarios, such as standing on elevated surfaces, have been shown to influence postural control in young adults. There is also a need to understand how postural threat influences postural control in populations with balance deficits and risk of falls. However, safety and feasibility issues limit opportunities to place such populations in physically threatening scenarios. Virtual reality (VR) has successfully been used to simulate threatening environments, although it is unclear whether the same postural changes can be elicited by changes in virtual and real threat conditions. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to compare the <span class="hlt">effects</span> of real and virtual <span class="hlt">heights</span> on changes to standing postural control, electrodermal activity (EDA) and psycho-social state. Seventeen subjects stood at low and high <span class="hlt">heights</span> in both real and virtual environments matched in scale and visual detail. A repeated measures ANOVA revealed increases with <span class="hlt">height</span>, independent of visual environment, in EDA, anxiety, fear, and center of pressure (COP) frequency, and decreases with <span class="hlt">height</span> in perceived stability, balance confidence and COP amplitude. Interaction <span class="hlt">effects</span> were seen for fear and COP mean position; where real elicited larger changes with <span class="hlt">height</span> than VR. This study demonstrates the utility of VR, as simulated <span class="hlt">heights</span> resulted in changes to postural, autonomic and psycho-social measures similar to those seen at real <span class="hlt">heights</span>. As a result, VR may be a useful tool for studying threat related changes in postural control in populations at risk of falls, and to screen and rehabilitate balance deficits associated with fear and anxiety. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27636201','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27636201"><span>Growth and Adult <span class="hlt">Height</span> in Patients with Crohn's Disease Treated with Anti-Tumor Necrosis Factor α Antibodies.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Bamberger, Sarah; Martinez Vinson, Christine; Mohamed, Damir; Viala, Jérôme; Carel, Jean-Claude; Hugot, Jean-Pierre; Simon, Dominique</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>Inflammation contributes to growth failure associated with inflammatory bowel diseases. Anti-TNFα therapy induces sustained remission and short-term improvements in <span class="hlt">height</span> velocity and/or <span class="hlt">height</span> standard deviation score (H-SDS) patients with Crohn's disease. The purpose of this study was to evaluate growth and adult <span class="hlt">height</span> in patients with Crohn's disease taking maintenance infliximab or adalimumab therapy.This university-hospital based retrospective study included 61 patients, with a median follow-up of 2.6 years (2.0; 3.3). 38 patients (62%) reached their adult <span class="hlt">height</span>. H-SDS was collected at diagnosis and together with disease activity markers (Harvey-Bradshaw Index, albumin, and C-reactive protein) at treatment initiation (baseline), and follow-up completion. Wilcoxon's signed-rank test was chosen for comparisons. Median H-SDS decreased from diagnosis to baseline (-0.08 [-0.73; +0.77] to -0.94 [-1.44; +0.11], p<0.0001) and then increased to follow-up completion (-0.63 [-1.08; 0.49], p = 0.003 versus baseline), concomitantly with an improvement in disease activity. Median adult H-SDS was within the normal range (-0.72 [-1.25; +0.42]) but did not differ from baseline H-SDS and was significantly lower than the <span class="hlt">target</span> H-SDS (-0.09 [-0.67; +0.42], p = 0.01). Only 2 (6%) males had adult <span class="hlt">heights</span> significantly below their <span class="hlt">target</span> <span class="hlt">heights</span> (10.5 and -13.5 cm [-1.75 and -2.25 SD]). In conclusion, anti-tumor necrosis factor α (TNF) therapy prevented loss of <span class="hlt">height</span> without fully restoring the genetic growth potential in this group of patients with CD. Earlier treatment initiation might improve growth outcomes in these patients.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23645856','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23645856"><span>The association between <span class="hlt">height</span> and birth order: evidence from 652,518 Swedish men.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Myrskylä, Mikko; Silventoinen, Karri; Jelenkovic, Aline; Tynelius, Per; Rasmussen, Finn</p> <p>2013-07-01</p> <p>Birth order is associated with outcomes such as birth weight and adult socioeconomic position (SEP), but little is known about the association with adult <span class="hlt">height</span>. This potential birth order-<span class="hlt">height</span> association is important because <span class="hlt">height</span> predicts health, and because the association may help explain population-level <span class="hlt">height</span> trends. We studied the birth order-<span class="hlt">height</span> association and whether it varies by family characteristics or birth cohort. We used the Swedish Military Conscription Register to analyse adult <span class="hlt">height</span> among 652,518 men born in 1951-1983 using fixed <span class="hlt">effects</span> regression models that compare brothers and account for genetic and social factors shared by brothers. We stratified the analysis by family size, parental SEP and birth cohort. We compared models with and without birth weight and birth length controls. Unadjusted analyses showed no differences between the first two birth orders but in the fixed <span class="hlt">effects</span> regression, birth orders 2, 3 and 4 were associated with 0.4, 0.7 and 0.8 cm (p<0.001 for each) shorter <span class="hlt">height</span> than birth order 1, respectively. The associations were similar in large and small and high-SEP and low-SEP families, but were attenuated in recent cohorts. Birth characteristics did not explain these associations. Birth order is an important determinant of <span class="hlt">height</span>. The <span class="hlt">height</span> difference between birth orders 3 and 1 is larger than the population-level <span class="hlt">height</span> increase achieved over 10 years. The attenuation of the <span class="hlt">effect</span> over cohorts may reflect improvements in living standards. Decreases in family size may explain some of the secular-<span class="hlt">height</span> increases in countries with decreasing fertility.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28548346','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28548346"><span>The <span class="hlt">effect</span> of crate <span class="hlt">height</span> on the behavior of female turkeys during commercial pre-slaughter transportation.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Di Martino, Guido; Capello, Katia; Stefani, Anna Lisa; Tripepi, Luca; Garbo, Angelica; Speri, Marina; Trolese, Matteo; Brichese, Michele; Marangon, Stefano; Bonfanti, Lebana</p> <p>2017-10-01</p> <p>Limited information is available on suitable <span class="hlt">height</span> of transport crates for turkeys. We compared behaviors and physiological indicators of four groups of 10 female turkeys each confined in either conventional (38.5 cm <span class="hlt">height</span>) or experimental (77 cm <span class="hlt">height</span>) crates during six commercial pre-slaughter transportations for 86 km (76 ± 4 min) along two tracts with one-lane streets, crossroads, bends, roundabouts (S1 and S2) and a highway tract (H) between S1 and S2. Only 36% of birds in the higher crates maintained a standing position. In conventional versus experimental crates, the frequency of rising attempts was five/bird/hour versus less than one/bird/hour, while wing flapping was seven/bird/hour versus 20/bird/hour, and balance loss was one versus four/bird/hour. The behaviors of both groups differed significantly according to the route tract, with a lower frequency of stress-related behaviors at H. No scratches, fractures or hematomas were detected in any birds after transportation. Crate <span class="hlt">height</span> had no significant <span class="hlt">effect</span> on hemato-biochemical markers. These results suggest that crates enabling a standing position may increase potentially dangerous behaviors. Moreover, busy and curvy routes should be avoided, as they may contribute to increasing the frequency of stress-related behaviors. © 2017 Japanese Society of Animal Science.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22410019-correlation-between-amplitude-spin-accumulation-signals-investigated-hanle-effect-measurement-effective-junction-barrier-height-cofe-mgo-sup-si-junctions','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22410019-correlation-between-amplitude-spin-accumulation-signals-investigated-hanle-effect-measurement-effective-junction-barrier-height-cofe-mgo-sup-si-junctions"><span>Correlation between amplitude of spin accumulation signals investigated by Hanle <span class="hlt">effect</span> measurement and <span class="hlt">effective</span> junction barrier <span class="hlt">height</span> in CoFe/MgO/n{sup +}-Si junctions</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Saito, Y., E-mail: yoshiaki.saito@toshiba.co.jp; Ishikawa, M.; Sugiyama, H.</p> <p>2015-05-07</p> <p>Correlation between the amplitude of the spin accumulation signals and the <span class="hlt">effective</span> barrier <span class="hlt">height</span> estimated from the slope of the log (RA) - t{sub MgO} plot (RA: resistance area product, t{sub MgO}: thickness of MgO tunnel barrier) in CoFe/MgO/n{sup +}-Si junctions was investigated. The amplitude of spin accumulation signals increases with increasing <span class="hlt">effective</span> barrier <span class="hlt">heights</span>. This increase of the amplitude of spin accumulation is originated from the increase of the spin polarization (P{sub Si}) in Si. The estimated absolute values of P{sub Si} using three-terminal Hanle signals are consistent with those estimated by four-terminal nonlocal-magnetoresistance (MR) and two-terminal local-MR. Tomore » demonstrate large spin accumulation in Si bulk band and enhance the local-MR through Si channel, these results indicate that the increase of the <span class="hlt">effective</span> barrier <span class="hlt">height</span> at ferromagnet/(tunnel barrier)/n{sup +}-Si junction electrode is important.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14513876','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14513876"><span><span class="hlt">Effect</span> of 24 months of recombinant growth hormone on <span class="hlt">height</span> and body proportions in SHOX haploinsufficiency.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Munns, C F J; Berry, M; Vickers, D; Rappold, G A; Hyland, V J; Glass, I A; Batch, J A</p> <p>2003-09-01</p> <p>Leri-Weill syndrome (LWS) is a skeletal dysplasia with mesomelic short stature, bilateral Madelung deformity (BMD) and SHOX (short stature homeobox-containing gene) haploinsufficiency. The <span class="hlt">effect</span> of 24 months of recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) therapy on the stature and BMD of two females with SHOX haploinsufficiency (demonstrated by fluorescence in situ hybridisation) and LWS was evaluated. Both patients demonstrated an increase in <span class="hlt">height</span> standard deviation score (SDS) and <span class="hlt">height</span> velocity SDS over the 24 months of therapy. Patient 1 demonstrated a relative increase in arm-span and upper segment measurements with rhGH while patient 2 demonstrated a relative increase in lower limb length. There was appropriate advancement of bone age, no adverse events and no significant deterioration in BMD. In this study, 24 months of rhGH was a safe and <span class="hlt">effective</span> therapy for the disproportionate short stature of SHOX haploinsufficiency, with no clinical deterioration of BMD.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5302847','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5302847"><span>Rare and low-frequency coding variants alter human adult <span class="hlt">height</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Marouli, Eirini; Graff, Mariaelisa; Medina-Gomez, Carolina; Lo, Ken Sin; Wood, Andrew R; Kjaer, Troels R; Fine, Rebecca S; Lu, Yingchang; Schurmann, Claudia; Highland, Heather M; Rüeger, Sina; Thorleifsson, Gudmar; Justice, Anne E; Lamparter, David; Stirrups, Kathleen E; Turcot, Valérie; Young, Kristin L; Winkler, Thomas W; Esko, Tõnu; Karaderi, Tugce; Locke, Adam E; Masca, Nicholas GD; Ng, Maggie CY; Mudgal, Poorva; Rivas, Manuel A; Vedantam, Sailaja; Mahajan, Anubha; Guo, Xiuqing; Abecasis, Goncalo; Aben, Katja K; Adair, Linda S; Alam, Dewan S; Albrecht, Eva; Allin, Kristine H; Allison, Matthew; Amouyel, Philippe; Appel, Emil V; Arveiler, Dominique; Asselbergs, Folkert W; Auer, Paul L; Balkau, Beverley; Banas, Bernhard; Bang, Lia E; Benn, Marianne; Bergmann, Sven; Bielak, Lawrence F; Blüher, Matthias; Boeing, Heiner; Boerwinkle, Eric; Böger, Carsten A; Bonnycastle, Lori L; Bork-Jensen, Jette; Bots, Michiel L; Bottinger, Erwin P; Bowden, Donald W; Brandslund, Ivan; Breen, Gerome; Brilliant, Murray H; Broer, Linda; Burt, Amber A; Butterworth, Adam S; Carey, David J; Caulfield, Mark J; Chambers, John C; Chasman, Daniel I; Chen, Yii-Der Ida; Chowdhury, Rajiv; Christensen, Cramer; Chu, Audrey Y; Cocca, Massimiliano; Collins, Francis S; Cook, James P; Corley, Janie; Galbany, Jordi Corominas; Cox, Amanda J; Cuellar-Partida, Gabriel; Danesh, John; Davies, Gail; de Bakker, Paul IW; de Borst, Gert J.; de Denus, Simon; de Groot, Mark CH; de Mutsert, Renée; Deary, Ian J; Dedoussis, George; Demerath, Ellen W; den Hollander, Anneke I; Dennis, Joe G; Di Angelantonio, Emanuele; Drenos, Fotios; Du, Mengmeng; Dunning, Alison M; Easton, Douglas F; Ebeling, Tapani; Edwards, Todd L; Ellinor, Patrick T; Elliott, Paul; Evangelou, Evangelos; Farmaki, Aliki-Eleni; Faul, Jessica D; Feitosa, Mary F; Feng, Shuang; Ferrannini, Ele; Ferrario, Marco M; Ferrieres, Jean; Florez, Jose C; Ford, Ian; Fornage, Myriam; Franks, Paul W; Frikke-Schmidt, Ruth; Galesloot, Tessel E; Gan, Wei; Gandin, Ilaria; Gasparini, Paolo; Giedraitis, Vilmantas; Giri, Ayush; Girotto, Giorgia; Gordon, Scott D; Gordon-Larsen, Penny; Gorski, Mathias; Grarup, Niels; Grove, Megan L.; Gudnason, Vilmundur; Gustafsson, Stefan; Hansen, Torben; Harris, Kathleen Mullan; Harris, Tamara B; Hattersley, Andrew T; Hayward, Caroline; He, Liang; Heid, Iris M; Heikkilä, Kauko; Helgeland, Øyvind; Hernesniemi, Jussi; Hewitt, Alex W; Hocking, Lynne J; Hollensted, Mette; Holmen, Oddgeir L; Hovingh, G. Kees; Howson, Joanna MM; Hoyng, Carel B; Huang, Paul L; Hveem, Kristian; Ikram, M. Arfan; Ingelsson, Erik; Jackson, Anne U; Jansson, Jan-Håkan; Jarvik, Gail P; Jensen, Gorm B; Jhun, Min A; Jia, Yucheng; Jiang, Xuejuan; Johansson, Stefan; Jørgensen, Marit E; Jørgensen, Torben; Jousilahti, Pekka; Jukema, J Wouter; Kahali, Bratati; Kahn, René S; Kähönen, Mika; Kamstrup, Pia R; Kanoni, Stavroula; Kaprio, Jaakko; Karaleftheri, Maria; Kardia, Sharon LR; Karpe, Fredrik; Kee, Frank; Keeman, Renske; Kiemeney, Lambertus A; Kitajima, Hidetoshi; Kluivers, Kirsten B; Kocher, Thomas; Komulainen, Pirjo; Kontto, Jukka; Kooner, Jaspal S; Kooperberg, Charles; Kovacs, Peter; Kriebel, Jennifer; Kuivaniemi, Helena; Küry, Sébastien; Kuusisto, Johanna; La Bianca, Martina; Laakso, Markku; Lakka, Timo A; Lange, Ethan M; Lange, Leslie A; Langefeld, Carl D; Langenberg, Claudia; Larson, Eric B; Lee, I-Te; Lehtimäki, Terho; Lewis, Cora E; Li, Huaixing; Li, Jin; Li-Gao, Ruifang; Lin, Honghuang; Lin, Li-An; Lin, Xu; Lind, Lars; Lindström, Jaana; Linneberg, Allan; Liu, Yeheng; Liu, Yongmei; Lophatananon, Artitaya; Luan, Jian'an; Lubitz, Steven A; Lyytikäinen, Leo-Pekka; Mackey, David A; Madden, Pamela AF; Manning, Alisa K; Männistö, Satu; Marenne, Gaëlle; Marten, Jonathan; Martin, Nicholas G; Mazul, Angela L; Meidtner, Karina; Metspalu, Andres; Mitchell, Paul; Mohlke, Karen L; Mook-Kanamori, Dennis O; Morgan, Anna; Morris, Andrew D; Morris, Andrew P; Müller-Nurasyid, Martina; Munroe, Patricia B; Nalls, Mike A; Nauck, Matthias; Nelson, Christopher P; Neville, Matt; Nielsen, Sune F; Nikus, Kjell; Njølstad, Pål R; Nordestgaard, Børge G; Ntalla, Ioanna; O'Connel, Jeffrey R; Oksa, Heikki; Loohuis, Loes M Olde; Ophoff, Roel A; Owen, Katharine R; Packard, Chris J; Padmanabhan, Sandosh; Palmer, Colin NA; Pasterkamp, Gerard; Patel, Aniruddh P; Pattie, Alison; Pedersen, Oluf; Peissig, Peggy L; Peloso, Gina M; Pennell, Craig E; Perola, Markus; Perry, James A; Perry, John R.B.; Person, Thomas N; Pirie, Ailith; Polasek, Ozren; Posthuma, Danielle; Raitakari, Olli T; Rasheed, Asif; Rauramaa, Rainer; Reilly, Dermot F; Reiner, Alex P; Renström, Frida; Ridker, Paul M; Rioux, John D; Robertson, Neil; Robino, Antonietta; Rolandsson, Olov; Rudan, Igor; Ruth, Katherine S; Saleheen, Danish; Salomaa, Veikko; Samani, Nilesh J; Sandow, Kevin; Sapkota, Yadav; Sattar, Naveed; Schmidt, Marjanka K; Schreiner, Pamela J; Schulze, Matthias B; Scott, Robert A; Segura-Lepe, Marcelo P; Shah, Svati; Sim, Xueling; Sivapalaratnam, Suthesh; Small, Kerrin S; Smith, Albert Vernon; Smith, Jennifer A; Southam, Lorraine; Spector, Timothy D; Speliotes, Elizabeth K; Starr, John M; Steinthorsdottir, Valgerdur; Stringham, Heather M; Stumvoll, Michael; Surendran, Praveen; Hart, Leen M ‘t; Tansey, Katherine E; Tardif, Jean-Claude; Taylor, Kent D; Teumer, Alexander; Thompson, Deborah J; Thorsteinsdottir, Unnur; Thuesen, Betina H; Tönjes, Anke; Tromp, Gerard; Trompet, Stella; Tsafantakis, Emmanouil; Tuomilehto, Jaakko; Tybjaerg-Hansen, Anne; Tyrer, Jonathan P; Uher, Rudolf; Uitterlinden, André G; Ulivi, Sheila; van der Laan, Sander W; Van Der Leij, Andries R; van Duijn, Cornelia M; van Schoor, Natasja M; van Setten, Jessica; Varbo, Anette; Varga, Tibor V; Varma, Rohit; Edwards, Digna R Velez; Vermeulen, Sita H; Vestergaard, Henrik; Vitart, Veronique; Vogt, Thomas F; Vozzi, Diego; Walker, Mark; Wang, Feijie; Wang, Carol A; Wang, Shuai; Wang, Yiqin; Wareham, Nicholas J; Warren, Helen R; Wessel, Jennifer; Willems, Sara M; Wilson, James G; Witte, Daniel R; Woods, Michael O; Wu, Ying; Yaghootkar, Hanieh; Yao, Jie; Yao, Pang; Yerges-Armstrong, Laura M; Young, Robin; Zeggini, Eleftheria; Zhan, Xiaowei; Zhang, Weihua; Zhao, Jing Hua; Zhao, Wei; Zhao, Wei; Zheng, He; Zhou, Wei; Rotter, Jerome I; Boehnke, Michael; Kathiresan, Sekar; McCarthy, Mark I; Willer, Cristen J; Stefansson, Kari; Borecki, Ingrid B; Liu, Dajiang J; North, Kari E; Heard-Costa, Nancy L; Pers, Tune H; Lindgren, Cecilia M; Oxvig, Claus; Kutalik, Zoltán; Rivadeneira, Fernando; Loos, Ruth JF; Frayling, Timothy M; Hirschhorn, Joel N; Deloukas, Panos; Lettre, Guillaume</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>Summary <span class="hlt">Height</span> is a highly heritable, classic polygenic trait with ∼700 common associated variants identified so far through genome-wide association studies. Here, we report 83 <span class="hlt">height</span>-associated coding variants with lower minor allele frequencies (range of 0.1-4.8%) and <span class="hlt">effects</span> of up to 2 cm/allele (e.g. in IHH, STC2, AR and CRISPLD2), >10 times the average <span class="hlt">effect</span> of common variants. In functional follow-up studies, rare <span class="hlt">height</span>-increasing alleles of STC2 (+1-2 cm/allele) compromised proteolytic inhibition of PAPP-A and increased cleavage of IGFBP-4 in vitro, resulting in higher bioavailability of insulin-like growth factors. These 83 <span class="hlt">height</span>-associated variants overlap genes mutated in monogenic growth disorders and highlight new biological candidates (e.g. ADAMTS3, IL11RA, NOX4) and pathways (e.g. proteoglycan/glycosaminoglycan synthesis) involved in growth. Our results demonstrate that sufficiently large sample sizes can uncover rare and low-frequency variants of moderate to large <span class="hlt">effect</span> associated with polygenic human phenotypes, and that these variants implicate relevant genes and pathways. PMID:28146470</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011APExp...4h5701P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011APExp...4h5701P"><span>Carrier Transport and <span class="hlt">Effective</span> Barrier <span class="hlt">Height</span> of Low Resistance Metal Contact to Highly Mg-Doped p-GaN</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Park, Youngjun; Kim, Hyunsoo</p> <p>2011-08-01</p> <p>The <span class="hlt">effective</span> barrier <span class="hlt">height</span> and carrier transport mechanism of low resistance Ag-based contact to highly Mg-doped p-GaN were investigated. The specific contact resistance obtained was as low as 7.0×10-4 Ω cm2. The electrical resistivity of p-GaN was found to increase depending on ˜T-1/4, indicating variable-range hopping (VRH) conduction through Mg-related deep-level defects. Based on the VRH conduction model, the <span class="hlt">effective</span> barrier <span class="hlt">height</span> for carrier transport could be measured as 0.12 eV, which is low enough to explain the formation of excellent ohmic contact. The deep-level defects were also found to induce surface Fermi pinning.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5012320','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5012320"><span><span class="hlt">Effect</span> of pillow <span class="hlt">height</span> on the biomechanics of the head-neck complex: investigation of the cranio-cervical pressure and cervical spine alignment</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Yang, Hui; Zhou, Yan; Lin, Jin</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>Background While appropriate pillow <span class="hlt">height</span> is crucial to maintaining the quality of sleep and overall health, there are no universal, evidence-based guidelines for pillow design or selection. We aimed to evaluate the <span class="hlt">effect</span> of pillow <span class="hlt">height</span> on cranio-cervical pressure and cervical spine alignment. Methods Ten healthy subjects (five males) aged 26 ± 3.6 years were recruited. The average <span class="hlt">height</span>, weight, and neck length were 167 ± 9.3 cm, 59.6 ± 11.9 kg, and 12.9 ± 1.2 cm respectively. The subjects lay on pillows of four different <span class="hlt">heights</span> (H0, 110 mm; H1, 130 mm; H2, 150 mm; and H3, 170 mm). The cranio-cervical pressure distribution over the pillow was recorded; the peak and average pressures for each pillow <span class="hlt">height</span> were compared by one-way ANOVA with repeated measures. Cervical spine alignment was studied using a finite element model constructed based on data from the Visible Human Project. The coordinate of the center of each cervical vertebra were predicted for each pillow <span class="hlt">height</span>. Three spine alignment parameters (cervical angle, lordosis distance and kyphosis distance) were identified. Results The average cranial pressure at pillow <span class="hlt">height</span> H3 was approximately 30% higher than that at H0, and significantly different from those at H1 and H2 (p < 0.05). The average cervical pressure at pillow <span class="hlt">height</span> H0 was 65% lower than that at H3, and significantly different from those at H1 and H2 (p < 0.05). The peak cervical pressures at pillow <span class="hlt">heights</span> H2 and H3 were significantly different from that at H0 (p < 0.05). With respect to cervical spine alignment, raising pillow <span class="hlt">height</span> from H0 to H3 caused an increase of 66.4% and 25.1% in cervical angle and lordosis distance, respectively, and a reduction of 43.4% in kyphosis distance. Discussion Pillow <span class="hlt">height</span> elevation significantly increased the average and peak pressures of the cranial and cervical regions, and increased the extension and lordosis of the cervical spine. The cranio-cervical pressures and cervical spine alignment</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29205154','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29205154"><span>Epigenetic profiling of growth plate chondrocytes sheds insight into regulatory genetic variation influencing <span class="hlt">height</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Guo, Michael; Liu, Zun; Willen, Jessie; Shaw, Cameron P; Richard, Daniel; Jagoda, Evelyn; Doxey, Andrew C; Hirschhorn, Joel; Capellini, Terence D</p> <p>2017-12-05</p> <p>GWAS have identified hundreds of <span class="hlt">height</span>-associated loci. However, determining causal mechanisms is challenging, especially since <span class="hlt">height</span>-relevant tissues (e.g. growth plates) are difficult to study. To uncover mechanisms by which <span class="hlt">height</span> GWAS variants function, we performed epigenetic profiling of murine femoral growth plates. The profiled open chromatin regions recapitulate known chondrocyte and skeletal biology, are enriched at <span class="hlt">height</span> GWAS loci, particularly near differentially expressed growth plate genes, and enriched for binding motifs of transcription factors with roles in chondrocyte biology. At specific loci, our analyses identified compelling mechanisms for GWAS variants. For example, at CHSY1 , we identified a candidate causal variant (rs9920291) overlapping an open chromatin region. Reporter assays demonstrated that rs9920291 shows allelic regulatory activity, and CRISPR/Cas9 <span class="hlt">targeting</span> of human chondrocytes demonstrates that the region regulates CHSY1 expression. Thus, integrating biologically relevant epigenetic information (here, from growth plates) with genetic association results can identify biological mechanisms important for human growth.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4892290','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4892290"><span>Adult <span class="hlt">height</span>, nutrition, and population health</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Perkins, Jessica M.; Subramanian, S.V.; Davey Smith, George</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>In this review, the potential causes and consequences of adult <span class="hlt">height</span>, a measure of cumulative net nutrition, in modern populations are summarized. The mechanisms linking adult <span class="hlt">height</span> and health are examined, with a focus on the role of potential confounders. Evidence across studies indicates that short adult <span class="hlt">height</span> (reflecting growth retardation) in low- and middle-income countries is driven by environmental conditions, especially net nutrition during early years. Some of the associations of <span class="hlt">height</span> with health and social outcomes potentially reflect the association between these environmental factors and such outcomes. These conditions are manifested in the substantial differences in adult <span class="hlt">height</span> that exist between and within countries and over time. This review suggests that adult <span class="hlt">height</span> is a useful marker of variation in cumulative net nutrition, biological deprivation, and standard of living between and within populations and should be routinely measured. Linkages between adult <span class="hlt">height</span> and health, within and across generations, suggest that adult <span class="hlt">height</span> may be a potential tool for monitoring health conditions and that programs focused on offspring outcomes may consider maternal <span class="hlt">height</span> as a potentially important influence. PMID:26928678</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017E%26ES..100a2217S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017E%26ES..100a2217S"><span><span class="hlt">Effects</span> of Sludge Compost on EC value of Saline Soil and Plant <span class="hlt">Height</span> of Medicago</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Sun, Chongyang; Zhao, Ke; Chen, Xing; Wang, Xiaohui</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>In this study, the <span class="hlt">effects</span> of sludge composting on the EC value of saline soil and the response to Medicago plant <span class="hlt">height</span> were studied by planting Medicago with pots for 45 days in different proportions as sludge composting with saline soil. The results showed that the EC value of saline soil did not change obviously with the increase of fertilization ratio,which indicated that the EC value of saline soil was close to that of the original soil. The EC decreased by 31.45% at fertilization ratio of 40%. The <span class="hlt">height</span> of Medicago reached the highest at 40% fertilization ratio, and that was close to 60% fertilization ratio, and the difference was significant with other treatments. By comprehensive analyse and compare,the optimum application rate of sludge compost was 40% under this test condition.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23833068','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23833068"><span>Is adaptation to perceived interocular differences in <span class="hlt">height</span> explained by vertical fusional eye movements?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Maier, Felix M; Schaeffel, Frank</p> <p>2013-07-24</p> <p>To find out whether adaptation to a vertical prism involves more than fusional vertical eye movements. Adaptation to a vertical base-up 3 prism diopter prism was measured in a custom-programmed Maddox test in nine visually normal emmetropic subjects (mean age 27.0 ± 2.8 years). Vertical eye movements were binocularly measured in six of the subjects with a custom-programmed binocular video eye tracker. In the Maddox test, some subjects adjusted the perceived <span class="hlt">height</span> as expected from the power of the prism while others appeared to ignore the prism. After 15 minutes of adaptation, the interocular difference in perceived <span class="hlt">height</span> was reduced by on average 51% (from 0.86°-0.44°). The larger the initially perceived difference in <span class="hlt">height</span> in a subject, the larger the amplitude of adaptation was. Eye tracking showed that the prism generated divergent vertical eye movements of 1.2° on average, which was less than expected from its power. Differences in eye elevation were maintained as long as the prism was in place. Small angles of lateral head tilt generated large interocular differences in eye elevation, much larger than the <span class="hlt">effects</span> introduced by the prism. Vertical differences in retinal image <span class="hlt">height</span> were compensated by vertical fusional eye movements but some subjects responded poorly to a vertical prism in both experiments; fusional eye movements were generally too small to realign both foveae with the fixation <span class="hlt">target</span>; and the prism adaptation in the Maddox test was fully explained by the changes in vertical eye position, suggesting that no further adaptational mechanism may be involved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017GeoJI.211.1154F','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017GeoJI.211.1154F"><span>In defense of the classical <span class="hlt">height</span> system</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Foroughi, Ismael; Vaníček, Petr; Sheng, Michael; Kingdon, Robert William; Santos, Marcelo C.</p> <p>2017-11-01</p> <p>In many European countries, normal <span class="hlt">heights</span> referred to the quasi-geoid as introduced by Molodenskij in the mid-20th century are preferred to the classical <span class="hlt">height</span> system that consists of orthometric <span class="hlt">heights</span> and the geoid as a reference surface for these <span class="hlt">heights</span>. The rationale for this choice is supposed to be that in the classical <span class="hlt">height</span> system, neither the geoid, nor the orthometric <span class="hlt">height</span> can be ever known with centimetre level accuracy because one would need to know the topographical mass density to a level that can never be achieved. The aim of this paper is to question the validity of this rationale. The common way of assessing the congruency of a local geoid model and the orthometric <span class="hlt">heights</span> is to compare the geoid <span class="hlt">heights</span> with the difference between orthometric <span class="hlt">heights</span> provided by leveling and geodetic <span class="hlt">heights</span> provided by GNSS. On the other hand, testing the congruency of a quasi-geoidal model with normal <span class="hlt">height</span> a similar procedure is used, except that instead of orthometric <span class="hlt">heights</span>, normal <span class="hlt">heights</span> are employed. For the area of Auvergne, France, which is now a more or less standard choice for precise geoid or quasi-geoid testing, only the normal <span class="hlt">heights</span> are supplied by the Institute Geographic National, the provider of the data. This is clearly the consequence of the European preference for the Molodenskij system. The quality of the <span class="hlt">height</span> system is to be judged by the congruency of the difference of the geoid/quasi-geoid <span class="hlt">heights</span> subtracted from the geodetic <span class="hlt">heights</span> and orthometric/normal <span class="hlt">heights</span>. To assess the congruency of the classical <span class="hlt">height</span> system, the Helmert approximation of orthometric <span class="hlt">heights</span> is typically used as the transformation between normal and Helmert's <span class="hlt">heights</span> is easily done. However, the evaluation of the differences between Helmert's and the rigorous orthometric <span class="hlt">heights</span> is somewhat more involved as will be seen from the review in this paper. For the area of interest, the differences between normal and Helmert's <span class="hlt">heights</span> at the control</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26344779','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26344779"><span>Decomposing the <span class="hlt">effect</span> of <span class="hlt">height</span> on income in China: The role of market and political channels.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Yamamura, Eiji; Smyth, Russell; Zhang, Yan</p> <p>2015-12-01</p> <p>It is well known that <span class="hlt">height</span> is positively associated with earnings. Based on individual level data, this paper investigates the channels through which <span class="hlt">height</span> influences income in China. Our first key finding is that for males (females) a 1 centimeter (cm) increase in <span class="hlt">height</span> leads to a 0.5% (0.02%) increase in the probability that he (she) becomes a Communist Party member. Further, the hourly wage of Communist Party members is approximately 11% higher than non-members for males, while no difference in the hourly wage between Party members and non-members is observed for females. Therefore, a 1cm increase in <span class="hlt">height</span> leads to approximately a 0.06% increase in the hourly wage, which is observed only for males. We label this the <span class="hlt">height</span> premium in earnings through the political channel. Second, controlling for the political channel of the <span class="hlt">height</span> premium, a 1cm increase in <span class="hlt">height</span> leads to a 1.18% (1.04%) increase in the hourly wage for males (females). We label this the <span class="hlt">height</span> premium through the market channel. Together, these results suggest that the <span class="hlt">height</span> premium in earnings through the market channel is much larger than that through the political channel. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21376925','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21376925"><span>Econometric analysis of the changing <span class="hlt">effects</span> in wind strength and significant wave <span class="hlt">height</span> on the probability of casualty in shipping.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Knapp, Sabine; Kumar, Shashi; Sakurada, Yuri; Shen, Jiajun</p> <p>2011-05-01</p> <p>This study uses econometric models to measure the <span class="hlt">effect</span> of significant wave <span class="hlt">height</span> and wind strength on the probability of casualty and tests whether these <span class="hlt">effects</span> changed. While both <span class="hlt">effects</span> are in particular relevant for stability and strength calculations of vessels, it is also helpful for the development of ship construction standards in general to counteract increased risk resulting from changing oceanographic conditions. The authors analyzed a unique dataset of 3.2 million observations from 20,729 individual vessels in the North Atlantic and Arctic regions gathered during the period 1979-2007. The results show that although there is a seasonal pattern in the probability of casualty especially during the winter months, the <span class="hlt">effect</span> of wind strength and significant wave <span class="hlt">height</span> do not follow the same seasonal pattern. Additionally, over time, significant wave <span class="hlt">height</span> shows an increasing <span class="hlt">effect</span> in January, March, May and October while wind strength shows a decreasing <span class="hlt">effect</span>, especially in January, March and May. The models can be used to simulate relationships and help understand the relationships. This is of particular interest to naval architects and ship designers as well as multilateral agencies such as the International Maritime Organization (IMO) that establish global standards in ship design and construction. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/2817','TREESEARCH'); return false;" href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/2817"><span>Remarks on <span class="hlt">Height</span>-Diameter Modeling</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/">Treesearch</a></p> <p>Lei Yuancai; Bernard R. Parresol</p> <p>2001-01-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Height</span>-diameter model forms in earlier published papers are examined. The selection criteria used in <span class="hlt">height</span>-diameter model forms are not reasonable when considering tree biological growth pattern. During model selection, forms for <span class="hlt">height</span>-diameter relationships should include consideration of both data-related and reasonable biological criteria, not just data-related...</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_9");'>9</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li class="active"><span>11</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_11 --> <div id="page_12" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li class="active"><span>12</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="221"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17347316','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17347316"><span>Does plyometric training improve vertical jump <span class="hlt">height</span>? A meta-analytical review.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Markovic, Goran</p> <p>2007-06-01</p> <p>The aim of this study was to determine the precise <span class="hlt">effect</span> of plyometric training (PT) on vertical jump <span class="hlt">height</span> in healthy individuals. Meta-analyses of randomised and non-randomised controlled trials that evaluated the <span class="hlt">effect</span> of PT on four typical vertical jump <span class="hlt">height</span> tests were carried out: squat jump (SJ); countermovement jump (CMJ); countermovement jump with the arm swing (CMJA); and drop jump (DJ). Studies were identified by computerised and manual searches of the literature. Data on changes in jump <span class="hlt">height</span> for the plyometric and control groups were extracted and statistically pooled in a meta-analysis, separately for each type of jump. A total of 26 studies yielding 13 data points for SJ, 19 data points for CMJ, 14 data points for CMJA and 7 data points for DJ met the initial inclusion criteria. The pooled estimate of the <span class="hlt">effect</span> of PT on vertical jump <span class="hlt">height</span> was 4.7% (95% CI 1.8 to 7.6%), 8.7% (95% CI 7.0 to 10.4%), 7.5% (95% CI 4.2 to 10.8%) and 4.7% (95% CI 0.8 to 8.6%) for the SJ, CMJ, CMJA and DJ, respectively. When expressed in standardised units (ie, <span class="hlt">effect</span> sizes), the <span class="hlt">effect</span> of PT on vertical jump <span class="hlt">height</span> was 0.44 (95% CI 0.15 to 0.72), 0.88 (95% CI 0.64 to 1.11), 0.74 (95% CI 0.47 to 1.02) and 0.62 (95% CI 0.18 to 1.05) for the SJ, CMJ, CMJA and DJ, respectively. PT provides a statistically significant and practically relevant improvement in vertical jump <span class="hlt">height</span> with the mean <span class="hlt">effect</span> ranging from 4.7% (SJ and DJ), over 7.5% (CMJA) to 8.7% (CMJ). These results justify the application of PT for the purpose of development of vertical jump performance in healthy individuals.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24878054','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24878054"><span>Relationship between final <span class="hlt">height</span> and health outcomes in adults with congenital adrenal hyperplasia: United Kingdom congenital adrenal hyperplasia adult study executive (CaHASE).</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Han, T S; Conway, G S; Willis, D S; Krone, N; Rees, D A; Stimson, R H; Arlt, W; Walker, B R; Ross, R J</p> <p>2014-08-01</p> <p>Treatment of congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) in childhood focuses on growth and development and adult final <span class="hlt">height</span> (FH) is a measure of <span class="hlt">effective</span> treatment. We hypothesized that shorter adults will have more severe underlying disease and worse health outcomes. This was a cross-sectional analysis of 199 adults with CAH. FH and quality of life were expressed as z-scores adjusted for midparental <span class="hlt">target</span> <span class="hlt">height</span> or UK population <span class="hlt">height</span>. FH correlated inversely with age (men, r = -0.38; women, r = -0.26, P < .01). Men and women had z-scores adjusted for midparental <span class="hlt">target</span> <span class="hlt">height</span> of -2 and -1, respectively, and both groups had UK population <span class="hlt">height</span> z-scores of -1 below the UK population (P < .01). In women, FH was shorter in non-salt-wasting than salt-wasting classic CAH (P < .05) and in moderately affected genotype group B women than either more severely affected groups null and A (P < .01) or the mildest group C (P < .001). Short stature and a higher prevalence of hypertension were observed in classic CAH patients diagnosed late (after 1 y) compared with those diagnosed early and in women treated with glucocorticoid only compared with those treated with both glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids (P < .05). FH did not associate with insulin sensitivity, lipid profile, adiposity, or quality of life. Adult CAH patients remain short, although <span class="hlt">height</span> prognosis has improved over time. The shortest adults are those diagnosed late with moderate severity CAH and are at increased risk of adult hypertension; we hypothesize that these patients are exposed in childhood to high androgens and/or excessive glucocorticoids with potential programming of hypertension. Another possibility is inadequate mineralocorticoid treatment early in life in the late-diagnosed patient group. Prospective studies are now required to examine these hypotheses.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011AGUFMED41B0522B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011AGUFMED41B0522B"><span>Tree <span class="hlt">Height</span> Calculator: An Android App for Estimating Tree <span class="hlt">Height</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Burca, V. S.; Htet, N. M.; Huang, X.; de Lanerolle, T. R.; Morelli, R.; Gourley, J. R.</p> <p>2011-12-01</p> <p>Conventionally, measuring tree <span class="hlt">height</span> requires a collection of different tools - clinometer, transit, pencil, paper, laptop computer. Results are recorded manually and entered into a spreadsheet or database for future calculation and analysis. Tree <span class="hlt">Height</span> Calculator is a mobile Android app the integrates the various steps in this process thereby improving the accuracy and dramatically reducing the time required to go from taking measurements to analyzing data. Given the user's <span class="hlt">height</span> and the distance from the base of the tree (which can be downloaded into the app from a server), the app uses the phone's orientation sensor to calculate the angle of elevation. A simple trigonometric formula is then used to calculate and record the tree's <span class="hlt">height</span> in the phone's database. When the phone has a WiFi connection, the data are transmitted to a server, from where they can be downloaded directly into a spreadsheet. The application was first tested in an Environmental Science laboratory at Trinity College. On the first trial, 103 data samples were collected, stored, and uploaded to the online database with only couple of dropped data points. On the second trial, 98 data samples were gathered with no loss of data. The app combined the individual measurements taken by the students in the lab, reducing the time required to produce a graph of the class's results from days to hours.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5297874','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5297874"><span>Assortative mating for human <span class="hlt">height</span>: A meta‐analysis</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Simons, Mirre J.P.; Grasman, Sara; Pollet, Thomas V.</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>Abstract Objectives The study of assortative mating for <span class="hlt">height</span> has a rich history in human biology. Although the positive correlation between the stature of spouses has often been noted in western populations, recent papers suggest that mating patterns for stature are not universal. The objective of this paper was to review the published evidence to examine the strength of and universality in assortative mating for <span class="hlt">height</span>. Methods We conducted an extensive literature review and meta‐analysis. We started with published reviews but also searched through secondary databases. Our search led to 154 correlations of <span class="hlt">height</span> between partners. We classified the populations as western and non‐western based on geography. These correlations were then analyzed via meta‐analytic techniques. Results 148 of the correlations for partner <span class="hlt">heights</span> were positive and the overall analysis indicates moderate positive assortative mating (r = .23). Although assortative mating was slightly stronger in countries that can be described as western compared to non‐western, this difference was not statistically significant. We found no evidence for a change in assortative mating for <span class="hlt">height</span> over time. There was substantial residual heterogeneity in <span class="hlt">effect</span> sizes and this heterogeneity was most pronounced in western countries. Conclusions Positive assortative mating for <span class="hlt">height</span> exists in human populations, but is modest in magnitude suggesting that <span class="hlt">height</span> is not a major factor in mate choice. Future research is necessary to understand the underlying causes of the large amount of heterogeneity observed in the degree of assortative mating across human populations, which may stem from a combination of methodological and ecological differences. PMID:27637175</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18410203','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18410203"><span>A new mode of fear expression: perceptual bias in <span class="hlt">height</span> fear.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Teachman, Bethany A; Stefanucci, Jeanine K; Clerkin, Elise M; Cody, Meghan W; Proffitt, Dennis R</p> <p>2008-04-01</p> <p>Emotion and psychopathology researchers have described the fear response as consisting of four main components--subjective affect, physiology, cognition, and behavior. The current study provides evidence for an additional component in the domain of <span class="hlt">height</span> fear (perception) and shows that it is distinct from measures of cognitive processing. Individuals High (N = 35) and Low (N = 36) in acrophobic symptoms looked over a two-story balcony ledge and estimated its vertical extent using a direct <span class="hlt">height</span> estimation task (visual matching), and an indirect task (size estimation); the latter task seems to exhibit little influence from cognitive factors. In addition, implicit and explicit measures of cognitive processing were obtained. Results indicated that, as expected, the High Fear group showed greater relative, implicit <span class="hlt">height</span> fear associations and explicit threat cognitions. Of primary interest, the High (compared to Low) Fear group estimated the vertical extent to be higher, and judged <span class="hlt">target</span> sizes to be greater, even when controlling for the cognitive bias measures. These results suggest that emotional factors such as fear are related to perception. (Copyright) 2008 APA.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25403553','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25403553"><span><span class="hlt">Effects</span> of <span class="hlt">height</span> and load weight on shoulder muscle work during overhead lifting task.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Blache, Y; Desmoulins, L; Allard, P; Plamondon, A; Begon, M</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>Few musculoskeletal models are available to assess shoulder deeper muscle demand during overhead lifting tasks. Our objective was to implement a musculoskeletal model to assess the <span class="hlt">effect</span> of lifting <span class="hlt">height</span> and load on shoulder muscle work. A musculoskeletal model scaled from 15 male subjects was used to calculate shoulder muscle work during six lifting tasks. Boxes containing three different loads (6, 12 and 18 kg) were lifted by the subjects from the waist to shoulder or eye level. After optimisation of the maximal isometric force of the model's muscles, the bio-fidelity of the model was improved by 19%. The latter was able to reproduce the subjects' lifting movements. Mechanical work of the rotator cuff muscles, upper trapezius and anterior deltoid was increased with lifting load and <span class="hlt">height</span> augmentation. In conclusion, the use of a musculoskeletal model validated by electromyography enabled to evaluate the muscle demand of deep muscles during lifting tasks.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25267452','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25267452"><span><span class="hlt">Effect</span> of table top slope and <span class="hlt">height</span> on body posture and muscular activity pattern.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Hassaïne, M; Hamaoui, A; Zanone, P-G</p> <p>2015-04-01</p> <p>The objective of this study was to assess the <span class="hlt">effect</span> of table top slope and <span class="hlt">height</span> on body posture and muscular activity pattern. Twelve asymptomatic participants performed a 5-min reading task while sitting, in six experimental conditions manipulating the table top slope (20° backward slope, no slope) and its <span class="hlt">height</span> (low, medium, up). EMGs recordings were taken on 9 superficial muscles located at the trunk and shoulder level, and the angular positions of the head, trunk and pelvis were assessed using an inertial orientation system. Results revealed that the sloping table top was associated with a higher activity of deltoideus pars clavicularis (P<0.05) and a smaller flexion angle of the head (P<0.05). A tentative conclusion is that a sloping table top induces a more erect posture of the head and the neck, but entails an overload of the shoulder, which might be harmful on the long run. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28260634','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28260634"><span>Comparing the role of the <span class="hlt">height</span> of men and women in the marriage market.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Yamamura, Eiji; Tsutsui, Yoshiro</p> <p>2017-08-01</p> <p>This paper explores how the role of men and women's <span class="hlt">height</span> in the marriage market has changed across generations. Using individual-level data from Japan, we compared the <span class="hlt">effect</span> of <span class="hlt">height</span> on marriages between men and women, and investigated how the <span class="hlt">effect</span> of <span class="hlt">height</span> on marriage has changed across generations. Our key findings are: (1) for men born before 1965, a 1% increase in <span class="hlt">height</span> led to an approximately 0.56% increase in the probability of being married. Conversely, for women born before 1965, a 1% increase in <span class="hlt">height</span> led to an approximately 0.56% decrease in the probability of being married. (2) For men born in or after 1965, a 1% increase in <span class="hlt">height</span> led to an approximately 1.05% (0.18%) increase (decrease) in the probability of being married (divorced). However, the <span class="hlt">height</span> <span class="hlt">effect</span> was not present for women. Japan experienced astounding economic development after World War II, which resulted in changes in its economic and social structure. These changes may have also altered the role of <span class="hlt">height</span> for Japanese men and women in the marriage market. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5003986','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5003986"><span><span class="hlt">Effects</span> of Different Cutting <span class="hlt">Height</span> on Nutritional Quality of Whole Crop Barley Silage and Feed Value on Hanwoo Heifers</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Kim, Dong Hyeon; Amanullah, Sardar M.; Lee, Hyuk Jun; Joo, Young Ho; Han, Ouk Kyu; Adesogan, Adegbola T.; Kim, Sam Churl</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>The present study evaluated the <span class="hlt">effects</span> of different cutting <span class="hlt">height</span> on nutritive value, fermentation quality, in vitro and in vivo digestibility of whole crop barley silage. Whole crop barley forage (Yuyeon hybrid) was harvested at <span class="hlt">height</span> of 5, 10, and 15 cm from the ground level. Each cutting <span class="hlt">height</span> was rolled to make round bale and ensiled for 100 days. After 100 days of ensiling, pH of silage was lower (p<0.05) in 5 cm, but no difference between 10 and 15 cm of cutting <span class="hlt">height</span>. The content of lactate and lactate to acetate ratio were increased (p<0.05) in 5 cm of cutting <span class="hlt">height</span>, whereas the acetate content was higher (p<0.05) in 10 and 15 cm than that of 5 cm cutting <span class="hlt">height</span>. Aerobic stability was greater (p<0.05) in silages of 10 and 15 cm of cutting <span class="hlt">height</span>. Three total mixed rations (TMR) were formulated with silages from the three different cutting <span class="hlt">heights</span> (TMR5, TMR10, and TMR15) incorporated as forage at 70:30 ratio with concentrate (dry matter [DM] basis). In vitro dry matter digestibility was higher (p<0.05) in the TMR5 and TMR10 than that in TMR15, whereas in vitro neutral detergent fiber digestibility was higher (p<0.05) in the TMR10 and TMR15 than that in TMR5. Concentration of NH3-N was highest (p<0.05) in the TMR10 followed by TMR15 and TMR5. Total volatile fatty acid was decreased (p<0.05) with increased cutting <span class="hlt">height</span>. The digestibility of DM and neutral detergent fiber were highest (p<0.05) in TMR15, than those in TMR5 and TMR10, whereas acid detergent fiber digestibility was higher (p<0.05) in TMR5 than that in TMR10. The results showed that increasing cutting <span class="hlt">height</span>, at least up to 10 to 15 cm, of whole crop barley forage at harvest (Yuyeon) may be beneficial for making silage for TMR formulation and increasing digestibility of DM and NDF. PMID:27165022</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28133897','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28133897"><span>Tree diversity in relation to tree <span class="hlt">height</span>: alternative perspectives.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Givnish, Thomas J</p> <p>2017-03-01</p> <p>Marks et al. (Ecol. Lett., 19, 2016, 743-751) show that tree diversity increases with tree <span class="hlt">height</span> in North America and argue it reflects habitat 'suitability'. This finding conflicts with classical results, lacks controls for covariates of tree <span class="hlt">height</span>, and can be explained alternatively using the modified Janzen-Connell <span class="hlt">effect</span> and regional variance in habitats. © 2017 John Wiley & Sons Ltd/CNRS.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29889774','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29889774"><span>Strength Determinants of Jump <span class="hlt">Height</span> in the Jump Throw Movement in Women Handball Players.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>McGhie, David; Østerås, Sindre; Ettema, Gertjan; Paulsen, Gøran; Sandbakk, Øyvind</p> <p>2018-06-08</p> <p>McGhie, D, Østerås, S, Ettema, G, Paulsen, G, and Sandbakk, Ø. Strength determinants of jump <span class="hlt">height</span> in the jump throw movement in women handball players. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2018-The purpose of the study was to improve the understanding of the strength demands of a handball-specific jump through examining the associations between jump <span class="hlt">height</span> in a jump throw jump (JTJ) and measures of lower-body maximum strength and impulse in handball players. For comparison, whether the associations between jump <span class="hlt">height</span> and strength differed between the JTJ and the customarily used countermovement jump (CMJ) was also examined. Twenty women handball players from a Norwegian top division club participated in the study. Jump <span class="hlt">height</span> was measured in the JTJ and in unilateral and bilateral CMJ. Lower-body strength (maximum isometric force, one-repetition maximum [1RM], impulse at ∼60% and ∼35% 1RM) was measured in seated leg press. The associations between jump <span class="hlt">height</span> and strength were assessed with correlation analyses and t-tests of dependent r's were performed to determine if correlations differed between jump tests. Only impulse at ∼35% 1RM correlated significantly with JTJ <span class="hlt">height</span> (p < 0.05), whereas all strength measures correlated significantly with CMJ <span class="hlt">heights</span> (p < 0.001). The associations between jump <span class="hlt">height</span> and strength were significantly weaker in the JTJ than in both CMJ tests for all strength measures (p = 0.001-0.044) except one. Maximum strength and impulse at ∼60% 1RM did not seem to sufficiently capture the capabilities associated with JTJ <span class="hlt">height</span>, highlighting the importance of employing tests <span class="hlt">targeting</span> performance-relevant neuromuscular characteristics when assessing jump-related strength in handball players. Further, CMJ <span class="hlt">height</span> seemed to represent a wider range of strength capabilities and care should be taken when using it as a proxy for handball-specific movements.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3700583','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3700583"><span>Pubertal <span class="hlt">Height</span> Velocity and Associations with Pre-pubertal and Adult <span class="hlt">Heights</span> in Cystic Fibrosis</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Zhang, Zhumin; Lindstrom, Mary J.; Lai, HuiChuan J.</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>Objectives To test the hypothesis that pubertal peak <span class="hlt">height</span> velocity (PHV) in cystic fibrosis (CF) has improved and is influenced by pre-pubertal growth and genetic potential. Study design PHV from 1862 children born in 1984–87 and documented in the 1986–2008 US CF Foundation Registry was determined by statistical modeling and classified into normal, delayed (2-SD > average age), attenuated (magnitude < 5th percentile), or both (D&A). Genetic potential for <span class="hlt">height</span> was estimated by parental stature. Results PHV averaged 8.4 cm/y at age 14.0 y in boys and 7.0 cm/y at age 12.1 y in girls, ~6 mo delay and ~15% reduction compared with healthy children. PHV was normal in 60%, delayed in 9%, attenuated in 21% and D&A in 5%. Patients with delayed PHV reached similar adult <span class="hlt">height</span> percentile (boys: 34th, girls: 46th) to those with normal PHV (boys: 33rd, girls: 34th); both were significantly taller than the attenuated (boys: 11th, girls: 19th) and D&A PHV subgroups (boys: 8th, girls: 14th). Pancreatic sufficient patients had taller pre-pubertal and adult <span class="hlt">heights</span> but similar PHV compared with pancreatic insufficient or meconium ileus patients. Adjusting for genetic potential reduced adult <span class="hlt">height</span> percentiles more in boys (25th to 16th) than girls (28th to 24th). <span class="hlt">Height</span> at age 7 y, PHV age and magnitude, and parental stature significantly predicted adult <span class="hlt">height</span>. Conclusions Pubertal PHV has improved in children with CF born after mid 1980s compared with older cohorts but remains below normal. Suboptimal pre-pubertal and pubertal growth led to adult <span class="hlt">height</span> below genetic potential in CF. PMID:23535012</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19900042547&hterms=bias+correction&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D60%26Ntt%3Dbias%2Bcorrection','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19900042547&hterms=bias+correction&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D60%26Ntt%3Dbias%2Bcorrection"><span>Corrections for the <span class="hlt">effects</span> of significant wave <span class="hlt">height</span> and attitude on Geosat radar altimeter measurements</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Hayne, G. S.; Hancock, D. W., III</p> <p>1990-01-01</p> <p>Range estimates from a radar altimeter have biases which are a function of the significant wave <span class="hlt">height</span> (SWH) and the satellite attitude angle (AA). Based on results of prelaunch Geosat modeling and simulation, a correction for SWH and AA was already applied to the sea-surface <span class="hlt">height</span> estimates from Geosat's production data processing. By fitting a detailed model radar return waveform to Geosat waveform sampler data, it is possible to provide independent estimates of the <span class="hlt">height</span> bias, the SWH, and the AA. The waveform fitting has been carried out for 10-sec averages of Geosat waveform sampler data over a wide range of SWH and AA values. The results confirm that Geosat sea-surface-<span class="hlt">height</span> correction is good to well within the original dm-level specification, but that an additional <span class="hlt">height</span> correction can be made at the level of several cm.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010cosp...38..955R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010cosp...38..955R"><span>The topside ionospheric <span class="hlt">effective</span> scale <span class="hlt">heights</span> (HT) derived with ROCSAT-1 and ground-based Ionosonde observations at equatorial and mid-latitude stations</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Ram Sudarsanam, Tulasi; Su, Shin-Yi; Liu, C. H.; Reinisch, Bodo</p> <p></p> <p>In this study, we propose the assimilation of topside in situ electron density data from ROCSAT-1 satellite along with the ionosonde measurements for accurate determination of topside iono-spheric <span class="hlt">effective</span> scale <span class="hlt">heights</span> (HT) using -Chapman function. The reconstructed topside elec-tron density profiles using these scale <span class="hlt">heights</span> exhibit an excellent similitude with Jicamarca Incoherent Scatter Radar (ISR) profiles, and are much better representations than the existing methods of Reinisch-Huang method and/or the empirical IRI-2007 model. The main advan-tage with this method is that it allows the precise determination of the <span class="hlt">effective</span> scale <span class="hlt">height</span> (HT) and the topside electron density profiles at a dense network of ionosonde/digisonde sta-tions where no ISR facilities are available. The demonstration of the method is applied by investigating the diurnal, seasonal and solar activity variations of HT over the dip-equatorial station Jicamarca and the mid-latitude station Grahamstown. The diurnal variation of scale <span class="hlt">heights</span> over Jicamarca consistently exhibits a morning time descent followed by a minimum around 0700-0800 LT and a pronounced maximum at noon during all the seasons of both high and moderate solar activity periods. Further, the scale <span class="hlt">heights</span> exhibit a secondary maximum during the post-sunset hours of equinoctial and summer months, whereas the post-sunset peak is absent during the winter months. These typical features are further investigated using the topside ion properties obtained by ROCSAT-1 as well as SAMI2 model simulations. The re-sults consistently indicate that the diurnal variation of the <span class="hlt">effective</span> scale <span class="hlt">height</span> (HT) does not closely follow the plasma temperature variation and at equatorial latitudes is largely controlled by the vertical ExB drift.