Global Combat Support System - Joint Increment 8 (GCSS-J Inc 8)

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-03-01

Acquisition Executive DoD - Department of Defense DoDAF - DoD Architecture Framework FD - Full Deployment FDD - Full Deployment Decision FY - Fiscal...Estimate (Or Actual) Milestone B1 Mar 2014 Mar 2014 Milestone C1 Mar 2014 Mar 2014 Increment 8 FDD Dec 2018 Dec 2018 Increment 8 FD TBD TBD Memo 1

High proportion of modern genotypes of M. tuberculosis and their affinity with drug resistance in northern region of India.

PubMed

Dhatwalia, Sunil Kumar; Yadav, Rakesh; Behera, Digambar; Kaur, Harsimran; Kumar, Manoj; Sethi, Sunil

2017-09-01

Comparative genomics on the basis of TbD1 deletion has differentiated the members of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTC) in two major genogroups. They exhibit differential distribution and virulence potential. The present study was carried out to see the proportion of these genogroups and their association with drug resistance. The drug resistance pattern of 205 culture positive cases of M. tuberculosis and their relation with TbD1 deletion was analysed from the tertiary care centre. Overall proportion of genotypes (TbD1- and Tbd1+) and their association with drug resistance was also observed from the various studies from India. Our study reports that 85.4% of the isolates of M. tuberculosis were modern genotypes (TbD1-) and rest of 14.6% were ancient genotypes (TbD1+). 37 cases were of multiple drug resistant-TB (MDR-TB), 35 of them belongs to modern genogrop and rest of (2) were in ancient genogroup (p=0.12). Overall pooled estimate of proportion of modern genotype is 75.5% (CI 95%, 73.03-77.87) and 24.55% (CI 95%, 22.13-26.97) for ancient genotypes from the studies carried out in India. Modern genotypes were more rarely drug sensitive phenotypes with a relative risk (RR) of 0.89 (CI 95%, 0.74-1.07) while MDR cases were more in this group with an odds ratio (OR) of 2.27 (CI 95%, 0-1.07). This study demonstrates a higher proportion of modern genotypes in our region/India; which are more likely to be associated with drug resistance. Future, epidemiological/in vitro studies are required to ascertain the relationship between genotypes and their virulence potential. Copyright © 2017 International Society for Chemotherapy of Infection and Cancer. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

USMC Identity Operations Strategy

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-01-01

safety, situational awareness and mission accomplishment • Action Officer Staffing – 2-4 November 2010 – USMC IdOps OIPT • MCATS Staffing – 21 December...10 March 2011 • Location: TBD – Enter into MCATS O-6/GS-15 Staffing – Late March 2011 – GO/SES Staffing – Early April 2011 – ACMC Signature – TBD 10

Type B drum packages

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

McCoy, J.C.

1994-08-01

The Type B drum packages (TBD) are conceptualized as a family of containers in which a single 208 L or 114 L (55 gal or 30 gal) drum containing Type B quantities of radioactive material (RAM) can be packaged for shipment. The TBD containers are being developed to fill a void in the packaging and transportation capabilities of the U.S. Department of Energy as no container packaging single drums of Type B RAM exists offering double containment. Several multiple-drum containers currently exist, as well as a number of shielded casks, but the size and weight of these containers present manymore » operational challenges for single-drum shipments. As an alternative, the TBD containers will offer up to three shielded versions (light, medium, and heavy) and one unshielded version, each offering single or optional double containment for a single drum. To reduce operational complexity, all versions will share similar design and operational features where possible. The primary users of the TBD containers are envisioned to be any organization desiring to ship single drums of Type B RAM, such as laboratories, waste retrieval activities, emergency response teams, etc. Currently, the TBD conceptual design is being developed with the final design and analysis to be completed in 1995 to 1996. Testing and certification of the unshielded version are planned to be completed in 1996 to 1997 with production to begin in 1997 to 1998.« less

Health Management and Service Life for Air Force Missiles

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-09-26

prediction of performance will be conducted DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A. Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. PA# TBD 24 • Empiricism ...Strategic Missile A&S Approach Overview Empiricism DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A. Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. PA# TBD...Extrapolation Simulated Data 25 • Empiricism cannot always predict future state • Mechanistic method enables enhanced predictions • Mechanistic will not be

A multiplex serologic platform for diagnosis of tick-borne diseases.

PubMed

Tokarz, Rafal; Mishra, Nischay; Tagliafierro, Teresa; Sameroff, Stephen; Caciula, Adrian; Chauhan, Lokendrasingh; Patel, Jigar; Sullivan, Eric; Gucwa, Azad; Fallon, Brian; Golightly, Marc; Molins, Claudia; Schriefer, Martin; Marques, Adriana; Briese, Thomas; Lipkin, W Ian

2018-02-16

Tick-borne diseases are the most common vector-borne diseases in the United States, with serology being the primary method of diagnosis. We developed the first multiplex, array-based assay for serodiagnosis of tick-borne diseases called the TBD-Serochip. The TBD-Serochip was designed to discriminate antibody responses to 8 major tick-borne pathogens present in the United States, including Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Babesia microti, Borrelia burgdorferi, Borrelia miyamotoi, Ehrlichia chaffeensis, Rickettsia rickettsii, Heartland virus and Powassan virus. Each assay contains approximately 170,000 12-mer linear peptides that tile along the protein sequence of the major antigens from each agent with 11 amino acid overlap. This permits accurate identification of a wide range of specific immunodominant IgG and IgM epitopes that can then be used to enhance diagnostic accuracy and integrate differential diagnosis into a single assay. To test the performance of the TBD-Serochip, we examined sera from patients with confirmed Lyme disease, babesiosis, anaplasmosis, and Powassan virus disease. We identified a wide range of specific discriminatory epitopes that facilitated accurate diagnosis of each disease. We also identified previously undiagnosed infections. Our results indicate that the TBD-Serochip is a promising tool for a differential diagnosis not available with currently employed serologic assays for TBDs.

Integrating Taxonomic, Functional and Phylogenetic Beta Diversities: Interactive Effects with the Biome and Land Use across Taxa.

PubMed

Corbelli, Julian Martin; Zurita, Gustavo Andres; Filloy, Julieta; Galvis, Juan Pablo; Vespa, Natalia Isabel; Bellocq, Isabel

2015-01-01

The spatial distribution of species, functional traits and phylogenetic relationships at both the regional and local scales provide complementary approaches to study patterns of biodiversity and help to untangle the mechanisms driving community assembly. Few studies have simultaneously considered the taxonomic (TBD), functional (FBD) and phylogenetic (PBD) facets of beta diversity. Here we analyze the associations between TBD, FBD, and PBD with the biome (representing different regional species pools) and land use, and investigate whether TBD, FBD and PBD were correlated. In the study design we considered two widely used indicator taxa (birds and ants) from two contrasting biomes (subtropical forest and grassland) and land uses (tree plantations and cropfields) in the southern Neotropics. Non-metric multidimensional scaling showed that taxonomic, functional and phylogenetic distances were associated to biome and land use; study sites grouped into four groups on the bi-dimensional space (cropfields in forest and grassland, and tree plantations in forest and grassland), and that was consistent across beta diversity facets and taxa. Mantel and PERMANOVA tests showed that TBD, FBD and PBD were positively correlated for both bird and ant assemblages; in general, partial correlations were also significant. Some of the functional traits considered here were conserved along phylogeny. Our results will contribute to the development of sound land use planning and beta diversity conservation.

Integrating Taxonomic, Functional and Phylogenetic Beta Diversities: Interactive Effects with the Biome and Land Use across Taxa

PubMed Central

Corbelli, Julian Martin; Zurita, Gustavo Andres; Filloy, Julieta; Galvis, Juan Pablo; Vespa, Natalia Isabel; Bellocq, Isabel

2015-01-01

The spatial distribution of species, functional traits and phylogenetic relationships at both the regional and local scales provide complementary approaches to study patterns of biodiversity and help to untangle the mechanisms driving community assembly. Few studies have simultaneously considered the taxonomic (TBD), functional (FBD) and phylogenetic (PBD) facets of beta diversity. Here we analyze the associations between TBD, FBD, and PBD with the biome (representing different regional species pools) and land use, and investigate whether TBD, FBD and PBD were correlated. In the study design we considered two widely used indicator taxa (birds and ants) from two contrasting biomes (subtropical forest and grassland) and land uses (tree plantations and cropfields) in the southern Neotropics. Non-metric multidimensional scaling showed that taxonomic, functional and phylogenetic distances were associated to biome and land use; study sites grouped into four groups on the bi-dimensional space (cropfields in forest and grassland, and tree plantations in forest and grassland), and that was consistent across beta diversity facets and taxa. Mantel and PERMANOVA tests showed that TBD, FBD and PBD were positively correlated for both bird and ant assemblages; in general, partial correlations were also significant. Some of the functional traits considered here were conserved along phylogeny. Our results will contribute to the development of sound land use planning and beta diversity conservation. PMID:25978319

A particle filter for multi-target tracking in track before detect context

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Amrouche, Naima; Khenchaf, Ali; Berkani, Daoud

2016-10-01

The track-before-detect (TBD) approach can be used to track a single target in a highly noisy radar scene. This is because it makes use of unthresholded observations and incorporates a binary target existence variable into its target state estimation process when implemented as a particle filter (PF). This paper proposes the recursive PF-TBD approach to detect multiple targets in low-signal-to noise ratios (SNR). The algorithm's successful performance is demonstrated using a simulated two target example.

An Integrated Thermal Compensation System for MEMS Inertial Sensors

PubMed Central

Chiu, Sheng-Ren; Teng, Li-Tao; Chao, Jen-Wei; Sue, Chung-Yang; Lin, Chih-Hsiou; Chen, Hong-Ren; Su, Yan-Kuin

2014-01-01

An active thermal compensation system for a low temperature-bias-drift (TBD) MEMS-based gyroscope is proposed in this study. First, a micro-gyroscope is fabricated by a high-aspect-ratio silicon-on-glass (SOG) process and vacuum packaged by glass frit bonding. Moreover, a drive/readout ASIC, implemented by the 0.25 μm 1P5M standard CMOS process, is designed and integrated with the gyroscope by directly wire bonding. Then, since the temperature effect is one of the critical issues in the high performance gyroscope applications, the temperature-dependent characteristics of the micro-gyroscope are discussed. Furthermore, to compensate the TBD of the micro-gyroscope, a thermal compensation system is proposed and integrated in the aforementioned ASIC to actively tune the parameters in the digital trimming mechanism, which is designed in the readout ASIC. Finally, some experimental results demonstrate that the TBD of the micro-gyroscope can be compensated effectively by the proposed compensation system. PMID:24599191

Statistical Track-Before-Detect Methods Applied to Faint Optical Observations of Resident Space Objects

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fujimoto, K.; Yanagisawa, T.; Uetsuhara, M.

Automated detection and tracking of faint objects in optical, or bearing-only, sensor imagery is a topic of immense interest in space surveillance. Robust methods in this realm will lead to better space situational awareness (SSA) while reducing the cost of sensors and optics. They are especially relevant in the search for high area-to-mass ratio (HAMR) objects, as their apparent brightness can change significantly over time. A track-before-detect (TBD) approach has been shown to be suitable for faint, low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) images of resident space objects (RSOs). TBD does not rely upon the extraction of feature points within the image based on some thresholding criteria, but rather directly takes as input the intensity information from the image file. Not only is all of the available information from the image used, TBD avoids the computational intractability of the conventional feature-based line detection (i.e., "string of pearls") approach to track detection for low SNR data. Implementation of TBD rooted in finite set statistics (FISST) theory has been proposed recently by Vo, et al. Compared to other TBD methods applied so far to SSA, such as the stacking method or multi-pass multi-period denoising, the FISST approach is statistically rigorous and has been shown to be more computationally efficient, thus paving the path toward on-line processing. In this paper, we intend to apply a multi-Bernoulli filter to actual CCD imagery of RSOs. The multi-Bernoulli filter can explicitly account for the birth and death of multiple targets in a measurement arc. TBD is achieved via a sequential Monte Carlo implementation. Preliminary results with simulated single-target data indicate that a Bernoulli filter can successfully track and detect objects with measurement SNR as low as 2.4. Although the advent of fast-cadence scientific CMOS sensors have made the automation of faint object detection a realistic goal, it is nonetheless a difficult goal, as measurements

Ticks and Tick-Borne Pathogens of the Caribbean: Current Understanding and Future Directions for More Comprehensive Surveillance.

PubMed

Gondard, Mathilde; Cabezas-Cruz, Alejandro; Charles, Roxanne A; Vayssier-Taussat, Muriel; Albina, Emmanuel; Moutailler, Sara

2017-01-01

Ticks are obligate hematophagous arthropods of significant importance to human and veterinary medicine. They transmit a vast array of pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, protozoa, and helminths. Most epidemiological data on ticks and tick-borne pathogens (TBPs) in the West Indies are limited to common livestock pathogens such as Ehrlichia ruminantium, Babesia spp. (i.e., B. bovis and B. bigemina ), and Anaplasma marginale , and less information is available on companion animal pathogens. Of note, human tick-borne diseases (TBDs) remain almost completely uncharacterized in the West Indies. Information on TBP presence in wildlife is also missing. Herein, we provide a comprehensive review of the ticks and TBPs affecting human and animal health in the Caribbean, and introduce the challenges associated with understanding TBD epidemiology and implementing successful TBD management in this region. In particular, we stress the need for innovative and versatile surveillance tools using high-throughput pathogen detection (e.g., high-throughput real-time microfluidic PCR). The use of such tools in large epidemiological surveys will likely improve TBD prevention and control programs in the Caribbean.

Faint Debris Detection by Particle Based Track-Before-Detect Method

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Uetsuhara, M.; Ikoma, N.

2014-09-01

This study proposes a particle method to detect faint debris, which is hardly seen in single frame, from an image sequence based on the concept of track-before-detect (TBD). The most widely used detection method is detect-before-track (DBT), which firstly detects signals of targets from single frame by distinguishing difference of intensity between foreground and background then associate the signals for each target between frames. DBT is capable of tracking bright targets but limited. DBT is necessary to consider presence of false signals and is difficult to recover from false association. On the other hand, TBD methods try to track targets without explicitly detecting the signals followed by evaluation of goodness of each track and obtaining detection results. TBD has an advantage over DBT in detecting weak signals around background level in single frame. However, conventional TBD methods for debris detection apply brute-force search over candidate tracks then manually select true one from the candidates. To reduce those significant drawbacks of brute-force search and not-fully automated process, this study proposes a faint debris detection algorithm by a particle based TBD method consisting of sequential update of target state and heuristic search of initial state. The state consists of position, velocity direction and magnitude, and size of debris over the image at a single frame. The sequential update process is implemented by a particle filter (PF). PF is an optimal filtering technique that requires initial distribution of target state as a prior knowledge. An evolutional algorithm (EA) is utilized to search the initial distribution. The EA iteratively applies propagation and likelihood evaluation of particles for the same image sequences and resulting set of particles is used as an initial distribution of PF. This paper describes the algorithm of the proposed faint debris detection method. The algorithm demonstrates performance on image sequences acquired

The development of electrical treeing in LDPE and its nanocomposites with spherical silica and fibrous and laminar silicates

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tiemblo, Pilar; Hoyos, Mario; Gómez-Elvira, Jose Manuel; Guzmán, Julio; García, Nuria; Dardano, Andrea; Guastavino, Francesco

2008-06-01

Electrical treeing in LDPE and three LDPE nanocomposites, with spherical silica and fibrous and laminar phyllosilicates, has been studied. Electrical tests were performed at a 50 Hz frequency and voltages between 8 and 29 kV, and the time to inception of the first electrical partial discharges (TTI) of the electrical trees and the time to breakdown (TBD), related to the electrical stability of the insulator, were determined. Above 15 kV all the nanocomposites show longer inception times and shorter tree growth times than LDPE. It is proposed that both observations are caused by the modification of the polymer crystalline morphology induced by the presence of the fillers and by the development of a large number of interfacial structures, both organo-inorganic and amorphous-crystalline. Below 15 kV the TBD is increased in the nanocomposites with the laminar silicate because of tortuosity and the TTI is increased in the fibrous silicate containing a nanocomposite because of the LDPE crystalline morphology in the presence of the silicate. The nanosilica particles decrease the electrical stability in the whole voltage range by decreasing both TTI and TBD.

Disentangling the drivers of taxonomic and phylogenetic beta diversities in disturbed and undisturbed subtropical forests

PubMed Central

Liu, Jinliang; Qian, Hong; Jin, Yi; Wu, Chuping; Chen, Jianhua; Yu, Shuquan; Wei, Xinliang; Jin, Xiaofeng; Liu, Jiajia; Yu, Mingjian

2016-01-01

Understanding the relative importance of dispersal limitation and environmental filtering processes in structuring the beta diversities of subtropical forests in human disturbed landscapes is still limited. Here we used taxonomic (TBD) and phylogenetic (PBD), including terminal PBD (PBDt) and basal PBD (PBDb), beta diversity indices to quantify the taxonomic and phylogenetic turnovers at different depths of evolutionary history in disturbed and undisturbed subtropical forests. Multiple linear regression model and distance-based redundancy analysis were used to disentangle the relative importance of environmental and spatial variables. Environmental variables were significantly correlated with TBD and PBDt metrics. Temperature and precipitation were major environmental drivers of beta diversity patterns, which explained 7–27% of the variance in TBD and PBDt, whereas the spatial variables independently explained less than 1% of the variation for all forests. The relative importance of environmental and spatial variables differed between disturbed and undisturbed forests (e.g., when Bray-Curtis was used as a beta diversity metric, environmental variable had a significant effect on beta diversity for disturbed forests but had no effect on undisturbed forests). We conclude that environmental filtering plays a more important role than geographical limitation and disturbance history in driving taxonomic and terminal phylogenetic beta diversity. PMID:27775021

Disentangling the drivers of taxonomic and phylogenetic beta diversities in disturbed and undisturbed subtropical forests

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Liu, Jinliang; Qian, Hong; Jin, Yi; Wu, Chuping; Chen, Jianhua; Yu, Shuquan; Wei, Xinliang; Jin, Xiaofeng; Liu, Jiajia; Yu, Mingjian

2016-10-01

Understanding the relative importance of dispersal limitation and environmental filtering processes in structuring the beta diversities of subtropical forests in human disturbed landscapes is still limited. Here we used taxonomic (TBD) and phylogenetic (PBD), including terminal PBD (PBDt) and basal PBD (PBDb), beta diversity indices to quantify the taxonomic and phylogenetic turnovers at different depths of evolutionary history in disturbed and undisturbed subtropical forests. Multiple linear regression model and distance-based redundancy analysis were used to disentangle the relative importance of environmental and spatial variables. Environmental variables were significantly correlated with TBD and PBDt metrics. Temperature and precipitation were major environmental drivers of beta diversity patterns, which explained 7-27% of the variance in TBD and PBDt, whereas the spatial variables independently explained less than 1% of the variation for all forests. The relative importance of environmental and spatial variables differed between disturbed and undisturbed forests (e.g., when Bray-Curtis was used as a beta diversity metric, environmental variable had a significant effect on beta diversity for disturbed forests but had no effect on undisturbed forests). We conclude that environmental filtering plays a more important role than geographical limitation and disturbance history in driving taxonomic and terminal phylogenetic beta diversity.

Genetic analysis of tachyzoite to bradyzoite differentiation mutants in Toxoplasma gondii reveals a hierarchy of gene induction.

PubMed

Singh, Upinder; Brewer, Jeremy L; Boothroyd, John C

2002-05-01

Developmental switching in Toxoplasma gondii, from the virulent tachyzoite to the relatively quiescent bradyzoite stage, is responsible for disease propagation and reactivation. We have generated tachyzoite to bradyzoite differentiation (Tbd-) mutants in T. gondii and used these in combination with a cDNA microarray to identify developmental pathways in bradyzoite formation. Four independently generated Tbd- mutants were analysed and had defects in bradyzoite development in response to multiple bradyzoite-inducing conditions, a stable phenotype after in vivo passages and a markedly reduced brain cyst burden in a murine model of chronic infection. Transcriptional profiles of mutant and wild-type parasites, growing under bradyzoite conditions, revealed a hierarchy of developmentally regulated genes, including many bradyzoite-induced genes whose transcripts were reduced in all mutants. A set of non-developmentally regulated genes whose transcripts were less abundant in Tbd- mutants were also identified. These may represent genes that mediate downstream effects and/or whose expression is dependent on the same transcription factors as the bradyzoite-induced set. Using these data, we have generated a model of transcription regulation during bradyzoite development in T. gondii. Our approach shows the utility of this system as a model to study developmental biology in single-celled eukaryotes including protozoa and fungi.

78 FR 53132 - Submission for OMB Review; Comment Request

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2013-08-28

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... Angular Response of NTA Film on Missed Neutron Dose at the Oak Ridge Y-12 Facility''), OTIB-0054... Atomic Weapons Employer Facilities''), and TBD 6000 (``Site Profile for Atomic Weapons Employers that...

Shallow Water MCM and ASW Using Off-Board, Autonomous Sensor Networks and Multistatic, Time-Reversal Acoustics

DTIC Science & Technology

2005-09-30

generalizations of auto-focusing and track - before - detect (TBD) algorithms. Another issue concerns the stability and coherence of surface and seabed multiples and their potential use in advanced medium-frequency sonar concepts.

Historical review and insights on the livestock tick-borne disease research of a developing country: The Philippine scenario.

PubMed

Ybañez, Adrian P; Mingala, Claro N; Ybañez, Rochelle Haidee D

2018-04-01

Tick-borne diseases (TBDs) remain to be a global animal health threat. Developing countries like the Philippines is not exempt to this. Despite the potential impact TBDs can give to these countries, local government initiatives and researches remain to be limited. In the Philippines, most epidemiological studies were confined only to specific areas, and predominantly in the Northern Area. Due to its unique geography and limited studies, the current nationwide status of most TBDs could not be clearly established. This review mainly covered published studies and presented challenges in the conduct of TBD research in the Philippines, which may be similar to other Southeast Asian or developing countries. To date, reported livestock TBD pathogens in the Philippines include Anaplasma, Babesia, Theileria, and Mycoplasma spp. With the ubiquitous presence of the Rhipicephalus microplus ticks in the country, it is highly probable that other pathogens transmitted by these vectors could be present. Despite studies on different TBDs in the livestock sector, the Philippine government has not yet heightened its efforts to implement tick control measures as part of the routine animal health program for local farmers. Further studies might be needed to determine the nationwide prevalence of TBDs and the presence of other possible tick species and TBD pathogens. The Philippine scenario may present situations that are similar to other developing countries. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Preparation and characterization of nanorod-like TiO2 and ZnO films used for charge-transport buffer layers in P3HT based organic solar cells

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Thao, Tran Thi; Long, Dang Dinh; Truong, Vo-Van; Dinh, Nguyen Nang

2016-08-01

With the aim of findingout the appropriate buffer layers for organic solar cells (OSC), TiO2 and ZnO on ITO/glass were prepared as nanorod-like thin films. The TiO2 films were crystallyzed in the anatase phase and the ZnO films, in the wurtzite structure. The nanorods in both the fims have a similar size of 15 to 20 nm in diameter and 30 to 50 nm in length. The nanorods have an orientation nearly perpendicular to the ITO-substrate surface. From UV-Vis data the bandgap of the TiO2 and ZnO films were determined tobe 3.26 eV and 3.42 eV, respectively. The laminar organic solar cells with added TiO2 and ZnO, namely ITO/TiO2/P3HT:PCBM/LiF/Al (TBD) and ITO/ZnO/P3HT:PCBM/LiF/Al (ZBD)were made for characterization of the energy conversion performance. As a result, comparing to TiO2,the nanorod-likeZnO filmwas found to be a much better buffer layer that made the fill factor improve from a value of 0.60 for TBD to 0.82 for ZBD, and consequently thePCE was enhanced from 0.84 for TBD to 1.17% for ZBD.

75 FR 67698 - Submission for OMB Review; Comment Request

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2010-11-03

.... Title, Form, and OMB Number: Leading Edge Supply Chain Survey; OMB Number 0701-TBD. Type of Request: New... uncover the emerging trends in supply chain management (SCM) practices, processes and metrics that could...

Desert Peak East Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS) Project

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Zemach, Ezra; Drakos, Peter; Spielman, Paul

2013-09-30

This manuscript is a draft to replaced with a final version at a later date TBD. A summary of activities pertaining to the Desert Peak EGS project including the planning and resulting stimulation activities.

[Natural infection by hemoparasites in calves submitted to chemoprophylaxis at 30 days of age].

PubMed

da Silva, Rosângela A; Corrêa, Fabíola do N; Botteon, Rita de Cássia C M; Botteon, Paulo de Tarso L

2007-01-01

The tick-borne disease (TBD) brings great damages to cattle breeding. The most important etiologic agents are Babesia bigemina, B. bovis and Anaplasma marginale, being the tick Boophilus microplus the main vector. This work reports the occurrence of natural infection by hemoparasites of TBD in 36 calves with high ticks natural infestation submitted to chemoprophylaxis with 30 days year-old. The blood smears from animals of different ages were analized and were found B. bigemina (33.3%), B. bovis (11.1%) and A. marginale (13.9%). Six animals had clinical symptoms (16.7%) and one dead (2.8%). The number of clinical cases ocurred in consequence of an association of factors as high infestation of ticks and low passive immunity in period that calves had not developed enough active immunity.

The Carnegie Observatories

Science.gov Websites

, Receives Prestigious Goldwater Scholarship 2018 Astronomy Lecture Series Are You Rocky or are You Gassy - 4:00pm TBD Colloquium by Dr. Alan Dressler (Carnegie) Astronomy Lecture Series Online You can now

Total Bregman Divergence and its Applications to Shape Retrieval.

PubMed

Liu, Meizhu; Vemuri, Baba C; Amari, Shun-Ichi; Nielsen, Frank

2010-01-01

Shape database search is ubiquitous in the world of biometric systems, CAD systems etc. Shape data in these domains is experiencing an explosive growth and usually requires search of whole shape databases to retrieve the best matches with accuracy and efficiency for a variety of tasks. In this paper, we present a novel divergence measure between any two given points in [Formula: see text] or two distribution functions. This divergence measures the orthogonal distance between the tangent to the convex function (used in the definition of the divergence) at one of its input arguments and its second argument. This is in contrast to the ordinate distance taken in the usual definition of the Bregman class of divergences [4]. We use this orthogonal distance to redefine the Bregman class of divergences and develop a new theory for estimating the center of a set of vectors as well as probability distribution functions. The new class of divergences are dubbed the total Bregman divergence (TBD). We present the l 1 -norm based TBD center that is dubbed the t-center which is then used as a cluster center of a class of shapes The t-center is weighted mean and this weight is small for noise and outliers. We present a shape retrieval scheme using TBD and the t-center for representing the classes of shapes from the MPEG-7 database and compare the results with other state-of-the-art methods in literature.

