Sample records for telegraph

  1. 46 CFR 113.35-15 - Mechanical engine order telegraph systems; application.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-10-01

    ... 46 Shipping 4 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Mechanical engine order telegraph systems; application...) ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING COMMUNICATION AND ALARM SYSTEMS AND EQUIPMENT Engine Order Telegraph Systems § 113.35-15 Mechanical engine order telegraph systems; application. If a mechanical engine order telegraph...

  2. 46 CFR 113.35-15 - Mechanical engine order telegraph systems; application.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-10-01

    ... 46 Shipping 4 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Mechanical engine order telegraph systems; application...) ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING COMMUNICATION AND ALARM SYSTEMS AND EQUIPMENT Engine Order Telegraph Systems § 113.35-15 Mechanical engine order telegraph systems; application. If a mechanical engine order telegraph...

  3. 46 CFR 113.35-15 - Mechanical engine order telegraph systems; application.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-10-01

    ... 46 Shipping 4 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Mechanical engine order telegraph systems; application...) ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING COMMUNICATION AND ALARM SYSTEMS AND EQUIPMENT Engine Order Telegraph Systems § 113.35-15 Mechanical engine order telegraph systems; application. If a mechanical engine order telegraph...

  4. 46 CFR 113.35-15 - Mechanical engine order telegraph systems; application.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ... 46 Shipping 4 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Mechanical engine order telegraph systems; application...) ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING COMMUNICATION AND ALARM SYSTEMS AND EQUIPMENT Engine Order Telegraph Systems § 113.35-15 Mechanical engine order telegraph systems; application. If a mechanical engine order telegraph...

  5. 46 CFR 113.35-9 - Mechanical engine order telegraph systems.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... 46 Shipping 4 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Mechanical engine order telegraph systems. 113.35-9... COMMUNICATION AND ALARM SYSTEMS AND EQUIPMENT Engine Order Telegraph Systems § 113.35-9 Mechanical engine order telegraph systems. (a) Each mechanical engine order telegraph system must consist of transmitters and...

  6. 46 CFR 113.35-15 - Mechanical engine order telegraph systems; application.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... 46 Shipping 4 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Mechanical engine order telegraph systems; application...-15 Mechanical engine order telegraph systems; application. If a mechanical engine order telegraph... cables or other mechanical limitations must not prevent the efficient operation of the system. ...

  7. 46 CFR 169.693 - Engine order telegraph systems.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... 46 Shipping 7 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Engine order telegraph systems. 169.693 Section 169.693... Machinery and Electrical Electrical Installations on Vessels of 100 Gross Tons and Over § 169.693 Engine order telegraph systems. An engine order telegraph system is not required. ...

  8. 46 CFR 169.693 - Engine order telegraph systems.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-10-01

    ... 46 Shipping 7 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Engine order telegraph systems. 169.693 Section 169.693... Machinery and Electrical Electrical Installations on Vessels of 100 Gross Tons and Over § 169.693 Engine order telegraph systems. An engine order telegraph system is not required. ...

  9. 46 CFR 169.693 - Engine order telegraph systems.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-10-01

    ... 46 Shipping 7 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Engine order telegraph systems. 169.693 Section 169.693... Machinery and Electrical Electrical Installations on Vessels of 100 Gross Tons and Over § 169.693 Engine order telegraph systems. An engine order telegraph system is not required. ...

  10. 46 CFR 169.693 - Engine order telegraph systems.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ... 46 Shipping 7 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Engine order telegraph systems. 169.693 Section 169.693... Machinery and Electrical Electrical Installations on Vessels of 100 Gross Tons and Over § 169.693 Engine order telegraph systems. An engine order telegraph system is not required. ...

  11. 46 CFR 169.693 - Engine order telegraph systems.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-10-01

    ... 46 Shipping 7 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Engine order telegraph systems. 169.693 Section 169.693... Machinery and Electrical Electrical Installations on Vessels of 100 Gross Tons and Over § 169.693 Engine order telegraph systems. An engine order telegraph system is not required. ...

  12. 46 CFR 113.35-13 - Mechanical engine order telegraph systems; operation.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-10-01

    ... 46 Shipping 4 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Mechanical engine order telegraph systems; operation...) ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING COMMUNICATION AND ALARM SYSTEMS AND EQUIPMENT Engine Order Telegraph Systems § 113.35-13 Mechanical engine order telegraph systems; operation. If more than one transmitter operates a...

  13. 46 CFR 113.35-13 - Mechanical engine order telegraph systems; operation.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-10-01

    ... 46 Shipping 4 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Mechanical engine order telegraph systems; operation...) ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING COMMUNICATION AND ALARM SYSTEMS AND EQUIPMENT Engine Order Telegraph Systems § 113.35-13 Mechanical engine order telegraph systems; operation. If more than one transmitter operates a...

  14. 46 CFR 113.35-13 - Mechanical engine order telegraph systems; operation.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ... 46 Shipping 4 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Mechanical engine order telegraph systems; operation...) ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING COMMUNICATION AND ALARM SYSTEMS AND EQUIPMENT Engine Order Telegraph Systems § 113.35-13 Mechanical engine order telegraph systems; operation. If more than one transmitter operates a...

  15. 46 CFR 113.35-13 - Mechanical engine order telegraph systems; operation.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-10-01

    ... 46 Shipping 4 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Mechanical engine order telegraph systems; operation...) ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING COMMUNICATION AND ALARM SYSTEMS AND EQUIPMENT Engine Order Telegraph Systems § 113.35-13 Mechanical engine order telegraph systems; operation. If more than one transmitter operates a...

  16. 26 CFR 49.4252-3 - Telegraph service.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-04-01

    ... of the telegraph message for the purpose of determining the amount subject to tax. In such case, the.... A charge made for a telephone call which is used to reach a telegraph office for the purpose of...

  17. 26 CFR 49.4252-3 - Telegraph service.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... of the telegraph message for the purpose of determining the amount subject to tax. In such case, the.... A charge made for a telephone call which is used to reach a telegraph office for the purpose of...

  18. "A New Business in the World": The Telegraph, Privacy, and the U.S. Constitution in the Nineteenth Century.

    PubMed

    Jepsen, Thomas

    2018-01-01

    Disclosures about electronic surveillance by the U.S. National Security Agency have revived interest in issues of communications privacy and Fourth Amendment rights. In the early days of the telegraph, there was no legal protection afforded to the privacy of telegraphic communication, and seizures of telegraphic dispatches figured in major events of the nineteenth century in the United States. Attempts to protect the content of telegrams by defining a customer/operator "privilege" under common law were rejected by the courts, as were attempts to protect the confidentiality of telegraphic communications through an analogy with the postal service. Each attempt by the government and the courts to obtain access to private telegraphic communication revived a debate about the constitutionality of such actions, which ultimately led to a new interpretation of constitutional law, including a legal right to privacy.

  19. 46 CFR 129.560 - Engine-order telegraphs.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... 46 Shipping 4 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Engine-order telegraphs. 129.560 Section 129.560 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) OFFSHORE SUPPLY VESSELS ELECTRICAL INSTALLATIONS Miscellaneous Electrical Systems § 129.560 Engine-order telegraphs. No OSV need carry an engine...

  20. 46 CFR 129.560 - Engine-order telegraphs.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-10-01

    ... 46 Shipping 4 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Engine-order telegraphs. 129.560 Section 129.560 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) OFFSHORE SUPPLY VESSELS ELECTRICAL INSTALLATIONS Miscellaneous Electrical Systems § 129.560 Engine-order telegraphs. No OSV need carry an engine...

  1. 46 CFR 129.560 - Engine-order telegraphs.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ... 46 Shipping 4 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Engine-order telegraphs. 129.560 Section 129.560 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) OFFSHORE SUPPLY VESSELS ELECTRICAL INSTALLATIONS Miscellaneous Electrical Systems § 129.560 Engine-order telegraphs. No OSV need carry an engine...

  2. 46 CFR 129.560 - Engine-order telegraphs.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-10-01

    ... 46 Shipping 4 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Engine-order telegraphs. 129.560 Section 129.560 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) OFFSHORE SUPPLY VESSELS ELECTRICAL INSTALLATIONS Miscellaneous Electrical Systems § 129.560 Engine-order telegraphs. No OSV need carry an engine...

  3. Dots and dashes: art, virtual reality, and the telegraph

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Ruzanka, Silvia; Chang, Ben

    2009-02-01

    Dots and Dashes is a virtual reality artwork that explores online romance over the telegraph, based on Ella Cheever Thayer's novel Wired Love - a Romance in Dots and Dashes (an Old Story Told in a New Way)1. The uncanny similarities between this story and the world of today's virtual environments provides the springboard for an exploration of a wealth of anxieties and dreams, including the construction of identities in an electronically mediated environment, the shifting boundaries between the natural and machine worlds, and the spiritual dimensions of science and technology. In this paper we examine the parallels between the telegraph networks and our current conceptions of cyberspace, as well as unique social and cultural impacts specific to the telegraph. These include the new opportunities and roles available to women in the telegraph industry and the connection between the telegraph and the Spiritualist movement. We discuss the development of the artwork, its structure and aesthetics, and the technical development of the work.

  4. 46 CFR 113.35-13 - Mechanical engine order telegraph systems; operation.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... 46 Shipping 4 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Mechanical engine order telegraph systems; operation. 113.35-13 Section 113.35-13 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED...-13 Mechanical engine order telegraph systems; operation. If more than one transmitter operates a...

  5. 47 CFR 63.62 - Type of discontinuance, reduction, or impairment of telephone or telegraph service requiring...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... impairment of telephone or telegraph service requiring formal application. 63.62 Section 63.62... LINES, NEW LINES, AND DISCONTINUANCE, REDUCTION, OUTAGE AND IMPAIRMENT OF SERVICE BY COMMON CARRIERS... Impairment § 63.62 Type of discontinuance, reduction, or impairment of telephone or telegraph service...

  6. 46 CFR 113.35-9 - Mechanical engine order telegraph systems.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ... 46 Shipping 4 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Mechanical engine order telegraph systems. 113.35-9 Section 113.35-9 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING COMMUNICATION AND ALARM SYSTEMS AND EQUIPMENT Engine Order Telegraph Systems § 113.35-9 Mechanical engine order...

  7. 46 CFR 113.35-9 - Mechanical engine order telegraph systems.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-10-01

    ... 46 Shipping 4 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Mechanical engine order telegraph systems. 113.35-9 Section 113.35-9 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING COMMUNICATION AND ALARM SYSTEMS AND EQUIPMENT Engine Order Telegraph Systems § 113.35-9 Mechanical engine order...

  8. 46 CFR 113.35-9 - Mechanical engine order telegraph systems.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-10-01

    ... 46 Shipping 4 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Mechanical engine order telegraph systems. 113.35-9 Section 113.35-9 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING COMMUNICATION AND ALARM SYSTEMS AND EQUIPMENT Engine Order Telegraph Systems § 113.35-9 Mechanical engine order...

  9. 46 CFR 113.35-9 - Mechanical engine order telegraph systems.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-10-01

    ... 46 Shipping 4 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Mechanical engine order telegraph systems. 113.35-9 Section 113.35-9 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING COMMUNICATION AND ALARM SYSTEMS AND EQUIPMENT Engine Order Telegraph Systems § 113.35-9 Mechanical engine order...

  10. Parent Telegraphic Speech Use and Spoken Language in Preschoolers with ASD

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Venker, Courtney E.; Bolt, Daniel M.; Meyer, Allison; Sindberg, Heidi; Weismer, Susan Ellis; Tager-Flusberg, Helen

    2015-01-01

    Purpose: There is considerable controversy regarding whether to use telegraphic or grammatical input when speaking to young children with language delays, including children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). This study examined telegraphic speech use in parents of preschoolers with ASD and associations with children's spoken language 1 year…

  11. 48 CFR 14.302 - Bid submission.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... paragraphs (b) and (c) below as the designated office) not later than the exact time set for opening of bids... later than the time set for the bid opening; (4) The telegraph office that received the telegraphic bid... indicates on its face that it was received in the telegraph office before the telephone call was received by...