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/4900','TREESEARCH'); return false;" href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/4900"><span>The <span class="hlt">Effect</span> of Density on the <span class="hlt">Height</span>-Diameter Relationship</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/">Treesearch</a></p> <p>Boris Zeide; Curtis Vanderschaaf</p> <p>2002-01-01</p> <p>Using stand density along with mean diameter to predict average <span class="hlt">height</span> increases the proportion of explained variance. This result, obtained from permanent plots established in a loblolly pine plantation thinned to different levels, makes sense. We know that due to competition, trees with the same diameter are taller in denser stands. Diameter and density are not only...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26834381','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26834381"><span>Acute <span class="hlt">effects</span> of unilateral whole body vibration training on single leg vertical jump <span class="hlt">height</span> and symmetry in healthy men.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Shin, Seungho; Lee, Kyeongjin; Song, Changho</p> <p>2015-12-01</p> <p>[Purpose] The aim of the present study was to investigate the acute <span class="hlt">effects</span> of unilateral whole body vibration training on <span class="hlt">height</span> and symmetry of the single leg vertical jump in healthy men. [Subjects] Thirty males with no history of lower limb dysfunction participated in this study. [Methods] The participants were randomly allocated to one of three groups: the unilateral vibratory stimulation group (n=10), bilateral vibratory stimulation group (n=10), and, no vibratory stimulation group (n=10). The subjects in the unilateral and bilateral stimulation groups participated in one session of whole body vibration training at 26 Hz for 3 min. The no vibratory stimulation group subjects underwent the same training for 3 min without whole body vibration. All participants performed the single leg vertical jump for each lower limb, to account for the strong and weak sides. The single leg vertical jump <span class="hlt">height</span> and symmetry were measured before and after the intervention. [Results] The single leg vertical jump <span class="hlt">height</span> of the weak lower limb significantly improved in the unilateral vibratory stimulation group, but not in the other groups. The single leg vertical jump <span class="hlt">height</span> of the strong lower limb significantly improved in the bilateral vibratory stimulation group, but not in the other groups. The single leg vertical jump symmetry significantly improved in the unilateral vibratory stimulation group, but not in the other groups. [Conclusion] Therefore, the present study found that the <span class="hlt">effects</span> of whole body vibration training were different depending on the type of application. To improve the single leg vertical jump <span class="hlt">height</span> in the weak lower limbs as well as limb symmetry, unilateral vibratory stimulation might be more desirable.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7216609','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7216609"><span>Comparison of self-reported <span class="hlt">height</span> and weight with controlled <span class="hlt">height</span> and weight in women and men.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Schlichting, P; Høilund-Carlsen, P F; Quaade, F</p> <p>1981-01-01</p> <p>Self-reported <span class="hlt">height</span> and weight were compared with directly-measured controlled <span class="hlt">height</span> and weight in 158 women with a median age of 34 years (16-62 years) and in 594 men with a median age of 37 (16-66 years). A model of two one-dimensional linear regressions with two independent variables was used in order to describe the combined influence of both controlled <span class="hlt">height</span> and controlled weight on self-reported <span class="hlt">height</span> and on self-reported weight. For both sexes there was a systematic tendency for tall and heavy persons to underestimate their <span class="hlt">height</span> and weight and conversely for small and thin persons to overestimate these measurements. The influence of controlled weight on self-reported <span class="hlt">height</span> was statistically significant (women: P less than 0.05; men: P approximately 0.05,) and so was the influence of controlled <span class="hlt">height</span> on self-reported weight (women: P less than 0.002; men: P less than 0.001). The reported <span class="hlt">heights</span> and weights of women and men converged towards a pair of desired measures for each sex, ie the values of <span class="hlt">height</span> and weight for which the reported and the controlled values were identical. For women the desired measures were 159.6 cm and 45.2 kg, for men 176.7 cm and 68.9 kg. The demonstrated differences between self-reported and controlled body measures may invalidate data and conclusions of insurance studies and population surveys based on self-reported measures.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28146470','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28146470"><span>Rare and low-frequency coding variants alter human adult <span class="hlt">height</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Marouli, Eirini; Graff, Mariaelisa; Medina-Gomez, Carolina; Lo, Ken Sin; Wood, Andrew R; Kjaer, Troels R; Fine, Rebecca S; Lu, Yingchang; Schurmann, Claudia; Highland, Heather M; Rüeger, Sina; Thorleifsson, Gudmar; Justice, Anne E; Lamparter, David; Stirrups, Kathleen E; Turcot, Valérie; Young, Kristin L; Winkler, Thomas W; Esko, Tõnu; Karaderi, Tugce; Locke, Adam E; Masca, Nicholas G D; Ng, Maggie C Y; Mudgal, Poorva; Rivas, Manuel A; Vedantam, Sailaja; Mahajan, Anubha; Guo, Xiuqing; Abecasis, Goncalo; Aben, Katja K; Adair, Linda S; Alam, Dewan S; Albrecht, Eva; Allin, Kristine H; Allison, Matthew; Amouyel, Philippe; Appel, Emil V; Arveiler, Dominique; Asselbergs, Folkert W; Auer, Paul L; Balkau, Beverley; Banas, Bernhard; Bang, Lia E; Benn, Marianne; Bergmann, Sven; Bielak, Lawrence F; Blüher, Matthias; Boeing, Heiner; Boerwinkle, Eric; Böger, Carsten A; Bonnycastle, Lori L; Bork-Jensen, Jette; Bots, Michiel L; Bottinger, Erwin P; Bowden, Donald W; Brandslund, Ivan; Breen, Gerome; Brilliant, Murray H; Broer, Linda; Burt, Amber A; Butterworth, Adam S; Carey, David J; Caulfield, Mark J; Chambers, John C; Chasman, Daniel I; Chen, Yii-Der Ida; Chowdhury, Rajiv; Christensen, Cramer; Chu, Audrey Y; Cocca, Massimiliano; Collins, Francis S; Cook, James P; Corley, Janie; Galbany, Jordi Corominas; Cox, Amanda J; Cuellar-Partida, Gabriel; Danesh, John; Davies, Gail; de Bakker, Paul I W; de Borst, Gert J; de Denus, Simon; de Groot, Mark C H; de Mutsert, Renée; Deary, Ian J; Dedoussis, George; Demerath, Ellen W; den Hollander, Anneke I; Dennis, Joe G; Di Angelantonio, Emanuele; Drenos, Fotios; Du, Mengmeng; Dunning, Alison M; Easton, Douglas F; Ebeling, Tapani; Edwards, Todd L; Ellinor, Patrick T; Elliott, Paul; Evangelou, Evangelos; Farmaki, Aliki-Eleni; Faul, Jessica D; Feitosa, Mary F; Feng, Shuang; Ferrannini, Ele; Ferrario, Marco M; Ferrieres, Jean; Florez, Jose C; Ford, Ian; Fornage, Myriam; Franks, Paul W; Frikke-Schmidt, Ruth; Galesloot, Tessel E; Gan, Wei; Gandin, Ilaria; Gasparini, Paolo; Giedraitis, Vilmantas; Giri, Ayush; Girotto, Giorgia; Gordon, Scott D; Gordon-Larsen, Penny; Gorski, Mathias; Grarup, Niels; Grove, Megan L; Gudnason, Vilmundur; Gustafsson, Stefan; Hansen, Torben; Harris, Kathleen Mullan; Harris, Tamara B; Hattersley, Andrew T; Hayward, Caroline; He, Liang; Heid, Iris M; Heikkilä, Kauko; Helgeland, Øyvind; Hernesniemi, Jussi; Hewitt, Alex W; Hocking, Lynne J; Hollensted, Mette; Holmen, Oddgeir L; Hovingh, G Kees; Howson, Joanna M M; Hoyng, Carel B; Huang, Paul L; Hveem, Kristian; Ikram, M Arfan; Ingelsson, Erik; Jackson, Anne U; Jansson, Jan-Håkan; Jarvik, Gail P; Jensen, Gorm B; Jhun, Min A; Jia, Yucheng; Jiang, Xuejuan; Johansson, Stefan; Jørgensen, Marit E; Jørgensen, Torben; Jousilahti, Pekka; Jukema, J Wouter; Kahali, Bratati; Kahn, René S; Kähönen, Mika; Kamstrup, Pia R; Kanoni, Stavroula; Kaprio, Jaakko; Karaleftheri, Maria; Kardia, Sharon L R; Karpe, Fredrik; Kee, Frank; Keeman, Renske; Kiemeney, Lambertus A; Kitajima, Hidetoshi; Kluivers, Kirsten B; Kocher, Thomas; Komulainen, Pirjo; Kontto, Jukka; Kooner, Jaspal S; Kooperberg, Charles; Kovacs, Peter; Kriebel, Jennifer; Kuivaniemi, Helena; Küry, Sébastien; Kuusisto, Johanna; La Bianca, Martina; Laakso, Markku; Lakka, Timo A; Lange, Ethan M; Lange, Leslie A; Langefeld, Carl D; Langenberg, Claudia; Larson, Eric B; Lee, I-Te; Lehtimäki, Terho; Lewis, Cora E; Li, Huaixing; Li, Jin; Li-Gao, Ruifang; Lin, Honghuang; Lin, Li-An; Lin, Xu; Lind, Lars; Lindström, Jaana; Linneberg, Allan; Liu, Yeheng; Liu, Yongmei; Lophatananon, Artitaya; Luan, Jian'an; Lubitz, Steven A; Lyytikäinen, Leo-Pekka; Mackey, David A; Madden, Pamela A F; Manning, Alisa K; Männistö, Satu; Marenne, Gaëlle; Marten, Jonathan; Martin, Nicholas G; Mazul, Angela L; Meidtner, Karina; Metspalu, Andres; Mitchell, Paul; Mohlke, Karen L; Mook-Kanamori, Dennis O; Morgan, Anna; Morris, Andrew D; Morris, Andrew P; Müller-Nurasyid, Martina; Munroe, Patricia B; Nalls, Mike A; Nauck, Matthias; Nelson, Christopher P; Neville, Matt; Nielsen, Sune F; Nikus, Kjell; Njølstad, Pål R; Nordestgaard, Børge G; Ntalla, Ioanna; O'Connel, Jeffrey R; Oksa, Heikki; Loohuis, Loes M Olde; Ophoff, Roel A; Owen, Katharine R; Packard, Chris J; Padmanabhan, Sandosh; Palmer, Colin N A; Pasterkamp, Gerard; Patel, Aniruddh P; Pattie, Alison; Pedersen, Oluf; Peissig, Peggy L; Peloso, Gina M; Pennell, Craig E; Perola, Markus; Perry, James A; Perry, John R B; Person, Thomas N; Pirie, Ailith; Polasek, Ozren; Posthuma, Danielle; Raitakari, Olli T; Rasheed, Asif; Rauramaa, Rainer; Reilly, Dermot F; Reiner, Alex P; Renström, Frida; Ridker, Paul M; Rioux, John D; Robertson, Neil; Robino, Antonietta; Rolandsson, Olov; Rudan, Igor; Ruth, Katherine S; Saleheen, Danish; Salomaa, Veikko; Samani, Nilesh J; Sandow, Kevin; Sapkota, Yadav; Sattar, Naveed; Schmidt, Marjanka K; Schreiner, Pamela J; Schulze, Matthias B; Scott, Robert A; Segura-Lepe, Marcelo P; Shah, Svati; Sim, Xueling; Sivapalaratnam, Suthesh; Small, Kerrin S; Smith, Albert Vernon; Smith, Jennifer A; Southam, Lorraine; Spector, Timothy D; Speliotes, Elizabeth K; Starr, John M; Steinthorsdottir, Valgerdur; Stringham, Heather M; Stumvoll, Michael; Surendran, Praveen; 't Hart, Leen M; Tansey, Katherine E; Tardif, Jean-Claude; Taylor, Kent D; Teumer, Alexander; Thompson, Deborah J; Thorsteinsdottir, Unnur; Thuesen, Betina H; Tönjes, Anke; Tromp, Gerard; Trompet, Stella; Tsafantakis, Emmanouil; Tuomilehto, Jaakko; Tybjaerg-Hansen, Anne; Tyrer, Jonathan P; Uher, Rudolf; Uitterlinden, André G; Ulivi, Sheila; van der Laan, Sander W; Van Der Leij, Andries R; van Duijn, Cornelia M; van Schoor, Natasja M; van Setten, Jessica; Varbo, Anette; Varga, Tibor V; Varma, Rohit; Edwards, Digna R Velez; Vermeulen, Sita H; Vestergaard, Henrik; Vitart, Veronique; Vogt, Thomas F; Vozzi, Diego; Walker, Mark; Wang, Feijie; Wang, Carol A; Wang, Shuai; Wang, Yiqin; Wareham, Nicholas J; Warren, Helen R; Wessel, Jennifer; Willems, Sara M; Wilson, James G; Witte, Daniel R; Woods, Michael O; Wu, Ying; Yaghootkar, Hanieh; Yao, Jie; Yao, Pang; Yerges-Armstrong, Laura M; Young, Robin; Zeggini, Eleftheria; Zhan, Xiaowei; Zhang, Weihua; Zhao, Jing Hua; Zhao, Wei; Zhao, Wei; Zheng, He; Zhou, Wei; Rotter, Jerome I; Boehnke, Michael; Kathiresan, Sekar; McCarthy, Mark I; Willer, Cristen J; Stefansson, Kari; Borecki, Ingrid B; Liu, Dajiang J; North, Kari E; Heard-Costa, Nancy L; Pers, Tune H; Lindgren, Cecilia M; Oxvig, Claus; Kutalik, Zoltán; Rivadeneira, Fernando; Loos, Ruth J F; Frayling, Timothy M; Hirschhorn, Joel N; Deloukas, Panos; Lettre, Guillaume</p> <p>2017-02-09</p> <p><span class="hlt">Height</span> is a highly heritable, classic polygenic trait with approximately 700 common associated variants identified through genome-wide association studies so far. Here, we report 83 <span class="hlt">height</span>-associated coding variants with lower minor-allele frequencies (in the range of 0.1-4.8%) and <span class="hlt">effects</span> of up to 2 centimetres per allele (such as those in IHH, STC2, AR and CRISPLD2), greater than ten times the average <span class="hlt">effect</span> of common variants. In functional follow-up studies, rare <span class="hlt">height</span>-increasing alleles of STC2 (giving an increase of 1-2 centimetres per allele) compromised proteolytic inhibition of PAPP-A and increased cleavage of IGFBP-4 in vitro, resulting in higher bioavailability of insulin-like growth factors. These 83 <span class="hlt">height</span>-associated variants overlap genes that are mutated in monogenic growth disorders and highlight new biological candidates (such as ADAMTS3, IL11RA and NOX4) and pathways (such as proteoglycan and glycosaminoglycan synthesis) involved in growth. Our results demonstrate that sufficiently large sample sizes can uncover rare and low-frequency variants of moderate-to-large <span class="hlt">effect</span> associated with polygenic human phenotypes, and that these variants implicate relevant genes and pathways.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018AIPC.1940b0043R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018AIPC.1940b0043R"><span>The <span class="hlt">effect</span> of different trap <span class="hlt">height</span> on the diversity of sap beetle (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Rahim, Nor Atikah Abdul; Yaakop, Salmah</p> <p>2018-04-01</p> <p>This paper aim to measure the diversity and abundance of sap beetles in oil palm plantation in Malaysia on different <span class="hlt">heights</span>, 1.5m and 2.5m above ground. A total 0f 20 baited traps were set up in Felda Lui Muda, Negeri Sembilan and located along three transects. The sap beetles collected weekly for a month and identified until species level and the diversity indexes were measured using Evenness Index (E), Shannon-Wiener Index (H'), Simpson's Index (D') and Margalef's Index (R'). All the diversity indexes indicated that the diversity on the lower <span class="hlt">height</span> above the ground is higher than the upper <span class="hlt">height</span> The result also shows that there are significant difference (p<0.05) when tested with t-test between the numbers of individuals on the different trap <span class="hlt">height</span> although the number of species shows different results.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/47676','TREESEARCH'); return false;" href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/47676"><span>More practical critical <span class="hlt">height</span> sampling.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/">Treesearch</a></p> <p>Thomas B. Lynch; Jeffrey H. Gove</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>Critical <span class="hlt">Height</span> Sampling (CHS) (Kitamura 1964) can be used to predict cubic volumes per acre without using volume tables or equations. The critical <span class="hlt">height</span> is defined as the <span class="hlt">height</span> at which the tree stem appears to be in borderline condition using the point-sampling angle gauge (e.g. prism). An estimate of cubic volume per acre can be obtained from multiplication of the...</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li class="active"><span>12</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_12 --> <div id="page_13" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li class="active"><span>13</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="241"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title47-vol4/pdf/CFR-2011-title47-vol4-sec73-811.pdf','CFR2011'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title47-vol4/pdf/CFR-2011-title47-vol4-sec73-811.pdf"><span>47 CFR 73.811 - LPFM power and antenna <span class="hlt">height</span> requirements.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2011&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2011-10-01</p> <p>... 47 Telecommunication 4 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false LPFM power and antenna <span class="hlt">height</span> requirements. 73... SERVICES RADIO BROADCAST SERVICES Low Power FM Broadcast Stations (LPFM) § 73.811 LPFM power and antenna... operate with maximum facilities of 100 watts <span class="hlt">effective</span> radiated power (ERP) at 30 meters antenna <span class="hlt">height</span>...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2012-title47-vol4/pdf/CFR-2012-title47-vol4-sec73-811.pdf','CFR2012'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2012-title47-vol4/pdf/CFR-2012-title47-vol4-sec73-811.pdf"><span>47 CFR 73.811 - LPFM power and antenna <span class="hlt">height</span> requirements.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2012&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2012-10-01</p> <p>... 47 Telecommunication 4 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false LPFM power and antenna <span class="hlt">height</span> requirements. 73... SERVICES RADIO BROADCAST SERVICES Low Power FM Broadcast Stations (LPFM) § 73.811 LPFM power and antenna... operate with maximum facilities of 100 watts <span class="hlt">effective</span> radiated power (ERP) at 30 meters antenna <span class="hlt">height</span>...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title47-vol4/pdf/CFR-2010-title47-vol4-sec73-811.pdf','CFR'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title47-vol4/pdf/CFR-2010-title47-vol4-sec73-811.pdf"><span>47 CFR 73.811 - LPFM power and antenna <span class="hlt">height</span> requirements.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2010&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2010-10-01</p> <p>... 47 Telecommunication 4 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false LPFM power and antenna <span class="hlt">height</span> requirements. 73... SERVICES RADIO BROADCAST SERVICES Low Power FM Broadcast Stations (LPFM) § 73.811 LPFM power and antenna... operate with maximum facilities of 100 watts <span class="hlt">effective</span> radiated power (ERP) at 30 meters antenna <span class="hlt">height</span>...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28870478','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28870478"><span>Validity of equations using knee <span class="hlt">height</span> to predict overall <span class="hlt">height</span> among older people in Benin.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Jésus, Pierre; Mizéhoun-Adissoda, Carmelle; Houinato, Dismand; Preux, Pierre-Marie; Fayemendy, Philippe; Desport, Jean-Claude</p> <p>2017-10-01</p> <p>Chumlea's formulas are a validated means of predicting overall <span class="hlt">height</span> from knee <span class="hlt">height</span> (KH) among people >60 y of age, but, to our knowledge, no formula is validated for use in African countries, including Benin. The aim of this study was to compare <span class="hlt">height</span> provided by predictive formulas using KH to measured <span class="hlt">height</span> in an elderly population in Benin. Individuals >60 y of age in Benin underwent nutritional assessment with determination of weight, body mass index (BMI), <span class="hlt">height</span>, and KH. A Bland-Altman analysis was carried out by sex and age. The percentage of predictions accurate to ±5 cm compared with the measured <span class="hlt">height</span> was calculated. The tested formulas were Chumlea's formulas for non-Hispanic Black people (CBP) and two formulas for use among Caucasians. Data from 396 individuals (81.1% male) were analyzed. The three formulas achieved 98% accuracy, but with 4.6% risk for error (±2 SD: -6 to +9 cm), which appeared to make them unfit for the whole population. Nevertheless, if a level of prediction ±5 cm is considered acceptable in clinical practice, the CBP formula achieved 83.1% accuracy. Moreover, there was no significant difference in BMI calculated with the measured and the predicted <span class="hlt">height</span>, and the nutritional status based on BMI did not differ. CBP formulas seem applicable in 83% of cases (±5 cm) to assess the <span class="hlt">height</span> with KH of older people in Benin and do not overestimate the prevalence of malnutrition. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19162437','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19162437"><span>Imagery and fear influence <span class="hlt">height</span> perception.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Clerkin, Elise M; Cody, Meghan W; Stefanucci, Jeanine K; Proffitt, Dennis R; Teachman, Bethany A</p> <p>2009-04-01</p> <p>The current study tested whether <span class="hlt">height</span> overestimation is related to <span class="hlt">height</span> fear and influenced by images of falling. To assess perceptual biases, participants high (n=65) versus low (n=64) in <span class="hlt">height</span> fear estimated the vertical extents of two balconies using a visual matching task. On one of the balconies, participants engaged in an imagery exercise designed to enhance the subjective sense that they were acting in a dangerous environment by picturing themselves falling. As expected, we found that individuals overestimated the balcony's <span class="hlt">height</span> more after they imagined themselves falling, particularly if they were already afraid of <span class="hlt">heights</span>. These findings suggest that <span class="hlt">height</span> fear may serve as a vulnerability factor that leads to perceptual biases when triggered by a stressor (in this case, images of falling).</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4155230','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4155230"><span>The <span class="hlt">Effects</span> of Manual Therapy Using Joint Mobilization and Flexion-distraction Techniques on Chronic Low Back Pain and Disc <span class="hlt">Heights</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Choi, Jioun; Hwangbo, Gak; Park, Jungseo; Lee, Sangyong</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to examine the <span class="hlt">effects</span> of manual therapy using joint mobilization and flexion-distraction techniques on chronic low back pain and disc <span class="hlt">heights</span>. [Subjects] This study was conducted with 31 chronic low back pain patients who were divided into a manual therapy group (MTG; n=16) and a spinal decompression therapy group (SDTG; n=15). [Methods] The MTG was treated using joint mobilization techniques and flexion-distraction techniques, and the SDTG was treated using spinal decompression therapeutic apparatuses. Conservative physical therapy was used in both groups, and the therapy was implemented three times per week for 6 weeks. The visual analog scale (VAS) was used to measure patient’s low back pain scores, and a picture archiving and communication system was used to measure disc <span class="hlt">height</span> by comparing and analyzing the images. [Results] In comparisons of the VAS within each of the two groups, both the MTG and the SDTG showed significant decreases. In comparisons of disc <span class="hlt">height</span> within each of the two groups, the MTG showed statistically significant increases. [Conclusion] Manual therapy using joint mobilization techniques and flexion-distraction techniques is considered an <span class="hlt">effective</span> intervention for addressing low back pain and disc <span class="hlt">heights</span> in patients with chronic low back pain. PMID:25202191</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28592610','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28592610"><span>Adult <span class="hlt">height</span>, dietary patterns, and healthy aging.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Ma, Wenjie; Hagan, Kaitlin A; Heianza, Yoriko; Sun, Qi; Rimm, Eric B; Qi, Lu</p> <p>2017-08-01</p> <p>Background: Adult <span class="hlt">height</span> has shown directionally diverse associations with several age-related disorders, including cardiovascular disease, cancer, decline in cognitive function, and mortality. Objective: We investigated the associations of adult <span class="hlt">height</span> with healthy aging measured by a full spectrum of health outcomes, including incidence of chronic diseases, memory, physical functioning, and mental health, among populations who have survived to older age, and whether lifestyle factors modified such relations. Design: We included 52,135 women (mean age: 44.2 y) from the Nurses' Health Study without chronic diseases in 1980 and whose health status was available in 2012. Healthy aging was defined as being free of 11 major chronic diseases and having no reported impairment of subjective memory, physical impairment, or mental health limitations. Results: Of all eligible study participants, 6877 (13.2%) were classified as healthy agers. After adjustment for demographic and lifestyle factors, we observed an 8% (95% CI: 6%, 11%) decrease in the odds of healthy aging per SD (0.062 m) increase in <span class="hlt">height</span>. Compared with the lowest category of <span class="hlt">height</span> (≤1.57 m), the OR of achieving healthy aging in the highest category (≥1.70 m) was 0.80 (95% CI: 0.73, 0.87; P -trend < 0.001). In addition, we found a significant interaction of <span class="hlt">height</span> with a prudent dietary pattern in relation to healthy aging ( P -interaction = 0.005), and among the individual dietary factors characterizing the prudent dietary pattern, fruit and vegetable intake showed the strongest <span class="hlt">effect</span> modification ( P -interaction = 0.01). The association of greater <span class="hlt">height</span> with reduced odds of healthy aging appeared to be more evident among women with higher adherence to the prudent dietary pattern rich in vegetable and fruit intake. Conclusions: Greater <span class="hlt">height</span> was associated with a modest decrease in the likelihood of healthy aging. A prudent diet rich in fruit and vegetables might modify the relation. © 2017</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23498355','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23498355"><span>Acute <span class="hlt">effects</span> of warm-up stretch protocols on balance, vertical jump <span class="hlt">height</span>, and range of motion in dancers.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Morrin, Niamh; Redding, Emma</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>The aim of this study was to examine the acute <span class="hlt">effects</span> of static stretching (SS), dynamic stretching (DS), and a combined (static and dynamic) stretch protocol on vertical jump (VJ) <span class="hlt">height</span>, balance, and range of motion (ROM) in dancers. A no-stretch (NS) intervention acted as the control condition. It was hypothesized that the DS and combination stretch protocols would have more positive <span class="hlt">effects</span> on performance indicators than SS and NS, and SS would have negative <span class="hlt">effects</span> as compared to the NS condition. Ten trained female dancers (27 ± 5 years of age) were tested on four occasions. Each session began with initial measurements of hamstring ROM on the dominant leg. The participants subsequently carried out a cardiovascular (CV) warm-up, which was followed by one of the four randomly selected stretch conditions. Immediately after the stretch intervention the participants were tested on VJ performance, hamstring ROM, and balance. The data showed that DS (p < 0.05) and the combination stretch (p < .05) produced significantly greater VJ <span class="hlt">height</span> scores as compared to SS, and the combination stretch demonstrated significantly enhanced balance performance as compared to SS (p < 0.05). With regard to ROM, a one-way ANOVA indicated that SS and the combination stretch displayed significantly greater changes in ROM than DS (p < 0.05). From comparison of the stretch protocols used in the current study, it can be concluded that SS does not appear to be detrimental to a dancer's performance, and DS has some benefits but not in all three key area's tested, namely lower body power (VJ <span class="hlt">height</span>), balance, and range of motion. However, combination stretching showed significantly enhanced balance and vertical jump <span class="hlt">height</span> scores and significantly improved pre-stretch and post-stretch ROM values. It is therefore suggested that a combined warm-up protocol consisting of SS and DS should be promoted as an <span class="hlt">effective</span> warm-up for dancers.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=Harvard&pg=6&id=ED524863','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=Harvard&pg=6&id=ED524863"><span>Analyzing the <span class="hlt">Effectiveness</span> of <span class="hlt">Targeted</span> Instruction</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Hibbs, Eric Michael</p> <p>2010-01-01</p> <p>This action research study examines <span class="hlt">targeted</span> instruction and its <span class="hlt">effect</span> on academic referrals to elementary intervention and referral service committees. The West Harvard School District was not <span class="hlt">effectively</span> utilizing <span class="hlt">targeted</span> instruction, and there was a distinct lack of a differentiated vision throughout the district. This lack of differentiation…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29457311','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29457311"><span>Bicuspid Axial Wall <span class="hlt">Height</span> <span class="hlt">Effect</span> on CAD/CAM Crown Fracture Mode on Preparations Containing Advanced Total Occlusal Convergence.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Miller, Matthew; DuVall, Nicholas; Brewster, John; Wajdowicz, Michael N; Harris, Ashley; Roberts, Howard W</p> <p>2018-02-18</p> <p>To evaluate bicuspid axial wall <span class="hlt">height</span> <span class="hlt">effect</span> on the fracture mode of adhesively luted, all-ceramic CAD/CAM crowns with a 20° total occlusal convergence (TOC). Recently extracted premolars were randomly divided into 4 groups (n = 12) with all-ceramic crown preparations accomplished using a high-speed handpiece inserted into a milling device. Specimens were prepared containing occlusogingival axial wall <span class="hlt">heights</span> of 3, 2, and 1 mm as well as a group containing a flat preparation surface with no axial wall <span class="hlt">height</span>. All preparations contained a 20° TOC. Completed preparation surface area was determined, and preparation features confirmed using a digital measuring microscope. Scanned preparations (CEREC) were fitted with milled and crystallized lithium disilicate full coverage restorations and luted with a self-etching adhesive resin cement after hydrofluoric acid etching and silanation. All manufacturer recommendations were followed. Specimens were stored at 37°C/98% humidity for 24 hours. Specimens were tested to failure at a 45° angle to the long axis of the tooth root on a universal testing machine. Failure load was converted to MPa using the available bonding surface area with mean data analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis/Dunn's (p = 0.05) RESULTS: The 3 mm preparation <span class="hlt">height</span> specimens were similar to the 2 mm specimens, and both demonstrated significantly stronger failure load than the 1 mm axial wall <span class="hlt">height</span> and flat preparation specimens. The flat preparation and 1 mm axial wall <span class="hlt">height</span> specimens all failed adhesively, while the 2 mm and 3 mm specimens failed largely due to tooth fracture. Further evidence is provided that CAD/CAM adhesive techniques may compensate for less than ideal preparation features. Under the conditions of this study, bicuspid preparations with a 20° TOC restored with adhesively luted, CAD/CAM e.max CAD crowns require at least 2 mm of axial wall <span class="hlt">height</span>, but further planned fatigue studies are necessary before definitive recommendations can be</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1087842','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1087842"><span>Estimating vehicle <span class="hlt">height</span> using homographic projections</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Cunningham, Mark F; Fabris, Lorenzo; Gee, Timothy F; Ghebretati, Jr., Frezghi H; Goddard, James S; Karnowski, Thomas P; Ziock, Klaus-peter</p> <p>2013-07-16</p> <p>Multiple homography transformations corresponding to different <span class="hlt">heights</span> are generated in the field of view. A group of salient points within a common estimated <span class="hlt">height</span> range is identified in a time series of video images of a moving object. Inter-salient point distances are measured for the group of salient points under the multiple homography transformations corresponding to the different <span class="hlt">heights</span>. Variations in the inter-salient point distances under the multiple homography transformations are compared. The <span class="hlt">height</span> of the group of salient points is estimated to be the <span class="hlt">height</span> corresponding to the homography transformation that minimizes the variations.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4067741','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4067741"><span><span class="hlt">Height</span>, social comparison, and paranoia: An immersive virtual reality experimental study</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Freeman, Daniel; Evans, Nicole; Lister, Rachel; Antley, Angus; Dunn, Graham; Slater, Mel</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>Mistrust of others may build upon perceptions of the self as vulnerable, consistent with an association of paranoia with perceived lower social rank. <span class="hlt">Height</span> is a marker of social status and authority. Therefore we tested the <span class="hlt">effect</span> of manipulating <span class="hlt">height</span>, as a proxy for social rank, on paranoia. <span class="hlt">Height</span> was manipulated within an immersive virtual reality simulation. Sixty females who reported paranoia experienced a virtual reality train ride twice: at their normal and reduced <span class="hlt">height</span>. Paranoia and social comparison were assessed. Reducing a person's <span class="hlt">height</span> resulted in more negative views of the self in comparison with other people and increased levels of paranoia. The increase in paranoia was fully mediated by changes in social comparison. The study provides the first demonstration that reducing <span class="hlt">height</span> in a social situation increases the occurrence of paranoia. The findings indicate that negative social comparison is a cause of mistrust. PMID:24924485</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2650002','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2650002"><span>Imagery and Fear Influence <span class="hlt">Height</span> Perception</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Clerkin, Elise M.; Cody, Meghan W.; Stefanucci, Jeanine K.; Proffitt, Dennis R.; Teachman, Bethany A.</p> <p>2008-01-01</p> <p>The current study tested whether <span class="hlt">height</span> overestimation is related to <span class="hlt">height</span> fear and influenced by images of falling. To assess perceptual biases, participants high (n = 65) versus low (n = 64) in <span class="hlt">height</span> fear estimated the vertical extents of two balconies using a visual matching task. On one of the balconies, participants engaged in an imagery exercise designed to enhance the subjective sense that they were acting in a dangerous environment by picturing themselves falling. As expected, we found that individuals overestimated the balcony’s <span class="hlt">height</span> more after they imagined themselves falling, particularly if they were already afraid of <span class="hlt">heights</span>. These findings suggest that <span class="hlt">height</span> fear may serve as a vulnerability factor that leads to perceptual biases when triggered by a stressor (in this case, images of falling). PMID:19162437</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19750007150','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19750007150"><span>Uncertainties in derived temperature-<span class="hlt">height</span> profiles</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Minzner, R. A.</p> <p>1974-01-01</p> <p>Nomographs were developed for relating uncertainty in temperature T to uncertainty in the observed <span class="hlt">height</span> profiles of both pressure p and density rho. The relative uncertainty delta T/T is seen to depend not only upon the relative uncertainties delta P/P or delta rho/rho, and to a small extent upon the value of T or H, but primarily upon the sampling-<span class="hlt">height</span> increment Delta h, the <span class="hlt">height</span> increment between successive observations of p or delta. For a fixed value of delta p/p, the value of delta T/T varies inversely with Delta h. No limit exists in the fineness of usable <span class="hlt">height</span> resolution of T which may be derived from densities, while a fine <span class="hlt">height</span> resolution in pressure-<span class="hlt">height</span> data leads to temperatures with unacceptably large uncertainties.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7610937','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7610937"><span>Low bioavailable testosterone levels predict future <span class="hlt">height</span> loss in postmenopausal women.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Jassal, S K; Barrett-Connor, E; Edelstein, S L</p> <p>1995-04-01</p> <p>The objective of this study was to examine the relation of endogenous sex hormones to subsequent <span class="hlt">height</span> loss in postmenopausal women, in whom <span class="hlt">height</span> loss is usually a surrogate for osteoporotic vertebral fractures. This was a prospective, community-based study. The site chosen was Rancho Bernardo, an upper middle class community in Southern California. A total of 170 postmenopausal women participated, aged 55-80 years. None of them were taking exogenous estrogen between 1972 and 1974. Plasma was obtained for sex hormone and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) assays. Estradiol/SHBG and testosterone/SHBG ratios were used to estimate biologically available hormone levels; bioavailable (non-SHBG-bound) testosterone was measured directly in 60 women. <span class="hlt">Height</span> loss was based on <span class="hlt">height</span> measurements taken 16 years apart. <span class="hlt">Height</span> loss was strongly correlated with age (p = 0.001). These women lost an average 0.22 cm/year in <span class="hlt">height</span>. Neither estrone nor estradiol levels were significantly and independently related to <span class="hlt">height</span> loss. Both estimated bioavailable testosterone (testosterone/SHBG ratio) and measured bioavailable testosterone levels predicted future <span class="hlt">height</span> loss (p = 0.02 and 0.08, respectively) independent of age, obesity, cigarette smoking, alcohol intake, and use of thiazides and estrogen. We conclude that bioavailable testosterone is an independent predictor of <span class="hlt">height</span> loss in elderly postmenopausal women. The reduced <span class="hlt">height</span> loss is compatible with a direct <span class="hlt">effect</span> of testosterone on bone mineral density or bone remodeling.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5749813','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5749813"><span>The <span class="hlt">effects</span> of skin tone, <span class="hlt">height</span>, and gender on earnings</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p></p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p>Using a theoretical approach grounded in implicit bias and stereotyping theories, this study examines the relationship between observable physical characteristics (skin tone, <span class="hlt">height</span>, and gender) and earnings, as measured by income. Combining separate streams of research on the influence of these three characteristics, we draw from a sample of 31,356 individual-year observations across 4,340 individuals from the National Longitudinal Study of Youth (NLSY) 1997. We find that skin tone, <span class="hlt">height</span>, and gender interact such that taller males with darker skin tone attain lower earnings; those educated beyond high school, endowed with higher cognitive ability, and at the higher income level (>75th percentile) had even lower levels of earnings relative to individuals with lighter skin tone. The findings have implications for implicit bias theories, stereotyping, and the human capital literature within the fields of management, applied psychology, and economics. PMID:29293634</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15161403','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15161403"><span>The <span class="hlt">effect</span> of physical <span class="hlt">height</span> on workplace success and income: preliminary test of a theoretical model.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Judge, Timothy A; Cable, Daniel M</p> <p>2004-06-01</p> <p>In this article, the authors propose a theoretical model of the relationship between physical <span class="hlt">height</span> and career success. We then test several linkages in the model based on a meta-analysis of the literature, with results indicating that physical <span class="hlt">height</span> is significantly related to measures of social esteem (rho =.41), leader emergence (rho =.24), and performance (rho =.18). <span class="hlt">Height</span> was somewhat more strongly related to success for men (rho =.29) than for women (rho =.21), although this difference was not significant. Finally, given that almost no research has examined the relationship between individuals' physical <span class="hlt">height</span> and their incomes, we present four large-sample studies (total N = 8,590) showing that <span class="hlt">height</span> is positively related to income (beta =.26) after controlling for sex, age, and weight. Overall, this article presents the most comprehensive analysis of the relationship of <span class="hlt">height</span> to workplace success to date, and the results suggest that tall individuals have advantages in several important aspects of their careers and organizational lives. (c) 2004 APA</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997SPIE.2949..143J','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997SPIE.2949..143J"><span>Optimizing <span class="hlt">height</span> presentation for aircraft cockpit displays</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Jordan, Chris S.; Croft, D.; Selcon, Stephen J.; Markin, H.; Jackson, M.</p> <p>1997-02-01</p> <p>This paper describes an experiment conducted to investigate the type of display symbology that most <span class="hlt">effectively</span> conveys <span class="hlt">height</span> information to users of head-down plan-view radar displays. The experiment also investigated the use of multiple information sources (redundancy) in the design of such displays. Subjects were presented with eight different <span class="hlt">height</span> display formats. These formats were constructed from a control, and/or one, two, or three sources of redundant information. The three formats were letter coding, analogue scaling, and toggling (spatially switching the position of the <span class="hlt">height</span> information from above to below the aircraft symbol). Subjects were required to indicate altitude awareness via a four-key, forced-choice keyboard response. Error scores and response times were taken as performance measures. There were three main findings. First, there was a significant performance advantage when the altitude information was presented above and below the symbol to aid the representation of <span class="hlt">height</span> information. Second, the analogue scale, a line whose length indicated altitude, proved significantly detrimental to performance. Finally, no relationship was found between the number of redundant information sources employed and performance. The implications for future aircraft and displays are discussed in relation to current aircraft tactical displays and in the context of perceptual psychological theory.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4984852','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4984852"><span>Population genetic differentiation of <span class="hlt">height</span> and body mass index across Europe</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Robinson, Matthew R.; Hemani, Gibran; Medina-Gomez, Carolina; Mezzavilla, Massimo; Esko, Tonu; Shakhbazov, Konstantin; Powell, Joseph E.; Vinkhuyzen, Anna; Berndt, Sonja I.; Gustafsson, Stefan; Justice, Anne E.; Kahali, Bratati; Locke, Adam E.; Pers, Tune H.; Vedantam, Sailaja; Wood, Andrew R.; van Rheenen, Wouter; Andreassen, Ole A.; Gasparini, Paolo; Metspalu, Andres; van den Berg, Leonard H.; Veldink, Jan H.; Rivadeneira, Fernando; Werge, Thomas M.; Abecasis, Goncalo R.; Boomsma, Dorret I.; Chasman, Daniel I.; de Geus, Eco J.C.; Frayling, Timothy M.; Hirschhorn, Joel N.; Hottenga, Jouke Jan; Ingelsson, Erik; Loos, Ruth J.F.; Magnusson, Patrik K. E.; Martin, Nicholas G.; Montgomery, Grant W.; North, Kari E.; Pedersen, Nancy L.; Spector, Timothy D.; Speliotes, Elizabeth K.; Goddard, Michael E.; Yang, Jian; Visscher, Peter M.</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>Across-nation differences in the mean of complex traits such as obesity and stature are common1–8, but the reasons for these differences are not known. Here, we find evidence that many independent loci of small <span class="hlt">effect</span> combine to create population genetic differences in <span class="hlt">height</span> and body mass index (BMI) in a sample of 9,416 individuals across 14 European countries. Using discovery data on over 250,000 individuals and unbiased estimates of <span class="hlt">effect</span> sizes from 17,500 sib pairs, we estimate that 24% (95% CI: 9%, 41%) and 8% (95% CI: 4%, 16%) of the captured additive genetic variance for <span class="hlt">height</span> and BMI across Europe are attributed to among-population genetic differences. Population genetic divergence differed significantly from that expected under a null model (P <3.94e−08 for <span class="hlt">height</span> and P<5.95e−04 for BMI), and we find an among-population genetic correlation for tall and slender nations (r = −0.80 (95% CI: −0.95, −0.60), contrasting no genetic correlation between <span class="hlt">height</span> and BMI within populations (r = −0.016, 95% CI: −0.041, 0.001), consistent with selection on <span class="hlt">height</span> genes that also act to reduce BMI. Observations of mean <span class="hlt">height</span> across nations correlated with the predicted genetic means for <span class="hlt">height</span> (r = 0.51, P<0.001), so that a proportion of observed differences in <span class="hlt">height</span> within Europe reflect genetic factors. In contrast, observed mean BMI did not correlate with the genetic estimates (P<0.58), implying that genetic differentiation in BMI is masked by environmental differences across Europe. PMID:26366552</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23926409','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23926409"><span>Combined Treatment with Gonadotropin-releasing Hormone Analog and Anabolic Steroid Hormone Increased Pubertal <span class="hlt">Height</span> Gain and Adult <span class="hlt">Height</span> in Boys with Early Puberty for <span class="hlt">Height</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Tanaka, Toshiaki; Naiki, Yasuhiro; Horikawa, Reiko</p> <p>2012-04-01</p> <p>Twenty-one boys with a <span class="hlt">height</span> of 135 cm or less at onset of puberty were treated with a combination of GnRH analog and anabolic steroid hormone, and their pubertal <span class="hlt">height</span> gain and adult <span class="hlt">height</span> were compared with those of untreated 29 boys who enter puberty below 135 cm. The mean age at the start of treatment with a GnRH analog, leuprorelin acetate depot (Leuplin(®)) was 12.3 yr, a mean of 1.3 yr after the onset of puberty, and GnRH analog was administered every 3 to 5 wk thereafter for a mean duration of 4.1 yr. The anabolic steroid hormone was started approximately 1 yr after initiation of treatment with the GnRH analog. The mean pubertal <span class="hlt">height</span> gain from onset of puberty till adult <span class="hlt">height</span> was significantly greater in the combination treatment group (33.9 cm) than in the untreated group (26.4 cm) (p<0.0001). The mean adult <span class="hlt">height</span> was significantly greater in the combination treatment group (164.3 cm) than in the untreated group (156.9 cm) (p<0.0001). The percentage of subjects with an adult <span class="hlt">height</span> of 160 cm or taller was 90.5% (19/21) in the combination treatment group, and it was 13.8% (4/29) in the untreated group (p<0.0001). Since growth of the penis and pubic hair is promoted by the anabolic steroid hormone, no psychosocial problems arose because of delayed puberty. No clinically significant adverse events appeared. Combined treatment with GnRH analog and anabolic steroid hormone significantly increased <span class="hlt">height</span> gain during puberty and adult <span class="hlt">height</span> in boys who entered puberty with a short stature, since the period until epiphyseal closure was extended due to deceleration of the bone age maturation by administration of the GnRH analog and the growth rate at this time was maintained by the anabolic steroid hormone.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li class="active"><span>13</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_13 --> <div id="page_14" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li class="active"><span>14</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="261"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3698904','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3698904"><span>Combined Treatment with Gonadotropin-releasing Hormone Analog and Anabolic Steroid Hormone Increased Pubertal <span class="hlt">Height</span> Gain and Adult <span class="hlt">Height</span> in Boys with Early Puberty for <span class="hlt">Height</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Tanaka, Toshiaki; Naiki, Yasuhiro; Horikawa, Reiko</p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>Twenty-one boys with a <span class="hlt">height</span> of 135 cm or less at onset of puberty were treated with a combination of GnRH analog and anabolic steroid hormone, and their pubertal <span class="hlt">height</span> gain and adult <span class="hlt">height</span> were compared with those of untreated 29 boys who enter puberty below 135 cm. The mean age at the start of treatment with a GnRH analog, leuprorelin acetate depot (Leuplin®) was 12.3 yr, a mean of 1.3 yr after the onset of puberty, and GnRH analog was administered every 3 to 5 wk thereafter for a mean duration of 4.1 yr. The anabolic steroid hormone was started approximately 1 yr after initiation of treatment with the GnRH analog. The mean pubertal <span class="hlt">height</span> gain from onset of puberty till adult <span class="hlt">height</span> was significantly greater in the combination treatment group (33.9 cm) than in the untreated group (26.4 cm) (p<0.0001). The mean adult <span class="hlt">height</span> was significantly greater in the combination treatment group (164.3 cm) than in the untreated group (156.9 cm) (p<0.0001). The percentage of subjects with an adult <span class="hlt">height</span> of 160 cm or taller was 90.5% (19/21) in the combination treatment group, and it was 13.8% (4/29) in the untreated group (p<0.0001). Since growth of the penis and pubic hair is promoted by the anabolic steroid hormone, no psychosocial problems arose because of delayed puberty. No clinically significant adverse events appeared. Combined treatment with GnRH analog and anabolic steroid hormone significantly increased <span class="hlt">height</span> gain during puberty and adult <span class="hlt">height</span> in boys who entered puberty with a short stature, since the period until epiphyseal closure was extended due to deceleration of the bone age maturation by administration of the GnRH analog and the growth rate at this time was maintained by the anabolic steroid hormone. PMID:23926409</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28780521','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28780521"><span>Early growth hormone treatment start in childhood growth hormone deficiency improves near adult <span class="hlt">height</span>: analysis from NordiNet® International Outcome Study.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Polak, Michel; Blair, Jo; Kotnik, Primoz; Pournara, Effie; Pedersen, Birgitte Tønnes; Rohrer, Tilman R</p> <p>2017-11-01</p> <p>To investigate the <span class="hlt">effect</span> of age at growth hormone (GH) treatment start on near adult <span class="hlt">height</span> (NAH) in children with isolated GH deficiency (GHD). NordiNet® International Outcome Study (IOS) (Nbib960128), a non-interventional, multicentre study, evaluates the long-term <span class="hlt">effectiveness</span> and safety of Norditropin® (somatropin) (Novo Nordisk A/S) in the real-life clinical setting. Patients ( n  = 172) treated to NAH (<span class="hlt">height</span> at ≥18 years, or <span class="hlt">height</span> velocity <2 cm/year at ≥16 (boys) or ≥15 (girls) years) were grouped by age (years) at treatment start (early (girls, <8; boys, <9), intermediate (girls, 8-10; boys, 9-11) or late (girls, >10; boys, >11)) and GHD severity (<3 ng/mL or 3 to ≤10 ng/mL). Multiple regression analysis was used to evaluate the <span class="hlt">effect</span> of age at treatment start (as a categorical and continuous variable) on NAH standard deviation score (SDS). Age at treatment start had a marked <span class="hlt">effect</span> on NAH SDS; NAH SDS achieved by patients starting treatment early ( n  = 40 (boys, 70.0%); least squares mean (standard error) -0.76 (0.14)) exceeded that achieved by those starting later (intermediate, n  = 42 (boys, 57.1%); -1.14 (0.15); late, n  = 90 (boys, 68.9%); -1.21 (0.10)). Multiple regression analysis showed a significant association between NAH SDS and age at treatment start ( P  < 0.0242), baseline <span class="hlt">height</span> SDS (HSDS) ( P  < 0.0001), <span class="hlt">target</span> HSDS ( P  < 0.0001), and GHD severity ( P  = 0.0012). Most (78.5%) patients achieved a normal NAH irrespective of age at treatment start. Early initiation of GH treatment in children with isolated GHD improves their chance of achieving their genetic <span class="hlt">height</span> potential. © 2017 The authors.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16431658','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16431658"><span>Climate and the weight/<span class="hlt">height</span> relationship in sub-Saharan Africa.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Hiernaux, J; Rudan, P; Brambati, A</p> <p>1975-01-01</p> <p>25 populations of the rain forest and 44 of the open country, all descended from the West-Central African stock which lived in the latter biome, are compared for body weight and <span class="hlt">height</span>. On a log weight/<span class="hlt">height</span> diagram, the 69 populations cluster along a straight line which intersects the lines of equal body weight/surface ratio: the shorter the body size, the lower the ratio tends to be. The rain forest populations are concentrated in the lower part of the bivariate distribution. The shortest one, the Mbuti Pygmies, has a very low ratio despite a relatively heavy weight. The shorter stature of the rain forest populations seems to be largely genetic in origin; it probably results from selective pressure exerted by the thermal stres in this hot and wet biome where sweating is of low thermolytic efficiency. The amount of reduction of adult stature depends for a large part on the number of generations spent in the forest by the population. Line A (in figure 1) is similar to a growth trend. The 69 populations differ genetically by the <span class="hlt">target</span> that growth has to reach on a common log weight/<span class="hlt">height</span> trend line. They achieve this differentiation through different speeds of growth.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25274990','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25274990"><span><span class="hlt">Effects</span> of <span class="hlt">target</span> typicality on categorical search.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Maxfield, Justin T; Stalder, Westri D; Zelinsky, Gregory J</p> <p>2014-10-01</p> <p>The role of <span class="hlt">target</span> typicality in a categorical visual search task was investigated by cueing observers with a <span class="hlt">target</span> name, followed by a five-item <span class="hlt">target</span> present/absent search array in which the <span class="hlt">target</span> images were rated in a pretest to be high, medium, or low in typicality with respect to the basic-level <span class="hlt">target</span> cue. Contrary to previous work, we found that search guidance was better for high-typicality <span class="hlt">targets</span> compared to low-typicality <span class="hlt">targets</span>, as measured by both the proportion of immediate <span class="hlt">target</span> fixations and the time to fixate the <span class="hlt">target</span>. Consistent with previous work, we also found an <span class="hlt">effect</span> of typicality on <span class="hlt">target</span> verification times, the time between <span class="hlt">target</span> fixation and the search judgment; as <span class="hlt">target</span> typicality decreased, verification times increased. To model these typicality <span class="hlt">effects</span>, we trained Support Vector Machine (SVM) classifiers on the <span class="hlt">target</span> categories, and tested these on the corresponding specific <span class="hlt">targets</span> used in the search task. This analysis revealed significant differences in classifier confidence between the high-, medium-, and low-typicality groups, paralleling the behavioral results. Collectively, these findings suggest that <span class="hlt">target</span> typicality broadly affects both search guidance and verification, and that differences in typicality can be predicted by distance from an SVM classification boundary. © 2014 ARVO.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012JGeoS...2..355R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012JGeoS...2..355R"><span><span class="hlt">Height</span> unification using GOCE</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Rummel, R.</p> <p>2012-12-01</p> <p>With the gravity field and steady-state ocean circulation explorer (GOCE) (preferably combined with the gravity field and climate experiment (GRACE)) a new generation of geoid models will become available for use in <span class="hlt">height</span> determination. These models will be globally consistent, accurate (<italic><</italic>3 cm) and with a spatial resolution up to degree and order 200, when expressed in terms of a spherical harmonic expansion. GOCE is a mission of the European Space Agency (ESA). It is the first satellite equipped with a gravitational gradiometer, in the case of GOCE it measures the gradient components V<italic>xx </italic>, V<italic>yy</italic>, V<italic>zz</italic>and V<italic>xz</italic>. The GOCE gravitational sensor system comprises also a geodetic global positioning system (GPS)-receiver, three star sensors and ion-thrusters for drag compensation in flight direction. GOCE was launched in March 2009 and will fly till the end of 2013. Several gravity models have been derived from its data, their maximum degree is typically between 240 and 250. In summer 2012 a first re-processing of all level-1b data took place. One of the science objectives of GOCE is the unification of <span class="hlt">height</span> systems. The existing <span class="hlt">height</span> offsets among the datum zones can be determined by least-squares adjustment. This requires several precise geodetic reference points available in each <span class="hlt">height</span> datum zone, physical <span class="hlt">heights</span> from spirit levelling (plus gravimetry), the GOCE geoid and, in addition, short wavelength geoid refinement from terrestrial gravity anomalies. GOCE allows for important simplifications of the functional and stochastic part of the adjustment model. The future trend will be the direct determination of physical <span class="hlt">heights</span> (orthometric as well as normal) from precise global navigation satellite system (GNSS)-positioning in combination with a next generation combined satellite-terrestrial high-resolution geoid model.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25538595','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25538595"><span>Quantification of gait changes in subjects with visual <span class="hlt">height</span> intolerance when exposed to <span class="hlt">heights</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Schniepp, Roman; Kugler, Günter; Wuehr, Max; Eckl, Maria; Huppert, Doreen; Huth, Sabrina; Pradhan, Cauchy; Jahn, Klaus; Brandt, Thomas</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>Visual <span class="hlt">height</span> intolerance (vHI) manifests as instability at <span class="hlt">heights</span> with apprehension of losing balance or falling. We investigated contributions of visual feedback and attention on gait performance of subjects with vHI. Sixteen subjects with vHI walked over a gait mat (GAITRite®) on a 15-m-high balcony and at ground-level. Subjects walked at different speeds (slow, preferred, fast), during changes of the visual input (gaze straight/up/down; eyes open/closed), and while doing a cognitive task. An rmANOVA with the factors "<span class="hlt">height</span> situation" and "gait condition" was performed. Subjects were also asked to estimate the <span class="hlt">height</span> of the balcony over ground level. The individual estimates were used for correlations with the gait parameters. Study participants walked slower at <span class="hlt">heights</span>, with reduced cadence and stride length. The double support phases were increased (all p < 0.01), which correlated with the estimated <span class="hlt">height</span> of the balcony (R (2) = 0.453, p < 0.05). These changes were still present when walking with upward gaze or closure of the eyes. Under the conditions walking and looking down to the floor of the balcony, during dual-task and fast walking, there were no differences between the gait performance on the balcony and at ground-level. The found gait changes are features of a cautious gait control. Internal, cognitive models with anxiety play an important role for vHI; gait was similarly affected when the visual perception of the depth was prevented. Improvement by dual task at <span class="hlt">heights</span> may be associated by a reduction of the anxiety level. It is conceivable that mental distraction by dual task or increasing the walking speed might be useful recommendations to reduce the imbalance during locomotion in subjects susceptible to vHI.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4255593','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4255593"><span>Quantification of gait changes in subjects with visual <span class="hlt">height</span> intolerance when exposed to <span class="hlt">heights</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Schniepp, Roman; Kugler, Günter; Wuehr, Max; Eckl, Maria; Huppert, Doreen; Huth, Sabrina; Pradhan, Cauchy; Jahn, Klaus; Brandt, Thomas</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>Introduction: Visual <span class="hlt">height</span> intolerance (vHI) manifests as instability at <span class="hlt">heights</span> with apprehension of losing balance or falling. We investigated contributions of visual feedback and attention on gait performance of subjects with vHI. Materials and Methods: Sixteen subjects with vHI walked over a gait mat (GAITRite®) on a 15-m-high balcony and at ground-level. Subjects walked at different speeds (slow, preferred, fast), during changes of the visual input (gaze straight/up/down; eyes open/closed), and while doing a cognitive task. An rmANOVA with the factors “<span class="hlt">height</span> situation” and “gait condition” was performed. Subjects were also asked to estimate the <span class="hlt">height</span> of the balcony over ground level. The individual estimates were used for correlations with the gait parameters. Results: Study participants walked slower at <span class="hlt">heights</span>, with reduced cadence and stride length. The double support phases were increased (all p < 0.01), which correlated with the estimated <span class="hlt">height</span> of the balcony (R2 = 0.453, p < 0.05). These changes were still present when walking with upward gaze or closure of the eyes. Under the conditions walking and looking down to the floor of the balcony, during dual-task and fast walking, there were no differences between the gait performance on the balcony and at ground-level. Discussion: The found gait changes are features of a cautious gait control. Internal, cognitive models with anxiety play an important role for vHI; gait was similarly affected when the visual perception of the depth was prevented. Improvement by dual task at <span class="hlt">heights</span> may be associated by a reduction of the anxiety level. Conclusion: It is conceivable that mental distraction by dual task or increasing the walking speed might be useful recommendations to reduce the imbalance during locomotion in subjects susceptible to vHI. PMID:25538595</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20499568','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20499568"><span><span class="hlt">Effects</span> of cane length and diameter and judgment type on the constant error ratio for estimated <span class="hlt">height</span> in blindfolded, visually impaired, and sighted participants.