78 FR 65321 - Notice of Meetings

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2010 Precision Strike Annual Review Held in Springfield, Virginia on April 20-21, 2010

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-04-21

Reaction Technology Office Fogg (Acting) Director, Rapid Fielding Wyatt PD - Riley Program Oversight Dipetto Program Guidance And Assessment TBD Director...warfighters Joint Rapid Acquisition Cell Mr Thomas P Dee Complex Systems Dr Charles W Perkins Rapid Reaction Technology Office Mr Glenn A Fogg (Acting

75 FR 56580 - Notice of Quarterly Report (April 1, 2010-June 30, 2010)

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-09-16

... annual daily traffic)-- increase tourism Efate: Ring Road. and business Traffic Volume (average... Average revenue of SME added to tourism pottery workshops. and artisan Construction and sectors... in the road network. Rural Land Governance Project... 60,392,771 Increase investment 2,185,845 TBD...

78 FR 46930 - Proposed Collection; Comment Request

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-08-02

... Counseling and Information Sheet; DA Form 5434; OMB Control Number 0702-TBD. Needs And Uses: The information.... Frequency: On Occasion. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Summary of Information Collection Respondents are DA Civilian employees and Soldiers. Departing Soldiers or DA Civilian employees complete the DA Form 5434...

77 FR 25707 - Submission for OMB Review; Comment request

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-05-01

... and OMB Number: Electronic Health Record (EHR) Usability Survey; OMB Control Number 0720-TBD. Type of... information collection is to develop a longitudinal measure of how end-users perceive the usability of the... the focus has shifted towards understanding the usability of a system. This usability attribute...

77 FR 23193 - Medicare and Medicaid Programs; Electronic Health Record Incentive Program-Stage 2; Corrections

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-04-18

... for electronic medication administration record (eMAR). In addition, in Sec. 495.6(m)(1)(iii) we... description contact information TBD Title: Closing the referral loop: Centers for Medicare Care Coordination... corrected to read ``(ii) Measure. More than 10 percent of medication orders created by authorized providers...

75 FR 28626 - Subcommittee on Procedures Review, Advisory Board on Radiation and Worker Health (ABRWH...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-05-21

...''), OTIB-0051 (``Effect of Threshold Energy and Angular Response of NTA Film on Missed Neutron Dose at the... Reconstruction During Residual Radioactivity Periods at Atomic Weapons Employer Facilities''), and TBD 6000 (``Site Profile for Atomic Weapons Employers that Worked Uranium and Thorium Metals''); and a continuation...

75 FR 81243 - Proposed Collection; Comment Request

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-12-27

... request more information on this proposed information collection or to obtain a copy of the proposal and... School Improvement Student and Parent Surveys, OMB Control Number 0704-TBD. Needs and Uses: This information collection requirement is necessary in order for schools to identify areas for improvement. Under...

78 FR 56867 - Proposed Collection; Comment Request

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-09-16

...: Department of Defense Suicide Event Report, 0720-TBD. Needs and Uses: This data system will provide integrated enterprise and survey data to be used for direct reporting of suicide events and ongoing..., implementation, evaluation, and prevention of suicide behaviors within the Department of Defense. Data is...

48 CFR 1052.232-7003 - Electronic submission of payment requests.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 5 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Electronic submission of... Clauses 1052.232-7003 Electronic submission of payment requests. As prescribed in 1032.7003, use the following clause: Electronic Submission of Payment Requests (DATE TBD) (a) Definitions. As used in this...

48 CFR 1052.232-7003 - Electronic submission of payment requests.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 5 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Electronic submission of... Clauses 1052.232-7003 Electronic submission of payment requests. As prescribed in 1032.7003, use the following clause: Electronic Submission of Payment Requests (DATE TBD) (a) Definitions. As used in this...

78 FR 31523 - Submission for OMB Review; Comment Request

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-05-24

... the student, school the student is attending, type of education benefits being used, branch of the..., Associated Form and OMB Number: Web-based DoD Postsecondary Education Complaint System, 0704-TBD; DoD Postsecondary Education Complaint Intake--DD Form 2961 (electronic-only). Type of Request: New Collection...

76 FR 19131 - Notice of Quarterly Report (October 1, 2010-December 31, 2010)

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-04-06

...: Ring tourism and Road. business Traffic Volume development. (average annual daily traffic)--Santo: East...,083,742 Average revenue of SME added to tourism pottery workshops. and artisan sectors. Construction... road network. Rural Land Governance Project.. $59,934,615 Increase $6,348,245 TBD. investment in land...

77 FR 37001 - Proposed Collection; Comment Request

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-06-20

... of the Interoperability Services Layer, Attn: Ron Chen, 400 Gigling Road, Seaside, CA 93955. Title; Associated Form; and OMB Number: Interoperability Services Layer; OMB Control Number 0704-TBD. Needs and Uses... INFORMATION: Summary of Information Collection IoLS (Interoperability Layer Services) is an application in a...

78 FR 25061 - Proposed Collection; Comment Request

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-04-29

... FVAP Ethnographies, Focus Groups, and Surveys; OMB Control Number 0704-TBD. Needs and Uses: The primary..., and Surveys, conducted on behalf of the Federal Voting Assistance Program (FVAP), an agency of the... covered under the Uniformed and Overseas Civilian Absentee Voting Act (UOCAVA). This research will explore...

Novel risk predictor for thrombus deposition in abdominal aortic aneurysms

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Nestola, M. G. C.; Gizzi, A.; Cherubini, C.; Filippi, S.; Succi, S.

2015-10-01

The identification of the basic mechanisms responsible for cardiovascular diseases stands as one of the most challenging problems in modern medical research including various mechanisms which encompass a broad spectrum of space and time scales. Major implications for clinical practice and pre-emptive medicine rely on the onset and development of intraluminal thrombus in which effective clinical therapies require synthetic risk predictors/indicators capable of informing real-time decision-making protocols. In the present contribution, two novel hemodynamics synthetic indicators, based on a three-band decomposition (TBD) of the shear stress signal, are introduced. Extensive fluid-structure computer simulations of patient-specific scenarios confirm the enhanced risk-prediction capabilities of the TBD indicators. In particular, they permit a quantitative and accurate localization of the most likely thrombus deposition in realistic aortic geometries, where previous indicators would predict healthy operation. The proposed methodology is also shown to provide additional information and discrimination criteria on other factors of major clinical relevance, such as the size of the aneurysm.

75 FR 60418 - Proposed Collection; Comment Request

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-09-30

...: Military Nurse Recruitment Surveys; OMB Control Number 0720-TBD. Needs and Uses: The information collection... accepting an undergraduate nursing education in return for a commission as a nurse officer in the Armed... Corps of the three military services. In this environment of a short supply of nurses, several...

78 FR 78947 - Submission for OMB Review; Comment Request

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-12-27

... DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE Department of the Army [Docket ID: USA-2013-0033] Submission for OMB Review; Comment Request ACTION: Notice. SUMMARY: The Department of Defense has submitted to OMB for clearance, the... and OMB Number: Supplier Self-Services (SUS); OMB Control Number 0702-TBD. Type of Request: New...

Track-Before-Declare Methods in IR Image Sequences

DTIC Science & Technology

1992-09-01

processing methods of this type, known as track- before-declare (TBD), and sometimes by the misleading term track - before - detect , have been employed in systems...Electronic Systems, Vol. AES-il, No. 6. November 1975. 8. A. Corbeil, J. DiDomizio, Track - Before - Detect Development and Demonstration Program, Phase

Deliberate and Crisis Action Planning and Execution Segments Increment 2A (DCAPES Inc 2A)

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-03-01

Document DAE - Defense Acquisition Executive DoD - Department of Defense DoDAF - DoD Architecture Framework FD - Full Deployment FDD - Full...Jun 2009 DT/OT Completion Jan 2015 Jan 2015 FDD Aug 2015 Oct 2015 FD TBD Oct 2015 Memo DCAPES is a National Security System. Acronyms and

75 FR 5994 - Submission for OMB Review; Comment Request

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-02-05

... and OMB Number: Voice of Industry Survey; OMB Control Number 0704-TBD. Type of Request: New. Number of... Security Program (NISP)'' Section 202(a) stipulates that the Secretary of Defense shall serve as the... Security Agency (CSA), designated by the NISPOM, is responsible for determining the frequency of Security...

76 FR 76382 - Executive-Led Business Development Mission to Kabul, Afghanistan; February 2012* Dates Are Withheld

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-12-07

... security within and around the mission event.] Day One (weekend) Travel Day--Depart U.S. on evening flight. Day Two Travel Day--Participants arrive in transit city (tbd) and overnight in pre- arranged departure from transit city. Day Three Travel Day. Arrive in Kabul, Afghanistan (afternoon). Evening Event. Day...

75 FR 59238 - Proposed Collection; Comment Request

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-09-27

...; Associated Form; and OMB Number: Leading Edge Supply Chain Survey; OMB Number 0701-TBD. Needs and Uses: This study seeks to uncover the emerging trends in supply chain management (SCM) practices, processes and... individuals with in depth experience in commercial supply chain management. Dated: August 27, 2010. Patricia L...

Modern and ancestral genotypes of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from Andhra Pradesh, India.

PubMed

Thomas, Shirly K; Iravatham, Chitra C; Moni, Bottu Heleena; Kumar, Ashutosh; Archana, Bandaru V; Majid, Mohammad; Priyadarshini, Yerra; Rani, Pittu Sandhya; Valluri, Vijayalakshmi; Hasnain, Seyed E; Ahmed, Niyaz

2011-01-01

Traditionally, the distribution of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis genotypes in India has been characterized by widespread prevalence of ancestral lineages (TbD1+ strains and variants) in the south and the modern forms (TbD1(-) CAS and variants) predominating in the north of India. The pattern was, however, not clearly known in the south-central region such as Hyderabad and the rest of the state of Andhra Pradesh where the prevalence of both tuberculosis (TB) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is one of the highest in the country; this area has been the hotspot of TB vaccine trials. Spoligotyping of 101 clinical isolates obtained from Hyderabad and rural Andhra Pradesh confirmed the occurrence of major genogroups such as the ancestral (or the TbD1+ type or the East African Indian (EAI) type), the Central Asian (CAS) or Delhi type and the Beijing lineage in Andhra Pradesh. Sixty five different spoligotype patterns were observed for the isolates included in this study; these were further analyzed based on specific genetic signatures/mutations. It was found that the major genogroups, CAS and "ancestral," were almost equally prevalent in our collection but followed a north-south compartmentalization as was also reported previously. However, we observed a significant presence of MANU lineage in south Andhra Pradesh, which was earlier reported to be overwhelmingly present in Mumbai. This study portrays genotypic diversity of M. tuberculosis from the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh and provides a much needed snapshot of the strain diversity that will be helpful in devising effective TB control programs in this part of the world.

Carbohydrate-to-insulin ratio is estimated from 300-400 divided by total daily insulin dose in type 1 diabetes patients who use the insulin pump.

PubMed

Kuroda, Akio; Yasuda, Tetsuyuki; Takahara, Mitsuyoshi; Sakamoto, Fumie; Kasami, Ryuichi; Miyashita, Kazuyuki; Yoshida, Sumiko; Kondo, Eri; Aihara, Ken-ichi; Endo, Itsuro; Matsuoka, Taka-aki; Kaneto, Hideaki; Matsumoto, Toshio; Shimomura, Iichiro; Matsuhisa, Munehide

2012-11-01

To optimize insulin dose using insulin pump, basal and bolus insulin doses are widely calculated from total daily insulin dose (TDD). It is recommended that total daily basal insulin dose (TBD) is 50% of TDD and that the carbohydrate-to-insulin ratio (CIR) equals 500 divided by TDD. We recently reported that basal insulin requirement is approximately 30% of TDD. We therefore investigated CIR after adjustment of the proper basal insulin rate. Forty-five Japanese patients with type 1 diabetes were investigated during several weeks of hospitalization. The patients were served standard diabetes meals (25-30 kcal/kg of ideal body weight). Each meal omission was done to confirm basal insulin rate. Target blood glucose level was set at 100 and 150 mg/dL before and 2 h after each meal, respectively. After the basal insulin rate was fixed and target blood glucose levels were achieved, TBD, CIR, TDD, and their products were determined. Mean (±SD) blood glucose levels before and 2 h after meals were 121±47 and 150±61 mg/dL, respectively. TDD was 31.5±9.0 U, and TBD was 27.0±6.5% of TDD. CIR×TDD of breakfast was significantly lower than those of lunch and supper (288±73 vs. 408±92 and 387±83, respectively; P<0.01). CIR has diurnal variance and is estimated from the formula CIR=300/TDD at breakfast or CIR=400/TDD at lunch and supper in type 1 diabetes patients. These results indicate that the insulin dose has been underestimated by using previously established calculations.

78 FR 54633 - Proposed Collection; Comment Request

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-09-05

... Child Development Program (CDP); DD 2652, DD 2606; OMB Control Number 0704- TBD. Needs and Uses: The... Respondent: 1. Average Burden per Response: 10 minutes. Frequency: On occasion. The information from the DD... projection of future program requirements. The information in DD 2652 is used to apply child care fee...

75 FR 60419 - Submission for OMB Review; Comment Request

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-09-30

.... Title and OMB Number: Retired Troops to Nurse Teachers Survey; OMB Control Number 0720-TBD. Type of... of the provision in the Troops to Nurse Teachers (TNT) Act of 2008. Specifically, DoD will examine... military nurses to take faculty positions in nursing schools, for the purpose of encouraging more nurse...

Advancing integrated tick management to mitigate burden of tick-borne diseases

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

More than half of the world’s population is at risk of exposure to vector-borne pathogens. Annually, more than 1 billion people are infected and more than 1 million die from vector-borne diseases, including those caused by pathogens transmitted by ticks. The problem with tick borne diseases (TBD) is...

77 FR 16818 - Proposed Collection; Comment Request

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-03-22

... forms of information technology. DATES: Consideration will be given to all comments received by May 21... Number: 0704-TBD. Needs and Uses: The Application of Child Care Services Form, DLA Form 1854, is used to request child care services provided by DLA managed facilities. Enrollee records are provided to the Child...

76 FR 14904 - Executive-Led Trade Mission to Afghanistan

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-03-18

... event) Day One (weekend) Travel Day--Depart U.S. on evening flight Day Two Travel Day--Participants arrive in transit city (tbd) and overnight in pre-arranged departure from transit city Day Three Travel... Business Appointments (optional) Travel Day--Depart for the U.S. (evening) Day Seven Travel Day--Arrive in...

77 FR 25707 - Submission for OMB Review; Comment Request

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-05-01

... and OMB Number: Active Duty Dental Program Claim Form; OMB Control Number 0720-TBD. Type of Request... Active Duty Dental Program and at the same time submit the claim for the dental procedures provided so... not located near a military dental treatment facility and receive their dental care in the private...

75 FR 47552 - Proposed Collection; Comment Request

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-08-06

... propose a survey research study to determine the most and least effective techniques used to combat stigma... Injury Anti- Stigma Survey; OMB Control Number 0720-TBD. Needs and Uses: The project aims to identify... the United States. Approximately 30 campaigns have been identified to receive a survey. The data/study...

75 FR 38090 - Proposed Collection; Comment Request

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-07-01

..., (Security and Safety Office), ATTN: Ms. Rose Chunik, 4040 North Fairfax Drive, Arlington, VA 22203, or call... Activity School Volunteer Application; DoDEA Form 4700.3-F1; OMB Number 0704-TBD. Needs and Uses: This information collection requirement is necessary to determine if a school volunteer applicant is suitable for a...

Altair Descent and Ascent Reference Trajectory Design and Initial Dispersion Analyses

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Kos, Larry D.; Polsgrove, Tara T.; Sostaric, Ronald r.; Braden, Ellen M.; Sullivan, Jacob J.; Lee, Thanh T.

2010-01-01

The Altair Lunar Lander is the linchpin in the Constellation Program (CxP) for human return to the Moon. Altair is delivered to low Earth orbit (LEO) by the Ares V heavy lift launch vehicle, and after subsequent docking with Orion in LEO, the Altair/Orion stack is delivered through translunar injection (TLI). The Altair/Orion stack separating from the Earth departure stage (EDS) shortly after TLI and continues the flight to the Moon as a single stack. Altair performs the lunar orbit insertion (LOI) maneuver, targeting a 100-km circular orbit. This orbit will be a polar orbit for missions landing near the lunar South Pole. After spending nearly 24 hours in low lunar orbit (LLO), the lander undocks from Orion and performs a series of small maneuvers to set up for descending to the lunar surface. This descent begins with a small deorbit insertion (DOI) maneuver, putting the lander on an orbit that has a perilune of 15.24 km (50,000 ft), the altitude where the actual powered descent initiation (PDI) commences. At liftoff from Earth, Altair has a mass of 45 metric tons (mt). However after LOI (without Orion attached), the lander mass is slightly less than 33 mt at PDI. The lander currently has a single descent module main engine, with TBD lb(sub f) thrust (TBD N), providing a thrust-to-weight ratio of approximately TBD Earth g's at PDI. LDAC-3 (Lander design and analysis cycle #3) is the most recently closed design sizing and mass properties iteration. Upgrades for loss of crew (LDAC-2) and loss of mission (LDAC-3) have been incorporated into the lander baseline design (and its Master Equipment List). Also, recently, Altair has been working requirements analyses (LRAC-1). All nominal data here are from the LDAC-3 analysis cycle. All dispersions results here are from LRAC-1 analyses.

Competitive binding experiments can reduce the false positive results of affinity-based ultrafiltration-HPLC: A case study for identification of potent xanthine oxidase inhibitors from Perilla frutescens extract.

PubMed

Wang, Zhiqiang; Kwon, Shin Hwa; Hwang, Seung Hwan; Kang, Young-Hee; Lee, Jae-Yong; Lim, Soon Sung

2017-03-24

The purpose of this study was to assess the possibility of using competitive binding experiments with ultrafiltration-HPLC analysis to identify potent xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibitors from the Perilla frutescens extract as an attempt to reduce the number of false positive results. To isolate the enzyme-ligand complex from unbound compounds, the P. frutescens extract was either incubated in the absence of XO, in the presence of XO, or with the active site blocked XO before the ultrafiltration was performed. Allopurinaol was used as the XO active site blocker. The unbound compounds were subjected to HPLC analysis. The degree of total binding (TBD) and degree of specific binding (SBD) of each compound were calculated using the peak areas. TBD represents the binding affinities of compounds from the P. frutescens extract for the XO binding site. SBD represents the XO competitive binding between allopurinol and ligands from the extract samples. Two criteria were applied to select putative targets that could help avoid false positives. These include TBD>30% and SBD>10%. Using that approach, kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside, rosmarinic acid, methyl-rosmarinic acid, apigenin, and 4',5,7-trimethoxyflavone were identified, from total 11 compounds, as potent XO inhibitors. Finally, apigenin, 4',5,7-trimethoxyflavone, and luteolin were XO inhibitors verified through an XO inhibition assay and structural simulation of the complex. These results showed that the newly developed strategy has the advantage that the number of targets identified via ultrafiltration-HPLC can be narrowed from many false positives. However, not all false positives can be eliminated with this approach. Some potent inhibitors might also be excluded with the use of this method. The limitations of this method are also discussed herein. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Identification of 24h Ixodes scapularis immunogenic tick saliva proteins.

PubMed

Lewis, Lauren A; Radulović, Željko M; Kim, Tae K; Porter, Lindsay M; Mulenga, Albert

2015-04-01

Ixodes scapularis is arguably the most medically important tick species in the United States. This tick transmits 5 of the 14 human tick-borne disease (TBD) agents in the USA: Borrelia burgdorferi, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, B. miyamotoi, Babesia microti, and Powassan virus disease. Except for the Powassan virus disease, I. scapularis-vectored TBD agents require more than 24h post attachment to be transmitted. This study describes identification of 24h immunogenic I. scapularis tick saliva proteins, which could provide opportunities to develop strategies to stop tick feeding before transmission of the majority of pathogens. A 24h fed female I. scapularis phage display cDNA expression library was biopanned using rabbit antibodies to 24h fed I. scapularis female tick saliva proteins, subjected to next generation sequencing, de novo assembly, and bioinformatic analyses. A total of 182 contigs were assembled, of which ∼19% (35/182) are novel and did not show identity to any known proteins in GenBank. The remaining ∼81% (147/182) of contigs were provisionally identified based on matches in GenBank including ∼18% (27/147) that matched protein sequences previously annotated as hypothetical and putative tick saliva proteins. Others include proteases and protease inhibitors (∼3%, 5/147), transporters and/or ligand binding proteins (∼6%, 9/147), immunogenic tick saliva housekeeping enzyme-like (17%, 25/147), ribosomal protein-like (∼31%, 46/147), and those classified as miscellaneous (∼24%, 35/147). Notable among the miscellaneous class include antimicrobial peptides (microplusin and ricinusin), myosin-like proteins that have been previously found in tick saliva, and heat shock tick saliva protein. Data in this study provides the foundation for in-depth analysis of I. scapularis feeding during the first 24h, before the majority of TBD agents can be transmitted. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.

A prospective observational study comparing a physiological scoring system with time-based discharge criteria in pediatric ambulatory surgical patients.

PubMed

Armstrong, James; Forrest, Helen; Crawford, Mark W

2015-10-01

Discharge criteria based on physiological scoring systems can be used in the postanesthesia care unit (PACU) to fast-track patients after ambulatory surgery; however, studies comparing physiological scoring systems with traditional time-based discharge criteria are lacking. The purpose of this study was to compare PACU discharge readiness times using physiological vs time-based discharge criteria in pediatric ambulatory surgical patients. We recorded physiological observations from consecutive American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status I-III patients aged 1-18 yr who were admitted to the PACU after undergoing ambulatory surgery in a tertiary academic pediatric hospital. The physiological score was a combination of the Aldrete and Chung systems. Scores were recorded every 15 min starting upon arrival in the PACU. Patients were considered fit for discharge once they attained a score ≥12 (maximum score, 14), provided no score was zero, with the time to achieve a score ≥12 defining the criteria-based discharge (CBD) time. Patients were discharged from the PACU when both the CBD and the existing time-based discharge (TBD) criteria were met. The CBD and TBD data were compared using Kaplan-Meier and log-rank analysis. Observations from 506 children are presented. Median (interquartile range [IQR]) age was 5.5 [2.8-9.9] yr. Median [IQR] CBD and TBD PACU discharge readiness times were 30 [15-45] min and 60 [45-60] min, respectively. Analysis of Kaplan-Meier curves indicated a significant difference in discharge times using the different criteria (hazard ratio, 5.43; 95% confidence interval, 4.51 to 6.53; P < 0.001). All patients were discharged home without incident. This prospective study suggests that discharge decisions based on physiological criteria have the potential for significantly speeding the transit of children through the PACU, thereby enhancing PACU efficiency and resource utilization.

78 FR 54633 - Proposed Collection; Comment Request

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-09-05

.../Dissolution of a Same-Sex Domestic Partnership for DEERS Enrollment; DD x653 and DD x654; OMB Control Number 0704-TBD. Needs and Uses: Benefits shall be extended to same-sex domestic partners and, where applicable, children of same-sex domestic partners, once the DoD civilian and his/her same-sex domestic...

Research on anti crack mechanism of bionic coupling brake disc

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Shi, Lifeng; Yang, Xiao; Zheng, Lingnan; Wu, Can; Ni, Jing

2017-09-01

According to the biological function of fatigue resistance possessed by biology, this study designed a Bionic Coupling Brake Disc (BCBD) which can inhibit crack propagation as the result of improving fatigue property. Thermal stress field of brake disc was calculated under emergency working condition, and circumferential and radial stress field which lead to fatigue failure of brake disc were investigated simultaneously. Results showed that the maximum temperature of surface reached 890°C and the maximum residual tensile stress was 207 Mpa when the initial velocity of vehicle was 200 km/h. Based on the theory of elastic plastic fracture mechanics, the crack opening displacement and the crack front J integrals of the BCBD and traditional brake disc (TBD) with pre-cracking were calculated, and the strength of crack front was compared. Results revealed the growth behavior of fatigue crack located on surface of brake disc, and proved the anti fatigue resistance of BCBD was better, and the strength of crack resistance of BCBD was much stronger than that of TBD. This simulation research provided significant references for optimization and manufacturing of BCBD.

Why Sustainers Should Care About the Targeting Process

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-02-29

1200 T: Recon GOLD / 13B SP TBD AWT/ AVN T: SPT Convoy GOLD / 13B SP 1315 / 1415 T: SPT Convoy Turani SP 1115 T: SPT Convoy GOLD / 13B SP 1315 / 1415 T...on the lookout for a white Ford observed). Legend A/DACG = Arrival/departure airfield control group AWT/ AVN = Air weapons teams/aviation BSA

Target Tracking in Heavy-Tailed Clutter Using Amplitude Information

DTIC Science & Technology

2009-07-01

to integrate the data before the detection decision is made, as done in so- called Track - Before - Detect (TBD) [5,14]. For very low SNR, when the target...Processes. McGraw-Hill, 2002. [14] M. G. Rutten, N. J. Gordon, and S. Maskell, “Recur- sive track - before - detect with target amplitude fluctua- tions,” in IEE

Global Combat Support System - Army Increment 2 (GCSS-A Inc 2)

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-03-01

2016 Major Automated Information System Annual Report Global Combat Support System - Army Increment 2 (GCSS-A Inc 2) Defense Acquisition...Secretary of Defense PB - President’s Budget RDT&E - Research, Development, Test, and Evaluation SAE - Service Acquisition Executive TBD - To Be...Date Assigned: Program Information Program Name Global Combat Support System - Army Increment 2 (GCSS-A Inc 2) DoD Component Army Responsible

Atmosphere, Magnetosphere and Plasmas in Space (AMPS). Spacelab payload definition study. Volume 3, book 2: AMPS equipment to Spacelab ICD

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1976-01-01

The interfaces between AMPS Payload No.(TBD) and Spacelab are described. The interfaces specified cover the AMPS physical, electrical, and thermal interfaces that are established to prescribe the standard Spacelab configuration required to perform the mission. If the configuration definition changes due to change of Spacelab equipment model, or serial numbers, then reidentification of the Labcraft payload may be required.

Electron Calorimeter Experiment

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Adams, James H.