  12. Keeping Our Eyes Open: Conducting Aerial Reconnaissance Without Space

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2016-05-01

    worldwide went haywire. Spark discharges shocked telegraph operators and set the telegraph paper on fire. Even when telegraphers disconnected the... CORONA , and satellite reconnaissance was born.156 (See Figure X) Lessons From The Eisenhower Years This era of bi-polar tension, ostensibly...satellite reconnaissance capability started with CORONA appeared to offer a way to achieve overhead reconnaissance without attribution or risk. For

  13. Heat currents in electronic junctions driven by telegraph noise

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Entin-Wohlman, O.; Chowdhury, D.; Aharony, A.; Dattagupta, S.

    2017-11-01

    The energy and charge fluxes carried by electrons in a two-terminal junction subjected to a random telegraph noise, produced by a single electronic defect, are analyzed. The telegraph processes are imitated by the action of a stochastic electric field that acts on the electrons in the junction. Upon averaging over all random events of the telegraph process, it is found that this electric field supplies, on the average, energy to the electronic reservoirs, which is distributed unequally between them: the stronger is the coupling of the reservoir with the junction, the more energy it gains. Thus the noisy environment can lead to a temperature gradient across an unbiased junction.

  14. Telegraph noise in Markovian master equation for electron transport through molecular junctions

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Kosov, Daniel S.

    2018-05-01

    We present a theoretical approach to solve the Markovian master equation for quantum transport with stochastic telegraph noise. Considering probabilities as functionals of a random telegraph process, we use Novikov's functional method to convert the stochastic master equation to a set of deterministic differential equations. The equations are then solved in the Laplace space, and the expression for the probability vector averaged over the ensemble of realisations of the stochastic process is obtained. We apply the theory to study the manifestations of telegraph noise in the transport properties of molecular junctions. We consider the quantum electron transport in a resonant-level molecule as well as polaronic regime transport in a molecular junction with electron-vibration interaction.

  15. Robust random telegraph conductivity noise in single crystals of the ferromagnetic insulating manganite La0.86Ca0.14MnO3

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Przybytek, J.; Fink-Finowicki, J.; Puźniak, R.; Shames, A.; Markovich, V.; Mogilyansky, D.; Jung, G.

    2017-03-01

    Robust random telegraph conductivity fluctuations have been observed in La0.86Ca0.14MnO3 manganite single crystals. At room temperatures, the spectra of conductivity fluctuations are featureless and follow a 1 /f shape in the entire experimental frequency and bias range. Upon lowering the temperature, clear Lorentzian bias-dependent excess noise appears on the 1 /f background and eventually dominates the spectral behavior. In the time domain, fully developed Lorentzian noise appears as pronounced two-level random telegraph noise with a thermally activated switching rate, which does not depend on bias current and applied magnetic field. The telegraph noise is very robust and persists in the exceptionally wide temperature range of more than 50 K. The amplitude of the telegraph noise decreases exponentially with increasing bias current in exactly the same manner as the sample resistance increases with the current, pointing out the dynamic current redistribution between percolation paths dominated by phase-separated clusters with different conductivity as a possible origin of two-level conductivity fluctuations.

  16. Analytical solutions of the space-time fractional Telegraph and advection-diffusion equations

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Tawfik, Ashraf M.; Fichtner, Horst; Schlickeiser, Reinhard; Elhanbaly, A.

    2018-02-01

    The aim of this paper is to develop a fractional derivative model of energetic particle transport for both uniform and non-uniform large-scale magnetic field by studying the fractional Telegraph equation and the fractional advection-diffusion equation. Analytical solutions of the space-time fractional Telegraph equation and space-time fractional advection-diffusion equation are obtained by use of the Caputo fractional derivative and the Laplace-Fourier technique. The solutions are given in terms of Fox's H function. As an illustration they are applied to the case of solar energetic particles.

  17. Archaeological Test and Data Recovery Program at Telegraph Canyon, Chula Vista, California,

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1978-09-01

    Several areas in the immediate vicinity were known to contain subsurface cables used to control SDG &E’s power network, and required avoidance. Addi...3 oEST FACE A TRENCH 4 Corps of Engineers Telegraph Canyon Creek WESTEC Servjces. Inr . compass bearing 20 7 ;7777,77 .77 7 1 METERS 170 c{ METERS...666 1.00 ~ 0 1.33 E -2.*00 -2.33 2.66 3.00 FUREf TRENCH 4 Corps of EngineersgTelegraph Canyon Creek; compass bearing 20 28 ’Lb..--._ .. *.* o •- -. o

  18. Morse's Miracle Revisited.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Bruce, Guy V.

    1985-01-01

    Mechanically-minded middle school students who have been studying electromagnetism can construct inexpensive telegraphs resembling Samuel Morse's 1844 invention. Instructions (with diagrams), list of materials needed, and suggestions are given for a simple telegraph and for a two-way system. (DH)

  19. Joseph Henry and the Telegraph

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Hochfelder, David

    1997-04-01

    Morse's telegraph rested upon three scientific advances which occured between 1800 and 1830: the development of battery technology, the formulation of laws governing the behavior of electrical components in circuits, and the discovery of electromagnetic phenomena. Joseph Henry was crucial to the development of the early telegraph. His work on electromagnetism made it possible for the electric current to manifest itself as useful mechanical work. Henry developed electromagnets of sufficient lifting power, but which drew relatively small currents; these magnets were the heart of Morse's telegraph receiver. Morse also used electromagnets as relays, which allowed him to transmit signals over great distances. Morse often acknowledged his debt to Henry, and the two enjoyed a cordial working relationship until the mid-1840s. But during the bitter and protracted litigation over Morse's patent, Henry testified (unwillingly, he claimed) against the inventor. This began a lifelong quarrel between the two men, the specifics of which were tedious and petty. In general terms, however, their conflict arose over different notions regarding scientific discovery and technological innovation.

  20. Hole at Telegraph Peak Drilled by Mars Rover Curiosity

    NASA Image and Video Library

    2015-02-25

    This hole, with a diameter slightly smaller than a U.S. dime, was drilled by NASA Curiosity Mars rover into a rock target called Telegraph Peak. The rock is located within the basal layer of Mount Sharp. The hole was drilled on Feb. 24, 2015.

  1. Experimental detection of active defects in few layers MoS2 through random telegraphic signals analysis observed in its FET characteristics

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Fang, Nan; Nagashio, Kosuke; Toriumi, Akira

    2017-03-01

    Transition-metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), such as molybdenum disulfide (MoS2), are expected to be promising for next generation device applications. The existence of sulfur vacancies formed in MoS2, however, will potentially make devices unstable and problematic. Random telegraphic signals (RTSs) have often been studied in small area Si metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs) to identify the carrier capture and emission processes at defects. In this paper, we have systemically analyzed RTSs observed in atomically thin layer MoS2 FETs. Several types of RTSs have been analyzed. One is the simple on/off type of telegraphic signals, the second is multilevel telegraphic signals with a superposition of the simple signals, and the third is multilevel telegraphic signals that are correlated with each other. The last one is discussed from the viewpoint of the defect-defect interaction in MoS2 FETs with a weak screening in atomically confined two-dimensional electron-gas systems. Furthermore, the position of defects causing RTSs has also been investigated by preparing MoS2 FETs with multi-probes. The electron beam was locally irradiated to intentionally generate defects in the MoS2 channel. It is clearly demonstrated that the MoS2 channel is one of the RTS origins. RTS analysis enables us to analyze the defect dynamics of TMD devices.

  2. Story Problem Formats: Verbal Versus Telegraphic.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Moyer, John C.; And Others

    1984-01-01

    Students in grades three to seven were given tests on which problems were presented in either verbal or telegraphic format. Only in grade six was a significant difference found, favoring the verbal format. Problems with conventional syntax appeared to be easier to interpret than those with bare bones syntax. (MNS)

  3. 47 CFR 1.789 - Reports regarding division of international telegraph communication charges.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-10-01

    ... 47 Telecommunication 1 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Reports regarding division of international telegraph communication charges. 1.789 Section 1.789 Telecommunication FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION GENERAL PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE Complaints, Applications, Tariffs, and Reports Involving Common Carriers Financial and Accounting Reports and...

  4. Current control of time-averaged magnetization in superparamagnetic tunnel junctions

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Bapna, Mukund; Majetich, Sara A.

    2017-12-01

    This work investigates spin transfer torque control of time-averaged magnetization in a small 20 nm × 60 nm nanomagnet with a low thermal stability factor, Δ ˜ 11. Here, the nanomagnet is a part of a magnetic tunnel junction and fluctuates between parallel and anti-parallel magnetization states with respect to the magnetization of the reference layer generating a telegraph signal in the current versus time measurements. The response of the nanomagnet to an external field is first analyzed to characterize the magnetic properties. We then show that the time-averaged magnetization in the telegraph signal can be fully controlled between +1 and -1 by voltage over a small range of 0.25 V. NIST Statistical Test Suite analysis is performed for testing true randomness of the telegraph signal that the device generates when operated at near critical current values for spin transfer torque. Utilizing the probabilistic nature of the telegraph signal generated at two different voltages, a prototype demonstration is shown for multiplication of two numbers using an artificial AND logic gate.

  5. Evaluation of the telegrapher's equation and multiple-flux theories for calculating the transmittance and reflectance of a diffuse absorbing slab.

    PubMed

    Kong, Steven H; Shore, Joel D

    2007-03-01

    We study the propagation of light through a medium containing isotropic scattering and absorption centers. With a Monte Carlo simulation serving as the benchmark solution to the radiative transfer problem of light propagating through a turbid slab, we compare the transmission and reflection density computed from the telegrapher's equation, the diffusion equation, and multiple-flux theories such as the Kubelka-Munk and four-flux theories. Results are presented for both normally incident light and diffusely incident light. We find that we can always obtain very good results from the telegrapher's equation provided that two parameters that appear in the solution are set appropriately. We also find an interesting connection between certain solutions of the telegrapher's equation and solutions of the Kubelka-Munk and four-flux theories with a small modification to how the phenomenological parameters in those theories are traditionally related to the optical scattering and absorption coefficients of the slab. Finally, we briefly explore how well the theories can be extended to the case of anisotropic scattering by multiplying the scattering coefficient by a simple correction factor.

  6. 7 CFR 301.74-3 - Quarantined areas.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ...; then west on West County House Road to Maple Ridge Road; then west on Maple Ridge Road to Culvert Road; then north on Culvert Road to Telegraph Road; then west on Telegraph Road to Beales Road; then north on Beales Road to Portage Road; then east on Portage Road to Culvert Rd; then north on Culvert Road to Route...

  7. 7 CFR 301.74-3 - Quarantined areas.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ...; then west on West County House Road to Maple Ridge Road; then west on Maple Ridge Road to Culvert Road; then north on Culvert Road to Telegraph Road; then west on Telegraph Road to Beales Road; then north on Beales Road to Portage Road; then east on Portage Road to Culvert Rd; then north on Culvert Road to Route...

  8. 7 CFR 301.74-3 - Quarantined areas.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ...; then west on West County House Road to Maple Ridge Road; then west on Maple Ridge Road to Culvert Road; then north on Culvert Road to Telegraph Road; then west on Telegraph Road to Beales Road; then north on Beales Road to Portage Road; then east on Portage Road to Culvert Rd; then north on Culvert Road to Route...

  9. 7 CFR 301.74-3 - Quarantined areas.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ...; then west on West County House Road to Maple Ridge Road; then west on Maple Ridge Road to Culvert Road; then north on Culvert Road to Telegraph Road; then west on Telegraph Road to Beales Road; then north on Beales Road to Portage Road; then east on Portage Road to Culvert Rd; then north on Culvert Road to Route...

  10. Lightning Strikes the Press: The Impact of the Telegraph on Wisconsin Newspapers.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Scharlott, Bradford W.

    The increase in the number of newspapers in Wisconsin's largest cities from 1840 to 1860 was analyzed to determine whether the coming of the telegraph (1848-1850) spurred newspaper growth significantly. Multiple regression analysis was used to control for the effects of population growth and price-level fluctuations. Even after accounting for the…

  11. BEMRP: Beyond the bitterroot

    Treesearch

    Greg Jones

    2008-01-01

    Sometimes a name says it all, and sometimes a name is just a name. Joe's Income Tax and Bookkeeping Service probably does just what it says. On the other hand, there's AT&T. Until 2005, the initials stood for American Telephone & Telegraph, but in the last couple of decades when you saw "AT&T," you didn't think of the telegraph. You...