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Huang, Kuo-Chen; Leung, Cherng-Yee; Wang, Hsiu-Feng</p> <p>2010-04-01</p> <p>The purpose of this study was to assess the ability of blindfolded, visually impaired, and sighted individuals to estimate object <span class="hlt">height</span> as a function of cane length, cane diameter, and judgment type. 48 undergraduate students (ages 20 to 23 years) were recruited to participate in the study. Participants were divided into low-vision, severely myopic, and normal-vision groups. Five stimulus <span class="hlt">heights</span> were explored with three cane lengths, varying cane diameters, and judgment types. The participants were asked to estimate the stimulus <span class="hlt">height</span> with or without reference to a standard block. Results showed that the constant error ratio for estimated <span class="hlt">height</span> improved with decreasing cane length and comparative judgment. The findings were unclear regarding the <span class="hlt">effect</span> of cane length on haptic perception of <span class="hlt">height</span>. Implications were discussed for designing environments, such as stair <span class="hlt">heights</span>, chairs, the magnitude of apertures, etc., for visually impaired individuals.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24612309','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24612309"><span><span class="hlt">Effects</span> of balance ability and handgrip <span class="hlt">height</span> on kinematics of the gait, torso, and pelvis in elderly women using a four-wheeled walker.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Choi, Hyuk-Jae; Ko, Chang-Yong; Kang, Sungjae; Ryu, Jeicheong; Mun, Museong; Jeon, Hye-Seon</p> <p>2015-02-01</p> <p>Numerous elderly individuals use the four-wheeled walker (FWW) as a gait-assistive device. The walker's handgrip <span class="hlt">height</span> is important for correct use. However, few clinical studies have investigated the biomechanical <span class="hlt">effects</span> of the FWW's handgrip <span class="hlt">height</span> on balance. Therefore, the present study assessed kinematic features of the gait, torso and pelvis during use of the FWW at two levels of handgrip <span class="hlt">height</span> (48% vs 55% of the subject's <span class="hlt">height</span>) while assessing balance in older adults. A total of 20 older adults were allocated into two groups according to the Berg Balance Scale (BBS): good balance (GB; BBS≥46) versus poor balance (PB; BBS<45). Participants walked with the FWW at 48% or 55% handgrip <span class="hlt">height</span> for 10 m. Our study showed that the double-support period and stance phase significantly increased at 55% handgrip <span class="hlt">height</span>, but the swing phase significantly decreased in the GB group. In the PB group, velocity and stride length significantly increased at 55% handgrip <span class="hlt">height</span>. Tilt angle of the torso in the GB group was significantly lower at 55% than at 48% handgrip <span class="hlt">height</span>, but no differences were observed in the PB group. In the pelvis, initial contact and toe-off angles of tilt were lower in the GB group at 55% handgrip <span class="hlt">height</span>, but no differences were observed in the PB group. These results showed that kinematic features of the gait, torso, and pelvis in older adults using the FWW might be dependent on the handgrip <span class="hlt">height</span> of the FWW and the patient's balance. Additionally, greater than 48% of the body <span class="hlt">height</span> might be appropriate for older adults with poor balance. © 2014 Japan Geriatrics Society.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=education+AND+nutritional+AND+children&pg=6&id=EJ940317','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=education+AND+nutritional+AND+children&pg=6&id=EJ940317"><span>Child Health in Peru: Importance of Regional Variation and Community <span class="hlt">Effects</span> on Children's <span class="hlt">Height</span> and Weight</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Shin, Heeju</p> <p>2007-01-01</p> <p>In developing countries, <span class="hlt">height</span> and weight are good indicators of children's health and nutritional status. Maternal education has been accepted as one of the most important influences on child health. Using the 2000 Demographic and Health Survey of Peru, however, I find that the <span class="hlt">effect</span> of maternal education varies as a function of region. In the…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014ISPAr.XL4..105J','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014ISPAr.XL4..105J"><span>Development of large Area Covering <span class="hlt">Height</span> Model</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Jacobsen, K.</p> <p>2014-04-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Height</span> information is a basic part of topographic mapping. Only in special areas frequent update of <span class="hlt">height</span> models is required, usually the update cycle is quite lower as for horizontal map information. Some <span class="hlt">height</span> models are available free of charge in the internet; for commercial <span class="hlt">height</span> models a fee has to be paid. Mostly digital surface models (DSM) with the <span class="hlt">height</span> of the visible surface are given and not the bare ground <span class="hlt">height</span>, as required for standard mapping. Nevertheless by filtering of DSM, digital terrain models (DTM) with the <span class="hlt">height</span> of the bare ground can be generated with the exception of dense forest areas where no <span class="hlt">height</span> of the bare ground is available. These <span class="hlt">height</span> models may be better as the DTM of some survey administrations. In addition several DTM from national survey administrations are classified, so as alternative the commercial or free of charge available information from internet can be used. The widely used SRTM DSM is available also as ACE-2 GDEM corrected by altimeter data for systematic <span class="hlt">height</span> errors caused by vegetation and orientation errors. But the ACE-2 GDEM did not respect neighbourhood information. With the worldwide covering TanDEM-X <span class="hlt">height</span> model, distributed starting 2014 by Airbus Defence and Space (former ASTRIUM) as WorldDEM, higher level of details and accuracy is reached as with other large area covering <span class="hlt">height</span> models. At first the raw-version of WorldDEM will be available, followed by an edited version and finally as WorldDEM-DTM a <span class="hlt">height</span> model of the bare ground. With 12 m spacing and a relative standard deviation of 1.2 m within an area of 1° x 1° an accuracy and resolution level is reached, satisfying also for larger map scales. For limited areas with the HDEM also a <span class="hlt">height</span> model with 6 m spacing and a relative vertical accuracy of 0.5 m can be generated on demand. By bathymetric LiDAR and stereo images also the <span class="hlt">height</span> of the sea floor can be determined if the water has satisfying transparency. Another method of getting</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20678741','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20678741"><span><span class="hlt">Height</span>, education and later-life cognition in Latin America and the Caribbean.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Maurer, Jürgen</p> <p>2010-07-01</p> <p>Building on previous evidence from the U.S., this study investigates the relationship between anthropometric markers (<span class="hlt">height</span> and knee <span class="hlt">height</span>), early-life conditions, education, and cognitive function in later life among urban elderly from Latin America and the Caribbean. I document a positive association between <span class="hlt">height</span> and later-life cognitive function, which is larger for women than for men. This sex difference increases when I address potential feedback <span class="hlt">effects</span> from mid- and later-life circumstances on stature by using knee <span class="hlt">height</span> as an instrument for <span class="hlt">height</span>. Specifically, while the estimates for women remain largely unchanged, I only find a diminished and statistically insignificant association between instrumented <span class="hlt">height</span> and later-life cognition for men. This finding suggests that at least part of the association between <span class="hlt">height</span> and later-life cognition among men may stem from common third factors that are correlated with both <span class="hlt">height</span> and later-life cognition, such as adverse occupational exposures or health events during mid- and later life. Extended models that also include education further diminish the association between <span class="hlt">height</span> and later-life cognition. Education displays strong positive gradients with the employed measures of childhood circumstances - including <span class="hlt">height</span> - which points to education as a potential pathway linking early-life conditions and later-life cognitive function. 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25853659','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25853659"><span>Genetically determined <span class="hlt">height</span> and coronary artery disease.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Nelson, Christopher P; Hamby, Stephen E; Saleheen, Danish; Hopewell, Jenna C; Zeng, Lingyao; Assimes, Themistocles L; Kanoni, Stavroula; Willenborg, Christina; Burgess, Stephen; Amouyel, Phillipe; Anand, Sonia; Blankenberg, Stefan; Boehm, Bernhard O; Clarke, Robert J; Collins, Rory; Dedoussis, George; Farrall, Martin; Franks, Paul W; Groop, Leif; Hall, Alistair S; Hamsten, Anders; Hengstenberg, Christian; Hovingh, G Kees; Ingelsson, Erik; Kathiresan, Sekar; Kee, Frank; König, Inke R; Kooner, Jaspal; Lehtimäki, Terho; März, Winifred; McPherson, Ruth; Metspalu, Andres; Nieminen, Markku S; O'Donnell, Christopher J; Palmer, Colin N A; Peters, Annette; Perola, Markus; Reilly, Muredach P; Ripatti, Samuli; Roberts, Robert; Salomaa, Veikko; Shah, Svati H; Schreiber, Stefan; Siegbahn, Agneta; Thorsteinsdottir, Unnur; Veronesi, Giovani; Wareham, Nicholas; Willer, Cristen J; Zalloua, Pierre A; Erdmann, Jeanette; Deloukas, Panos; Watkins, Hugh; Schunkert, Heribert; Danesh, John; Thompson, John R; Samani, Nilesh J</p> <p>2015-04-23</p> <p>The nature and underlying mechanisms of an inverse association between adult <span class="hlt">height</span> and the risk of coronary artery disease (CAD) are unclear. We used a genetic approach to investigate the association between <span class="hlt">height</span> and CAD, using 180 <span class="hlt">height</span>-associated genetic variants. We tested the association between a change in genetically determined <span class="hlt">height</span> of 1 SD (6.5 cm) with the risk of CAD in 65,066 cases and 128,383 controls. Using individual-level genotype data from 18,249 persons, we also examined the risk of CAD associated with the presence of various numbers of <span class="hlt">height</span>-associated alleles. To identify putative mechanisms, we analyzed whether genetically determined <span class="hlt">height</span> was associated with known cardiovascular risk factors and performed a pathway analysis of the <span class="hlt">height</span>-associated genes. We observed a relative increase of 13.5% (95% confidence interval [CI], 5.4 to 22.1; P<0.001) in the risk of CAD per 1-SD decrease in genetically determined <span class="hlt">height</span>. There was a graded relationship between the presence of an increased number of <span class="hlt">height</span>-raising variants and a reduced risk of CAD (odds ratio for <span class="hlt">height</span> quartile 4 versus quartile 1, 0.74; 95% CI, 0.68 to 0.84; P<0.001). Of the 12 risk factors that we studied, we observed significant associations only with levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglycerides (accounting for approximately 30% of the association). We identified several overlapping pathways involving genes associated with both development and atherosclerosis. There is a primary association between a genetically determined shorter <span class="hlt">height</span> and an increased risk of CAD, a link that is partly explained by the association between shorter <span class="hlt">height</span> and an adverse lipid profile. Shared biologic processes that determine achieved <span class="hlt">height</span> and the development of atherosclerosis may explain some of the association. (Funded by the British Heart Foundation and others.).</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29455248','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29455248"><span>Are there <span class="hlt">effects</span> of age, gender, <span class="hlt">height</span>, and body fat on the functional muscle-bone unit in children and adults?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Duran, I; Martakis, K; Hamacher, S; Stark, C; Semler, O; Schoenau, E</p> <p>2018-05-01</p> <p>The aim was to describe the <span class="hlt">effect</span> of age, gender, <span class="hlt">height</span>, different stages of human life, and body fat on the functional muscle-bone unit. All these factors had a significant <span class="hlt">effect</span> on the functional muscle-bone unit and should be addressed when assessing functional muscle-bone unit in children and adults. For the clinical evaluation of the functional muscle-bone unit, it was proposed to evaluate the adaptation of the bone to the acting forces. A frequently used parameter for this is the total body less head bone mineral content (TBLH-BMC) determined by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) in relation to the lean body mass (LBM by DXA). LBM correlates highly with muscle mass. Therefore, LBM is a surrogate parameter for the muscular forces acting in everyday life. The aim of the study was to describe the <span class="hlt">effect</span> of age and gender on the TBLH-BMC for LBM and to evaluate the impact of other factors, such as <span class="hlt">height</span>, different stages of human life, and of body fat. As part of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) study, between the years 1999-2006 whole-body DXA scans on randomly selected Americans from 8 years of age were carried out. From all eligible DXA scans (1999-2004), three major US ethnic groups were evaluated (non-Hispanic Whites, non-Hispanic Blacks, and Mexican Americans) for further statistical analysis. For the statistical analysis, the DXA scans of 8190 non-Hispanic White children and adults (3903 female), of 4931 non-Hispanic Black children and adults (2250 female) and 5421 of Mexican-American children and adults (2424 female) were eligible. Age, gender, body <span class="hlt">height</span>, and especially body fat had a significant <span class="hlt">effect</span> on the functional muscle-bone unit. When assessing TBLH-BMC for LBM in children and adults, the <span class="hlt">effects</span> of age, gender, body fat, and body <span class="hlt">height</span> should be addressed. These <span class="hlt">effects</span> were analyzed for the first time in such a large cohort.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/45396','TREESEARCH'); return false;" href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/45396"><span>An antithetic variate to facilitate upper-stem <span class="hlt">height</span> measurements for critical <span class="hlt">height</span> sampling with importance sampling</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/">Treesearch</a></p> <p>Thomas B. Lynch; Jeffrey H. Gove</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>Critical <span class="hlt">height</span> sampling (CHS) estimates cubic volume per unit area by multiplying the sum of critical <span class="hlt">heights</span> measured on trees tallied in a horizontal point sample (HPS) by the HPS basal area factor. One of the barriers to practical application of CHS is the fact that trees near the field location of the point-sampling sample point have critical <span class="hlt">heights</span> that occur...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2013-title47-vol2/pdf/CFR-2013-title47-vol2-sec22-1011.pdf','CFR2013'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2013-title47-vol2/pdf/CFR-2013-title47-vol2-sec22-1011.pdf"><span>47 CFR 22.1011 - Antenna <span class="hlt">height</span> limitations.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2013&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2013-10-01</p> <p>... 47 Telecommunication 2 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Antenna <span class="hlt">height</span> limitations. 22.1011 Section 22... MOBILE SERVICES Offshore Radiotelephone Service § 22.1011 Antenna <span class="hlt">height</span> limitations. The antenna <span class="hlt">height</span> of offshore stations must not exceed 61 meters (200 feet) above mean sea level. The antenna <span class="hlt">height</span> of...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2012-title47-vol2/pdf/CFR-2012-title47-vol2-sec22-1011.pdf','CFR2012'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2012-title47-vol2/pdf/CFR-2012-title47-vol2-sec22-1011.pdf"><span>47 CFR 22.1011 - Antenna <span class="hlt">height</span> limitations.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2012&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2012-10-01</p> <p>... 47 Telecommunication 2 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Antenna <span class="hlt">height</span> limitations. 22.1011 Section 22... MOBILE SERVICES Offshore Radiotelephone Service § 22.1011 Antenna <span class="hlt">height</span> limitations. The antenna <span class="hlt">height</span> of offshore stations must not exceed 61 meters (200 feet) above mean sea level. The antenna <span class="hlt">height</span> of...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title47-vol2/pdf/CFR-2010-title47-vol2-sec22-1011.pdf','CFR'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title47-vol2/pdf/CFR-2010-title47-vol2-sec22-1011.pdf"><span>47 CFR 22.1011 - Antenna <span class="hlt">height</span> limitations.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2010&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2010-10-01</p> <p>... 47 Telecommunication 2 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Antenna <span class="hlt">height</span> limitations. 22.1011 Section 22... MOBILE SERVICES Offshore Radiotelephone Service § 22.1011 Antenna <span class="hlt">height</span> limitations. The antenna <span class="hlt">height</span> of offshore stations must not exceed 61 meters (200 feet) above mean sea level. The antenna <span class="hlt">height</span> of...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title47-vol2/pdf/CFR-2011-title47-vol2-sec22-1011.pdf','CFR2011'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title47-vol2/pdf/CFR-2011-title47-vol2-sec22-1011.pdf"><span>47 CFR 22.1011 - Antenna <span class="hlt">height</span> limitations.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2011&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2011-10-01</p> <p>... 47 Telecommunication 2 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Antenna <span class="hlt">height</span> limitations. 22.1011 Section 22... MOBILE SERVICES Offshore Radiotelephone Service § 22.1011 Antenna <span class="hlt">height</span> limitations. The antenna <span class="hlt">height</span> of offshore stations must not exceed 61 meters (200 feet) above mean sea level. The antenna <span class="hlt">height</span> of...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title47-vol2/pdf/CFR-2014-title47-vol2-sec22-1011.pdf','CFR2014'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title47-vol2/pdf/CFR-2014-title47-vol2-sec22-1011.pdf"><span>47 CFR 22.1011 - Antenna <span class="hlt">height</span> limitations.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2014&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2014-10-01</p> <p>... 47 Telecommunication 2 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Antenna <span class="hlt">height</span> limitations. 22.1011 Section 22... MOBILE SERVICES Offshore Radiotelephone Service § 22.1011 Antenna <span class="hlt">height</span> limitations. The antenna <span class="hlt">height</span> of offshore stations must not exceed 61 meters (200 feet) above mean sea level. The antenna <span class="hlt">height</span> of...</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li class="active"><span>14</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_14 --> <div id="page_15" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li class="active"><span>15</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="281"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17311481','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17311481"><span>Inverse <span class="hlt">target</span>- and cue-priming <span class="hlt">effects</span> of masked stimuli.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Mattler, Uwe</p> <p>2007-02-01</p> <p>The processing of a visual <span class="hlt">target</span> that follows a briefly presented prime stimulus can be facilitated if prime and <span class="hlt">target</span> stimuli are similar. In contrast to these positive priming <span class="hlt">effects</span>, inverse priming <span class="hlt">effects</span> (or negative compatibility <span class="hlt">effects</span>) have been found when a mask follows prime stimuli before the <span class="hlt">target</span> stimulus is presented: Responses are facilitated after dissimilar primes. Previous studies on inverse priming <span class="hlt">effects</span> examined <span class="hlt">target</span>-priming <span class="hlt">effects</span>, which arise when the prime and the <span class="hlt">target</span> stimuli share features that are critical for the response decision. In contrast, 3 experiments of the present study demonstrate inverse priming <span class="hlt">effects</span> in a nonmotor cue-priming paradigm. Inverse cue-priming <span class="hlt">effects</span> exhibited time courses comparable to inverse <span class="hlt">target</span>-priming <span class="hlt">effects</span>. Results suggest that inverse priming <span class="hlt">effects</span> do not arise from specific processes of the response system but follow from operations that are more general.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27180656','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27180656"><span>Size matters: Perceived depth magnitude varies with stimulus <span class="hlt">height</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Tsirlin, Inna; Wilcox, Laurie M; Allison, Robert S</p> <p>2016-06-01</p> <p>Both the upper and lower disparity limits for stereopsis vary with the size of the <span class="hlt">targets</span>. Recently, Tsirlin, Wilcox, and Allison (2012) suggested that perceived depth magnitude from stereopsis might also depend on the vertical extent of a stimulus. To test this hypothesis we compared apparent depth in small discs to depth in long bars with equivalent width and disparity. We used three estimation techniques: a virtual ruler, a touch-sensor (for haptic estimates) and a disparity probe. We found that depth estimates were significantly larger for the bar stimuli than for the disc stimuli for all methods of estimation and different configurations. In a second experiment, we measured perceived depth as a function of the <span class="hlt">height</span> of the bar and the radius of the disc. Perceived depth increased with increasing bar <span class="hlt">height</span> and disc radius suggesting that disparity is integrated along the vertical edges. We discuss size-disparity correlation and inter-neural excitatory connections as potential mechanisms that could account for these results. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5721185','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5721185"><span>Does Shoe Collar <span class="hlt">Height</span> Influence Ankle Joint Kinematics and Kinetics in Sagittal Plane Maneuvers?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Yang, Yang; Fang, Ying; Zhang, Xini; He, Junliang; Fu, Weijie</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>The Objective of the study is to investigate the <span class="hlt">effects</span> of basketball shoes with different collar <span class="hlt">heights</span> on ankle kinematics and kinetics and athletic performance in different sagittal plane maneuvers. Twelve participants who wore high-top and low-top basketball shoes (hereafter, HS and LS, respectively) performed a weight-bearing dorsiflexion (WB-DF) maneuver, drop jumps (DJs), and lay-up jumps (LJs). Their sagittal plane kinematics and ground reaction forces were recorded using the Vicon motion capture system and Kistler force plates simultaneously. Moreover, ankle dorsiflexion and plantarflexion angles, moment, power, stiffness, and jump <span class="hlt">height</span> were calculated. In the WB-DF test, the peak ankle dorsiflexion angle (p = 0.041) was significantly smaller in HS than in LS. Additionally, the peak ankle plantarflexion moment (p = 0.028) and power (p = 0.022) were significantly lower in HS than in LS during LJs but not during DJs. In both jumping maneuvers, no significant differences were found in the jump <span class="hlt">height</span> or ankle kinematics between the two shoe types. According to the WB-DF test, increasing shoe collar <span class="hlt">height</span> can <span class="hlt">effectively</span> reduce the ankle range of motion in the sagittal plane. Although the HS did not restrict the flexion–extension performance of the ankle joint during two jumping maneuvers, an increased shoe collar <span class="hlt">height</span> can reduce peak ankle plantarflexion moment and peak power during the push-off phase in LJs. Therefore, a higher shoe collar <span class="hlt">height</span> should be used to circumvent <span class="hlt">effects</span> on the partial kinetics of the ankle joint in the sagittal plane. Key points An increased shoe collar <span class="hlt">height</span> <span class="hlt">effectively</span> reduced ankle joint ROM in the sagittal plane in weight-bearing dorsiflexion maneuver. Shoe collar <span class="hlt">height</span> did not affect sagittal plane ankle kinematics and had no <span class="hlt">effect</span> on performance during realistic jumping. Shoe collar <span class="hlt">height</span> can affect the ankle plantarflexion torque and peak power during the push-off phase in lay-up jump. PMID:29238255</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19597905','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19597905"><span><span class="hlt">Height</span> loss in elderly women is preceded by osteoporosis and is associated with digestive problems and urinary incontinence.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Berecki-Gisolf, J; Spallek, M; Hockey, R; Dobson, A</p> <p>2010-03-01</p> <p>This study explores risk factors for <span class="hlt">height</span> loss and consequences in terms of health and wellbeing, in older women. Osteoporosis, low body-mass index, being born in Europe and using medications for both sleep and anxiety were risk factors for <span class="hlt">height</span> loss. <span class="hlt">Height</span> loss was associated with digestive problems; excessive <span class="hlt">height</span> loss was also associated with urinary stress-incontinence and a decline in self-rated health. <span class="hlt">Height</span> loss is associated with osteoporosis, but little is known about its consequences. We aimed to examine the risk factors for <span class="hlt">height</span> loss and the symptoms associated with <span class="hlt">height</span> loss. Elderly participants of the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health (aged 70-75 in 1996) who provided data on <span class="hlt">height</span> at any two consecutive surveys (held in 1996, 1999, 2002, and 2005) were included (N = 9,852). A regression model was fitted with <span class="hlt">height</span> loss as the outcome and sociodemographics, osteoporosis, and other risk factors as explanatory variables. Symptoms related to postural changes or raised intra-abdominal pressure were analyzed using <span class="hlt">height</span> loss as an explanatory variable. Over 9 years, average <span class="hlt">height</span> loss per year was -0.12% (95% confidence intervals [95% CI] = -0.13 to -0.12) of <span class="hlt">height</span> at baseline. <span class="hlt">Height</span> loss was greater among those with osteoporosis and low body mass index and those taking medications for sleep and anxiety. After adjusting for confounders, symptoms associated with <span class="hlt">height</span> loss of > or =2% were heartburn/indigestion (odds ratio [OR] = 1.19, 95% CI = 1.01 to 1.40), constipation (OR = 1.18, 95% CI = 1.01 to 1.37), and urinary stress incontinence (OR = 1.20, 95% CI = 1.02 to 1.41). These findings highlight the importance of monitoring <span class="hlt">height</span> among the elderly in general practice and <span class="hlt">targeting</span> associated symptoms.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23155730','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23155730"><span><span class="hlt">Height</span> perception influenced by texture gradient.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Tozawa, Junko</p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>Three experiments were carried out to examine whether a texture gradient influences perception of relative object <span class="hlt">height</span>. Previous research implicated texture cues in judgments of object width, but similar influences have not been demonstrated for relative <span class="hlt">height</span>. In this study, I evaluate a hypothesis that the projective ratio of the number of texture elements covered by the objects combined with the ratio of the retinal object <span class="hlt">heights</span> determines percepts of relative object <span class="hlt">height</span>. Density of texture background was varied: four density conditions ranged from no-texture to very dense texture. In experiments 1 and 2, participants judged the <span class="hlt">height</span> of comparison bar compared to the standard bar positioned on no-texture or textured backgrounds. Results showed relative <span class="hlt">height</span> judgments differed with texture manipulations, consistent with predictions from a hypothesised combination of the number of texture elements with retinal <span class="hlt">height</span> (experiment 1), or partially consistent with this hypothesis (experiment 2). In experiment 2, variations in the position of a comparison object showed that comparisons located far from the horizon were judged more poorly than in other positions. In experiment 3 I examined distance perception; relative distance judgments were found to be also affected by textured backgrounds. Results are discussed in terms of Gibson's relational theory and distance calibration theory.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/AD1036851','DTIC-ST'); return false;" href="http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/AD1036851"><span>Premolar Axial Wall <span class="hlt">Height</span> <span class="hlt">Effect</span> on CAD/CAM Crown Retention</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.dtic.mil/">DTIC Science & Technology</a></p> <p></p> <p>2016-05-24</p> <p>OC axial wall <span class="hlt">height</span> was required in a study that involved zirconia copings cemented on stainless steel dies. The results of this study reinforced...surface area was determined using a digital measuring microscope (Hirox). Scanned preparations (CEREC) were fitted with e.max CAD crowns and cemented ...Figure 14. RelyX Unicem Cementation</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/939','DOTNTL'); return false;" href="https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/939"><span><span class="hlt">Effects</span> of changes in <span class="hlt">effective</span> rail <span class="hlt">height</span> on barrier performance. Volume 1, Research report</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntlsearch.bts.gov/tris/index.do">DOT National Transportation Integrated Search</a></p> <p></p> <p>1987-04-01</p> <p>The objective of this project was to determine the critical rail mounting <span class="hlt">heights</span> to prevent underride and override for traffic barriers. W-beam guardrails, which are the most commonly specified barrier in the U. S., were used to develop criteria for...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=airport&pg=7&id=EJ232906','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=airport&pg=7&id=EJ232906"><span>Applications: Cloud <span class="hlt">Height</span> at Night.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Mathematics Teacher, 1980</p> <p>1980-01-01</p> <p>The method used at airports in determining the cloud <span class="hlt">height</span> at night is presented. Several problems, the equation used, and a simple design of an alidade (an instrument that shows cloud <span class="hlt">heights</span> directly) are also included. (MP)</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17712382','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17712382"><span>Atmospheric electromagnetic pulse propagation <span class="hlt">effects</span> from thick <span class="hlt">targets</span> in a terawatt laser <span class="hlt">target</span> chamber.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Remo, John L; Adams, Richard G; Jones, Michael C</p> <p>2007-08-20</p> <p>Generation and <span class="hlt">effects</span> of atmospherically propagated electromagnetic pulses (EMPs) initiated by photoelectrons ejected by the high density and temperature <span class="hlt">target</span> surface plasmas from multiterawatt laser pulses are analyzed. These laser radiation pulse interactions can significantly increase noise levels, thereby obscuring data (sometimes totally) and may even damage sensitive probe and detection instrumentation. Noise <span class="hlt">effects</span> from high energy density (approximately multiterawatt) laser pulses (approximately 300-400 ps pulse widths) interacting with thick approximately 1 mm) metallic and dielectric solid <span class="hlt">targets</span> and dielectric-metallic powder mixtures are interpreted as transient resonance radiation associated with surface charge fluctuations on the <span class="hlt">target</span> chamber that functions as a radiating antenna. <span class="hlt">Effective</span> solutions that minimize atmospheric EMP <span class="hlt">effects</span> on internal and proximate electronic and electro-optical equipment external to the system based on systematic measurements using Moebius loop antennas, interpretations of signal periodicities, and dissipation indicators determining transient noise origin characteristics from <span class="hlt">target</span> emissions are described. Analytic models for the <span class="hlt">effect</span> of <span class="hlt">target</span> chamber resonances and associated noise current and temperature in a probe diode laser are described.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007ApOpt..46.6166R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007ApOpt..46.6166R"><span>Atmospheric electromagnetic pulse propagation <span class="hlt">effects</span> from thick <span class="hlt">targets</span> in a terawatt laser <span class="hlt">target</span> chamber</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Remo, John L.; Adams, Richard G.; Jones, Michael C.</p> <p>2007-08-01</p> <p>Generation and <span class="hlt">effects</span> of atmospherically propagated electromagnetic pulses (EMPs) initiated by photoelectrons ejected by the high density and temperature <span class="hlt">target</span> surface plasmas from multiterawatt laser pulses are analyzed. These laser radiation pulse interactions can significantly increase noise levels, thereby obscuring data (sometimes totally) and may even damage sensitive probe and detection instrumentation. Noise <span class="hlt">effects</span> from high energy density (approximately multiterawatt) laser pulses (˜300-400 ps pulse widths) interacting with thick (˜1 mm) metallic and dielectric solid <span class="hlt">targets</span> and dielectric-metallic powder mixtures are interpreted as transient resonance radiation associated with surface charge fluctuations on the <span class="hlt">target</span> chamber that functions as a radiating antenna. <span class="hlt">Effective</span> solutions that minimize atmospheric EMP <span class="hlt">effects</span> on internal and proximate electronic and electro-optical equipment external to the system based on systematic measurements using Moebius loop antennas, interpretations of signal periodicities, and dissipation indicators determining transient noise origin characteristics from <span class="hlt">target</span> emissions are described. Analytic models for the <span class="hlt">effect</span> of <span class="hlt">target</span> chamber resonances and associated noise current and temperature in a probe diode laser are described.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1426976-atmospheric-electromagnetic-pulse-propagation-effects-from-thick-targets-terawatt-laser-target-chamber','SCIGOV-DOEP'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1426976-atmospheric-electromagnetic-pulse-propagation-effects-from-thick-targets-terawatt-laser-target-chamber"><span>Atmospheric electromagnetic pulse propagation <span class="hlt">effects</span> from thick <span class="hlt">targets</span> in a terawatt laser <span class="hlt">target</span> chamber</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/pages">DOE PAGES</a></p> <p>Remo, John L.; Adams, Richard G.; Jones, Michael C.</p> <p>2007-08-16</p> <p>Generation and <span class="hlt">effects</span> of atmospherically propagated electromagnetic pulses (EMPs) initiated by photoelectrons ejected by the high density and temperature <span class="hlt">target</span> surface plasmas from multiterawatt laser pulses are analyzed. These laser radiation pulse interactions can significantly increase noise levels, thereby obscuring data (sometimes totally) and may even damage sensitive probe and detection instrumentation. Noise <span class="hlt">effects</span> from high energy density (approximately multiterawatt) laser pulses (~300–400 ps pulse widths) interacting with thick (~1 mm) metallic and dielectric solid <span class="hlt">targets</span> and dielectric–metallic powder mixtures are interpreted as transient resonance radiation associated with surface charge fluctuations on the <span class="hlt">target</span> chamber that functions as a radiatingmore » antenna. <span class="hlt">Effective</span> solutions that minimize atmospheric EMP <span class="hlt">effects</span> on internal and proximate electronic and electro-optical equipment external to the system based on systematic measurements using Moebius loop antennas, interpretations of signal periodicities, and dissipation indicators determining transient noise origin characteristics from <span class="hlt">target</span> emissions are described. Analytic models for the <span class="hlt">effect</span> of <span class="hlt">target</span> chamber resonances and associated noise current and temperature in a probe diode laser are described.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25221618','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25221618"><span>Forest biomass change estimated from <span class="hlt">height</span> change in interferometric SAR <span class="hlt">height</span> models.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Solberg, Svein; Næsset, Erik; Gobakken, Terje; Bollandsås, Ole-Martin</p> <p>2014-12-01</p> <p>There is a need for new satellite remote sensing methods for monitoring tropical forest carbon stocks. Advanced RADAR instruments on board satellites can contribute with novel methods. RADARs can see through clouds, and furthermore, by applying stereo RADAR imaging we can measure forest <span class="hlt">height</span> and its changes. Such <span class="hlt">height</span> changes are related to carbon stock changes in the biomass. We here apply data from the current Tandem-X satellite mission, where two RADAR equipped satellites go in close formation providing stereo imaging. We combine that with similar data acquired with one of the space shuttles in the year 2000, i.e. the so-called SRTM mission. We derive <span class="hlt">height</span> information from a RADAR image pair using a method called interferometry. We demonstrate an approach for REDD based on interferometry data from a boreal forest in Norway. We fitted a model to the data where above-ground biomass in the forest increases with 15 t/ha for every m increase of the <span class="hlt">height</span> of the RADAR echo. When the RADAR echo is at the ground the estimated biomass is zero, and when it is 20 m above the ground the estimated above-ground biomass is 300 t/ha. Using this model we obtained fairly accurate estimates of biomass changes from 2000 to 2011. For 200 m 2 plots we obtained an accuracy of 65 t/ha, which corresponds to 50% of the mean above-ground biomass value. We also demonstrate that this method can be applied without having accurate terrain <span class="hlt">heights</span> and without having former in-situ biomass data, both of which are generally lacking in tropical countries. The gain in accuracy was marginal when we included such data in the estimation. Finally, we demonstrate that logging and other biomass changes can be accurately mapped. A biomass change map based on interferometry corresponded well to a very accurate map derived from repeated scanning with airborne laser. Satellite based, stereo imaging with advanced RADAR instruments appears to be a promising method for REDD. Interferometric</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26266778','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26266778"><span>[Progress in genetic research of human <span class="hlt">height</span>].</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Chen, Kaixu; Wang, Weilan; Zhang, Fuchun; Zheng, Xiufen</p> <p>2015-08-01</p> <p>It is well known that both environmental and genetic factors contribute to adult <span class="hlt">height</span> variation in general population. However, heritability studies have shown that the variation in <span class="hlt">height</span> is more affected by genetic factors. <span class="hlt">Height</span> is a typical polygenic trait which has been studied by traditional linkage analysis and association analysis to identify common DNA sequence variation associated with <span class="hlt">height</span>, but progress has been slow. More recently, with the development of genotyping and DNA sequencing technologies, tremendous achievements have been made in genetic research of human <span class="hlt">height</span>. Hundreds of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with human <span class="hlt">height</span> have been identified and validated with the application of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) methodology, which deepens our understanding of the genetics of human growth and development and also provides theoretic basis and reference for studying other complex human traits. In this review, we summarize recent progress in genetic research of human <span class="hlt">height</span> and discuss problems and prospects in this research area which may provide some insights into future genetic studies of human <span class="hlt">height</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018ISPAr42.3.2321Z','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018ISPAr42.3.2321Z"><span>Error Analysis and Validation for Insar <span class="hlt">Height</span> Measurement Induced by Slant Range</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Zhang, X.; Li, T.; Fan, W.; Geng, X.</p> <p>2018-04-01</p> <p>InSAR technique is an important method for large area DEM extraction. Several factors have significant influence on the accuracy of <span class="hlt">height</span> measurement. In this research, the <span class="hlt">effect</span> of slant range measurement for InSAR <span class="hlt">height</span> measurement was analysis and discussed. Based on the theory of InSAR <span class="hlt">height</span> measurement, the error propagation model was derived assuming no coupling among different factors, which directly characterise the relationship between slant range error and <span class="hlt">height</span> measurement error. Then the theoretical-based analysis in combination with TanDEM-X parameters was implemented to quantitatively evaluate the influence of slant range error to <span class="hlt">height</span> measurement. In addition, the simulation validation of InSAR error model induced by slant range was performed on the basis of SRTM DEM and TanDEM-X parameters. The spatial distribution characteristics and error propagation rule of InSAR <span class="hlt">height</span> measurement were further discussed and evaluated.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/23417','TREESEARCH'); return false;" href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/23417"><span>Calibration of d.b.h.-<span class="hlt">height</span> equations for southern hardwoods</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/">Treesearch</a></p> <p>Thomas B. Lynch; A. Gordon Holley; Douglas J. Stevenson</p> <p>2006-01-01</p> <p>Data from southern hardwood stands in East Texas were used to estimate parameters for d.b.h.-<span class="hlt">height</span> equations. Mixed model estimation methods were used, so that the stand from which a tree was sampled was considered a random <span class="hlt">effect</span>. This makes it possible to calibrate these equations using data collected in a local stand of interest, by using d.b.h. and total <span class="hlt">height</span>...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4318168','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4318168"><span>Child <span class="hlt">height</span>, health and human capital: Evidence using genetic markers</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>von Hinke Kessler Scholder, Stephanie; Davey Smith, George; Lawlor, Debbie A.; Propper, Carol; Windmeijer, Frank</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Height</span> has long been recognized as being associated with better outcomes: the question is whether this association is causal. We use children's genetic variants as instrumental variables to deal with possible unobserved confounders and examine the <span class="hlt">effect</span> of child/adolescent <span class="hlt">height</span> on a wide range of outcomes: academic performance, IQ, self-esteem, depression symptoms and behavioral problems. OLS findings show that taller children have higher IQ, perform better in school, and are less likely to have behavioral problems. The IV results differ: taller girls (but not boys) have better cognitive performance and, in contrast to the OLS, greater <span class="hlt">height</span> appears to increase behavioral problems. PMID:25673883</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25673883','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25673883"><span>Child <span class="hlt">height</span>, health and human capital: Evidence using genetic markers.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>von Hinke Kessler Scholder, Stephanie; Davey Smith, George; Lawlor, Debbie A; Propper, Carol; Windmeijer, Frank</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Height</span> has long been recognized as being associated with better outcomes: the question is whether this association is causal. We use children's genetic variants as instrumental variables to deal with possible unobserved confounders and examine the <span class="hlt">effect</span> of child/adolescent <span class="hlt">height</span> on a wide range of outcomes: academic performance, IQ, self-esteem, depression symptoms and behavioral problems. OLS findings show that taller children have higher IQ, perform better in school, and are less likely to have behavioral problems. The IV results differ: taller girls (but not boys) have better cognitive performance and, in contrast to the OLS, greater <span class="hlt">height</span> appears to increase behavioral problems.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title50-vol10/pdf/CFR-2011-title50-vol10-sec648-50.pdf','CFR2011'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title50-vol10/pdf/CFR-2011-title50-vol10-sec648-50.pdf"><span>50 CFR 648.50 - Shell-<span class="hlt">height</span> standard.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2011&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2011-10-01</p> <p>... 50 Wildlife and Fisheries 10 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Shell-<span class="hlt">height</span> standard. 648.50 Section 648... Atlantic Sea Scallop Fishery § 648.50 Shell-<span class="hlt">height</span> standard. (a) Minimum shell <span class="hlt">height</span>. The minimum shell <span class="hlt">height</span> for in-shell scallops that may be landed, or possessed at or after landing, is 3.5 inches (8.9 cm...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title50-vol8/pdf/CFR-2010-title50-vol8-sec648-50.pdf','CFR'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title50-vol8/pdf/CFR-2010-title50-vol8-sec648-50.pdf"><span>50 CFR 648.50 - Shell-<span class="hlt">height</span> standard.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2010&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2010-10-01</p> <p>... 50 Wildlife and Fisheries 8 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Shell-<span class="hlt">height</span> standard. 648.50 Section 648... Atlantic Sea Scallop Fishery § 648.50 Shell-<span class="hlt">height</span> standard. (a) Minimum shell <span class="hlt">height</span>. The minimum shell <span class="hlt">height</span> for in-shell scallops that may be landed, or possessed at or after landing, is 3.5 inches (8.9 cm...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title40-vol2/pdf/CFR-2014-title40-vol2-sec51-118.pdf','CFR2014'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title40-vol2/pdf/CFR-2014-title40-vol2-sec51-118.pdf"><span>40 CFR 51.118 - Stack <span class="hlt">height</span> provisions.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2014&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2014-07-01</p> <p>... exceeds good engineering practice or by any other dispersion technique, except as provided in § 51.118(b... based on a good engineering practice stack <span class="hlt">height</span> that exceeds the <span class="hlt">height</span> allowed by § 51.100(ii) (1) or... actual stack <span class="hlt">height</span> of any source. (b) The provisions of § 51.118(a) shall not apply to (1) stack <span class="hlt">heights</span>...</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li class="active"><span>15</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_15 --> <div id="page_16" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li class="active"><span>16</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="301"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/18720','TREESEARCH'); return false;" href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/18720"><span><span class="hlt">Height</span> diameter relations of maple street trees</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/">Treesearch</a></p> <p>David J. Nowak</p> <p>1990-01-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Height</span> and diameter measurements were taken for silver, sugar and Norway maple street trees in Rochester and Syracuse, New York. Mature silver maples proved to be the tallest of the three species. Average sugar maple <span class="hlt">height</span> was consistently taller than Norway maple <span class="hlt">height</span> until diameters reached 28 inches. Average mature tree <span class="hlt">height</span> for all three species level off in...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27967279','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27967279"><span>Accuracy of Jump-Mat Systems for Measuring Jump <span class="hlt">Height</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Pueo, Basilio; Lipinska, Patrycja; Jiménez-Olmedo, José M; Zmijewski, Piotr; Hopkins, Will G</p> <p>2017-08-01</p> <p>Vertical-jump tests are commonly used to evaluate lower-limb power of athletes and nonathletes. Several types of equipment are available for this purpose. To compare the error of measurement of 2 jump-mat systems (Chronojump-Boscosystem and Globus Ergo Tester) with that of a motion-capture system as a criterion and to determine the modifying <span class="hlt">effect</span> of foot length on jump <span class="hlt">height</span>. Thirty-one young adult men alternated 4 countermovement jumps with 4 squat jumps. Mean jump <span class="hlt">height</span> and standard deviations representing technical error of measurement arising from each device and variability arising from the subjects themselves were estimated with a novel mixed model and evaluated via standardization and magnitude-based inference. The jump-mat systems produced nearly identical measures of jump <span class="hlt">height</span> (differences in means and in technical errors of measurement ≤1 mm). Countermovement and squat-jump <span class="hlt">height</span> were both 13.6 cm higher with motion capture (90% confidence limits ±0.3 cm), but this very large difference was reduced to small unclear differences when adjusted to a foot length of zero. Variability in countermovement and squat-jump <span class="hlt">height</span> arising from the subjects was small (1.1 and 1.5 cm, respectively, 90% confidence limits ±0.3 cm); technical error of motion capture was similar in magnitude (1.7 and 1.6 cm, ±0.3 and ±0.4 cm), and that of the jump mats was similar or smaller (1.2 and 0.3 cm, ±0.5 and ±0.9 cm). The jump-mat systems provide trustworthy measurements for monitoring changes in jump <span class="hlt">height</span>. Foot length can explain the substantially higher jump <span class="hlt">height</span> observed with motion capture.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26839483','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26839483"><span>Estrogen-mediated <span class="hlt">Height</span> Control in Girls with Marfan Syndrome.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Lee, Dong-Yun; Hyun, Hye Sun; Huh, Rimm; Jin, Dong-Kyu; Kim, Duk-Kyung; Yoon, Byung-Koo; Choi, DooSeok</p> <p>2016-02-01</p> <p>This study evaluated the efficacy of a stepwise regimen of estradiol valerate for <span class="hlt">height</span> control in girls with Marfan syndrome. Eight girls with Marfan syndrome who had completed estrogen treatment for <span class="hlt">height</span> control were included. Estradiol valerate was started at a dose of 2 mg/day, and then was increased. The projected final <span class="hlt">height</span> was estimated using the initial <span class="hlt">height</span> percentile (on a disease-specific growth curve for Korean Marfan syndrome [gcPFHt]), and the initial bone age (baPFHt). After the estrogen treatment, the projected final <span class="hlt">height</span> was compared to the actual final <span class="hlt">height</span> (FHt). The median baseline chronological and bone age were 10.0 and 10.5 years, respectively. After a median of 36.5 months of treatment, the median FHt (172.6 cm) was shorter than the median gcPFHt (181.0 cm) and baPFHt (175.9 cm). In the six patients who started treatment before the age of 11 years, the median FHt (171.8 cm) was shorter than the median gcPFHt (181.5 cm) and baPFHt (177.4 cm) after treatment. The median differences between the FHt and gcPFHt and baPFHt were 9.2 and 8.3 cm, respectively. In two patients started treatment after the age of 11, the differences between FHt and gcPFHt, and baPFHt after treatment were -4 and 1.4 cm, and -1.2 and 0 cm for each case, respectively. A stepwise increasing regimen of estradiol valerate may be an <span class="hlt">effective</span> treatment for <span class="hlt">height</span> control in girls with Marfan syndrome, especially when started under 11 years old.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23251454','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23251454"><span>Finding missing heritability in less significant Loci and allelic heterogeneity: genetic variation in human <span class="hlt">height</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Zhang, Ge; Karns, Rebekah; Sun, Guangyun; Indugula, Subba Rao; Cheng, Hong; Havas-Augustin, Dubravka; Novokmet, Natalija; Durakovic, Zijad; Missoni, Sasa; Chakraborty, Ranajit; Rudan, Pavao; Deka, Ranjan</p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified many common variants associated with complex traits in human populations. Thus far, most reported variants have relatively small <span class="hlt">effects</span> and explain only a small proportion of phenotypic variance, leading to the issues of 'missing' heritability and its explanation. Using <span class="hlt">height</span> as an example, we examined two possible sources of missing heritability: first, variants with smaller <span class="hlt">effects</span> whose associations with <span class="hlt">height</span> failed to reach genome-wide significance and second, allelic heterogeneity due to the <span class="hlt">effects</span> of multiple variants at a single locus. Using a novel analytical approach we examined allelic heterogeneity of <span class="hlt">height</span>-associated loci selected from SNPs of different significance levels based on the summary data of the GIANT (stage 1) studies. In a sample of 1,304 individuals collected from an island population of the Adriatic coast of Croatia, we assessed the extent of <span class="hlt">height</span> variance explained by incorporating the <span class="hlt">effects</span> of less significant <span class="hlt">height</span> loci and multiple <span class="hlt">effective</span> SNPs at the same loci. Our results indicate that approximately half of the 118 loci that achieved stringent genome-wide significance (p-value<5×10(-8)) showed evidence of allelic heterogeneity. Additionally, including less significant loci (i.e., p-value<5×10(-4)) and accounting for <span class="hlt">effects</span> of allelic heterogeneity substantially improved the variance explained in <span class="hlt">height</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24111653','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24111653"><span>Chlorhexidine droplet splash from a skin preparation gallipot: <span class="hlt">effect</span> of <span class="hlt">height</span> of pouring.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Evans, L; Cunningham, M; Tilakaratna, P</p> <p>2013-12-01</p> <p>Chlorhexidine contamination of equipment used in central neuraxial anaesthesia has been implicated in causing adhesive arachnoiditis. We measured the extent of chlorhexidine splash during pouring into a gallipot (antiseptic skin preparation container) from <span class="hlt">heights</span> of 5 cm, 10 cm, 15 cm and 20 cm. Twenty experiments were performed at each <span class="hlt">height</span>. Measurements made up to a horizontal distance of 40 cm radius from the gallipot showed a median (IQR [range]) maximum spread of splash droplets ≥ 2 mm diameter of 26.2 (10.2-36.4 [0-40]) cm. The 40-cm radius measurement area was divided into 5-cm-wide zones to assess spread. At pouring <span class="hlt">heights</span> of 15 cm and 20 cm, all zones were contaminated. These results demonstrate that pouring chlorhexidine into a gallipot generates significant splash, and we recommend that this should be avoided near equipment used for neuraxial anaesthesia. © 2013 The Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018MS%26E..308a2043F','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018MS%26E..308a2043F"><span><span class="hlt">Effective</span> <span class="hlt">height</span> of chimney for biomass cook stove simulated by computational fluid dynamics</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Faisal; Setiawan, A.; Wusnah; Khairil; Luthfi</p> <p>2018-02-01</p> <p>This paper presents the results of numerical modelling of temperature distribution and flow pattern in a biomass cooking stove using CFD simulation. The biomass stove has been designed to suite the household cooking process. The stove consists of two pots. The first is the main pot located on the top of the combustion chamber where the heat from the combustion process is directly received. The second pot absorbs the heat from the exhaust gas. A chimney installed at the end of the stove releases the exhaust gas to the ambient air. During the tests, the <span class="hlt">height</span> of chimney was varied to find the highest temperatures at both pots. Results showed that the <span class="hlt">height</span> of the chimney at the highest temperatures of the pots is 1.65 m. This chimney <span class="hlt">height</span> was validated by developing a model for computational fluid dynamics. Both experimental and simulations results show a good agreement and help in tune-fining the design of biomass cooking stove.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://inspire.redlands.edu/gis_gradproj/218/','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="http://inspire.redlands.edu/gis_gradproj/218/"><span>Automated lidar-derived canopy <span class="hlt">height</span> estimates for the Upper Mississippi River System</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Hlavacek, Enrika</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>Land cover/land use (LCU) classifications serve as important decision support products for researchers and land managers. The LCU classifications produced by the U.S. Geological Survey’s Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center (UMESC) include canopy <span class="hlt">height</span> estimates that are assigned through manual aerial photography interpretation techniques. In an effort to improve upon these techniques, this project investigated the use of high-density lidar data for the Upper Mississippi River System to determine canopy <span class="hlt">height</span>. An ArcGIS tool was developed to automatically derive <span class="hlt">height</span> modifier information based on the extent of land cover features for forest classes. The measurement of canopy <span class="hlt">height</span> included a calculation of the average <span class="hlt">height</span> from lidar point cloud data as well as the inclusion of a local maximum filter to identify individual tree canopies. Results were compared to original manually interpreted <span class="hlt">height</span> modifiers and to field survey data from U.S. Forest Service Forest Inventory and Analysis plots. This project demonstrated the <span class="hlt">effectiveness</span> of utilizing lidar data to more efficiently assign <span class="hlt">height</span> modifier attributes to LCU classifications produced by the UMESC.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22649313-su-effect-table-height-ctdivol-ssde-ct-scanning-phantom-study','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22649313-su-effect-table-height-ctdivol-ssde-ct-scanning-phantom-study"><span>SU-G-206-11: The <span class="hlt">Effect</span> of Table <span class="hlt">Height</span> On CTDIvol and SSDE in CT Scanning: A Phantom Study</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Marsh, R; Silosky, M</p> <p>2016-06-15</p> <p>Purpose: Localizer projection radiographs acquired prior to CT scans are used to estimate patient size, affecting the function of Automatic Tube Current Modulation (ATCM) and calculation of the Size Specific Dose Estimate (SSDE). Due to geometric <span class="hlt">effects</span>, the projected patient size varies with scanner table <span class="hlt">height</span> and with the orientation of the localizer (AP versus PA). Consequently, variations in scanner table <span class="hlt">height</span> may affect both CTDIvol and the calculated size-corrected dose index (SSDE). This study sought to characterize these <span class="hlt">effects</span>. Methods: An anthropomorphic phantom was imaged using an AP localizer, followed by a diagnostic scan using ATCM and our institution’smore » routine abdomen protocol. This was repeated at various scanner table <span class="hlt">heights</span>, recording the scanner-reported CTDIvol for each diagnostic scan. The width of the phantom was measured from the localizer and diagnostic images using in-house software. The measured phantom width and scanner-reported CTDIvol were used to calculate SSDE. This was repeated using PA localizers followed by diagnostic scans. Results: 1) The localizer-based phantom width varied by up to 54% of the nominal phantom width between minimum and maximum table <span class="hlt">heights</span>. 2) Changing the table <span class="hlt">height</span> caused a variation in scanner-reported CTDIvol of a factor greater than 4.6 when using a PA localizer and almost 2 when using an AP localizer. 