2008-01-01

Boron loaded scintillators are suitable for measuring secondary neutrons produced by high-energy particles: protons & electrons Neutron flux can be used to discriminate hadron and electro-magnetic particles Combined effectiveness of all e/p discriminators techniques employedTBD Only moderate improvement in detection efficiency for B-10 concentrations >few% in thick moderators Bottom scintillator might serve as cascade penetration counter (TBC)

Chemical & Biological Point Detection Decontamination

DTIC Science & Technology

2002-04-01

high priority in biological defense. Research on multivalent assays is also ongoing. Biased libraries, generated from immunized animals, or unbiased ...2003 TBD decontamination and modeling and simulation I I The Chem-Bio Point Detection Roadmap The summary level updated and expanded Bio Point... Molecular Imprinted Polymer Sensor, Dendrimer-based Antibody Assays, Pyrolysis-GC-ion mobility spectrometry, and surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy. Data

Joint Land Attack Cruise Missile Defense Elevated Netted Sensor System (JLENS)

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-12-01

Initial Production $M - Millions of Dollars MILCON - Military Construction N /A - Not Applicable O&S - Operating and Support Oth - Other PAUC - Program...RDT&E - Research, Development, Test, and Evaluation SAR - Selected Acquisition Report Sch - Schedule Spt - Support TBD - To Be Determined TY - Then...completion, assess test results, correct short comings/deficiencies, and develop documentation to track and assess program status. On January 31

KC-46A Tanker Modernization (KC-46A)

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-12-01

LRIP - Low Rate Initial Production $M - Millions of Dollars MILCON - Military Construction N /A - Not Applicable O&S - Operating and Support Oth - Other...Related Qty - Quantity RDT&E - Research, Development, Test, and Evaluation SAR - Selected Acquisition Report Sch - Schedule Spt - Support TBD - To Be...attributes, data correctness , data availability, and consistent data processing specified in the applicable joint and system integrated

Planning Strategies for Transportation Fuel Consumption Reduction: An Evaluation of the Hawaii Clean Energy Initiative’s Transportation Plan

DTIC Science & Technology

2014-04-01

technologies to improve fleet efficiency goals, and evaluate switching to biodiesel for trucks and vehicles without other alternatives (HCEI 2011...standards and biodiesel usage levels 2020 Goal 50 MGY of renewable fuels 28 working with industry to increase EV market penetration, and...Strategy Reduction Potential Purchase more efficient vehicles 10-20% Promote hybrid technologies 10-20% Evaluate biodiesel switching (freight) TBD

Effects of treatment on free radicals in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis in South Western Nigeria.

PubMed

Adebimpe, Wasiu Olalekan; Faremi, Ayodeji Oluwaseun; Nassar, Sulaiman Adebayo

2015-12-01

Formation of Malondialdehyde (MDA), a free radical, in Tuberculosis patients does occur when Tubercule bacilli induces reactive oxygen species as a result of phagocytic respiratory burst. This study evaluated the effect of treatment on plasma level of Malondialdehyde among patients infected with Mycobacterium Tuberculosis in Osogbo South Western Nigeria. Descriptive cross sectional study among 110 patients, grouped into four categories (three TB patient categories and controls). All patients were screened for presence or absence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in their sputum and HIV 1 & 2 in their blood using standard techniques. The level of free radical (Malondialdehyde, MDA) was determined by Thiobabituric acid reacting method. Data was analyzed using the SPSS software version 17.0. Serum Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were significantly lower in TB patients on drugs (TBD) compared with the new cases on treatment (NCT). (0.17+0.88mol/L Vs 0.27+0.08mol/L, p<0.05). Varying degrees of correlations were also found between free radicals and electrolytes. Reduced serum MDA levels in TBD suggested a reduction in the levels of free radical injury once treatment was commenced. Therefore serum free radical may be an index of monitoring response to treatment in tuberculosis management.

Key Management Infrastructure Increment 2 (KMI Inc 2)

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-03-01

2016 Major Automated Information System Annual Report Key Management Infrastructure Increment 2 (KMI Inc 2) Defense Acquisition Management...PB - President’s Budget RDT&E - Research, Development, Test, and Evaluation SAE - Service Acquisition Executive TBD - To Be Determined TY - Then...Assigned: April 6, 2015 Program Information Program Name Key Management Infrastructure Increment 2 (KMI Inc 2) DoD Component DoD The acquiring DoD

Sea Basing and Alternatives for Deploying and Sustaining Ground Combat Forces

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-07-01

speed roll-on/roll-off ship (top) and an intratheater high - speed vessel (bottom) are shown alongside a notional mobile landing platform (center...F), might be needed to fully support sea-based ground forces. Those other ships could include tankers and high - speed ships for spe- cial cargo . The...maritime prepositioning squadron; T-HSS = high - speed ship ; TBD = to be determined. Vehicles Cargo Aircraft (Thousands of (Thousands

Direct Test for Neuroinflammation with [11C]DAP-713-PET Scanning

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-10-01

individuals suffering from the Gulf War Illness (GWI). We are using quantitative positron emission tomography (PET) using [11C]DPA-713 (DPA). DPA...suffering from the Gulf War Illness (GWI). We are using quantitative positron emission tomography (PET) using [11C]DPA-713 (DPA). DPA binds to the... Resistant Prostate Cancer Time commitments: 0.12 calendar months Supporting Agency: CDMRP Grants Contact: TBD PI: Denmeade Co-Investigator

Review Plan Using the NWD Model Review Plan for Continuing Authorities Program Section 14, 107, 111, 204, 206, 208, 1135 and Projects Directed by Guidance to Use CAP Procedures: Sheridan, Wyoming, Section 1135 Project

DTIC Science & Technology

2014-12-19

as the creek turns and flows to the north. A brownfield site on the left bank of the river and the railroad infrastructure in this area are...processes and real estate standard easements. Hazardous, Toxic and Radioactive Waste (HTRW) Suggested: TBD There are known brownfields in the...project vicinity, therefore this reviewer should have experience in dealing with brownfields . This expertise may be covered by another discipline

Sensor Management for Fighter Applications

DTIC Science & Technology

2006-06-01

has consistently shown that by directly estimating the prob- ability density of a target state using a track - before - detect scheme, weak and densely... track - before - detect nonlinear filter was constructed to estimate the joint density of all state variables. A simulation that emulates estimator...targets in clutter and noise from sensed kinematic and identity data. Among the most capable is track - before - detect (TBD), which delivers

Ballistic Missile Defense System (BMDS)

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-12-01

Assessment and Program Evaluation CARD - Cost Analysis Requirements Description CDD - Capability Development Document CLIN - Contract Line Item Number CPD...Estimate RDT&E - Research, Development, Test, and Evaluation SAR - Selected Acquisition Report SCP - Service Cost Position TBD - To Be Determined TY - Then...BMDS December 2015 SAR March 23, 2016 16:29:09 UNCLASSIFIED 5 Mission and Description Mission and Description To develop, test, and field a layered

Defense Acquisitions: Assessments of Selected Weapon Programs

DTIC Science & Technology

2017-03-01

PAC-3 MSE) 81 Warfighter Information Network-Tactical (WIN-T) Increment 2 83 Improved Turbine Engine Program (ITEP) 85 Long Range Precision Fires...Unmanned Air System 05/2018 —- O  Joint Surveillance Target Attack Radar System Recapitalization 10/2017 —- O  Improved Turbine Engine Program TBD...Network-Tactical (WIN-T) Increment 2 83 1-page assessments Improved Turbine Engine Program (ITEP) 85 Long Range Precision Fires (LRPF) 86

Airborne Warning and Control System Block 40/45 Upgrade (AWACS Blk 40/45 Upgrade)

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-12-01

MILCON - Military Construction N /A - Not Applicable O&S - Operating and Support Oth - Other PAUC - Program Acquisition Unit Cost PB - President’s...and Evaluation SAR - Selected Acquisition Report Sch - Schedule Spt - Support TBD - To Be Determined TY - Then Year UCR - Unit Cost Reporting AWACS Blk...Objective and Threshold, and Current Estimate for IOT&E milestone have been corrected from June 2011 to June 2012, to reflect the actual date of

Joint Service Chemical and Biological Defense Program. FY00-02 Overview

DTIC Science & Technology

2001-09-01

Development. Contractors: 12 BI DS Biological Integrated Detection System (BIDS) Lead Service Bio Road HERCULES, CA Bruker Analytical Systems BILLERICA, MA...Dynamics Land Systems Division DETROIT, MI Henschel Wehrtechnik GERMANY Bruker -Franzen GERMANY Block II – TBD Milestones Block I MS III (2QFY94) Block...ground. Accessories include hoses and hose reels, two trigger-controlled spray wands , and two electrical-powered scrub brush assemblies. The M22

Ship to Shore Connector Amphibious Craft (SSC)

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-12-01

M2 .50 Caliber (12.7mm) Machine Gun ...MK19 40mm Grenade Machine Gun and M60/M240 Series 7.62mm Light Machine Gun . TBD The SSC shall provide protection to the crew and internally... Machine Gun , MK19 40mm Grenade Machine Gun and M60/M240 Series 7.62mm Light Machine Gun . Survivability (Sea-Worthiness) T=O The SSC shall be

Vital: Vanguard Investigations of Therapeutic Approaches to Lung Cancer

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-01-01

corresponding AIC values were We analyzed these data sets using different methods . We -106.28, -106.39, and -106.72, respectively. The backward calculated the...old 8 considerable progress in generating 60-70 years old 11 immortalized HBECs from now 36 >70 years old 9 different individuals that were Age TBD 5...Aim 1. We will determine the potential role of different chemopreventive agents [e.g., celecoxib, N-(4- hydroxyphenyl]retinamide (4-HPR), Iressa

Department of the Navy Supporting Data for Fiscal Year 1984 Budget Estimates Descriptive Summaries Submitted to Congress January 1983. Research, Development, Test and Evaluation, Navy. Book 2. Tactical Programs

DTIC Science & Technology

1983-01-01

SUMMARY: (ollars in Thouesands) The changes between the funding profile shown in the FY 1983 Descriptive Summary and that shown in this De ,,criptive...System (ONAV Report Symbol 3960-12 b. I April 1982 MOSC Test Report Joint Tactical Information Distribution System Phase II (Distributed Time De -ision...Vehicle Tricked (LVTP7) 453 - - - 5,728 Product Improvement C0021 Landing Vehicle Tracked-Al - - - 2,848*, TBD TED C0061 Battlefield Surveillance De -vices

Space Fence Ground-Based Radar System Increment 1 (Space Fence Inc 1)

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-12-01

Net - Centric Data Strategy and Net-Centric Services Strategy, and the principles and rules identified in the DoD IEA, excepting tactical and...Centric Data Strategy and Net- Centric Services Strategy, and the principles and rules identified in the DoD IEA, excepting tactical and non-IP...Strategy, and the principles and rules identified in the DoD IEA, excepting tactical and non-IP communi- cations. Compliant with TBD Space Fence must

The California Central Coast Research Partnership: Building Relationships, Partnerships, and Paradigms for University-Industry Research Collaboration

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-03-08

on the Cell Cycle and Development of Sea Urchins NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION (RUI) Lab Technician TBD Adams, Nikki 04-144 08/01/04-07/31/09...376,678 Mass spectroscopy analysis of effects of ultraviolet radiation on the proteome of sea urchin embryos CSUPERB: CSU FACULTY-STUDENT COLLABORATIVE...Development of Sea Urchins NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION (REU) 07-250 06/01/07-07/31/08 $6,000 CHRISTOPHER CLARK Clark, Christopher Moline, Mark Personnel

High Velocity Firings of Slug Projectiles in a Double-Travel 120-MM Gun System

DTIC Science & Technology

1991-04-01

constraints presented by TBD. This charge configuration was then tested using aluminium slug projectiles to avoid the unnecessary expenditure of APFSDS...test projectile was a depleted uranium alloy (U-.75Ti) rod with a standard, four piece, aluminum sabot assembly. The launch package had a nominal...the rod is shown in Figure 2. Figure 2. Scaled, Long Rod Penetrator. Figure 3. Aluminium Slug Projectile. The aluminium slug rounds, fired at Range 18

Octree Bin-to-Bin Fractional-NTC Collisions

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-09-17

Briefing Charts 3. DATES COVERED (From - To) 24 August 2015 – 17 September 2015 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE Octree bin-to-bin fractional -NTC collisions...Standard Form 298 (Rev. 8-98) Prescribed by ANSI Std. 239.18 OCTREE BIN-TO-BIN FRACTIONAL -NTC COLLISIONS Robert Martin ERC INC., SPACECRAFT PROPULSION...AFTC/PA clearance No. TBD ROBERT MARTIN (AFRL/RQRS) DISTRIBUTION A: APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE 1 / 15 OUTLINE 1 BACKGROUND 2 FRACTIONAL COLLISIONS 3 BIN

Novel cross-linked polystyrenes with large space network as tailor-made catalyst supports for sustainable media

DOE PAGES

Marrocchi, Assunta; Adriaensens, Peter; Bartollini, Elena; ...

2015-10-09

For a novel class of polystyrene-based gel-type resins (SPACeR, SP), containing the large 1,4-bis (4-vinylphenoxy)benzene cross-linker, is introduced; SP-immobilized 1,5,7-triazabicyclo [4.4.0]dec-5-ene (TBD) and triethylamine (TEA) bases are synthesized and characterized in terms of their structural, thermal and morphological features, and their catalytic efficiency in a series of fundamental chemical transformations under solvent-free conditions is investigated.

Reflections on the nature of genius: on the 300th anniversay of Mikhail Lomonosov (1711-1765)

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Shiltsev, V.; /Fermilab

2012-02-01

This presentation goes beyond celebratory narration of the life and scientific achievements of Russia's first modern scientist Mikhail Vasilievich Lomonosov (1711-1765). Coming from the notion of complexity of sciences, we introduce 'a genius formula' G = TBD for semi-qualitative evaluation of a person's impact on the society, distinguish two type of geniuses, give several examples and draw general conclusions. The work largely follows presentation at the Fermilab Colloquium in November of 2011.

Rapid, Value-based, Evolutionary Acquisition and Its Application to a USMC Tactical Service Oriented Architecture

DTIC Science & Technology

2009-06-01

Availability C2PC Command and Control Personal Computer CAS Close Air Support CCA Clinger-Cohen Act CDR Critical Design Review CJCSI Chairman of the Joint... kids , Jackie and Anna and my future boy whose name is TBD, I think my time at NPS has made me a better person and hopefully a better father. Thank... can the USMC apply the essential principles of rapid, value-based, evolutionary acquisition to the development and procurement of a TSOA? 4 THIS

A Study of Enabling Factors for Rapid Fielding: Combined Practices to Balance Speed and Stability

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-05-01

as contributors to the success of Agile projects, such as Scrum status meetings, continuous integration, test-driven development, etc. A second...Management Approach Type Product Size Team Size Sprint length / Prod Release Cycle A-P1 Pre- release Scrum Case management system ᝺M...SLOC 10-20 2 weeks/ TBD B-P1 12 years Scrum Analysis support system ᝺M SLOC 10-20 2 weeks/ 6 months – 1 year C-P1 3 years Scrum Training

Short-Time Mass Variation in Natural Atmospheric Dust.

DTIC Science & Technology

1979-11-01

many years. When the Krakatoa volcano in the South Pacific erupted in 1883, ejecting tons of dust into the high atmosphere, people from many parts of the...Flight Center, AL 35812 Commander Naval Ocean Systems Center (Code 4473) Commander ATTN: Technical Library US Army Missile R&D Command San Diego, CA...PO Box 67 ATTN: DRDMI-TBD APO San Francisco, CA 96555 US Army Missile R&D Command Redstone Arsenal, AL 35809 Director NOAA/ERL/APCL R31 Commander RB3

Avionics Interface Data Summaries: A-10A, EF-111A, F-4E, F-4G, F-15A, F- 16A, F-111A, F-111E, F-111F, RF-4C

DTIC Science & Technology

1979-10-01

AIRCRAFT Flight Control ASA-32( ) Flight Director Computer TBD (Same as non -ARN-101 equipped F-4E aircraft) Air Data Computer CPK-92/A24G-34 Attitude...below. A two-inch separation between cable types is arbitrarily set as a minimum design goal. 3.2.6.4.1 Power and Control Circuits. Roucing and channel...plan in accordance with MIL-STD-461A(3) shall be the controlling document for EMIC design . 3.2.7.1 Design Reuire-nents. The generation of and suscepti

Ground/Air Task Oriented Radar (G/ATOR)

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-12-01

Identification (Block 1) (Applicable to Block 4 G/ATOR December 2015 SAR March 18, 2016 06:47:59 UNCLASSIFIED 12 Integrate IFF Mode 5 ( Level 3) and Mode S... Level 3) Integrate IFF Mode 5 ( Level 3) and Mode S ( Level 3) Growth - Block 4. AD/SR shall integrate MK XIIA IFF Mode 5 ( Level 2) capabilities...and Mode S ( level 2) TBD Integrate IFF Mode 5 ( Level 3) and Mode S ( Level 3) Tier 1: Logistics Tier 2: 0perational Contract Support Sustainment

MQ-4C Triton Unmanned Aircraft System (MQ-4C Triton)

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-12-01

will respond to theater level operational or national strategic taskings. MQ-4C Triton December 2015 SAR March 23, 2016 15:26:01 UNCLASSIFIED 6...88% at a mission radius of 2,000 nm Level of Interoperability 1-5 BLOS and LOS from MOB/ FOB (Land Based) MCS BLOS and LOS from MOB/ FOB (Land...MCS UA Mission Radius >=3,000 nm >=3,000 nm >=2,000 nm TBD >=2,000 nm Level Of Interoperability 2 Capability LOS/BLOS multi-ISR payload reception to

Multiferroic homochiral metal-organic framework.

PubMed

Ye, Qiong; Fu, Da-Wei; Tian, Hang; Xiong, Ren-Gen; Chan, Philip Wai Hong; Huang, Songping D

2008-02-04

The hydrothermal reaction of (L)-ethyl lactate (Lig-Et) with Tb(ClO(4))(3).6H(2)O gives colorless block (Lig)(2)Tb(H(2)O)(2)(ClO(4)) (1), in which 1 displays a laminar 2D framework. Ferroelectric and magnetic property measurements reveal that 1 probably is the first example of two "ferroic" metal-organic frameworks. Ferroelectricity of its analogue, (Lig)(2)Tb(D(2)O)(2)(ClO(4)) (2), further confirms the presence of the ferroelectric deuterium effect.

Persistence of Antibiotic Resistance Plasmids in Biofilms

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-10-01

Gut )of)louse ATCC no no moderate + TBD,)NR Escherichia+coli ATCC)8739 Complete 4.75 0 NR Feces ATCC no no poor + M3... disinfection  before  the  start  of  the  experiments.  The  routine  procedure   of   running   diluted   bleach   through...overnight   disinfection ,  followed  by  an   additional  2  liters  the  following  day.       • We  plate  and

Peri-urbanisation, counter-urbanisation, and an extension of residential exposure to ticks: a clue to the trends in Lyme borreliosis incidence in the Czech Republic?

PubMed

Zeman, Petr; Benes, Cestmir

2014-10-01

The incidence of tick-borne human diseases (TBD) in the Czech Republic (CZ) is on the increase, driven by infections increasingly acquired in residential locations, earlier in spring and later in autumn, and among children and the elderly. To interpret these trends, data on Lyme borreliosis (LB) incidence between 1997 and 2010 were analysed in the context of population migration flows registered in the CZ during the same period. Analysis showed that a migration stream of families with children, and of the elderly, flowed from more urbanized and densely populated localities to those more rural and less populated, where the chance of acquiring LB in the home vicinity was greater than in the urban settings. By contrast, a stream of people in the life phase between early adulthood and family formation flowed reversely, corresponding to a prominent absence of this age category from the patient spectrum. The data further showed that the more the residential exposure became prevalent, the more people were in year-round (rather than in summertime only) contact with ticks, which accounts for an extension of the cases' seasonal distribution as well as for an overall increase in case numbers. Finally, the fact that majority of the urban-to-rural migrants could be categorised as wealthier people could explain the previously noticed lack of low-status people among TBD patients in the CZ. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.

Regulatory Guidance for Permeable Reactive Barriers Designed to Remediate Chlorinated Solvents

DTIC Science & Technology

1999-12-01

Polyethylene 4ºC 48h Alkalinity 310.1 100mL Polyethylene 4ºC 14d Other TDS 160.2 100 mL Glass, Plastic 4ºC 7d TSS 160.1 100 mL Glass, Plastic 4ºC 7d TOC 415.1...Resource Conservation and Recovery Act SO4 sulfate TBD to be determined TCE trichloroethene, trichloroethylene TDS total dissolved solids TOC total organic...Center ( DFC ) funnel-and-gate system. The aquifer at DFC consists of three lithologic units of decreasing permeability with depth: alluvium, weathered

A phenomenological molecular model for yielding and brittle-ductile transition of polymer glasses

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, Shi-Qing; Cheng, Shiwang; Lin, Panpan; Li, Xiaoxiao

2014-09-01

This work formulates, at a molecular level, a phenomenological theoretical description of the brittle-ductile transition (BDT) in tensile extension, exhibited by all polymeric glasses of high molecular weight (MW). The starting point is our perception of a polymer glass (under large deformation) as a structural hybrid, consisting of a primary structure due to the van der Waals bonding and a chain network whose junctions are made of pairs of hairpins and function like chemical crosslinks due to the intermolecular uncrossability. During extension, load-bearing strands (LBSs) emerge between the junctions in the affinely strained chain network. Above the BDT, i.e., at "warmer" temperatures where the glass is less vitreous, the influence of the chain network reaches out everywhere by activating all segments populated transversely between LBSs, starting from those adjacent to LBSs. It is the chain network that drives the primary structure to undergo yielding and plastic flow. Below the BDT, the glassy state is too vitreous to yield before the chain network suffers a structural breakdown. Thus, brittle failure becomes inevitable. For any given polymer glass of high MW, there is one temperature TBD or a very narrow range of temperature where the yielding of the glass barely takes place as the chain network also reaches the point of a structural failure. This is the point of the BDT. A theoretical analysis of the available experimental data reveals that (a) chain pullout occurs at the BDT when the chain tension builds up to reach a critical value fcp during tensile extension; (b) the limiting value of fcp, extrapolated to far below the glass transition temperature Tg, is of a universal magnitude around 0.2-0.3 nN, for all eight polymers examined in this work; (c) pressurization, which is known [K. Matsushige, S. V. Radcliffe, and E. Baer, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 20, 1853 (1976)] to make brittle polystyrene (PS) and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) ductile at room temperature

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Ghosh, S.K.; Zambrano, E.

The Trujillo Formation, overlying the Paleocene Cerro Verde and Valle Hondo formations, reveals a turbiditic origin in a lowstand shelf-edge and bathyal setting in two excellent road sections on the Valera-Carache road and many creek sections. The basal outcrop shows well developed fining upward (FU) sequences of proximal channel turbidite and overbank origin (abandonment phase) and minor coarsening upward (CU) sequences representing progradational pulse in overbank areas. The FU (and thinning-upward) sequence, overlying a shale, consists of: (a) basal stacked conglomeratic arenites (probably inner fan channels) with graded beds, imbricate casts and transported shells; (b) a sand/shale alternating unit (channelmore » margin/interchannel) with flame structure, lenticular bedding, infrequent Tb-d Sequence, rippled flats, and rare Planolites; and (c) a dark shale (overbank-interchannel lows) with scarce Chondrites and Scaladtuba traces. The CU sequence consists of thickening-upward heterolithic facies overlain by lenticular stacked pebbly arenites. The upper unit exposed near Puente Gomez is a typical progradational lobe starting with a basal shale, with intraformational diastems and slumped beds, and Tb-d and Tb-e sequences in thin intercalated sandstones; a heterolithic facies with flute/groove casts, Planolites, Thalassinoides and Neonereites occurs between the shale and a thick cross-stratified sandstone at the top. This CU lobe sequence is discordantly(?) overlain by a thin wedge of massive bedded pebbly sandstones of Middle Eocene(?) Misoa Formation. Unlike the southwesterly sourced subsurface turbidites, those in this area were probably sourced from both the south and north, though locally the southern source might have been more important.« less

Tick-Borne Diseases in Turkey: A Review Based on One Health Perspective.

PubMed

Inci, Abdullah; Yildirim, Alparslan; Duzlu, Onder; Doganay, Mehmet; Aksoy, Serap

2016-12-01

The importance of tick-borne diseases is increasing all over the world, including Turkey. Global warming, environmental and ecological changes and the existence of suitable habitats increase the impact of ticks and result in frequent emergence or re-emergence of tick-borne diseases (TBDs) with zoonotic characteristics. In Turkey, almost 19 TBDs have been reported in animals and men, involving four protozoa (babesiosis, theileriosis, cytauxzoonosis, hepatozoonosis), one filarial nematode (acanthocheilonemasis), ten bacterial agents (anaplasmosis, ehrlichiosis, aegyptianellosis, tick-borne typhus, Candidatus Rickettsia vini, Lyme borreliosis, tick-borne relapsing fever [TBRF], tularaemia, bartonellosis, and hemoplasmosis), and four viral infections (tick-borne encephalitis [TBE], Crimean-Congo Haemorrhagic Fever [CCHF], louping-ill [LI], and lumpy skin disease [LSD]). The growing number of TBD cases, in particular the fatal viral epidemics in humans, have led to increased public awareness and concern against TBDs in recent years. The World Health Organization (WHO) has developed a new political concept, called the "One Health" initiative, which is especially relevant for developing strategies against tick infestations and TBD control in humans and animals. It would be beneficial for Turkey to adopt this new strategy and establish specific research and control programs in coordination with international organizations like WHO, the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE), the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and the European Center for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) to combat TBDs based on the "One Health Initiative" concept. In this article, we review the occurrence of primary TBDs in man and animals in Turkey in light of the "One Health" perspective.

Track-Before-Detect Algorithm for Faint Moving Objects based on Random Sampling and Consensus

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dao, P.; Rast, R.; Schlaegel, W.; Schmidt, V.; Dentamaro, A.

2014-09-01

There are many algorithms developed for tracking and detecting faint moving objects in congested backgrounds. One obvious application is detection of targets in images where each pixel corresponds to the received power in a particular location. In our application, a visible imager operated in stare mode observes geostationary objects as fixed, stars as moving and non-geostationary objects as drifting in the field of view. We would like to achieve high sensitivity detection of the drifters. The ability to improve SNR with track-before-detect (TBD) processing, where target information is collected and collated before the detection decision is made, allows respectable performance against dim moving objects. Generally, a TBD algorithm consists of a pre-processing stage that highlights potential targets and a temporal filtering stage. However, the algorithms that have been successfully demonstrated, e.g. Viterbi-based and Bayesian-based, demand formidable processing power and memory. We propose an algorithm that exploits the quasi constant velocity of objects, the predictability of the stellar clutter and the intrinsically low false alarm rate of detecting signature candidates in 3-D, based on an iterative method called "RANdom SAmple Consensus” and one that can run real-time on a typical PC. The technique is tailored for searching objects with small telescopes in stare mode. Our RANSAC-MT (Moving Target) algorithm estimates parameters of a mathematical model (e.g., linear motion) from a set of observed data which contains a significant number of outliers while identifying inliers. In the pre-processing phase, candidate blobs were selected based on morphology and an intensity threshold that would normally generate unacceptable level of false alarms. The RANSAC sampling rejects candidates that conform to the predictable motion of the stars. Data collected with a 17 inch telescope by AFRL/RH and a COTS lens/EM-CCD sensor by the AFRL/RD Satellite Assessment Center is

U.S. public's experience with ticks and tick-borne diseases: Results from national HealthStyles surveys.