  12. The Telegraph and the Control of Material Movements: A Micro-Study about the Detachment of Communication from Transport.

    PubMed

    Wenzlhuemer, Roland

    Relatively recent historiographical approaches such as global or transnational history have attracted new attention to telegraphy and its role in processes of globalization. This renewed interest in submarine cables and overland wires has recently provided us with a reasonably good idea of how the global telegraph network developed in the nineteenth century, who its principal designers were, and where it was more and where it was less tight. Little, however, has been said so far about the actual matters communicated telegraphically, certainly not in any systematic fashion. Apart from individual telegraphic messages that gained prominence in political or military history, the contents of telegrams have attracted little historiographical attention. What was conveyed in telegrams has not been interrogated as to its significance in globalization processes. This article seeks to make a first step in this direction and suggests that only in a content analysis of everyday telegrams do the most important qualities of telegraphy become apparent. It introduces a small but coherent corpus of telegrams-the Bala railway telegrams-that provides us with a rare opportunity to study the contents of telegraphic messages in a systematic form. In the course of the analysis of the Bala railway telegrams the importance of this device's power to coordinate and control movement begins to show. By relating evidence from this micro-level study to the contexts in which telegraphy was employed on a larger scale, the article suggests that this capacity for coordination and control was the principal new quality introduced by the technology.

  13. Telegraph Canyon Creek, City of Chula Vista, San Diego County, California. Detailed Report for Flood Control. Volume 2. Technical Appendixes.

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1983-07-01

    occurred within 40 miles of’ the site. Most of these earthquakes appear to be related to activity on the Elsinore, Agua Caliente, and offshore faults. The...device would be required by the Sweetwater Authority to prevent contamination of potable water lines. TELEGRAPH CANYON CREEK - - Recommended Plant List A

  14. INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH AT THE EASTERN TELEGRAPH COMPANY, 1872-1929

    PubMed Central

    2015-01-01

    By the late nineteenth century the submarine telegraph cable industry, which had blossomed in the 1850s, had reached what historians regard as technological maturity. For a host of commercial, cultural and technical reasons, the industry seems to have become conservative in its attitude towards technological development, which is reflected in the small scale of its staff and facilities for research and development. This paper argues that the attitude of the cable industry towards research and development was less conservative and altogether more complex than historians have suggested. Focusing on the crucial case of the Eastern Telegraph Company, the largest single operator of submarine cables, it shows how the company encouraged inventive activity among outside and in-house electricians and, in 1903, established a small research laboratory where staff and outside scientific advisors pursued new methods of cable signalling and cable designs. The scale of research and development at the Eastern Telegraph Company, however, was small by comparison to that of its nearest competitor, Western Union, and dwarfed by that of large electrical manufacturers. This paper explores the reasons for this comparatively weak provision but also suggests that this was not inappropriate for a service-sector firm. PMID:25977587

  15. Using the Guide of History

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Lanzerotti, Louis J.

    2010-03-01

    Earth's space environment often offers surprises upon the introduction of new technologies. The history of some space weather impacts on communications demonstrates this vividly. Such history was on my mind during a recent trip to Newfoundland, Canada. Nestled in an eastern inlet, the small fishing village of Heart's Content marks the landing site of the first transatlantic telegraph cable, in 1866, laid by the famous ship Great Eastern with the financial backing of Cyrus Field. The building and laying of this cable is an engineering saga in its own right; subsequent Europe-to-North America telegraph cables in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries also had Newfoundland coastal ports as their termini. Geomagnetic storm-produced ground currents that flowed through this and other telegraph cables seriously affected transmission and reception of signals.

  16. Environmental Assessment: 13th Street Bridge Emergency Repair and Retrofit Vandenberg Air Force Base California

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2003-06-23

    white sweet clover (Melilotus alba), telegraph weed (Heterotheca grand{flora), horseweed (Conyza spp.), cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium ), and western...Urtica dioica Xanthium strumarium 1 Wetland Indicator Status (WIS)- PLANT SPECIES COMMON NAME WIS1 Box elder FACW Western ragweed FAC...Melilotus alba). telegraph weed (Heterotheca grandUlora). horseweed (C’onyza spp.). cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium ). and western ragweed (Ambrosia

  17. JPRS Report, Arms Control

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1989-10-04

    General Trading , Sharjah, which, in turn, apparently sold the chemical to M/s Rhcinscn chemical products GnbH, Düsseldorf, West Germany. He said Transpek...Situation 30 Sep-2 Oct [Prague Radio 29 Sep] 2 Tank Dismantling Begins in North Moravia [CTK 28 Sep] 2 Jackson Hole Meetings ’Very Productive ’ [J...13 Missile Project Consortium [THE TELEGRAPH 10 Jim] 14 Production of Missile Devices [S. Srinivasan; THE TELEGRAPH 14 Jim] 15

  18. Temperature dependent characteristics of the random telegraph noise on contact resistive random access memory

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Chang, Liang-Shun; Lin, Chrong Jung; King, Ya-Chin

    2014-01-01

    The temperature dependent characteristics of the random telegraphic noise (RTN) on contact resistive random access memory (CRRAM) are studied in this work. In addition to the bi-level switching, the occurrences of the middle states in the RTN signal are investigated. Based on the unique its temperature dependent characteristics, a new temperature sensing scheme is proposed for applications in ultra-low power sensor modules.

  19. System Design Plan for a DCS (Defense Communications System) Data Transmission Network.

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1981-07-01

    modems , FDO group modems , and Voice Frequency Carrier Telegraph (VFCT) networks. The DTN will be a synchronous network and its implementation must coincide...Frequency (VF) modems and Voice Frequency Carrier Telegraph (VFCT) networks. Further, data circuits can be extended over present analog FDM facilities using...VF or group data modems . In addition to the availability of terrestrial and satellite digital transmission facilities, the implementation of the DTN

  20. JPRS Report, Epidemiology

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1989-02-21

    type 4 since the poisoning scare. "Figures since Dec 9, when egg consumption fell by half, show that cases of salmonella enteritidis type 4 fell from...Epidemics Reported in Wales [Michael Fleet; THE DAILY TELEGRAPH, 10 Dec 88] • ••••• - 23 Government Gives Statistics on Salmonella Deaths [David...difficult to estimate the size of an outbreak. Government Gives Statistics on Salmonella Deaths 54500048 London THE DAILY TELEGRAPH in English 20 Dec

  1. 'A thorn in the side of European geodesy': measuring Paris-Greenwich longitude by electric telegraph.

    PubMed

    Kershaw, Michael

    2014-12-01

    The difference in longitude between the observatories of Paris and Greenwich was long of fundamental importance to geodesy, navigation and timekeeping. Measured many times and by many different means since the seventeenth century, the preferred method of the later nineteenth and early twentieth centuries made use of the electric telegraph. I describe here for the first time the four Paris-Greenwich telegraphic longitude determinations made between 1854 and 1902. Despite contemporary faith in the new technique, the first was soon found to be inaccurate; the second was a failure, ending in Anglo-French dispute over whose result was to be trusted; the third failed in exactly the same way; and when eventually the fourth was presented as a success, the evidence for that success was far from clear-cut. I use this as a case study in precision measurement, showing how mutual grounding between different measurement techniques, in the search for agreement between them, was an important force for change and improvement. I also show that better precision had more to do with the gradually improving methods of astronomical, time determination than with the singular innovation of the telegraph, thus emphasizing the importance of what have been described as 'observatory techniques' to nineteenth-century practices of precision measurement.

  2. Are you British or Muslim; Can You be Both?

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2009-05-21

    maintain a traditional British identity has reduced the aspiration of immigrants to assimilate into the broader culture and society of their “ new ...maintain a traditional British identity has reduced the aspiration of immigrants to assimilate into the broader culture and society of their ― new ...1 Anthony King, ―What does it mean to be British?‖ Daily Telegraph, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/ news /uknews/4196988/What-does-it

  3. Origin of multi-level switching and telegraphic noise in organic nanocomposite memory devices

    PubMed Central

    Song, Younggul; Jeong, Hyunhak; Chung, Seungjun; Ahn, Geun Ho; Kim, Tae-Young; Jang, Jingon; Yoo, Daekyoung; Jeong, Heejun; Javey, Ali; Lee, Takhee

    2016-01-01

    The origin of negative differential resistance (NDR) and its derivative intermediate resistive states (IRSs) of nanocomposite memory systems have not been clearly analyzed for the past decade. To address this issue, we investigate the current fluctuations of organic nanocomposite memory devices with NDR and the IRSs under various temperature conditions. The 1/f noise scaling behaviors at various temperature conditions in the IRSs and telegraphic noise in NDR indicate the localized current pathways in the organic nanocomposite layers for each IRS. The clearly observed telegraphic noise with a long characteristic time in NDR at low temperature indicates that the localized current pathways for the IRSs are attributed to trapping/de-trapping at the deep trap levels in NDR. This study will be useful for the development and tuning of multi-bit storable organic nanocomposite memory device systems. PMID:27659298

  4. Characterization of nitride hole lateral transport in a charge trap flash memory by using a random telegraph signal method

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Liu, Yu-Heng; Jiang, Cheng-Min; Lin, Hsiao-Yi; Wang, Tahui; Tsai, Wen-Jer; Lu, Tao-Cheng; Chen, Kuang-Chao; Lu, Chih-Yuan

    2017-07-01

    We use a random telegraph signal method to investigate nitride trapped hole lateral transport in a charge trap flash memory. The concept of this method is to utilize an interface oxide trap and its associated random telegraph signal as an internal probe to detect a local channel potential change resulting from nitride charge lateral movement. We apply different voltages to the drain of a memory cell and vary a bake temperature in retention to study the electric field and temperature dependence of hole lateral movement in a nitride. Thermal energy absorption by trapped holes in lateral transport is characterized. Mechanisms of hole lateral transport in retention are investigated. From the measured and modeled results, we find that thermally assisted trap-to-band tunneling is a major trapped hole emission mechanism in nitride hole lateral transport.

  5. Quality Assessment and Accessibility Applications of Crowdsourced Geospatial Data: A Report on the Development and Extension of the George Mason University Geocrowdsourcing Testbed

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2014-09-01

    Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. Prepared for Geospatial Research Laboratory U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development...Center U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Under Data Level Enterprise Tools Monitored by Geospatial Research Laboratory 7701 Telegraph Road...Engineer Research and Development Center (ERDC) ERDC Geospatial Research Laboratory 7701 Telegraph Road 11. SPONSOR/MONITOR’S REPORT Alexandria, VA 22135

  6. Numerical simulation for solution of space-time fractional telegraphs equations with local fractional derivatives via HAFSTM

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Pandey, Rishi Kumar; Mishra, Hradyesh Kumar

    2017-11-01

    In this paper, the semi-analytic numerical technique for the solution of time-space fractional telegraph equation is applied. This numerical technique is based on coupling of the homotopy analysis method and sumudu transform. It shows the clear advantage with mess methods like finite difference method and also with polynomial methods similar to perturbation and Adomian decomposition methods. It is easily transform the complex fractional order derivatives in simple time domain and interpret the results in same meaning.

  7. Theory of diffusion of active particles that move at constant speed in two dimensions.

    PubMed

    Sevilla, Francisco J; Gómez Nava, Luis A

    2014-08-01

    Starting from a Langevin description of active particles that move with constant speed in infinite two-dimensional space and its corresponding Fokker-Planck equation, we develop a systematic method that allows us to obtain the coarse-grained probability density of finding a particle at a given location and at a given time in arbitrary short-time regimes. By going beyond the diffusive limit, we derive a generalization of the telegrapher equation. Such generalization preserves the hyperbolic structure of the equation and incorporates memory effects in the diffusive term. While no difference is observed for the mean-square displacement computed from the two-dimensional telegrapher equation and from our generalization, the kurtosis results in a sensible parameter that discriminates between both approximations. We carry out a comparative analysis in Fourier space that sheds light on why the standard telegrapher equation is not an appropriate model to describe the propagation of particles with constant speed in dispersive media.

  8. Analytical study of fractional equations describing anomalous diffusion of energetic particles

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Tawfik, A. M.; Fichtner, H.; Schlickeiser, R.; Elhanbaly, A.