3) SSDE, calculated from measured phantom size and scanner-reported CTDIvol, varied by a factor of more than 2.8 when using a PA localizer and almost 1.5 when using an AP localizer. Conclusion: Our study demonstrates that off-center patient positioning affects the efficacy of ATCM, more severely when localizers are acquired in the PA rather than AP projection. Further, patient positioning errors can cause a large variation in the calculated SSDE. This hinders interpretation of SSDE for individual patients and aggregate SSDE data when evaluating CT protocols and clinical practices.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19850004736','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19850004736"><span><span class="hlt">Effect</span> of barrier <span class="hlt">height</span> on friction behavior of the semiconductors silicon and gallium arsenide in contact with pure metals</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Mishina, H.; Buckley, D. H.</p> <p>1984-01-01</p> <p>Friction experiments were conducted for the semiconductors silicon and gallium arsenide in contact with pure metals. Polycrystalline titanium, tantalum, nickel, palladium, and platinum were made to contact a single crystal silicon (111) surface. Indium, nickel, copper, and silver were made to contact a single crystal gallium arsenide (100) surface. Sliding was conducted both in room air and in a vacuum of 10 to the minus 9th power torr. The friction of semiconductors in contact with metals depended on a Schottky barrier <span class="hlt">height</span> formed at the metal semiconductor interface. Metals with a higher barrier <span class="hlt">height</span> on semiconductors gave lower friction. The <span class="hlt">effect</span> of the barrier <span class="hlt">height</span> on friction behavior for argon sputtered cleaned surfaces in vacuum was more specific than that for the surfaces containing films in room air. With a silicon surface sliding on titanium, many silicon particles back transferred. In contrast, a large quantity of indium transferred to the gallium arsenide surface.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..19.2432I','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..19.2432I"><span>Compositon of sediments transported by the wind at different <span class="hlt">heights</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Iturri, Antonela; Funk, Roger; Leue, Martin; Sommer, Michael; Buschiazzo, Daniel</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p>Wind erosion (WE) is one of the most important degradation process of soils in arid- and semiarid environments in the world, affecting soil properties and adjacent ecosystems, including human health. Estimations about the amount of eroded soil are available in Argentina and in the world, but the quality of the eroded sediments, particularly the sorting <span class="hlt">effects</span> in agricultural soils, has been scarcely studied. The trend of the different mineral and organic soil compounds, which enrich in different size classes, can define <span class="hlt">height</span> distribution profiles. Therefore, the uppermost 2.5 cm of four agricultural loess soils that differ in granulometric composition were used for WE simulations in a wind tunnel. Particles with a diameter smaller than 10 µm (PM10) were collected with a laboratory dust generator. The bulk soil and all the sediment samples were characterized by the granulometric composition, the soil organic carbon (SOC) content and the mineral and organic functional groups. Despite different texture, the soils were subjected to similar sorting processes in <span class="hlt">height</span>, but differed depending on their granulometry. There was a separation between coarser and finer soil particles in coarser textured soils, while finer textured soils were more homogeneous in all <span class="hlt">heights</span>. This correlated with the preferential transport of Si-O from quartz and C-H, C=O and C-C from soil organic matter (SOM), which were transported in larger and/or denser particles at lower <span class="hlt">heights</span>. O-H from clay minerals and C-O-C and C-O from polysaccharides, carbohydrates and derivatives from SOM were transported in higher <span class="hlt">heights</span>. Despite similar SOC content in the bulk soils, both the amount and composition in the PM10 fractions was different. The SOC transported at higher <span class="hlt">heights</span> was mostly composed of polysaccharides, carbohydrates and derivatives associated with clay minerals. The SOC in PM10 fractions of coarser-textured soils was dominated by labile C-H groups. According to the determined <span class="hlt">height</span></p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17194248','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17194248"><span>Ballistic stretching increases flexibility and acute vertical jump <span class="hlt">height</span> when combined with basketball activity.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Woolstenhulme, Mandy T; Griffiths, Christine M; Woolstenhulme, Emily M; Parcell, Allen C</p> <p>2006-11-01</p> <p>Stretching is often included as part of a warm-up procedure for basketball activity. However, the efficacy of stretching with respect to sport performance has come into question. We determined the <span class="hlt">effects</span> of 4 different warm-up protocols followed by 20 minutes of basketball activity on flexibility and vertical jump <span class="hlt">height</span>. Subjects participated in 6 weeks (2 times per week) of warm-up and basketball activity. The warm-up groups participated in ballistic stretching, static stretching, sprinting, or basketball shooting (control group). We asked 3 questions. First, what <span class="hlt">effect</span> does 6 weeks of warm-up exercise and basketball play have on both flexibility and vertical jump <span class="hlt">height</span>? We measured sit and reach and vertical jump <span class="hlt">height</span> before (week -1) and after (week 7) the 6 weeks. Flexibility increased for the ballistic, static, and sprint groups compared to the control group (p < 0.0001), while vertical jump <span class="hlt">height</span> did not change for any of the groups. Our second question was what is the acute <span class="hlt">effect</span> of each warm-up on vertical jump <span class="hlt">height</span>? We measured vertical jump immediately after the warm-up on 4 separate occasions during the 6 weeks (at weeks 0, 2, 4, and 6). Vertical jump <span class="hlt">height</span> was not different for any group. Finally, our third question was what is the acute <span class="hlt">effect</span> of each warm-up on vertical jump <span class="hlt">height</span> following 20 minutes of basketball play? We measured vertical jump <span class="hlt">height</span> immediately following 20 minutes of basketball play at weeks 0, 2, 4, and 6. Only the ballistic stretching group demonstrated an acute increase in vertical jump 20 minutes after basketball play (p < 0.05). Coaches should consider using ballistic stretching as a warm-up for basketball play, as it is beneficial to vertical jump performance.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4786925','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4786925"><span>Nuclease <span class="hlt">Target</span> Site Selection for Maximizing On-<span class="hlt">target</span> Activity and Minimizing Off-<span class="hlt">target</span> <span class="hlt">Effects</span> in Genome Editing</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Lee, Ciaran M; Cradick, Thomas J; Fine, Eli J; Bao, Gang</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>The rapid advancement in <span class="hlt">targeted</span> genome editing using engineered nucleases such as ZFNs, TALENs, and CRISPR/Cas9 systems has resulted in a suite of powerful methods that allows researchers to <span class="hlt">target</span> any genomic locus of interest. A complementary set of design tools has been developed to aid researchers with nuclease design, <span class="hlt">target</span> site selection, and experimental validation. Here, we review the various tools available for <span class="hlt">target</span> selection in designing engineered nucleases, and for quantifying nuclease activity and specificity, including web-based search tools and experimental methods. We also elucidate challenges in <span class="hlt">target</span> selection, especially in predicting off-<span class="hlt">target</span> <span class="hlt">effects</span>, and discuss future directions in precision genome editing and its applications. PMID:26750397</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4659047','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4659047"><span>The relationship between the <span class="hlt">target</span> <span class="hlt">effective</span> site concentration of rocuronium and the degree of recovery from neuromuscular blockade in elderly patients</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Fan, Xiaochong; Ma, Minyu; Li, Zhisong; Gong, Shengkai; Zhang, Wei; Wen, Yuanyuan</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>Objective: To study the relationship between the <span class="hlt">target</span> <span class="hlt">effective</span> site concentration (Ce) of rocuronium and the degree of recovery from neuromuscular blockade in elderly patients. Methods: 50 elderly patients (ASA grade II) scheduled for selective surgical procedure under general anaesthesia were randomly divided into two groups, A and B, with 25 cases in each group. The Ce of rocuronium for intubation was 3 μg·ml-1 in both groups, and the Ce during operation were 0.8 and 1.0 μg·ml-1 in group A and B, respectively. When <span class="hlt">target</span> controlled infusion of rocuronium was stopped, without the administration of reversal agents for neuromuscular blockade, the relationship between Ce and the first twitch <span class="hlt">height</span> (T1) was studied by regression analysis. Results: There was a significant linear relationship between Ce and T1, and there was no statistical difference in regression coefficient and interception between group A and B (P>0.05). Conclusion: The degree of recovery from neuromuscular blockade could be judged by the <span class="hlt">target</span> <span class="hlt">effective</span> site concentration of rocuronium at the time of reversal from neuromuscular blockade in the elderly patients. PMID:26629159</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1169501','SCIGOV-DOEDE'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1169501"><span>Raman lidar/AERI PBL <span class="hlt">Height</span> Product</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/dataexplorer">DOE Data Explorer</a></p> <p>Ferrare, Richard</p> <p>2012-12-14</p> <p>Planetary Boundary Layer (PBL) <span class="hlt">heights</span> have been computed using potential temperature profiles derived from Raman lidar and AERI measurements. Raman lidar measurements of the rotational Raman scattering from nitrogen and oxygen are used to derive vertical profiles of potential temperature. AERI measurements of downwelling radiance are used in a physical retrieval approach (Smith et al. 1999, Feltz et al. 1998) to derive profiles of temperature and water vapor. The Raman lidar and AERI potential temperature profiles are merged to create a single potential temperature profile for computing PBL <span class="hlt">heights</span>. PBL <span class="hlt">heights</span> were derived from these merged potential temperature profiles using a modified Heffter (1980) technique that was tailored to the SGP site (Della Monache et al., 2004). PBL <span class="hlt">heights</span> were computed on an hourly basis for the period January 1, 2009 through December 31, 2011. These <span class="hlt">heights</span> are provided as meters above ground level.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18655995','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18655995"><span><span class="hlt">Effect</span> of bottle <span class="hlt">height</span> and aspiration rate on postocclusion surge in Infiniti and Millennium peristaltic phacoemulsification machines.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Ward, Matthew S; Georgescu, Dan; Olson, Randall J</p> <p>2008-08-01</p> <p>To assess how flow and bottle <span class="hlt">height</span> affect postocclusion surge in the Infiniti (Alcon, Inc.) and Millennium (Bausch & Lomb) peristaltic machines. John A. Moran Eye Center Clinical Laboratories, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah. Postocclusion anterior chamber depth changes were measured in human eye-bank eyes using A-scan. Surge was simulated by clamping the aspiration tubing and releasing it at maximum vacuum. In both machines, surge was measured (1) with aspiration held constant at 12 mL/min and bottle <span class="hlt">heights</span> at 60, 120, and 180 cm and (2) with bottle <span class="hlt">height</span> held constant at 60 cm and aspiration rates at 12, 24, and 36 mL/min. Surge decreased approximately 40% with each 60 cm increase in bottle <span class="hlt">height</span> in the Infiniti. It was constant at all bottle <span class="hlt">heights</span> in the Millennium. At 12 and 24 mL/min aspiration rates, surge in the Millennium was less than half that in the Infiniti (P<.001). Postocclusion surge decreased linearly with increasing bottle <span class="hlt">height</span> in the Infiniti system and was relatively constant with increasing bottle <span class="hlt">height</span> in the Millennium system. The Millennium may offer a more stable phacoemulsification platform with respect to surge at a higher aspiration rate.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28765617','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28765617"><span><span class="hlt">Height</span>, selected genetic markers and prostate cancer risk: results from the PRACTICAL consortium.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Lophatananon, Artitaya; Stewart-Brown, Sarah; Kote-Jarai, Zsofia; Olama, Ali Amin Al; Garcia, Sara Benlloch; Neal, David E; Hamdy, Freddie C; Donovan, Jenny L; Giles, Graham G; Fitzgerald, Liesel M; Southey, Melissa C; Pharoah, Paul; Pashayan, Nora; Gronberg, Henrik; Wiklund, Fredrik; Aly, Markus; Stanford, Janet L; Brenner, Hermann; Dieffenbach, Aida K; Arndt, Volker; Park, Jong Y; Lin, Hui-Yi; Sellers, Thomas; Slavov, Chavdar; Kaneva, Radka; Mitev, Vanio; Batra, Jyotsna; Spurdle, Amanda; Clements, Judith A; Easton, Douglas; Eeles, Rosalind A; Muir, Kenneth</p> <p>2017-08-22</p> <p>Evidence on <span class="hlt">height</span> and prostate cancer risk is mixed, however, recent studies with large data sets support a possible role for its association with the risk of aggressive prostate cancer. We analysed data from the PRACTICAL consortium consisting of 6207 prostate cancer cases and 6016 controls and a subset of high grade cases (2480 cases). We explored <span class="hlt">height</span>, polymorphisms in genes related to growth processes as main <span class="hlt">effects</span> and their possible interactions. The results suggest that <span class="hlt">height</span> is associated with high-grade prostate cancer risk. Men with <span class="hlt">height</span> >180 cm are at a 22% increased risk as compared to men with <span class="hlt">height</span> <173 cm (OR 1.22, 95% CI 1.01-1.48). Genetic variants in the growth pathway gene showed an association with prostate cancer risk. The aggregate scores of the selected variants identified a significantly increased risk of overall prostate cancer and high-grade prostate cancer by 13% and 15%, respectively, in the highest score group as compared to lowest score group. There was no evidence of gene-environment interaction between <span class="hlt">height</span> and the selected candidate SNPs.Our findings suggest a role of <span class="hlt">height</span> in high-grade prostate cancer. The <span class="hlt">effect</span> of genetic variants in the genes related to growth is seen in all cases and high-grade prostate cancer. There is no interaction between these two exposures.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5702983','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5702983"><span><span class="hlt">Effect</span> of Growth Hormone on Final <span class="hlt">Height</span> in Children with Idiopathic Short Stature: A UAE, Eastern Region Experience</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Mreish, Shireen; Kaplan, Walid; Chedid, Fares</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>Objectives The use of growth hormone (GH) in idiopathic short stature (ISS) has been a subject of debate for the past two decades. We sought to assess the <span class="hlt">effect</span> of GH on final <span class="hlt">height</span> (FH) in patients with ISS in our region, which has a high consanguinity rate, and compare it to the <span class="hlt">effect</span> observed in GH deficient (GHD) patients. Methods We conducted a retrospective chart review from 1 January 2005 to 31 December 2013 for patients with ISS or GHD from the local United Arab Emirates population who received GH treatment and were followed-up regularly in our clinic. The change in <span class="hlt">height</span> Z-score at 12 months and FH were assessed within each group and between the two groups. Results Twenty-one patients with ISS and 29 patients with GHD were studied. There was a significant change in <span class="hlt">height</span> Z-score at 12 months and FH in both groups (p < 0.001). The improvement in the ISS group was comparable to the response seen in GHD patients at 12 months (0.5±0.3 standard deviation score (SDS), and 0.5±0.4 SDS, respectively; p = 0.540). The <span class="hlt">effect</span> on FH was better in ISS group than the GHD group of all etiologies (1.3±0.6 SDS vs. 0.9±0.7 SDS, respectively; p = 0.050), there was no difference between the ISS and the subgroup of idiopathic GHD (1.3±0.5 SDS and 1.2±0.8 SDS, respectively). Conclusions In our local population, GH has a positive <span class="hlt">effect</span> on the short-term growth and FH of children with ISS to the same extent that has been observed in children with idiopathic GH deficiency. PMID:29218122</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMNH21D..08S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMNH21D..08S"><span>Challenges in Defining Tsunami Wave <span class="hlt">Height</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Stroker, K. J.; Dunbar, P. K.; Mungov, G.; Sweeney, A.; Arcos, N. P.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>The NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) and co-located World Data Service for Geophysics maintain the global tsunami archive consisting of the historical tsunami database, imagery, and raw and processed water level data. The historical tsunami database incorporates, where available, maximum wave <span class="hlt">heights</span> for each coastal tide gauge and deep-ocean buoy that recorded a tsunami signal. These data are important because they are used for tsunami hazard assessment, model calibration, validation, and forecast and warning. There have been ongoing discussions in the tsunami community about the correct way to measure and report these wave <span class="hlt">heights</span>. It is important to understand how these measurements might vary depending on how the data were processed and the definition of maximum wave <span class="hlt">height</span>. On September 16, 2015, an 8.3 Mw earthquake located 48 km west of Illapel, Chile generated a tsunami that was observed all over the Pacific region. We processed the time-series water level data for 57 tide gauges that recorded this tsunami and compared the maximum wave <span class="hlt">heights</span> determined from different definitions. We also compared the maximum wave <span class="hlt">heights</span> from the NCEI-processed data with the <span class="hlt">heights</span> reported by the NOAA Tsunami Warning Centers. We found that in the near field different methods of determining the maximum tsunami wave <span class="hlt">heights</span> could result in large differences due to possible instrumental clipping. We also found that the maximum peak is usually larger than the maximum amplitude (½ peak-to-trough), but the differences for the majority of the stations were <20 cm. For this event, the maximum tsunami wave <span class="hlt">heights</span> determined by either definition (maximum peak or amplitude) would have validated the forecasts issued by the NOAA Tsunami Warning Centers. Since there is currently only one field in the NCEI historical tsunami database to store the maximum tsunami wave <span class="hlt">height</span>, NCEI will consider adding an additional field for the maximum peak measurement.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PApGe.174.3043D','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PApGe.174.3043D"><span>Challenges in Defining Tsunami Wave <span class="hlt">Heights</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Dunbar, Paula; Mungov, George; Sweeney, Aaron; Stroker, Kelly; Arcos, Nicolas</p> <p>2017-08-01</p> <p>The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) and co-located World Data Service for Geophysics maintain the global tsunami archive consisting of the historical tsunami database, imagery, and raw and processed water level data. The historical tsunami database incorporates, where available, maximum wave <span class="hlt">heights</span> for each coastal tide gauge and deep-ocean buoy that recorded a tsunami signal. These data are important because they are used for tsunami hazard assessment, model calibration, validation, and forecast and warning. There have been ongoing discussions in the tsunami community about the correct way to measure and report these wave <span class="hlt">heights</span>. It is important to understand how these measurements might vary depending on how the data were processed and the definition of maximum wave <span class="hlt">height</span>. On September 16, 2015, an 8.3 M w earthquake located 48 km west of Illapel, Chile generated a tsunami that was observed all over the Pacific region. We processed the time-series water level data for 57 coastal tide gauges that recorded this tsunami and compared the maximum wave <span class="hlt">heights</span> determined from different definitions. We also compared the maximum wave <span class="hlt">heights</span> from the NCEI-processed data with the <span class="hlt">heights</span> reported by the NOAA Tsunami Warning Centers. We found that in the near field different methods of determining the maximum tsunami wave <span class="hlt">heights</span> could result in large differences due to possible instrumental clipping. We also found that the maximum peak is usually larger than the maximum amplitude (½ peak-to-trough), but the differences for the majority of the stations were <20 cm. For this event, the maximum tsunami wave <span class="hlt">heights</span> determined by either definition (maximum peak or amplitude) would have validated the forecasts issued by the NOAA Tsunami Warning Centers. Since there is currently only one field in the NCEI historical tsunami database to store the maximum tsunami wave <span class="hlt">height</span> for each tide gauge and</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20150007732&hterms=Ripple+labs&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D50%26Ntt%3DRipple%2Blabs','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20150007732&hterms=Ripple+labs&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D50%26Ntt%3DRipple%2Blabs"><span><span class="hlt">Height</span> Error Correction for the New SRTM Elevation Product</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Neumann, Maxim; Simard, Marc; Buckley, Sean; Shimada, Joanne; Gurrola, Eric; Martin, Jan; Hensley, Scott; Rosen, Paul</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>The Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM), carrying a single-pass interferometric synthetic aperture radar(SAR) instrument, collected a global elevation data set, which has been widely used in scientific, military and commercial communities. In the new proposed NASA SRTM reprocessing task, the SRTM elevation data is going to be processed at higher spatial resolution and with improved <span class="hlt">height</span> accuracy. Upon completion, the improved SRTM product will be freely available. This paper describes the calibration approaches for reduction of elevation ripple <span class="hlt">effects</span> and <span class="hlt">height</span> accuracy improvements.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li class="active"><span>16</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_16 --> <div id="page_17" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li class="active"><span>17</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="321"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24451465','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24451465"><span>Automatic rice crop <span class="hlt">height</span> measurement using a field server and digital image processing.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Sritarapipat, Tanakorn; Rakwatin, Preesan; Kasetkasem, Teerasit</p> <p>2014-01-07</p> <p>Rice crop <span class="hlt">height</span> is an important agronomic trait linked to plant type and yield potential. This research developed an automatic image processing technique to detect rice crop <span class="hlt">height</span> based on images taken by a digital camera attached to a field server. The camera acquires rice paddy images daily at a consistent time of day. The images include the rice plants and a marker bar used to provide a <span class="hlt">height</span> reference. The rice crop <span class="hlt">height</span> can be indirectly measured from the images by measuring the <span class="hlt">height</span> of the marker bar compared to the <span class="hlt">height</span> of the initial marker bar. Four digital image processing steps are employed to automatically measure the rice crop <span class="hlt">height</span>: band selection, filtering, thresholding, and <span class="hlt">height</span> measurement. Band selection is used to remove redundant features. Filtering extracts significant features of the marker bar. The thresholding method is applied to separate objects and boundaries of the marker bar versus other areas. The marker bar is detected and compared with the initial marker bar to measure the rice crop <span class="hlt">height</span>. Our experiment used a field server with a digital camera to continuously monitor a rice field located in Suphanburi Province, Thailand. The experimental results show that the proposed method measures rice crop <span class="hlt">height</span> <span class="hlt">effectively</span>, with no human intervention required.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015EGUGA..17.4271R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015EGUGA..17.4271R"><span>A Global Sensitivity Analysis Method on Maximum Tsunami Wave <span class="hlt">Heights</span> to Potential Seismic Source Parameters</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Ren, Luchuan</p> <p>2015-04-01</p> <p>A Global Sensitivity Analysis Method on Maximum Tsunami Wave <span class="hlt">Heights</span> to Potential Seismic Source Parameters Luchuan Ren, Jianwei Tian, Mingli Hong Institute of Disaster Prevention, Sanhe, Heibei Province, 065201, P.R. China It is obvious that the uncertainties of the maximum tsunami wave <span class="hlt">heights</span> in offshore area are partly from uncertainties of the potential seismic tsunami source parameters. A global sensitivity analysis method on the maximum tsunami wave <span class="hlt">heights</span> to the potential seismic source parameters is put forward in this paper. The tsunami wave <span class="hlt">heights</span> are calculated by COMCOT ( the Cornell Multi-grid Coupled Tsunami Model), on the assumption that an earthquake with magnitude MW8.0 occurred at the northern fault segment along the Manila Trench and triggered a tsunami in the South China Sea. We select the simulated results of maximum tsunami wave <span class="hlt">heights</span> at specific sites in offshore area to verify the validity of the method proposed in this paper. For ranking importance order of the uncertainties of potential seismic source parameters (the earthquake's magnitude, the focal depth, the strike angle, dip angle and slip angle etc..) in generating uncertainties of the maximum tsunami wave <span class="hlt">heights</span>, we chose Morris method to analyze the sensitivity of the maximum tsunami wave <span class="hlt">heights</span> to the aforementioned parameters, and give several qualitative descriptions of nonlinear or linear <span class="hlt">effects</span> of them on the maximum tsunami wave <span class="hlt">heights</span>. We quantitatively analyze the sensitivity of the maximum tsunami wave <span class="hlt">heights</span> to these parameters and the interaction <span class="hlt">effects</span> among these parameters on the maximum tsunami wave <span class="hlt">heights</span> by means of the extended FAST method afterward. The results shows that the maximum tsunami wave <span class="hlt">heights</span> are very sensitive to the earthquake magnitude, followed successively by the epicenter location, the strike angle and dip angle, the interactions <span class="hlt">effect</span> between the sensitive parameters are very obvious at specific site in offshore area, and there</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3497124','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3497124"><span>Intralocus sexual conflict over human <span class="hlt">height</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Stulp, Gert; Kuijper, Bram; Buunk, Abraham P.; Pollet, Thomas V.; Verhulst, Simon</p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>Intralocus sexual conflict (IASC) occurs when a trait under selection in one sex constrains the other sex from achieving its sex-specific fitness optimum. Selection pressures on body size often differ between the sexes across many species, including humans: among men individuals of average <span class="hlt">height</span> enjoy the highest reproductive success, while shorter women have the highest reproductive success. Given its high heritability, IASC over human <span class="hlt">height</span> is likely. Using data from sibling pairs from the Wisconsin Longitudinal Study, we present evidence for IASC over <span class="hlt">height</span>: in shorter sibling pairs (relatively) more reproductive success (number of children) was obtained through the sister than through the brother of the sibling pair. By contrast, in average <span class="hlt">height</span> sibling pairs most reproductive success was obtained through the brother relative to the sister. In conclusion, we show that IASC over a heritable, sexually dimorphic physical trait (human <span class="hlt">height</span>) affects Darwinian fitness in a contemporary human population. PMID:22875819</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24939113','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24939113"><span><span class="hlt">Effects</span> of overhead work involving different <span class="hlt">heights</span> and distances on neck and shoulder muscle activity.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Shin, Seung-Je; Yoo, Won-Gyu</p> <p>2015-06-05</p> <p>Although overhead work is closely related to musculoskeletal disorders, it is difficult to avoid these postures in daily working conditions. In industrial tasks that require elevated arm postures above shoulder <span class="hlt">height</span>, flexibility in the location of the task is necessary. This study investigated the sternocleidomastoid, upper trapezius, lower trapezius, and anterior deltoid, serratus anterior muscle activities during overhead work involving four different <span class="hlt">height</span> and distance locations performed by healthy adult participants. Eighteen young male right-hand-dominant workers were recruited. The right upper trapezius, lower trapezius, serratus anterior, anterior deltoid, and sternocleidomastoid muscle activities were measured under for overhead work condition (Location 1: overhead work with a <span class="hlt">height</span> of 10 cm above the head of each subject and distance of 15 cm, Location 2: overhead work with a <span class="hlt">height</span> of 10 cm above the head of each subject and distance of 30 cm, Location 3: overhead work with a <span class="hlt">height</span> of 20 cm above the head of each subject and distance of 15 cm, Location 4: overhead work with a <span class="hlt">height</span> of 20 cm above the head of each subject and distance of 30 cm). In Location 3, there was significantly higher neck extension range of motion compared to Location 1, Location 2 and Location 4. In Location 1, the activities of the upper trapezius, lower trapezius, serratus anterior, anterior deltoid, and sternocleidomastoid muscles were significantly lower than those in Location 3 (p<0.05). In Location 2, the activities of the upper trapezius, lower trapezius, serratus anterior, anterior deltoid, and sternocleidomastoid muscles were significantly lower than those in Location 4 (p<0.05). In Location 1, there were significantly lower upper trapezius, lower trapezius, serratus anterior, and anterior deltoid muscle activities than in Location 2 (p<0.05). In Location 3, there were significantly lower upper trapezius, lower trapezius, serratus anterior, and anterior deltoid</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=sex+AND+videos&pg=2&id=EJ1169192','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=sex+AND+videos&pg=2&id=EJ1169192"><span>Scaling Constraints in Junior Tennis: The Influence of Net <span class="hlt">Height</span> on Skilled Players' Match-Play Performance</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Limpens, Vera; Buszard, Tim; Shoemaker, Emma; Savelsbergh, Geert J. P.; Reid, Machar</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p>Purpose: The net <span class="hlt">height</span> in tennis (0.91 m) is approximately 50% of a professional tennis player's <span class="hlt">height</span>. Children are also expected to play with this net <span class="hlt">height</span>, even though it is approximately 70% of the average 10-year-old's <span class="hlt">height</span>. This study examined the immediate <span class="hlt">effect</span> of lowering net <span class="hlt">height</span> on the performance characteristics of skilled…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/369943-height-reduction-among-prenatally-exposed-atomic-bomb-survivors-longitudinal-study-growth','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/369943-height-reduction-among-prenatally-exposed-atomic-bomb-survivors-longitudinal-study-growth"><span><span class="hlt">Height</span> reduction among prenatally exposed atomic-bomb survivors: A longitudinal study of growth</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Nakashima, Eiji; Funamoto, Sachiyo; Carter, R.L.</p> <p></p> <p>Using a random coefficient regression model, sex-specific longitudinal analyses of <span class="hlt">height</span> were made on 801 (392 male and 409 female) atomic-bomb survivors exposed in utero to detect dose <span class="hlt">effects</span> on standing <span class="hlt">height</span>. The data set resulted from repeated measurements of standing <span class="hlt">height</span> of adolescents (age 10-18 y). The dose <span class="hlt">effect</span>, if any, was assumed to be linear. Gestational ages at the time of radiation exposure were divided into trimesters. Since an earlier longitudinal data analysis has demonstrated radiation <span class="hlt">effects</span> on <span class="hlt">height</span>, the emphasis in this paper is on the interaction between dose and gestational age at exposure and radiation effectsmore » on the age of occurrence of the adolescent growth spurt. For males, a cubic polynomial growth-curve model applied to the data was affected significantly by radiation. The dose by trimester interaction <span class="hlt">effect</span> was not significant. The onset of adolescent growth spurt was estimated at about 13 y at 0 Gy. There was no <span class="hlt">effect</span> of radiation on the adolescent growth spurt For females, a quadratic polynomial growth-curve model was fitted to the data. The dose <span class="hlt">effect</span> was significant, while the dose by trimester interaction was again not significant. 27 refs., 3 figs., 4 tabs.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23297800','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23297800"><span>Jumping to (fatal) conclusions? An analysis of video film on a social networking web site of recreational jumping from <span class="hlt">height</span> into water.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Moran, Kevin</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>In high-income countries, death as a consequence of recreational jumping into water from <span class="hlt">height</span> has not been well investigated partly because it traditionally has been a covert activity within youth culture. An observational study of video recordings posted on the YouTube web site was used to gather data on the nature of jumping activity in New Zealand and Australia. An analytical framework was developed to identify site- participant- social characteristics (10 variables) and online feedback (4 variables). Of the 389 videos recorded in New Zealand (n = 210) and Australia (n = 179), 929 jumpers were observed, and rivers were the most frequently reported site of jumping activity (New Zealand 47%; Australia 35%). One fifth (20%) of the jumps in New Zealand and one third (33%) in Australia were from <span class="hlt">heights</span> estimated to be more than 12 m. The YouTube website portraying jumps from <span class="hlt">height</span> were visited almost half a million times (495,686 hits). Ways of reducing recreational jumping risk via <span class="hlt">targeted</span> education interventions may be best directed at young male adults. Use of social network sites to foster safe behaviours may be an <span class="hlt">effective</span> way to educate young people of the inherent risks of jumping from <span class="hlt">height</span> into water.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25743602','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25743602"><span><span class="hlt">Effect</span> of <span class="hlt">height</span> on motor coordination in college students participating in a dancesport program.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Li, Xiaoxin; Wang, Huazhuo; Yang, Yaohua; Qi, Chunying; Wang, Fei; Jin, Man</p> <p>2015-03-01</p> <p>Athlete screening tools combine measures of physical performance and morphometric parameters unique to each sport. Given the increasing competitiveness of dancesport, we designed the present quasi-experimental study to analyze the relationship between body <span class="hlt">height</span> and motor coordination in college students. Six hundred eighty-six students were randomly selected to participate in a dancing sport program that consisted of 16 weeks (32 hrs) of training. The program included an assessment of basic skills (rhythm, movement specificity, intensity, expressive force, and action coherence) and skills related to a doubles dance routine. Male and female students were divided into four single-sex groups based on their <span class="hlt">heights</span> (each group had a 5-cm range), and the average scores for each performance indicator were analyzed. A one-way ANOVA revealed significant differences in performance scores for each indicator of basic skills and double routine skills between the different <span class="hlt">height</span> groups. Male in the 175-179 cm group and female students in the 165-169 cm group had the best performance scores on each indicator, while the shortest students had the worst performance scores. The <span class="hlt">height</span> of students participating in sport dancing training had an impact on dancesport performance and motor coordination, counter to the traditional belief that shorter people have better coordination.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20140002284','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20140002284"><span>Detection of Moving <span class="hlt">Targets</span> Using Soliton Resonance <span class="hlt">Effect</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Kulikov, Igor K.; Zak, Michail</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>The objective of this research was to develop a fundamentally new method for detecting hidden moving <span class="hlt">targets</span> within noisy and cluttered data-streams using a novel "soliton resonance" <span class="hlt">effect</span> in nonlinear dynamical systems. The technique uses an inhomogeneous Korteweg de Vries (KdV) equation containing moving-<span class="hlt">target</span> information. Solution of the KdV equation will describe a soliton propagating with the same kinematic characteristics as the <span class="hlt">target</span>. The approach uses the time-dependent data stream obtained with a sensor in form of the "forcing function," which is incorporated in an inhomogeneous KdV equation. When a hidden moving <span class="hlt">target</span> (which in many ways resembles a soliton) encounters the natural "probe" soliton solution of the KdV equation, a strong resonance phenomenon results that makes the location and motion of the <span class="hlt">target</span> apparent. Soliton resonance method will amplify the moving <span class="hlt">target</span> signal, suppressing the noise. The method will be a very <span class="hlt">effective</span> tool for locating and identifying diverse, highly dynamic <span class="hlt">targets</span> with ill-defined characteristics in a noisy environment. The soliton resonance method for the detection of moving <span class="hlt">targets</span> was developed in one and two dimensions. Computer simulations proved that the method could be used for detection of singe point-like <span class="hlt">targets</span> moving with constant velocities and accelerations in 1D and along straight lines or curved trajectories in 2D. The method also allows estimation of the kinematic characteristics of moving <span class="hlt">targets</span>, and reconstruction of <span class="hlt">target</span> trajectories in 2D. The method could be very <span class="hlt">effective</span> for <span class="hlt">target</span> detection in the presence of clutter and for the case of <span class="hlt">target</span> obscurations.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ISPAr42W1..257J','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ISPAr42W1..257J"><span>Problems and Limitations of Satellite Image Orientation for Determination of <span class="hlt">Height</span> Models</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Jacobsen, K.</p> <p>2017-05-01</p> <p>The usual satellite image orientation is based on bias corrected rational polynomial coefficients (RPC). The RPC are describing the direct sensor orientation of the satellite images. The locations of the projection centres today are without problems, but an accuracy limit is caused by the attitudes. Very high resolution satellites today are very agile, able to change the pointed area over 200km within 10 to 11 seconds. The corresponding fast attitude acceleration of the satellite may cause a jitter which cannot be expressed by the third order RPC, even if it is recorded by the gyros. Only a correction of the image geometry may help, but usually this will not be done. The first indication of jitter problems is shown by systematic errors of the y-parallaxes (py) for the intersection of corresponding points during the computation of ground coordinates. These y-parallaxes have a limited influence to the ground coordinates, but similar problems can be expected for the x-parallaxes, determining directly the object <span class="hlt">height</span>. Systematic y-parallaxes are shown for Ziyuan-3 (ZY3), WorldView-2 (WV2), Pleiades, Cartosat-1, IKONOS and GeoEye. Some of them have clear jitter <span class="hlt">effects</span>. In addition linear trends of py can be seen. Linear trends in py and tilts in of computed <span class="hlt">height</span> models may be caused by limited accuracy of the attitude registration, but also by bias correction with affinity transformation. The bias correction is based on ground control points (GCPs). The accuracy of the GCPs usually does not cause some limitations but the identification of the GCPs in the images may be difficult. With 2-dimensional bias corrected RPC-orientation by affinity transformation tilts of the generated <span class="hlt">height</span> models may be caused, but due to large affine image deformations some satellites, as Cartosat-1, have to be handled with bias correction by affinity transformation. Instead of a 2-dimensional RPC-orientation also a 3-dimensional orientation is possible, respecting the object <span class="hlt">height</span></p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19730004571','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19730004571"><span>Correlation techniques and measurements of wave-<span class="hlt">height</span> statistics</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Guthart, H.; Taylor, W. C.; Graf, K. A.; Douglas, D. G.</p> <p>1972-01-01</p> <p>Statistical measurements of wave <span class="hlt">height</span> fluctuations have been made in a wind wave tank. The power spectral density function of temporal wave <span class="hlt">height</span> fluctuations evidenced second-harmonic components and an f to the minus 5th power law decay beyond the second harmonic. The observations of second harmonic <span class="hlt">effects</span> agreed very well with a theoretical prediction. From the wave statistics, surface drift currents were inferred and compared to experimental measurements with satisfactory agreement. Measurements were made of the two dimensional correlation coefficient at 15 deg increments in angle with respect to the wind vector. An estimate of the two-dimensional spatial power spectral density function was also made.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28176773','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28176773"><span>Parental <span class="hlt">heights</span> and maternal education as predictors of length/<span class="hlt">height</span> of children at birth, age 3 and 19 years, independently on diet: the ELSPAC study.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Bienertová-Vašků, J; Zlámal, F; Pruša, T; Novák, J; Mikeš, O; Čupr, P; Pohořalá, A; Švancara, Jan; Andrýsková, L; Pikhart, H</p> <p>2017-10-01</p> <p>Little is currently known about the relationship between the parental diet during pregnancy and the growth of the child from early childhood until early adulthood. This study was designed to examine whether the dietary patterns of the parents during a pregnancy and of the respective child at 3 years are associated with the length/<span class="hlt">height</span>-for-age z-score of child at birth, 3 years of age and at 19 years of age. Dietary patterns of pregnant women and their partners, and offspring at 3 years that were enroled in the 1990-1991 period in the Czech part of the European Longitudinal Study of Pregnancy and Childhood. Multivariable linear regression models were used to estimate the relationship between the dietary patterns of parents (835 child-mother-father trios) during pregnancy and the length/<span class="hlt">height</span>-for-age z-score of their offspring at birth, 3 years and 19 years. The maternal health-conscious food pattern was found to predict lower child <span class="hlt">height</span> at 3 years, but not at birth nor at 19 years of age. An increase in the health-conscious pattern score of the maternal diet was associated with significantly lower <span class="hlt">height</span>-for-age z-score at 3 years; however, the observed <span class="hlt">effect</span> lost its significance after the adjustment for diet of the child at 3 years. After full adjustment, the only significant predictors of the <span class="hlt">height</span>-for-age z-score of the child at 3 years were the <span class="hlt">heights</span> of both parents and maternal education. More research into the association of maternal diet in pregnancy and <span class="hlt">height</span> of child is necessary.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title40-vol2/pdf/CFR-2010-title40-vol2-sec51-164.pdf','CFR'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title40-vol2/pdf/CFR-2010-title40-vol2-sec51-164.pdf"><span>40 CFR 51.164 - Stack <span class="hlt">height</span> procedures.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2010&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2010-07-01</p> <p>... 51.164 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS... source's stack <span class="hlt">height</span> that exceeds good engineering practice or by any other dispersion technique, except... source based on a good engineering practice stack <span class="hlt">height</span> that exceeds the <span class="hlt">height</span> allowed by § 51.100(ii...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21930215','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21930215"><span>Correlation among body <span class="hlt">height</span>, intelligence, and brain gray matter volume in healthy children.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Taki, Yasuyuki; Hashizume, Hiroshi; Sassa, Yuko; Takeuchi, Hikaru; Asano, Michiko; Asano, Kohei; Kotozaki, Yuka; Nouchi, Rui; Wu, Kai; Fukuda, Hiroshi; Kawashima, Ryuta</p> <p>2012-01-16</p> <p>A significant positive correlation between <span class="hlt">height</span> and intelligence has been demonstrated in children. Additionally, intelligence has been associated with the volume of gray matter in the brains of children. Based on these correlations, we analyzed the correlation among <span class="hlt">height</span>, full-scale intelligence quotient (IQ) and gray matter volume applying voxel-based morphometry using data from the brain magnetic resonance images of 160 healthy children aged 5-18 years of age. As a result, body <span class="hlt">height</span> was significantly positively correlated with brain gray matter volume. Additionally, the regional gray matter volume of several regions such as the bilateral prefrontal cortices, temporoparietal region, and cerebellum was significantly positively correlated with body <span class="hlt">height</span> and that the gray matter volume of several of these regions was also significantly positively correlated with full-scale intelligence quotient (IQ) scores after adjusting for age, sex, and socioeconomic status. Our results demonstrate that gray and white matter volume may mediate the correlation between body <span class="hlt">height</span> and intelligence in healthy children. Additionally, the correlations among gray and white matter volume, <span class="hlt">height</span>, and intelligence may be at least partially explained by the <span class="hlt">effect</span> of insulin-like growth factor-1 and growth hormones. Given the importance of the <span class="hlt">effect</span> of environmental factors, especially nutrition, on <span class="hlt">height</span>, IQ, and gray matter volume, the present results stress the importance of nutrition during childhood for the healthy maturation of body and brain. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28715814','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28715814"><span>The Impact of Adolescent Obesity on Adult <span class="hlt">Height</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Brener, Avivit; Bello, Rachel; Lebenthal, Yael; Yackobovitch-Gavan, Michal; Phillip, Moshe; Shalitin, Shlomit</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>Childhood obesity is a major health concern. Excess adiposity during childhood affects growth and puberty. Our aim was to assess whether genetic adult <span class="hlt">height</span> is compromised in adolescents with obesity. In a retrospective study of 190 obese patients followed at our Pediatric Endocrinology Institute, adult <span class="hlt">height</span> and delta <span class="hlt">height</span> (the difference between adult <span class="hlt">height</span> and mid-parental <span class="hlt">height</span>) were compared to those of 150 healthy age-matched normal-weight controls. Review of medical files yielded the relevant clinical and anthropometric data of patients, controls, and parents. Of the 190 obese adolescents, 150 were morbidly obese. The median adult <span class="hlt">height</span> of morbidly obese males was 174.3 cm, of obese males 174 cm, and of normal-weight males 176 cm (p = 0.025). Delta <span class="hlt">height</span> of morbidly obese males was -0.5 cm, of obese males -0.8 cm, and of normal-weight males, 3 cm (p < 0.0001). The median adult <span class="hlt">height</span> of morbidly obese females was 161.3 cm, of obese females 162.8 cm, and of normal-weight females 162 cm (p = 0.37). Delta <span class="hlt">height</span> of morbidly obese females was -1.85 cm, of obese females -0.95 cm, and of normal-weight females 0.7 cm (p = 0.019). Impairment of potential genetic <span class="hlt">height</span> was not associated with obesity-related comorbidities. Adolescents with obesity showed impairment of potential genetic adult <span class="hlt">height</span> as compared to that of normal-weight subjects. © 2017 S. Karger AG, Basel.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=priming+AND+effects+AND+decision+AND+making&id=EJ754501','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=priming+AND+effects+AND+decision+AND+making&id=EJ754501"><span>Inverse <span class="hlt">Target</span>- and Cue-Priming <span class="hlt">Effects</span> of Masked Stimuli</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Mattler, Uwe</p> <p>2007-01-01</p> <p>The processing of a visual <span class="hlt">target</span> that follows a briefly presented prime stimulus can be facilitated if prime and <span class="hlt">target</span> stimuli are similar. In contrast to these positive priming <span class="hlt">effects</span>, inverse priming <span class="hlt">effects</span> (or negative compatibility <span class="hlt">effects</span>) have been found when a mask follows prime stimuli before the <span class="hlt">target</span> stimulus is presented: Responses…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23718206','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23718206"><span>On the relationship between gingival biotypes and supracrestal gingival <span class="hlt">height</span>, crown form and papilla <span class="hlt">height</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Fischer, Kai R; Grill, Eva; Jockel-Schneider, Yvonne; Bechtold, Markus; Schlagenhauf, Ulrich; Fickl, Stefan</p> <p>2014-08-01</p> <p>To determine the association between gingival biotypes and supracrestal gingival <span class="hlt">height</span> (primary aim) and its relation to crown shape and papilla <span class="hlt">height</span> (secondary aim). Eighty adult subjects were evaluated in this study. Based on the transparency of a periodontal probe through the buccal gingival margin, 38 subjects comprised the thin biotype group and 42 subjects comprised the thick biotype group, respectively. Three different parameters were clinically assessed: supracrestal gingival <span class="hlt">height</span> (SGH) by bone sounding, crown width/crown length ratio and papilla <span class="hlt">height</span>. No statistical difference (P > 0.05) was detected neither for the correlation between different biotypes (thick/thin) and SGH nor for the association of biotypes and crown width/crown length ratio. Papilla <span class="hlt">height</span> was only significantly increased (P ≤ 0.05) in the area of teeth no. 21/22 for the thin periodontal biotype. Intra-examiner deviation was found to be very low for all clinical parameters (percentile agreement > 95%). Within the limits of this study, we found that in young Caucasians (i) soft tissue dimensions seem to be similar between biotypes (ii) and the traditional hypothesis that a thick gingiva merges with broad-short crown shape and flat papillae and a thin gingiva with a narrow-long crown shape and high scalloping, may be questionable. © 2013 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/1015851','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/1015851"><span><span class="hlt">Effects</span> of cutting time, stump <span class="hlt">height</span>, parent tree characteristics, and harvest variables on development of bigleaf maple sprout clumps</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Tappeiner, J. C.; Zasada, J.; Maxwell, B.</p> <p>1996-01-01</p> <p>In order to determine the <span class="hlt">effects</span> of stump <span class="hlt">height</span>, year of cutting, parent-tree size, logging damage, and deer browsing on bigleaf maple (Acer macrophyllum) sprout clump development, maple trees were cut to two stump <span class="hlt">heights</span> at three different times. Stump <span class="hlt">height</span> had the greatest impact on sprout clump size. Two years after clearcutting, the sprout clump volume for short stumps was significantly less than that for tall stumps. The sprout clump volume, area, and number of sprouts were significantly less for trees cut 1 and 2 yr before harvest than for trees cut at harvest. Sprout clump size was positively correlated with parent tree stem diameter and stump volume, and negatively correlated with the percentage of bark removed during logging. Browsing had no significant impact on average clump size. Uncut trees produced sprout clumps at their base and epicormic branches along the length of their stems; thus their crown volume averaged four to five times that of cut trees. Cutting maple in clearcuts to low stumps may reduce maple competition with Douglas-fir regeneration and still maintain maple in the next stand.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/15019','TREESEARCH'); return false;" href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/15019"><span><span class="hlt">Effects</span> of ozone and sulfur dioxide on <span class="hlt">height</span> and stem specific gravity of Populus hybrids</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/">Treesearch</a></p> <p>Roy L. Patton</p> <p>1981-01-01</p> <p>Unfumigated hybrid poplars (Populus spp.) were compared with poplars of the same nine clones fumigated with 0.15 pprn ozone or 0.25 ppm sulfur dioxide. After 102 days, plant <span class="hlt">height</span> and stem specific gravity were measured to determine whether specific gravity is altered by the fumigants and to compare that response to <span class="hlt">height</span> suppression, an accepted...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title14-vol1/pdf/CFR-2010-title14-vol1-sec29-87.pdf','CFR'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title14-vol1/pdf/CFR-2010-title14-vol1-sec29-87.pdf"><span>14 CFR 29.87 - <span class="hlt">Height</span>-velocity envelope.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2010&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2010-01-01</p> <p>... Category A engine isolation requirements, the <span class="hlt">height</span>-velocity envelope for complete power failure must be... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false <span class="hlt">Height</span>-velocity envelope. 29.87 Section 29... AIRWORTHINESS STANDARDS: TRANSPORT CATEGORY ROTORCRAFT Flight Performance § 29.87 <span class="hlt">Height</span>-velocity envelope. (a...</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li class="active"><span>17</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_17 --> <div id="page_18" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li class="active"><span>18</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="341"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2012-title36-vol3/pdf/CFR-2012-title36-vol3-sec910-61.pdf','CFR2012'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2012-title36-vol3/pdf/CFR-2012-title36-vol3-sec910-61.pdf"><span>36 CFR 910.61 - <span class="hlt">Height</span> of development.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2012&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2012-07-01</p> <p>... DEVELOPMENT AREA Glossary of Terms § 910.61 <span class="hlt">Height</span> of development. <span class="hlt">Height</span> of development means the vertical... 36 Parks, Forests, and Public Property 3 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false <span class="hlt">Height</span> of development. 910.61 Section 910.61 Parks, Forests, and Public Property PENNSYLVANIA AVENUE DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION GENERAL...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title36-vol3/pdf/CFR-2014-title36-vol3-sec910-61.pdf','CFR2014'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title36-vol3/pdf/CFR-2014-title36-vol3-sec910-61.pdf"><span>36 CFR 910.61 - <span class="hlt">Height</span> of development.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2014&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2014-07-01</p> <p>... DEVELOPMENT AREA Glossary of Terms § 910.61 <span class="hlt">Height</span> of development. <span class="hlt">Height</span> of development means the vertical... 36 Parks, Forests, and Public Property 3 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false <span class="hlt">Height</span> of development. 910.61 Section 910.61 Parks, Forests, and Public Property PENNSYLVANIA AVENUE DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION GENERAL...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/11791','TREESEARCH'); return false;" href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/11791"><span><span class="hlt">Height</span>-diameter equations for thirteen midwestern bottomland hardwood species</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/">Treesearch</a></p> <p>Kenneth C. Colbert; David R. Larsen; James R. Lootens</p> <p>2002-01-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Height</span>-diameter equations are often used to predict the mean total tree <span class="hlt">height</span> for trees when only diameter at breast <span class="hlt">height</span> (dbh) is measured. Measuring dbh is much easier and is subject to less measurement error than total tree <span class="hlt">height</span>. However, predicted <span class="hlt">heights</span> only reflect the average <span class="hlt">height</span> for trees of a particular diameter. In this study, we present a set of...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23294051','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23294051"><span>Agreement between different methods of measuring <span class="hlt">height</span> in elderly patients.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Frid, H; Adolfsson, E Thors; Rosenblad, A; Nydahl, M</p> <p>2013-10-01</p> <p>The present study aimed to examine the agreement between measurements of standing <span class="hlt">height</span> and self-reported <span class="hlt">height</span>, <span class="hlt">height</span> measured with a sliding caliper, and <span class="hlt">height</span> estimated from either demispan or knee <span class="hlt">height</span> in elderly patients. Fifty-five patients (mean age 79 years) at a Swedish hospital were included in this observational study. The participants' <span class="hlt">heights</span> were evaluated as the standing <span class="hlt">height</span>, self-reported <span class="hlt">height</span>, <span class="hlt">height</span> measured in a recumbent position with a sliding caliper, and <span class="hlt">height</span> estimated from the demispan or knee <span class="hlt">height</span>. The measurements made with a sliding caliper in the recumbent position agreed most closely with the standing <span class="hlt">height</span>. Ninety-five percent of the individuals' differences from standing <span class="hlt">height</span> were within an interval of +1.1 to -4.8 cm (limits of agreement). Self-reported <span class="hlt">height</span> and <span class="hlt">height</span> estimated from knee <span class="hlt">height</span> differed relatively strongly from standing <span class="hlt">height</span>. The limits of agreement were +5.2 to -9.8 cm and +9.4 to -6.2 cm, respectively. The widest distribution of differences was found in the <span class="hlt">height</span> estimated from the demispan, with limits of agreements from +11.2 to -9.3 cm. When measuring the <span class="hlt">height</span> of patients who find it difficult to stand upright, a sliding caliper should be the method of choice, and the second choice should be self-reported <span class="hlt">height</span> or the <span class="hlt">height</span> estimated from knee <span class="hlt">height</span>. Estimating <span class="hlt">height</span> from the demispan should be the method of last resort. © 2013 The Authors Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics © 2013 The British Dietetic Association Ltd.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015ChPhB..24k7403Y','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015ChPhB..24k7403Y"><span><span class="hlt">Effective</span> method to control the levitation force and levitation <span class="hlt">height</span> in a superconducting maglev system</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Yang, Peng-Tao; Yang, Wan-Min; Wang, Miao; Li, Jia-Wei; Guo, Yu-Xia</p> <p>2015-11-01</p> <p>The influence of the width of the middle magnet in the permanent magnet guideways (PMGs) on the levitation force and the levitation <span class="hlt">height</span> of single-domain yttrium barium copper oxide (YBCO) bulks has been investigated at 77 K under the zero field cooled (ZFC) state. It is found that the largest levitation force can be obtained in the system with the width of the middle magnet of the PMG equal to the size of the YBCO bulk when the gap between the YBCO bulk and PMG is small. Both larger levitation force and higher levitation <span class="hlt">height</span> can be obtained in the system with the width of the middle magnet of the PMG larger than the size of the YBCO bulk. The stiffness of the levitation force between the PMG and the YBCO bulk is higher in the system with a smaller width of the middle magnet in the PMG. These results provide an <span class="hlt">effective</span> way to control the levitation force and the levitation <span class="hlt">height</span> for the superconducting maglev design and applications. Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 51342001 and 50872079), the Key-grant Project of Chinese Ministry of Education (Grant No. 311033), the Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education of China (Grant No. 20120202110003), the Innovation Team in Shaanxi Province, China (Grant No. 2014KTC-18), and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities, China (Grant Nos. GK201101001 and GK201305014), and the Outstanding Doctoral Thesis Foundation Project of Shaanxi Normal University, China (Grant Nos. X2011YB08 and X2012YB05).</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JGRD..122.5364Z','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JGRD..122.5364Z"><span>Retrieval of volcanic ash <span class="hlt">height</span> from satellite-based infrared measurements</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Zhu, Lin; Li, Jun; Zhao, Yingying; Gong, He; Li, Wenjie</p> <p>2017-05-01</p> <p>A new algorithm for retrieving volcanic ash cloud <span class="hlt">height</span> from satellite-based measurements is presented. This algorithm, which was developed in preparation for China's next-generation meteorological satellite (FY-4), is based on volcanic ash microphysical property simulation and statistical optimal estimation theory. The MSG satellite's main payload, a 12-channel Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infrared Imager, was used as proxy data to test this new algorithm. A series of eruptions of Iceland's Eyjafjallajökull volcano during April to May 2010 and the Puyehue-Cordón Caulle volcanic complex eruption in the Chilean Andes on 16 June 2011 were selected as two typical cases for evaluating the algorithm under various meteorological backgrounds. Independent volcanic ash simulation training samples and satellite-based Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization data were used as validation data. It is demonstrated that the statistically based volcanic ash <span class="hlt">height</span> algorithm is able to rapidly retrieve volcanic ash <span class="hlt">heights</span>, globally. The retrieved ash <span class="hlt">heights</span> show comparable accuracy with both independent training data and the lidar measurements, which is consistent with previous studies. However, under complicated background, with multilayers in vertical scale, underlying stratus clouds tend to have detrimental <span class="hlt">effects</span> on the final retrieval accuracy. This is an unresolved problem, like many other previously published methods using passive satellite sensors. Compared with previous studies, the FY-4 ash <span class="hlt">height</span> algorithm is independent of simultaneous atmospheric profiles, providing a flexible way to estimate volcanic ash <span class="hlt">height</span> using passive satellite infrared measurements.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5405635','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5405635"><span>Evaluation of the Correlation of Ramus <span class="hlt">Height</span>, Gonial Angle, and Dental <span class="hlt">Height</span> with Different Facial Forms in Individuals with Deep Bite Disorders</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Ahila, SC; Sasikala, C; Kumar, B Muthu; Tah, Rajdeep; Abinaya, K</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>Background: Restoring the vertical dimension is a critical procedure in prosthetic dentistry. Anterior facial <span class="hlt">height</span> has a significant impact on the length of the ramus. Patients with deep bite will exhibit a shorter lower facial <span class="hlt">height</span>; hence, restoring the vertical dimension esthetically without altering the facial form is highly challenging. Aim: To evaluate the relationship of gonial angle, ramus <span class="hlt">height</span>, and dental <span class="hlt">height</span> with different facial forms. Subjects and Methods: A total of 51 subjects in all facial form aged between 20 and 40 with deep bite were randomly selected. Lateral cephalograms and facial photographs were made for each patient. Ramus <span class="hlt">height</span> was measured on lateral cephalogram by measuring the distance from articulare to gonion. The gonial angles were calculated and anterior and posterior dental <span class="hlt">height</span> were measured from cephalogram. Facial forms were evaluated using patient's photographs. Results: The obtained measurements were evaluated, and compared statistically with one way analysis of variance and regression correlation test. Statistical analysis revealed that there was no correlation found between the gonial angle and ramus <span class="hlt">height</span>. Conclusion: Correlation found between the ramus <span class="hlt">height</span> and anterior and posterior dental <span class="hlt">height</span> in patients with deep bite disorders. The ramus <span class="hlt">height</span> can be calculated using the formulas 46.42 + (0.095 × AD <span class="hlt">height</span>), 46.046+ (0.123 × PD <span class="hlt">height</span>). PMID:28480098</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28869480','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28869480"><span>Genetically-Predicted Adult <span class="hlt">Height</span> and Alzheimer's Disease.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Larsson, Susanna C; Traylor, Matthew; Burgess, Stephen; Markus, Hugh S</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>Observational studies have linked increased adult <span class="hlt">height</span> with better cognitive performance and reduced risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD). It is unclear whether the associations are due to shared biological processes that influence <span class="hlt">height</span> and AD or due to confounding by early life exposures or environmental factors. To use a genetic approach to investigate the association between adult <span class="hlt">height</span> and AD. We selected 682 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with <span class="hlt">height</span> at genome-wide significance (p < 5×10-8) in the Genetic Investigation of ANthropometric Traits (GIANT) consortium. Summary statistics for each of these SNPs on AD were obtained from the International Genomics of Alzheimer's Project (IGAP) of 17,008 individuals with AD and 37,154 controls. The estimate of the association between genetically predicted <span class="hlt">height</span> and AD was calculated using the inverse-variance weighted method. The odds ratio of AD was 0.91 (95% confidence interval, 0.86-0.95; p = 9.8×10-5) per one standard deviation increase (about 6.5 cm) in genetically predicted <span class="hlt">height</span> based on 682 SNPs, which were clustered in 419 loci. In an analysis restricted to one SNP from each <span class="hlt">height</span>-associated locus (n = 419 SNPs), the corresponding OR was 0.92 (95% confidence interval, 0.86-0.97; p = 4.8×10-3). This finding suggests that biological processes that influence adult <span class="hlt">height</span> may have a role in the etiology of AD.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993JApMe..32.1559N','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993JApMe..32.1559N"><span>A Comparison of Several Techniques to Assign <span class="hlt">Heights</span> to Cloud Tracers.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Nieman, Steven J.; Schmetz, Johannes; Menzel, W. Paul</p> <p>1993-09-01</p> <p>Satellite-derived cloud-motion vector (CMV) production has been troubled by inaccurate <span class="hlt">height</span> assignment of cloud tracers, especially in thin semitransparent clouds. This paper presents the results of an intercomparison of current operational <span class="hlt">height</span> assignment techniques. Currently, <span class="hlt">heights</span> are assigned by one of three techniques when the appropriate spectral radiance measurements are available. The infrared window (IRW) technique compares measured brightness temperatures to forecast temperature profiles and thus infers opaque cloud levels. In semitransparent or small subpixel clouds, the carbon dioxide (CO2) technique uses the ratio of radiances from different layers of the atmosphere to infer the correct cloud <span class="hlt">height</span>. In the water vapor (H2O) technique, radiances influenced by upper-tropospheric moisture and IRW radiances are measured for several pixels viewing different cloud amounts, and their linear relationship is used to extrapolate the correct cloud <span class="hlt">height</span>. The results presented in this paper suggest that the H2O technique is a viable alternative to the CO2 technique for inferring the <span class="hlt">heights</span> of semitransparent cloud elements. This is important since future National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service (NESDIS) operations will have to rely on H20-derived cloud-<span class="hlt">height</span> assignments in the wind field determinations with the next operational geostationary satellite. On a given day, the <span class="hlt">heights</span> from the two approaches compare to within 60 110 hPa rms; drier atmospheric conditions tend to reduce the <span class="hlt">effectiveness</span> of the H2O technique. By inference one can conclude that the present <span class="hlt">height</span> algorithms used operationally at NESDIS (with the C02 technique) and at the European Satellite Operations Center (ESOC) (with their version of the H20 technique) are providing similar results. Sample wind fields produced with the ESOC and NESDIS algorithms using Meteosat-4 data show good agreement.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19770051551&hterms=Tidal+waves&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D10%26Ntt%3DTidal%2Bwaves','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19770051551&hterms=Tidal+waves&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D10%26Ntt%3DTidal%2Bwaves"><span>Theoretical aspects of tidal and planetary wave propagation at thermospheric <span class="hlt">heights</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Volland, H.; Mayr, H. G.</p> <p>1977-01-01</p> <p>A simple semiquantitative model is presented which allows analytic solutions of tidal and planetary wave propagation at thermospheric <span class="hlt">heights</span>. This model is based on perturbation approximation and mode separation. The <span class="hlt">effects</span> of viscosity and heat conduction are parameterized by Rayleigh friction and Newtonian cooling. Because of this simplicity, one gains a clear physical insight into basic features of atmospheric wave propagation. In particular, we discuss the meridional structures of pressure and horizontal wind (the solutions of Laplace's equation) and their modification due to dissipative <span class="hlt">effects</span> at thermospheric <span class="hlt">heights</span>. Furthermore, we solve the equations governing the <span class="hlt">height</span> structure of the wave modes and arrive at a very simple asymptotic solution valid in the upper part of the thermosphere. That 'system transfer function' of the thermosphere allows one to estimate immediately the reaction of the thermospheric wave mode parameters such as pressure, temperature, and winds to an external heat source of arbitrary temporal and spatial distribution. Finally, the diffusion <span class="hlt">effects</span> of the minor constituents due to the global wind circulation are discussed, and some results of numerical calculations are presented.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017SPIE10200E..1JK','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017SPIE10200E..1JK"><span>Airburst <span class="hlt">height</span> computation method of Sea-Impact Test</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Kim, Jinho; Kim, Hyungsup; Chae, Sungwoo; Park, Sungho</p> <p>2017-05-01</p> <p>This paper describes the ways how to measure the airburst <span class="hlt">height</span> of projectiles and rockets. In general, the airburst <span class="hlt">height</span> could be determined by using triangulation method or the images from the camera installed on the radar. There are some limitations in these previous methods when the missiles impact the sea surface. To apply triangulation method, the cameras should be installed so that the lines of sight intersect at angles from 60 to 120 degrees. There could be no <span class="hlt">effective</span> observation towers to install the optical system. In case the range of the missile is more than 50km, the images from the camera of the radar could be useless. This paper proposes the method to measure the airburst <span class="hlt">height</span> of sea impact projectile by using a single camera. The camera would be installed on the island near to the impact area and the distance could be computed by using the position and attitude of camera and sea level. To demonstrate the proposed method, the results from the proposed method are compared with that from the previous method.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29379548','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29379548"><span>The validity of self-reported vs. measured body weight and <span class="hlt">height</span> and the <span class="hlt">effect</span> of self-perception.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Gokler, Mehmet Enes; Bugrul, Necati; Sarı, Ahu Ozturk; Metintas, Selma</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p>The objective was to assess the validity of self-reported body weight and <span class="hlt">height</span> and the possible influence of self-perception of body mass index (BMI) status on the actual BMI during the adolescent period. This cross sectional study was conducted on 3918 high school students. Accurate BMI perception occurred when the student's self-perception of their BMI status did not differ from their actual BMI based on measured <span class="hlt">height</span> and weight. Agreement between the measured and self-reported body <span class="hlt">height</span> and weight and BMI values was determined using the Bland-Altman metod. To determine the <span class="hlt">effects</span> of "a good level of agreement", hierarchical logistic regression models were used. Among male students who reported their BMI in the normal region, 2.8% were measured as overweight while 0.6% of them were measured as obese. For females in the same group, these percentages were 1.3% and 0.4% respectively. Among male students who perceived their BMI in the normal region, 8.5% were measured as overweight while 0.4% of them were measured as obese. For females these percentages were 25.6% and 1.8% respectively. According to logistic regression analysis, residence and accurate BMI perception were significantly associated with "good agreement" ( p ≤ 0.001). The results of this study demonstrated that in determining obesity and overweight statuses, non-accurate weight perception is a potential risk for students.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24979815','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24979815"><span>Pelvic rotation torque during fast-pitch softball hitting under three ball <span class="hlt">height</span> conditions.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Iino, Yoichi; Fukushima, Atsushi; Kojima, Takeji</p> <p>2014-08-01</p> <p>The purpose of this study was to investigate the relevance of hip joint angles to the production of the pelvic rotation torque in fast-pitch softball hitting and to examine the <span class="hlt">effect</span> of ball <span class="hlt">height</span> on this production. Thirteen advanced female softball players hit stationary balls at three different <span class="hlt">heights</span>: high, middle, and low. The pelvic rotation torque, defined as the torque acting on the pelvis through the hip joints about the pelvic superior-inferior axis, was determined from the kinematic and force plate data using inverse dynamics. Irrespective of the ball <span class="hlt">heights</span>, the rear hip extension, rear hip external rotation, front hip adduction, and front hip flexion torques contributed to the production of pelvic rotation torque. Although the contributions of the adduction and external rotation torques at each hip joint were significantly different among the ball <span class="hlt">heights</span>, the contributions of the front and rear hip joint torques were similar among the three ball <span class="hlt">heights</span> owing to cancelation of the two torque components. The timings of the peaks of the hip joint torque components were significantly different, suggesting that softball hitters may need to adjust the timings of the torque exertions fairly precisely to rotate the upper body <span class="hlt">effectively</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18372557','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18372557"><span>Water tables constrain <span class="hlt">height</span> recovery of willow on Yellowstone's northern range.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Bilyeu, Danielle M; Cooper, David J; Hobbs, N Thompson</p> <p>2008-01-01</p> <p>Excessive levels of herbivory may disturb ecosystems in ways that persist even when herbivory is moderated. These persistent changes may complicate efforts to restore ecosystems affected by herbivores. Willow (Salix spp.) communities within the northern range in Yellowstone National Park have been eliminated or degraded in many riparian areas by excessive elk (Cervus elaphus L.) browsing. Elk browsing of riparian willows appears to have diminished following the reintroduction of wolves (Canis lupis L.), but it remains uncertain whether reduced herbivory will restore willow communities. The direct <span class="hlt">effects</span> of elk browsing on willows have been accompanied by indirect <span class="hlt">effects</span> from the loss of beaver (Castor canadensis Kuhl) activity, including incision of stream channels, erosion of fine sediments, and lower water tables near streams historically dammed by beaver. In areas where these changes have occurred, lowered water tables may suppress willow <span class="hlt">height</span> even in the absence of elk browsing. We conducted a factorial field experiment to understand willow responses to browsing and to <span class="hlt">height</span> of water tables. After four years of protection from elk browsing, willows with ambient water tables averaged only 106 cm in <span class="hlt">height</span>, with negligible <span class="hlt">height</span> gain in two of three study species during the last year of the experiment. Willows that were protected from browsing and had artificially elevated water tables averaged 147 cm in <span class="hlt">height</span> and gained 19 cm in the last year of the experiment. In browsed plots, elevated water tables doubled <span class="hlt">height</span> gain during a period of slightly reduced browsing pressure. We conclude that water availability mediates the rate of willow <span class="hlt">height</span> gain and may determine whether willows grow tall enough to escape the browse zone of elk and gain resistance to future elk browsing. Consequently, in areas where long-term beaver absence has resulted in incised stream channels and low water tables, a reduction in elk browsing alone may not be sufficient for recovery</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/27167','TREESEARCH'); return false;" href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/27167"><span>Five instruments for measuring tree <span class="hlt">height</span>: an evaluation</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/">Treesearch</a></p> <p>Michael S. Williams; William A. Bechtold; V.J. LaBau</p> <p>1994-01-01</p> <p>Five instruments were tested for reliability in measuring tree <span class="hlt">heights</span> under realistic conditions. Four linear models were used to determine if tree <span class="hlt">height</span> can be measured unbiasedly over all tree sizes and if any of the instruments were more efficient in estimating tree <span class="hlt">height</span>. The laser <span class="hlt">height</span> finder was the only instrument to produce unbiased estimates of the true...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26626268','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26626268"><span>Olympic weightlifting training improves vertical jump <span class="hlt">height</span> in sportspeople: a systematic review with meta-analysis.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Hackett, Daniel; Davies, Tim; Soomro, Najeebullah; Halaki, Mark</p> <p>2016-07-01</p> <p>This systematic review was conducted to evaluate the <span class="hlt">effect</span> of Olympic weightlifting (OW) on vertical jump (VJ) <span class="hlt">height</span> compared to a control condition, traditional resistance training and plyometric training. Five electronic databases were searched using terms related to OW and VJ. Studies needed to include at least one OW exercise, an intervention lasting ≥6 weeks; a comparison group of control, traditional resistance training or plyometric training; and to have measured VJ <span class="hlt">height</span>. The methodological quality of studies was assessed using the Downs and Black Checklist. Random and fixed <span class="hlt">effects</span> meta-analyses were performed to pool the results of the included studies and generate a weighted mean <span class="hlt">effect</span> size (ES). Six studies (seven articles) were included in the meta-analyses and described a total of 232 participants (175 athletes and 57 physical education students) with resistance training experience, aged 19.5±2.2 years. Three studies compared OW versus control; four studies compared OW versus traditional resistance training; and three studies compared OW versus plyometric training. Meta-analyses indicated OW improved VJ <span class="hlt">height</span> by 7.7% (95% CI 3.4 to 5.4 cm) compared to control (ES=0.62, p=0.03) and by 5.1% (95% CI 2.2 to 3.0 cm) compared to traditional resistance training (ES=0.64 p=0.00004). Change in VJ <span class="hlt">height</span> was not different for OW versus plyometric training. OW is an <span class="hlt">effective</span> training method to improve VJ <span class="hlt">height</span>. The similar <span class="hlt">effects</span> observed for OW and plyometric training on VJ <span class="hlt">height</span> suggests that either of these methods would be beneficial when devising training programmes to improve VJ <span class="hlt">height</span>. Published by the BMJ Publishing Group Limited. For permission to use (where not already granted under a licence) please go to http://www.bmj.com/company/products-services/rights-and-licensing/</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011JGeod..85....1S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011JGeod..85....1S"><span><span class="hlt">Height</span> bias and scale <span class="hlt">effect</span> induced by antenna gravitational deformations in geodetic VLBI data analysis</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Sarti, Pierguido; Abbondanza, Claudio; Petrov, Leonid; Negusini, Monia</p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p>The impact of signal path variations (SPVs) caused by antenna gravitational deformations on geodetic very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) results is evaluated for the first time. Elevation-dependent models of SPV for Medicina and Noto (Italy) telescopes were derived from a combination of terrestrial surveying methods to account for gravitational deformations. After applying these models in geodetic VLBI data analysis, estimates of the antenna reference point positions are shifted upward by 8.9 and 6.7 mm, respectively. The impact on other parameters is negligible. To simulate the impact of antenna gravitational deformations on the entire VLBI network, lacking measurements for other telescopes, we rescaled the SPV models of Medicina and Noto for other antennas according to their size. The <span class="hlt">effects</span> of the simulations are changes in VLBI <span class="hlt">heights</span> in the range [-3, 73] mm and a net scale increase of 0.3-0.8 ppb. The <span class="hlt">height</span> bias is larger than random errors of VLBI position estimates, implying the possibility of significant scale distortions related to antenna gravitational deformations. This demonstrates the need to precisely measure gravitational deformations of other VLBI telescopes, to derive their precise SPV models and to apply them in routine geodetic data analysis.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24480546','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24480546"><span>The <span class="hlt">height</span> premium in Indonesia.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Sohn, Kitae</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>Analyzing the Indonesian Family Life Survey for the year 2007, this paper estimates that a 10 cm increase in physical stature is associated with an increase in earnings of 7.5% for men and 13.0% for women, even after controlling for an extensive set of productivity variables. When the <span class="hlt">height</span> premium is estimated by sector, it is 12.3% for self-employed men and 18.0% for self-employed women; a <span class="hlt">height</span> premium of 11.1% is also estimated for women in the private sector. In the public sector, however, the <span class="hlt">height</span> premium estimate is not statistically significant for either men or women. This paper provides further evidence of discrimination based on customers' preferences for tall workers. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title14-vol1/pdf/CFR-2010-title14-vol1-sec27-87.pdf','CFR'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title14-vol1/pdf/CFR-2010-title14-vol1-sec27-87.pdf"><span>14 CFR 27.87 - <span class="hlt">Height</span>-speed envelope.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2010&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2010-01-01</p> <p>... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false <span class="hlt">Height</span>-speed envelope. 27.87 Section 27.87... STANDARDS: NORMAL CATEGORY ROTORCRAFT Flight Performance § 27.87 <span class="hlt">Height</span>-speed envelope. (a) If there is any combination of <span class="hlt">height</span> and forward speed (including hover) under which a safe landing cannot be made under the...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title14-vol1/pdf/CFR-2011-title14-vol1-sec27-87.pdf','CFR2011'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title14-vol1/pdf/CFR-2011-title14-vol1-sec27-87.pdf"><span>14 CFR 27.87 - <span class="hlt">Height</span>-speed envelope.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2011&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p>... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false <span class="hlt">Height</span>-speed envelope. 27.87 Section 27.87... STANDARDS: NORMAL CATEGORY ROTORCRAFT Flight Performance § 27.87 <span class="hlt">Height</span>-speed envelope. (a) If there is any combination of <span class="hlt">height</span> and forward speed (including hover) under which a safe landing cannot be made under the...</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li class="active"><span>18</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_18 --> <div id="page_19" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li class="active"><span>19</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="361"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23347499','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23347499"><span>Birth order progressively affects childhood <span class="hlt">height</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Savage, Tim; Derraik, José G B; Miles, Harriet L; Mouat, Fran; Cutfield, Wayne S; Hofman, Paul L</p> <p>2013-09-01</p> <p>There is evidence suggesting that first-born children and adults are anthropometrically different to later-borns. Thus, we aimed to assess whether birth order was associated with changes in growth and metabolism in childhood. We studied 312 healthy prepubertal children: 157 first-borns and 155 later-borns. Children were aged 3-10 years, born 37-41 weeks gestation, and of birth weight appropriate-for-gestational-age. Clinical assessments included measurement of children's <span class="hlt">height</span>, weight, fasting lipid and hormonal profiles and DEXA-derived body composition. First-borns were taller than later-borns (P < 0·0001), even when adjusted for parents' <span class="hlt">heights</span> (0·31 vs 0·03 SDS; P = 0·001). There was an incremental <span class="hlt">height</span> decrease with increasing birth order, so that first-borns were taller than second-borns (P < 0·001), who were in turn taller than third-borns (P = 0·007). Further, among sibling pairs both <span class="hlt">height</span> SDS (P = 0·009) and adjusted <span class="hlt">height</span> SDS (P < 0·0001) were lower in second- vs first-born children. Consistent with differences in stature, first- (P = 0·043) and second-borns (P = 0·003) had higher IGF-I concentrations than third-borns. Both first- (P < 0·001) and second-borns (P = 0·004) also had reduced abdominal adiposity (lower android fat to gynoid fat ratio) when compared with third-borns. Other parameters of adiposity and blood lipids were unaffected by birth order. First-borns were taller than later-born children, with an incremental <span class="hlt">height</span> reduction from first to third birth order. These differences were present after correction for genetic <span class="hlt">height</span>, and associated to some extent with alterations in plasma IGF-I. Our findings strengthen the evidence that birth order is associated with phenotypic changes in childhood. © 2013 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2012-title46-vol2/pdf/CFR-2012-title46-vol2-sec42-20-70.pdf','CFR2012'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2012-title46-vol2/pdf/CFR-2012-title46-vol2-sec42-20-70.pdf"><span>46 CFR 42.20-70 - Minimum bow <span class="hlt">height</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2012&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2012-10-01</p> <p>... Freeboards § 42.20-70 Minimum bow <span class="hlt">height</span>. (a) The bow <span class="hlt">height</span> defined as the vertical distance at the forward... 46 Shipping 2 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Minimum bow <span class="hlt">height</span>. 42.20-70 Section 42.20-70 Shipping... less than 0.68. (b) Where the bow <span class="hlt">height</span> required in paragraph (a) of this section is obtained by sheer...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title46-vol2/pdf/CFR-2011-title46-vol2-sec42-20-70.pdf','CFR2011'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title46-vol2/pdf/CFR-2011-title46-vol2-sec42-20-70.pdf"><span>46 CFR 42.20-70 - Minimum bow <span class="hlt">height</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2011&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2011-10-01</p> <p>... Freeboards § 42.20-70 Minimum bow <span class="hlt">height</span>. (a) The bow <span class="hlt">height</span> defined as the vertical distance at the forward... 46 Shipping 2 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Minimum bow <span class="hlt">height</span>. 42.20-70 Section 42.20-70 Shipping... less than 0.68. (b) Where the bow <span class="hlt">height</span> required in paragraph (a) of this section is obtained by sheer...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title46-vol2/pdf/CFR-2014-title46-vol2-sec42-20-70.pdf','CFR2014'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title46-vol2/pdf/CFR-2014-title46-vol2-sec42-20-70.pdf"><span>46 CFR 42.20-70 - Minimum bow <span class="hlt">height</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2014&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2014-10-01</p> <p>... Freeboards § 42.20-70 Minimum bow <span class="hlt">height</span>. (a) The bow <span class="hlt">height</span> defined as the vertical distance at the forward... 46 Shipping 2 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Minimum bow <span class="hlt">height</span>. 42.20-70 Section 42.20-70 Shipping... less than 0.68. (b) Where the bow <span class="hlt">height</span> required in paragraph (a) of this section is obtained by sheer...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2013-title46-vol2/pdf/CFR-2013-title46-vol2-sec42-20-70.pdf','CFR2013'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2013-title46-vol2/pdf/CFR-2013-title46-vol2-sec42-20-70.pdf"><span>46 CFR 42.20-70 - Minimum bow <span class="hlt">height</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2013&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2013-10-01</p> <p>... Freeboards § 42.20-70 Minimum bow <span class="hlt">height</span>. (a) The bow <span class="hlt">height</span> defined as the vertical distance at the forward... 46 Shipping 2 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Minimum bow <span class="hlt">height</span>. 42.20-70 Section 42.20-70 Shipping... less than 0.68. (b) Where the bow <span class="hlt">height</span> required in paragraph (a) of this section is obtained by sheer...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title46-vol2/pdf/CFR-2010-title46-vol2-sec42-20-70.pdf','CFR'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title46-vol2/pdf/CFR-2010-title46-vol2-sec42-20-70.pdf"><span>46 CFR 42.20-70 - Minimum bow <span class="hlt">height</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2010&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2010-10-01</p> <p>... Freeboards § 42.20-70 Minimum bow <span class="hlt">height</span>. (a) The bow <span class="hlt">height</span> defined as the vertical distance at the forward... 46 Shipping 2 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Minimum bow <span class="hlt">height</span>. 42.20-70 Section 42.20-70 Shipping... less than 0.68. (b) Where the bow <span class="hlt">height</span> required in paragraph (a) of this section is obtained by sheer...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28453166','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28453166"><span>An analysis of the relationship between bodily injury severity and fall <span class="hlt">height</span> in victims of fatal falls from <span class="hlt">height</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Teresiński, Grzegorz; Milaszkiewicz, Anna; Cywka, Tomasz</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>Aim of the study: One of the basic issues discussed in forensic literature regarding falls from a <span class="hlt">height</span> is determination of fall <span class="hlt">heights</span> and differentiation between suicidal and accidental falls. The aim of the study was to verify the usefulness of the available methods for the purposes of forensic expertises. Material and methods: The study encompassed fatalities of falls from a <span class="hlt">height</span> whose autopsies were performed in the Department of Forensic Medicine in Lublin. Results: Similarly to other authors, the severity of injuries was assessed using the <i>Abbreviated Injury Scale </i>(AIS) and injury severity score (ISS). The study findings demonstrated a statistically significant correlation between the fall <span class="hlt">height</span> and the severity of injuries according to ISS and a statistically significant difference in fall <span class="hlt">heights</span> between the groups of accidents and suicides.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/24472','TREESEARCH'); return false;" href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/24472"><span>Terrain shape index: quantifying <span class="hlt">effect</span> of minor landforms on tree <span class="hlt">height</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/">Treesearch</a></p> <p>W. Henry McNab</p> <p>1989-01-01</p> <p>In the southern Appalachians, the distribution and growth of trees are highly correlated with local topography, but the relationships have been ditficult to describe quantitatively. A quantitative expression of the geometric shape of the land surface (terrain shape index) is described and correlated with oventory tree <span class="hlt">heights</span> and site quality. Application of the index...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20150007419&hterms=accounting+system&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D20%26Ntt%3Daccounting%2Bsystem','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20150007419&hterms=accounting+system&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D20%26Ntt%3Daccounting%2Bsystem"><span>High Temperatures Health Monitoring of the Condensed Water <span class="hlt">Height</span> in Steam Pipe Systems</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Lih, Shyh-Shiuh; Bar-Cohen, Yoseph; Lee, Hyeong Jae; Badescu, Mircea; Bao, Xiaoqi; Sherrit, Stewart; Takano, Nobuyuki; Ostlund, Patrick; Blosiu, Julian</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>Ultrasonic probes were designed, fabricated and tested for high temperature health monitoring system. The goal of this work was to develop the health monitoring system that can determine the <span class="hlt">height</span> level of the condensed water through the pipe wall at high temperature up to 250 deg while accounting for the <span class="hlt">effects</span> of surface perturbation. Among different ultrasonic probe designs, 2.25 MHz probes with air backed configuration provide satisfactory results in terms of sensitivity, receiving reflections from the <span class="hlt">target</span> through the pipe wall. A series of tests were performed using the air-backed probes under irregular conditions, such as surface perturbation and surface disturbance at elevated temperature, to qualify the developed ultrasonic system. The results demonstrate that the fabricated air-backed probes combined with advanced signal processing techniques offer the capability of health monitoring of steam pipe under various operating conditions.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4393754','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4393754"><span>Early life mortality and <span class="hlt">height</span> in Indian states</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Coffey, Diane</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Height</span> is a marker for health, cognitive ability and economic productivity. Recent research on the determinants of <span class="hlt">height</span> suggests that postneonatal mortality predicts <span class="hlt">height</span> because it is a measure of the early life disease environment to which a cohort is exposed. This article advances the literature on the determinants of <span class="hlt">height</span> by examining the role of early life mortality, including neonatal mortality, in India, a large developing country with a very short population. It uses state level variation in neonatal mortality, postneonatal mortality, and pre-adult mortality to predict the <span class="hlt">heights</span> of adults born between 1970 and 1983, and neonatal and postneonatal mortality to predict the <span class="hlt">heights</span> of children born between 1995 and 2005. In contrast to what is found in the literature on developed countries, I find that state level variation in neonatal mortality is a strong predictor of adult and child <span class="hlt">heights</span>. This may be due to state level variation in, and overall poor levels of, pre-natal nutrition in India. PMID:25499239</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25079104','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25079104"><span><span class="hlt">Effect</span> of weight, <span class="hlt">height</span> and BMI on injury outcome in side impact crashes without airbag deployment.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Pal, Chinmoy; Tomosaburo, Okabe; Vimalathithan, K; Jeyabharath, M; Muthukumar, M; Satheesh, N; Narahari, S</p> <p>2014-11-01</p> <p>A comprehensive analysis is performed to evaluate the <span class="hlt">effect</span> of weight, <span class="hlt">height</span> and body mass index (BMI) of occupants on side impact injuries at different body regions. The accident dataset for this study is based on the National Automotive Sampling System-Crashworthiness Data System (NASS-CDS) for accident year 2000-08. The mean BMI values for driver and front passenger are estimated from all types of crashes using NASS database, which clearly indicates that mean BMI has been increasing over the years in the USA. To study the <span class="hlt">effect</span> of BMI in side impact injuries, BMI was split into three groups namely (1) thin (BMI<21), (2) normal (BMI 24-27), (3) obese (BMI>30). For more clear identification of the <span class="hlt">effect</span> of BMI in side impact injuries, a minimum gap of three BMI is set in between each adjacent BMI groups. Car model years from MY1995-1999 to MY2000-2008 are chosen in order to identify the degree of influence of older and newer generation of cars in side impact injuries. Impact locations particularly side-front (F), side-center (P) and side-distributed (Y) are chosen for this analysis. Direction of force (DOF) considered for both near side and far side occupants are 8 o'clock, 9 o'clock, 10 o'clock and 2 o'clock, 3 o'clock and 4 o'clock respectively. Age <60 years is also one of the constraints imposed on data selection to minimize the <span class="hlt">effect</span> of bone strength on the occurrence of occupant injuries. AIS2+ and AIS3+ injury risk in all body regions have been plotted for the selected three BMI groups of occupant, delta-V 0-60kmph, two sets (old and new) of car model years. The analysis is carried with three approaches: (a) injury risk percentage based on simple graphical method with respect to a single variable, (b) injury distribution method where the injuries are marked on the respective anatomical locations and (c) logistic regression, a statistical method, considers all the related variables together. Lower extremity injury risk appears to be high for thin BMI</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/14407','TREESEARCH'); return false;" href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/14407"><span>Modeling Missing Remeasurement Tree <span class="hlt">Heights</span> in Forest Inventory Data</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/">Treesearch</a></p> <p>Raymond M. Sheffield; Callie J. Schweitzer</p> <p>2005-01-01</p> <p>Missing tree <span class="hlt">heights</span> are often problematic in compiling forest inventory remeasurement data. <span class="hlt">Heights</span> for cut and mortality trees are usually not available; calculations of removal or mortality volumes must utilize either a modeled <span class="hlt">height</span> at the time of tree death or the <span class="hlt">height</span> assigned to the tree at a previous remeasurement. Less often, tree <span class="hlt">heights</span> are not available...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/21224','TREESEARCH'); return false;" href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/21224"><span>Modeling missing remeasurement tree <span class="hlt">heights</span> in forest inventory data</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/">Treesearch</a></p> <p>Raymond M. Sheffield; Callie J. Schweitzer</p> <p>2002-01-01</p> <p>Missing tree <span class="hlt">heights</span> are often problematic in compiling forest inventory renleasureinent data. <span class="hlt">Heights</span> for cut and niortality trees are usually not available; calculations of removal or mortality volumes must utilize either a modeled <span class="hlt">height</span> at the time of tree death or the <span class="hlt">height</span> assigned to the tree at a previous remeasurement. Less often, tree <span class="hlt">heights</span> are not...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ApSS..422..883L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ApSS..422..883L"><span>Spatial <span class="hlt">height</span> directed microfluidic synthesis of transparent inorganic upconversion nano film</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Liu, Xiaoxia; Zhu, Cheng; Liao, Wei; Jin, Junyang; Ni, Yaru; Lu, Chunhua; Xu, Zhongzi</p> <p>2017-11-01</p> <p>A microfluidic-based synthesis of an inorganic upconversion nano film has been developed with a large area of dense-distributed NaYF4 crystal grains in a silica glass micro-reactor and the film exhibits high transparence, strong upconversion luminescence and robust adhesion with the substrate. The spatial <span class="hlt">heights</span> of micro-reactors are tuned between 31 and 227 mm, which can regulate flow regimes. The synergistic <span class="hlt">effect</span> of spatial <span class="hlt">height</span> and fluid regime is put forward, which influences diffusion paths and assembly ways of different precursor molecules and consequently directs final distributions and morphologies of crystal grains, as well as optical properties due to diversity of surface and thickness of films. The spatial <span class="hlt">height</span> of 110 mm is advantageous for high transmittance of upconversion film due to the flat surface and appropriate film thickness of 67 nm. The <span class="hlt">height</span> of 150 mm is in favor of uniform distribution of upconversion fluorescence and achieving the strongest fluorescence due to minimized optical loss. Such a transparent upconversion film with a large area of uniform distribution is promising to promote the application of upconversion materials and spatial <span class="hlt">height</span> directed microfluidic regime have a certain significance on many microfluidic synthesis.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27207559','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27207559"><span>Clinical <span class="hlt">height</span> measurements are unreliable: a call for improvement.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Mikula, A L; Hetzel, S J; Binkley, N; Anderson, P A</p> <p>2016-10-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Height</span> measurements are currently used to guide imaging decisions that assist in osteoporosis care, but their clinical reliability is largely unknown. We found both clinical <span class="hlt">height</span> measurements and electronic health record <span class="hlt">height</span> data to be unreliable. Improvement in <span class="hlt">height</span> measurement is needed to improve osteoporosis care. The aim of this study is to assess the accuracy and reliability of clinical <span class="hlt">height</span> measurement in a university healthcare clinical setting. Electronic health record (EHR) review, direct measurement of clinical stadiometer accuracy, and observation of staff <span class="hlt">height</span> measurement technique at outpatient facilities of the University of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics. We examined 32 clinical stadiometers for reliability and observed 34 clinic staff perform <span class="hlt">height</span> measurements at 12 outpatient primary care and specialty clinics. An EHR search identified 4711 men and women age 43 to 89 with no known metabolic bone disease who had more than one <span class="hlt">height</span> measurement over 3 months. The short study period and exclusion were selected to evaluate change in recorded <span class="hlt">height</span> not due to pathologic processes. Mean EHR recorded <span class="hlt">height</span> change (first to last measurement) was -0.02 cm (SD 1.88 cm). Eighteen percent of patients had <span class="hlt">height</span> measurement differences noted in the EHR of ≥2 cm over 3 months. The technical error of measurement (TEM) was 1.77 cm with a relative TEM of 1.04 %. None of the staff observed performing <span class="hlt">height</span> measurements followed all recommended <span class="hlt">height</span> measurement guidelines. Fifty percent of clinic staff reported they on occasion enter patient reported <span class="hlt">height</span> into the EHR rather than performing a measurement. When performing direct measurements on stadiometers, the mean difference from a gold standard length was 0.24 cm (SD 0.80). Nine percent of stadiometers examined had an error of >1.5 cm. Clinical <span class="hlt">height</span> measurements and EHR recorded <span class="hlt">height</span> results are unreliable. Improvement in this measure is needed as an adjunct to improve</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/21401379-automatic-computation-optimum-height-planning-apartment-buildings-improve-solar-access','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/21401379-automatic-computation-optimum-height-planning-apartment-buildings-improve-solar-access"><span>Automatic computation for optimum <span class="hlt">height</span> planning of apartment buildings to improve solar access</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Seong, Yoon-Bok; Kim, Yong-Yee; Seok, Ho-Tae</p> <p>2011-01-15</p> <p>The objective of this study is to suggest a mathematical model and an optimal algorithm for determining the <span class="hlt">height</span> of apartment buildings to satisfy the solar rights of survey buildings or survey housing units. The objective is also to develop an automatic computation model for the optimum <span class="hlt">height</span> of apartment buildings and then to clarify the performance and expected <span class="hlt">effects</span>. To accomplish the objective of this study, the following procedures were followed: (1) The necessity of the <span class="hlt">height</span> planning of obstruction buildings to satisfy the solar rights of survey buildings or survey housing units is demonstrated by analyzing through amore » literature review the recent trend of disputes related to solar rights and to examining the social requirements in terms of solar rights. In addition, the necessity of the automatic computation system for <span class="hlt">height</span> planning of apartment buildings is demonstrated and a suitable analysis method for this system is chosen by investigating the characteristics of analysis methods for solar rights assessment. (2) A case study on the process of <span class="hlt">height</span> planning of apartment buildings will be briefly described and the problems occurring in this process will then be examined carefully. (3) To develop an automatic computation model for <span class="hlt">height</span> planning of apartment buildings, geometrical elements forming apartment buildings are defined by analyzing the geometrical characteristics of apartment buildings. In addition, design factors and regulations required in <span class="hlt">height</span> planning of apartment buildings are investigated. Based on this knowledge, the methodology and mathematical algorithm to adjust the <span class="hlt">height</span> of apartment buildings by automatic computation are suggested and probable problems and the ways to resolve these problems are discussed. Finally, the methodology and algorithm for the optimization are suggested. (4) Based on the suggested methodology and mathematical algorithm, the automatic computation model for optimum <span class="hlt">height</span> of apartment</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19920042495&hterms=volcanic+ash&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D90%26Ntt%3Dvolcanic%2Bash','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19920042495&hterms=volcanic+ash&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D90%26Ntt%3Dvolcanic%2Bash"><span>Thermal disequilibrium at the top of volcanic clouds and its <span class="hlt">effect</span> on estimates of the column <span class="hlt">height</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Woods, Andrew W.; Self, Stephen</p> <p>1992-01-01</p> <p>Satellite images of large volcanic explosions reveal that the tops of volcanic eruptions columns are much cooler than the surrounding atmosphere. It is proposed that this <span class="hlt">effect</span> occurs whenever a mixture of hot volcanic ash and entrained air ascends sufficiently high into a stably stratified atmosphere. Although the mixture is initially very hot, it expands and cools as the ambient pressure decreases. It is shown that cloud-top undercoolings in excess of 20 C may develop in clouds that penetrate the stratosphere, and it is predicted that, for a given cloud-top temperature, variations in the initial temperature of 100-200 C may correspond to variations in the column <span class="hlt">height</span> of 5-10 km. It is deduced that the present practice of converting satellite-based measurements of the temperature at the top of volcanic eruptions columns to estimates of the column <span class="hlt">height</span> will produce rather inaccurate results and should therefore be discontinued.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20150006637&hterms=smoke&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D30%26Ntt%3Dsmoke','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20150006637&hterms=smoke&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D30%26Ntt%3Dsmoke"><span>MISR Interactive Explorer (MINX) : Production Digitizing to Retrieve Smoke Plume <span class="hlt">Heights</span> and Validating <span class="hlt">Heights</span> Against Lidar Data</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Dunst, Ben</p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p>The <span class="hlt">height</span> at which smoke from a wildfire is injected into the atmosphere is an important parameter for climatology, because it determines how far the smoke can be transported. Using the MINX program to analyze MISR (Multi-angle Imaging Spectro-Radiometer) data, I digitized wildfire smoke plumes to add to an existing database of these <span class="hlt">heights</span> for use by scientists studying smoke transport and plume dynamics. In addition to using MINX to do production digitizing of <span class="hlt">heights</span>, I assisted in gathering lidar data for an ongoing validation of MINX and helped evaluate those data.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25859325','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25859325"><span>Tree <span class="hlt">height</span>-diameter allometry across the United States.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Hulshof, Catherine M; Swenson, Nathan G; Weiser, Michael D</p> <p>2015-03-01</p> <p>The relationship between tree <span class="hlt">height</span> and diameter is fundamental in determining community and ecosystem structure as well as estimates of biomass and carbon storage. Yet our understanding of how tree allometry relates to climate and whole organismal function is limited. We used the Forest Inventory and Analysis National Program database to determine <span class="hlt">height</span>-diameter allometries of 2,976,937 individuals of 293 tree species across the United States. The shape of the allometric relationship was determined by comparing linear and nonlinear functional forms. Mixed-<span class="hlt">effects</span> models were used to test for allometric differences due to climate and floristic (between angiosperms and gymnosperms) and functional groups (leaf habit and shade tolerance). Tree allometry significantly differed across the United States largely because of climate. Temperature, and to some extent precipitation, in part explained tree allometric variation. The magnitude of allometric variation due to climate, however, had a phylogenetic signal. Specifically, angiosperm allometry was more sensitive to differences in temperature compared to gymnosperms. Most notably, angiosperm <span class="hlt">height</span> was more negatively influenced by increasing temperature variability, whereas gymnosperm <span class="hlt">height</span> was negatively influenced by decreasing precipitation and increasing altitude. There was little evidence to suggest that shade tolerance influenced tree allometry except for very shade-intolerant trees which were taller for any given diameter. Tree allometry is plastic rather than fixed and scaling parameters vary around predicted central tendencies. This allometric variation provides insight into life-history strategies, phylogenetic history, and environmental limitations at biogeographical scales.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19850006208','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19850006208"><span>Use of Linear Perspective Scene Cues in a Simulated <span class="hlt">Height</span> Regulation Task</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Levison, W. H.; Warren, R.</p> <p>1984-01-01</p> <p>As part of a long-term effort to quantify the <span class="hlt">effects</span> of visual scene cuing and non-visual motion cuing in flight simulators, an experimental study of the pilot's use of linear perspective cues in a simulated <span class="hlt">height</span>-regulation task was conducted. Six test subjects performed a fixed-base tracking task with a visual display consisting of a simulated horizon and a perspective view of a straight, infinitely-long roadway of constant width. Experimental parameters were (1) the central angle formed by the roadway perspective and (2) the display gain. The subject controlled only the pitch/<span class="hlt">height</span> axis; airspeed, bank angle, and lateral track were fixed in the simulation. The average RMS <span class="hlt">height</span> error score for the least <span class="hlt">effective</span> display configuration was about 25% greater than the score for the most <span class="hlt">effective</span> configuration. Overall, larger and more highly significant <span class="hlt">effects</span> were observed for the pitch and control scores. Model analysis was performed with the optimal control pilot model to characterize the pilot's use of visual scene cues, with the goal of obtaining a consistent set of independent model parameters to account for display <span class="hlt">effects</span>.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li class="active"><span>19</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_19 --> <div id="page_20" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li class="active"><span>20</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="381"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018E%26ES..128a2128L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018E%26ES..128a2128L"><span>Can Pillow <span class="hlt">Height</span> <span class="hlt">Effect</span> the Body Pressure Distribution and Sleep Comfort: a Study of Quinquagenarian Women</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Li, Xinzhu; Hu, Huimin; Liao, Su</p> <p>2018-03-01</p> <p>A proper sleeping pillow can relax the neck muscles during sleep, yet does not impose stress on the spine or other tissues. By analyzing the different body pressure and subjective comfort evaluation of quinquagenarian women with different pillow <span class="hlt">heights</span> (3cm, 7cm, 11cm and 15cm), this paper found that as the pillow <span class="hlt">height</span> increased, the neck contact pressure, contact area and force increased at the same time, as well as the peak force and peak contact pressure gradually shifted from the head to the hip area. It was shown that the pillow with a <span class="hlt">height</span> of 7cm was the most comfortable for supine positions.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20110012880&hterms=leaves&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D20%26Ntt%3Dleaves','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20110012880&hterms=leaves&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D20%26Ntt%3Dleaves"><span>Measuring <span class="hlt">Effective</span> Leaf Area Index, Foliage Profile, and Stand <span class="hlt">Height</span> in New England Forest Stands Using a Full-Waveform Ground-Based Lidar</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Zhao, Feng; Yang, Xiaoyuan; Schull, Mithcell A.; Roman-Colon, Miguel O.; Yao, Tian; Wang, Zhuosen; Zhang, Qingling; Jupp, David L. B.; Lovell, Jenny L.; Culvenor, Darius; <a style="text-decoration: none; " href="javascript:void(0); " onClick="displayelement('author_20110012880'); toggleEditAbsImage('author_20110012880_show'); toggleEditAbsImage('author_20110012880_hide'); "> <img style="display:inline; width:12px; height:12px; " src="images/arrow-up.gif" width="12" height="12" border="0" alt="hide" id="author_20110012880_show"> <img style="width:12px; height:12px; display:none; " src="images/arrow-down.gif" width="12" height="12" border="0" alt="hide" id="author_20110012880_hide"></p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Effective</span> leaf area index (LAI) retrievals from a scanning, ground-based, near-infrared (1064 nm) lidar that digitizes the full return waveform, the Echidna Validation Instrument (EVI), are in good agreement with those obtained from both hemispherical photography and the Li-Cor LAI-2000 Plant Canopy Analyzer. We conducted trials at 28 plots within six stands of hardwoods and conifers of varying <span class="hlt">height</span> and stocking densities at Harvard Forest, Massachusetts, Bartlett Experimental Forest, New Hampshire, and Howland Experimental Forest, Maine, in July 2007. <span class="hlt">Effective</span> LAI values retrieved by four methods, which ranged from 3.42 to 5.25 depending on the site and method, were not significantly different ( b0.1 among four methods). The LAI values also matched published values well. Foliage profiles (leaf area with <span class="hlt">height</span>) retrieved from the lidar scans, although not independently validated, were consistent with stand structure as observed and as measured by conventional methods. Canopy mean top <span class="hlt">height</span>, as determined from the foliage profiles, deviated from mean RH100 values obtained from the Lidar Vegetation Imaging Sensor (LVIS) airborne large-footprint lidar system at 27 plots by .0.91 m with RMSE=2.04 m, documenting the ability of the EVI to retrieve stand <span class="hlt">height</span>. The Echidna Validation Instrument is the first realization of the Echidna lidar concept, devised by Australia's Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO), for measuring forest structure using full-waveform, ground-based, scanning lidar.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25603677','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25603677"><span>Variation in lung volumes and capacities among young males in relation to <span class="hlt">height</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Bhatti, Urooj; Rani, Keenjher; Memon, Muhammad Qasim</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>Vital Capacity (VC) is defined as a change in volume of lung after maximal inspiration followed by maximal expiration is called Vital Capacity of lungs. It is the sum of tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume .and expiratory reserve volume. Vital capacity of normal adults ranges between 3 to 5 litres. A number of physiological factors like age, gender, <span class="hlt">height</span> and ethnicity <span class="hlt">effect</span> lung volumes. The reference values of lung volume and capacities were calculated previously and those studies played pivotal role in establishing the fact that air volume capacities measured in an individual fall within a wide range among healthy persons of same age, gender and <span class="hlt">height</span> buit with different ethnicity. The objective of this study was to evaluate the changes in vital capacity in with <span class="hlt">height</span> and gender. This cross-sectional study included 74 male students in the Department of Physiology, Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences, Jamshoro during January-March, 2014. The volunteers were divided into 2 groups of <span class="hlt">height</span> ≤ 167.4 cm and > 167.4 cm. The volunteers' <span class="hlt">height</span> was measured in cm. Vital capacity of the subjects was measured using standard protocol. Mean ± SD of age, <span class="hlt">height</span> and vital capacity were calculated. Mean vital capacity in students with <span class="hlt">height</span> > 167.4 cm was higher than average vital capacity of students with <span class="hlt">height</span> ≤ 167.4 cm. It might be due to the increased surface area of the lungs in relation with increasing <span class="hlt">height</span>. There are variations in vital capacity of individuals in relation to their <span class="hlt">heights</span>, within the same ethnic and age groups.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28362024','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28362024"><span>Modeling a secular trend by Monte Carlo simulation of <span class="hlt">height</span> biased migration in a spatial network.