PubMed

Hook, Sarah A; Nelson, Christina A; Mead, Paul S

2015-06-01

Surveillance data indicate that tick-borne diseases (TBDs) are a substantial public health problem in the United States, yet information on the frequency of tick exposure and TBD awareness and prevention practices among the general population is limited. The objective of this study was to gain a more complete understanding of the U.S. public's experience with TBDs using data from annual, nationally representative HealthStyles surveys. There were 4728 respondents in 2009, 4050 in 2011, and 3503 in 2012. Twenty-one percent of respondents reported that a household member found a tick on his or her body during the previous year; of these, 10.1% reported consultation with a health care provider as a result. Overall, 63.7% of respondents reported that Lyme disease (LD) occurs in the area where they live, including 49.4% of respondents from the West South Central and 51.1% from the Mountain regions where LD does not occur. Conversely, in the New England and Mid-Atlantic regions where LD, anaplasmosis, and babesiosis are common, 13.9% and 20.8% of respondents, respectively, reported either that no TBDs occur in their area or that they had not heard of any of these diseases. The majority of respondents (51.2%) reported that they did not routinely take any personal prevention steps against tick bites during warm weather. Results from these surveys indicate that exposure to ticks is common and awareness of LD is widespread. Nevertheless, use of TBD prevention measures is relatively infrequent among the U.S. public, highlighting the need to better understand barriers to use of prevention measures. Published by Elsevier GmbH.

Seroprevalence of Babesia microti in Individuals with Lyme Disease.

PubMed

Curcio, Sabino R; Tria, Laurel P; Gucwa, Azad L

2016-12-01

Babesiosis is an emerging tick-borne disease (TBD) caused by Babesia microti, an intracellular parasite of red blood cells. Currently, it is the highest ranked pathogen transmitted by blood transfusion. Most healthy individuals infected with B. microti are asymptomatic, but may be at risk for chronic infection. Similar to Lyme disease transmitted by Borrelia burgdorferi, B. microti is spread by Ixodes scapularis ticks. The rate of coinfection with these TBDs in humans is unclear as most studies have focused their prevalence in ticks or rodent reservoirs. In this study, we aimed to determine the seroprevalence of B. microti infection in individuals who tested positive for Lyme disease. Serum samples obtained from 130 subjects in New York were tested by immunofluorescence assay (IFA) for the presence of IgM and IgG antibodies against B. microti. Overall, 26.9% of the serum samples tested were positive for IgM and IgG antibodies against B. microti, suggesting exposure to TBD. Individuals who tested positive for Lyme disease as determined by two-tiered serological testing and the presence of both IgM and IgG antibodies directed against B. burgdorferi, were significantly increased for antibodies directed against B. microti (28.6%; p < 0.05), suggesting the possibility of coinfection with both TBDs. In contrast, the Lyme disease-negative control group had only 6.7% of samples seropositive for B. microti. These findings suggest the need for more extensive studies investigating infection rates with multiple TBDs in areas where they are endemic and further support for the need to implement an FDA-approved screening test for blood products to help prevent transfusion-transmitted babesiosis.

Tick-Borne Diseases in Turkey: A Review Based on One Health Perspective

PubMed Central

Yildirim, Alparslan; Duzlu, Onder; Doganay, Mehmet; Aksoy, Serap

2016-01-01

The importance of tick-borne diseases is increasing all over the world, including Turkey. Global warming, environmental and ecological changes and the existence of suitable habitats increase the impact of ticks and result in frequent emergence or re-emergence of tick-borne diseases (TBDs) with zoonotic characteristics. In Turkey, almost 19 TBDs have been reported in animals and men, involving four protozoa (babesiosis, theileriosis, cytauxzoonosis, hepatozoonosis), one filarial nematode (acanthocheilonemasis), ten bacterial agents (anaplasmosis, ehrlichiosis, aegyptianellosis, tick-borne typhus, Candidatus Rickettsia vini, Lyme borreliosis, tick-borne relapsing fever [TBRF], tularaemia, bartonellosis, and hemoplasmosis), and four viral infections (tick-borne encephalitis [TBE], Crimean-Congo Haemorrhagic Fever [CCHF], louping-ill [LI], and lumpy skin disease [LSD]). The growing number of TBD cases, in particular the fatal viral epidemics in humans, have led to increased public awareness and concern against TBDs in recent years. The World Health Organization (WHO) has developed a new political concept, called the “One Health” initiative, which is especially relevant for developing strategies against tick infestations and TBD control in humans and animals. It would be beneficial for Turkey to adopt this new strategy and establish specific research and control programs in coordination with international organizations like WHO, the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE), the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and the European Center for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) to combat TBDs based on the “One Health Initiative” concept. In this article, we review the occurrence of primary TBDs in man and animals in Turkey in light of the “One Health” perspective. PMID:27977689

One-Pot Preparation of Dimethyl Isosorbide from d-Sorbitol via Dimethyl Carbonate Chemistry.

PubMed

Aricò, F; Aldoshin, A S; Tundo, P

2017-01-10

Direct synthesis of dimethyl isosorbide (DMI) from d-sorbitol via dimethyl carbonate (DMC) chemistry is herein first reported. High yield of DMI was achieved using the nitrogen superbase 1,5,7-triazabicyclo[4.4.0]dec-5-ene (TBD) as catalyst and performing the reaction in a stainless steel autoclave by increasing the temperature from 90 to 200 °C. In this procedure, DMC features its full capacity acting in the different steps of the process as carboxymethylating, leaving-group (cyclization), and methylating agent; DMC is also employed as the reaction media. © 2017 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Prevalence, risk factors, and genetic diversity of veterinary important tick-borne pathogens in cattle from Rhipicephalus microplus-invaded and non-invaded areas of Benin.

PubMed

Adjou Moumouni, Paul Franck; Aplogan, Gilbert Luc; Katahira, Hirotaka; Gao, Yang; Guo, Huanping; Efstratiou, Artemis; Jirapattharasate, Charoonluk; Wang, Guanbo; Liu, Mingming; Ringo, Aaron Edmond; Umemiya-Shirafuji, Rika; Suzuki, Hiroshi; Xuan, Xuenan

2018-03-01

Babesiosis, theileriosis, anaplasmosis, and heartwater are tick-borne diseases (TBD) that threaten livestock production in sub-Saharan Africa including Benin. This country has been faced with an invasion of Rhipicephalus microplus, a major vector for babesiosis, theileriosis, and anaplasmosis over the last decade. Yet, data on TBD and the impact of the invasive ticks are lacking, making risk level evaluation and disease control arduous. In this study, epidemiological features of Babesia bovis, B. bigemina, Theileria spp., Anaplasma marginale and Ehrlichia ruminantium infections in Benin cattle were investigated in R. microplus-invaded and non-invaded areas. Detection of pathogens was based on species-specific PCR assays and resulting data were used to identify risk factors. Genetic diversity and phylogenies were then evaluated using several markers. Out of 207 samples examined, 170 (82.1%), 109 (52.7%), 42 (20.3%) 24 (11.6%) and 1 (0.5%) were positive for T. mutans, A. marginale, B. bigemina, B. bovis and E. ruminantium, respectively. Animal gender (for B. bovis), exposure to R. microplus (for B. bigemina and A. marginale), animal age (for B. bigemina and A. marginale) and cattle breed and/or antiprotozoal treatment (for T. mutants) significantly modulated pathogen occurrence. In addition, R. microplus exposure was significantly related to co-infection patterns and cases of clinical theileriosis and/or anaplasmosis were recorded among cattle highly exposed to the tick. In the genetic characterization, Theileria spp. and E. ruminantium sequences were conserved. Babesia spp. and A. marginale, however, showed high sequence polymorphisms that indicate the presence of several strains and may be linked to R. microplus invasion. Taken together, these results ascertain the endemicity of tick-borne infections in Benin and suggest that the characteristics of Babesia spp. and A. marginale infections in R. microplus-invaded and non-invaded areas are different. Copyright �

Knowledge-based tracking algorithm

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Corbeil, Allan F.; Hawkins, Linda J.; Gilgallon, Paul F.

1990-10-01

This paper describes the Knowledge-Based Tracking (KBT) algorithm for which a real-time flight test demonstration was recently conducted at Rome Air Development Center (RADC). In KBT processing, the radar signal in each resolution cell is thresholded at a lower than normal setting to detect low RCS targets. This lower threshold produces a larger than normal false alarm rate. Therefore, additional signal processing including spectral filtering, CFAR and knowledge-based acceptance testing are performed to eliminate some of the false alarms. TSC's knowledge-based Track-Before-Detect (TBD) algorithm is then applied to the data from each azimuth sector to detect target tracks. In this algorithm, tentative track templates are formed for each threshold crossing and knowledge-based association rules are applied to the range, Doppler, and azimuth measurements from successive scans. Lastly, an M-association out of N-scan rule is used to declare a detection. This scan-to-scan integration enhances the probability of target detection while maintaining an acceptably low output false alarm rate. For a real-time demonstration of the KBT algorithm, the L-band radar in the Surveillance Laboratory (SL) at RADC was used to illuminate a small Cessna 310 test aircraft. The received radar signal wa digitized and processed by a ST-100 Array Processor and VAX computer network in the lab. The ST-100 performed all of the radar signal processing functions, including Moving Target Indicator (MTI) pulse cancelling, FFT Doppler filtering, and CFAR detection. The VAX computers performed the remaining range-Doppler clustering, beamsplitting and TBD processing functions. The KBT algorithm provided a 9.5 dB improvement relative to single scan performance with a nominal real time delay of less than one second between illumination and display.

Diorganosilacetylene-alt-diorganosilvinylene polymers and a process densifying porous silicon-carbide bodies

DOEpatents

Barton, Thomas J.; Ijadi-Maghsoodi, Sina; Pang, Yi

1994-05-17

The present invention provides linear organosilicon polymers including acetylene and vinylene moieties, and a process for their preparation. These diorganosilacetylene-alt-diorganosilvinylene linear polymers can be represented by the formula: --[--(R.sup.1)(R.sup.2)Si--C.tbd.C--(R.sup.3)(R.sup.4)Si--CH=CH--].sub.n-- , wherein n.gtoreq.2; and each R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, and R.sup.4 is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, and aralkyl radicals. The polymers are soluble in organic solvents, air stable, and can be pulled into fibers or cast into films. They can be thermally converted into silicon carbide ceramic materials.

Diorganosilacetylene-alt-diorganosilvinylene polymers and a process of preparation

DOEpatents

Barton, Thomas J.; Ijadi-Maghsoodi, Sina; Pang, Yi

1995-10-10

The present invention provides linear organosilicon polymers including acetylene and vinylene moieties, and a process for their preparation. These diorganosilacetylene-alt-diorganosilvinylene linear polymers can be represented by the formula: --[--(R.sup.1)(R.sup.2)Si--C.tbd.C--(R.sup.3)(R.sup.4)Si--CH.dbd.CH--].sub .n --, wherein n.gtoreq.2; and each R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, and R.sup.4 is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, and aralkyl radicals. The polymers are soluble in organic solvents, air stable, and can be pulled into fibers or cast into films. They can be thermally converted into silicon carbide ceramic materials.

The molecular genetics of the telomere biology disorders.

PubMed

Bertuch, Alison A

2016-08-02

The importance of telomere function for human health is exemplified by a collection of Mendelian disorders referred to as the telomere biology disorders (TBDs), telomeropathies, or syndromes of telomere shortening. Collectively, the TBDs cover a spectrum of conditions from multisystem disease presenting in infancy to isolated disease presentations in adulthood, most notably idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Eleven genes have been found mutated in the TBDs to date, each of which is linked to some aspect of telomere maintenance. This review summarizes the molecular defects that result from mutations in these genes, highlighting recent advances, including the addition of PARN to the TBD gene family and the discovery of heterozygous mutations in RTEL1 as a cause of familial pulmonary fibrosis.

Ixodes scapularis Tick Saliva Proteins Sequentially Secreted Every 24 h during Blood Feeding

PubMed Central

Pinto, Antônio F. M.; Moresco, James; Yates, John R.; da Silva Vaz, Itabajara; Mulenga, Albert

2016-01-01

Ixodes scapularis is the most medically important tick species and transmits five of the 14 reportable human tick borne disease (TBD) agents in the USA. This study describes LC-MS/MS identification of 582 tick- and 83 rabbit proteins in saliva of I. scapularis ticks that fed for 24, 48, 72, 96, and 120 h, as well as engorged but not detached (BD), and spontaneously detached (SD). The 582 tick proteins include proteases (5.7%), protease inhibitors (7.4%), unknown function proteins (22%), immunity/antimicrobial (2.6%), lipocalin (3.1%), heme/iron binding (2.6%), extracellular matrix/ cell adhesion (2.2%), oxidant metabolism/ detoxification (6%), transporter/ receptor related (3.2%), cytoskeletal (5.5%), and housekeeping-like (39.7%). Notable observations include: (i) tick saliva proteins of unknown function accounting for >33% of total protein content, (ii) 79% of proteases are metalloproteases, (iii) 13% (76/582) of proteins in this study were found in saliva of other tick species and, (iv) ticks apparently selectively inject functionally similar but unique proteins every 24 h, which we speculate is the tick's antigenic variation equivalent strategy to protect important tick feeding functions from host immune system. The host immune responses to proteins present in 24 h I. scapularis saliva will not be effective at later feeding stages. Rabbit proteins identified in our study suggest the tick's strategic use of host proteins to modulate the feeding site. Notably fibrinogen, which is central to blood clotting and wound healing, was detected in high abundance in BD and SD saliva, when the tick is preparing to terminate feeding and detach from the host. A remarkable tick adaptation is that the feeding lesion is completely healed when the tick detaches from the host. Does the tick concentrate fibrinogen at the feeding site to aide in promoting healing of the feeding lesion? Overall, these data provide broad insight into molecular mechanisms regulating different tick

Development and Validation of a Serologic Test Panel for Detection of Powassan Virus Infection in U.S. Patients Residing in Regions Where Lyme Disease Is Endemic.

PubMed

Thomm, Angela M; Schotthoefer, Anna M; Dupuis, Alan P; Kramer, Laura D; Frost, Holly M; Fritsche, Thomas R; Harrington, Yvette A; Knox, Konstance K; Kehl, Sue C

2018-01-01

Powassan virus (POWV) is an emerging tick-borne arbovirus presenting a public health threat in North America. POWV lineage II, also known as deer tick virus, is the strain of the virus most frequently found in Ixodes scapularis ticks and is implicated in most cases of POWV encephalitis in the United States. Currently, no commercial tests are available to detect POWV exposure in tick-borne disease (TBD) patients. We describe here the development and analytical validation of a serologic test panel to detect POWV infections. The panel uses an indirect enzyme immunoassay (EIA) to screen. EIA-positive samples reflex to a laboratory-developed, POWV-specific immunofluorescence assay (IFA). The analytical sensitivity of the test panel was 89%, and the limit of detection was a plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT) titer of 1:20. The analytical specificity was 100% for the IgM assay and 65% for the IgG assay when heterologous-flavivirus-positive samples were tested. On samples collected from regions where Lyme disease is endemic, seroprevalence for POWV in TBD samples was 9.4% (10 of 106) versus 2% when tested with non-TBD samples (2 of 100, P = 0.034). No evidence of POWV infection was seen in samples collected from a region where Lyme disease was not endemic (0 of 22). This test panel provides a sensitive and specific platform for detecting a serologic response to POWV early in the course of infection when neutralizing antibodies may not be detectable. Combined with clinical history, the panel is an effective tool for identifying acute POWV infection. IMPORTANCE Approximately 100 cases of POWV disease were reported in the United States over the past 10 years. Most cases have occurred in the Northeast (52) and Great Lakes (45) regions (https://www.cdc.gov/powassan/statistics.html). The prevalence of POWV in ticks and mammals is increasing, and POWV poses an increasing threat in a greater geographical range. In areas of the Northeast and Midwest where Lyme disease is

Dinuclear (d(3)-d(3)) Diolate Complexes of Molybdenum and Tungsten. 2.(1) Derivatives of 2,2'-Methylenebis(6-tert-butyl-4-methylphenoxide). Direct Observation of the Conversion of Bridged to Chelate Isomers (M = Mo) and Reversible Carbon-Hydrogen Bond Oxidative Addition (M = W).

PubMed

Chisholm, Malcolm H.; Huang, Jui-Hsien; Huffman, John C.; Parkin, Ivan P.

1997-04-09

Hydrocarbon solutions of Mo(2)(NMe(2))(6) and 2,2'-methylenebis(6-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol) (>/=2 equiv), HO&ndblwave;CH(2)&ndblwave;OH, yield Mo(2)(NMe(2))(2)(O&ndblwave;CH(2)&ndblwave;O)(2), I, which exists in bridged Ib and chelated Ic isomers. These are formed under kinetic control, and recrystallization allows the separation of Ib (orange cubes) from Ic (yellow cubes) both of which have been crystallographically characterized. In each there is an ethane-like O(2)NMo&tbd1;MoO(2)N core with Mo-Mo = 2.2 Å (average). In Ib the two O&ndblwave;CH(2)&ndblwave;O ligands span the Mo&tbd1;Mo bond yielding a molecule of C(2) symmetry. In Ic the molecule has near-C(2) symmetry in the solid state, but in solution there is either rapid rotation about the M&tbd1;M bond or the anti-rotamer is preferred. In benzene-d(6), Ib and Ic do not interconvert at 110 degrees C over a period of days. However, the addition of pyridine or acetonitrile causes the isomerization of Ib to Ic, thereby establishing that Ic is the thermodynamic isomer. The rate of conversion of Ib to Ic has been shown to be dependent on the square of the concentration of added pyridine: k(obs) = k[py](2). From the temperature dependence of k(obs), we determine DeltaH() = 19 (+/-1) kcal/mol and DeltaS() = -25 (+/-3) eu for the pyridine-promoted isomerization of Ib to Ic. The related reaction involving W(2)(NMe(2))(6) and HO&ndblwave;CH(2)&ndblwave;OH (>/=2 equiv) in hydrocarbon solvents at room temperature and below yields a dark brown crystalline compound, wherein C-H activation has occurred at one of the O&ndblwave;CH(2)&ndblwave;O diolate ligands, W(2)(&mgr;-H)(&mgr;-NMe(2))(NMe(2))(eta(2)-O&ndblwave;CH(2)&ndblwave;O)(eta(3)-O&ndblwave;CH&ndblwave;O)(HNMe(2)), 2. The W-W distance in 2 is 2.495(1) Å, consistent with a (W=W)(8+) core. Heating 2 in the solid-state under a dynamic vacuum leads to the elimination of HNMe(2) and the formation of 3, W(2)(NMe(2))(2)(eta(2)-O&ndblwave;CH(2)&ndblwave;O)(2), an analog

Development and Validation of a Serologic Test Panel for Detection of Powassan Virus Infection in U.S. Patients Residing in Regions Where Lyme Disease Is Endemic

PubMed Central

Thomm, Angela M.; Schotthoefer, Anna M.; Dupuis, Alan P.; Kramer, Laura D.; Frost, Holly M.; Fritsche, Thomas R.; Harrington, Yvette A.; Knox, Konstance K.

2018-01-01

ABSTRACT Powassan virus (POWV) is an emerging tick-borne arbovirus presenting a public health threat in North America. POWV lineage II, also known as deer tick virus, is the strain of the virus most frequently found in Ixodes scapularis ticks and is implicated in most cases of POWV encephalitis in the United States. Currently, no commercial tests are available to detect POWV exposure in tick-borne disease (TBD) patients. We describe here the development and analytical validation of a serologic test panel to detect POWV infections. The panel uses an indirect enzyme immunoassay (EIA) to screen. EIA-positive samples reflex to a laboratory-developed, POWV-specific immunofluorescence assay (IFA). The analytical sensitivity of the test panel was 89%, and the limit of detection was a plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT) titer of 1:20. The analytical specificity was 100% for the IgM assay and 65% for the IgG assay when heterologous-flavivirus-positive samples were tested. On samples collected from regions where Lyme disease is endemic, seroprevalence for POWV in TBD samples was 9.4% (10 of 106) versus 2% when tested with non-TBD samples (2 of 100, P = 0.034). No evidence of POWV infection was seen in samples collected from a region where Lyme disease was not endemic (0 of 22). This test panel provides a sensitive and specific platform for detecting a serologic response to POWV early in the course of infection when neutralizing antibodies may not be detectable. Combined with clinical history, the panel is an effective tool for identifying acute POWV infection. IMPORTANCE Approximately 100 cases of POWV disease were reported in the United States over the past 10 years. Most cases have occurred in the Northeast (52) and Great Lakes (45) regions (https://www.cdc.gov/powassan/statistics.html). The prevalence of POWV in ticks and mammals is increasing, and POWV poses an increasing threat in a greater geographical range. In areas of the Northeast and Midwest where Lyme

Molecular characterization of Mycobacterium orygis isolates from wild animals of Nepal.

PubMed

Thapa, Jeewan; Nakajima, Chie; Maharjan, Bhagwan; Poudell, Ajay; Suzuki, Yasuhiko

2015-08-01

Mycobacterium orygis, a new member of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex, was isolated from a captive spotted deer (Axis axis) and a blue bull (Boselaphus tragocamelus) in Nepal. Analyses by spoligotyping, mycobacterial interspersed repetitive units-variable number of tandem repeats (MIRU-VNTR) typing, region of difference and single nucleotide polymorphism of genes gyrB, mmpL6, TbD1, PPE55 and Rv2042c confirmed the isolates as M. orygis. Moreover, analyses by spoligotyping (SIT587) as well as MIRU-VNTR showed that the isolates shared a similar pattern with many reported isolates. From previous and the present studies, it can be inferred that South Asia is one of the endemic regions for M. orygis. Further investigation including a larger sample size and different host interaction will help to understand the ecology and epidemiology of M. orygis in Nepal.

Microgravity

NASA Image and Video Library

2001-06-05

This computer-generated image depicts the Materials Science Research Rack-1 (MSRR-1) being developed by NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center and the European Space Agency (ESA) for placement in the Destiny laboratory module aboard the International Space Station. The rack is part of the plarned Materials Science Research Facility (MSRF) and is expected to include two furnace module inserts, a Quench Module Insert (being developed by NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center) to study directional solidification in rapidly cooled alloys and a Diffusion Module Insert (being developed by the European Space Agency) to study crystal growth, and a transparent furnace (being developed by NASA's Space Product Development program). Multi-user equipment in the rack is being developed under the auspices of NASA's Office of Biological and Physical Research (OBPR) and ESA. Key elements are labeled in other images (0101754, 0101830, and TBD).

CSUNSat-1 CubeSat – ELaNa XVII

NASA Image and Video Library

2017-04-04

The primary mission of CSUNSat1 is to space test an innovative low temperature capable energy storage system developed by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, raising its TRL level to 7 from 4 to 5. The success of this energy storage system will enable future missions, especially those in deep space to do more science while requiring less energy, mass and volume. This CubeSat was designed, built, programmed, and tested by a team of over 70 engineering and computer science students at CSUN.  The primary source of funding for CSUNSat1 comes from NASA’s Smallest Technology Partnership program. Launched by NASA’s CubeSat Launch Initiative on the NET April 18, 2017 ELaNa XVII mission on the seventh Orbital-ATK Cygnus Commercial Resupply Services (OA-7) to the International Space Station and deployed on tbd.

Performance and Life Tests of a Regenerative Blower for EVA Suit Ventilation

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Izenson, Michael G.; Chen, Weibo; McCormick, John; Paul, Heather L.; Jennings, Mallory A.

2012-01-01

Ventilation fans for future space suits must meet demanding performance specifications, satisfy stringent safety requirements for operation in an oxygen atmosphere, and be able to increase output to operate in buddy mode. A regenerative blower is an attractive choice due to its ability to meet these requirements at low operating speed. This paper describes progress in the development and testing of a regenerative blower designed to meet requirements for ventilation subsystems in future space suits. The blower includes a custom-designed motor that has significantly improved its efficiency. We have measured the blower s head/flow performance and power consumption under conditions that simulate both the normal and buddy mode operating points. We have operated the blower for TBD hours and demonstrated safe operation in an oxygen test loop at prototypical pressures. We also demonstrated operation with simulated lunar dust.

Materials Science Research Rack-1 (MSRR-1)

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

2001-01-01

This computer-generated image depicts the Materials Science Research Rack-1 (MSRR-1) being developed by NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center and the European Space Agency (ESA) for placement in the Destiny laboratory module aboard the International Space Station. The rack is part of the plarned Materials Science Research Facility (MSRF) and is expected to include two furnace module inserts, a Quench Module Insert (being developed by NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center) to study directional solidification in rapidly cooled alloys and a Diffusion Module Insert (being developed by the European Space Agency) to study crystal growth, and a transparent furnace (being developed by NASA's Space Product Development program). Multi-user equipment in the rack is being developed under the auspices of NASA's Office of Biological and Physical Research (OBPR) and ESA. Key elements are labeled in other images (0101754, 0101829, 0101830, and TBD).

Microgravity

NASA Image and Video Library

2001-06-05

This scale model depicts the Materials Science Research Rack-1 (MSRR-1) being developed by NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center and the European Space Agency (ESA) for placement in the Destiny laboratory module aboard the International Space Station. The rack is part of the plarned Materials Science Research Facility (MSRF) and is expected to include two furnace module inserts, a Quench Module Insert (being developed by NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center) to study directional solidification in rapidly cooled alloys and a Diffusion Module Insert (being developed by the European Space Agency) to study crystal growth, and a transparent furnace (being developed by NASA's Space Product Development program). Multi-user equipment in the rack is being developed under the auspices of NASA's Office of Biological and Physical Research (OBPR) and ESA. Key elements are labeled in other images (0101754, 0101829, 0101830, and TBD).

Materials Science Research Rack-1 (MSRR-1)

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

2001-01-01

This computer-generated image depicts the Materials Science Research Rack-1 (MSRR-1) being developed by NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center and the European Space Agency (ESA) for placement in the Destiny laboratory module aboard the International Space Station. The rack is part of the plarned Materials Science Research Facility (MSRF) and is expected to include two furnace module inserts, a Quench Module Insert (being developed by NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center) to study directional solidification in rapidly cooled alloys and a Diffusion Module Insert (being developed by the European Space Agency) to study crystal growth, and a transparent furnace (being developed by NASA's Space Product Development program). Multi-user equipment in the rack is being developed under the auspices of NASA's Office of Biological and Physical Research (OBPR) and ESA. Key elements are labeled in other images (0101754, 0101830, and TBD).

Materials Science Research Rack-1 (MSRR-1)

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

2001-01-01

This scale model depicts the Materials Science Research Rack-1 (MSRR-1) being developed by NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center and the European Space Agency (ESA) for placement in the Destiny laboratory module aboard the International Space Station. The rack is part of the plarned Materials Science Research Facility (MSRF) and is expected to include two furnace module inserts, a Quench Module Insert (being developed by NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center) to study directional solidification in rapidly cooled alloys and a Diffusion Module Insert (being developed by the European Space Agency) to study crystal growth, and a transparent furnace (being developed by NASA's Space Product Development program). Multi-user equipment in the rack is being developed under the auspices of NASA's Office of Biological and Physical Research (OBPR) and ESA. Key elements are labeled in other images (0101754, 0101829, 0101830, and TBD).