    2017-06-01

    To present the main influence of anomalous diffusion on the energetic particle propagation, the fractional derivative model of transport is developed by deriving the fractional modified Telegraph and Rayleigh equations. Analytical solutions of the fractional modified Telegraph and the fractional Rayleigh equations, which are defined in terms of Caputo fractional derivatives, are obtained by using the Laplace transform and the Mittag-Leffler function method. The solutions of these fractional equations are given in terms of special functions like Fox’s H, Mittag-Leffler, Hermite and Hyper-geometric functions. The predicted travelling pulse solutions are discussed in each case for different values of fractional order.

  9. Random Telegraph Signal Amplitudes in Sub 100 nm (Decanano) MOSFETs: A 3D 'Atomistic' Simulation Study

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Asenov, Asen; Balasubramaniam, R.; Brown, A. R.; Davies, J. H.; Saini, Subhash

    2000-01-01

    In this paper we use 3D simulations to study the amplitudes of random telegraph signals (RTS) associated with the trapping of a single carrier in interface states in the channel of sub 100 nm (decanano) MOSFETs. Both simulations using continuous doping charge and random discrete dopants in the active region of the MOSFETs are presented. We have studied the dependence of the RTS amplitudes on the position of the trapped charge in the channel and on the device design parameters. We have observed a significant increase in the maximum RTS amplitude when discrete random dopants are employed in the simulations.

  10. New high resolution Random Telegraph Noise (RTN) characterization method for resistive RAM

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Maestro, M.; Diaz, J.; Crespo-Yepes, A.; Gonzalez, M. B.; Martin-Martinez, J.; Rodriguez, R.; Nafria, M.; Campabadal, F.; Aymerich, X.

    2016-01-01

    Random Telegraph Noise (RTN) is one of the main reliability problems of resistive switching-based memories. To understand the physics behind RTN, a complete and accurate RTN characterization is required. The standard equipment used to analyse RTN has a typical time resolution of ∼2 ms which prevents evaluating fast phenomena. In this work, a new RTN measurement procedure, which increases the measurement time resolution to 2 μs, is proposed. The experimental set-up, together with the recently proposed Weighted Time Lag (W-LT) method for the analysis of RTN signals, allows obtaining a more detailed and precise information about the RTN phenomenon.

  11. Neural coding using telegraphic switching of magnetic tunnel junction

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Suh, Dong Ik; Bae, Gi Yoon; Oh, Heong Sik

    2015-05-07

    In this work, we present a synaptic transmission representing neural coding with spike trains by using a magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ). Telegraphic switching generates an artificial neural signal with both the applied magnetic field and the spin-transfer torque that act as conflicting inputs for modulating the number of spikes in spike trains. The spiking probability is observed to be weighted with modulation between 27.6% and 99.8% by varying the amplitude of the voltage input or the external magnetic field. With a combination of the reverse coding scheme and the synaptic characteristic of MTJ, an artificial function for the synaptic transmissionmore » is achieved.« less

  12. Making sense of absolute measurement: James Clerk Maxwell, William Thomson, Fleeming Jenkin, and the invention of the dimensional formula

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Mitchell, Daniel Jon

    2017-05-01

    During the 1860s, the Committee on Electrical Standards convened by the British Association for the Advancement of Science (BAAS) attempted to articulate, refine, and realize a system of absolute electrical measurement. I describe how this context led to the invention of the dimensional formula by James Clerk Maxwell and subsequently shaped its interpretation, in particular through the attempts of William Thomson and Fleeming Jenkin to make absolute electrical measurement intelligible to telegraph engineers. I identify unit conversion as the canonical purpose for dimensional formulae during the remainder of the nineteenth century and go on to explain how an operational interpretation was developed by the French physicist Gabriel Lippmann. The focus on the dimensional formula reveals how various conceptual, theoretical, and material aspects of absolute electrical measurement were taken up or resisted in experimental physics, telegraphic engineering, and electrical practice more broadly, which leads to the conclusion that the integration of electrical theory and telegraphic practice was far harder to achieve and maintain than historians have previously thought. This ultimately left a confusing legacy of dimensional concepts and practices in physics.

  13. Active motion on curved surfaces

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Castro-Villarreal, Pavel; Sevilla, Francisco J.

    2018-05-01

    A theoretical analysis of active motion on curved surfaces is presented in terms of a generalization of the telegrapher equation. Such a generalized equation is explicitly derived as the polar approximation of the hierarchy of equations obtained from the corresponding Fokker-Planck equation of active particles diffusing on curved surfaces. The general solution to the generalized telegrapher equation is given for a pulse with vanishing current as initial data. Expressions for the probability density and the mean squared geodesic displacement are given in the limit of weak curvature. As an explicit example of the formulated theory, the case of active motion on the sphere is presented, where oscillations observed in the mean squared geodesic displacement are explained.

  14. Analysis of photogenerated random telegraph signal in single electron detector (photo-SET).

    PubMed

    Troudi, M; Sghaier, Na; Kalboussi, A; Souifi, A

    2010-01-04

    In this paper, we analyzed slow single traps, situated inside the tunnel oxide of small area single electron photo-detector (photo-SET or nanopixel). The relationship between excitation signal (photons) and random-telegraph-signal (RTS) was evidenced. We demonstrated that photoinduced RTS observed on a photo-detector is due to the interaction between single photogenerated charges that tunnel from dot to dot and current path. Based on RTS analysis for various temperatures, gate bias and optical power we determined the characteristics of these single photogenerated traps: the energy position within the silicon bandgap, capture cross section and the position within the Si/SiO(x = 1.5) interfaces.

  15. Curiosity Drill After Drilling at Telegraph Peak

    NASA Image and Video Library

    2015-03-06

    This view from the Mast Camera (Mastcam) on NASA's Curiosity Mars rover shows the rover's drill just after finishing a drilling operation at a target rock called "Telegraph Peak" on Feb. 24, 2015, the 908th Martian day, or sol, of the rover's work on Mars. Three sols later, a fault-protection action by the rover halted a process of transferring sample powder that was collected during this drilling. The image is in raw color, as recorded directly by the camera, and has not been white-balanced. The fault-protection event, triggered by an irregularity in electrical current, led to engineering tests in subsequent days to diagnose the underlying cause. http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA19145

  16. The Telephone Company Agrees

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Stokes, Rembert R.

    1975-01-01

    A representative of the American Telephone and Telegraph Company responds to a statement by the director of the National Institute for Rehabilitation Engineering on telephone communication systems for the hearing impaired. (GW)

  17. Random telegraph noise in 2D hexagonal boron nitride dielectric films

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Ranjan, A.; Puglisi, F. M.; Raghavan, N.; O'Shea, S. J.; Shubhakar, K.; Pavan, P.; Padovani, A.; Larcher, L.; Pey, K. L.

    2018-03-01

    This study reports the observation of low frequency random telegraph noise (RTN) in a 2D layered hexagonal boron nitride dielectric film in the pre- and post-soft breakdown phases using conductive atomic force microscopy as a nanoscale spectroscopy tool. The RTN traces of the virgin and electrically stressed dielectric (after percolation breakdown) were compared, and the signal features were statistically analyzed using the Factorial Hidden Markov Model technique. We observe a combination of both two-level and multi-level RTN signals in h-BN, akin to the trends commonly observed for bulk oxides such as SiO2 and HfO2. Experimental evidence suggests frequent occurrence of unstable and anomalous RTN traces in 2D dielectrics which makes extraction of defect energetics challenging.

  18. DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    None

    When the last really big solar storm hit in 1921, Earth’s magnetic field funneled a wave of electrically charged particles toward the ground, where they induced a current along telegraph lines and railroad tracks, setting to telegraph offices and train stations—and the fledgling electric grid went dark. Almost a century later, today’s grid is bigger, more interconnected, and even more susceptible to a solar storm disaster. Los Alamos National Laboratory is developing a scientific analysis about how frequently a major geomagnetic storm might strike, which regions of the country are most vulnerable, and how bad it might be. This analysismore » is part of a plan to support electric utility companies and government regulators in taking the necessary steps to spare us all from the nightmare of days, weeks, or even months without power.« less

  19. The Bottom Line: Cable Telegraphy and the Rise of Field Theory in the Victorian British Empire

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Hunt, Bruce

    The networks of telegraph wires and undersea cables that began to spread across the world in the 1840s and 1850s had far-reaching effects on commerce and the dissemination of news. They also had deep effects on electrical science. In this paper, I will argue that what might at first appear to be a prime example of pure science--the development of electromagnetic field theory in Britain in the middle decades of the 19th century--was in fact driven in important ways by developments in the telegraph industry, particularly British scientists' and engineers' encounters with puzzling new phenomenon of the `retardation' of signals that turned up on underground wires and undersea cables in the early 1850s.

  20. 9 CFR 354.144 - Advance information.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... any inspection certificate issued to such applicant may be telephoned or telegraphed to him, or to any person designated by him, at his expense. Basis of Acceptability of Other Official Inspection Systems ...

  1. Equipment boxes (later addition) one level down from antenna cab, ...

    Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

    Equipment boxes (later addition) one level down from antenna cab, looking southwest. - Western Union Telegraph Company, Jennerstown Relay, Laurel Summit Road off U.S. 30, Laughlintown, Westmoreland County, PA

  2. 32 CFR 644.437 - Disposal plan for fee-owned land.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... the District Engineer's recommendation of the method or methods of disposal and the reasons therefor... plat will delineate any grant, exception, or reservation, such as telephone and telegraph, electric...

  3. Antenna cab interior showing equipment rack and fiberglass antenna panels, ...

    Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

    Antenna cab interior showing equipment rack and fiberglass antenna panels, looking west. - Western Union Telegraph Company, Jennerstown Relay, Laurel Summit Road off U.S. 30, Laughlintown, Westmoreland County, PA

  4. Antenna cab interior showing equipment rack and fiberglass antenna panels, ...

    Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

    Antenna cab interior showing equipment rack and fiberglass antenna panels, looking southeast. - Western Union Telegraph Company, Jennerstown Relay, Laurel Summit Road off U.S. 30, Laughlintown, Westmoreland County, PA

  5. Too Much Ado About Telephones

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Selwyn, Donald

    1975-01-01

    The director of the National Institute for Rehabilitation Engineering provides a favorable opinion of the American Telephone and Telegraph Company's plan to replace magnetic output receivers in telephones with an acoustic coupling device. (GW)

  6. 78 FR 44934 - Inland Waterways Users Board

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-07-25

    ... for Fiscal Year (FY) 2013 and 2014, update of proposed water resources-related authorization bills.... Pointon, Institute for Water Resources, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, CEIWR-GM, 7701 Telegraph Road, Casey...

  7. 78 FR 72070 - Inland Waterways Users Board

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-12-02

    ... Waterways Trust Fund, funding for Fiscal Year (FY) 2014, update of proposed water resources-related.... Mark R. Pointon, Institute for Water Resources, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, CEIWR-GM, 7701 Telegraph...

  8. 32 CFR 553.12 - Encroachments and revocable licenses.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ...) Encroachments. No railroads will be permitted upon the right-of-way acquired by the United States leading to... (including underground lines) for transmitting and distributing electric power or for telephone and telegraph...

  9. Hallway, bunkhouse, second floor interior. Looking east showing the stair ...

    Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

    Hallway, bunkhouse, second floor interior. Looking east showing the stair railing, light from skylight above, and original 5 panel wood doors. - Sespe Ranch, Bunkhouse, 2896 Telegraph Road, Fillmore, Ventura County, CA

  10. 46 CFR 402.220 - Registration of pilots.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-10-01

    ... in search and rescue and civil defense procedures as issued by the U.S. Coast Guard, Federal, State, and local port authorities. (5) Instruction in basic helm and engine telegraph orders in the Greek...

  11. 46 CFR 402.220 - Registration of pilots.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-10-01

    ... in search and rescue and civil defense procedures as issued by the U.S. Coast Guard, Federal, State, and local port authorities. (5) Instruction in basic helm and engine telegraph orders in the Greek...

  12. 46 CFR 402.220 - Registration of pilots.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-10-01

    ... in search and rescue and civil defense procedures as issued by the U.S. Coast Guard, Federal, State, and local port authorities. (5) Instruction in basic helm and engine telegraph orders in the Greek...