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Groth, Detlef</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p>Background: In a recent Monte Carlo simulation, the clustering of body <span class="hlt">height</span> of Swiss military conscripts within a spatial network with characteristic features of the natural Swiss geography was investigated. In this study I examined the <span class="hlt">effect</span> of migration of tall individuals into network hubs on the dynamics of body <span class="hlt">height</span> within the whole spatial network. The aim of this study was to simulate <span class="hlt">height</span> trends. Material and methods: Three networks were used for modeling, a regular rectangular fishing net like network, a real world example based on the geographic map of Switzerland, and a random network. All networks contained between 144 and 148 districts and between 265-307 road connections. Around 100,000 agents were initially released with average <span class="hlt">height</span> of 170 cm, and <span class="hlt">height</span> standard deviation of 6.5 cm. The simulation was started with the a priori assumption that <span class="hlt">height</span> variation within a district is limited and also depends on <span class="hlt">height</span> of neighboring districts (community <span class="hlt">effect</span> on <span class="hlt">height</span>). In addition to a neighborhood influence factor, which simulates a community <span class="hlt">effect</span>, body <span class="hlt">height</span> dependent migration of conscripts between adjacent districts in each Monte Carlo simulation was used to re-calculate next generation body <span class="hlt">heights</span>. In order to determine the direction of migration for taller individuals, various centrality measures for the evaluation of district importance within the spatial network were applied. Taller individuals were favored to migrate more into network hubs, backward migration using the same number of individuals was random, not biased towards body <span class="hlt">height</span>. Network hubs were defined by the importance of a district within the spatial network. The importance of a district was evaluated by various centrality measures. In the null model there were no road connections, <span class="hlt">height</span> information could not be delivered between the districts. Results: Due to the favored migration of tall individuals into network hubs, average body <span class="hlt">height</span> of the hubs, and later</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011PMB....56.3749C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011PMB....56.3749C"><span>Standing adult human phantoms based on 10th, 50th and 90th mass and <span class="hlt">height</span> percentiles of male and female Caucasian populations</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Cassola, V. F.; Milian, F. M.; Kramer, R.; de Oliveira Lira, C. A. B.; Khoury, H. J.</p> <p>2011-07-01</p> <p>Computational anthropomorphic human phantoms are useful tools developed for the calculation of absorbed or equivalent dose to radiosensitive organs and tissues of the human body. The problem is, however, that, strictly speaking, the results can be applied only to a person who has the same anatomy as the phantom, while for a person with different body mass and/or standing <span class="hlt">height</span> the data could be wrong. In order to improve this situation for many areas in radiological protection, this study developed 18 anthropometric standing adult human phantoms, nine models per gender, as a function of the 10th, 50th and 90th mass and <span class="hlt">height</span> percentiles of Caucasian populations. The anthropometric <span class="hlt">target</span> parameters for body mass, standing <span class="hlt">height</span> and other body measures were extracted from PeopleSize, a well-known software package used in the area of ergonomics. The phantoms were developed based on the assumption of a constant body-mass index for a given mass percentile and for different <span class="hlt">heights</span>. For a given <span class="hlt">height</span>, increase or decrease of body mass was considered to reflect mainly the change of subcutaneous adipose tissue mass, i.e. that organ masses were not changed. Organ mass scaling as a function of <span class="hlt">height</span> was based on information extracted from autopsy data. The methods used here were compared with those used in other studies, anatomically as well as dosimetrically. For external exposure, the results show that equivalent dose decreases with increasing body mass for organs and tissues located below the subcutaneous adipose tissue layer, such as liver, colon, stomach, etc, while for organs located at the surface, such as breasts, testes and skin, the equivalent dose increases or remains constant with increasing body mass due to weak attenuation and more scatter radiation caused by the increasing adipose tissue mass. Changes of standing <span class="hlt">height</span> have little influence on the equivalent dose to organs and tissues from external exposure. Specific absorbed fractions (SAFs) have also</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21757498','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21757498"><span>Adult <span class="hlt">height</span> variants affect birth length and growth rate in children.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Paternoster, Lavinia; Howe, Laura D; Tilling, Kate; Weedon, Michael N; Freathy, Rachel M; Frayling, Timothy M; Kemp, John P; Smith, George Davey; Timpson, Nicholas J; Ring, Susan M; Evans, David M; Lawlor, Debbie A</p> <p>2011-10-15</p> <p>Previous studies identified 180 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with adult <span class="hlt">height</span>, explaining ∼10% of the variance. The age at which these begin to affect growth is unclear. We modelled the <span class="hlt">effect</span> of these SNPs on birth length and childhood growth. A total of 7768 participants in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children had data available. Individual growth trajectories from 0 to 10 years were estimated using mixed-<span class="hlt">effects</span> linear spline models and differences in trajectories by individual SNPs and allelic score were determined. The allelic score was associated with birth length (0.026 cm increase per 'tall' allele, SE = 0.003, P = 1 × 10(-15), equivalent to 0.017 SD). There was little evidence of association between the allelic score and early infancy growth (0-3 months), but there was evidence of association between the allelic score and later growth. This association became stronger with each consecutive growth period, per 'tall' allele per month <span class="hlt">effects</span> were 0.015 SD (3 months-1 year, SE = 0.004), 0.023 SD (1-3 years, SE = 0.003) and 0.028 SD (3-10 years, SE = 0.003). By age 10, the mean <span class="hlt">height</span> difference between individuals with ≤170 versus ≥191 'tall' alleles (the top and bottom 10%) was 4.7 cm (0.8 SD), explaining ∼5% of the variance. There was evidence of associations with specific growth periods for some SNPs (rs3791675, EFEMP1 and rs6569648, L3MBTL3) and supportive evidence for previously reported age-dependent <span class="hlt">effects</span> of HHIP and SOCS2 SNPs. SNPs associated with adult <span class="hlt">height</span> influence birth length and have an increasing <span class="hlt">effect</span> on growth from late infancy through to late childhood. By age 10, they explain half the <span class="hlt">height</span> variance (∼5%) of that explained in adults (∼10%).</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/38037','TREESEARCH'); return false;" href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/38037"><span>A 3-point derivation of dominant tree <span class="hlt">height</span> equations</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/">Treesearch</a></p> <p>Don C. Bragg</p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p>This paper describes a new approach for deriving <span class="hlt">height</span>-diameter (H-D) equations from limited information and a few assumptions about tree <span class="hlt">height</span>. Only three data points are required to fit this model, which can be based on virtually any nonlinear function. These points are the <span class="hlt">height</span> of a tree at diameter at breast <span class="hlt">height</span> (d.b.h.), the predicted <span class="hlt">height</span> of a 10-inch d....</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29361847','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29361847"><span>Intrasexual Competition and <span class="hlt">Height</span> in Adolescents and Adults.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Polo, P; Fernandez, A; Muñoz-Reyes, J A; Dufey, M; Buunk, A P</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p>Intrasexual competition can be defined as the struggle between members of one sex to increase their access to members of the other sex as sexual partners. In our species, <span class="hlt">height</span> is a sexually dimorphic trait probably involved in both intrasexual and intersexual selective processes. In the present research, we examined the relationship between <span class="hlt">height</span> and individual differences in intrasexual competitiveness (i.e., the tendency to view same-sex interactions in general in competitive terms) in two populations of adolescents and adults of both sexes in Chile. According to our first prediction, among both adolescent and adult men, <span class="hlt">height</span> was negatively associated with intrasexual competitiveness. In contrast, among women, <span class="hlt">height</span> was not linearly nor quadratically related with intrasexual competitiveness as previously reported. Finally, adolescent men and women showed increased levels of intrasexual competitiveness compared to adult same-sex counterparts. Our results suggest that <span class="hlt">height</span> is a relevant trait in mating competition among men. The lack of relationship between <span class="hlt">height</span> and intrasexual competitiveness in women may suggest that the role of <span class="hlt">height</span> in women mating competition may be more complex and mediated by other variables.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015ISPAr.XL3..287T','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015ISPAr.XL3..287T"><span><span class="hlt">Height</span> Accuracy Based on Different Rtk GPS Method for Ultralight Aircraft Images</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Tahar, K. N.</p> <p>2015-08-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Height</span> accuracy is one of the important elements in surveying work especially for control point's establishment which requires an accurate measurement. There are many methods can be used to acquire <span class="hlt">height</span> value such as tacheometry, leveling and Global Positioning System (GPS). This study has investigated the <span class="hlt">effect</span> on <span class="hlt">height</span> accuracy based on different observations which are single based and network based GPS methods. The GPS network is acquired from the local network namely Iskandar network. This network has been setup to provide real-time correction data to rover GPS station while the single network is based on the known GPS station. Nine ground control points were established evenly at the study area. Each ground control points were observed about two and ten minutes. It was found that, the <span class="hlt">height</span> accuracy give the different result for each observation.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29899294','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29899294"><span>Impacts of Water Stress on Forest Recovery and Its Interaction with Canopy <span class="hlt">Height</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Xu, Peipei; Zhou, Tao; Yi, Chuixiang; Luo, Hui; Zhao, Xiang; Fang, Wei; Gao, Shan; Liu, Xia</p> <p>2018-06-13</p> <p>Global climate change is leading to an increase in the frequency, intensity, and duration of drought events, which can affect the functioning of forest ecosystems. Because human activities such as afforestation and forest attributes such as canopy <span class="hlt">height</span> may exhibit considerable spatial differences, such differences may alter the recovery paths of drought-impacted forests. To accurately assess how climate affects forest recovery, a quantitative evaluation on the <span class="hlt">effects</span> of forest attributes and their possible interaction with the intensity of water stress is required. Here, forest recovery following extreme drought events was analyzed for Yunnan Province, southwest China. The variation in the recovery of forests with different water availability and canopy <span class="hlt">heights</span> was quantitatively assessed at the regional scale by using canopy <span class="hlt">height</span> data based on light detection and ranging (LiDAR) measurements, enhanced vegetation index data, and standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI) data. Our results indicated that forest recovery was affected by water availability and canopy <span class="hlt">height</span>. Based on the enhanced vegetation index measures, shorter trees were more likely to recover than taller ones after drought. Further analyses demonstrated that the <span class="hlt">effect</span> of canopy <span class="hlt">height</span> on recovery rates after drought also depends on water availability—the <span class="hlt">effect</span> of canopy <span class="hlt">height</span> on recovery diminished as water availability increased after drought. Additional analyses revealed that when the water availability exceeded a threshold (SPEI > 0.85), no significant difference in the recovery was found between short and tall trees ( p > 0.05). In the context of global climate change, future climate scenarios of RCP2.6 and RCP8.5 showed more frequent water stress in Yunnan by the end of the 21st century. In summary, our results indicated that canopy <span class="hlt">height</span> casts an important influence on forest recovery and tall trees have greater vulnerability and risk to dieback and mortality</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/21724','TREESEARCH'); return false;" href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/21724"><span><span class="hlt">Effect</span> of acid mist and air pollutants on yellow-poplar seedling <span class="hlt">height</span> and leaf growth</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/">Treesearch</a></p> <p>Leon S. Dochinger; Keith F. Jensen; Keith F. Jensen</p> <p>1985-01-01</p> <p>One-year-old yellow-poplar seedlings were treated with acid mist at pH 2.5, 3.5, 4.5, and 5.5 either alone or in combination with 0.1 ppm 03, S02, and NO2 or NO2 plus S02. After 4 and 8 weeks of treatment, <span class="hlt">height</span>, leaf area, and leaf and new shoot weight were determined and growth analysis variables calculated. <span class="hlt">Height</span>, leaf area, and dry weight decreased with...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/1842','TREESEARCH'); return false;" href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/1842"><span><span class="hlt">Effects</span> of Shallow Water Tables on <span class="hlt">Height</span> Growth and Phosphorus Uptake by Loblolly and Slash Pines</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/">Treesearch</a></p> <p>A.E. Tiarks; E. Shoulders</p> <p>1982-01-01</p> <p>In southern Mississippi, the <span class="hlt">heights</span> of loblolly and slash pines at age 20 were positively correlated with the phosphorus content of the foliage and with depth in the soil to gray (chromas £2) mottles. Slash pine was taller than loblolly at equivalent levels of foliage phosphorus, but the rate of <span class="hlt">height</span> increase as...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1982AIPC...78..188S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1982AIPC...78..188S"><span>Shock <span class="hlt">effects</span> in particle beam fusion <span class="hlt">targets</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Sweeney, M. A.; Perry, F. C.; Asay, J. R.; Widner, M. M.</p> <p>1982-04-01</p> <p>At Sandia National Laboratorics we are assessing the response of fusion <span class="hlt">target</span> materials to shock loading with the particle beam accelerators HYDRA and PROTO I and the gas gun facility. Nonlinear shock-accelerated unstable growth of fabriction irregularities has been demonstrated, and jetting is found to occur in imploding <span class="hlt">targets</span> because of asymmetric beam deposition. Cylindrical ion <span class="hlt">targets</span> display an instability due either to beam or <span class="hlt">target</span> nonuniformity. However, the data suggest <span class="hlt">targets</span> with aspect ratios of 30 may implode stably. The first time- and space-resolved measurements of shock-induced vaporization have been made. A homogeneous mixed phase EOS model cannot adequately explain the results because of the kinetic <span class="hlt">effects</span> of vapor formation and expansion.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23372088','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23372088"><span>Facial cues to perceived <span class="hlt">height</span> influence leadership choices in simulated war and peace contexts.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Re, Daniel E; DeBruine, Lisa M; Jones, Benedict C; Perrett, David I</p> <p>2013-01-31</p> <p>Body size and other signs of physical prowess are associated with leadership hierarchies in many social species. Here we (1) assess whether facial cues associated with perceived <span class="hlt">height</span> and masculinity have different <span class="hlt">effects</span> on leadership judgments in simulated wartime and peacetime contexts and (2) test how facial cues associated with perceived <span class="hlt">height</span> and masculinity influence dominance perceptions. Results indicate that cues associated with perceived <span class="hlt">height</span> and masculinity in potential leaders‟ faces are valued more in a wartime (vs. peacetime) context. Furthermore, increasing cues of apparent <span class="hlt">height</span> and masculinity in faces increased perceived dominance. Together, these findings suggest that facial cues of physical stature contribute to establishing leadership hierarchies in humans.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25934982','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25934982"><span>Systematic review: <span class="hlt">height</span>-adjustable workstations to reduce sedentary behaviour in office-based workers.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Tew, G A; Posso, M C; Arundel, C E; McDaid, C M</p> <p>2015-07-01</p> <p>Time spent sitting in the workplace is an important contributor to overall sedentary risk. Installation of <span class="hlt">height</span>-adjustable workstations has been proposed as a feasible approach for reducing occupational sitting time in office workers. To provide an accurate overview of the controlled trials that have evaluated the <span class="hlt">effects</span> of <span class="hlt">height</span>-adjustable workstation interventions on workplace sitting time in office-based workers. A comprehensive search was conducted up until March 2014 in the following databases: Medline, PsychINFO, CENTRAL, EMBASE and PEDro. To identify unpublished studies and grey literature, the reference lists of relevant official or scientific web pages were also checked. Studies assessing the <span class="hlt">effectiveness</span> of <span class="hlt">height</span>-adjustable workstations using a randomized or non-randomized controlled design were included. The initial search yielded a total of 8497 citations. After a thorough selection process, five studies were included with 172 participants. A formal quality assessment indicated that risk of bias was high in all studies and heterogeneity in interventions and outcomes prevented meta-analysis. Nevertheless, all studies reported that <span class="hlt">height</span>-adjustable workstation interventions reduced occupational sitting time in office workers. There was insufficient evidence to determine <span class="hlt">effects</span> on other relevant health outcomes (e.g. body composition, musculoskeletal symptoms, mental health). There is insufficient evidence to make firm conclusions regarding the <span class="hlt">effects</span> of installing <span class="hlt">height</span>-adjustable workstations on sedentary behaviour and associated health outcomes in office workers. Larger and longer term controlled studies are needed, which include more representative populations. © The Author 2015. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society of Occupational Medicine. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29282800','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29282800"><span><span class="hlt">Height</span>-income association in developing countries: Evidence from 14 countries.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Patel, Pankaj C; Devaraj, Srikant</p> <p>2017-12-28</p> <p>The purpose of this study was to assess whether the <span class="hlt">height</span>-income association is positive in developing countries, and whether income differences between shorter and taller individuals in developing countries are explained by differences in endowment (ie, taller individuals have a higher income than shorter individuals because of characteristics such as better social skills) or due to discrimination (ie, shorter individuals have a lower income despite having comparable characteristics). Instrumental variable regression, Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition, quantile regression, and quantile decomposition analyses were applied to a sample of 45 108 respondents from 14 developing countries represented in the Research on Early Life and Aging Trends and <span class="hlt">Effects</span> (RELATE) study. For a one-centimeter increase in country- and sex-adjusted median <span class="hlt">height</span>, real income adjusted for purchasing power parity increased by 1.37%. The income differential between shorter and taller individuals was explained by discrimination and not by differences in endowments; however, the <span class="hlt">effect</span> of discrimination decreased at higher values of country- and sex-adjusted <span class="hlt">height</span>. Taller individuals in developing countries may realize higher income despite having characteristics similar to those of shorter individuals. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018ECSS..202..125R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018ECSS..202..125R"><span>The <span class="hlt">effect</span> of vegetation <span class="hlt">height</span> and biomass on the sediment budget of a European saltmarsh</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Reef, Ruth; Schuerch, Mark; Christie, Elizabeth K.; Möller, Iris; Spencer, Tom</p> <p>2018-03-01</p> <p>Sediment retention in saltmarshes is often attributed to the presence of vegetation, which enhances accretion by slowing water flow, reduces erosion by attenuating wave energy and increases surface stability through the presence of organic matter. Saltmarsh vegetation morphology varies considerably on a range of spatial and temporal scales, but the <span class="hlt">effect</span> of different above ground morphologies on sediment retention is not well characterised. Understanding the biophysical interaction between the canopy and sediment trapping in situ is important for improving numerical shoreline models. In a novel field flume study, we measured the <span class="hlt">effect</span> of vegetation <span class="hlt">height</span> and biomass on sediment trapping using a mass balance approach. Suspended sediment profilers were placed at both openings of a field flume built across-shore on the seaward boundary of an intertidal saltmarsh in the Dengie Peninsula, UK. Sequential removal of plant material from within the flume resulted in incremental loss of vegetation <span class="hlt">height</span> and biomass. The difference between the concentration of suspended sediment measured at each profiler was used to determine the sediment budget within the flume. Deposition of material on the plant/soil surfaces within the flume occurred during flood tides, while ebb flow resulted in erosion (to a lesser degree) from the flume area, with a positive sediment budget of on average 6.5 g m-2 tide-1 with no significant relationship between sediment trapping efficiency and canopy morphology. Deposition (and erosion) rates were positively correlated to maximum inundation depth. Our results suggest that during periods of calm conditions, changes to canopy morphology do not result in significant changes in sediment budgets in marshes.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/40170','TREESEARCH'); return false;" href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/40170"><span>The <span class="hlt">target</span> plant concept-a history and brief overview</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/">Treesearch</a></p> <p>Thomas D. Landis</p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p>The <span class="hlt">target</span> plant concept originated with morphological classification of conifer nursery stock in the 1930s, and the concept was enhanced through physiological research and seedling testing towards the end of the century. Morphological grading standards such as shoot <span class="hlt">height</span>, stem diameter, and root mass are the most common use of the <span class="hlt">target</span> plant concept, and some...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21802039','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21802039"><span>Quadricep and hamstring activation during drop jumps with changes in drop <span class="hlt">height</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Peng, Hsien-Te; Kernozek, Thomas W; Song, Chen-Yi</p> <p>2011-08-01</p> <p>Compare the muscle activation patterns of the quadricep-hamstring during drop jumps with increasing demands of drop <span class="hlt">heights</span>. Observational. University biomechanics laboratory. Fifteen male and eight female college physical education students. Electromyographic activity of the rectus femoris (RF) and biceps femoris (BF) during the landing and takeoff phase of drop jumps from 20 to 60-cm <span class="hlt">heights</span>. The ground contact time, vertical ground reaction force (vGRF), knee flexion angle during ground contact, and jump <span class="hlt">height</span> after takeoff were also analyzed. The activation of RF was higher in the drop jump from 60-cm than that from 20- and 30-cm (comparing 107.0 ± 45.9 to 82.3 ± 30.8 and 88.9 ± 38.9 %MVIC, P<.05) during the landing phase. Activation of BF remained similar across all drop <span class="hlt">heights</span>. Drop jump from 60-cm resulted in greater contact time during takeoff phase and peak vGRF, and resulted in greater maximum knee flexion but straighter knee at ground contact than from lower drop <span class="hlt">heights</span>. At drop <span class="hlt">height</span> of 60-cm, the altered knee muscular activation and movement patterns may diminish the <span class="hlt">effectiveness</span> of plyometric training and increase the potential injury risk of knee. Copyright © 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title40-vol4/pdf/CFR-2011-title40-vol4-sec52-2633.pdf','CFR2011'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title40-vol4/pdf/CFR-2011-title40-vol4-sec52-2633.pdf"><span>40 CFR 52.2633 - Stack <span class="hlt">height</span> regulations.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2011&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2011-07-01</p> <p>... (CONTINUED) APPROVAL AND PROMULGATION OF IMPLEMENTATION PLANS (CONTINUED) Wyoming § 52.2633 Stack <span class="hlt">height</span>... with the “Guideline for Determination of Good Engineering Practice Stack <span class="hlt">Height</span> (Technical Support...</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li class="active"><span>20</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_20 --> <div id="page_21" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li class="active"><span>21</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="401"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AGUFM.G51A0872S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AGUFM.G51A0872S"><span>Results from the ESA-funded project '<span class="hlt">Height</span> System Unification with GOCE'</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Sideris, M. G.; Rangelova, E. V.; Gruber, T.; Rummel, R. F.; Woodworth, P. L.; Hughes, C. W.; Ihde, J.; Liebsch, G.; Schäfer, U.; Rülke, A.; Gerlach, C.; Haagmans, R.</p> <p>2013-12-01</p> <p>The paper summarizes the main results of a project, supported by the European Space Agency, whose main goal is to identify the impact of GOCE gravity field models on <span class="hlt">height</span> system unification. In particular, the Technical University Munich, the University of Calgary and the National Oceanography Centre in Liverpool, together with the Bavarian Academy of Sciences, the Federal German Agency for Cartography and Geodesy, and the Geodetic Surveys of Canada, USA and Mexico, have investigated the role of GOCE-derived gravity and geoid models for regional and global <span class="hlt">height</span> datum connection. GOCE provides three important components of <span class="hlt">height</span> unification: highly accurate potential differences (geopotential numbers), a global geoid- or quasi-geoid-based reference surface for elevations that is independent of inaccuracies and inconsistencies of local and regional data, and a consistent way to refer to the same datum all the relevant gravimetric, topographic and oceanographic data. We introduce briefly the methodology that has been applied in order to unify <span class="hlt">height</span> system in North America, North Atlantic Ocean and Europe, and present results obtained using the available GOCE-derived satellite-only geopotential models, and their combination with terrestrial data and ocean models. The <span class="hlt">effects</span> of various factors, such as data noise, omission errors, indirect bias terms, ocean models and temporal variations, on <span class="hlt">height</span> datum unification are also presented, highlighting their magnitude and importance in the estimation of offsets between vertical datums. Based on the experiences gained in this project, a general roadmap has been developed for <span class="hlt">height</span> datum unification in regions with good, as well as poor, coverage in gravity and geodetic <span class="hlt">height</span> and tide gauge control stations.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.H31G1584S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.H31G1584S"><span>The feasibility of using a universal Random Forest model to map tree <span class="hlt">height</span> across different locations and vegetation types</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Su, Y.; Guo, Q.; Jin, S.; Gao, S.; Hu, T.; Liu, J.; Xue, B. L.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>Tree <span class="hlt">height</span> is an important forest structure parameter for understanding forest ecosystem and improving the accuracy of global carbon stock quantification. Light detection and ranging (LiDAR) can provide accurate tree <span class="hlt">height</span> measurements, but its use in large-scale tree <span class="hlt">height</span> mapping is limited by the spatial availability. Random Forest (RF) has been one of the most commonly used algorithms for mapping large-scale tree <span class="hlt">height</span> through the fusion of LiDAR and other remotely sensed datasets. However, how the variances in vegetation types, geolocations and spatial scales of different study sites influence the RF results is still a question that needs to be addressed. In this study, we selected 16 study sites across four vegetation types in United States (U.S.) fully covered by airborne LiDAR data, and the area of each site was 100 km2. The LiDAR-derived canopy <span class="hlt">height</span> models (CHMs) were used as the ground truth to train the RF algorithm to predict canopy <span class="hlt">height</span> from other remotely sensed variables, such as Landsat TM imagery, terrain information and climate surfaces. To address the abovementioned question, 22 models were run under different combinations of vegetation types, geolocations and spatial scales. The results show that the RF model trained at one specific location or vegetation type cannot be used to predict tree <span class="hlt">height</span> in other locations or vegetation types. However, by training the RF model using samples from all locations and vegetation types, a universal model can be achieved for predicting canopy <span class="hlt">height</span> across different locations and vegetation types. Moreover, the number of training samples and the <span class="hlt">targeted</span> spatial resolution of the canopy <span class="hlt">height</span> product have noticeable influence on the RF prediction accuracy.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25895521','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25895521"><span><span class="hlt">Effects</span> of spine flexion and erector spinae maximal force on vertical squat jump <span class="hlt">height</span>: a computational simulation study.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Blache, Yoann; Monteil, Karine</p> <p>2015-03-01</p> <p>The purpose of this study was to evaluate the single and combined <span class="hlt">effects</span> of initial spine flexion and maximal isometric force of the erector spinae on maximal vertical jump <span class="hlt">height</span> during maximal squat jumping. Seven initial flexions of the 'thorax-head-arm' segment (between 20.1° and 71.6°) and five maximal isometric forces of the erector spinae (between 5600 and 8600 N) were tested. Thus, 35 squat jumps were simulated using a 2D simulation model of the musculoskeletal system. Vertical jump <span class="hlt">height</span> varied at most about 0.094 and 0.021 m when the initial flexion of the 'thorax-head-arm' segment and the maximal force of the erector spinae were, respectively, maximal. These results were explained for the most part by the variation of total muscle work. The latter was mainly influenced by the work produced by the erector spinae which increased at most about 57 and 110 J when the initial flexion of the 'thorax-head-arm' segment and the maximal force of the erector spinae were, respectively, maximal. It was concluded that the increase in the initial flexion of the 'thorax-head-arm' segment and in the maximal isometric force of the erector spinae enables an increase in maximal vertical jump <span class="hlt">height</span> during maximal squat jumping.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29801258','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29801258"><span>Estimating the vegetation canopy <span class="hlt">height</span> using micro-pulse photon-counting LiDAR data.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Nie, Sheng; Wang, Cheng; Xi, Xiaohuan; Luo, Shezhou; Li, Guoyuan; Tian, Jinyan; Wang, Hongtao</p> <p>2018-05-14</p> <p>The upcoming space-borne LiDAR satellite Ice, Cloud and land Elevation Satellite-2 (ICESat-2) is scheduled to launch in 2018. Different from the waveform LiDAR system onboard the ICESat, ICESat-2 will use a micro-pulse photon-counting LiDAR system. Thus new data processing algorithms are required to retrieve vegetation canopy <span class="hlt">height</span> from photon-counting LiDAR data. The objective of this paper is to develop and validate an automated approach for better estimating vegetation canopy <span class="hlt">height</span>. The new proposed method consists of three key steps: 1) filtering out the noise photons by an <span class="hlt">effective</span> noise removal algorithm based on localized statistical analysis; 2) separating ground returns from canopy returns using an iterative photon classification algorithm, and then determining ground surface; 3) generating canopy-top surface and calculating vegetation canopy <span class="hlt">height</span> based on canopy-top and ground surfaces. This automatic vegetation <span class="hlt">height</span> estimation approach was tested to the simulated ICESat-2 data produced from Sigma Space LiDAR data and Multiple Altimeter Beam Experimental LiDAR (MABEL) data, and the retrieved vegetation canopy <span class="hlt">heights</span> were validated by canopy <span class="hlt">height</span> models (CHMs) derived from airborne discrete-return LiDAR data. Results indicated that the estimated vegetation canopy <span class="hlt">heights</span> have a relatively strong correlation with the reference vegetation <span class="hlt">heights</span> derived from airborne discrete-return LiDAR data (R 2 and RMSE values ranging from 0.639 to 0.810 and 4.08 m to 4.56 m respectively). This means our new proposed approach is appropriate for retrieving vegetation canopy <span class="hlt">height</span> from micro-pulse photon-counting LiDAR data.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28120617','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28120617"><span>Collar <span class="hlt">height</span> and heel counter-stiffness for ankle stability and athletic performance in basketball.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Liu, Hui; Wu, Zitian; Lam, Wing-Kai</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>This study examined the <span class="hlt">effects</span> of collar <span class="hlt">height</span> and heel counter-stiffness of basketball shoes on ankle stability during sidestep cutting and athletic performance. 15 university basketball players wore customized shoes with different collar <span class="hlt">heights</span> (high and low) and heel counter-stiffness (regular, stiffer and stiffest) for this study. Ankle stability was evaluated in sidestep cutting while athletic performance evaluated in jumping and agility tasks. All variables were analysed using two-way repeated ANOVA. Results showed shorter time to peak ankle inversion for both high collar and stiff heel counter conditions (P < 0.05), while smaller initial ankle inversion angle, peak inversion velocity and total range of inversion for wearing high collar shoes (P < 0.05). No shoe differences were found for performance variables. These findings imply that the collar <span class="hlt">height</span> might play a larger role in lateral stability than heel counter-stiffness, while both collar <span class="hlt">height</span> and counter-stiffness have no <span class="hlt">effect</span> on athletic performance.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018SPIE10697E..4FD','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018SPIE10697E..4FD"><span>Space-based infrared sensors of space <span class="hlt">target</span> imaging <span class="hlt">effect</span> analysis</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Dai, Huayu; Zhang, Yasheng; Zhou, Haijun; Zhao, Shuang</p> <p>2018-02-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Target</span> identification problem is one of the core problem of ballistic missile defense system, infrared imaging simulation is an important means of <span class="hlt">target</span> detection and recognition. This paper first established the space-based infrared sensors ballistic <span class="hlt">target</span> imaging model of point source on the planet's atmosphere; then from two aspects of space-based sensors camera parameters and <span class="hlt">target</span> characteristics simulated atmosphere ballistic <span class="hlt">target</span> of infrared imaging <span class="hlt">effect</span>, analyzed the camera line of sight jitter, camera system noise and different imaging <span class="hlt">effects</span> of wave on the <span class="hlt">target</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4629939','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4629939"><span>Arch-Taping Techniques for Altering Navicular <span class="hlt">Height</span> and Plantar Pressures During Activity</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Newell, Tim; Simon, Janet; Docherty, Carrie L.</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>Context Arch tapings have been used to support the arch by increasing navicular <span class="hlt">height</span>. Few researchers have studied navicular <span class="hlt">height</span> and plantar pressures after physical activity. Objective To determine if taping techniques <span class="hlt">effectively</span> support the arch during exercise. Design Crossover study. Setting Athletic training research laboratory. Patients or Other Participants Twenty-five individuals (13 men, 12 women; age = 20.0 ± 1.0 years, <span class="hlt">height</span> = 172.3 ± 6.6 cm, mass = 70.1 ± 10.2 kg) with a navicular drop of more than 8 mm (12.9 ± 3.3 mm) volunteered. Intervention(s) All individuals participated in 3 days of testing, with 1 day for each tape condition: no tape, low dye, and navicular sling. On each testing day, navicular <span class="hlt">height</span> and plantar pressures were measured at 5 intervals: baseline; posttape; and after 5, 10, and 15 minutes of running. The order of tape condition was counterbalanced. Main Outcome Measure(s) The dependent variables were navicular <span class="hlt">height</span> in millimeters and plantar pressures in kilopascals. Plantar pressures were divided into 5 regions: medial forefoot, lateral forefoot, lateral midfoot, lateral rearfoot, and medial rearfoot. Separate repeated-measures analyses of variance were conducted for each dependent variable. Results Navicular <span class="hlt">height</span> was higher immediately after application of the navicular-sling condition (P = .004) but was reduced after 5 minutes of treadmill running (P = .12). We observed no differences from baseline to posttape for navicular <span class="hlt">height</span> for the low-dye (P = .30) and no-tape conditions (P = .25). Both the low-dye and navicular-sling conditions increased plantar pressures in the lateral midfoot region compared with the no-tape condition. The low-dye condition created decreased pressure in the medial and lateral forefoot regions compared with the no-tape condition. All changes were identified immediately after application and were maintained during running. No changes were noted in plantar pressures for the no</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22317202','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22317202"><span><span class="hlt">Effects</span> of pushing <span class="hlt">height</span> on trunk posture and trunk muscle activity when a cart suddenly starts or stops moving.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Lee, Yun-Ju; Hoozemans, Marco J M; van Dieën, Jaap H</p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>Unexpected sudden (un)loading of the trunk may induce inadequate responses of trunk muscles and uncontrolled trunk motion. These unexpected perturbations may occur in pushing tasks, when the cart suddenly starts moving (unloading) or is blocked by an obstacle (loading). In pushing, handle <span class="hlt">height</span> affects the user's working posture, which may influence trunk muscle activity and trunk movement in response to the perturbation. Eleven healthy male subjects pushed a 200 kg cart with handles at shoulder and hip <span class="hlt">height</span> in a start condition (sudden release of brakes) and a stop condition (bumping into an obstacle). Before the perturbation, the baseline of the trunk inclination, internal moment and trunk extensor muscle activity were significantly higher when pushing at hip <span class="hlt">height</span> than at shoulder <span class="hlt">height</span>. After the perturbation, the changes in trunk inclination and internal moment were significantly larger when pushing at shoulder <span class="hlt">height</span> than at hip <span class="hlt">height</span> in both conditions. The opposite directions of changes in trunk inclination and internal moment suggest that the unexpected perturbations caused uncontrolled trunk motion. Pushing at shoulder <span class="hlt">height</span> may impose a high risk of low-back injury due to the low trunk stiffness and large involuntary trunk motion occurring after carts suddenly move or stop.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29415827','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29415827"><span>BMI calculation in older people: The <span class="hlt">effect</span> of using direct and surrogate measures of <span class="hlt">height</span> in a community-based setting.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Butler, Rose; McClinchy, Jane; Morreale-Parker, Claudia; Marsh, Wendy; Rennie, Kirsten L</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>There is currently no consensus on which measure of <span class="hlt">height</span> should be used in older people's body mass index (BMI) calculation. Most estimates of nutritional status include a measurement of body weight and <span class="hlt">height</span> which should be reliable and accurate, however at present several different methods are used interchangeably. BMI, a key marker in malnutrition assessment, does not reflect age-related changes in <span class="hlt">height</span> or changes in body composition such as loss of muscle mass or presence of oedema. The aim of this pilot study was to assess how the use of direct and surrogate measures of <span class="hlt">height</span> impacts on BMI calculation in people aged ≥75 years. A cross-sectional study of 64 free-living older people (75-96 yrs) quantified <span class="hlt">height</span> by two direct measurements, current <span class="hlt">height</span> (H C ), and self-report (H R ) and surrogate equations using knee <span class="hlt">height</span> (H K ) and ulna length (H U ). BMI calculated from current <span class="hlt">height</span> measurement (BMI C ) was compared with BMI calculated using self-reported <span class="hlt">height</span> (BMI R ) and <span class="hlt">height</span> estimated from surrogate equations for knee <span class="hlt">height</span> (BMI K ) and ulna length (BMI U ). Median difference of BMI C -BMI R was 2.31 kg/m 2 . BMI K gave the closest correlation to BMI C . The percentage of study participants identified at increased risk of under-nutrition (BMI < 20 kg/m 2 ) varied depending on which measure of <span class="hlt">height</span> was used to calculate BMI; from 5% (BMI C ), 7.8% (BMI K ), 12.5% (BMI U ), to 14% (BMI R ) respectively. The results of this pilot study in a relatively healthy sample of older people suggest that interchangeable use of current and reported <span class="hlt">height</span> in people ≥75 years can introduce substantial significant systematic error. This discrepancy could impact nutritional assessment of older people in poor health and lead to misclassification during nutritional screening if other visual and clinical clues are not taken into account. This could result in long-term clinical and cost implications if individuals who need nutrition support are not</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29222809','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29222809"><span><span class="hlt">Effect</span> of abutment <span class="hlt">height</span> on interproximal implant bone level in the early healing: A randomized clinical trial.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Blanco, Juan; Pico, Alexandre; Caneiro, Leticia; Nóvoa, Lourdes; Batalla, Pilar; Martín-Lancharro, Pablo</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p>The aim of this randomized clinical trial was to compare the <span class="hlt">effect</span> on the interproximal implant bone loss (IBL) of two different <span class="hlt">heights</span> (1 and 3 mm) of definitive abutments placed at bone level implants with a platform switched design. Twenty-two patients received forty-four implants (6.5-10 mm length and 3.5-4 mm diameter) to replace at least two adjacent missing teeth, one bridge set to each patient-two implants per bridge. Patients were randomly allocated, and two different abutment <span class="hlt">heights</span>, 1 and 3 mm using only one abutment <span class="hlt">height</span> per bridge, were used. Clinical and radiological measurements were performed at 3 and 6 months after surgery. Interproximal bone level changes were compared between treatment groups. The association between IBL and categorical variables (history of periodontitis, smoking, implant location, implant diameter, implant length, insertion torque, width of keratinized mucosa, bone density, gingival biotype and antagonist) was also performed. At 3 months, implants with a 1-mm abutment had significantly greater IBL (0.83 ± 0.19 mm) compared to implants with a 3-mm abutment (0.14 ± 0.08 mm). At 6 months, a greater IBL was observed at implants with 1-mm abutments compared to implants with 3-mm abutments (0.91 ± 0.19 vs. 0.11 ± 0.09 mm). The analysis of the relation between patient characteristics and clinical variables with IBL revealed no significant differences at any moment except for smoking. Abutment <span class="hlt">height</span> is an important factor to maintain interproximal implant bone level in early healing. Short abutments led to a greater interproximal bone loss in comparison with long abutments after 6 months. Other variables except smoking showed no relation with interproximal bone loss in early healing. © 2017 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21398350','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21398350"><span>Impact of growth hormone therapy on adult <span class="hlt">height</span> of children with idiopathic short stature: systematic review.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Deodati, Annalisa; Cianfarani, Stefano</p> <p>2011-03-11</p> <p>To systematically determine the impact of growth hormone therapy on adult <span class="hlt">height</span> of children with idiopathic short stature. Systematic review. Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Medline, and the bibliographic references from retrieved articles of randomised and non-randomised controlled trials from 1985 to April 2010. <span class="hlt">Height</span> in adulthood (standard deviation score) and overall gain in <span class="hlt">height</span> (SD score) from baseline measurement in childhood. Randomised and non-randomised controlled trials with <span class="hlt">height</span> measurements for adults. Inclusion criteria were initial short stature (defined as <span class="hlt">height</span> >2 SD score below the mean), peak growth hormone responses >10 μg/L, prepubertal stage, no previous growth hormone therapy, and no comorbid conditions that would impair growth. Adult <span class="hlt">height</span> was considered achieved when growth rate was <1.5 cm/year or bone age was 15 years in females and 16 years in males. Three randomised controlled trials (115 children) met the inclusion criteria. The adult <span class="hlt">height</span> of the growth hormone treated children exceeded that of the controls by 0.65 SD score (about 4 cm). The mean <span class="hlt">height</span> gain in treated children was 1.2 SD score compared with 0.34 SD score in untreated children. A slight difference of about 1.2 cm in adult <span class="hlt">height</span> was observed between the two growth hormone dose regimens. In the seven non-randomised controlled trials the adult <span class="hlt">height</span> of the growth hormone treated group exceeded that of the controls by 0.45 SD score (about 3 cm). Growth hormone therapy in children with idiopathic short stature seems to be <span class="hlt">effective</span> in partially reducing the deficit in <span class="hlt">height</span> as adults, although the magnitude of <span class="hlt">effectiveness</span> is on average less than that achieved in other conditions for which growth hormone is licensed. The individual response to therapy is highly variable, and additional studies are needed to identify the responders.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/15047','TREESEARCH'); return false;" href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/15047"><span><span class="hlt">Height</span> prediction equations for even-aged upland oak stands</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/">Treesearch</a></p> <p>Donald E. Hilt; Martin E. Dale</p> <p>1982-01-01</p> <p>Forest growth models that use predicted tree diameters or diameter distributions require a reliable <span class="hlt">height</span>-prediction model to obtain volume estimates because future <span class="hlt">height</span>-diameter relationships will not necessarily be the same as the present <span class="hlt">height</span>-diameter relationship. A total tree <span class="hlt">height</span> prediction equation for even-aged upland oak stands is presented. Predicted...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28949040','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28949040"><span>A modern Green Revolution gene for reduced <span class="hlt">height</span> in wheat.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Würschum, Tobias; Langer, Simon M; Longin, C Friedrich H; Tucker, Matthew R; Leiser, Willmar L</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>Increases in the yield of wheat during the Green Revolution of the late 20 th century were achieved through the introduction of Reduced <span class="hlt">height</span> (Rht) dwarfing genes. The Rht-B1 and Rht-D1 loci ensured short stature by limiting the response to the growth-promoting hormone gibberellin, and are now widespread through international breeding programs. Despite this advantage, interference with the plant's response to gibberellin also triggers adverse <span class="hlt">effects</span> for a range of important agronomic traits, and consequently modern Green Revolution genes are urgently required. In this study, we revisited the genetic control of wheat <span class="hlt">height</span> using an association mapping approach and a large panel of 1110 worldwide winter wheat cultivars. This led to the identification of a major Rht locus on chromosome 6A, Rht24, which substantially reduces plant <span class="hlt">height</span> alone as well as in combination with Rht-1b alleles. Remarkably, behind Rht-D1, Rht24 was the second most important locus for reduced <span class="hlt">height</span>, explaining 15.0% of the genotypic variance and exerting an allele substitution <span class="hlt">effect</span> of -8.8 cm. Unlike the two Rht-1b alleles, plants carrying Rht24 remain sensitive to gibberellic acid treatment. Rht24 appears in breeding programs from all countries of origin investigated, with increased frequency over the last decades, indicating that wheat breeders have actively selected for this locus. Taken together, this study reveals Rht24 as an important Rht gene of commercial relevance in worldwide wheat breeding. © 2017 The Authors The Plant Journal © 2017 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24085220','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24085220"><span>Compressive sensing method for recognizing cat-eye <span class="hlt">effect</span> <span class="hlt">targets</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Li, Li; Li, Hui; Dang, Ersheng; Liu, Bo</p> <p>2013-10-01</p> <p>This paper proposes a cat-eye <span class="hlt">effect</span> <span class="hlt">target</span> recognition method with compressive sensing (CS) and presents a recognition method (sample processing before reconstruction based on compressed sensing, or SPCS) for image processing. In this method, the linear projections of original image sequences are applied to remove dynamic background distractions and extract cat-eye <span class="hlt">effect</span> <span class="hlt">targets</span>. Furthermore, the corresponding imaging mechanism for acquiring active and passive image sequences is put forward. This method uses fewer images to recognize cat-eye <span class="hlt">effect</span> <span class="hlt">targets</span>, reduces data storage, and translates the traditional <span class="hlt">target</span> identification, based on original image processing, into measurement vectors processing. The experimental results show that the SPCS method is feasible and superior to the shape-frequency dual criteria method.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1984MicWa..23...79K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1984MicWa..23...79K"><span>RCS tests utilize ground-plane <span class="hlt">effects</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Knott, E. F.</p> <p>1984-03-01</p> <p>It is noted that the ground <span class="hlt">effects</span> must be thoroughly understood to attain the proper radar cross section (RCS) configurations for a specific test. If the ground is sufficiently smooth, it acts as a mirror. Ground reflections then serve to enhance the incident field strength. If an asphalt or concrete ground plane has not been constructed, the soil must be kept free of vegetation and must be graded and leveled to exploit the <span class="hlt">effect</span>. To elucidate the role of the ground plane, the various ways that energy propagates to the <span class="hlt">target</span> and back are considered. In implementing a ground-plane RCS measurement program, it is important that the <span class="hlt">target</span> <span class="hlt">height</span>, antenna <span class="hlt">height</span>, <span class="hlt">target</span> range, and radar wavelength be chosen so as to place the <span class="hlt">target</span> at a peak in the interference pattern. It is pointed out that in order to maximize the received signal, the antenna should be depressed below the bisector of the angle between the direct and indirect paths subtended at the radar receiving antenna. The precise amount of depression depends on the antenna radiation pattern.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26366552','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26366552"><span>Population genetic differentiation of <span class="hlt">height</span> and body mass index across Europe.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Robinson, Matthew R; Hemani, Gibran; Medina-Gomez, Carolina; Mezzavilla, Massimo; Esko, Tonu; Shakhbazov, Konstantin; Powell, Joseph E; Vinkhuyzen, Anna; Berndt, Sonja I; Gustafsson, Stefan; Justice, Anne E; Kahali, Bratati; Locke, Adam E; Pers, Tune H; Vedantam, Sailaja; Wood, Andrew R; van Rheenen, Wouter; Andreassen, Ole A; Gasparini, Paolo; Metspalu, Andres; Berg, Leonard H van den; Veldink, Jan H; Rivadeneira, Fernando; Werge, Thomas M; Abecasis, Goncalo R; Boomsma, Dorret I; Chasman, Daniel I; de Geus, Eco J C; Frayling, Timothy M; Hirschhorn, Joel N; Hottenga, Jouke Jan; Ingelsson, Erik; Loos, Ruth J F; Magnusson, Patrik K E; Martin, Nicholas G; Montgomery, Grant W; North, Kari E; Pedersen, Nancy L; Spector, Timothy D; Speliotes, Elizabeth K; Goddard, Michael E; Yang, Jian; Visscher, Peter M</p> <p>2015-11-01</p> <p>Across-nation differences in the mean values for complex traits are common, but the reasons for these differences are unknown. Here we find that many independent loci contribute to population genetic differences in <span class="hlt">height</span> and body mass index (BMI) in 9,416 individuals across 14 European countries. Using discovery data on over 250,000 individuals and unbiased <span class="hlt">effect</span> size estimates from 17,500 sibling pairs, we estimate that 24% (95% credible interval (CI) = 9%, 41%) and 8% (95% CI = 4%, 16%) of the captured additive genetic variance for <span class="hlt">height</span> and BMI, respectively, reflect population genetic differences. Population genetic divergence differed significantly from that in a null model (<span class="hlt">height</span>, P < 3.94 × 10(-8); BMI, P < 5.95 × 10(-4)), and we find an among-population genetic correlation for tall and slender individuals (r = -0.80, 95% CI = -0.95, -0.60), consistent with correlated selection for both phenotypes. Observed differences in <span class="hlt">height</span> among populations reflected the predicted genetic means (r = 0.51; P < 0.001), but environmental differences across Europe masked genetic differentiation for BMI (P < 0.58).</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70014610','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70014610"><span><span class="hlt">Effect</span> of <span class="hlt">height</span> and orientation ( microclimate) on geomorphic degradation rates and processes, late-glacial terrace scarps in central Idaho</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Pierce, K.L.; Colman, Steven M.</p> <p>1986-01-01</p> <p>Examines the <span class="hlt">effects</span> of scarp size (<span class="hlt">height</span>) and orientation (microclimate) by keeping constant variables such as age, lithology, and regional climate. For scarps 2m high, the degradation rate on S-facing scarps is 2 times that on N-facing scarps; for 10-m scarps, it is 5 times. Scarp morphology may be used to estimate age. -from Authors</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2013-title47-vol5/pdf/CFR-2013-title47-vol5-sec95-51.pdf','CFR2013'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2013-title47-vol5/pdf/CFR-2013-title47-vol5-sec95-51.pdf"><span>47 CFR 95.51 - Antenna <span class="hlt">height</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2013&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2013-10-01</p> <p>... 47 Telecommunication 5 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Antenna <span class="hlt">height</span>. 95.51 Section 95.51... SERVICES General Mobile Radio Service (GMRS) § 95.51 Antenna <span class="hlt">height</span>. (a) Certain antenna structures used in... this chapter. (b) The antenna for a small base station or for a small control station must not be more...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title47-vol5/pdf/CFR-2010-title47-vol5-sec95-51.pdf','CFR'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title47-vol5/pdf/CFR-2010-title47-vol5-sec95-51.pdf"><span>47 CFR 95.51 - Antenna <span class="hlt">height</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2010&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2010-10-01</p> <p>... 47 Telecommunication 5 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Antenna <span class="hlt">height</span>. 95.51 Section 95.51... SERVICES General Mobile Radio Service (GMRS) § 95.51 Antenna <span class="hlt">height</span>. (a) Certain antenna structures used in... this chapter. (b) The antenna for a small base station or for a small control station must not be more...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2012-title47-vol5/pdf/CFR-2012-title47-vol5-sec95-51.pdf','CFR2012'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2012-title47-vol5/pdf/CFR-2012-title47-vol5-sec95-51.pdf"><span>47 CFR 95.51 - Antenna <span class="hlt">height</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2012&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2012-10-01</p> <p>... 47 Telecommunication 5 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Antenna <span class="hlt">height</span>. 95.51 Section 95.51... SERVICES General Mobile Radio Service (GMRS) § 95.51 Antenna <span class="hlt">height</span>. (a) Certain antenna structures used in... this chapter. (b) The antenna for a small base station or for a small control station must not be more...</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li class="active"><span>21</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_21 --> <div id="page_22" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li class="active"><span>22</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="421"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title47-vol5/pdf/CFR-2014-title47-vol5-sec95-51.pdf','CFR2014'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title47-vol5/pdf/CFR-2014-title47-vol5-sec95-51.pdf"><span>47 CFR 95.51 - Antenna <span class="hlt">height</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2014&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2014-10-01</p> <p>... 47 Telecommunication 5 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Antenna <span class="hlt">height</span>. 95.51 Section 95.51... SERVICES General Mobile Radio Service (GMRS) § 95.51 Antenna <span class="hlt">height</span>. (a) Certain antenna structures used in... this chapter. (b) The antenna for a small base station or for a small control station must not be more...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title47-vol5/pdf/CFR-2011-title47-vol5-sec95-51.pdf','CFR2011'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title47-vol5/pdf/CFR-2011-title47-vol5-sec95-51.pdf"><span>47 CFR 95.51 - Antenna <span class="hlt">height</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2011&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2011-10-01</p> <p>... 47 Telecommunication 5 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Antenna <span class="hlt">height</span>. 95.51 Section 95.51... SERVICES General Mobile Radio Service (GMRS) § 95.51 Antenna <span class="hlt">height</span>. (a) Certain antenna structures used in... this chapter. (b) The antenna for a small base station or for a small control station must not be more...