Materials Science Research Rack-1 (MSRR-1)

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

2001-01-01

This scale model depicts the Materials Science Research Rack-1 (MSRR-1) being developed by NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center and the European Space Agency (ESA) for placement in the Destiny laboratory module aboard the International Space Station. The rack is part of the plarned Materials Science Research Facility (MSRF) and is expected to include two furnace module inserts, a Quench Module Insert (being developed by NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center) to study directional solidification in rapidly cooled alloys and a Diffusion Module Insert (being developed by the European Space Agency) to study crystal growth, and a transparent furnace (being developed by NASA's Space Product Development program). Multi-user equipment in the rack is being developed under the auspices of NASA's Office of Biological and Physical Research (OBPR) and ESA. Here the transparent furnace is extracted for servicing. Key elements are labeled in other images (0101754, 0101829, 0101830, and TBD).

Microgravity

NASA Image and Video Library

2001-06-05

This scale model depicts the Materials Science Research Rack-1 (MSRR-1) being developed by NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center and the European Space Agency (ESA) for placement in the Destiny laboratory module aboard the International Space Station. The rack is part of the plarned Materials Science Research Facility (MSRF) and is expected to include two furnace module inserts, a Quench Module Insert (being developed by NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center) to study directional solidification in rapidly cooled alloys and a Diffusion Module Insert (being developed by the European Space Agency) to study crystal growth, and a transparent furnace (being developed by NASA's Space Product Development program). Multi-user equipment in the rack is being developed under the auspices of NASA's Office of Biological and Physical Research (OBPR) and ESA. Here the transparent furnace is extracted for servicing. Key elements are labeled in other images (0101754, 0101829, 0101830, and TBD).

Underreporting of Lyme and Other Tick-Borne Diseases in Residents of a High-Incidence County, Minnesota, 2009.

PubMed

Schiffman, E K; McLaughlin, C; Ray, J A E; Kemperman, M M; Hinckley, A F; Friedlander, H G; Neitzel, D F

2018-03-01

Lyme disease (LD), anaplasmosis, babesiosis and other tick-borne diseases (TBDs) attributed to Ixodes ticks are thought to be widely underreported in the United States. To identify TBD cases diagnosed in 2009, but not reported to the Minnesota Department of Health (MDH), diagnostic and procedural billing codes suggestive of tick-borne diseases were used to select medical charts for retrospective review in medical facilities serving residents of a highly endemic county in Minnesota. Of 444 illness events, 352 (79%) were not reported. Of these, 102 (29%) met confirmed or probable surveillance case criteria, including 91 (26%) confirmed LD cases with physician-diagnosed erythema migrans (EM). For each confirmed and probable LD, probable anaplasmosis and confirmed babesiosis case reported to MDH in 2009, 2.8, 1.3, 1.2 and 1.0 cases were likely diagnosed, respectively. These revised estimates provide a more accurate assessment and better understanding of the burden of these diseases in a highly endemic county. © 2016 Blackwell Verlag GmbH.

Molecular characterization of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from elephants of Nepal.

PubMed

Paudel, Sarad; Mikota, Susan K; Nakajima, Chie; Gairhe, Kamal P; Maharjan, Bhagwan; Thapa, Jeewan; Poudel, Ajay; Shimozuru, Michito; Suzuki, Yasuhiko; Tsubota, Toshio

2014-05-01

Mycobacterium tuberculosis was cultured from the lung tissues of 3 captive elephants in Nepal that died with extensive lung lesions. Spoligotyping, TbD1 detection and multi-locus variable number of tandem repeat analysis (MLVA) results suggested 3 isolates belonged to a specific lineage of Indo-Oceanic clade, EAI5 SIT 138. One of the elephant isolates had a new synonymous single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) T231C in the gyrA sequence, and the same SNP was also found in human isolates in Nepal. MLVA results and transfer history of the elephants suggested that 2 of them might be infected with M. tuberculosis from the same source. These findings indicated the source of M. tuberculosis infection of those elephants were local residents, presumably their handlers. Further investigation including detailed genotyping of elephant and human isolates is needed to clarify the infection route and eventually prevent the transmission of tuberculosis to susceptible hosts. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

CXBN-2 CubeSat – ELaNa XVII

NASA Image and Video Library

2016-12-08

The Cosmic X-Ray Background NanoSat-2 (CXBN-2) CubeSat Mission developed by Morehead State University and its partners the Keldysh Institute (Moscow, Russia), the Maysville Community and Technical College (Morehead, KY) and KYSpace LLC (Lexington, KY) will increase the precision of measurements of the Cosmic X-Ray Background in the 30-50 keV range to a precision of <5%, thereby constraining models that attempt to explain the relative contribution of proposed sources lending insight into the underlying physics of the early universe. The mission addresses a fundamental science question that is central to our understanding of the structure, origin, and evolution of the universe by potentially lending insight into both the high-energy background radiation and into the evolution of primordial galaxies. Launched by NASA’s CubeSat Launch Initiative NET April 18, 2017 ELaNa XVII mission on the seventh Orbital-ATK Cygnus Commercial Resupply Services (OA-7) to the International Space Station and deployed on tbd.

CSUNSat-1 Team working on their CubeSat at California State University Northridge

NASA Image and Video Library

2015-03-02

CSUNSat-1 Team (Adam Kaplan, James Flynn, Donald Eckels) working on their CubeSat at California State University Northridge. The primary mission of CSUNSat1 is to space test an innovative low temperature capable energy storage system developed by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, raising its TRL level to 7 from 4 to 5. The success of this energy storage system will enable future missions, especially those in deep space to do more science while requiring less energy, mass and volume. This CubeSat was designed, built, programmed, and tested by a team of over 70 engineering and computer science students at CSUN.  The primary source of funding for CSUNSat1 comes from NASA’s Smallest Technology Partnership program. Launched by NASA’s CubeSat Launch Initiative NET April 18, 2017 ELaNa XVII mission on the seventh Orbital-ATK Cygnus Commercial Resupply Services (OA-7) to the International Space Station and deployed on tbd.

Materials Science Research Rack-1 (MSRR-1)

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

2001-01-01

This scale model depicts the Materials Science Research Rack-1 (MSRR-1) being developed by NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center and the European Space Agency (ESA) for placement in the Destiny laboratory module aboard the International Space Station. The rack is part of the plarned Materials Science Research Facility (MSRF) and is expected to include two furnace module inserts, a Quench Module Insert (being developed by NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center) to study directional solidification in rapidly cooled alloys and a Diffusion Module Insert (being developed by the European Space Agency) to study crystal growth, and a transparent furnace (being developed by NASA's Space Product Development program). Multi-user equipment in the rack is being developed under the auspices of NASA's Office of Biological and Physical Research (OBPR) and ESA. Key elements are labeled in other images (0101754, 0101829, 0101830, and TBD). This image is from a digital still camera; higher resolution is not available.

Microgravity

NASA Image and Video Library

2001-06-05

This scale model depicts the Materials Science Research Rack-1 (MSRR-1) being developed by NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center and the European Space Agency (ESA) for placement in the Destiny laboratory module aboard the International Space Station. The rack is part of the plarned Materials Science Research Facility (MSRF) and is expected to include two furnace module inserts, a Quench Module Insert (being developed by NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center) to study directional solidification in rapidly cooled alloys and a Diffusion Module Insert (being developed by the European Space Agency) to study crystal growth, and a transparent furnace (being developed by NASA's Space Product Development program). Multi-user equipment in the rack is being developed under the auspices of NASA's Office of Biological and Physical Research (OBPR) and ESA. Key elements are labeled in other images (0101754, 0101829, and TBD). This composite is from a digital still camera; higher resolution is not available.

Microgravity

NASA Image and Video Library

2001-06-05

This scale model depicts the Materials Science Research Rack-1 (MSRR-1) being developed by NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center and the European Space Agency (ESA) for placement in the Destiny laboratory module aboard the International Space Station. The rack is part of the plarned Materials Science Research Facility (MSRF) and is expected to include two furnace module inserts, a Quench Module Insert (being developed by NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center) to study directional solidification in rapidly cooled alloys and a Diffusion Module Insert (being developed by the European Space Agency) to study crystal growth, and a transparent furnace (being developed by NASA's Space Product Development program). Multi-user equipment in the rack is being developed under the auspices of NASA's Office of Biological and Physical Research (OBPR) and ESA. Key elements are labeled in other images (0101754, 0101829, 0101830, and TBD). This image is from a digital still camera; higher resolution is not available.

Materials Science Research Rack-1 (MSRR-1)

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

2001-01-01

This scale model depicts the Materials Science Research Rack-1 (MSRR-1) being developed by NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center and the European Space Agency (ESA) for placement in the Destiny laboratory module aboard the International Space Station. The rack is part of the plarned Materials Science Research Facility (MSRF) and is expected to include two furnace module inserts, a Quench Module Insert (being developed by NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center) to study directional solidification in rapidly cooled alloys and a Diffusion Module Insert (being developed by the European Space Agency) to study crystal growth, and a transparent furnace (being developed by NASA's Space Product Development program). Multi-user equipment in the rack is being developed under the auspices of NASA's Office of Biological and Physical Research (OBPR) and ESA. Key elements are labeled in other images (0101754, 0101829, and TBD). This composite is from a digital still camera; higher resolution is not available.

TC-99m MIBI SPECT imaging in patients with lung carcinoma: is it a functional probe of multidrug resistance genes?

PubMed

Ak, Ilknur; Gülbaş, Zafer; Ocak, Suna; Kaya, Eser; Alataş, Füsun; Vardareli, Erkan; Metintaş, Muzaffer

2007-01-01

Multidrug-resistance (MDR) phenotype concerns altered membrane transport that results in lower cell concentrations of cytotoxic drug in many cancer types, including lung cancer, and is related to the overexpression of a variety of proteins that act as adenosine triphosphate-dependent extrusion pumps. Tc-99m Sestamibi (MIBI) is a transport substrate for P-glycoprotein (Pgp) pump. In this study, we assessed the uptake and clearance of technetium-99m-2-hexakis 2-methoxyisobutylisonitrile (Tc-99m MIBI) from the tumor and its correlation with messenger RNA (mRNA) levels of Pgp, MDR-associated protein (MRP1), and lung resistance protein (LRP) in lung carcinoma. This study was carried out on 19 patients (mean age, 60.1 +/- 2.07 years) with advanced-stage lung carcinoma. The tumor samples obtained by bronchoscopy were assessed to estimate the levels of Pgp, MRP1, and LRP expression on mRNA level by quantitative real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. Tc-99m MIBI chest imaging was performed 15 and 180 minutes after injection of 740 MBq Tc-99m MIBI. The early (T/Be) and delayed (T/Bd) Tc-99m MIBI uptakes and washout rate (WR) of Tc-99m MIBI from the tumor were measured. No correlation was found between the T/Be Tc-99m MIBI uptake of tumors (T/Be) and the levels of Pgp mRNA, MRP1 mRNA, and LRP mRNA by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. There was a correlation between the mean T/Bd Tc-99m MIBI uptake and Pgp expression of the tumors (P = 0.001, Spearman rho = - 0.702). There was a correlation between the WR of Tc-99m MIBI from the tumor and Pgp expression of the tumor (P = 0.000, Spearman rho = 0.875). Washout rate of Tc-99m MIBI was not related to the levels of MRP1 mRNA (P = 0.93, Spearman rho = 0.02) or LRP mRNA (P = 0.47, Spearman rho = 0.177). Increased WR of Tc-99m MIBI is related in Pgp over expression of the tumor. Tc-99m MIBI single photon emission computed tomography imaging may be a functional probe of overexpression of Pgp in

Chemical and biological characterization of technetium(I) and Rhenium(I) tricarbonyl complexes with dithioether ligands serving as linkers for coupling the Tc(CO)(3) and Re(CO)(3) moieties to biologically active molecules.

PubMed

Pietzsch, H J; Gupta, A; Reisgys, M; Drews, A; Seifert, S; Syhre, R; Spies, H; Alberto, R; Abram, U; Schubiger, P A; Johannsen, B

2000-01-01

The organometallic precursor (NEt(4))(2)[ReBr(3)(CO)(3)] was reacted with bidendate dithioethers (L) of the general formula H(3)C-S-CH(2)CH(2)-S-R (R = -CH(2)CH(2)COOH, CH(2)-C&tbd1;CH) and R'-S-CH(2)CH(2)-S-R' (R' = CH(3)CH(2)-, CH(3)CH(2)-OH, and CH(2)COOH) in methanol to form stable rhenium(I) tricarbonyl complexes of the general composition [ReBr(CO)(3)L]. Under these conditions, the functional groups do not participate in the coordination. As a prototypic representative of this type of Re compounds, the propargylic group bearing complex [ReBr(CO(3))(H(3)C-S-CH(2)CH(2)-S-CH(2)C&tbd1;CH)] Re2 was studied by X-ray diffraction analysis. Its molecular structure exhibits a slightly distorted octahedron with facial coordination of the carbonyl ligands. The potentially tetradentate ligand HO-CH(2)CH(2)-S-CH(2)CH(2)-S-CH(2)CH(2)-OH was reacted with the trinitrato precursor [Re(NO(3))(3)(CO)(3)](2-) to yield a cationic complex [Re(CO)(3)(HO-CH(2)CH(2)-S-CH(2)CH(2)-S-CH(2)CH(2)-OH)]NO(3) Re8 which shows the coordination of one hydroxy group. Re8 has been characterized by correct elemental analysis, infrared spectroscopy, capillary electrophoresis, and X-ray diffraction analysis. Ligand exchange reaction of the carboxylic group bearing ligands H(3)C-S-CH(2)CH(2)-S-CH(2)CH(2)-COOH and HOOC-CH(2)-S-CH(2)CH(2)-S-CH(2)-COOH with (NEt(4))(2)[ReBr(3)(CO)(3)] in water and with equimolar amounts of NaOH led to complexes in which the bromide is replaced by the carboxylic group. The X-ray structure analysis of the complex [Re(CO)(3)(OOC-CH(2)-S-CH(2)CH(2)-S-CH(2)-COOH)] Re6 shows the second carboxylic group noncoordinated offering an ideal site for functionalization or coupling a biomolecule. The no-carrier-added preparation of the analogous (99m)Tc(I) carbonyl thioether complexes could be performed using the precursor fac-[(99m)Tc(H(2)O)(3)(CO)(3)](+), with yields up to 90%. The behavior of the chlorine containing (99m)Tc complex [(99m)TcCl(CO)(3)(CH(3)CH(2)-S-CH(2)CH(2)-S-CH(2)CH

Non-invasive transcranial stimulation of rat abducens nerve by focused ultrasound

PubMed Central

Kim, Hyungmin; Taghados, Seyed Javid; Fischer, Krisztina; Maeng, Lee-So; Park, Shinsuk; Yoo, Seung-Schik

2012-01-01

Non-pharmacological and non-surgical transcranial modulation of the nerve function may provide new opportunities in evaluation and treatment of cranial nerve diseases. This study investigates the possibility of using low-intensity transcranial focused ultrasound (FUS) to selectively stimulate the rat abducens nerve located above the base of the skull. FUS (frequencies of 350 kHz and 650 kHz) operating in a pulsed mode was applied to the abducens nerve of Sprague-Dawley rats under stereotactic guidance. The abductive eyeball movement ipsilateral to the side of sonication was observed at 350 kHz, using the 0.36 msec tone burst duration (TBD), 1.5 kHz pulse repetition frequency (PRF), and the overall sonication duration of 200 msec. Histological and behavioral monitoring showed no signs of disruption in the blood brain barrier (BBB) as well as no damage to the nerves and adjacent brain tissue resulting from the sonication. As a novel functional neuro-modulatory modality, the pulsed application of FUS has potential in diagnostic and therapeutic applications in diseases of the peripheral nervous system. PMID:22763009

An EGR performance evaluation and decision-making approach based on grey theory and grey entropy analysis

PubMed Central

2018-01-01

Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) is one of the main methods of reducing NOX emissions and has been widely used in marine diesel engines. This paper proposes an optimized comprehensive assessment method based on multi-objective grey situation decision theory, grey relation theory and grey entropy analysis to evaluate the performance and optimize rate determination of EGR, which currently lack clear theoretical guidance. First, multi-objective grey situation decision theory is used to establish the initial decision-making model according to the main EGR parameters. The optimal compromise between diesel engine combustion and emission performance is transformed into a decision-making target weight problem. After establishing the initial model and considering the characteristics of EGR under different conditions, an optimized target weight algorithm based on grey relation theory and grey entropy analysis is applied to generate the comprehensive evaluation and decision-making model. Finally, the proposed method is successfully applied to a TBD234V12 turbocharged diesel engine, and the results clearly illustrate the feasibility of the proposed method for providing theoretical support and a reference for further EGR optimization. PMID:29377956

An EGR performance evaluation and decision-making approach based on grey theory and grey entropy analysis.

PubMed

Zu, Xianghuan; Yang, Chuanlei; Wang, Hechun; Wang, Yinyan

2018-01-01

Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) is one of the main methods of reducing NOX emissions and has been widely used in marine diesel engines. This paper proposes an optimized comprehensive assessment method based on multi-objective grey situation decision theory, grey relation theory and grey entropy analysis to evaluate the performance and optimize rate determination of EGR, which currently lack clear theoretical guidance. First, multi-objective grey situation decision theory is used to establish the initial decision-making model according to the main EGR parameters. The optimal compromise between diesel engine combustion and emission performance is transformed into a decision-making target weight problem. After establishing the initial model and considering the characteristics of EGR under different conditions, an optimized target weight algorithm based on grey relation theory and grey entropy analysis is applied to generate the comprehensive evaluation and decision-making model. Finally, the proposed method is successfully applied to a TBD234V12 turbocharged diesel engine, and the results clearly illustrate the feasibility of the proposed method for providing theoretical support and a reference for further EGR optimization.

Structural Insight into the Mechanism of c-di-GMP hydrolysis by EAL domain phosphodiesterases.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Tchigvintsev, A.; Xu, X.; Singer, A.

2010-08-01

Cyclic diguanylate (or bis-(3'-5') cyclic dimeric guanosine monophosphate; c-di-GMP) is a ubiquitous second messenger that regulates diverse cellular functions, including motility, biofilm formation, cell cycle progression, and virulence in bacteria. In the cell, degradation of c-di-GMP is catalyzed by highly specific EAL domain phosphodiesterases whose catalytic mechanism is still unclear. Here, we purified 13 EAL domain proteins from various organisms and demonstrated that their catalytic activity is associated with the presence of 10 conserved EAL domain residues. The crystal structure of the TBD1265 EAL domain was determined in free state (1.8 {angstrom}) and in complex with c-di-GMP (2.35 {angstrom}), andmore » unveiled the role of conserved residues in substrate binding and catalysis. The structure revealed the presence of two metal ions directly coordinated by six conserved residues, two oxygens of c-di-GMP phosphate, and potential catalytic water molecule. Our results support a two-metal-ion catalytic mechanism of c-di-GMP hydrolysis by EAL domain phosphodiesterases.« less

Dim target trajectory-associated detection in bright earth limb background

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chen, Penghui; Xu, Xiaojian; He, Xiaoyu; Jiang, Yuesong

2015-09-01

The intensive emission of earth limb in the field of view of sensors contributes much to the observation images. Due to the low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), it is a challenge to detect small targets in earth limb background, especially for the detection of point-like targets from a single frame. To improve the target detection, track before detection (TBD) based on the frame sequence is performed. In this paper, a new technique is proposed to determine the target associated trajectories, which jointly carries out background removing, maximum value projection (MVP) and Hough transform. The background of the bright earth limb in the observation images is removed according to the profile characteristics. For a moving target, the corresponding pixels in the MVP image are shifting approximately regularly in time sequence. And the target trajectory is determined by Hough transform according to the pixel characteristics of the target and the clutter and noise. Comparing with traditional frame-by-frame methods, determining associated trajectories from MVP reduces the computation load. Numerical simulations are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the approach proposed.

Leakage current conduction, hole injection, and time-dependent dielectric breakdown of n-4H-SiC MOS capacitors during positive bias temperature stress

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Samanta, Piyas; Mandal, Krishna C.

2017-01-01

The conduction mechanism(s) of gate leakage current JG through thermally grown silicon dioxide (SiO2) films on the silicon (Si) face of n-type 4H-silicon carbide (4H-SiC) has been studied in detail under positive gate bias. It was observed that at an oxide field above 5 MV/cm, the leakage current measured up to 303 °C can be explained by Fowler-Nordheim (FN) tunneling of electrons from the accumulated n-4H-SiC and Poole-Frenkel (PF) emission of trapped electrons from the localized neutral traps located at ≈2.5 eV below the SiO2 conduction band. However, the PF emission current IPF dominates the FN electron tunneling current IFN at oxide electric fields Eox between 5 and 10 MV/cm and in the temperature ranging from 31 to 303 °C. In addition, we have presented a comprehensive analysis of injection of holes and their subsequent trapping into as-grown oxide traps eventually leading to time-dependent dielectric breakdown during electron injection under positive bias temperature stress (PBTS) in n-4H-SiC metal-oxide-silicon carbide structures. Holes were generated in the heavily doped n-type polycrystalline silicon (n+-polySi) gate (anode) as well as in the oxide bulk via band-to-band ionization by the hot-electrons depending on their energy and SiO2 film thickness at Eox between 6 and 10 MV/cm (prior to the intrinsic oxide breakdown field). Transport of hot electrons emitted via both FN and PF mechanisms was taken into account. On the premise of the hole-induced oxide breakdown model, the time- and charge-to-breakdown ( tBD and QBD ) of 8.5 to 47 nm-thick SiO2 films on n-4H-SiC were estimated at a wide range of temperatures. tBD follows the Arrhenius law with activation energies varying inversely with initial applied constant field Eox supporting the reciprocal field ( 1 /E ) model of breakdown irrespective of SiO2 film thicknesses. We obtained an excellent margin (6.66 to 6.33 MV/cm at 31 °C and 5.11 to 4.55 MV/cm at 303 °C) of normal operating field for a 10

Amphiphilic Polycarbonates from Carborane-Installed Cyclic Carbonates as Potential Agents for Boron Neutron Capture Therapy.

PubMed

Xiong, Hejian; Wei, Xing; Zhou, Dongfang; Qi, Yanxin; Xie, Zhigang; Chen, Xuesi; Jing, Xiabin; Huang, Yubin

2016-09-21

Carboranes with rich boron content have showed significant applications in the field of boron neutron capture therapy. Biodegradable derivatives of carborane-conjugated polymers with well-defined structure and tunable loading of boron atoms are far less explored. Herein, a new family of amphiphilic carborane-conjugated polycarbonates was synthesized by ring-opening polymerization of a carborane-installed cyclic carbonate monomer. Catalyzed by TBD from a poly(ethylene glycol) macroinitiator, the polymerization proceeded to relatively high conversions (>65%), with low polydispersity in a certain range of molecular weight. The boron content was readily tuned by the feed ratio of the monomer and initiator. The resultant amphiphilic polycarbonates self-assembled in water into spherical nanoparticles of different sizes depending on the hydrophilic-to-hydrophobic ratio. It was demonstrated that larger nanoparticles (PN150) were more easily subjected to protein adsorption and captured by the liver, and smaller nanoparticles (PN50) were more likely to enter cancer cells and accumulate at the tumor site. PN50 with thermal neutron irradiation exhibited the highest therapeutic efficacy in vivo. The new synthetic method utilizing amphiphilic biodegradable boron-enriched polymers is useful for developing more-selective and -effective boron delivery systems for BNCT.

Noninvasive transcranial stimulation of rat abducens nerve by focused ultrasound.

PubMed

Kim, Hyungmin; Taghados, Seyed Javid; Fischer, Krisztina; Maeng, Lee-So; Park, Shinsuk; Yoo, Seung-Schik

2012-09-01

Nonpharmacologic and nonsurgical transcranial modulation of the nerve function may provide new opportunities in evaluation and treatment of cranial nerve diseases. This study investigates the possibility of using low-intensity transcranial focused ultrasound (FUS) to selectively stimulate the rat abducens nerve located above the base of the skull. FUS (frequencies of 350 kHz and 650 kHz) operating in a pulsed mode was applied to the abducens nerve of Sprague-Dawley rats under stereotactic guidance. The abductive eyeball movement ipsilateral to the side of sonication was observed at 350 kHz, using the 0.36-msec tone burst duration (TBD), 1.5-kHz pulse repetition frequency (PRF), and the overall sonication duration of 200 msec. Histologic and behavioral monitoring showed no signs of disruption in the blood brain barrier (BBB), as well as no damage to the nerves and adjacent brain tissue resulting from the sonication. As a novel functional neuro-modulatory modality, the pulsed application of FUS has potential for diagnostic and therapeutic applications in diseases of the peripheral nervous system. Copyright © 2012 World Federation for Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

CXBN-2 CubeSat Integration Team in the Morehead State University Spacecraft Integration and Assembly Facility

NASA Image and Video Library

2016-11-09

CXBN-2 Integration Team in the Morehead State University Spacecraft Integration and Assembly Facility. Left to right: Kein Dant, Yevgeniy Byleborodov, and Nate Richard. The Cosmic X-Ray Background NanoSat-2 (CXBN-2) CubeSat Mission developed by Morehead State University and its partners the Keldysh Institute (Moscow, Russia), the Maysville Community and Technical College (Morehead, KY) and KYSpace LLC (Lexington, KY) will increase the precision of measurements of the Cosmic X-Ray Background in the 30-50 keV range to a precision of <5%, thereby constraining models that attempt to explain the relative contribution of proposed sources lending insight into the underlying physics of the early universe. The mission addresses a fundamental science question that is central to our understanding of the structure, origin, and evolution of the universe by potentially lending insight into both the high-energy background radiation and into the evolution of primordial galaxies. Launched by NASA’s CubeSat Launch Initiative NET April 18, 2017 ELaNa XVII mission on the seventh Orbital-ATK Cygnus Commercial Resupply Services (OA-7) to the International Space Station and deployed on tbd.

Limitations of Electromagnetic Ion Cyclotron Wave Observations in Low Earth Orbit

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hwang, Junga; Kim, Hyangpyo; Park, Jaeheung; Lee, Jaejin

2018-03-01

Pc1 pulsations are geomagnetic fluctuations in the frequency range of 0.2 to 5 Hz. There have been several observations of Pc1 pulsations in low earth orbit by MAGSAT, DE-2, Viking, Freja, CHAMP, and SWARM satellites. However, there has been a clear limitation in resolving the spatial and temporal variations of the pulsation by using a single-point observation by a single satellite. To overcome such limitations of previous observations, a new space mission was recently initiated, using the concept of multi-satellites, named the Small scale magNetospheric and Ionospheric Plasma Experiments (SNIPE). The SNIPE mission consists of four nanosatellites ( 10 kg), which will be launched into a polar orbit at an altitude of 600 km (TBD) in 2020. Four satellites will be deployed in orbit, and the distances between each satellite will be controlled from 10 to 1,000 km by a highend formation-flying algorithm. One of the possible science targets of the SNIPE mission is observing electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves. In this paper, we report on examples of observations, showing the limitations of previous EMIC observations in low earth orbit, and suggest possibilities to overcome those limitations through a new mission.