  13. Antenna cab interior showing waveguide from external parabolic antenna (later ...

    Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

    Antenna cab interior showing waveguide from external parabolic antenna (later addition), looking north. - Western Union Telegraph Company, Jennerstown Relay, Laurel Summit Road off U.S. 30, Laughlintown, Westmoreland County, PA

  14. 26 CFR 49.4253-5 - Exemption for items otherwise taxed.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-04-01

    ... otherwise taxed. A dispatch, message, or conversation transmitted by toll telephone, telegraph, or... considered to be one dispatch, message, or conversation, and is subject to only one payment of tax under...

  15. 26 CFR 49.4253-5 - Exemption for items otherwise taxed.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... otherwise taxed. A dispatch, message, or conversation transmitted by toll telephone, telegraph, or... considered to be one dispatch, message, or conversation, and is subject to only one payment of tax under...

  16. 47 CFR 63.09 - Definitions applicable to international Section 214 authorizations.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-10-01

    ... interest in bare capacity in the U.S. end of an international facility, regardless of whether the... Telecommunication Regulations, see Final Acts of the World Administrative Telegraph and Telephone Conference...

  17. 47 CFR 63.09 - Definitions applicable to international Section 214 authorizations.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-10-01

    ... interest in bare capacity in the U.S. end of an international facility, regardless of whether the... Telecommunication Regulations, see Final Acts of the World Administrative Telegraph and Telephone Conference...

  18. 47 CFR 63.09 - Definitions applicable to international Section 214 authorizations.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ... interest in bare capacity in the U.S. end of an international facility, regardless of whether the... Telecommunication Regulations, see Final Acts of the World Administrative Telegraph and Telephone Conference...

  19. Deregulation and Competition in European Telecommunications.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Palmer, Michael; Tunstall, Jeremy

    1988-01-01

    Contrasts the telecommunications policies of Britain, which privatized the industry, and France, which chose governmental monopoly and state enterprise, in the context of the U. S. divestiture of American Telephone and Telegraph (A.T. & T.).

  20. 46 CFR 402.220 - Registration of pilots.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ... in search and rescue and civil defense procedures as issued by the U.S. Coast Guard, Federal, State, and local port authorities. (5) Instruction in basic helm and engine telegraph orders in the Greek...

  1. 46 CFR 402.220 - Registration of pilots.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... in search and rescue and civil defense procedures as issued by the U.S. Coast Guard, Federal, State, and local port authorities. (5) Instruction in basic helm and engine telegraph orders in the Greek...

  2. Random telegraph signals by alkanethiol-protected Au nanoparticles in chemically assembled single-electron transistors

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Kano, Shinya; CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Yokohama 226-8503; Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE

    2013-12-14

    We have studied random telegraph signals (RTSs) in a chemically assembled single-electron transistor (SET) at temperatures as low as 300 mK. The RTSs in the chemically assembled SET were investigated by measuring the source–drain current, using a histogram of the RTS dwell time, and calculating the power spectrum density of the drain current–time characteristics. It was found that the dwell time of the RTS was dependent on the drain voltage of the SET, but was independent of the gate voltage. Considering the spatial structure of the chemically assembled SET, the origin of the RTS is attributed to the trapped chargesmore » on an alkanethiol-protected Au nanoparticle positioned near the SET. These results are important as they will help to realize stable chemically assembled SETs in practical applications.« less

  3. Series expansion solutions for the multi-term time and space fractional partial differential equations in two- and three-dimensions

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Ye, H.; Liu, F.; Turner, I.; Anh, V.; Burrage, K.

    2013-09-01

    Fractional partial differential equations with more than one fractional derivative in time describe some important physical phenomena, such as the telegraph equation, the power law wave equation, or the Szabo wave equation. In this paper, we consider two- and three-dimensional multi-term time and space fractional partial differential equations. The multi-term time-fractional derivative is defined in the Caputo sense, whose order belongs to the interval (1,2],(2,3],(3,4] or (0, m], and the space-fractional derivative is referred to as the fractional Laplacian form. We derive series expansion solutions based on a spectral representation of the Laplacian operator on a bounded region. Some applications are given for the two- and three-dimensional telegraph equation, power law wave equation and Szabo wave equation.

  4. A Harmonic Solution for the Hyperbolic Heat Conduction Equation and Its Relationship to the Guyer-Krumhansl Equation

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Zhukovsky, K. V.

    2018-01-01

    A particular solution of the hyperbolic heat-conduction equation was constructed using the method of operators. The evolution of a harmonic solution is studied, which simulates the propagation of electric signals in long wire transmission lines. The structures of the solutions of the telegraph equation and of the Guyer-Krumhansl equation are compared. The influence of the phonon heat-transfer mechanism in the environment is considered from the point of view of heat conductivity. The fulfillment of the maximum principle for the obtained solutions is considered. The frequency dependences of heat conductivity in the telegraph equation and in an equation of the Guyer-Krumhansl type are studied and compared with each other. The influence of the Knudsen number on heat conductivity in the model of thin films is studied.

  5. Random Telegraph Signal-Like Fluctuation Created by Fowler-Nordheim Stress in Gate Induced Drain Leakage Current of the Saddle Type Dynamic Random Access Memory Cell Transistor

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Kim, Heesang; Oh, Byoungchan; Kim, Kyungdo; Cha, Seon-Yong; Jeong, Jae-Goan; Hong, Sung-Joo; Lee, Jong-Ho; Park, Byung-Gook; Shin, Hyungcheol

    2010-09-01

    We generated traps inside gate oxide in gate-drain overlap region of recess channel type dynamic random access memory (DRAM) cell transistor through Fowler-Nordheim (FN) stress, and observed gate induced drain leakage (GIDL) current both in time domain and in frequency domain. It was found that the trap inside gate oxide could generate random telegraph signal (RTS)-like fluctuation in GIDL current. The characteristics of that fluctuation were similar to those of RTS-like fluctuation in GIDL current observed in the non-stressed device. This result shows the possibility that the trap causing variable retention time (VRT) in DRAM data retention time can be located inside gate oxide like channel RTS of metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs).

  6. 22. TYPICAL FOR THE FIRST FLOOR INTERIORS, ARE PAIRED COLUMN ...

    Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

    22. TYPICAL FOR THE FIRST FLOOR INTERIORS, ARE PAIRED COLUMN PILASTERS IN KEENE CEMENT PLASTER. BASE OF PILASTER IS SHOWN. - Pacific Telephone & Telegraph Company Building, 1519 Franklin Street, Oakland, Alameda County, CA

  7. 29. VIEW OF 4TH FLOOR'S TELEPHONE RACKS WITH CABLE TRAYS ...

    Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

    29. VIEW OF 4TH FLOOR'S TELEPHONE RACKS WITH CABLE TRAYS ABOVE. THESE ARE NEWER APPARATUS AND NOT ORIGINAL. - Pacific Telephone & Telegraph Company Building, 1519 Franklin Street, Oakland, Alameda County, CA

  8. 1. Historic American Buildings Survey San Francisco Chronicle Photo Undated ...

    Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

    1. Historic American Buildings Survey San Francisco Chronicle Photo Undated (by Taber) ca. 1885 GREENWICH STREET HOUSES (From Powell to Kearny) - Telegraph Hill, Historic View, Greenwich Street, San Francisco, San Francisco County, CA

  9. East elevation of bunkhouse and agriculture storage sheds, looking west. ...

    Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

    East elevation of bunkhouse and agriculture storage sheds, looking west. The shower house is adjacent to the storage sheds and just south of the bunkhouse. - Sespe Ranch, Bunkhouse, 2896 Telegraph Road, Fillmore, Ventura County, CA

  10. 31 CFR 560.547 - Entries in certain accounts for normal service charges authorized.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ..., telegraph, Internet, or telephone charges; postage costs; custody fees; small adjustment charges to correct... authorizes U.S. depository institutions and U.S. registered brokers or dealers in securities to provide and...

  11. 31 CFR 560.547 - Entries in certain accounts for normal service charges authorized.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ..., telegraph, Internet, or telephone charges; postage costs; custody fees; small adjustment charges to correct... authorizes U.S. depository institutions and U.S. registered brokers or dealers in securities to provide and...

  12. Detail, external parabolic antenna (later addition). Note how waveguide was ...

    Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

    Detail, external parabolic antenna (later addition). Note how waveguide was cut to remove active portion of antenna. - Western Union Telegraph Company, Jennerstown Relay, Laurel Summit Road off U.S. 30, Laughlintown, Westmoreland County, PA

  13. Effect of drain current on appearance probability and amplitude of random telegraph noise in low-noise CMOS image sensors

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Ichino, Shinya; Mawaki, Takezo; Teramoto, Akinobu; Kuroda, Rihito; Park, Hyeonwoo; Wakashima, Shunichi; Goto, Tetsuya; Suwa, Tomoyuki; Sugawa, Shigetoshi

    2018-04-01

    Random telegraph noise (RTN), which occurs in in-pixel source follower (SF) transistors, has become one of the most critical problems in high-sensitivity CMOS image sensors (CIS) because it is a limiting factor of dark random noise. In this paper, the behaviors of RTN toward changes in SF drain current conditions were analyzed using a low-noise array test circuit measurement system with a floor noise of 35 µV rms. In addition to statistical analysis by measuring a large number of transistors (18048 transistors), we also analyzed the behaviors of RTN parameters such as amplitude and time constants in the individual transistors. It is demonstrated that the appearance probability of RTN becomes small under a small drain current condition, although large-amplitude RTN tends to appear in a very small number of cells.

  14. Cardiovascular risk factors in American and Japanese executives. Telecom Health Research Group.

    PubMed

    Comstock, G W; Suzuki, T; Stone, R W; Crumrine, J L; Johnson, D H; Sakai, Y; Matsuya, T; Sasaki, S

    1985-07-01

    A standardized cardiovascular risk factor examination was given to executives in the headquarters of the American Telephone and Telegraph Company and the Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Public Corporation. As expected from the national mortality data, evidence of ischaemic heart disease was more common among American than Japanese executives. The frequency of some but not all risk factors was consistent with the observed differences in ischaemic heart disease. Americans were fatter than their Japanese counterparts, obtained a higher proportion of their caloric intake from animal fats, had higher serum cholesterol levels, and more of them felt that their lives were highly stressful. On the other hand, Japanese executives were much more likely to be cigarette smokers and showed a greater increase in blood pressure with age. Serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and the ratio of saturated to unsaturated fatty acids in the serum were similar in the two groups.

  15. 46 CFR 31.35-5 - Communications; alarm systems, telephone and voice tube systems, engine telegraph systems, etc...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-10-01

    ... OF HOMELAND SECURITY TANK VESSELS INSPECTION AND CERTIFICATION Electrical Engineering § 31.35-5... vessels are subject to the regulations contained in subchapter J (Electrical Engineering) of this chapter...

  16. 46 CFR 31.35-5 - Communications; alarm systems, telephone and voice tube systems, engine telegraph systems, etc...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... OF HOMELAND SECURITY TANK VESSELS INSPECTION AND CERTIFICATION Electrical Engineering § 31.35-5... vessels are subject to the regulations contained in subchapter J (Electrical Engineering) of this chapter...

  17. 46 CFR 31.35-5 - Communications; alarm systems, telephone and voice tube systems, engine telegraph systems, etc...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ... OF HOMELAND SECURITY TANK VESSELS INSPECTION AND CERTIFICATION Electrical Engineering § 31.35-5... vessels are subject to the regulations contained in subchapter J (Electrical Engineering) of this chapter...

  18. Closet in room #17, bunkhouse, second floor interior. Originally a ...

    Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

    Closet in room #17, bunkhouse, second floor interior. Originally a shelf and coat hooks, this was modified with a drawer and door, enclosing the open closet. - Sespe Ranch, Bunkhouse, 2896 Telegraph Road, Fillmore, Ventura County, CA

  19. 47 CFR 54.706 - Contributions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ...; (12) Telex; (13) Telegraph; (14) Video services; (15) Satellite service; (16) Resale of interstate services; (17) Payphone services; and (18) Interconnected VoIP services. (19) Prepaid calling card... telecommunications services. (d) Entities providing open video systems (OVS), cable leased access, or direct...

  20. 47 CFR 54.706 - Contributions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-10-01

    ...; (12) Telex; (13) Telegraph; (14) Video services; (15) Satellite service; (16) Resale of interstate services; (17) Payphone services; and (18) Interconnected VoIP services. (19) Prepaid calling card... telecommunications services. (d) Entities providing open video systems (OVS), cable leased access, or direct...