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JPRS..138..193S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JPRS..138..193S"><span>A cloud shadow detection method combined with cloud <span class="hlt">height</span> iteration and spectral analysis for Landsat 8 OLI data</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Sun, Lin; Liu, Xinyan; Yang, Yikun; Chen, TingTing; Wang, Quan; Zhou, Xueying</p> <p>2018-04-01</p> <p>Although enhanced over prior Landsat instruments, Landsat 8 OLI can obtain very high cloud detection precisions, but for the detection of cloud shadows, it still faces great challenges. Geometry-based cloud shadow detection methods are considered the most <span class="hlt">effective</span> and are being improved constantly. The Function of Mask (Fmask) cloud shadow detection method is one of the most representative geometry-based methods that has been used for cloud shadow detection with Landsat 8 OLI. However, the Fmask method estimates cloud <span class="hlt">height</span> employing fixed temperature rates, which are highly uncertain, and errors of large area cloud shadow detection can be caused by errors in estimations of cloud <span class="hlt">height</span>. This article improves the geometry-based cloud shadow detection method for Landsat OLI from the following two aspects. (1) Cloud <span class="hlt">height</span> no longer depends on the brightness temperature of the thermal infrared band but uses a possible dynamic range from 200 m to 12,000 m. In this case, cloud shadow is not a specific location but a possible range. Further analysis was carried out in the possible range based on the spectrum to determine cloud shadow location. This <span class="hlt">effectively</span> avoids the cloud shadow leakage caused by the error in the <span class="hlt">height</span> determination of a cloud. (2) Object-based and pixel spectral analyses are combined to detect cloud shadows, which can realize cloud shadow detection from two aspects of <span class="hlt">target</span> scale and pixel scale. Based on the analysis of the spectral differences between the cloud shadow and typical ground objects, the best cloud shadow detection bands of Landsat 8 OLI were determined. The combined use of spectrum and shape can <span class="hlt">effectively</span> improve the detection precision of cloud shadows produced by thin clouds. Several cloud shadow detection experiments were carried out, and the results were verified by the results of artificial recognition. The results of these experiments indicated that this method can identify cloud shadows in different regions with correct</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25678247','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25678247"><span>Abutment <span class="hlt">height</span> influences the <span class="hlt">effect</span> of platform switching on peri-implant marginal bone loss.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Galindo-Moreno, Pablo; León-Cano, Ana; Monje, Alberto; Ortega-Oller, Inmaculada; O'Valle, Francisco; Catena, Andrés</p> <p>2016-02-01</p> <p>The purpose was to radiographically analyze and compare the marginal bone loss (MBL) between implants with different mismatching distance and to study the influence of the prosthetic abutment <span class="hlt">height</span> on the MBL in association with the related mismatching distances. This retrospective study included 108 patients in whom 228 implants were placed, 180 with diameter of 4.5 mm and 48 with diameter of 5 mm. All patients received OsseoSpeed™ implants with internal tapered conical connection (Denstply Implants). Different mismatching distances were obtained, given that all implants were loaded with the same uni-abutment type (Lilac; Denstply Implants). Data were gathered on age, gender, bone substratum, smoking habits, previous history of periodontitis, and prosthetic features. MBL was analyzed radiographically at 6 and 18 months post-loading. Mixed linear analysis of mesial and distal MBL values yielded significant <span class="hlt">effects</span> of abutment, implant diameter, follow-up period, bone substratum, smoking, and abutment × time interaction. MBL was greater at 18 vs. 6 months, for short vs. long abutments, for grafted vs. pristine bone, for a heavier smoking habit, and for implants with a diameter of 5.0 vs. 4.5 mm. Greater mismatching does not minimize the MBL; abutment <span class="hlt">height</span>, smoking habit, and bone substratum may play a role in the MBL over the short- and medium term. © 2015 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24183453','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24183453"><span>Inference of the genetic architecture underlying BMI and <span class="hlt">height</span> with the use of 20,240 sibling pairs.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Hemani, Gibran; Yang, Jian; Vinkhuyzen, Anna; Powell, Joseph E; Willemsen, Gonneke; Hottenga, Jouke-Jan; Abdellaoui, Abdel; Mangino, Massimo; Valdes, Ana M; Medland, Sarah E; Madden, Pamela A; Heath, Andrew C; Henders, Anjali K; Nyholt, Dale R; de Geus, Eco J C; Magnusson, Patrik K E; Ingelsson, Erik; Montgomery, Grant W; Spector, Timothy D; Boomsma, Dorret I; Pedersen, Nancy L; Martin, Nicholas G; Visscher, Peter M</p> <p>2013-11-07</p> <p>Evidence that complex traits are highly polygenic has been presented by population-based genome-wide association studies (GWASs) through the identification of many significant variants, as well as by family-based de novo sequencing studies indicating that several traits have a large mutational <span class="hlt">target</span> size. Here, using a third study design, we show results consistent with extreme polygenicity for body mass index (BMI) and <span class="hlt">height</span>. On a sample of 20,240 siblings (from 9,570 nuclear families), we used a within-family method to obtain narrow-sense heritability estimates of 0.42 (SE = 0.17, p = 0.01) and 0.69 (SE = 0.14, p = 6 × 10(-)(7)) for BMI and <span class="hlt">height</span>, respectively, after adjusting for covariates. The genomic inflation factors from locus-specific linkage analysis were 1.69 (SE = 0.21, p = 0.04) for BMI and 2.18 (SE = 0.21, p = 2 × 10(-10)) for <span class="hlt">height</span>. This inflation is free of confounding and congruent with polygenicity, consistent with observations of ever-increasing genomic-inflation factors from GWASs with large sample sizes, implying that those signals are due to true genetic signals across the genome rather than population stratification. We also demonstrate that the distribution of the observed test statistics is consistent with both rare and common variants underlying a polygenic architecture and that previous reports of linkage signals in complex traits are probably a consequence of polygenic architecture rather than the segregation of variants with large <span class="hlt">effects</span>. The convergent empirical evidence from GWASs, de novo studies, and within-family segregation implies that family-based sequencing studies for complex traits require very large sample sizes because the <span class="hlt">effects</span> of causal variants are small on average. Copyright © 2013 The American Society of Human Genetics. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JPRS..139...14U','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JPRS..139...14U"><span>Extraction and <span class="hlt">height</span> estimation of artificial vertical structures based on the wrapped interferometric phase difference within their layovers</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Uemoto, Jyunpei; Nadai, Akitsugu; Kojima, Shoichiro; Kobayashi, Tatsuharu; Umehara, Toshihiko; Matsuoka, Takeshi; Uratsuka, Seiho; Satake, Makoto</p> <p>2018-05-01</p> <p>The geometric modulation of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery such as radar shadow, foreshortening, and layover often complicates image interpretation while it contains useful information about <span class="hlt">targets</span>. Recently, some methods for automatic building detection utilizing a peculiar pattern of phase differences (PDs) within building layovers on SAR interferograms have been proposed. One of the merits of these methods is the capability to detect buildings even taller than the <span class="hlt">height</span> of ambiguity without incorporating any external data. In this paper, we propose a new method that has achieved the following improvements while maintaining the merit mentioned above. The first improvement is freedom from the dependence of <span class="hlt">target</span> <span class="hlt">heights</span>; without changing any parameters and thresholds, the proposed method can detect low-rise apartments to skyscrapers. The second one is the prevention of the false grouping of vertical structure constituents by considering relationships between their PDs. In addition, the method can measure the <span class="hlt">height</span> of vertical structures without assuming their shape to be simple ones such as a parallelogram. These improvements have been verified by applying the method to real datasets acquired from an airborne X-band SAR. The quantitative assessment for apartment complexes has demonstrated the high performance of the method; the correctness and completeness are 94% and 83%, respectively. The mean error in the measured <span class="hlt">height</span> is -0.2 m, while the standard deviation is 1.8 m. The verification using real datasets has revealed at the same time that the performance of the method can be degraded due to the crowdedness in dense urban areas including skyscrapers and owing to the poor discriminability between artificial vertical structures and trees. Overcoming these limitations is necessary in future studies.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AtmEn.112...54S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AtmEn.112...54S"><span>The ratio of <span class="hlt">effective</span> building <span class="hlt">height</span> to street width governs dispersion of local vehicle emissions</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Schulte, Nico; Tan, Si; Venkatram, Akula</p> <p>2015-07-01</p> <p>Analysis of data collected in street canyons located in Hanover, Germany and Los Angeles, USA, suggests that street-level concentrations of vehicle-related pollutants can be estimated with a model that assumes that vertical turbulent transport of emissions dominates the governing processes. The dispersion model relates surface concentrations to traffic flow rate, the <span class="hlt">effective</span> aspect ratio of the street, and roof level turbulence. The dispersion model indicates that magnification of concentrations relative to those in the absence of buildings is most sensitive to the aspect ratio of the street, which is the ratio of the <span class="hlt">effective</span> <span class="hlt">height</span> of the buildings on the street to the width of the street. This result can be useful in the design of transit oriented developments that increase building density to reduce emissions from transportation.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title14-vol1/pdf/CFR-2010-title14-vol1-sec29-1517.pdf','CFR'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title14-vol1/pdf/CFR-2010-title14-vol1-sec29-1517.pdf"><span>14 CFR 29.1517 - Limiting <span class="hlt">height</span>-speed envelope.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2010&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2010-01-01</p> <p>... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Limiting <span class="hlt">height</span>-speed envelope. 29.1517... Operating Limitations § 29.1517 Limiting <span class="hlt">height</span>-speed envelope. For Category A rotorcraft, if a range of <span class="hlt">heights</span> exists at any speed, including zero, within which it is not possible to make a safe landing...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title14-vol1/pdf/CFR-2011-title14-vol1-sec29-1517.pdf','CFR2011'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title14-vol1/pdf/CFR-2011-title14-vol1-sec29-1517.pdf"><span>14 CFR 29.1517 - Limiting <span class="hlt">height</span>-speed envelope.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2011&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p>... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Limiting <span class="hlt">height</span>-speed envelope. 29.1517... Operating Limitations § 29.1517 Limiting <span class="hlt">height</span>-speed envelope. For Category A rotorcraft, if a range of <span class="hlt">heights</span> exists at any speed, including zero, within which it is not possible to make a safe landing...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/16397','DOTNTL'); return false;" href="https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/16397"><span>Hilfiker retaining walls with full <span class="hlt">height</span> cast-in-place panels</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntlsearch.bts.gov/tris/index.do">DOT National Transportation Integrated Search</a></p> <p></p> <p>1998-02-01</p> <p>Construction of retaining walls utilizing full <span class="hlt">height</span> panels introduces a degree of indeterminacy to the structure. The ability to <span class="hlt">effectively</span> analyze the internal behavior of such systems, and limited field performance, qualifies them as appropriate...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009EP%26S...61..825A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009EP%26S...61..825A"><span>Soft computing methods for geoidal <span class="hlt">height</span> transformation</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Akyilmaz, O.; Özlüdemir, M. T.; Ayan, T.; Çelik, R. N.</p> <p>2009-07-01</p> <p>Soft computing techniques, such as fuzzy logic and artificial neural network (ANN) approaches, have enabled researchers to create precise models for use in many scientific and engineering applications. Applications that can be employed in geodetic studies include the estimation of earth rotation parameters and the determination of mean sea level changes. Another important field of geodesy in which these computing techniques can be applied is geoidal <span class="hlt">height</span> transformation. We report here our use of a conventional polynomial model, the Adaptive Network-based Fuzzy (or in some publications, Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy) Inference System (ANFIS), an ANN and a modified ANN approach to approximate geoid <span class="hlt">heights</span>. These approximation models have been tested on a number of test points. The results obtained through the transformation processes from ellipsoidal <span class="hlt">heights</span> into local levelling <span class="hlt">heights</span> have also been compared.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008SPIE.6941E..07E','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008SPIE.6941E..07E"><span><span class="hlt">Effects</span> of video compression on <span class="hlt">target</span> acquisition performance</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Espinola, Richard L.; Cha, Jae; Preece, Bradley</p> <p>2008-04-01</p> <p>The bandwidth requirements of modern <span class="hlt">target</span> acquisition systems continue to increase with larger sensor formats and multi-spectral capabilities. To obviate this problem, still and moving imagery can be compressed, often resulting in greater than 100 fold decrease in required bandwidth. Compression, however, is generally not error-free and the generated artifacts can adversely affect task performance. The U.S. Army RDECOM CERDEC Night Vision and Electronic Sensors Directorate recently performed an assessment of various compression techniques on static imagery for tank identification. In this paper, we expand this initial assessment by studying and quantifying the <span class="hlt">effect</span> of various video compression algorithms and their impact on tank identification performance. We perform a series of controlled human perception tests using three dynamic simulated scenarios: <span class="hlt">target</span> moving/sensor static, <span class="hlt">target</span> static/sensor static, sensor tracking the <span class="hlt">target</span>. Results of this study will quantify the <span class="hlt">effect</span> of video compression on <span class="hlt">target</span> identification and provide a framework to evaluate video compression on future sensor systems.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/39981','TREESEARCH'); return false;" href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/39981"><span>The Sine Method: An Alternative <span class="hlt">Height</span> Measurement Technique</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/">Treesearch</a></p> <p>Don C. Bragg; Lee E. Frelich; Robert T. Leverett; Will Blozan; Dale J. Luthringer</p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Height</span> is one of the most important dimensions of trees, but few observers are fully aware of the consequences of the misapplication of conventional <span class="hlt">height</span> measurement techniques. A new approach, the sine method, can improve <span class="hlt">height</span> measurement by being less sensitive to the requirements of conventional techniques (similar triangles and the tangent method). We studied...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title46-vol2/pdf/CFR-2014-title46-vol2-sec45-69.pdf','CFR2014'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title46-vol2/pdf/CFR-2014-title46-vol2-sec45-69.pdf"><span>46 CFR 45.69 - Correction for bow <span class="hlt">height</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2014&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2014-10-01</p> <p>... consideration by the Commandant. (e) The bow <span class="hlt">height</span> is defined as the vertical distance at the forward... 46 Shipping 2 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Correction for bow <span class="hlt">height</span>. 45.69 Section 45.69 Shipping... § 45.69 Correction for bow <span class="hlt">height</span>. (a) The minimum summer freeboard of all manned vessels must be...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2012-title46-vol2/pdf/CFR-2012-title46-vol2-sec45-69.pdf','CFR2012'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2012-title46-vol2/pdf/CFR-2012-title46-vol2-sec45-69.pdf"><span>46 CFR 45.69 - Correction for bow <span class="hlt">height</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2012&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2012-10-01</p> <p>... consideration by the Commandant. (e) The bow <span class="hlt">height</span> is defined as the vertical distance at the forward... 46 Shipping 2 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Correction for bow <span class="hlt">height</span>. 45.69 Section 45.69 Shipping... § 45.69 Correction for bow <span class="hlt">height</span>. (a) The minimum summer freeboard of all manned vessels must be...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2013-title36-vol3/pdf/CFR-2013-title36-vol3-sec910-61.pdf','CFR2013'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2013-title36-vol3/pdf/CFR-2013-title36-vol3-sec910-61.pdf"><span>36 CFR § 910.61 - <span class="hlt">Height</span> of development.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2013&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2013-07-01</p> <p>... 36 Parks, Forests, and Public Property 3 2013-07-01 2012-07-01 true <span class="hlt">Height</span> of development. § 910... PENNSYLVANIA AVENUE DEVELOPMENT AREA Glossary of Terms § 910.61 <span class="hlt">Height</span> of development. <span class="hlt">Height</span> of development means the vertical distance measured from a specified point at the curb level to the highest point of...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2013-title46-vol2/pdf/CFR-2013-title46-vol2-sec45-69.pdf','CFR2013'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2013-title46-vol2/pdf/CFR-2013-title46-vol2-sec45-69.pdf"><span>46 CFR 45.69 - Correction for bow <span class="hlt">height</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2013&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2013-10-01</p> <p>... consideration by the Commandant. (e) The bow <span class="hlt">height</span> is defined as the vertical distance at the forward... 46 Shipping 2 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Correction for bow <span class="hlt">height</span>. 45.69 Section 45.69 Shipping... § 45.69 Correction for bow <span class="hlt">height</span>. (a) The minimum summer freeboard of all manned vessels must be...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=264562','TEKTRAN'); return false;" href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=264562"><span>Analysis of vertical distributions and <span class="hlt">effective</span> flight layers of insects: three-dimensional simulation of flying insects and catch at trap <span class="hlt">heights</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/find-a-publication/">USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>The mean <span class="hlt">height</span> and standard deviation (SD) of flight is calculated for over 100 insect species from their catches on trap <span class="hlt">heights</span> reported in the literature. The iterative equations for calculating mean <span class="hlt">height</span> and SD are presented. The mean flight <span class="hlt">height</span> for 95% of the studies varied from 0.17 to 5...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26834822','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26834822"><span>Terrestrial 3D laser scanning to track the increase in canopy <span class="hlt">height</span> of both monocot and dicot crop species under field conditions.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Friedli, Michael; Kirchgessner, Norbert; Grieder, Christoph; Liebisch, Frank; Mannale, Michael; Walter, Achim</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>Plant growth is a good indicator of crop performance and can be measured by different methods and on different spatial and temporal scales. In this study, we measured the canopy <span class="hlt">height</span> growth of maize (Zea mays), soybean (Glycine max) and wheat (Triticum aestivum) under field conditions by terrestrial laser scanning (TLS). We tested the hypotheses whether such measurements are capable to elucidate (1) differences in architecture that exist between genotypes; (2) genotypic differences between canopy <span class="hlt">height</span> growth during the season and (3) short-term growth fluctuations (within 24 h), which could e.g. indicate responses to rapidly fluctuating environmental conditions. The canopies were scanned with a commercially available 3D laser scanner and canopy <span class="hlt">height</span> growth over time was analyzed with a novel and simple approach using spherical <span class="hlt">targets</span> with fixed positions during the whole season. This way, a high precision of the measurement was obtained allowing for comparison of canopy parameters (e.g. canopy <span class="hlt">height</span> growth) at subsequent time points. Three filtering approaches for canopy <span class="hlt">height</span> calculation from TLS were evaluated and the most suitable approach was used for the subsequent analyses. For wheat, high coefficients of determination (R(2)) of the linear regression between manually measured and TLS-derived canopy <span class="hlt">height</span> were achieved. The temporal resolution that can be achieved with our approach depends on the scanned crop. For maize, a temporal resolution of several hours can be achieved, whereas soybean is ideally scanned only once per day, after leaves have reached their most horizontal orientation. Additionally, we could show for maize that plant architectural traits are potentially detectable with our method. The TLS approach presented here allows for measuring canopy <span class="hlt">height</span> growth of different crops under field conditions with a high temporal resolution, depending on crop species. This method will enable advances in automated phenotyping for breeding and</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4566038','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4566038"><span>Absence of modulatory action on haptic <span class="hlt">height</span> perception with musical pitch</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Geronazzo, Michele; Avanzini, Federico; Grassi, Massimo</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>Although acoustic frequency is not a spatial property of physical objects, in common language, pitch, i.e., the psychological correlated of frequency, is often labeled spatially (i.e., “high in pitch” or “low in pitch”). Pitch-<span class="hlt">height</span> is known to modulate (and interact with) the response of participants when they are asked to judge spatial properties of non-auditory stimuli (e.g., visual) in a variety of behavioral tasks. In the current study we investigated whether the modulatory action of pitch-<span class="hlt">height</span> extended to the haptic estimation of <span class="hlt">height</span> of a virtual step. We implemented a HW/SW setup which is able to render virtual 3D objects (stair-steps) haptically through a PHANTOM device, and to provide real-time continuous auditory feedback depending on the user interaction with the object. The haptic exploration was associated with a sinusoidal tone whose pitch varied as a function of the interaction point's <span class="hlt">height</span> within (i) a narrower and (ii) a wider pitch range, or (iii) a random pitch variation acting as a control audio condition. Explorations were also performed with no sound (haptic only). Participants were instructed to explore the virtual step freely, and to communicate <span class="hlt">height</span> estimation by opening their thumb and index finger to mimic the step riser <span class="hlt">height</span>, or verbally by reporting the <span class="hlt">height</span> in centimeters of the step riser. We analyzed the role of musical expertise by dividing participants into non-musicians and musicians. Results showed no <span class="hlt">effects</span> of musical pitch on high-realistic haptic feedback. Overall there is no difference between the two groups in the proposed multimodal conditions. Additionally, we observed a different haptic response distribution between musicians and non-musicians when estimations of the auditory conditions are matched with estimations in the no sound condition. PMID:26441745</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li class="active"><span>22</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_22 --> <div id="page_23" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li class="active"><span>23</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>25</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="441"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70034296','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70034296"><span>Modeling the <span class="hlt">height</span> of young forests regenerating from recent disturbances in Mississippi using Landsat and ICESat data</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Li, Ainong; Huang, Chengquan; Sun, Guoqing; Shi, Hua; Toney, Chris; Zhu, Zhiliang; Rollins, Matthew G.; Goward, Samuel N.; Masek, Jeffery G.</p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p> disturbances in current LTSS–VCT products and difficulty in deriving reliable forest <span class="hlt">height</span> measurements using GLAS samples when terrain relief was present within their footprints. In addition, a systematic underestimation of about 5 m by the developed model was also observed, half of which could be explained by forest growth that occurred between field measurement year and model <span class="hlt">target</span> year. The remaining difference suggests that tree <span class="hlt">height</span> measurements derived using waveform lidar data could be significantly underestimated, especially for young pine forests. Options for improving the <span class="hlt">height</span> modeling approach developed in this study were discussed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20120010376&hterms=USDA&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D60%26Ntt%3DUSDA','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20120010376&hterms=USDA&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D60%26Ntt%3DUSDA"><span>Modeling the <span class="hlt">Height</span> of Young Forests Regenerating from Recent Disturbances in Mississippi using Landsat and ICESat data</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Li, Ainong; Huang, Chengquan; Sun, Guoqing; Shi, Hua; Toney, Chris; Zhu, Zhiliang; Rollins, Matthew G.; Goward, Samuel N.; Masek, Jeffrey G.</p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p> current LTSS-VCT products and difficulty in deriving reliable forest <span class="hlt">height</span> measurements using GLAS samples when terrain relief was present within their footprints. In addition, a systematic underestimation of about 5 m by the developed model was also observed, half of which could be explained by forest growth that occurred between field measurement year and model <span class="hlt">target</span> year. The remaining difference suggests that tree <span class="hlt">height</span> measurements derived using waveform lidar data could be significantly underestimated, especially for young pine forests. Options for improving the <span class="hlt">height</span> modeling approach developed in this study were discussed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015PhPro..67.1049M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015PhPro..67.1049M"><span>Winding Pack <span class="hlt">Height</span> Management During Fabrication of the ITER CS Module</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Martovetsky, Nicolai N.; Irick, David K.; Reed, Richard P.; Haefelfinger, Rolf; Salazar, Erica</p> <p></p> <p>The Central Solenoid (CS) stack consists of six modules, 2.1 m tall each [1]. In order to verify good impregnation, we performed a vacuum pressure impregnation (VPI) test of a full cross section of the CS module (CSM), 40 conductors tall and 14 conductors wide [2]. It was discovered that after preparation of the full cross section stack until completion of the VPI, the stack shrunk in <span class="hlt">height</span> by 20-25 mm. Our study of the literature and discussions with the leading experts in VPI did not reveal obvious reasons for this change of <span class="hlt">height</span>, so we launched a study to address this issue. We assembled two 12x1 (tall by wide) arrays and several 7x1 arrays in order to study characteristics of the dry winding pack under compressive force and <span class="hlt">effects</span> of different fabrication steps. Then we impregnated these arrays in different conditions under compressive force and studied change of <span class="hlt">height</span> as a result of compression, impregnation, gelling and curing of the stack of insulated conductors. We showed that by controlling the application of the compressive force, before closing the mold and during impregnation, one can reduce the <span class="hlt">height</span> uncertainty. Most of the <span class="hlt">height</span> reduction takes place while the glass is dry under the dead weight and the applied compressive force. Reduction of <span class="hlt">height</span> during injection of the resin and during gelling, curing and cooling of the coil is noticeable, reproducible and relatively small. The paper presents results of our studies and recommendations for assembly and VPI of tall windings.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25671398','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25671398"><span>Shoe collar <span class="hlt">height</span> <span class="hlt">effect</span> on athletic performance, ankle joint kinematics and kinetics during unanticipated maximum-effort side-cutting performance.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Lam, Gilbert Wing Kai; Park, Eun Jung; Lee, Ki-Kwang; Cheung, Jason Tak-Man</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>Side-step cutting manoeuvres comprise the coordination between planting and non-planting legs. Increased shoe collar <span class="hlt">height</span> is expected to influence ankle biomechanics of both legs and possibly respective cutting performance. This study examined the shoe collar <span class="hlt">height</span> <span class="hlt">effect</span> on kinematics and kinetics of planting and non-planting legs during an unanticipated side-step cutting. Fifteen university basketball players performed maximum-effort side-step cutting to the left 45° direction or a straight ahead run in response to a random light signal. Seven successful cutting trials were collected for each condition. Athletic performance, ground reaction force, ankle kinematics and kinetics of both legs were analysed using paired t-tests. Results indicated that high-collar shoes resulted in less ankle inversion and external rotation during initial contact for the planting leg. The high-collar shoes also exhibited a smaller ankle range of motion in the sagittal and transverse planes for both legs, respectively. However, no collar <span class="hlt">effect</span> was found for ankle moments and performance indicators including cutting performance time, ground contact time, propulsion ground reaction forces and impulses. These findings indicated that high-collar shoes altered ankle positioning and restricted ankle joint freedom movements in both legs, while no negative <span class="hlt">effect</span> was found for athletic cutting performance.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015SPIE.9535E..0GK','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015SPIE.9535E..0GK"><span>Forest canopy <span class="hlt">height</span> estimation using double-frequency repeat pass interferometry</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Karamvasis, Kleanthis; Karathanassi, Vassilia</p> <p>2015-06-01</p> <p>In recent years, many efforts have been made in order to assess forest stand parameters from remote sensing data, as a mean to estimate the above-ground carbon stock of forests in the context of the Kyoto protocol. Synthetic aperture radar interferometry (InSAR) techniques have gained traction in last decade as a viable technology for vegetation parameter estimation. Many works have shown that forest canopy <span class="hlt">height</span>, which is a critical parameter for quantifying the terrestrial carbon cycle, can be estimated with InSAR. However, research is still needed to understand further the interaction of SAR signals with forest canopy and to develop an operational method for forestry applications. This work discusses the use of repeat pass interferometry with ALOS PALSAR (L band) HH polarized and COSMO Skymed (X band) HH polarized acquisitions over the Taxiarchis forest (Chalkidiki, Greece), in order to produce accurate digital elevation models (DEMs) and estimate canopy <span class="hlt">height</span> with interferometric processing. The <span class="hlt">effect</span> of wavelength-dependent penetration depth into the canopy is known to be strong, and could potentially lead to forest canopy <span class="hlt">height</span> mapping using dual-wavelength SAR interferometry at X- and L-band. The method is based on scattering phase center separation at different wavelengths. It involves the generation of a terrain elevation model underneath the forest canopy from repeat-pass L-band InSAR data as well as the generation of a canopy surface elevation model from repeat pass X-band InSAR data. The terrain model is then used to remove the terrain component from the repeat pass interferometric X-band elevation model, so as to enable the forest canopy <span class="hlt">height</span> estimation. The canopy <span class="hlt">height</span> results were compared to a field survey with 6.9 m root mean square error (RMSE). The <span class="hlt">effects</span> of vegetation characteristics, SAR incidence angle and view geometry, and terrain slope on the accuracy of the results have also been studied in this work.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70035405','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70035405"><span>Monitoring urban subsidence based on SAR lnterferometric point <span class="hlt">target</span> analysis</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Zhang, Y.; Zhang, Jiahua; Gong, W.; Lu, Z.</p> <p>2009-01-01</p> <p>lnterferometric point <span class="hlt">target</span> analysis (IPTA) is one of the latest developments in radar interferometric processing. It is achieved by analysis of the interferometric phases of some individual point <span class="hlt">targets</span>, which are discrete and present temporarily stable backscattering characteristics, in long temporal series of interferometric SAR images. This paper analyzes the interferometric phase model of point <span class="hlt">targets</span>, and then addresses two key issues within IPTA process. Firstly, a spatial searching method is proposed to unwrap the interferometric phase difference between two neighboring point <span class="hlt">targets</span>. The <span class="hlt">height</span> residual error and linear deformation rate of each point <span class="hlt">target</span> can then be calculated, when a global reference point with known <span class="hlt">height</span> correction and deformation history is chosen. Secondly, a spatial-temporal filtering scheme is proposed to further separate the atmosphere phase and nonlinear deformation phase from the residual interferometric phase. Finally, an experiment of the developed IPTA methodology is conducted over Suzhou urban area. Totally 38 ERS-1/2 SAR scenes are analyzed, and the deformation information over 3 546 point <span class="hlt">targets</span> in the time span of 1992-2002 are generated. The IPTA-derived deformation shows very good agreement with the published result, which demonstrates that the IPTA technique can be developed into an operational tool to map the ground subsidence over urban area.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29408912','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29408912"><span><span class="hlt">Effect</span> of maternal <span class="hlt">height</span> on caesarean section and neonatal mortality rates in sub-Saharan Africa: An analysis of 34 national datasets.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Arendt, Esther; Singh, Neha S; Campbell, Oona M R</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p>, multiple birth, birth order and country of survey. There was a gradual increase in the rate of caesarean section with decreasing maternal <span class="hlt">height</span>. Compared to women of Average <span class="hlt">height</span> (155.0-159.9cm), taller women were protected. The adjusted odds ratio (aOR) for Tall women was 0.67 (95% CI:0.52-0.87) and for Average-tall women was 0.78 (95% CI:0.69-0.89). Compared to women of Average <span class="hlt">height</span>, shorter women were at increased risk. The aOR for Short-average women was 1.19 (95% CI:1.03-1.37), for Short women was 2.06 (95% CI:1.71-2.48), and for Very Short women was 2.50 (95% CI:1.85-3.38). There was evidence that compared to Average <span class="hlt">height</span> women, Very Short and Short women had increased odds of experiencing a neonatal death aOR = 1.95 (95% CI 1.17-3.25) and aOR = 1.66 (95% CI 1.20-2.28) respectively. When we focused on the period of highest risk, the day of delivery and first postnatal day, these aORs increased to 2.36 (95% CI 1.57-3.55) and 2.34 (95% CI 1.19-4.60) respectively. The aORs for the first week of life (early neonatal mortality) were 1.90 (95% CI 1.07-3.36) and 1.83 (95% CI 1.30-2.59) respectively. Short stature is associated with an increased prevalence of caesarean section and neonatal mortality, particularly on the newborn's first days. These results are even more striking because we know that caesarean section rates tend to be higher among wealthier and more educated women, who are often taller and that the same patterns may hold for neonatal survival; in such cases, adjusting for wealth, education and urban residence would attenuate these associations. Caesarean sections can be lifesaving operations; however, they cost the health system and families more, and are associated with worse health outcomes. We suggest that our findings be used to argue for policies <span class="hlt">targeting</span> stunting in infant girls and potential catch-up growth in adolescence and early adulthood, aiming to increase their adult <span class="hlt">height</span> and thus decrease their subsequent risk of experiencing caesarean</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1393572-non-targeted-effects-models-predict-significantly-higher-mars-mission-cancer-risk-than-targeted-effects-models','SCIGOV-DOEP'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1393572-non-targeted-effects-models-predict-significantly-higher-mars-mission-cancer-risk-than-targeted-effects-models"><span>Non-<span class="hlt">Targeted</span> <span class="hlt">Effects</span> Models Predict Significantly Higher Mars Mission Cancer Risk than <span class="hlt">Targeted</span> <span class="hlt">Effects</span> Models</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/pages">DOE PAGES</a></p> <p>Cucinotta, Francis A.; Cacao, Eliedonna</p> <p>2017-05-12</p> <p>Cancer risk is an important concern for galactic cosmic ray (GCR) exposures, which consist of a wide-energy range of protons, heavy ions and secondary radiation produced in shielding and tissues. Relative biological <span class="hlt">effectiveness</span> (RBE) factors for surrogate cancer endpoints in cell culture models and tumor induction in mice vary considerable, including significant variations for different tissues and mouse strains. Many studies suggest non-<span class="hlt">targeted</span> <span class="hlt">effects</span> (NTE) occur for low doses of high linear energy transfer (LET) radiation, leading to deviation from the linear dose response model used in radiation protection. Using the mouse Harderian gland tumor experiment, the only extensive data-setmore » for dose response modelling with a variety of particle types (>4), for the first-time a particle track structure model of tumor prevalence is used to investigate the <span class="hlt">effects</span> of NTEs in predictions of chronic GCR exposure risk. The NTE model led to a predicted risk 2-fold higher compared to a <span class="hlt">targeted</span> <span class="hlt">effects</span> model. The scarcity of data with animal models for tissues that dominate human radiation cancer risk, including lung, colon, breast, liver, and stomach, suggest that studies of NTEs in other tissues are urgently needed prior to long-term space missions outside the protection of the Earth’s geomagnetic sphere.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1393572','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1393572"><span>Non-<span class="hlt">Targeted</span> <span class="hlt">Effects</span> Models Predict Significantly Higher Mars Mission Cancer Risk than <span class="hlt">Targeted</span> <span class="hlt">Effects</span> Models</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Cucinotta, Francis A.; Cacao, Eliedonna</p> <p></p> <p>Cancer risk is an important concern for galactic cosmic ray (GCR) exposures, which consist of a wide-energy range of protons, heavy ions and secondary radiation produced in shielding and tissues. Relative biological <span class="hlt">effectiveness</span> (RBE) factors for surrogate cancer endpoints in cell culture models and tumor induction in mice vary considerable, including significant variations for different tissues and mouse strains. Many studies suggest non-<span class="hlt">targeted</span> <span class="hlt">effects</span> (NTE) occur for low doses of high linear energy transfer (LET) radiation, leading to deviation from the linear dose response model used in radiation protection. Using the mouse Harderian gland tumor experiment, the only extensive data-setmore » for dose response modelling with a variety of particle types (>4), for the first-time a particle track structure model of tumor prevalence is used to investigate the <span class="hlt">effects</span> of NTEs in predictions of chronic GCR exposure risk. The NTE model led to a predicted risk 2-fold higher compared to a <span class="hlt">targeted</span> <span class="hlt">effects</span> model. The scarcity of data with animal models for tissues that dominate human radiation cancer risk, including lung, colon, breast, liver, and stomach, suggest that studies of NTEs in other tissues are urgently needed prior to long-term space missions outside the protection of the Earth’s geomagnetic sphere.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..19.3229B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..19.3229B"><span>Gravity and <span class="hlt">Height</span> Variations at Medicina, Italy</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Bruni, Sara; Zerbini, Susanna; Errico, Maddalena; Santi, Efisio; Wziontek, Hartmut</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p>Since 1996, at the Medicina station, <span class="hlt">height</span> and gravity variations are monitored continuously by means of GPS, VLBI and superconducting gravimeter (SG) data. Additionally, absolute gravity observations are performed twice a year and environmental parameters, among others water table levels, are regularly acquired. Levelling between the different monuments at the site area is also carried out repeatedly to constrain local ties in the vertical position. Two GPS systems are located very close to each other, and both are in close proximity to the VLBI antenna. Twenty years of data are now available, which allow investigating both long- and short-period <span class="hlt">height</span> and gravity signals together with their relevant correlations. Natural land subsidence, which is well known to occur in the area, is a major component of the observed long-term behavior; however, non-linear long-period signatures are also present in the time series. On a shorter time scale, fingerprints of the water table seasonal oscillations can be recognized in the data. The Medicina site is characterized by clayey soil subjected to consolidation <span class="hlt">effects</span> when the water table lowers during summer periods. The pillar on which the SG is installed is especially affected because of its shallow foundation, causing <span class="hlt">height</span> decreases in the order of 2.5-3 cm for water table lowering of 2 m. This study presents a comparative analysis of the different data sets with the aim of separating mass and deformation contributions in the SG gravity record.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15322459','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15322459"><span>Pathologic features of fatal falls from <span class="hlt">height</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Türk, Elisabeth E; Tsokos, Michael</p> <p>2004-09-01</p> <p>Deaths due to falls from <span class="hlt">height</span> are common in urban settings. At the time the body is found, it is often unclear whether the mode of death is accident, suicide, or homicide. To assess the injury pattern in fatal falls from <span class="hlt">height</span> with special regard to criteria that might be helpful in discrimination between accident, suicide, and homicide, respectively, we reviewed 68 medicolegal autopsy cases (22 females, 46 males, age range 13-89 years) of fatal falls from <span class="hlt">height</span> regarding demographic data, findings at the death scene, results of the postmortem examination, psychiatric history, and toxicologic findings. Among the 68 cases, there were 34 suicides, 23 accidents, and 11 unclarified cases, in 3 of which homicide was suspected. In general, suicides were from greater <span class="hlt">heights</span> than accidents (mean <span class="hlt">height</span> 22.7 m for suicides and 10.8 m for accidents, respectively; 79% of suicides from more than 16 m). Strikingly, severe head injuries predominantly occurred in falls from <span class="hlt">heights</span> below 10 m (84%) and above 25 m (90%), whereas in the group of falls from 10 to 25 m, these lesions were seen less frequently (28%). Neck injuries like muscle bleeds and fractures of the hyoid bone were found in 33% of falls from more than 10 m and did not occur from less than 10 m. Our data stress that the evaluation of pathologic features alone is not sufficient to assess the mode of death in fatal falls from <span class="hlt">height</span>. Instead, postmortem findings have to be considered within the framework of the subject's social, medical, and psychiatric history in conjunction with findings at the death scene and toxicology results to obtain the clearest possible picture of the circumstances of death.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014Icar..230..191M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014Icar..230..191M"><span>Titan dune <span class="hlt">heights</span> retrieval by using Cassini Radar Altimeter</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Mastrogiuseppe, M.; Poggiali, V.; Seu, R.; Martufi, R.; Notarnicola, C.</p> <p>2014-02-01</p> <p>The Cassini Radar is a Ku band multimode instrument capable of providing topographic and mapping information. During several of the 93 Titan fly-bys performed by Cassini, the radar collected a large amount of data observing many dune fields in multiple modes such as SAR, Altimeter, Scatterometer and Radiometer. Understanding dune characteristics, such as shape and <span class="hlt">height</span>, will reveal important clues on Titan's climatic and geological history providing a better understanding of aeolian processes on Earth. Dunes are believed to be sculpted by the action of the wind, weak at the surface but still able to activate the process of sand-sized particle transport. This work aims to estimate dunes <span class="hlt">height</span> by modeling the shape of the real Cassini Radar Altimeter echoes. Joint processing of SAR/Altimeter data has been adopted to localize the altimeter footprints overlapping dune fields excluding non-dune features. The <span class="hlt">height</span> of the dunes was estimated by applying Maximum Likelihood Estimation along with a non-coherent electromagnetic (EM) echo model, thus comparing the real averaged waveform with the theoretical curves. Such analysis has been performed over the Fensal dune field observed during the T30 flyby (May 2007). As a result we found that the estimated dunes' peak to trough <span class="hlt">heights</span> difference was in the order of 60-120 m. Estimation accuracy and robustness of the MLE for different complex scenarios was assessed via radar simulations and Monte-Carlo approach. We simulated dunes-interdunes different composition and roughness for a large set of values verifying that, in the range of possible Titan environment conditions, these two surface parameters have weak <span class="hlt">effects</span> on our estimates of standard dune <span class="hlt">heights</span> deviation. Results presented here are the first part of a study that will cover all Titan's sand seas.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22190507','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22190507"><span><span class="hlt">Effects</span> of osmotic-release methylphenidate on <span class="hlt">height</span> and weight in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) following up to four years of treatment.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Durá-Travé, Teodoro; Yoldi-Petri, María Eugenia; Gallinas-Victoriano, Fidel; Zardoya-Santos, Patricia</p> <p>2012-05-01</p> <p>There is some controversy concerning \\the potential negative influence of methylphenidate on growth. The authors reviewed clinical records of 187 patients with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder under treatment with methylphenidate. The patients' weight, <span class="hlt">height</span>, and body mass index were measured at diagnosis and during 4 years of follow-up. The dose of methylphenidate was gradually increased up to 1.31 ± 0.2 mg/kg/d. At diagnosis, mean weight value was lower than mean weight expected for age by 0.697 kg. This difference increased to 4.274 kg (at 30 months of treatment), although it subsequently decreased to 1.588 kg (at 48 months of treatment). Mean value of <span class="hlt">height</span> was lower than expected mean <span class="hlt">height</span> for age by 0.42 cm at diagnosis. This difference increased to 2.69 cm (at 30 months of treatment), but it subsequently decreased to 0.83 cm (at 48 months of treatment). The relationship between nutritional status and the negative <span class="hlt">effects</span> on the <span class="hlt">height</span> curve in those patients would require nutritional optimization to return anthropometric variables to normal.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16878146','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16878146"><span>Final <span class="hlt">height</span> and gonad function after total body irradiation during childhood.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Couto-Silva, A-C; Trivin, C; Esperou, H; Michon, J; Baruchel, A; Lemaire, P; Brauner, R</p> <p>2006-09-01</p> <p>Short stature and gonad failure can be a side <span class="hlt">effect</span> of total body irradiation (TBI). The purpose of the study was to evaluate the factors influencing final <span class="hlt">height</span> and gonad function after TBI. Fifty young adults given TBI during childhood were included. Twenty-seven had been treated with growth hormone (GH). Those given single 10 Grays (Gy) or fractionated 12 Gy TBI had similar characteristics, GH peaks, final <span class="hlt">heights</span> and gonad function. After the end of GH treatment, 11/20 patients evaluated had GH peak >10 microg/l. Final <span class="hlt">height</span> was <-2s.d. in 29 (58%). The <span class="hlt">height</span> loss between TBI and final <span class="hlt">height</span> (2.4+/-1.1 s.d.) was greater in those who were younger when irradiated (P<0.0001). When the GH-treated and -untreated patients were analyzed separately, this loss was correlated with the age at TBI at 4-8 years for the GH-treated and at 6-8 years for the untreated. Boys showed negative correlations between testicular volume and plasma follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH, P=0.0008) and between plasma FSH and inhibin B (P=0.005) concentrations. We concluded that the indications for GH treatment should be mainly based on the age at irradiation, taking into account the GH peak. The plasma FSH and inhibin B concentrations may predict sperm function. Published online 31 July 2006.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4104288','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4104288"><span>Secular changes in the <span class="hlt">height</span> of Polish schoolboys from 1955-1988</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Bielecki, Emily M.; Haas, Jere D; Hulanicka, Barbara</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>Secular changes in <span class="hlt">height</span> have been observed in many regions of Poland using cross-sectional data; however, data from four nationally representative surveys conducted from 1955 to 1988 have only been partially analyzed. Dramatic social and economic transitions during this 33 year period provide a unique opportunity to understand changes in growth within this historic context. We analyzed the changes in <span class="hlt">height</span> of boys, aged 7 to 18 years, from surveys conducted in 1955, 1966, 1978 and 1988. Data for <span class="hlt">height</span> were converted to Z-scores using the LMS method and the 2000 National Center for Health Statistics reference. In each consecutive survey year, boys at all ages were significantly taller than the same aged boys from the previous survey year, with mean <span class="hlt">height</span> increases of a 2.35 cm, 3.43 cm and 1.47 cm between 1955-1966, 1966-1978 and 1978-1988, respectively. There were significant declines with age in <span class="hlt">height</span> Z-scores from 7 to 14 years of age, followed by improvements relative to the reference between 14 and 18 years of age. The decline in Z-scores may be partially explained by an <span class="hlt">effect</span> of delayed maturation. However, historic context also supports that some birth cohorts likely experienced a more adverse environment during early childhood than did other birth cohorts. PMID:21752733</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25497804','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25497804"><span>Improving ergonomics in milking parlors: empirical findings for optimal working <span class="hlt">heights</span> in five milking parlor types.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Cockburn, M; Savary, P; Kauke, M; Schick, M; Hoehne-Hückstädt, U; Hermanns, I; Ellegast, R</p> <p>2015-02-01</p> <p>Milking postures have shifted from seated milking in tethered stalls to milking in a standing position in parlors. However, the musculoskeletal workload of dairy farmers remains high. Previous studies have shown that different working <span class="hlt">heights</span> affect ergonomics, but they could not objectively evaluate and quantify the workload. The aim of the present study was to assess the <span class="hlt">effect</span> of working <span class="hlt">height</span> in different milking parlor types on the milker's workload during the task of attaching milking clusters. Computer-assisted recording and long-term analysis of movements were used to record positions of joints and body regions while performing certain tasks in terms of angular degrees of joints (ADJ) according to the neutral zero method. The 5th, 50th, and 95th percentiles described the distribution of angular degree values measured for each joint. The ADJ were evaluated according to international standards and other scientific literature on the issue to assess the muscular load. The workload was compared between 5 parlor types (auto tandem, herringbone 30°, herringbone 50°, parallel, and rotary) on 15 farms with 2 subjects per parlor and 1 milking period per subject. The working <span class="hlt">height</span> was defined as a coefficient based on the milker's body <span class="hlt">height</span>, the floor level, and the cow's udder <span class="hlt">height</span>. The data recorded during the attachment task were analyzed using generalized linear mixed-<span class="hlt">effects</span> models taking into account the hierarchical experimental design. The results indicated that the interaction of the cow's udder <span class="hlt">height</span>, the milker's body <span class="hlt">height</span>, and the parlor type had a larger <span class="hlt">effect</span> on ergonomics than each parameter had independently. The interaction was significant in at least 1 of the 3 percentiles in 28 out of 31 ADJ. The postural differences between parlor types, however, were minor. A milking health formula was created to calculate the ideal depth of pit by considering the parlor type, the milker's <span class="hlt">height</span>, and the mean herd udder <span class="hlt">height</span>. This formula can be</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27912007','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27912007"><span>Global patterns and determinants of forest canopy <span class="hlt">height</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Tao, Shengli; Guo, Qinghua; Li, Chao; Wang, Zhiheng; Fang, Jingyun</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>Forest canopy <span class="hlt">height</span> is an important indicator of forest biomass, species diversity, and other ecosystem functions; however, the climatic determinants that underlie its global patterns have not been fully explored. Using satellite LiDAR-derived forest canopy <span class="hlt">heights</span> and field measurements of the world's giant trees, combined with climate indices, we evaluated the global patterns and determinants of forest canopy <span class="hlt">height</span>. The mean canopy <span class="hlt">height</span> was highest in tropical regions, but tall forests (>50 m) occur at various latitudes. Water availability, quantified by the difference between annual precipitation and annual potential evapotranspiration (P-PET), was the best predictor of global forest canopy <span class="hlt">height</span>, which supports the hydraulic limitation hypothesis. However, in striking contrast with previous studies, the canopy <span class="hlt">height</span> exhibited a hump-shaped curve along a gradient of P-PET: it initially increased, then peaked at approximately 680 mm of P-PET, and finally declined, which suggests that excessive water supply negatively affects the canopy <span class="hlt">height</span>. This trend held true across continents and forest types, and it was also validated using forest inventory data from China and the United States. Our findings provide new insights into the climatic controls of the world's giant trees and have important implications for forest management and improvement of forest growth models. © 2016 by the Ecological Society of America.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012JChPh.137v5102C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012JChPh.137v5102C"><span>Kinetic analysis of the <span class="hlt">effects</span> of <span class="hlt">target</span> structure on siRNA efficiency</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Chen, Jiawen; Zhang, Wenbing</p> <p>2012-12-01</p> <p>RNAi efficiency for <span class="hlt">target</span> cleavage and protein expression is related to the <span class="hlt">target</span> structure. Considering the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) as a multiple turnover enzyme, we investigated the <span class="hlt">effect</span> of <span class="hlt">target</span> mRNA structure on siRNA efficiency with kinetic analysis. The 4-step model was used to study the <span class="hlt">target</span> cleavage kinetic process: hybridization nucleation at an accessible <span class="hlt">target</span> site, RISC-mRNA hybrid elongation along with mRNA <span class="hlt">target</span> structure melting, <span class="hlt">target</span> cleavage, and enzyme reactivation. At this model, the terms accounting for the <span class="hlt">target</span> accessibility, stability, and the seed and the nucleation site <span class="hlt">effects</span> are all included. The results are in good agreement with that of experiments which show different arguments about the structure <span class="hlt">effects</span> on siRNA efficiency. It shows that the siRNA efficiency is influenced by the integrated factors of <span class="hlt">target</span>'s accessibility, stability, and the seed <span class="hlt">effects</span>. To study the off-<span class="hlt">target</span> <span class="hlt">effects</span>, a simple model of one siRNA binding to two mRNA <span class="hlt">targets</span> was designed. By using this model, the possibility for diminishing the off-<span class="hlt">target</span> <span class="hlt">effects</span> by the concentration of siRNA was discussed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25008854','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25008854"><span><span class="hlt">Height</span>-for-age z scores increase despite increasing <span class="hlt">height</span> deficits among children in 5 developing countries.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Lundeen, Elizabeth A; Stein, Aryeh D; Adair, Linda S; Behrman, Jere R; Bhargava, Santosh K; Dearden, Kirk A; Gigante, Denise; Norris, Shane A; Richter, Linda M; Fall, Caroline H D; Martorell, Reynaldo; Sachdev, Harshpal Singh; Victora, Cesar G</p> <p>2014-09-01</p> <p>Growth failure remains a persistent challenge in many countries, and understanding child growth patterns is critical to the development of appropriate interventions and their evaluation. The interpretation of changes in mean <span class="hlt">height</span>-for-age z scores (HAZs) over time to define catch-up growth has been a subject of debate. Most studies of child growth have been cross-sectional or have focused on children through age 5 y. The aim was to characterize patterns of linear growth among individuals followed from birth into adulthood. We compared HAZs and difference in <span class="hlt">height</span> (cm) from the WHO reference median at birth, 12 mo, 24 mo, mid-childhood, and adulthood for 5287 individuals from birth cohorts in Brazil, Guatemala, India, the Philippines, and South Africa. Mean HAZs were <0 at birth in the 3 cohorts with data and ranged from -0.6 (Brazil) to -2.9 (Guatemala) at age 24 mo. Between 24 mo and mid-childhood, HAZ values increased by 0.3-0.5 in South Africa, Guatemala, and the Philippines and were unchanged in Brazil and India. Between mid-childhood and adulthood, mean HAZs increased in all cohorts but remained <0 in adulthood [mean range: -0.3 (Brazil) to -1.8 (Guatemala and Philippines)]. However, from 24 mo to adulthood, <span class="hlt">height</span> differences from the reference median became greater. From age 2 y to adulthood, mean HAZs increased, even though <span class="hlt">height</span> deficits relative to the reference median also increased. These 2 metrics may result in different interpretations of the potential for and the impact of catch-up growth in <span class="hlt">height</span>. © 2014 American Society for Nutrition.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23933170','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23933170"><span>Can working memory predict <span class="hlt">target-to-target</span> interval <span class="hlt">effects</span> in the P300?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Steiner, Genevieve Z; Barry, Robert J; Gonsalvez, Craig J</p> <p>2013-09-01</p> <p>It has been suggested that the P300 component of the ERP is an electrophysiological index of memory-updating processes associated with task-relevant stimuli. Component magnitude varies with the time separating <span class="hlt">target</span> stimuli (<span class="hlt">target-to-target</span> interval: TTI), with longer TTIs eliciting larger P300 amplitudes. According to the template-update perspective, TTI <span class="hlt">effects</span> observable in the P300 reflect the updating of stimulus-templates in working memory (WM). The current study explored whether young adults' memory-task ability could predict TTI <span class="hlt">effects</span> in P300. EEG activity was recorded from 50 university students (aged 18-25 years) while they completed an auditory equiprobable Go/NoGo task with manipulations of TTIs. Participants also completed a CogState® battery and were sorted according to their WM score. ERPs were analysed using a temporal PCA. Two P300 components, P3b and the Slow Wave, were found to linearly increase in amplitude to longer TTIs. This TTI <span class="hlt">effect</span> differed between groups only for the P3b component: The high WM group showed a steeper increase in P3b amplitude with TTI than the low WM group. These results suggest that TTI <span class="hlt">effects</span> in P300 are directly related to WM processes. © 2013.