Improving detection of low SNR targets using moment-based detection

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Young, Shannon R.; Steward, Bryan J.; Hawks, Michael; Gross, Kevin C.

2016-05-01

Increases in the number of cameras deployed, frame rate, and detector array sizes have led to a dramatic increase in the volume of motion imagery data that is collected. Without a corresponding increase in analytical manpower, much of the data is not analyzed to full potential. This creates a need for fast, automated, and robust methods for detecting signals of interest. Current approaches fall into two categories: detect-before-track (DBT), which are fast but often poor at detecting dim targets, and track-before-detect (TBD) methods which can offer better performance but are typically much slower. This research seeks to contribute to the near real time detection of low SNR, unresolved moving targets through an extension of earlier work on higher order moments anomaly detection, a method that exploits both spatial and temporal information but is still computationally efficient and massively parallelizable. It was found that intelligent selection of parameters can improve probability of detection by as much as 25% compared to earlier work with higherorder moments. The present method can reduce detection thresholds by 40% compared to the Reed-Xiaoli anomaly detector for low SNR targets (for a given probability of detection and false alarm).

Detection and tracking of a moving target using SAR images with the particle filter-based track-before-detect algorithm.

PubMed

Gao, Han; Li, Jingwen

2014-06-19

A novel approach to detecting and tracking a moving target using synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images is proposed in this paper. Achieved with the particle filter (PF) based track-before-detect (TBD) algorithm, the approach is capable of detecting and tracking the low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) moving target with SAR systems, which the traditional track-after-detect (TAD) approach is inadequate for. By incorporating the signal model of the SAR moving target into the algorithm, the ambiguity in target azimuth position and radial velocity is resolved while tracking, which leads directly to the true estimation. With the sub-area substituted for the whole area to calculate the likelihood ratio and a pertinent choice of the number of particles, the computational efficiency is improved with little loss in the detection and tracking performance. The feasibility of the approach is validated and the performance is evaluated with Monte Carlo trials. It is demonstrated that the proposed approach is capable to detect and track a moving target with SNR as low as 7 dB, and outperforms the traditional TAD approach when the SNR is below 14 dB.

Detection and Tracking of a Moving Target Using SAR Images with the Particle Filter-Based Track-Before-Detect Algorithm

PubMed Central

Gao, Han; Li, Jingwen

2014-01-01

A novel approach to detecting and tracking a moving target using synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images is proposed in this paper. Achieved with the particle filter (PF) based track-before-detect (TBD) algorithm, the approach is capable of detecting and tracking the low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) moving target with SAR systems, which the traditional track-after-detect (TAD) approach is inadequate for. By incorporating the signal model of the SAR moving target into the algorithm, the ambiguity in target azimuth position and radial velocity is resolved while tracking, which leads directly to the true estimation. With the sub-area substituted for the whole area to calculate the likelihood ratio and a pertinent choice of the number of particles, the computational efficiency is improved with little loss in the detection and tracking performance. The feasibility of the approach is validated and the performance is evaluated with Monte Carlo trials. It is demonstrated that the proposed approach is capable to detect and track a moving target with SNR as low as 7 dB, and outperforms the traditional TAD approach when the SNR is below 14 dB. PMID:24949640

Green and selective polycondensation methods toward linear sorbitol-based polyesters: enzymatic versus organic and metal-based catalysis.

PubMed

Gustini, Liliana; Lavilla, Cristina; Janssen, William W T J; Martínez de Ilarduya, Antxon; Muñoz-Guerra, Sebastián; Koning, Cor E

2016-08-23

Renewable polyesters derived from a sugar alcohol (i.e., sorbitol) were synthesized by solvent-free polycondensation. The aim was to prepare linear polyesters with pendant hydroxyl groups along the polymer backbone. The performance of the sustainable biocatalyst SPRIN liposorb CALB [an immobilized form of Candida antarctica lipase B (CALB); SPRIN technologies] and the organo-base catalyst 1,5,7-triazabicyclo[4,4,0]dec-5-ene (TBD) were compared with two metal-based catalysts: dibutyl tin oxide (DBTO) and scandium trifluoromethanesulfonate [also known as scandium triflate, Sc(OTf)3 ]. For the four catalytic systems, the efficiency and selectivity for the incorporation of sorbitol were studied, mainly using (13) C and (31) P NMR spectroscopies, whereas side reactions, such as ether formation and dehydration of sorbitol, were evaluated using MALDI-TOF-MS. Especially the biocatalyst SPRIN liposorb CALB succeeded in incorporating sorbitol in a selective way without side reactions, leading to close-to-linear polyesters. By using a renewable hydroxyl-reactive curing agent based on l-lysine, transparent and glossy poly(ester urethane) networks were successfully synthesized offering a tangible example of bio-based coatings. © 2016 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Distribution of tick-borne diseases in Japan: Past patterns and implications for the future.

PubMed

Yamaji, Kayoko; Aonuma, Hiroka; Kanuka, Hirotaka

2018-04-20

The rapid geographical spread of tick-borne diseases (TBDs) worldwide has recently provoked significant concerns amongst public health authorities. Tick-borne pathogens are maintained in enzootic cycles involving ticks and wild animal hosts, with epizootic spread to other mammals, including livestock and humans. Despite the increasing public health concern, current TBD diagnostic tests and treatments are inadequate, and predictive models of future risks posed by TBDs are limited by the heterogeneity of environmental, vector, and host factors, even in neighboring regions. In recent years, infections resulting in severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS), Japanese spotted fever, and the scrub typhus pathogens have been reported frequently in addition to traditional TBDs in Japan. The Japanese archipelago is extremely elongated from north to south and its climate varies considerably, creating remarkable regional differences in tick species. The importance of continuous surveillance of TBDs has been growing in terms of geopathology - studies dealing with the relationships between geographic factors and the causes of specific diseases - in Japan and neighboring areas among eastern Asian countries, including China and Korea. In this review, we summarize detailed information regarding the history and epidemic status of human TBDs in Japan. Copyright © 2018 Japanese Society of Chemotherapy and The Japanese Association for Infectious Diseases. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Waves in the Mesosphere of Venus as seen by the Venus Express Radio Science Experiment VeRa

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tellmann, Silvia; Häusler, B.; Hinson, D. P.; Tyler, G.; Andert, T. P.; Bird, M. K.; Imamura, T.; Pätzold, M.; Remus, S.

2013-10-01

The Venus Express Radio Science Experiment (VeRa) has retrieved more than 700 profiles of the mesosphere and troposphere of Venus. These profiles cover a wide range of latitudes and local times, enabling study of atmospheric wave phenomena over a range spatial scales at altitudes of 40-90 km. In addition to quasi-horizontal waves and eddies on near planetary scales, diurnally forced eddies and thermal tides, small-scale gravity waves, and turbulence play a significant role in the development and maintenance of atmospheric super-rotation. Small-scale temperature variations with vertical wavelengths of 4 km or less have wave amplitudes reaching TBD km in the stable atmosphere above the tropopause, in contrast with much weaker temperature perturbations observed in the middle cloud layer below. The strength of gravity waves increases with latitude in both hemispheres. The results suggest that convection at low latitudes and topographical forcing at high northern latitudes—possibly in combination with convection and/or Kelvin-Helmholtz instabilities—play key roles in the genesis of gravity waves. Further, thermal tides also play an important role in the mesosphere. Diurnal and semi-diurnal wave modes are observed at different latitudes and altitudes. The latitudinal and height dependence of the thermal tide modes will be investigated.

The influence of steric hindrance on kinetics and isotope effects in the reaction of 2,2-bis(4-dimethylaminophenyl)-1-nitro-1-(4-nitrophenyl)ethane with DBU base in acetonitrile

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Nowak, Iwona; Jarczewski, Arnold

2014-11-01

The pKa value for 2,2-bis(4-dimethylaminophenyl)-1-nitro-1-(4-nitrophenyl)ethane, (dmap)2 (pKa = 25.11) has been measured spectrophotometrically using buffer solutions of a few strong amine bases: 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene, (DBU); 1,1,3,3-tetramethylguanidine, (TMG); 1,5,7-triazabicyclo[4.4.0]dec-5-ene, (TBD); 7-methyl-1,5,7-triazabicyclo[4.4.0]dec-5-ene, (MTBD) and their salts. The low energy conformers of nitrophenyl nitroalkanes have been determined using the semiempirical PM6 methods, (B3-LYP) density functional theory (DFT) together with the 6-31G(d,p) basis set. The participation of the low energy conformer in the proton transfer reaction to DBU base has been discussed. The kinetic data for proton transfer reactions between (dmap)2 and DBU in acetonitrile (MeCN) at pseudo-first order conditions have been presented. The influence of steric hindrance brought by reacting C-acid and organic base on the stability of the transition state has been discussed. The rates of second-order rate constants for series of nitrophenyl nitroalkanes, NO2PhCHRNO2 (R = Me; Et; iPr; dimethylaminophenyl = (dmap)2) are presented and discussed.

An estimation of distribution method for infrared target detection based on Copulas

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, Shuo; Zhang, Yiqun

2015-10-01

Track-before-detect (TBD) based target detection involves a hypothesis test of merit functions which measure each track as a possible target track. Its accuracy depends on the precision of the distribution of merit functions, which determines the threshold for a test. Generally, merit functions are regarded Gaussian, and on this basis the distribution is estimated, which is true for most methods such as the multiple hypothesis tracking (MHT). However, merit functions for some other methods such as the dynamic programming algorithm (DPA) are non-Guassian and cross-correlated. Since existing methods cannot reasonably measure the correlation, the exact distribution can hardly be estimated. If merit functions are assumed Guassian and independent, the error between an actual distribution and its approximation may occasionally over 30 percent, and is divergent by propagation. Hence, in this paper, we propose a novel estimation of distribution method based on Copulas, by which the distribution can be estimated precisely, where the error is less than 1 percent without propagation. Moreover, the estimation merely depends on the form of merit functions and the structure of a tracking algorithm, and is invariant to measurements. Thus, the distribution can be estimated in advance, greatly reducing the demand for real-time calculation of distribution functions.

Bis-propargyl thermosets

DOEpatents

Douglas, Elliot P.; Langlois, David A.; Benicewicz, Brian C.

1995-01-01

The present invention provides (1) curable bispropargyl-containing monomers represented by the formula: B.sup.1 --A.sup.1.sub.m --R--A.sup.2.sub.n --B.sup.2 wherein R is a radical selected from the group consisting of 1,4-phenylene, 4,4'-biphenyl, 2,6-naphthalene, --C.sub.6 H.sub.4 --CR.sup.2 .dbd.CR.sup.2 --C.sub.6 H.sub.4 -- wherein R.sup.2 is H or CH.sub.3, and the same where said groups contain one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halo, nitro, lower alkyl, lower alkoxy, fluoroalkyl or fluoroalkoxy, A.sup.1 and A.sup.2 are selected from the group consisting of --C.sub.6 H.sub.4 --C(O)--O-- and --C.sub.6 H.sub.4 --O--C(O)--, m and n are 0 or 1, m+n is 0, 1 or 2, and B.sup.1 and B.sup.2 are --OCH.sub.2 --C.tbd.C--H, (2) thermoset compositions comprised of cured segments derived from monomers represented by the formula: B.sup.1 --A.sup.1.sub.m --R--A.sup.2.sub.n --B.sup.2 as described above, and (3) curable blends of at least two of the monomers.

The inception, achievements, and implications of the China GAVI Alliance Project on Hepatitis B Immunization.

PubMed

Kane, M A; Hadler, S C; Lee, L; Shapiro, C N; Cui, F; Wang, X; Kumar, R

2013-12-27

of the Chinese Government, WHO, UNICEF, and GAVI. The initial targets of the project as delineated in the initial MOU for the Project areas (HepB3 coverage will reach 85% at the county level, >75% of newborns at the county level will receive the first dose of hepatitis B within 24h of birth, and all immunization injections will be with auto disable [AD] syringes) were substantially exceeded. The differential in vaccine coverage between wealthier and poorer parts of China was eliminated contributing to a great improvement in equity. With additional contributions of the Chinese Government the Project was accomplished substantially under budget allowing for additional catch up immunization of children under 15 years of age. More than 5 million health workers were trained in how to deliver hepatitis B vaccine, timely birth dose (TBD), and safe injections, and public awareness of hepatitis B and its prevention rose significantly. TBD coverage was expedited by concurrent efforts to have women deliver in township clinics and district hospitals instead of at home. The effective management of the Project, with a Project office sitting within the China EPI and an Operational Advisory Group for oversight, could serve as a model for other GAVI projects worldwide. Most importantly, the carrier rate in Chinese children less than 5 years of age has fallen to 1%, from a level of 10% before the inception of the Project. Liver cancer, one of the major cancer killers in China (250,000-300,000 annual estimated deaths), will dramatically decline as immunized cohorts of Chinese children age. While hepatitis C and non-alcoholic liver disease also exist in China and can lead to liver cancer and cirrhosis, the majority of liver disease in China is hepatitis B related and therefore preventable. The authors believe that China's success in preventing hepatitis B is one of the greatest public health achievements of the 21st century. Work remains to be done in several key areas. There are still

Structure of the two-domain hexameric APS kinase from Thiobacillus denitrificans: structural basis for the absence of ATP sulfurylase activity

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Gay, Sean C.; Segel, Irwin H.; Fisher, Andrew J., E-mail: fisher@chem.ucdavis.edu

2009-10-01

APS kinase from Thiobacillus denitrificans contains an inactive N-terminal ATP sulfurylase domain. The structure presented unveils the first hexameric assembly for an APS kinase, and reveals that structural changes in the N-terminal domain disrupt the ATP sulfurylase active site thus prohibiting activity. The Tbd-0210 gene of the chemolithotrophic bacterium Thiobacillus denitrificans is annotated to encode a 60.5 kDa bifunctional enzyme with ATP sulfurylase and APS kinase activity. This putative bifunctional enzyme was cloned, expressed and structurally characterized. The 2.95 Å resolution X-ray crystal structure reported here revealed a hexameric assembly with D{sub 3} symmetry. Each subunit contains a large N-terminalmore » sulfurylase-like domain and a C-terminal APS kinase domain reminiscent of the two-domain fungal ATP sulfurylases of Penicillium chrysogenum and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which also exhibit a hexameric assembly. However, the T. denitrificans enzyme exhibits numerous structural and sequence differences in the N-terminal domain that render it inactive with respect to ATP sulfurylase activity. Surprisingly, the C-terminal domain does indeed display APS kinase activity, indicating that this gene product is a true APS kinase. Therefore, these results provide the first structural insights into a unique hexameric APS kinase that contains a nonfunctional ATP sulfurylase-like domain of unknown function.« less

Taiwan/TriG Radio Occultation Process System (TROPS): A Brief Introduction of Atmospheric Productions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Huang, Cheng-Yung; Yeh, Wen-Hao; Tseng, Tzu-Pang; Chen, Linton J.

2017-04-01

Global Positioning System (GPS) Radio Occultation (RO) technique has been used to investigate the Earth's atmosphere since 1990s. In 2006, Taiwan has launched six low Earth orbit (LEO) satellites as a RO constellation mission, named FORMOSAT-3 /COSMIC (F-3/C). F-3/C mission can release 1500-2500 data sets per day for both neutral atmosphere and ionosphere. With the advent of Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) in ten years and FORMOSAT-7/COSMIC-2 (F-7/C-2) mission, 12 LEO satellites are planned to be launched and deployed in two clusters of 6-satellites into the designated low and high inclination orbits in 2017 and 2020(TBD), respectively. The amount of RO data set will increase to about 8000 set per day with the using of GNSS TriG (GPS, Glonass, Galileo) receivers. The first phase of FS-7 mission is designed to low inclination (24 deg) orbit to improve the ability of server weather forecasting, like typhoon and monsoon rainfall around tropical region. The second is high inclination (72 deg) for global distribution. In order to observe better water vapor profiles, the 4x3 antennas arrays will be on board to receive weak signals which pass through low troposphere around earth surface. This report will introduce the status of F-7/C-2 mission and atmospheric part of occultation data process software TROPS.

Targeting 100! Advanced Energy Efficient Building Technologies for High Performance Hospitals: Executive Summary.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Burpee, Heather; Loveland, Joel; Helmers, Aaron

2015-09-02

This research, Targeting 100!, provides a conceptual framework and decision-making structure at a schematic design level of precision for hospital owners, architects and engineers to radically reduce energy use in hospitals. Following the goals of Architecture 2030 and The 2030 Challenge, it offers access to design strategies and the cost implications of those strategies for new hospitals to utilize 60% less energy. The name, Targeting 100!, comes from the 2030 Challenge energy reduction goal for hospitals; a 60% energy use reduction from typical acute care hospital targets approximately 100 KBtu/SF Year, thus the name “Targeting 100!”. Targeting 100! was developedmore » through funding partnerships with the US Department of Energy and the Northwest Energy Efficiency’s BetterBricks Initiative. The technical team was led by the University of Washington Integrated Design Lab supported by deep collaboration with Solarc Architecture and Engineering, TBD Cost Consultants, and NBBJ Architecture. Through extensive research and design development, Targeting 100! provides a framework for developing high performance healthcare projects today and into the future. An online tool houses a Targeting 100! knowlegebase and roadmap. It can be accessed at: www.idlseattle.com/t100. The webtool is structured from high-level overview materials to detailed library with modeling inputs and outputs, providing a comprehensive report of the background, data, and outcomes from the project.« less

Kinetic Evaluation of Lipid Oils Conversion to Biofuel Using Layered Double Hydroxide Doped with Triazabicyclodece Catalyst

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Nato Lopez, Frank D.

Worldwide, there is an ever increasing need for sustainable, renewable fuels that will accommodate the rapidly increasing energy demand and provide independence from fossil fuels. The search for a sustainable alternative to petroleum based fuels has been a great challenge to the scientific community; therefore, great efforts are being made to overcome the fossil fuels dependence by exploring the prominent field of biofuels (bioethanol and biodiesel). Traditional biodiesel is produced from feedstocks such as vegetable oils and animal fats by converting the triglycerides with methanol in the presence of a homogeneous catalyst to produce fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs). However, drawbacks of this process are the undesired glycerol byproduct and post reaction processing, including separation from reaction mixture, that results in high costs factors. In the present work, the reaction kinetics of a glycerol-free biodiesel method is studied. This method consists of the transesterification of a vegetable oil (i.e. canola oil) using dimethyl carbonate (DMC) as an alternative methylating agent in presence of layered double hydroxides doped with triazabicyclodecene catalyst (a basic organocatalyst). Furthermore, is theorized that this heterogeneous catalyst (TBD/LDH) simultaneously converts both FFAs and triglycerides due to acid sites formed by Al3+ active sites of the LDH structure. Additionally, the versatility of the Raman in situ technique was used as quantitative analysis tool to monitor the reaction kinetics and collect real time data.

Overview of GPM Missions's Ground Validation Program

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Smith, Eric A.; Mugnai, Alberto; Nakamura, Kenji

2004-01-01

An important element of the internationally structured Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission will be its ground validation research program. Within the last year, the initial architecture of this program has taken shape. This talk will describe that architecture, both in terms of the international program and in terms of the separate regional programs of the principle participating space agencies, i.e., ESA, JAXA, and NASA. There are three overriding goals being addressed in the planning of this program; (1) establishing various new, challenging and important scientific research goals vis-a-vis current ground validation programs supporting satellite retrieval of precipitation; (2) designing the program as an international partnership which operates, out of necessity, heterogeneous sites in terms of their respective observational foci and science thrusts, but anneals itself in terms of achieving a few overarching scientific objectives; and (3) developing a well-designed protocol that allows specific sites or site networks, at their choosing, to operate in a 'supersite' mode - defined as the capability to routinely transmit GV information at low latency to GPM's Precipitation Processing System (PPS). (The PPS is being designed as GPM's data information system, a distributed data system with main centers at the Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) within NASA, the Earth Observation Research Center (EORC) within JAXA, and a TBD facility to be identified by the ESA s ESTEC facility in Noordwijk.)

Ligand-mediated protein degradation reveals functional conservation among sequence variants of the CUL4-type E3 ligase substrate receptor cereblon.

PubMed

Akuffo, Afua A; Alontaga, Aileen Y; Metcalf, Rainer; Beatty, Matthew S; Becker, Andreas; McDaniel, Jessica M; Hesterberg, Rebecca S; Goodheart, William E; Gunawan, Steven; Ayaz, Muhammad; Yang, Yan; Karim, Md Rezaul; Orobello, Morgan E; Daniel, Kenyon; Guida, Wayne; Yoder, Jeffrey A; Rajadhyaksha, Anjali M; Schönbrunn, Ernst; Lawrence, Harshani R; Lawrence, Nicholas J; Epling-Burnette, Pearlie K

2018-04-20

Upon binding to thalidomide and other immunomodulatory drugs, the E3 ligase substrate receptor cereblon (CRBN) promotes proteosomal destruction by engaging the DDB1-CUL4A-Roc1-RBX1 E3 ubiquitin ligase in human cells but not in mouse cells, suggesting that sequence variations in CRBN may cause its inactivation. Therapeutically, CRBN engagers have the potential for broad applications in cancer and immune therapy by specifically reducing protein expression through targeted ubiquitin-mediated degradation. To examine the effects of defined sequence changes on CRBN's activity, we performed a comprehensive study using complementary theoretical, biophysical, and biological assays aimed at understanding CRBN's nonprimate sequence variations. With a series of recombinant thalidomide-binding domain (TBD) proteins, we show that CRBN sequence variants retain their drug-binding properties to both classical immunomodulatory drugs and dBET1, a chemical compound and targeting ligand designed to degrade bromodomain-containing 4 (BRD4) via a CRBN-dependent mechanism. We further show that dBET1 stimulates CRBN's E3 ubiquitin-conjugating function and degrades BRD4 in both mouse and human cells. This insight paves the way for studies of CRBN-dependent proteasome-targeting molecules in nonprimate models and provides a new understanding of CRBN's substrate-recruiting function. © 2018 by The American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Inc.

First confirmed report of outbreak of theileriosis/anaplasmosis in a cattle farm in Henan, China.

PubMed

Cui, Yanyan; Wang, Xiaoxing; Zhang, Yan; Yan, Yaqun; Dong, Haiju; Jian, Fuchun; Shi, Ke; Zhang, Longxian; Wang, Rongjun; Ning, Changshen

2018-01-01

Tick-borne diseases (TBDs) impose a significant constraint to livestock production world widely. In this paper, we presented a case of TBD in a cattle farm in Henan, China. 35 blood samples (7 samples sent by veterinarian, 28 samples gathered by our colleagues) were collected from ill, surviving and asymptomatic cattle and microscopic observation and PCR assays were conducted to characterize the pathogens. Genus Ixodes feeding on these cattle were collected and identified. Theileria annulata-like and Anaplasma marginale-like pathogens were observed in the blood smears stained with Giemsa staining under microscope. Furthermore, 5 out of 7 cattle blood samples were found to be positive for T. annulata by PCR. In the 28 blood specimens, three were positive for T. annulata, while A. marginale DNA was detected in nine blood DNA samples. Besides, 56 ticks feeding on cattle were collected from this farm and were all identified as Rhipisephalus microplus, meanwhile, 10 of them were found to be positive for A. marginale. In addition, phylogenetic analysis of the msp4 gene sequences of A. marginale obtained in this study showed that the isolate from cattle (KX840009) fell in the same clade with that of R. microplus (KX904527), sharing 100% similarity. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first confirmed report of outbreak of theileriosis/anaplasmosis in cattle farms in Henan, China. Copyright © 2017. Published by Elsevier B.V.

Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Hepatitis B Vaccination Strategies to Prevent Perinatal Transmission in North Korea: Selective Vaccination vs. Universal Vaccination.

PubMed

Lee, Donghoon; Park, Sang Min

2016-01-01

To tackle the high prevalence of Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in North Korea, it is essential that birth doses of HBV vaccines should be administered within 24 hours of birth. As the country fails to provide a Timely Birth Dose (TBD) of HBV vaccine, the efforts of reducing the high prevalence of HBV have been significantly hampered. To examine the cost-effectiveness of vaccination strategies to prevent perinatal transmission of HBV in North Korea, we established a decision tree with a Markov model consisting of selective, universal, and the country's current vaccination program against HBV. The cost-effectiveness analysis was performed from societal and payer's perspectives and evaluated by Disability Adjusted Life Year (DALY). The results suggest that introducing the universal vaccination would prevent 1,866 cases of perinatal infections per 100,000 of the birth cohort of 2013. Furthermore, 900 cases of perinatal infections per 100,000 could be additionally averted if switching to the selective vaccination. The current vaccination is a dominated strategy both from the societal and payer's perspective. The Incremental Cost-Effectiveness Ratio (ICER) between universal and selective vaccination is $267 from the societal perspective and is reported as $273 from the payer's perspective. Based on the assumption that the 2012 Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita in North Korea, $582.6 was set for cost-effectiveness criteria, the result of this study indicates that selective vaccination may be a highly cost-effective strategy compared to universal vaccination.

A phenomenological molecular model for yielding and brittle-ductile transition of polymer glasses.

PubMed

Wang, Shi-Qing; Cheng, Shiwang; Lin, Panpan; Li, Xiaoxiao

2014-09-07

This work formulates, at a molecular level, a phenomenological theoretical description of the brittle-ductile transition (BDT) in tensile extension, exhibited by all polymeric glasses of high molecular weight (MW). The starting point is our perception of a polymer glass (under large deformation) as a structural hybrid, consisting of a primary structure due to the van der Waals bonding and a chain network whose junctions are made of pairs of hairpins and function like chemical crosslinks due to the intermolecular uncrossability. During extension, load-bearing strands (LBSs) emerge between the junctions in the affinely strained chain network. Above the BDT, i.e., at "warmer" temperatures where the glass is less vitreous, the influence of the chain network reaches out everywhere by activating all segments populated transversely between LBSs, starting from those adjacent to LBSs. It is the chain network that drives the primary structure to undergo yielding and plastic flow. Below the BDT, the glassy state is too vitreous to yield before the chain network suffers a structural breakdown. Thus, brittle failure becomes inevitable. For any given polymer glass of high MW, there is one temperature TBD or a very narrow range of temperature where the yielding of the glass barely takes place as the chain network also reaches the point of a structural failure. This is the point of the BDT. A theoretical analysis of the available experimental data reveals that (a) chain pullout occurs at the BDT when the chain tension builds up to reach a critical value f(cp) during tensile extension; (b) the limiting value of f(cp), extrapolated to far below the glass transition temperature T(g), is of a universal magnitude around 0.2-0.3 nN, for all eight polymers examined in this work; (c) pressurization, which is known [K. Matsushige, S. V. Radcliffe, and E. Baer, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 20, 1853 (1976)] to make brittle polystyrene (PS) and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) ductile at room

On the construction of a time base and the elimination of averaging errors in proxy records

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Beelaerts, V.; De Ridder, F.; Bauwens, M.; Schmitz, N.; Pintelon, R.