  1. 47 CFR 54.706 - Contributions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-10-01

    ...; (12) Telex; (13) Telegraph; (14) Video services; (15) Satellite service; (16) Resale of interstate services; (17) Payphone services; and (18) Interconnected VoIP services. (19) Prepaid calling card... telecommunications services. (d) Entities providing open video systems (OVS), cable leased access, or direct...

  2. 47 CFR 54.706 - Contributions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-10-01

    ...; (12) Telex; (13) Telegraph; (14) Video services; (15) Satellite service; (16) Resale of interstate services; (17) Payphone services; and (18) Interconnected VoIP services. (19) Prepaid calling card... telecommunications services. (d) Entities providing open video systems (OVS), cable leased access, or direct...

  3. 47 CFR 54.706 - Contributions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ...; (12) Telex; (13) Telegraph; (14) Video services; (15) Satellite service; (16) Resale of interstate services; (17) Payphone services; and (18) Interconnected VoIP services. (19) Prepaid calling card... telecommunications services. (d) Entities providing open video systems (OVS), cable leased access, or direct...

  4. 31 CFR 539.204 - Exempt transactions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... FOREIGN ASSETS CONTROL, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY WEAPONS OF MASS DESTRUCTION TRADE CONTROL REGULATIONS Prohibitions § 539.204 Exempt transactions. (a) Personal communications. The prohibitions contained in this part do not apply to any postal, telegraphic, telephonic, or other personal communication, which does...

  5. Instructional Television In Industry (ITVI): A Survey.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Stasheff, Edward; Lavi, Aryeh

    Fifteen industrial organizations were surveyed for their use of instructional television (ITV) in their educational programs for employees. The firms surveys included Xerox Corporation, RCA Corporation, General Electric Company, International Telephone and Telegraph, Lockheed Aircraft Corporation, International Business Machines Corporation, etc.…

  6. 7 CFR 1210.325 - Procedure.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... 7 Agriculture 10 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Procedure. 1210.325 Section 1210.325 Agriculture Regulations of the Department of Agriculture (Continued) AGRICULTURAL MARKETING SERVICE (MARKETING AGREEMENTS... mail, telegraph, telephone, or by other means of communication; Provided, That each member receives an...

  7. 7 CFR 1210.325 - Procedure.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... 7 Agriculture 10 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Procedure. 1210.325 Section 1210.325 Agriculture Regulations of the Department of Agriculture (Continued) AGRICULTURAL MARKETING SERVICE (MARKETING AGREEMENTS... mail, telegraph, telephone, or by other means of communication; Provided, That each member receives an...

  8. 7 CFR 1160.206 - Procedure.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... 7 Agriculture 9 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Procedure. 1160.206 Section 1160.206 Agriculture Regulations of the Department of Agriculture (Continued) AGRICULTURAL MARKETING SERVICE (Marketing Agreements... of members by mail, telephone, telegraph, or other means of electronic communication when, in the...

  9. 7 CFR 1160.206 - Procedure.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... 7 Agriculture 9 2010-01-01 2009-01-01 true Procedure. 1160.206 Section 1160.206 Agriculture Regulations of the Department of Agriculture (Continued) AGRICULTURAL MARKETING SERVICE (Marketing Agreements... of members by mail, telephone, telegraph, or other means of electronic communication when, in the...

  10. 76 FR 50721 - Privacy Act of 1974; System of Records

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-08-16

    ... . Follow the instructions for submitting comments. Mail: Federal Docket Management System Office, 1160... of the Army, Privacy Office, U.S. Army Records Management and Declassification Agency, 7701 Telegraph...; laboratory reports, polygraph reports, documentary evidence, physical evidence, summary and administrative...

  11. 9 CFR 95.25 - Transportation of restricted import products; placarding cars and marking billing; unloading...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... black ink and in boldface letters not less than 11/2 inches in height the words “Restricted import... § 95.26, and the said carrier shall immediately report the matter, by telegraph, to the Deputy...

  12. 9 CFR 95.25 - Transportation of restricted import products; placarding cars and marking billing; unloading...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... black ink and in boldface letters not less than 11/2 inches in height the words “Restricted import... § 95.26, and the said carrier shall immediately report the matter, by telegraph, to the Deputy...

  13. 9 CFR 95.25 - Transportation of restricted import products; placarding cars and marking billing; unloading...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... black ink and in boldface letters not less than 11/2 inches in height the words “Restricted import... § 95.26, and the said carrier shall immediately report the matter, by telegraph, to the Deputy...

  14. 9 CFR 95.25 - Transportation of restricted import products; placarding cars and marking billing; unloading...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... black ink and in boldface letters not less than 11/2 inches in height the words “Restricted import... § 95.26, and the said carrier shall immediately report the matter, by telegraph, to the Deputy...

  15. 9 CFR 95.25 - Transportation of restricted import products; placarding cars and marking billing; unloading...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... black ink and in boldface letters not less than 11/2 inches in height the words “Restricted import... § 95.26, and the said carrier shall immediately report the matter, by telegraph, to the Deputy...

  16. 10 CFR 209.34 - Maintenance of records.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ..., telegraphic, telecopied, microfilmed and computer printout material), and where such communication... communication (other than in a meeting held pursuant to this subpart) between or among themselves or with any... action under this subpart, except that where there are several communications within the same day...

  17. 10 CFR 209.34 - Maintenance of records.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ..., telegraphic, telecopied, microfilmed and computer printout material), and where such communication... communication (other than in a meeting held pursuant to this subpart) between or among themselves or with any... action under this subpart, except that where there are several communications within the same day...

  18. 10 CFR 209.34 - Maintenance of records.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ..., telegraphic, telecopied, microfilmed and computer printout material), and where such communication... communication (other than in a meeting held pursuant to this subpart) between or among themselves or with any... action under this subpart, except that where there are several communications within the same day...

  19. 10 CFR 209.34 - Maintenance of records.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ..., telegraphic, telecopied, microfilmed and computer printout material), and where such communication... communication (other than in a meeting held pursuant to this subpart) between or among themselves or with any... action under this subpart, except that where there are several communications within the same day...

  20. 10 CFR 209.34 - Maintenance of records.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ..., telegraphic, telecopied, microfilmed and computer printout material), and where such communication... communication (other than in a meeting held pursuant to this subpart) between or among themselves or with any... action under this subpart, except that where there are several communications within the same day...

  1. 14 CFR 1274.931 - Electronic funds transfer payment methods.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... institution or to provide appropriate payee bank account information may delay payments of amounts otherwise..., the Recipient shall provide the following information: (1) Name, address, and telegraphic abbreviation... access to the Federal Reserve Communication System. (3) Payee's account number at the financial...

  2. Stair and entry room, bunkhouse, first floor interior. Door from ...

    Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

    Stair and entry room, bunkhouse, first floor interior. Door from entry hall leads to toilets and bathing rooms. A coat and hat rack is on each side of the door. - Sespe Ranch, Bunkhouse, 2896 Telegraph Road, Fillmore, Ventura County, CA

  3. Telecommunications and Data Communication in Korea.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Ahn, Moon-Suk

    All facilities of the Ministry of Communications of Korea, which monopolizes telecommunications services in the country, are listed and described. Both domestic facilities, including long-distance telephone and telegraph circuits, and international connections are included. Computer facilities are also listed. The nation's regulatory policies are…

  4. Bunkhouse basement interior showing storage area and a conveyor belt ...

    Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

    Bunkhouse basement interior showing storage area and a conveyor belt (circa 1936) used to unload dry goods into the basement through an opening on the east side of the bunkhouse. - Sespe Ranch, Bunkhouse, 2896 Telegraph Road, Fillmore, Ventura County, CA

  5. 29 CFR 102.6 - Administrative law judge; hearing officer.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... as used herein shall mean the agent of the Board conducting the hearing in an unfair labor practice or Telegraph Merger Act proceeding. The term hearing officer as used herein shall mean the agent of... section 10(k) of the Act. ...

  6. 26 CFR 49.4253-1 - Exemption for certain coin-operated service.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-04-01

    ... telephone conversation paid for by inserting coins in a public coin-operated telephone. The tax imposed on... conversation for which a tool charge is made (see paragraph (a) of § 49.4252-2), or to a telegraph message, if...

  7. 26 CFR 49.4253-1 - Exemption for certain coin-operated service.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... telephone conversation paid for by inserting coins in a public coin-operated telephone. The tax imposed on... conversation for which a tool charge is made (see paragraph (a) of § 49.4252-2), or to a telegraph message, if...

  8. Oblique view of radio room from outside door, looking southeast. ...

    Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

    Oblique view of radio room from outside door, looking southeast. Note main electronics rack (left), battery room (through door), and overhead cable ducts. - Western Union Telegraph Company, Jennerstown Relay, Laurel Summit Road off U.S. 30, Laughlintown, Westmoreland County, PA

  9. Detail, lower half of electronics rack in radio room. Westtoeast ...

    Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

    Detail, lower half of electronics rack in radio room. West-to-east circuit is on left, east-to-west circuit is on right. - Western Union Telegraph Company, Jennerstown Relay, Laurel Summit Road off U.S. 30, Laughlintown, Westmoreland County, PA

  10. Detail, top half of electronics rack in radio room. Westtoeast ...

    Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

    Detail, top half of electronics rack in radio room. West-to-east circuit is on left, east-to-west circuit is on right. - Western Union Telegraph Company, Jennerstown Relay, Laurel Summit Road off U.S. 30, Laughlintown, Westmoreland County, PA

  11. 46 CFR 113.35-7 - Electric engine order telegraph systems; operations.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... transmitter handle automatically connects that transmitter electrically to the engineroom indicator and simultaneously disconnects electrically all other transmitters. The reply pointers of all transmitters must... manually operated transfer switch which will disconnect the system in the unattended navigating bridge must...

  12. 7 CFR 982.37 - Procedure.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... 7 Agriculture 8 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Procedure. 982.37 Section 982.37 Agriculture Regulations of the Department of Agriculture (Continued) AGRICULTURAL MARKETING SERVICE (Marketing Agreements... person. (b) The Board may vote by mail, telephone, telegraph, or other means of communication: Provided...

  13. 7 CFR 959.32 - Procedure.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... 7 Agriculture 8 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Procedure. 959.32 Section 959.32 Agriculture Regulations of the Department of Agriculture (Continued) AGRICULTURAL MARKETING SERVICE (Marketing Agreements... in person. (b) The committee may meet by telephone, telegraph, or other means of communication and...

  14. 7 CFR 947.26 - Procedure.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... 7 Agriculture 8 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Procedure. 947.26 Section 947.26 Agriculture Regulations of the Department of Agriculture (Continued) AGRICULTURAL MARKETING SERVICE (Marketing Agreements...) The committee may provide for meeting by telephone, telegraph, or other means of communication and any...

  15. 7 CFR 948.61 - Procedure.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... 7 Agriculture 8 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Procedure. 948.61 Section 948.61 Agriculture Regulations of the Department of Agriculture (Continued) AGRICULTURAL MARKETING SERVICE (Marketing Agreements... members, to vote by mail, telegraph, telephone, or other means of communication, provided that any such...

  16. 7 CFR 959.32 - Procedure.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... 7 Agriculture 8 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Procedure. 959.32 Section 959.32 Agriculture Regulations of the Department of Agriculture (Continued) AGRICULTURAL MARKETING SERVICE (Marketing Agreements... in person. (b) The committee may meet by telephone, telegraph, or other means of communication and...

  17. 7 CFR 948.61 - Procedure.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... 7 Agriculture 8 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Procedure. 948.61 Section 948.61 Agriculture Regulations of the Department of Agriculture (Continued) AGRICULTURAL MARKETING SERVICE (Marketing Agreements... members, to vote by mail, telegraph, telephone, or other means of communication, provided that any such...

  18. 7 CFR 945.30 - Procedure.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... 7 Agriculture 8 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Procedure. 945.30 Section 945.30 Agriculture Regulations of the Department of Agriculture (Continued) AGRICULTURAL MARKETING SERVICE (Marketing Agreements... telephone, telegraph or other means of communication and any vote cast at such meeting shall be confirmed...

  19. 7 CFR 982.37 - Procedure.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... 7 Agriculture 8 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Procedure. 982.37 Section 982.37 Agriculture Regulations of the Department of Agriculture (Continued) AGRICULTURAL MARKETING SERVICE (Marketing Agreements... person. (b) The Board may vote by mail, telephone, telegraph, or other means of communication: Provided...