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li class="active"><span>23</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>25</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_23 --> <div id="page_24" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li class="active"><span>24</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>25</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="461"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22347368','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22347368"><span>Genetic and environmental contributions to weight, <span class="hlt">height</span>, and BMI from birth to 19 years of age: an international study of over 12,000 twin pairs.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Dubois, Lise; Ohm Kyvik, Kirsten; Girard, Manon; Tatone-Tokuda, Fabiola; Pérusse, Daniel; Hjelmborg, Jacob; Skytthe, Axel; Rasmussen, Finn; Wright, Margaret J; Lichtenstein, Paul; Martin, Nicholas G</p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>To examine the genetic and environmental influences on variances in weight, <span class="hlt">height</span>, and BMI, from birth through 19 years of age, in boys and girls from three continents. Cross-sectional twin study. Data obtained from a total of 23 twin birth-cohorts from four countries: Canada, Sweden, Denmark, and Australia. Participants were Monozygotic (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ) (same- and opposite-sex) twin pairs with data available for both <span class="hlt">height</span> and weight at a given age, from birth through 19 years of age. Approximately 24,036 children were included in the analyses. Heritability for body weight, <span class="hlt">height</span>, and BMI was low at birth (between 6.4 and 8.7% for boys, and between 4.8 and 7.9% for girls) but increased over time, accounting for close to half or more of the variance in body weight and BMI after 5 months of age in both sexes. Common environmental influences on all body measures were high at birth (between 74.1-85.9% in all measures for boys, and between 74.2 and 87.3% in all measures for girls) and markedly reduced over time. For body <span class="hlt">height</span>, the <span class="hlt">effect</span> of the common environment remained significant for a longer period during early childhood (up through 12 years of age). Sex-limitation of genetic and shared environmental <span class="hlt">effects</span> was observed. Genetics appear to play an increasingly important role in explaining the variation in weight, <span class="hlt">height</span>, and BMI from early childhood to late adolescence, particularly in boys. Common environmental factors exert their strongest and most independent influence specifically in pre-adolescent years and more significantly in girls. These findings emphasize the need to <span class="hlt">target</span> family and social environmental interventions in early childhood years, especially for females. As gene-environment correlation and interaction is likely, it is also necessary to identify the genetic variants that may predispose individuals to obesity.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/37282','TREESEARCH'); return false;" href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/37282"><span>Mean wind speed below building <span class="hlt">height</span> in residential neighborhoods with different tree densities</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/">Treesearch</a></p> <p>G.M. Heisler</p> <p>1990-01-01</p> <p>There is little available knowledge of the absolute or relative <span class="hlt">effects</span> of trees and buildings on wind at or below building <span class="hlt">height</span> in residential neighborhoods. In this study, mean wind speed was measured at a <span class="hlt">height</span> of 6.6 ft (2 m) in neighborhoods of single-family houses. BuIlding densities ranged between 6% and 12% of the land ares, and tree-cover densities were...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29768018','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29768018"><span>Psychostimulants: Influence on Body Mass Index and <span class="hlt">Height</span> in a Pediatric Population with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Lentferink, Yvette E; van de Garde, Ewoudt M W; Knibbe, Catherijne A J; van der Vorst, Marja M J</p> <p>2018-05-16</p> <p>Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is often treated with psychostimulants. Psychostimulants' adverse <span class="hlt">effects</span> on body mass index standard deviation score (BMI-sds) and <span class="hlt">height</span> in children/adolescents with ADHD have been reported. However, literature is inconsistent, and it is unclear whether the observed <span class="hlt">effects</span> are dosage- and/or BMI-dependent. Therefore, the aim of this retrospective observational study is to evaluate the influence of psychostimulants on BMI-sds and <span class="hlt">height</span>-sds in a pediatric cohort with ADHD from an outpatient clinic, and to study the correlation between psychostimulant dosage and BMI-sds and <span class="hlt">height</span>-sds change. Participants ≤18 years of age diagnosed with ADHD who started with psychostimulants (methylphenidate) were studied. Changes in BMI-sds and <span class="hlt">height</span>-sds over an 18-month treatment period were assessed in subgroups according to baseline BMI-sds, gender, and age. Furthermore, correlations between BMI-sds, <span class="hlt">height</span>-sds, and psychostimulant dose were studied. In total, 298 participants [median age 9.8 years, <span class="hlt">height</span>-sds 0.0, BMI-sds 0.5, psychostimulant dosage 0.5 (0.2-1.4) mg/kg/day] were analyzed, with an underweight, overweight, and obesity prevalence of 5%, 21%, and 7%, respectively. After 18 months of treatment a significant decline in BMI-sds (-0.4) and <span class="hlt">height</span>-sds (-0.2) was observed. These <span class="hlt">effects</span> were consistent in all subgroups except for no change in BMI-sds in the underweight subgroup and no change in <span class="hlt">height</span>-sds in the overweight subgroup. Medication dosage was weakly correlated with change in BMI-sds [r = -0.3 (-0.9 to +0.5); p < 0.01] and <span class="hlt">height</span>-sds [r = -0.2 (-0.4 to -0.1); p = 0.01]. After 18 months of psychostimulant treatment, a significant decline in BMI-sds and <span class="hlt">height</span>-sds was observed. However, the correlation with psychostimulant dosage was weak, and the decline was not observed in all subgroups. Therefore, further studies on the etiology of BMI-change are warranted, particularly with regard to the</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23336715','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23336715"><span>The <span class="hlt">effect</span> of <span class="hlt">height</span>, weight and head circumference on gross motor development in achondroplasia.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Ireland, Penelope Jane; Ware, Robert S; Donaghey, Samantha; McGill, James; Zankl, Andreas; Pacey, Verity; Ault, Jenny; Savarirayan, Ravi; Sillence, David; Thompson, Elizabeth; Townshend, Sharron; Johnston, Leanne M</p> <p>2013-02-01</p> <p>This study aimed to investigate whether <span class="hlt">height</span>, weight, head circumference and/or relationships between these factors are associated with gross motor milestone acquisition in children with achondroplasia. Population-based data regarding timing of major gross motor milestones up to 5 years were correlated with <span class="hlt">height</span>, weight and head circumference at birth and 12 months in 48 children with achondroplasia born in Australia and New Zealand between 2000 and 2009. Although as a group children with achondroplasia showed delayed gross motor skill acquisition, within group differences in <span class="hlt">height</span>, weight or head circumference did not appear to influence timing of gross motor skills before 5 years. The exception was lie to sit transitioning, which appears likely to occur earlier if the child is taller and heavier at 12 months, and later if the child has significant head-to-body disproportion. This is the first study to investigate the relationship between common musculoskeletal impairments associated with achondroplasia and timing of gross motor achievement. Identification of the musculoskeletal factors that exacerbate delays in transitioning from lying to sitting will assist clinicians to provide more proactive assessment, advice and intervention regarding motor skill acquisition for this population. © 2013 The Authors. Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health © 2013 Paediatrics and Child Health Division (Royal Australasian College of Physicians).</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26657993','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26657993"><span>The siRNA Non-seed Region and Its <span class="hlt">Target</span> Sequences Are Auxiliary Determinants of Off-<span class="hlt">Target</span> <span class="hlt">Effects</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Kamola, Piotr J; Nakano, Yuko; Takahashi, Tomoko; Wilson, Paul A; Ui-Tei, Kumiko</p> <p>2015-12-01</p> <p>RNA interference (RNAi) is a powerful tool for post-transcriptional gene silencing. However, the siRNA guide strand may bind unintended off-<span class="hlt">target</span> transcripts via partial sequence complementarity by a mechanism closely mirroring micro RNA (miRNA) silencing. To better understand these off-<span class="hlt">target</span> <span class="hlt">effects</span>, we investigated the correlation between sequence features within various subsections of siRNA guide strands, and its corresponding <span class="hlt">target</span> sequences, with off-<span class="hlt">target</span> activities. Our results confirm previous reports that strength of base-pairing in the siRNA seed region is the primary factor determining the efficiency of off-<span class="hlt">target</span> silencing. However, the degree of downregulation of off-<span class="hlt">target</span> transcripts with shared seed sequence is not necessarily similar, suggesting that there are additional auxiliary factors that influence the silencing potential. Here, we demonstrate that both the melting temperature (Tm) in a subsection of siRNA non-seed region, and the GC contents of its corresponding <span class="hlt">target</span> sequences, are negatively correlated with the efficiency of off-<span class="hlt">target</span> <span class="hlt">effect</span>. Analysis of experimentally validated miRNA <span class="hlt">targets</span> demonstrated a similar trend, indicating a putative conserved mechanistic feature of seed region-dependent <span class="hlt">targeting</span> mechanism. These observations may prove useful as parameters for off-<span class="hlt">target</span> prediction algorithms and improve siRNA 'specificity' design rules.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016APS..MARB16006D','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016APS..MARB16006D"><span>Imaging <span class="hlt">height</span> fluctuations in free-standing graphene membranes</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Dorsey, Kyle; Miskin, Marc; Barnard, Arthur; Rose, Peter; Cohen, Itai; McEuen, Paul</p> <p></p> <p>We present a technique based on multi-wavelength interference microscopy to measure the <span class="hlt">heights</span> of observed ripples in free-standing graphene membranes. Graphene membranes released from a transparent substrate produce interference fringes when viewed in the reflection mode of an inverted microscope(Blees et. al. Nature 524 (7564): 204-207 (2015)). The fringes correspond to corrugation of the membrane as it floats near an interface. A single set of fringes is insufficient to uniquely determine the <span class="hlt">height</span> profile, as a given fringe spacing can correspond to an increase or decrease in <span class="hlt">height</span> by λ / 2 . Imaging at multiple wavelengths resolves the ambiguities in phase, and enables unique determination of the <span class="hlt">height</span> profile of the membrane (Schilling et. al.Phys. Rev. E, 69:021901, 2004). We utilize this technique to map out the <span class="hlt">height</span> fluctuations in free-standing graphene membranes to answer questions about fundamental mechanical properties of two-dimensional materials.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19295254','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19295254"><span>Molecular <span class="hlt">targeted</span> therapies for solid tumors: management of side <span class="hlt">effects</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Grünwald, Viktor; Soltau, Jens; Ivanyi, Philipp; Rentschler, Jochen; Reuter, Christoph; Drevs, Joachim</p> <p>2009-03-01</p> <p>This review will provide physicians and oncologists with an overview of side <span class="hlt">effects</span> related to <span class="hlt">targeted</span> agents that inhibit vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), epidermal growth factor (EGF) and mammalian <span class="hlt">target</span> of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling in the treatment of solid tumors. Such <span class="hlt">targeted</span> agents can be divided into monoclonal antibodies, tyrosine kinase inhibitors, multitargeted tyrosine kinase inhibitors and serine/threonine kinase inhibitors. Molecular <span class="hlt">targeted</span> therapies are generally well tolerated, but inhibitory <span class="hlt">effects</span> on the biological function of the <span class="hlt">targets</span> in healthy tissue can result in specific treatment-related side <span class="hlt">effects</span>, particularly with multitargeted agents. We offer some guidance on how to manage adverse events in cancer patients based on the range of options currently available. Copyright 2009 S. Karger AG, Basel.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27225502','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27225502"><span>Vowel <span class="hlt">Height</span> Allophony and Dorsal Place Contrasts in Cochabamba Quechua.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Gallagher, Gillian</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>This paper reports on the results of two studies investigating the role of allophony in cueing phonemic contrasts. In Cochabamba Quechua, the uvularvelar place distinction is often cued by additional differences in the <span class="hlt">height</span> of the surrounding vowels. An acoustic study documents the lowering <span class="hlt">effect</span> of a preceding tautomorphemic or a following heteromorphemic uvular on the high vowels /i u/. A discrimination study finds that vowel <span class="hlt">height</span> is a significant cue to the velar-uvular place contrast. These findings support a view of contrasts as collections of distinguishing properties, as opposed to oppositions in a single distinctive feature. © 2016 S. Karger AG, Basel.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/43000','TREESEARCH'); return false;" href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/43000"><span>Sectional Pole for Measuring Tree <span class="hlt">Heights</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/">Treesearch</a></p> <p>R. H. Brendemuehl; James B. Baker</p> <p>1965-01-01</p> <p>A sectional aluminum pole designed by the Silviculture Laboratory at Marianna, Florida, has proved useful for measuring tree <span class="hlt">heights</span>. It is more convenient than a sectional bamboo pole 1 or a telescoping fiberglass pole. A tree 5 to 30 feet in <span class="hlt">height</span> can be measured to the nearest tenth of a foot in 30 seconds. The pole is constructed of low-cost, readily available...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017MS%26E..182a2002L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017MS%26E..182a2002L"><span>Preparation of silicon <span class="hlt">target</span> material by adding Al-B master alloy in directional solidification</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Li, Pengting; Wang, Kai; Ren, Shiqiang; Jiang, Dachuan; Tan, Yi</p> <p>2017-03-01</p> <p>The silicon <span class="hlt">target</span> material was prepared by adding Al-6B master alloy in directional solidification. The microstructure was characterized and the resistivity was studied in this work. The results showed that the purity of the silicon <span class="hlt">target</span> material was more than 99.999% (5N). The resistivity was ranges from 0.002 to 0.030 Ω·cm along the ingot <span class="hlt">height</span>. It was revealed that the particles of AlB2 in Al-6B master alloy would react spontaneously and generate clusters of [B] and [Al] in molten silicon at 1723 K. After directional solidification, the content of B and Al were increasing gradually with the increase of solidified fraction. The measured values of B were in good agreement with the curve of the Scheil equation below 80% of the ingot <span class="hlt">height</span>. The mean concentration of B was about 17.20 ppmw and the mean concentration of Al was about 8.07 ppmw after directional solidification. The measured values of Al were fitting well with the curve of values which the <span class="hlt">effective</span> segregation coefficient was 0.00378. It was observed that B co-doped Al in directional solidification polysilicon could regulate resistivity mutually. This work provides the theoretical basis and technical support for industrial production of the silicon <span class="hlt">target</span> material.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28846003','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28846003"><span>Facing humanness: Facial width-to-<span class="hlt">height</span> ratio predicts ascriptions of humanity.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Deska, Jason C; Lloyd, E Paige; Hugenberg, Kurt</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p>[Correction Notice: An Erratum for this article was reported in Vol 114(1) of Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (see record 2017-57724-002). In the article, there is a data error in the Results section of Study 1c. The fourth sentence of the fourth paragraph should read as follows: High fWHR <span class="hlt">targets</span> (M= 74.39, SD=18.25) were rated as equivalently evolved as their low fWHR counterparts (M=79.39, SD=15.91).] The ascription of mind to others is central to social cognition. Most research on the ascription of mind has focused on motivated, top-down processes. The current work provides novel evidence that facial width-to-<span class="hlt">height</span> ratio (fWHR) serves as a bottom-up perceptual signal of humanness. Using a range of well-validated operational definitions of humanness, we provide evidence across 5 studies that <span class="hlt">target</span> faces with relatively greater fWHR are seen as less than fully human compared with their relatively lower fWHR counterparts. We then present 2 ancillary studies exploring whether the fWHR-to-humanness link is mediated by previously established fWHR-trait links in the literature. Finally, 3 additional studies extend this fWHR-humanness link beyond measurements of humanness, demonstrating that the fWHR-humanness link has consequences for downstream social judgments including the sorts of crimes people are perceived to be guilty of and the social tasks for which they seem helpful. In short, we provide evidence for the hypothesis that individuals with relatively greater facial width-to-<span class="hlt">height</span> ratio are routinely denied sophisticated, humanlike minds. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved).</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title40-vol4/pdf/CFR-2010-title40-vol4-sec52-2633.pdf','CFR'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title40-vol4/pdf/CFR-2010-title40-vol4-sec52-2633.pdf"><span>40 CFR 52.2633 - Stack <span class="hlt">height</span> regulations.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2010&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2010-07-01</p> <p>... 40 Protection of Environment 4 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Stack <span class="hlt">height</span> regulations. 52.2633 Section 52.2633 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS... with the “Guideline for Determination of Good Engineering Practice Stack <span class="hlt">Height</span> (Technical Support...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title40-vol4/pdf/CFR-2010-title40-vol4-sec52-2384.pdf','CFR'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title40-vol4/pdf/CFR-2010-title40-vol4-sec52-2384.pdf"><span>40 CFR 52.2384 - Stack <span class="hlt">height</span> review.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2010&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2010-07-01</p> <p>....2384 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED... affected by stack <span class="hlt">height</span> credits greater than good engineering practice or any other prohibited dispersion... than ‘good engineering practice’ stack <span class="hlt">height</span> or from using ‘other dispersion techniques.’ ” Thus...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4091999','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4091999"><span>Non-<span class="hlt">targeted</span> <span class="hlt">effects</span> of ionizing radiation–implications for low dose risk</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Kadhim, Munira; Salomaa, Sisko; Wright, Eric; Hildebrandt, Guido; Belyakov, Oleg V.; Prise, Kevin M.; Little, Mark P.</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>Non-DNA <span class="hlt">targeted</span> <span class="hlt">effects</span> of ionizing radiation, which include genomic instability, and a variety of bystander <span class="hlt">effects</span> including abscopal <span class="hlt">effects</span> and bystander mediated adaptive response, have raised concerns about the magnitude of low-dose radiation risk. Genomic instability, bystander <span class="hlt">effects</span> and adaptive responses are powered by fundamental, but not clearly understood systems that maintain tissue homeostasis. Despite excellent research in this field by various groups, there are still gaps in our understanding of the likely mechanisms associated with non-DNA <span class="hlt">targeted</span> <span class="hlt">effects</span>, particularly with respect to systemic (human health) consequences at low and intermediate doses of ionizing radiation. Other outstanding questions include links between the different non-<span class="hlt">targeted</span> responses and the variations in response observed between individuals and cell lines, possibly a function of genetic background. Furthermore, it is still not known what the initial <span class="hlt">target</span> and early interactions in cells are that give rise to non-<span class="hlt">targeted</span> responses in neighbouring or descendant cells. This paper provides a commentary on the current state of the field as a result of the Non-<span class="hlt">targeted</span> <span class="hlt">effects</span> of ionizing radiation (NOTE) Integrated Project funded by the European Union. Here we critically examine the evidence for non-<span class="hlt">targeted</span> <span class="hlt">effects</span>, discuss apparently contradictory results and consider implications for low-dose radiation health <span class="hlt">effects</span>. PMID:23262375</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016EGUGA..18.6744N','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016EGUGA..18.6744N"><span>Developments in the Aerosol Layer <span class="hlt">Height</span> Retrieval Algorithm for the Copernicus Sentinel-4/UVN Instrument</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Nanda, Swadhin; Sanders, Abram; Veefkind, Pepijn</p> <p>2016-04-01</p> <p>The Sentinel-4 mission is a part of the European Commission's Copernicus programme, the goal of which is to provide geo-information to manage environmental assets, and to observe, understand and mitigate the <span class="hlt">effects</span> of the changing climate. The Sentinel-4/UVN instrument design is motivated by the need to monitor trace gas concentrations and aerosols in the atmosphere from a geostationary orbit. The on-board instrument is a high resolution UV-VIS-NIR (UVN) spectrometer system that provides hourly radiance measurements over Europe and northern Africa with a spatial sampling of 8 km. The main application area of Sentinel-4/UVN is air quality. One of the data products that is being developed for Sentinel-4/UVN is the Aerosol Layer <span class="hlt">Height</span> (ALH). The goal is to determine the <span class="hlt">height</span> of aerosol plumes with a resolution of better than 0.5 - 1 km. The ALH product thus <span class="hlt">targets</span> aerosol layers in the free troposphere, such as desert dust, volcanic ash and biomass during plumes. KNMI is assigned with the development of the Aerosol Layer <span class="hlt">Height</span> (ALH) algorithm. Its heritage is the ALH algorithm developed by Sanders and De Haan (ATBD, 2016) for the TROPOMI instrument on board the Sentinel-5 Precursor mission that is to be launched in June or July 2016 (tentative date). The retrieval algorithm designed so far for the aerosol <span class="hlt">height</span> product is based on the absorption characteristics of the oxygen-A band (759-770 nm). The algorithm has heritage to the ALH algorithm developed for TROPOMI on the Sentinel 5 precursor satellite. New aspects for Sentinel-4/UVN include the higher resolution (0.116 nm compared to 0.4 for TROPOMI) and hourly observation from the geostationary orbit. The algorithm uses optimal estimation to obtain a spectral fit of the reflectance across absorption band, while assuming a single uniform layer with fixed width to represent the aerosol vertical distribution. The state vector includes amongst other elements the <span class="hlt">height</span> of this layer and its aerosol optical</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=acoustic&pg=4&id=EJ1124101','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=acoustic&pg=4&id=EJ1124101"><span><span class="hlt">Effect</span> of Domain Initial Strengthening on Vowel <span class="hlt">Height</span> and Backness Contrasts in French: Acoustic and Ultrasound Data</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Georgeton, Laurianne; Antolík, Tanja Kocjancic; Fougeron, Cécile</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>Purpose: Phonetic variation due to domain initial strengthening was investigated with respect to the acoustic and articulatory distinctiveness of vowels within a subset of the French oral vowel system /i, e, ?, a, o, u/, organized along 4 degrees of <span class="hlt">height</span> for the front vowels and 2 degrees of backness at the close and midclose <span class="hlt">height</span> levels.…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29462729','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29462729"><span>The Influence of Artificial Cervical Disc Prosthesis <span class="hlt">Height</span> on the Cervical Biomechanics: A Finite Element Study.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Yuan, Wei; Zhang, Haiping; Zhou, Xiaoshu; Wu, Weidong; Zhu, Yue</p> <p>2018-05-01</p> <p>Artificial cervical disc replacement is expected to maintain normal cervical biomechanics. At present, the <span class="hlt">effect</span> of the Prestige LP prosthesis <span class="hlt">height</span> on cervical biomechanics has not been thoroughly studied. This finite element study of the cervical biomechanics aims to predict how the parameters, like range of motion (ROM), adjacent intradiscal pressure, facet joint force, and bone-implant interface stress, are affected by different <span class="hlt">heights</span> of Prestige LP prostheses. The finite element model of intact cervical spine (C3-C7) was obtained from our previous study, and the model was altered to implant Prestige LP prostheses at the C5-C6 level. The <span class="hlt">effects</span> of the <span class="hlt">height</span> of 5, 6, and 7 mm prosthesis replacement on ROM, adjacent intradiscal pressure, facet joint force, as well as the distribution of bone-implant interface stress were examined. ROM, adjacent intradiscal pressure, and facet joint force increased with the prosthesis <span class="hlt">height</span>, whereas ROM and facet joint force decreased at C5-C6. The maximal stress on the inferior surface of the prostheses was greater than that on the superior surface, and the stresses increased with the prosthesis <span class="hlt">height</span>. The biomechanical changes were slightly affected by the <span class="hlt">height</span> of 5 and 6 mm prostheses, but were strongly affected by the 7-mm prosthesis. An appropriate <span class="hlt">height</span> of the Prestige LP prosthesis can preserve normal ROM, adjacent intradiscal pressure, and facet joint force. Prostheses with a <span class="hlt">height</span> of ≥2 mm than normal can lead to marked changes in the cervical biomechanics and bone-implant interface stress. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23009659','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23009659"><span>An experimental investigation on the requirement of roof <span class="hlt">height</span> and sill width for car ingress and egress.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Causse, Julien; Wang, Xuguang; Denninger, Lisa</p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>This study aimed at experimentally investigating the influence of roof <span class="hlt">height</span> and sill width on car ingress/egress movements. The first uncomfortable (Ht1) and the lowest acceptable (Ht2) roof <span class="hlt">heights</span> were obtained from 26 participants of three different stature groups thanks to a multi-adjustable vehicle mock-up. Both Ht1 and Ht2 were affected neither by stature nor by vehicle type. Only a difference of 45 mm between Ht1 and Ht2 was observed. Tall volunteers more flexed the trunk and neck than short persons thanks to a larger space available around the seat when the head passing under the roof. The vehicle type had almost no <span class="hlt">effect</span> on upper body posture. The roof <span class="hlt">height</span> only affected neck flexion. The sill width mainly imposed a lateral translation. Results demonstrated that an appropriate roof <span class="hlt">height</span> should be determined carefully. A small change of 45 mm in roof <span class="hlt">height</span> may lead to an unacceptable situation. The present study experimentally investigated the <span class="hlt">effects</span> of roof <span class="hlt">height</span> and sill width on car ingress and egress movements. Short females required almost the same roof <span class="hlt">height</span> as tall males due to smaller space around the seat. The results would help to optimise car dimensions for improving car accessibility.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23287115','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23287115"><span>Will the light truck bumper <span class="hlt">height</span>-matching standard reduce deaths in cars?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Ossiander, Eric M; Koepsell, Thomas D; McKnight, Barbara</p> <p>2013-03-01</p> <p>In a collision between a car and a sport utility vehicle (SUV) or pickup truck, car occupants are more likely to be killed than if they crashed with another car. Some of the excess risk may be due to the propensity of SUVs and pickups with high bumpers to override the lower bumpers in cars. To reduce this incompatibility, particularly in head-on collisions, in 2003 automobile manufacturers voluntarily established a bumper <span class="hlt">height</span>-matching standard for pickups and SUVs. To assess whether <span class="hlt">height</span>-matching bumpers in pickups and SUVs were associated with the risk of death in either car occupants or pickup and SUV occupants. Case-control study of collisions between one car and one SUV or pickup in the US during 2000-2008, in which the SUV or pickup was model year 2000-2006. Cases were all decedents in fatal crashes; one control was selected from each crash in a national probability sample of crashes. Occupants of cars that crashed with SUVs or pickups with <span class="hlt">height</span>-matching bumpers may be at slightly reduced risk of death compared to those that crashed with other SUVs or pickups (adjusted odds ratio: 0.83 (95% confidence interval 0.61-1.13)). There was no evidence of a reduction in risk in head-on crashes (1.09 (0.66-1.79)). In crashes in which the SUV or pickup struck the car on the side, <span class="hlt">height</span>-matched bumpers were associated with a reduced risk of death (0.68 (0.48-0.97)). Occupants of SUVs and pickups with <span class="hlt">height</span>-matching bumpers may also be at slightly reduced risk of death (0.91 (0.64-1.28)). <span class="hlt">Height</span>-matching bumpers were associated with a reduced risk of death among car occupants in crashes in which SUVs or pickups struck cars in the side, but there was little evidence of an <span class="hlt">effect</span> in head-on crashes. The new bumper <span class="hlt">height</span>-matching standard may not achieve its primary goal of reducing deaths in head-on crashes, but may modestly reduce overall deaths in crashes between cars and SUVs or pickups because of unanticipated benefits to car occupants in side crashes, and a</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/3062','TREESEARCH'); return false;" href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/3062"><span>Herbaceous stubble <span class="hlt">height</span> as a warning of impending cattle grazing damage to riparian areas.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/">Treesearch</a></p> <p>Frederick C. Hall; Larry Bryant</p> <p>1995-01-01</p> <p>Prevention of damage to riparian areas from cattle grazing is essential for sound watershed management. Various stubble <span class="hlt">heights</span> of the most palatable species are used to predict when unacceptable impacts-heavy use or trampling, or both-are about to occur. Managers can observe stubble <span class="hlt">height</span> and usage and recommend moving the cattle if undesirable <span class="hlt">effects</span> from continued...</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li class="active"><span>24</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>25</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_24 --> <div id="page_25" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li class="active"><span>25</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="481"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16908504','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16908504"><span>Reducing stem bending increases the <span class="hlt">height</span> growth of tall pines.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Meng, Shawn X; Lieffers, Victor J; Reid, Douglas E B; Rudnicki, Mark; Silins, Uldis; Jin, Ming</p> <p>2006-01-01</p> <p>The hypothesis was tested that upper limits to <span class="hlt">height</span> growth in trees are the result of the increasing bending moment of trees as they grow in <span class="hlt">height</span>. The increasing bending moment of tall trees demands increased radial growth at the expense of <span class="hlt">height</span> growth to maintain mechanical stability. In this study, the bending moment of large lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. Ex Loud. var. latifolia Engelm.) was reduced by tethering trees at 10 m <span class="hlt">height</span> to counter the wind load. Average bending moment of tethered trees was reduced to 38% of control trees. Six years of tethering resulted in a 40% increase in <span class="hlt">height</span> growth relative to the period before tethering. By contrast, control trees showed decreased <span class="hlt">height</span> growth in the period after tethering treatment. Average radial growth along the bole, relative to <span class="hlt">height</span> growth, was reduced in tethered trees. This strongly suggests that mechanical constraints play a crucial role in limiting the <span class="hlt">height</span> growth of tall trees. Analysis of bending moment and basal area increment at both 10 m and 1.3 m showed that the amount of wood added to the stem was closely related to the bending moment produced at these <span class="hlt">heights</span>, in both control and tethered trees. The tethering treatment also resulted in an increase in the proportion of latewood at the tethering <span class="hlt">height</span>, relative to 1.3 m <span class="hlt">height</span>. For untethered control trees, the ratio of bending stresses at 10 m versus 1.3 m <span class="hlt">height</span> was close to 1 in both 1998 and 2003, suggesting a uniform stress distribution along the outer surface of the bole.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29328347','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29328347"><span>As tall as my peers - similarity in body <span class="hlt">height</span> between migrants and hosts.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Bogin, Barry; Hermanussen, Michael; Scheffler, Christiane</p> <p>2018-01-12</p> <p>Background: We define migrants as people who move from their place of birth to a new place of residence. Migration usually is directed by "Push-Pull" factors, for example to escape from poor living conditions or to find more prosperous socio-economic conditions. Migrant children tend to assimilate quickly, and soon perceive themselves as peers within their new social networks. Differences exist between growth of first generation and second generation migrants. Methods: We review body <span class="hlt">heights</span> and <span class="hlt">height</span> distributions of historic and modern migrant populations to test two hypotheses: 1) that migrant and adopted children coming from lower social status localities to higher status localities adjust their <span class="hlt">height</span> growth toward the mean of the dominant recipient social network, and 2) social dominant colonial and military migrants display growth that significantly surpasses the median <span class="hlt">height</span> of both the conquered population and the population of origin. Our analytical framework also considered social networks. Recent publications indicate that spatial connectedness (community <span class="hlt">effects</span>) and social competitiveness can affect human growth. Results: Migrant children and adolescents of lower social status rapidly adjust in <span class="hlt">height</span> towards average <span class="hlt">height</span> of their hosts, but tend to mature earlier, and are prone to overweight. The mean <span class="hlt">height</span> of colonial/military migrants does surpass that of the conquered and origin population. Conclusion: Observations on human social networks, non-human animal strategic growth adjustments, and competitive growth processes strengthen the concept of social connectedness being involved in the regulation of human migrant growth.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017SPIE10168E..3HC','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017SPIE10168E..3HC"><span>Optimal control of build <span class="hlt">height</span> utilizing optical profilometry in cold spray deposits</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Chakraborty, Abhijit; Shishkin, Sergey; Birnkrant, Michael J.</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p>Part-to-part variability and poor part quality due to failure to maintain geometric specifications pose a challenge for adopting Additive Manufacturing (AM) as a viable manufacturing process. In recent years, In-process Monitoring and Control (InPMC) has received a lot of attention as an approach to overcome these obstacles. The ability to sense geometry of the deposited layers accurately enables <span class="hlt">effective</span> process monitoring and control of AM application. This paper demonstrates an application of geometry sensing technique for the coating deposition Cold Spray process, where solid powders are accelerated through a nozzle, collides with the substrate and adheres to it. Often the deposited surface has shape irregularities. This paper proposes an approach to suppress the iregularities by controlling the deposition <span class="hlt">height</span>. An analytical control-oriented model is developed that expresses the resulting <span class="hlt">height</span> of deposit as an integral function of nozzle velocity and angle. In order to obtain <span class="hlt">height</span> information at each layer, a Micro-Epsilon laser line scanner was used for surface profiling after each deposition. This surface profile information, specifically the layer <span class="hlt">height</span>, was then fed back to an optimal control algorithm which manipulated the nozzle speed to control the layer <span class="hlt">height</span> to a pre specified <span class="hlt">height</span>. While the problem is heavily nonlinear, we were able to transform it into equivalent Optimal Control problem linear w.r.t. input. That enabled development of two solution methods: one is fast and approximate, while another is more accurate but still efficient.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3546926','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3546926"><span>Are Human Mating Preferences with Respect to <span class="hlt">Height</span> Reflected in Actual Pairings?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Stulp, Gert; Buunk, Abraham P.; Pollet, Thomas V.; Nettle, Daniel; Verhulst, Simon</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>Pair formation, acquiring a mate to form a reproductive unit, is a complex process. Mating preferences are a step in this process. However, due to constraining factors such as availability of mates, rival competition, and mutual mate choice, preferred characteristics may not be realised in the actual partner. People value <span class="hlt">height</span> in their partner and we investigated to what extent preferences for <span class="hlt">height</span> are realised in actual couples. We used data from the Millennium Cohort Study (UK) and compared the distribution of <span class="hlt">height</span> difference in actual couples to simulations of random mating to test how established mate preferences map on to actual mating patterns. In line with mate preferences, we found evidence for: (i) assortative mating (r = .18), (ii) the male-taller norm, and, for the first time, (iii) for the male-not-too-tall norm. Couples where the male partner was shorter, or over 25 cm taller than the female partner, occurred at lower frequency in actual couples than expected by chance, but the magnitude of these <span class="hlt">effects</span> was modest. We also investigated another preference rule, namely that short women (and tall men) prefer large <span class="hlt">height</span> differences with their partner, whereas tall women (and short men) prefer small <span class="hlt">height</span> differences. These patterns were also observed in our population, although the strengths of these associations were weaker than previously reported strength of preferences. We conclude that while preferences for partner <span class="hlt">height</span> generally translate into actual pairing, they do so only modestly. PMID:23342102</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23342102','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23342102"><span>Are human mating preferences with respect to <span class="hlt">height</span> reflected in actual pairings?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Stulp, Gert; Buunk, Abraham P; Pollet, Thomas V; Nettle, Daniel; Verhulst, Simon</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>Pair formation, acquiring a mate to form a reproductive unit, is a complex process. Mating preferences are a step in this process. However, due to constraining factors such as availability of mates, rival competition, and mutual mate choice, preferred characteristics may not be realised in the actual partner. People value <span class="hlt">height</span> in their partner and we investigated to what extent preferences for <span class="hlt">height</span> are realised in actual couples. We used data from the Millennium Cohort Study (UK) and compared the distribution of <span class="hlt">height</span> difference in actual couples to simulations of random mating to test how established mate preferences map on to actual mating patterns. In line with mate preferences, we found evidence for: (i) assortative mating (r = .18), (ii) the male-taller norm, and, for the first time, (iii) for the male-not-too-tall norm. Couples where the male partner was shorter, or over 25 cm taller than the female partner, occurred at lower frequency in actual couples than expected by chance, but the magnitude of these <span class="hlt">effects</span> was modest. We also investigated another preference rule, namely that short women (and tall men) prefer large <span class="hlt">height</span> differences with their partner, whereas tall women (and short men) prefer small <span class="hlt">height</span> differences. These patterns were also observed in our population, although the strengths of these associations were weaker than previously reported strength of preferences. We conclude that while preferences for partner <span class="hlt">height</span> generally translate into actual pairing, they do so only modestly.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26947615','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26947615"><span>Modulation of Folding Internal Friction by Local and Global Barrier <span class="hlt">Heights</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Zheng, Wenwei; de Sancho, David; Best, Robert B</p> <p>2016-03-17</p> <p>Recent experiments have revealed an unexpected deviation from a first power dependence of protein relaxation times on solvent viscosity, an <span class="hlt">effect</span> that has been attributed to "internal friction". One clear source of internal friction in protein dynamics is the isomerization of dihedral angles. A key outstanding question is whether the global folding barrier <span class="hlt">height</span> influences the measured internal friction, based on the observation that the folding rates of fast-folding proteins, with smaller folding free energy barriers, tend to exhibit larger internal friction. Here, by studying two alanine-based peptides, we find that systematic variation of global folding barrier <span class="hlt">heights</span> has little <span class="hlt">effect</span> on the internal friction for folding rates. On the other hand, increasing local torsion angle barriers leads to increased internal friction, which is consistent with solvent memory <span class="hlt">effects</span> being the origin of the viscosity dependence. Thus, it appears that local torsion transitions determine the viscosity dependence of the diffusion coefficient on the global coordinate and, in turn, internal friction <span class="hlt">effects</span> on the folding rate.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3974728','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3974728"><span>Conditions under which Arousal Does and Does Not Elevate <span class="hlt">Height</span> Estimates</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Storbeck, Justin; Stefanucci, Jeanine K.</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>We present a series of experiments that explore the boundary conditions for how emotional arousal influences <span class="hlt">height</span> estimates. Four experiments are presented, which investigated the influence of context, situation-relevance, intensity, and attribution of arousal on <span class="hlt">height</span> estimates. In Experiment 1, we manipulated the environmental context to signal either danger (viewing a <span class="hlt">height</span> from above) or safety (viewing a <span class="hlt">height</span> from below). High arousal only increased <span class="hlt">height</span> estimates made from above. In Experiment 2, two arousal inductions were used that contained either 1) <span class="hlt">height</span>-relevant arousing images or 2) <span class="hlt">height</span>-irrelevant arousing images. Regardless of theme, arousal increased <span class="hlt">height</span> estimates compared to a neutral group. In Experiment 3, arousal intensity was manipulated by inserting an intermediate or long delay between the induction and <span class="hlt">height</span> estimates. A brief, but not a long, delay from the arousal induction served to increase <span class="hlt">height</span> estimates. In Experiment 4, an attribution manipulation was included, and those participants who were made aware of the source of their arousal reduced their <span class="hlt">height</span> estimates compared to participants who received no attribution instructions. Thus, arousal that is attributed to its true source is discounted from feelings elicited by the <span class="hlt">height</span>, thereby reducing <span class="hlt">height</span> estimates. Overall, we suggest that misattributed, embodied arousal is used as a cue when estimating <span class="hlt">heights</span> from above that can lead to overestimation. PMID:24699393</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title40-vol4/pdf/CFR-2010-title40-vol4-sec52-1034.pdf','CFR'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title40-vol4/pdf/CFR-2010-title40-vol4-sec52-1034.pdf"><span>40 CFR 52.1034 - Stack <span class="hlt">height</span> review.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2010&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2010-07-01</p> <p>... 40 Protection of Environment 4 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Stack <span class="hlt">height</span> review. 52.1034 Section 52.1034 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED... affected by stack <span class="hlt">height</span> credits greater than good engineering practice or any other prohibited dispersion...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title40-vol3/pdf/CFR-2010-title40-vol3-sec52-383.pdf','CFR'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title40-vol3/pdf/CFR-2010-title40-vol3-sec52-383.pdf"><span>40 CFR 52.383 - Stack <span class="hlt">height</span> review.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2010&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2010-07-01</p> <p>... 40 Protection of Environment 3 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Stack <span class="hlt">height</span> review. 52.383 Section 52.383 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED... by stack <span class="hlt">height</span> credits greater than good engineering practice or any other prohibited dispersion...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18774022','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18774022"><span>[Influence of disc <span class="hlt">height</span> on outcome of posterolateral fusion].</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Drain, O; Lenoir, T; Dauzac, C; Rillardon, L; Guigui, P</p> <p>2008-09-01</p> <p>Experimentally, posterolateral fusion only provides incomplete control of flexion-extension, rotation and lateral inclination forces. The stability deficit increases with increasing <span class="hlt">height</span> of the anterior intervertebral space, which for some warrants the adjunction of an intersomatic arthrodesis in addition to the posterolateral graft. Few studies have been devoted to the impact of disc <span class="hlt">height</span> on the outcome of posterolateral fusion. The purpose of this work was to investigate the spinal segment immobilized by the posterolateral fusion: <span class="hlt">height</span> of the anterior intervertebral space, the clinical and radiographic impact of changes in disc <span class="hlt">height</span>, and the short- and long-term impact of disc <span class="hlt">height</span> measured preoperatively on clinical and radiographic outcome. In order to obtain a homogeneous group of patients, the series was limited to patients undergoing posterolateral arthrodesis for degenerative spondylolisthesis, in combination with radicular release. This was a retrospective analysis of a consecutive series of 66 patients with mean 52 months follow-up (range 3-63 months). A dedicated self-administered questionnaire was used to collect data on pre- and postoperative function, the SF-36 quality of life score, and patient satisfaction. Pre- and postoperative (early, one year, last follow-up) radiographic data were recorded: olisthesic level, disc <span class="hlt">height</span>, intervertebral angle, intervertebral mobility (angular, anteroposterior), and global measures of sagittal balance (thoracic kyphosis, lumbar lordosis, T9 sagittal tilt, pelvic version, pelvic incidence, sacral slope). SpineView was used for all measures. Univariate analysis searched for correlations between variation in disc <span class="hlt">height</span> and early postoperative function and quality of fusion at last follow-up. Multivariate analysis was applied to the following preoperative parameters: intervertebral angle, disc <span class="hlt">height</span>, intervertebral mobility, sagittal balance parameters, use of osteosynthesis or not. At the olisthesic</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22607708','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22607708"><span>An examination of environmental correlates with childhood <span class="hlt">height</span>-for-age in Ghana.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Nikoi, Ebenezer; Anthamatten, Peter</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>The relationship between a child's environment and nutritional status is difficult to examine yet could offer an important guide to policy. The objective of the present work was to examine individual and environmental correlates with childhood <span class="hlt">height</span>-for-age in Ghana. Data were derived from the 2008 MEASURE Demographic and Health Survey in Ghana, the 2000 Ghana Population and Housing Census, and the World Wide Fund for Nature's eco-regions database. A generalized linear mixed regression model was used to estimate the <span class="hlt">effects</span> of individual and environmental correlates on <span class="hlt">height</span>-for-age. The study examined 2225 Ghanaian children aged 0-59 months. The setting was all districts in Ghana for the year 2008. After accounting for individual characteristics of children, mothers and households, <span class="hlt">height</span>-for-age was significantly associated with population density. Other significantly associated variables in the final model were the age of the child, vaccination status, the size of the child at birth, months of breast-feeding, mother's BMI, whether the child's mother had health insurance and wealth quintile. In addition to a number of characteristics of the children and their households, the social milieu is important to understanding differences in <span class="hlt">height</span>-for-age among children in Ghana. The biophysical environment was not associated with <span class="hlt">height</span>-for-age.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20040112546&hterms=psychology&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D40%26Ntt%3Dpsychology','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20040112546&hterms=psychology&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D40%26Ntt%3Dpsychology"><span>Mapping the zone of eye-<span class="hlt">height</span> utility for seated and standing observers</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Wraga, M.; Proffitt, D. R.; Kaiser, M. K. (Principal Investigator)</p> <p>2000-01-01</p> <p>In a series of experiments, we delimited a region within the vertical axis of space in which eye <span class="hlt">height</span> (EH) information is used maximally to scale object <span class="hlt">heights</span>, referred to as the "zone of eye <span class="hlt">height</span> utility" (Wraga, 1999b Journal of Experimental Psychology, Human Perception and Performance 25 518-530). To test the lower limit of the zone, linear perspective (on the floor) was varied via introduction of a false perspective (FP) gradient while all sources of EH information except linear perspective were held constant. For seated (experiment 1a) observers, the FP gradient produced overestimations of <span class="hlt">height</span> for rectangular objects up to 0.15 EH tall. This value was taken to be just outside the lower limit of the zone. This finding was replicated in a virtual environment, for both seated (experiment 1b) and standing (experiment 2) observers. For the upper limit of the zone, EH information itself was manipulated by lowering observers' center of projection in a virtual scene. Lowering the <span class="hlt">effective</span> EH of standing (experiment 3) and seated (experiment 4) observers produced corresponding overestimations of <span class="hlt">height</span> for objects up to about 2.5 EH. This zone of approximately 0.20-2.5 EH suggests that the human visual system weights size information differentially, depending on its efficacy.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/18477','DOTNTL'); return false;" href="https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/18477"><span>Performance of GEOID09 for <span class="hlt">height</span> conversion in Ohio.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntlsearch.bts.gov/tris/index.do">DOT National Transportation Integrated Search</a></p> <p></p> <p>2010-08-01</p> <p>This study evaluates <span class="hlt">Height</span> Modernization issues related to NGS hybrid geoid performance (specifically GEIOD09 and GEOID03) for <span class="hlt">height</span> conversions between NAVD88 and NAD83 for the state of Ohio and quality of gravity and <span class="hlt">height</span> data needed to produce...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title47-vol5/pdf/CFR-2014-title47-vol5-sec101-125.pdf','CFR2014'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title47-vol5/pdf/CFR-2014-title47-vol5-sec101-125.pdf"><span>47 CFR 101.125 - Temporary fixed antenna <span class="hlt">height</span> restrictions.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2014&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2014-10-01</p> <p>... 47 Telecommunication 5 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Temporary fixed antenna <span class="hlt">height</span> restrictions... SPECIAL RADIO SERVICES FIXED MICROWAVE SERVICES Technical Standards § 101.125 Temporary fixed antenna <span class="hlt">height</span> restrictions. The overall antenna structure <span class="hlt">heights</span> employed by mobile stations in the Local...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title47-vol5/pdf/CFR-2011-title47-vol5-sec101-125.pdf','CFR2011'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title47-vol5/pdf/CFR-2011-title47-vol5-sec101-125.pdf"><span>47 CFR 101.125 - Temporary fixed antenna <span class="hlt">height</span> restrictions.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2011&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2011-10-01</p> <p>... 47 Telecommunication 5 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Temporary fixed antenna <span class="hlt">height</span> restrictions... SPECIAL RADIO SERVICES FIXED MICROWAVE SERVICES Technical Standards § 101.125 Temporary fixed antenna <span class="hlt">height</span> restrictions. The overall antenna structure <span class="hlt">heights</span> employed by mobile stations in the Local...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2012-title47-vol5/pdf/CFR-2012-title47-vol5-sec101-125.pdf','CFR2012'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2012-title47-vol5/pdf/CFR-2012-title47-vol5-sec101-125.pdf"><span>47 CFR 101.125 - Temporary fixed antenna <span class="hlt">height</span> restrictions.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2012&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2012-10-01</p> <p>... 47 Telecommunication 5 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Temporary fixed antenna <span class="hlt">height</span> restrictions... SPECIAL RADIO SERVICES FIXED MICROWAVE SERVICES Technical Standards § 101.125 Temporary fixed antenna <span class="hlt">height</span> restrictions. The overall antenna structure <span class="hlt">heights</span> employed by mobile stations in the Local...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title47-vol5/pdf/CFR-2010-title47-vol5-sec101-125.pdf','CFR'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title47-vol5/pdf/CFR-2010-title47-vol5-sec101-125.pdf"><span>47 CFR 101.125 - Temporary fixed antenna <span class="hlt">height</span> restrictions.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2010&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2010-10-01</p> <p>... 47 Telecommunication 5 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Temporary fixed antenna <span class="hlt">height</span> restrictions... SPECIAL RADIO SERVICES FIXED MICROWAVE SERVICES Technical Standards § 101.125 Temporary fixed antenna <span class="hlt">height</span> restrictions. The overall antenna structure <span class="hlt">heights</span> employed by mobile stations in the Local...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2013-title47-vol5/pdf/CFR-2013-title47-vol5-sec101-125.pdf','CFR2013'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2013-title47-vol5/pdf/CFR-2013-title47-vol5-sec101-125.pdf"><span>47 CFR 101.125 - Temporary fixed antenna <span class="hlt">height</span> restrictions.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2013&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2013-10-01</p> <p>... 47 Telecommunication 5 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Temporary fixed antenna <span class="hlt">height</span> restrictions... SPECIAL RADIO SERVICES FIXED MICROWAVE SERVICES Technical Standards § 101.125 Temporary fixed antenna <span class="hlt">height</span> restrictions. The overall antenna structure <span class="hlt">heights</span> employed by mobile stations in the Local...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016EGUGA..18.2975B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016EGUGA..18.2975B"><span>Measuring orthometric water <span class="hlt">heights</span> from lightweight Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Bandini, Filippo; Olesen, Daniel; Jakobsen, Jakob; Reyna-Gutierrez, Jose Antonio; Bauer-Gottwein, Peter</p> <p>2016-04-01</p> <p> divergence. The sonar demonstrated a maximum ranging distance of 10 m, the laser prototype of 15 m, whilst the radar is potentially able to measure the range to water surface from a <span class="hlt">height</span> up to 50 m. After numerous test flights above a lake with an approximately horizontal water surface, estimation of orthometric water <span class="hlt">height</span> error, including overall accuracy of the system GPS-sensors, was possible. The RTK GPS system proved able to deliver a relative vertical accuracy better than 5-7 cm. The radar confirmed to have the best reliability with an accuracy which is generally few cm (0.7-1.3% of the ranging distance). Whereas the accuracy of the sonar and laser varies from few cm (0.7-1.6% of the ranging distance) to some tens of cm because sonar measurements are generally influenced by noise and turbulence generated by the propellers of the UAV and the laser prototype is affected by drone vibrations and water waviness. However, the laser prototype demonstrated the lowest beam divergence, which is required to measure unconventional remote sensing <span class="hlt">targets</span>, such as sinkholes and Mexican cenotes, and to clearly distinguish between rivers and interfering surroundings, such as riparian vegetation.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28493748','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28493748"><span>The face of fear and anger: Facial width-to-<span class="hlt">height</span> ratio biases recognition of angry and fearful expressions.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Deska, Jason C; Lloyd, E Paige; Hugenberg, Kurt</p> <p>2018-04-01</p> <p>The ability to rapidly and accurately decode facial expressions is adaptive for human sociality. Although judgments of emotion are primarily determined by musculature, static face structure can also impact emotion judgments. The current work investigates how facial width-to-<span class="hlt">height</span> ratio (fWHR), a stable feature of all faces, influences perceivers' judgments of expressive displays of anger and fear (Studies 1a, 1b, & 2), and anger and happiness (Study 3). Across 4 studies, we provide evidence consistent with the hypothesis that perceivers more readily see anger on faces with high fWHR compared with those with low fWHR, which instead facilitates the recognition of fear and happiness. This bias emerges when participants are led to believe that <span class="hlt">targets</span> displaying otherwise neutral faces are attempting to mask an emotion (Studies 1a & 1b), and is evident when faces display an emotion (Studies 2 & 3). Together, these studies suggest that <span class="hlt">target</span> facial width-to-<span class="hlt">height</span> ratio biases ascriptions of emotion with consequences for emotion recognition speed and accuracy. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved).</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li class="active"><span>25</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_25 --> <div class="footer-extlink text-muted" style="margin-bottom:1rem; text-align:center;">Some links on this page may take you to non-federal websites. 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