2009-04-01

measured averaged proxy signal is modeled by following signal model: -- Δ ∫ n+12Δδ- y(n,θ) = δ- 1Δ- y(m,θ)dm n-2 δ where m is the position, x(m) = Δm; θ are the unknown parameters and y(m,θ) is the proxy signal we want to identify (the proxy signal as found in the natural archive), which we model as: y(m, θ) = A +∑H [A sin(kωt(m ))+ A cos(kωt(m ))] 0 k=1 k k+H With t(m): t(m) = mTS + g(m )TS Here TS = 1/fS is the sampling period, fS the sampling frequency, and g(m) the unknown time base distortion (TBD). In this work a splines approximation of the TBD is chosen: ∑ g(m ) = b blφl(m ) l=1 where, b is a vector of unknown time base distortion parameters, and φ is a set of splines. The estimates of the unknown parameters were obtained with a nonlinear least squares algorithm. The vessel density measured in the mangrove tree R mucronata was used to illustrate the method. The vessel density is a proxy for the rain fall in tropical regions. The proxy data on the newly constructed time base showed a yearly periodicity, this is what we expected and the correction for the averaging effect increased the amplitude by 11.18%.

Lessons Learned from Deploying an Analytical Task Management Database

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

O'Neil, Daniel A.; Welch, Clara; Arceneaux, Joshua; Bulgatz, Dennis; Hunt, Mitch; Young, Stephen

2007-01-01

Defining requirements, missions, technologies, and concepts for space exploration involves multiple levels of organizations, teams of people with complementary skills, and analytical models and simulations. Analytical activities range from filling a To-Be-Determined (TBD) in a requirement to creating animations and simulations of exploration missions. In a program as large as returning to the Moon, there are hundreds of simultaneous analysis activities. A way to manage and integrate efforts of this magnitude is to deploy a centralized database that provides the capability to define tasks, identify resources, describe products, schedule deliveries, and generate a variety of reports. This paper describes a web-accessible task management system and explains the lessons learned during the development and deployment of the database. Through the database, managers and team leaders can define tasks, establish review schedules, assign teams, link tasks to specific requirements, identify products, and link the task data records to external repositories that contain the products. Data filters and spreadsheet export utilities provide a powerful capability to create custom reports. Import utilities provide a means to populate the database from previously filled form files. Within a four month period, a small team analyzed requirements, developed a prototype, conducted multiple system demonstrations, and deployed a working system supporting hundreds of users across the aeros pace community. Open-source technologies and agile software development techniques, applied by a skilled team enabled this impressive achievement. Topics in the paper cover the web application technologies, agile software development, an overview of the system's functions and features, dealing with increasing scope, and deploying new versions of the system.

Event processing in X-IFU detector onboard Athena.

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ceballos, M. T.; Cobos, B.; van der Kuurs, J.; Fraga-Encinas, R.

2015-05-01

The X-ray Observatory ATHENA was proposed in April 2014 as the mission to implement the science theme "The Hot and Energetic Universe" selected by ESA for L2 (the second Large-class mission in ESA's Cosmic Vision science programme). One of the two X-ray detectors designed to be onboard ATHENA is X-IFU, a cryogenic microcalorimeter based on Transition Edge Sensor (TES) technology that will provide spatially resolved high-resolution spectroscopy. X-IFU will be developed by a consortium of European research institutions currently from France (leadership), Italy, The Netherlands, Belgium, UK, Germany and Spain. From Spain, IFCA (CSIC-UC) is involved in the Digital Readout Electronics (DRE) unit of the X-IFU detector, in particular in the Event Processor Subsytem. We at IFCA are in charge of the development and implementation in the DRE unit of the Event Processing algorithms, designed to recognize, from a noisy signal, the intensity pulses generated by the absorption of the X-ray photons, and lately extract their main parameters (coordinates, energy, arrival time, grade, etc.) Here we will present the design and performance of the algorithms developed for the event recognition (adjusted derivative), and pulse grading/qualification as well as the progress in the algorithms designed to extract the energy content of the pulses (pulse optimal filtering). IFCA will finally have the responsibility of the implementation on board in the (TBD) FPGAs or micro-processors of the DRE unit, where this Event Processing part will take place, to fit into the limited telemetry of the instrument.

Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Hepatitis B Vaccination Strategies to Prevent Perinatal Transmission in North Korea: Selective Vaccination vs. Universal Vaccination

PubMed Central

Lee, Donghoon; Park, Sang Min

2016-01-01

Background To tackle the high prevalence of Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in North Korea, it is essential that birth doses of HBV vaccines should be administered within 24 hours of birth. As the country fails to provide a Timely Birth Dose (TBD) of HBV vaccine, the efforts of reducing the high prevalence of HBV have been significantly hampered. Methods To examine the cost-effectiveness of vaccination strategies to prevent perinatal transmission of HBV in North Korea, we established a decision tree with a Markov model consisting of selective, universal, and the country’s current vaccination program against HBV. The cost-effectiveness analysis was performed from societal and payer’s perspectives and evaluated by Disability Adjusted Life Year (DALY). Results The results suggest that introducing the universal vaccination would prevent 1,866 cases of perinatal infections per 100,000 of the birth cohort of 2013. Furthermore, 900 cases of perinatal infections per 100,000 could be additionally averted if switching to the selective vaccination. The current vaccination is a dominated strategy both from the societal and payer’s perspective. The Incremental Cost-Effectiveness Ratio (ICER) between universal and selective vaccination is $267 from the societal perspective and is reported as $273 from the payer’s perspective. Conclusion Based on the assumption that the 2012 Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita in North Korea, $582.6 was set for cost-effectiveness criteria, the result of this study indicates that selective vaccination may be a highly cost-effective strategy compared to universal vaccination. PMID:27802340

Hole injection and dielectric breakdown in 6H-SiC and 4H-SiC metal-oxide-semiconductor structures during substrate electron injection via Fowler-Nordheim tunneling

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Samanta, Piyas; Mandal, Krishna C.

2015-12-01

Hole injection into silicon dioxide (SiO2) films (8-40 nm thick) is investigated for the first time during substrate electron injection via Fowler-Nordheim (FN) tunneling in n-type 4H- and 6H-SiC (silicon carbide) based metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) structures at a wide range of temperatures (T) between 298 and 598 K and oxide electric fields Eox from 6 to 10 MV/cm. Holes are generated in heavily doped n-type polycrystalline silicon (n+ -polySi) gate serving as the anode as well as in the bulk silicon dioxide (SiO2) film via hot-electron initiated band-to-band ionization (BTBI). In absence of oxide trapped charges, it is shown that at a given temperature, the hole injection rates from either of the above two mechanisms are higher in n-4H-SiC MOS devices than those in n-6H-SiC MOS structures when compared at a given Eox and SiO2 thickness (tox). On the other hand, relative to n-4H-SiC devices, n-6H-SiC structures exhibit higher hole injection rates for a given tox during substrate electron injection at a given FN current density je,FN throughout the temperature range studied here. These two observations clearly reveal that the substrate material (n-6H-SiC and n-4H-SiC) dependencies on time-to-breakdown (tBD) or injected charge (electron) to breakdown (QBD) of the SiO2 film depend on the mode of FN injections (constant field/voltage and current) from the substrate which is further verified from the rigorous device simulation as well.

Layered double hydroxide catalyst for the conversion of crude vegetable oils to a sustainable biofuel

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mollaeian, Keyvan

Over the last two decades, the U.S. has developed the production of biodiesel, a mixture of fatty acid methyl esters, using chiefly vegetable oils as feedstocks. However, there is much concern about the availability of high-quality vegetable oils for longterm biodiesel production. Problems have also risen due to the production of glycerol, an unwanted byproduct, as well as the need for process wash water. Therefore, this study was initiated to produce not only fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) but also fatty acid glycerol carbonates (FAGCs) by replacing methanol with dimethyl carbonate (DMC). The process would have no unnecessary byproducts and would be a simplified process compared to traditional biodiesel. In addition, this altering of the methylating agent could convert triglycerides, free fatty acids, and phospholipids to a sustainable biofuel. In this project, Mg-Al Layered Double Hydroxide (LDH) was optimized by calcination in different temperature varied from 250°C to 450°C. The gallery between layers was increased by intercalating sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS). During catalyst preparation, the pH was controlled ~10. In our experiment, triazabicyclodecene (TBD) was attached with trimethoxysilane (3GPS) as a coupling agent, and N-cetyl-N,N,N-trimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) was added to remove SDS from the catalyst. The catalyst was characterized by XRD, FTIR, and Raman spectroscopy. The effect of the heterogeneous catalyst on the conversion of canola oil, corn oil, and free fatty acids was investigated. To analyze the conversion of lipid oils to biofuel an in situ Raman spectroscopic method was developed. Catalyst synthesis methods and a proposed mechanism for converting triglycerides and free fatty acids to biofuel will be presented.

Origins, design and implementation of the China GAVI project.

PubMed

Liang, Xiaofeng; Cui, Fuqiang; Hadler, Stephen; Wang, Xiaojun; Luo, Huiming; Chen, Yuansheng; Kane, Mark; Shapiro, Craig; Yang, Weizhong; Wang, Yu

2013-12-27

China received GAVI support for hepatitis B vaccination in 2001 because of high disease burden and strong government will to protect infants at risk. The China/GAVI project, implemented since 2002, was funded 50% by GAVI and 50% by the Government of China. The purpose of the project was to increase coverage of hepatitis B vaccine through a pro-poor approach targeting all counties of the 12 Western provinces and poverty counties of the 10 Central provinces, to accelerate integration of hepatitis B vaccine into routine immunization, and assure immunization injection safety. The mechanism of internal coordination among multiple government entities and international cooperation was established and comprehensive strategies were used to improve vaccine coverage and injection safety. After 8 years of implementation, 193,000 health care workers in 118,316 health care facilities participated in the project, mostly at the township hospitals level (55,051) and in community centres (104,547). Through the China GAVI project, the 85% HepB3 coverage goal was reached in 98% of GAVI China project counties, the 75% timely birth dose (TBD) coverage goal was reached in 80% of GAVI project counties, and AD syringes were introduced into 100% of GAVI-supported areas. Additionally, the GAVI project was instrumental in convincing the Chinese Government to sustainably introduce and fully fund HepB vaccine for all newborns in China. The impact of hepB vaccination on HBsAg prevalence was observed throughout China, as HBsAg prevalence (previously ~10%) is now less than 1% among children under 5 years of age. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Poly(trimethylene carbonate)/Poly(malic acid) Amphiphilic Diblock Copolymers as Biocompatible Nanoparticles.

PubMed

Barouti, Ghislaine; Khalil, Ali; Orione, Clement; Jarnouen, Kathleen; Cammas-Marion, Sandrine; Loyer, Pascal; Guillaume, Sophie M

2016-02-18

Amphiphilic polycarbonate-poly(hydroxyalkanoate) diblock copolymers, namely, poly(trimethylene carbonate) (PTMC)-b-poly(β-malic acid) (PMLA), are reported for the first time. The synthetic strategy relies on commercially available catalysts and initiator. The controlled ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of trimethylene carbonate (TMC) catalyzed by the organic guanidine base 1,5,7-triazabicyclo[4.4.0]dec-5-ene (TBD), associated with iPrOH as an initiator, provided iPrO-PTMC-OH, which served as a macroinitiator in the controlled ROP of benzyl β-malolactonate (MLABe) catalyzed by the neodymium triflate salt (Nd(OTf)3). The resulting hydrophobic iPrO-PTMC-b-PMLABe-OH copolymers were then hydrogenolyzed into the parent iPrO-PTMC-b-PMLA-OH copolymers. A range of well-defined copolymers, featuring different sizes of segments (Mn,NMR up to 9300 g mol(-1) ; ÐM =1.28-1.40), were thus isolated in gram quantities, as evidenced by NMR spectroscopy, size exclusion chromatography, thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, and contact angle analyses. Subsequently, PTMC-b-PMLA copolymers with different hydrophilic weight fractions (11-75 %) self-assembled in phosphate-buffered saline upon nanoprecipitation into well-defined nano-objects with Dh =61-176 nm, a polydispersity index <0.25, and a negative surface charge, as characterized by dynamic light scattering and zeta-potential analyses. In addition, these nanoparticles demonstrated no significant effect on cell viability at low concentrations, and a very low cytotoxicity at high concentrations only for PTMC-b-PMLA copolymers exhibiting hydrophilic fractions over 47 %, thus illustrating the potential of these copolymers as promising nanoparticles. © 2016 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Evolution of International Space Station GN&C System Across ISS Assembly Stages

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Lee, Roscoe; Frank, K. D. (Technical Monitor)

1999-01-01

The Guidance Navigation and Control (GN&C) system for the International Space Station is initially implemented by the Functional Cargo Block (FGB) which was built by the Khrunichev Space Center under direct contract to Boeing. This element (Stage 1A/R) was launched on 20 November 1998 and is currently operating on-orbit. The components and capabilities of the FGB Motion Control System (MCS) are described. The next ISS element, which has GN&C functionality will be the Service Module (SM) built by Rocket Space Corporation-Energia. This module is scheduled for launch (Stage 1R) in early 2000. Following activation of the SM GN&C system, the FGB MCS is deactivated and no longer used. The components and capabilities of the SM GN&C system are described. When a Progress vehicle is attached to the ISS it can be used for reboost operations, based on commands provided by the Mission Control Center-Moscow. When a data connection is implemented between the SM and the Progress, the SM can command the Progress thrusters for attitude control and reboosts. On Stage 5A, the U.S. GN&C system will become activated when the U.S. Laboratory is de loyed and installed (launch schedule is currently TBD). The U.S. GN&C system provides non-propulsive control capabilities to support micro-gravity operations and minimize the use of propellant for attitude control, and an independent capability for determining the ISS state vector, attitude, attitude rate. and time.. The components and capabilities of the U.S. GN&C system are described and the interactions between the U.S. and Russian Segment GN&C systems are also described.

Study of Superbase-Based Deep Eutectic Solvents as the Catalyst in the Chemical Fixation of CO2 into Cyclic Carbonates under Mild Conditions

PubMed Central

García-Argüelles, Sara; Iglesias, Marta; Del Monte, Francisco

2017-01-01

Superbases have shown high performance as catalysts in the chemical fixation of CO2 to epoxides. The proposed reaction mechanism typically assumes the formation of a superbase, the CO2 adduct as the intermediate, most likely because of the well-known affinity between superbases and CO2, i.e., superbases have actually proven quite effective for CO2 absorption. In this latter use, concerns about the chemical stability upon successive absorption-desorption cycles also merits attention when using superbases as catalysts. In this work, 1H NMR spectroscopy was used to get further insights about (1) whether a superbase, the CO2 adduct, is formed as an intermediate and (2) the chemical stability of the catalyst after reaction. For this purpose, we proposed as a model system the chemical fixation of CO2 to epichlorohydrin (EP) using a deep eutectic solvent (DES) composed of a superbase, e.g., 2,3,4,6,7,8-hexahydro-1H-pyrimido[1,2-a]pyrimidine (TBD) or 2,3,4,6,7,8,9,10-octahydropyrimido[1,2-a]azepine (DBU), as a hydrogen acceptor and an alcohol as a hydrogen bond donor, e.g., benzyl alcohol (BA), ethylene glycol (EG), and methyldiethanolamine (MDEA), as the catalyst. The resulting carbonate was obtained with yields above 90% and selectivities approaching 100% after only two hours of reaction in pseudo-mild reaction conditions, e.g., 1.2 bars and 100 °C, and after 20 h if the reaction conditions of choice were even milder, e.g., 1.2 bars and 50 °C. These results were in agreement with previous works using bifunctional catalytic systems composed of a superbase and a hydrogen bond donor (HBD) also reporting good yields and selectivities, thus confirming the suitability of our choice to perform this study. PMID:28773128

Genotyping and drug resistance patterns of M. tuberculosis strains in Pakistan

PubMed Central

Tanveer, Mahnaz; Hasan, Zahra; Siddiqui, Amna R; Ali, Asho; Kanji, Akbar; Ghebremicheal, Solomon; Hasan, Rumina

2008-01-01

Background The incidence of tuberculosis in Pakistan is 181/100,000 population. However, information about transmission and geographical prevalence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains and their evolutionary genetics as well as drug resistance remains limited. Our objective was to determine the clonal composition, evolutionary genetics and drug resistance of M. tuberculosis isolates from different regions of the country. Methods M. tuberculosis strains isolated (2003–2005) from specimens submitted to the laboratory through collection units nationwide were included. Drug susceptibility was performed and strains were spoligotyped. Results Of 926 M. tuberculosis strains studied, 721(78%) were grouped into 59 "shared types", while 205 (22%) were identified as "Orphan" spoligotypes. Amongst the predominant genotypes 61% were Central Asian strains (CAS ; including CAS1, CAS sub-families and Orphan Pak clusters), 4% East African-Indian (EAI), 3% Beijing, 2% poorly defined TB strains (T), 2% Haarlem and LAM (0.2). Also TbD1 analysis (M. tuberculosis specific deletion 1) confirmed that CAS1 was of "modern" origin while EAI isolates belonged to "ancestral" strain types. Prevalence of CAS1 clade was significantly higher in Punjab (P < 0.01, Pearsons Chi-square test) as compared with Sindh, North West Frontier Province and Balochistan provinces. Forty six percent of isolates were sensitive to five first line antibiotics tested, 45% were Rifampicin resistant, 50% isoniazid resistant. MDR was significantly associated with Beijing strains (P = 0.01, Pearsons Chi-square test) and EAI (P = 0.001, Pearsons Chi-square test), but not with CAS family. Conclusion Our results show variation of prevalent M. tuberculosis strain with greater association of CAS1 with the Punjab province. The fact that the prevalent CAS genotype was not associated with drug resistance is encouraging. It further suggests a more effective treatment and control programme should be successful in reducing the

PCR diagnosis of tick-borne pathogens in Maharashtra state, India indicates fitness cost associated with carrier infections is greater for crossbreed than native cattle breeds

PubMed Central

Kolte, Sunil W.; Larcombe, Stephen D.; Jadhao, Suresh G.; Magar, Swapnil P.; Warthi, Ganesh; Kurkure, Nitin V.; Glass, Elizabeth J.; Shiels, Brian R.

2017-01-01

Tick-borne pathogens (TBP) are responsible for significant economic losses to cattle production, globally. This is particularly true in countries like India where TBP constrain rearing of high yielding Bos taurus, as they show susceptibility to acute tick borne disease (TBD), most notably tropical theileriosis caused by Theileria annulata. This has led to a programme of cross breeding Bos taurus (Holstein-Friesian or Jersey) with native Bos indicus (numerous) breeds to generate cattle that are more resistant to disease. However, the cost to fitness of subclinical carrier infection in crossbreeds relative to native breeds is unknown, but could represent a significant hidden economic cost. In this study, a total of 1052 bovine blood samples, together with associated data on host type, sex and body score, were collected from apparently healthy animals in four different agro-climatic zones of Maharashtra state. Samples were screened by PCR for detection of five major TBPs: T. annulata, T. orientalis, B. bigemina, B. bovis and Anaplasma spp.. The results demonstrated that single and co-infection with TBP are common, and although differences in pathogen spp. prevalence across the climatic zones were detected, simplistic regression models predicted that host type, sex and location are all likely to impact on prevalence of TBP. In order to remove issues with autocorrelation between variables, a subset of the dataset was modelled to assess any impact of TBP infection on body score of crossbreed versus native breed cattle (breed type). The model showed significant association between infection with TBP (particularly apicomplexan parasites) and poorer body condition for crossbreed animals. These findings indicate potential cost of TBP carrier infection on crossbreed productivity. Thus, there is a case for development of strategies for targeted breeding to combine productivity traits with disease resistance, or to prevent transmission of TBP in India for economic benefit. PMID

PCR diagnosis of tick-borne pathogens in Maharashtra state, India indicates fitness cost associated with carrier infections is greater for crossbreed than native cattle breeds.

PubMed

Kolte, Sunil W; Larcombe, Stephen D; Jadhao, Suresh G; Magar, Swapnil P; Warthi, Ganesh; Kurkure, Nitin V; Glass, Elizabeth J; Shiels, Brian R

2017-01-01

Tick-borne pathogens (TBP) are responsible for significant economic losses to cattle production, globally. This is particularly true in countries like India where TBP constrain rearing of high yielding Bos taurus, as they show susceptibility to acute tick borne disease (TBD), most notably tropical theileriosis caused by Theileria annulata. This has led to a programme of cross breeding Bos taurus (Holstein-Friesian or Jersey) with native Bos indicus (numerous) breeds to generate cattle that are more resistant to disease. However, the cost to fitness of subclinical carrier infection in crossbreeds relative to native breeds is unknown, but could represent a significant hidden economic cost. In this study, a total of 1052 bovine blood samples, together with associated data on host type, sex and body score, were collected from apparently healthy animals in four different agro-climatic zones of Maharashtra state. Samples were screened by PCR for detection of five major TBPs: T. annulata, T. orientalis, B. bigemina, B. bovis and Anaplasma spp.. The results demonstrated that single and co-infection with TBP are common, and although differences in pathogen spp. prevalence across the climatic zones were detected, simplistic regression models predicted that host type, sex and location are all likely to impact on prevalence of TBP. In order to remove issues with autocorrelation between variables, a subset of the dataset was modelled to assess any impact of TBP infection on body score of crossbreed versus native breed cattle (breed type). The model showed significant association between infection with TBP (particularly apicomplexan parasites) and poorer body condition for crossbreed animals. These findings indicate potential cost of TBP carrier infection on crossbreed productivity. Thus, there is a case for development of strategies for targeted breeding to combine productivity traits with disease resistance, or to prevent transmission of TBP in India for economic benefit.

Genetic characterization of the human relapsing fever spirochete Borrelia miyamotoi in vectors and animal reservoirs of Lyme disease spirochetes in France.

PubMed

Cosson, Jean-François; Michelet, Lorraine; Chotte, Julien; Le Naour, Evelyne; Cote, Martine; Devillers, Elodie; Poulle, Marie-Lazarine; Huet, Dominique; Galan, Maxime; Geller, Julia; Moutailler, Sara; Vayssier-Taussat, Muriel

2014-05-20

In France as elsewhere in Europe the most prevalent TBD in humans is Lyme borreliosis, caused by different bacterial species belonging to Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato complex and transmitted by the most important tick species in France, Ixodes ricinus. However, the diagnosis of Lyme disease is not always confirmed and unexplained syndromes occurring after tick bites have become an important issue. Recently, B. miyamotoi belonging to the relapsing fever group and transmitted by the same Ixodes species has been involved in human disease in Russia, the USA and the Netherlands. In the present study, we investigate the presence of B. miyamotoi along with other Lyme Borreliosis spirochetes, in ticks and possible animal reservoirs collected in France. We analyzed 268 ticks (Ixodes ricinus) and 72 bank voles (Myodes glareolus) collected and trapped in France for the presence of DNA from B. miyamotoi as well as from Lyme spirochetes using q-PCR and specific primers and probes. We then compared the French genotypes with those found in other European countries. We found that 3% of ticks and 5.55% of bank voles were found infected by the same B. miyamotoi genotype, while co-infection with other Lyme spirochetes (B. garinii) was identified in 12% of B. miyamotoi infected ticks. Sequencing showed that ticks and rodents carried the same genotype as those recently characterized in a sick person in the Netherlands. The genotype of B. miyamotoi circulating in ticks and bank voles in France is identical to those already described in ticks from Western Europe and to the genotype isolated from a sick person in The Netherlands. This results suggests that even though no human cases have been reported in France, surveillance has to be improved. Moreover, we showed that ticks could simultaneously carry B. miyamotoi and Lyme disease spirochetes, increasing the problem of co-infection in humans.

Simulations of the Evolution of Vapor Ejected by the LCROSS Impact on the Moon

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hurley, D. M.; Killen, R. M.; Team, L.; Potter, A. E.

2009-12-01

We present simulations of the vapor plume evolution resulting from the LCROSS impact onto the Moon. The simulation employs the Monte Carlo technique to follow the trajectory of particles assuming a collisionless atmosphere from the time the particle reaches the collisionless regime until the particle is lost from the Moon. We use realistic topography and examine how different implementation of physics within the model affect the evolution of the vapor plume. We simulate Na, H2O, OH, H, O, and Ar. If observations from LAMP and ground-based observations of Na are successful (they are TBD at the time of writing the abstract), we present the observations and use the model to interpret them. LAMP is the Lyman Alpha Mapping Project onboard Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter. After impact, LAMP will observe FUV spectra in search of H and Ar in the atmosphere. We propose to use the McMath-Pierce Main to observe the impact plume, which is scheduled to occur on October 9, 2009 at 11:30 UT (7:30 a.m. EDT, 4:30 a.m. PDT), +/- 30 minutes. The spectrum of the impact plume will be measured using the Stellar Spectrograph and the McMath-Pierce Main telescope. The spectral range will be chosen to observed sodium. The purpose of this observation is to calibrate the impact. We know the sodium content of the regolith. A measure of the extra sodium content in the impact plume will serve to calibrate the impact. We will observe the impact region with the East Auxillary Telescope in white light to estimate the amount of dust produced by the impact. Distribution of simulated Ar particles 2 hours after the LCROSS impact.

Genotyping and drug resistance patterns of M. tuberculosis strains in Pakistan.

PubMed

Tanveer, Mahnaz; Hasan, Zahra; Siddiqui, Amna R; Ali, Asho; Kanji, Akbar; Ghebremicheal, Solomon; Hasan, Rumina

2008-12-24

The incidence of tuberculosis in Pakistan is 181/100,000 population. However, information about transmission and geographical prevalence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains and their evolutionary genetics as well as drug resistance remains limited. Our objective was to determine the clonal composition, evolutionary genetics and drug resistance of M. tuberculosis isolates from different regions of the country. M. tuberculosis strains isolated (2003-2005) from specimens submitted to the laboratory through collection units nationwide were included. Drug susceptibility was performed and strains were spoligotyped. Of 926 M. tuberculosis strains studied, 721(78%) were grouped into 59 "shared types", while 205 (22%) were identified as "Orphan" spoligotypes. Amongst the predominant genotypes 61% were Central Asian strains (CAS ; including CAS1, CAS sub-families and Orphan Pak clusters), 4% East African-Indian (EAI), 3% Beijing, 2% poorly defined TB strains (T), 2% Haarlem and LAM (0.2). Also TbD1 analysis (M. tuberculosis specific deletion 1) confirmed that CAS1 was of "modern" origin while EAI isolates belonged to "ancestral" strain types.Prevalence of CAS1 clade was significantly higher in Punjab (P < 0.01, Pearsons Chi-square test) as compared with Sindh, North West Frontier Province and Balochistan provinces. Forty six percent of isolates were sensitive to five first line antibiotics tested, 45% were Rifampicin resistant, 50% isoniazid resistant. MDR was significantly associated with Beijing strains (P = 0.01, Pearsons Chi-square test) and EAI (P = 0.001, Pearsons Chi-square test), but not with CAS family. Our results show variation of prevalent M. tuberculosis strain with greater association of CAS1 with the Punjab province. The fact that the prevalent CAS genotype was not associated with drug resistance is encouraging. It further suggests a more effective treatment and control programme should be successful in reducing the tuberculosis burden in Pakistan.