  20. 7 CFR 947.26 - Procedure.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... 7 Agriculture 8 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Procedure. 947.26 Section 947.26 Agriculture Regulations of the Department of Agriculture (Continued) AGRICULTURAL MARKETING SERVICE (Marketing Agreements...) The committee may provide for meeting by telephone, telegraph, or other means of communication and any...

  1. 7 CFR 945.30 - Procedure.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... 7 Agriculture 8 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Procedure. 945.30 Section 945.30 Agriculture Regulations of the Department of Agriculture (Continued) AGRICULTURAL MARKETING SERVICE (Marketing Agreements... telephone, telegraph or other means of communication and any vote cast at such meeting shall be confirmed...

  2. 7 CFR 958.21 - Procedure.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... 7 Agriculture 8 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Procedure. 958.21 Section 958.21 Agriculture Regulations of the Department of Agriculture (Continued) AGRICULTURAL MARKETING SERVICE (Marketing Agreements... provide for voting by telephone, telegraph, or other means of communication and any such vote shall be...

  3. 7 CFR 958.21 - Procedure.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... 7 Agriculture 8 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Procedure. 958.21 Section 958.21 Agriculture Regulations of the Department of Agriculture (Continued) AGRICULTURAL MARKETING SERVICE (Marketing Agreements... provide for voting by telephone, telegraph, or other means of communication and any such vote shall be...

  4. 10 CFR 209.24 - Maintenance of records.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ..., telegraphic, telecopied, microfilmed and computer printout material), and where such communication... participants shall keep a full and complete record of any communications (other than in a meeting held pursuant... under this part. When two or more potential participants are involved in such a communication, they may...

  5. 10 CFR 209.24 - Maintenance of records.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ..., telegraphic, telecopied, microfilmed and computer printout material), and where such communication... participants shall keep a full and complete record of any communications (other than in a meeting held pursuant... under this part. When two or more potential participants are involved in such a communication, they may...

  6. 10 CFR 209.24 - Maintenance of records.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ..., telegraphic, telecopied, microfilmed and computer printout material), and where such communication... participants shall keep a full and complete record of any communications (other than in a meeting held pursuant... under this part. When two or more potential participants are involved in such a communication, they may...

  7. 10 CFR 209.24 - Maintenance of records.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ..., telegraphic, telecopied, microfilmed and computer printout material), and where such communication... participants shall keep a full and complete record of any communications (other than in a meeting held pursuant... under this part. When two or more potential participants are involved in such a communication, they may...

  8. 10 CFR 209.24 - Maintenance of records.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ..., telegraphic, telecopied, microfilmed and computer printout material), and where such communication... participants shall keep a full and complete record of any communications (other than in a meeting held pursuant... under this part. When two or more potential participants are involved in such a communication, they may...

  9. 36 CFR 14.95 - Authority.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... rights-of-way through public lands and certain reservations of the United States, for electrical plants, poles, and lines for the generation and distribution of electrical power, and for telephone and telegraph purposes, and for pipelines, canals, ditches, water plants, and other purposes to the extent of...

  10. 36 CFR 14.70 - Statutory authority.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... electrical plants, poles, and lines for the generation and distribution of electrical power, and for telephone and telegraph purposes, and for pipe lines, canals, ditches, water plants, and other purposes to the extent of the ground occupied by such canals, ditches, water plants, or other works permitted...

  11. Wash room, bunkhouse, first floor interior. This room is a ...

    Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

    Wash room, bunkhouse, first floor interior. This room is a screened porch with the original sinks extant. Light and ventilation was borrowed from the wash room into the toilets and bathing rooms. - Sespe Ranch, Bunkhouse, 2896 Telegraph Road, Fillmore, Ventura County, CA

  12. 14 CFR 1260.69 - Electronic funds transfer payment methods.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... designate a financial institution or to provide appropriate payee bank account information may delay... information: (1) Name, address, and telegraphic abbreviation of the financial institution receiving payment...) Payee's account number at the financial institution where funds are to be transferred. (4) If the...

  13. 36 CFR 14.95 - Authority.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... rights-of-way through public lands and certain reservations of the United States, for electrical plants... telegraph purposes, and for pipelines, canals, ditches, water plants, and other purposes to the extent of the ground occupied by such canals, ditches, water plants, or other works permitted thereunder and not...

  14. 36 CFR 14.70 - Statutory authority.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... electrical plants, poles, and lines for the generation and distribution of electrical power, and for telephone and telegraph purposes, and for pipe lines, canals, ditches, water plants, and other purposes to the extent of the ground occupied by such canals, ditches, water plants, or other works permitted...

  15. Miscellaneous artifacts stored on the third floor; from left, center ...

    Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

    Miscellaneous artifacts stored on the third floor; from left, center is 'personal equation machine' which measures and records the reflex-response time of individuals using telegraph equipment. - Thomas A. Edison Laboratories, Building No. 5, Main Street & Lakeside Avenue, West Orange, Essex County, NJ

  16. 7 CFR 1230.56 - Procedure.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... 7 Agriculture 10 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Procedure. 1230.56 Section 1230.56 Agriculture Regulations of the Department of Agriculture (Continued) AGRICULTURAL MARKETING SERVICE (MARKETING AGREEMENTS..., telegraph or by other means of communication when, in the opinion of the President of the Board, such action...

  17. 7 CFR 922.32 - Procedure.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... Regulations of the Department of Agriculture (Continued) AGRICULTURAL MARKETING SERVICE (Marketing Agreements... communication between all such groups and the availability of loud speaker receivers for each group so that each... vote by telegraph, telephone, or other means of communication, and any votes so cast shall be confirmed...

  18. 7 CFR 925.30 - Procedure.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... 7 Agriculture 8 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Procedure. 925.30 Section 925.30 Agriculture Regulations of the Department of Agriculture (Continued) AGRICULTURAL MARKETING SERVICE (Marketing Agreements... committee may vote by telephone, telegraph, or other means of communications; and any votes so cast shall be...

  19. 7 CFR 925.30 - Procedure.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... 7 Agriculture 8 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Procedure. 925.30 Section 925.30 Agriculture Regulations of the Department of Agriculture (Continued) AGRICULTURAL MARKETING SERVICE (Marketing Agreements... committee may vote by telephone, telegraph, or other means of communications; and any votes so cast shall be...

  20. 7 CFR 1230.56 - Procedure.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... 7 Agriculture 10 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Procedure. 1230.56 Section 1230.56 Agriculture Regulations of the Department of Agriculture (Continued) AGRICULTURAL MARKETING SERVICE (MARKETING AGREEMENTS..., telegraph or by other means of communication when, in the opinion of the President of the Board, such action...

  1. 7 CFR 922.32 - Procedure.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... Regulations of the Department of Agriculture (Continued) AGRICULTURAL MARKETING SERVICE (Marketing Agreements... communication between all such groups and the availability of loud speaker receivers for each group so that each... vote by telegraph, telephone, or other means of communication, and any votes so cast shall be confirmed...

  2. Falkland’s War: Strategic, Intelligence and Diplomatic Failures

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1985-05-01

    Foreign and Commonwealth Office. Background Brief: Argentina Misinformation, July 1982. El Diario de Caracas. Special Edition: Las Malvinas. Mayo 1982...Daily Telegraph, 27 April 1982. • Aldo Ferrer. " Economia Argentina y estrategia preindustrial" in Alain Ronquie, ed.. Argentina hoy. Buenos Aires

  3. Dynamical decoupling of local transverse random telegraph noise in a two-qubit gate

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    D'Arrigo, A.; Falci, G.; Paladino, E.

    2015-10-01

    Achieving high-fidelity universal two-qubit gates is a central requisite of any implementation of quantum information processing. The presence of spurious fluctuators of various physical origin represents a limiting factor for superconducting nanodevices. Operating qubits at optimal points, where the qubit-fluctuator interaction is transverse with respect to the single qubit Hamiltonian, considerably improved single qubit gates. Further enhancement has been achieved by dynamical decoupling (DD). In this article we investigate DD of transverse random telegraph noise acting locally on each of the qubits forming an entangling gate. Our analysis is based on the exact numerical solution of the stochastic Schrödinger equation. We evaluate the gate error under local periodic, Carr-Purcell and Uhrig DD sequences. We find that a threshold value of the number, n, of pulses exists above which the gate error decreases with a sequence-specific power-law dependence on n. Below threshold, DD may even increase the error with respect to the unconditioned evolution, a behaviour reminiscent of the anti-Zeno effect.

  4. Channel doping concentration and cell program state dependence on random telegraph noise spatial and statistical distribution in 30 nm NAND flash memory

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Tomita, Toshihiro; Miyaji, Kousuke

    2015-04-01

    The dependence of spatial and statistical distribution of random telegraph noise (RTN) in a 30 nm NAND flash memory on channel doping concentration NA and cell program state Vth is comprehensively investigated using three-dimensional Monte Carlo device simulation considering random dopant fluctuation (RDF). It is found that single trap RTN amplitude ΔVth is larger at the center of the channel region in the NAND flash memory, which is closer to the jellium (uniform) doping results since NA is relatively low to suppress junction leakage current. In addition, ΔVth peak at the center of the channel decreases in the higher Vth state due to the current concentration at the shallow trench isolation (STI) edges induced by the high vertical electrical field through the fringing capacitance between the channel and control gate. In such cases, ΔVth distribution slope λ cannot be determined by only considering RDF and single trap.

  5. Statistical analysis of relationship between negative-bias temperature instability and random telegraph noise in small p-channel metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Tega, Naoki; Miki, Hiroshi; Mine, Toshiyuki; Ohmori, Kenji; Yamada, Keisaku

    2014-03-01

    It is demonstrated from a statistical perspective that the generation of random telegraph noise (RTN) changes before and after the application of negative-bias temperature instability (NBTI) stress. The NBTI stress generates a large number of permanent interface traps and, at the same time, a large number of RTN traps causing temporary RTN and one-time RTN. The interface trap and the RTN trap show different features in the recovery process. That is, a re-passivation of interface states is the minor cause of the recovery after the NBTI stress, and in contrast, rapid disappearance of the temporary RTN and the one-time RTN is the main cause of the recovery. The RTN traps are less likely to become permanent. This two-type trap, namely, the interface trap and RTN trap, model simply explains NBTI degradation and recovery in scaled p-channel metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors.

  6. Stochastic Spiking Neural Networks Enabled by Magnetic Tunnel Junctions: From Nontelegraphic to Telegraphic Switching Regimes

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Liyanagedera, Chamika M.; Sengupta, Abhronil; Jaiswal, Akhilesh; Roy, Kaushik

    2017-12-01

    Stochastic spiking neural networks based on nanoelectronic spin devices can be a possible pathway to achieving "brainlike" compact and energy-efficient cognitive intelligence. The computational model attempt to exploit the intrinsic device stochasticity of nanoelectronic synaptic or neural components to perform learning or inference. However, there has been limited analysis on the scaling effect of stochastic spin devices and its impact on the operation of such stochastic networks at the system level. This work attempts to explore the design space and analyze the performance of nanomagnet-based stochastic neuromorphic computing architectures for magnets with different barrier heights. We illustrate how the underlying network architecture must be modified to account for the random telegraphic switching behavior displayed by magnets with low barrier heights as they are scaled into the superparamagnetic regime. We perform a device-to-system-level analysis on a deep neural-network architecture for a digit-recognition problem on the MNIST data set.

  7. 77 FR 42694 - Helena National Forest, Montana, Telegraph Vegetation Project

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-07-20

    ... slashing generally small diameter trees followed by prescribed burning within the Jericho Mountain... dead and dying trees, promoting desirable regeneration, reducing fuels and the risk of wildfire, and... for Action Wide-scale tree mortality has occurred throughout the project area due to the mountain pine...

  8. 50 CFR 260.19 - When application may be withdrawn.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ... Fishery Products for Human Consumption Inspection Service § 260.19 When application may be withdrawn. An... incurred by the inspector in connection with such application, any travel expenses, telephone, telegraph or other expenses which have been incurred by the inspection service in connection with such application...

  9. 50 CFR 260.19 - When application may be withdrawn.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... Fishery Products for Human Consumption Inspection Service § 260.19 When application may be withdrawn. An... incurred by the inspector in connection with such application, any travel expenses, telephone, telegraph or other expenses which have been incurred by the inspection service in connection with such application...