Novel method for detection of glycogen in cells.

PubMed

Skurat, Alexander V; Segvich, Dyann M; DePaoli-Roach, Anna A; Roach, Peter J

2017-05-01

Glycogen, a branched polymer of glucose, functions as an energy reserve in many living organisms. Abnormalities in glycogen metabolism, usually excessive accumulation, can be caused genetically, most often through mutation of the enzymes directly involved in synthesis and degradation of the polymer leading to a variety of glycogen storage diseases (GSDs). Microscopic visualization of glycogen deposits in cells and tissues is important for the study of normal glycogen metabolism as well as diagnosis of GSDs. Here, we describe a method for the detection of glycogen using a renewable, recombinant protein which contains the carbohydrate-binding module (CBM) from starch-binding domain containing protein 1 (Stbd1). We generated a fusion protein containing g lutathione S-transferase, a cM c eptitope and the tbd1 BM (GYSC) for use as a glycogen-binding probe, which can be detected with secondary antibodies against glutathione S-transferase or cMyc. By enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, we demonstrate that GYSC binds glycogen and two other polymers of glucose, amylopectin and amylose. Immunofluorescence staining of cultured cells indicate a GYSC-specific signal that is co-localized with signals obtained with anti-glycogen or anti-glycogen synthase antibodies. GYSC-positive staining inside of lysosomes is observed in individual muscle fibers isolated from mice deficient in lysosomal enzyme acid alpha-glucosidase, a well-characterized model of GSD II (Pompe disease). Co-localized GYSC and glycogen signals are also found in muscle fibers isolated from mice deficient in malin, a model for Lafora disease. These data indicate that GYSC is a novel probe that can be used to study glycogen metabolism under normal and pathological conditions. © The Author 2017. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com

Memoris, A Wide Angle Camera For Bepicolombo

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Cremonese, G.; Memoris Team

In order to answer to the Announcement of Opportunity of ESA for the BepiColombo payload, we are working on a wide angle camera concept named MEMORIS (MEr- cury MOderate Resolution Imaging System). MEMORIS will performe stereoscopic images of the whole Mercury surface using two different channels at +/- 20 degrees from the nadir point. It will achieve a spatial resolution of 50m per pixel at 400 km from the surface (peri-Herm), corresponding to a vertical resolution of about 75m with the stereo performances. The scientific objectives will be addressed by MEMORIS may be identified as follows: Estimate of surface age based on crater counting Crater morphology and degrada- tion Stratigraphic sequence of geological units Identification of volcanic features and related deposits Origin of plain units from morphological observations Distribution and type of the tectonic structures Determination of relative age among the structures based on cross-cutting relationships 3D Tectonics Global mineralogical mapping of main geological units Identification of weathering products The last two items will come from the multispectral capabilities of the camera utilizing 8 to 12 (TBD) broad band filters. MEMORIS will be equipped by a further channel devoted to the observations of the tenuous exosphere. It will look at the limb on a given arc of the BepiColombo orbit, in so doing it will observe the exosphere above a surface latitude range of 25-75 degrees in the northern emisphere. The exosphere images will be obtained above the surface just observed by the other two channels, trying to find possible relantionship, as ground-based observations suggest. The exospheric channel will have four narrow-band filters centered on the sodium and potassium emissions and the adjacent continua.

Semiconducting organic-inorganic nanocomposites by intimately tethering conjugated polymers to inorganic tetrapods

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jung, Jaehan; Yoon, Young Jun; Lin, Zhiqun

2016-04-01

Semiconducting organic-inorganic nanocomposites were judiciously crafted by placing conjugated polymers in intimate contact with inorganic tetrapods via click reaction. CdSe tetrapods were first synthesized by inducing elongated arms from CdSe zincblende seeds through seed-mediated growth. The subsequent effective inorganic ligand treatment, followed by reacting with short bifunctional ligands, yielded azide-functionalized CdSe tetrapods (i.e., CdSe-N3). Finally, the ethynyl-terminated conjugated polymer poly(3-hexylthiophene) (i.e., P3HT-&z.tbd;) was tethered to CdSe-N3 tetrapods via a catalyst-free alkyne-azide cycloaddition, forming intimate semiconducting P3HT-CdSe tetrapod nanocomposites. Intriguingly, the intimate contact between P3HT and CdSe tetrapod was found to not only render the effective dispersion of CdSe tetrapods in the P3HT matrix, but also facilitate the efficient electronic interaction between these two semiconducting constituents. The successful anchoring of P3HT chains onto CdSe tetrapods was substantiated through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy measurements. Moreover, the absorption and photoluminescence studies further corroborated the intimate tethering between P3HT and CdSe tetrapods. The effect of the type of bifunctional ligands (i.e., aryl vs. aliphatic ligands) and the size of tetrapods on the device performance of hybrid organic-inorganic solar cells was also scrutinized. Interestingly, P3HT-CdSe tetrapod nanocomposites produced via the use of an aryl bifunctional ligand (i.e., 4-azidobenzoic acid) exhibited an improved photovoltaic performance compared to that synthesized with their aliphatic ligand counterpart (i.e., 5-bromovaleric acid). Clearly, the optimal size of CdSe tetrapods ensuring the effective charge transport in conjunction with the good dispersion of CdSe tetrapods rendered an improved device performance. We envision that the click-reaction strategy enabled by

Tick-borne haemoparasites and Anaplasmataceae in domestic dogs in Zambia.

PubMed

Qiu, Yongjin; Kaneko, Chiho; Kajihara, Masahiro; Ngonda, Saasa; Simulundu, Edgar; Muleya, Walter; Thu, May June; Hang'ombe, Mudenda Bernard; Katakura, Ken; Takada, Ayato; Sawa, Hirofumi; Simuunza, Martin; Nakao, Ryo

2018-05-01

Tick-borne diseases (TBDs), including emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases, are important threats to human and animal health worldwide. Indeed, the number of reported human and animal infectious cases of novel TBD agents has increased in recent decades. However, TBDs tend to be neglected, especially in resource-limited countries that often have limited diagnostic capacity. The aim of this molecular survey was to detect and characterise tick-borne pathogens (Babesia, Theileria, and Hepatozoon parasites and Anaplasmataceae bacteria) in domestic dogs in Zambia. In total, 247 canine peripheral blood samples were collected in Lusaka, Mazabuka, Monze, and Shangombo. Conventional PCR to detect the selected pathogens was performed using DNA extracted from canine blood. One hundred eleven samples were positive for protozoa and 5 were positive for Anaplasmataceae. Sequencing of thirty-five randomly selected protozoa-positive samples revealed the presence of Babesia rossi, Babesia vogeli, and Hepatozoon canis 18S rDNA. Based on these sequences, a multiplex PCR system was developed to yield PCR products with different amplicons, the size of which depended on the parasite species; thus, each species could be identified without the need for sequence analysis. Approximately 40% of dogs were positive for H. canis. In particular, the positive rate (75.2%) of H. canis infection was significantly higher in Shangombo than in other sampling sites. Multiplex PCR assay detected B. rossi and B. vogeli infections in five and seven dogs, respectively, indicating that this approach is useful for detecting parasites with low prevalence. Sequencing analysis of gltA and groEL genes of Anaplasmataceae revealed that two and one dogs in Lusaka were infected with Anaplasma platys and Ehrlichia canis, respectively. The data indicated that Zambian dogs were infected with multiple tick-borne pathogens such as H. canis, B. rossi, B. vogeli, A. platys, E. canis and uncharacterized Ehrlichia sp

Leakage current conduction and reliability assessment of passivating thin silicon dioxide films on n-4H-SiC

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Samanta, Piyas; Mandal, Krishna C.

2016-09-01

We have analyzed the mechanisms of leakage current conduction in passivating silicon dioxide (SiO2) films grown on (0 0 0 1) silicon (Si) face of n-type 4H-SiC (silicon carbide). It was observed that the experimentally measured gate current density in metal-oxide-silicon carbide (MOSiC) structures under positive gate bias at an oxide field Eox above 5 MV/cm is comprised of Fowler-Nordheim (FN) tunneling of electrons from the accumulated n-4H-SiC and Poole-Frenkel (PF) emission of trapped electrons from the localized neutral traps in the SiO2 gap, IFN and IPF, respectively at temperatures between 27 and 200 °C. In MOSiC structures, PF mechanism dominates FN tunneling of electrons from the accumulation layer of n-4H-SiC due to high density (up to 1013 cm-2) of carbon-related acceptor-like traps located at about 2.5 eV below the SiO2 conduction band (CB). These current conduction mechanisms were taken into account in studying hole injection/trapping into 10 nm-thick tunnel oxide on the Si face of 4H-SiC during electron injection from n-4H-SiC under high-field electrical stress with positive bias on the heavily doped n-type polysilicon (n+-polySi) gate at a wide range of temperatures between 27 and 200 °C. Holes were generated in the n+-polySi anode material by the hot-electrons during their transport through thin oxide films at oxide electric fields Eox from 5.6 to 8.0 MV/cm (prior to the intrinsic oxide breakdown field). Time-to-breakdown tBD of the gate dielectric was found to follow reciprocal field (1/E) model irrespective of stress temperatures. Despite the significant amount of process-induced interfacial electron traps contributing to a large amount of leakage current via PF emission in thermally grown SiO2 on the Si-face of n-4H-SiC, MOSiC devices having a 10 nm-thick SiO2 film can be safely used in 5 V TTL logic circuits over a period of 10 years.

Key outcomes and addressing remaining challenges--perspectives from a final evaluation of the China GAVI project.

PubMed

Yang, Weizhong; Liang, Xiaofeng; Cui, Fuqiang; Li, Li; Hadler, Stephen C; Hutin, Yvan J; Kane, Mark; Wang, Yu

2013-12-27

During the China GAVI project, implemented between 2002 and 2010, more than 25 million children received hepatitis B vaccine with the support of project, and the vaccine proved to be safe and effective. With careful consideration for project savings, China and GAVI continually adjusted the budget, additionally allowing the project to spend operational funds to support demonstration projects to improve timely birth dose (TBD), conduct training of EPI staff, and to monitor the project impact. Results from the final evaluation indicated the achievement of key outcomes. As a result of government co-investment, human resources at county level engaged in hepatitis B vaccination increased from 29 per county on average in 2002 to 66 in 2009. All project counties funded by the GAVI project use auto-disable syringes for hepatitis B vaccination and other vaccines. Surveyed hepatitis B vaccine coverage increased from 71% in 2002 to 93% in 2009 among infants. The HBsAg prevalence declined from 9.67% in 1992 to 0.96% in 2006 among children under 5 years of age. However, several important issues remain: (1) China still accounts for the largest annual number of perinatal HBV infections (estimated 84,121) in the WHO WPR region; (2) China still lacks a clear national policy for safe injection of vaccines; (3) vaccination of high risk adults and protection of health care workers are still not implemented; (4) hepatitis B surveillance needs to be refined to more accurately monitor acute hepatitis B; and (5) a program for treatment of persons with chronic HBV infection is needed. Recommendations for future hepatitis B control include: using the lessons learned from the China GAVI project for future introductions of new vaccines; addressing unmet needs with a second generation hepatitis B program to reach every infant, including screening mothers, and providing HBIG for infants born to HBsAg positive mothers; expanding vaccination to high risk adults; addressing remaining unsafe

The Genotypic Population Structure of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex from Moroccan Patients Reveals a Predominance of Euro-American Lineages

PubMed Central

Lahlou, Ouafae; Millet, Julie; Chaoui, Imane; Sabouni, Radia; Filali-Maltouf, Abdelkarim; Akrim, Mohammed; El Mzibri, Mohammed; Rastogi, Nalin; El Aouad, Rajae

2012-01-01

Background Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major health problem in Morocco. Characterization of circulating Mycobacterium tuberculosis genotypic lineages, important to understand the dynamic of the disease, was hereby addressed for the first time at a national level. Methodology/Principal Findings Spoligotyping was performed on a panel of 592 M. tuberculosis complex strains covering a 2-year period (2004–2006). It identified 129 patterns: 105 (n = 568 strains) corresponded to a SIT number in the SITVIT2 database, while 24 patterns were labeled as orphan. A total of 523 (88.3%) strains were clustered vs. 69 or 11.7% unclustered. Classification of strains within 3 large phylogenetical groups was as follows: group 1– ancestral/TbD1+/PGG1 (EAI, Bovis, Africanum), group 2– modern/TbD1−/PGG1 group (Beijing, CAS), group 3– evolutionary recent/TbD1−/PGG2/3 (Haarlem, X, S, T, LAM; alternatively designated as the Euro-American lineage). As opposed to group 3 strains (namely LAM, Haarlem, and T) that predominated (86.5% of all isolates), 6 strains belonged to group 2 (Beijing n = 5, CAS n = 1), and 3 strains (BOV_1 n = 2, BOV_4-CAPRAE) belonged to ancestral group 1 (EAI and AFRI lineage strains were absent). 12-loci MIRU-VNTR typing of the Casablanca subgroup (n = 114 strains) identified 71 patterns: 48 MITs and 23 orphan patterns; it allowed to reduce the clustering rate from 72.8% to 29.8% and the recent transmission rate from 64% to 20.2%. Conclusion The M. tuberculosis population structure in Morocco is highly homogeneous, and is characterized by the predominance of the Euro-American lineages, namely LAM, Haarlem, and T, which belong to the “evolutionary recent” TbD1−/PGG2/3 phylogenetic group. The combination of spoligotyping and MIRUs decreased the clustering rate significantly, and should now be systematically applied in larger studies. The methods used in this study appear well suited to monitor the M. tuberculosis population

AMORE: Applied Momentum for Orbital Refuse Elimination

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wolfson, M.

2014-09-01

The need for active orbital debris remediation has increasingly gained acceptance throughout the space community throughout the last decade as the threat to our assets has also increased. While there have been a wide variety of conceptual solutions proposed, a debris removal system has yet to be put in place. The challenges that stand in the way of action are formidable and range from technical to political to economic. The AMORE concept is a nascent technique that has the potential to address these challenges and bring active debris remediation into reality. It uses an on-orbit low energy neutral particle beam (~10 keV, TBD) to impart momentum onto medium (5mm 10 cm) debris objects in Low Earth Orbit (LEO), thereby reducing their kinetic energy and expediting their reentry. The advantage of this technique over other proposed concepts is that it does not require delta-V intensive rendezvous, has an effective range that allows daily access to hundreds of debris objects, and does not create policy concerns over violation of international treaties. In essence, AMORE would be a medium-sized high power satellite with one or more particle beams fed by a large propellant tank, and an on-board tracking sensor that provides beam control. The particle beam would be similar to existing Xenon Hall Effect thrusters being used today, with the addition of a beam lens that would focus and aim the beam. The primary technical challenge of this concept is the focusing, pointing, and closed loop control of the beam that is necessary to maintain effective momentum transfer at ranges up to 100 km. This effective range is critical in order to maximize daily access to debris objects. Even in the densely populated 800 km debris band, it can be expected that a single AMORE system would be within 100 km of a debris object less than an hour a day. Space is big, and range is critical for timely, cost effective debris removal. Initial analysis indicates that a single AMORE vehicle operating in

Response to long-period seismic waves recorded by broadband seismometer and pore pressure sensor at IODP Site C0002, Nankai Trough

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kitada, K.; Araki, E.; Kimura, T.; Saffer, D. M.

2013-12-01

Long term in situ monitoring of seismic activity, slow slip event, and pore fluid behavior around mega earthquake zone is important for understanding the processes of earthquake generation and strain accumulation. In order to characterize the response to long-period seismic waves, we compared waveforms and hydroseismograms recorded by broadband seismometer and pore pressure transducers, respectively, which were installed at IODP Site C0002 in the Nankai Trough Kumano Basin. The borehole monitoring system sensor array at Site C0002 is designed to collect multiparameter observations covering a dynamic range of events, including local microearthquakes, low frequency earthquakes, and large-scale earthquakes similar to the Tonankai earthquake. The suite of sensors for the downhole portion of the observatory includes a broadband seismometer (CMG3TBD, Guralp Systems Ltd.) with sampling rate of 100Hz at the depth of 907mbsf, and four pressure ports connected to pressure gauges located at 948mbsf, 917mbsf, 766mbsf, and at the seafloor. The sampling rate of the data logger was set to 1Hz after successful connection to the DONET seafloor cable network for real-time monitoring on 24 Jan 2013. Since then, we processed 12 earthquakes between a moment magnitude of 6.5 to 8.3. In addition to the comparison of long-period surface waves waveform and pressure data, we compared the records with theoretical strain seismograms. The latter were calculated by normal mode summation using the earth model PREM of Dziewonski and Anderson (1981). A Butterworth bandpass filter was applied to the records with cut-off frequencies of 0.003 and 0.1 Hz. Our initial results indicate that the hydroseismograms correspond well with the vertical rather than the horizontal (radial and transverse) components in seismic data. The observed hydroseismogram have a good correlation with the predicted volumetric strain seismogram, especially for the Okhotsk (2013/05/24 14:17UT, Mw8.3, 632km depth), the Chishima

Optical Property Requirements for Glasses, Ceramics and Plastics in Spacecraft Window Systems

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Estes, Lynda

2011-01-01

such a way that will result in the screening out of polycarbonates. It is acknowledged that many polycarbonates can perform the functions of Category D, such as piloting and imagery with lens with apertures up to 25mm, without performance issues. Therefore, this forward warns users that certain requirements, such as birefringence and wavefront, for Category D plastics need to be revised to allow those polycarbonates that perform adequately in Category D to be accepted, while at the same time, screen out those materials that do not perform up to par. At the time of document release, the requirements in question have been identified by a TBD beside the proposed requirement criteria (which is based upon acrylic performance). Vehicles that are designed with acrylic materials for windowpanes are encouraged to use the values presented in this document for all requirements, in order to ensure adequate optical performance.

Future Volcanism at Yucca Mountain - Statistical Insights from the Non-Detection of Basalt Intrusions in the Potential Repository

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Coleman, N.; Abramson, L.

2004-05-01

upper-bound probability of 2E-7/yr (95% conf. level) for an igneous intrusion over the next 1E4 yrs. If we assume one undiscovered dike exists, the upper-bound probability would rise to 4E-7/yr. Higher probabilities may be possible if conditions that fostered Plio-Quaternary volcanism became enhanced over time. To the contrary, basalts of the past 11 Ma in Crater Flat have erupted in four episodes that together show a declining trend in erupted magma volume (DOE, TBD13, 2003). Smith et al (GSA Today, 2002) suggest there may be a common magma source for volcanism in Crater Flat and the Lunar Crater volcanic field, and that recurrence rates for YM could be underestimated. Their interpretation is highly speculative given the 130-km (80-mi) distance between these zones. A claim that crustal extension at YM is anomalously large, possibly favoring renewed volcanism (Wernicke et al, Science, 1999), was contradicted by later work (Savage et al, JGR, 2000). Spatial-temporal models that predict future intrusion probabilities of >2E-7/yr may be overly conservative and unrealistic. Along with currently planned site characterization activities, realistic models could be developed by considering the non-detection of basaltic dikes in the potential repository footprint. (The views expressed are the authors' and do not reflect any final judgment or determination by the Advisory Committee on Nuclear Waste or the Nuclear Regulatory Commission regarding the matters addressed or the acceptability of a license application for a geologic repository at Yucca Mt.)

Asymmetrical A-Frame Triplatinum Clusters Bridged by Small Organic Molecules and Bis((diphenylphosphino)methyl)phenylphosphine.

PubMed

Tanase, Tomoaki; Ukaji, Hirokazu; Igoshi, Toshiaki; Yamamoto, Yasuhiro

1996-07-03

Reactions of the linear triplatinum complex [Pt(3)(&mgr;-dpmp)(2)(XylNC)(2)](2+) (3) with small organic molecules led to formation of asymmetrical A-frame triplatinum complexes with an additional bridge across one of the metal-metal bonds, where dpmp is bis((diphenylphosphino)methyl)phenylphosphine. Reaction of complex 3 with electron deficient alkynes (R(1)C&tbd1;CR(2): R(1) = R(2) = CO(2)Me; R(1) = H, R(2) = CO(2)Me; R(1) = R(2) = CO(2)Et) afforded a new series of triplatinum clusters formulated as [Pt(3)(&mgr;-dpmp)(2)(&mgr;-R(1)CCR(2))(XylNC)(2)](PF(6))(2) (5a, R(1) = R(2) = CO(2)Me; 5b, R(1) = H, R(2) = CO(2)Me; 5c, R(1) = R(2) = CO(2)Et) in good yields. The complex cation of 5b was characterized by X-ray crystallography to have an asymmetrical A-frame structure comprising three Pt atoms bridged by two dpmp ligands, in which an acetylene molecule was inserted into one of the Pt-Pt bonds (triclinic, P&onemacr;, a = 19.507(3) Å, b = 20.327(4) Å, c = 14.499(4) Å, alpha = 107.69(2) degrees, beta = 102.08(2) degrees, gamma = 71.30(1) degrees, V = 5148 Å(3), Z = 2, R = 0.070, and R(w) = 0.084). The Pt-Pt bond length is 2.718(1) Å and the Pt.Pt nonbonded distance is 3.582(1) Å. Treatment of 3 with an excess of HBF(4).Et(2)O gave the asymmetrical cluster [Pt(3)(&mgr;-dpmp)(2)(&mgr;-H)(XylNC)(2)](BF(4))(3).CH(2)Cl(2) (6.CH(2)Cl(2)), in 61% yield, and a similar reaction with p-NO(2)C(6)H(4)NC led to the formation of [Pt(3)(&mgr;-dpmp)(2)(&mgr;-R(3)NC)(XylNC)(2)](PF(6))(2).CH(2)Cl(2) (7.CH(2)Cl(2)) in 94% yield (R(3) = p-NO(2)C(6)H(4)). Complexes 6 and 7 are assumed to have a single atom-bridged, asymmetrical A-frame structures. Reaction of the complex syn-[Pt(2)(&mgr;-dpmp)(2)(XylNC)(2)](2+) (1) with [MCl(2)(cod)] (M = Pt, Pd) gave the dimer-monomer combined trinuclear cluster [Pt(2)MCl(2)(&mgr;-dpmp)(2)(XylNC)(2)](PF(6))(2) (8a, M = Pt, 89%; 8b, M = Pd, 55%). The structure of 8a was determined by X-ray crystallography to be comprised of a metal

Brain order disorder 2nd group report of f-EEG

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lalonde, Francois; Gogtay, Nitin; Giedd, Jay; Vydelingum, Nadarajen; Brown, David; Tran, Binh Q.; Hsu, Charles; Hsu, Ming-Kai; Cha, Jae; Jenkins, Jeffrey; Ma, Lien; Willey, Jefferson; Wu, Jerry; Oh, Kenneth; Landa, Joseph; Lin, C. T.; Jung, T. P.; Makeig, Scott; Morabito, Carlo Francesco; Moon, Qyu; Yamakawa, Takeshi; Lee, Soo-Young; Lee, Jong-Hwan; Szu, Harold H.; Kaur, Balvinder; Byrd, Kenneth; Dang, Karen; Krzywicki, Alan; Familoni, Babajide O.; Larson, Louis; Harkrider, Susan; Krapels, Keith A.; Dai, Liyi

2014-05-01

Since the Brain Order Disorder (BOD) group reported on a high density Electroencephalogram (EEG) to capture the neuronal information using EEG to wirelessly interface with a Smartphone [1,2], a larger BOD group has been assembled, including the Obama BRAIN program, CUA Brain Computer Interface Lab and the UCSD Swartz Computational Neuroscience Center. We can implement the pair-electrodes correlation functions in order to operate in a real time daily environment, which is of the computation complexity of O(N3) for N=102~3 known as functional f-EEG. The daily monitoring requires two areas of focus. Area #(1) to quantify the neuronal information flow under arbitrary daily stimuli-response sources. Approach to #1: (i) We have asserted that the sources contained in the EEG signals may be discovered by an unsupervised learning neural network called blind sources separation (BSS) of independent entropy components, based on the irreversible Boltzmann cellular thermodynamics(ΔS < 0), where the entropy is a degree of uniformity. What is the entropy? Loosely speaking, sand on the beach is more uniform at a higher entropy value than the rocks composing a mountain - the internal binding energy tells the paleontologists the existence of information. To a politician, landside voting results has only the winning information but more entropy, while a non-uniform voting distribution record has more information. For the human's effortless brain at constant temperature, we can solve the minimum of Helmholtz free energy (H = E - TS) by computing BSS, and then their pairwise-entropy source correlation function. (i) Although the entropy itself is not the information per se, but the concurrence of the entropy sources is the information flow as a functional-EEG, sketched in this 2nd BOD report. Area #(2) applying EEG bio-feedback will improve collective decision making (TBD). Approach to #2: We introduce a novel performance quality metrics, in terms of the throughput rate of faster (�

Cis Effects in the Cobalt Corrins. 1. Crystal Structures of 10-Chloroaquacobalamin Perchlorate, 10-Chlorocyanocobalamin, and 10-Chloromethylcobalamin.

PubMed

Brown, Kenneth L.; Cheng, Shifa; Zou, Xiang; Zubkowski, Jeffrey D.; Valente, Edward J.; Knapton, Leanne; Marques, Helder M.

1997-08-13

Cl at C10 causes an increase in charge density at Co when X = H(2)O and CN(-), while the charge density on the four equatorial N donors remains virtually unchanged, but a decrease when X = Me, while the charge density on the equatorial N donors also decreases. In response, d(Co)(-)(NB3) increases in the first two complexes but the equatorial bond lengths remain virtually unchanged, while d(Co)(-)(NB3) remains unchanged and the average d(Co)(-)(N(eq)) decreases in 10-Cl-MeCbl. Furthermore, the partial charge on chlorine increases as the donor power of X increases. The small decrease in the pK(a) of coordinated H(2)O in 10-Cl-H(2)OCbl(+) compared to H(2)OCbl(+) itself (7.65 vs 8.09) is due to a decreased charge density on oxygen in 10-Cl-OHCbl compared to OHCbl. The picture that emerges, therefore, is of competitive electron donation by X and Cl toward the corrin system. In 10-Cl-CNCbl, the decrease in the C&tbd1;N bond length as Co-C increases compared to CNCbl suggests that dpi-ppi bonding between cobalt and cyanide is important. (13)C and (15)N NMR observations on 10-Cl-(13)C(15)NCbl are consistent with these effects.