  10. Information Transfer in 1990.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Hough, Roger W.

    Results of a recent study of potential demand for electronic information transfer services in 1970-1990 are presented. Projections are made for new services such as electronic mail, remote library browsing, checkless society transactions, video telephone and others, as well as conventional services such as telephone, telegraph and network program…

  11. Engine room, showing engine generator foundation and inlet louvers, looking ...

    Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

    Engine room, showing engine generator foundation and inlet louvers, looking southwest. Note fuel gauge on west wall, left of fuse box, and exhaust pipe through south wall. - Western Union Telegraph Company, Jennerstown Relay, Laurel Summit Road off U.S. 30, Laughlintown, Westmoreland County, PA

  12. 46 CFR 113.35-1 - Definitions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... 46 Shipping 4 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Definitions. 113.35-1 Section 113.35-1 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING COMMUNICATION AND ALARM SYSTEMS AND EQUIPMENT Engine Order Telegraph Systems § 113.35-1 Definitions. As used in this subpart: (a...

  13. 36 CFR 14.95 - Authority.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... telegraph purposes, and for pipelines, canals, ditches, water plants, and other purposes to the extent of the ground occupied by such canals, ditches, water plants, or other works permitted thereunder and not... citizen, association, or corporation of the United States, where it is intended by such to exercise the...

  14. 36 CFR 14.95 - Authority.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... telegraph purposes, and for pipelines, canals, ditches, water plants, and other purposes to the extent of the ground occupied by such canals, ditches, water plants, or other works permitted thereunder and not... citizen, association, or corporation of the United States, where it is intended by such to exercise the...

  15. 36 CFR 14.95 - Authority.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... telegraph purposes, and for pipelines, canals, ditches, water plants, and other purposes to the extent of the ground occupied by such canals, ditches, water plants, or other works permitted thereunder and not... citizen, association, or corporation of the United States, where it is intended by such to exercise the...

  16. 30 CFR 57.12048 - Communication conductors on power poles.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... 30 Mineral Resources 1 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Communication conductors on power poles. 57... MINES Electricity Surface and Underground § 57.12048 Communication conductors on power poles. Telegraph, telephone, or signal wires shall not be installed on the same crossarm with power conductors. When carried...

  17. 30 CFR 57.12048 - Communication conductors on power poles.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... 30 Mineral Resources 1 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Communication conductors on power poles. 57... MINES Electricity Surface and Underground § 57.12048 Communication conductors on power poles. Telegraph, telephone, or signal wires shall not be installed on the same crossarm with power conductors. When carried...

  18. 30 CFR 56.12048 - Communication conductors on power poles.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... 30 Mineral Resources 1 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Communication conductors on power poles. 56... Electricity § 56.12048 Communication conductors on power poles. Telegraph, telephone, or signal wires shall not be installed on the same crossarm with power conductors. When carried on poles supporting...

  19. 30 CFR 56.12048 - Communication conductors on power poles.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... 30 Mineral Resources 1 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Communication conductors on power poles. 56... Electricity § 56.12048 Communication conductors on power poles. Telegraph, telephone, or signal wires shall not be installed on the same crossarm with power conductors. When carried on poles supporting...

  20. 46 CFR 113.35-17 - Vessels with navigating bridge control.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ... 46 Shipping 4 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Vessels with navigating bridge control. 113.35-17... bridge control. Each vessel with navigating bridge throttle control must have a positive mechanical stop on each telegraph transmitter that prevents movement to the “Navigating Bridge Control” position...

  1. 50 CFR 260.38 - When an application for an appeal inspection may be withdrawn.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... Inspection and Certification of Establishments and Fishery Products for Human Consumption Appeal Inspection... inspector in connection with such application, any travel expenses, telephone, telegraph, or other expenses which have been incurred by the inspection service in connection with such application. [31 FR 16052...

  2. 50 CFR 260.38 - When an application for an appeal inspection may be withdrawn.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ... Inspection and Certification of Establishments and Fishery Products for Human Consumption Appeal Inspection... inspector in connection with such application, any travel expenses, telephone, telegraph, or other expenses which have been incurred by the inspection service in connection with such application. [31 FR 16052...

  3. 29 CFR 101.7 - Settlements.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... 29 Labor 2 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Settlements. 101.7 Section 101.7 Labor Regulations Relating... Section 10 (a) to (i) of the Act and Telegraph Merger Act Cases § 101.7 Settlements. Before any complaint... for the submission and consideration of facts, argument, offers of settlement, or proposals of...

  4. National Intelligence Survey. Spain. Section 23. Weather and Climate

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1963-07-01

    on to successor organiza- tions. In 1934 the meteorological services were organized as the Servicio Meteorolögico Nacional (S.M.N.). Spain became a...service’s communications system for collecting data relies heavily on tele- phone, telegraph, and CW-radio broadcasts. A micro -wave radio teletype

  5. The Foundations of Telegraphy and Telephony in Latin America.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Baur, Cynthia

    1994-01-01

    Synthesizes empirical evidence on the participation of state and capital in the establishment of domestic telegraphic and telephonic communication in Latin America. Suggests that, in many ways, the contemporary period of telecommunication system organization in the region parallels the early years of telegraphy and telephony. Discusses these…

  6. 28. VIEW OF THE SOLDERING NICHE FORMED WITH BRICKS. THE ...

    Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

    28. VIEW OF THE SOLDERING NICHE FORMED WITH BRICKS. THE BACK OF THE NICHE IS CEMENT FINISHED. THE BOTTOM HAS A 1 INCH THICK ASBESTOS SHELF. THIS PHOTO WAS TAKEN AT THE 3RD FLOOR. - Pacific Telephone & Telegraph Company Building, 1519 Franklin Street, Oakland, Alameda County, CA

  7. The Plight of Public Higher Education

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Huber, Mary Taylor

    2017-01-01

    What happens to public colleges and universities when confidence in the value of public institutions wanes? Nothing good, to judge from two new books whose titles telegraph the tale: "The Great Mistake," by Christopher Newfield and "Austerity Blues," by Michael Fabricant and Stephen Brier. This article discusses how the authors…

  8. Customer Service Programming

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    1982-01-01

    Use of computer program STRCMACS has enabled Illinois Bell Telephone, a subsidiary of American Telephone and Telegraph to cut software development costs about 10 percent by reducing program maintenance and by allowing the department to bring other software into operation more quickly. It has also been useful in company training of programming staff.

  9. 32 CFR 644.329 - Army civil works real property.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... civil works real property. (a) Fee-owned land and easements. (1) Action by Division/District Engineer..., such as telephone, telegraph, electric transmission, oil, gas, and water lines. (vi) Purchase price of... the Office of the Chief of Engineers. When the value of an easement interest reported pursuant to (a...

  10. 32 CFR 644.329 - Army civil works real property.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... civil works real property. (a) Fee-owned land and easements. (1) Action by Division/District Engineer..., such as telephone, telegraph, electric transmission, oil, gas, and water lines. (vi) Purchase price of... the Office of the Chief of Engineers. When the value of an easement interest reported pursuant to (a...

  11. The Global Maritime Partnership: Networking Challenges and Opportunities

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2010-06-01

    The Victorians eagerly embraced the telegraph as something that was “faster and better” than waiting for newspapers to arrive via ship and... fashion . ３１ While little quantitative work on network-centric operations has been done based on from-the-ground-up modeling and simulation, the United

  12. South west corner of Bunkhouse showing the door to the ...

    Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

    South west corner of Bunkhouse showing the door to the basement, electric panels and the hinged door to the basement used for unloading items into the basement. A small ranch hand's house sits adjacent to the west. - Sespe Ranch, Bunkhouse, 2896 Telegraph Road, Fillmore, Ventura County, CA

  13. Addressing Unintended Instructional Messages about Repeated Reading

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Frey, Nancy; Fisher, Douglas

    2018-01-01

    The authors analyzed 88 classroom observations to determine whether there were actions that teachers were taking to send a message to students that rereading was not valuable. They identified three practices during shared reading, guided reading, and independent reading that telegraphed messages to students against rereading. The authors also…

  14. Assembly room, bunkhouse first floor interior. Vent pipe for missing ...

    Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

    Assembly room, bunkhouse first floor interior. Vent pipe for missing heating stove exited through opening into chimney, seen on the far wall. Walls are exposed studs and bracing with board and battan on the exterior and interior sides. - Sespe Ranch, Bunkhouse, 2896 Telegraph Road, Fillmore, Ventura County, CA

  15. 18 CFR 367.9210 - Account 921, Office supplies and expenses.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... supplies and expenses. 367.9210 Section 367.9210 Conservation of Power and Water Resources FEDERAL ENERGY REGULATORY COMMISSION, DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY REGULATIONS UNDER THE PUBLIC UTILITY HOLDING COMPANY ACT OF 2005... service expenses to include telephone, telegraph, wire transfer, micro-wave, and other similar items. (6...

  16. UNIX Systems in Higher Education: A Paradoxical Success.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    McCredie, John W.

    1983-01-01

    Bell Laboratories' much acclaimed UNIX operating system is widely used in educational computing environments. Discusses history of the system, system features and weaknesses, and policy issues. Also discusses some ways UNIX systems are used and recent developments at American Telephone and Telegraph (AT&T) impacting UNIX systems. (JN)

  17. Signals in Communication Engineering History

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Consonni, Denise; Silva, Magno T. M.

    2010-01-01

    This paper is a study of various electric signals, which have been employed throughout the history of communication engineering in its two main landmarks: the telegraph and the telephone. The signals are presented in their time and frequency domain representations. The historical order has been followed in the presentation: wired systems, spark…

  18. An Overview of Research and Development Projects at the AT&T National Teletraining Center.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Chute, Alan G.; Balthazar, Lee B.

    Research and development projects at the AT&T (American Telephone and Telegraph Company) National Teletraining Center (NTC) are geared toward increasing understanding of the various psychological, sociological, ergonomic, and environmental factors involved in teletraining, and toward improving the ability to manage the distance learning…

  19. Worldwide Marine Weather Broadcasts.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Department of the Navy, Washington, DC.

    This publication is a source of marine weather broadcast information in all areas of the world where such service is provided. This publication was designed for the use of U.S. naval and merchant ships. Sections 1 through 4 contain details of radio telegraph, radio telephone, radio facsimile, and radio teleprinter transmissions, respectively. The…

  20. Toward a Quantification of the Information/Communication Industries. Publication No. 74-2.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Lavey, Warren G.

    A national survey was made to collect data about the information/communication industries in the United States today. Eleven industries were studied: television, radio, telephone, telegraph, postal service, newspaper, periodical, book publishing and printing, motion pictures, computer software, and cable television. The data collection scheme used…

  1. View of equipment building and tower base, looking southeast. Door ...

    Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

    View of equipment building and tower base, looking southeast. Door opens to radio room, and hood covers the engine room outlet. Vertical pipe with cap above roof is fuel tank vent. - Western Union Telegraph Company, Jennerstown Relay, Laurel Summit Road off U.S. 30, Laughlintown, Westmoreland County, PA

  2. 20. TYPICAL VIEW OF FRONT WINDOWS FROM 4TH TO 9TH ...

    Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

    20. TYPICAL VIEW OF FRONT WINDOWS FROM 4TH TO 9TH FLOOR WITH WHITE GLAZED TERRA COTTA SILL AND HEADERS. MULLIONS ARE ORANGE BROWN BRICKS LIKE THE WALLS. BRICKS ARE IN FLEMISH BOND PATTERN. - Pacific Telephone & Telegraph Company Building, 1519 Franklin Street, Oakland, Alameda County, CA

  3. Data Communications in Business. An Introduction.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Gentle, Edgar C., Jr., Ed.

    This basic text for students in business administration and business education was prepared for personnel of The American Telephone and Telegraph Company with the help of an educational advisory panel. Fundamental concepts of data communications are presented as a means of keeping abreast of the information explosion and as a basis for making…

  4. 46 CFR 113.35-17 - Vessels with navigating bridge control.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... 46 Shipping 4 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Vessels with navigating bridge control. 113.35-17... bridge control. Each vessel with navigating bridge throttle control must have a positive mechanical stop on each telegraph transmitter that prevents movement to the “Navigating Bridge Control” position...

  5. The 2006 Hezbollah-Israeli War: Israel’s Grenada

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2013-05-01

    William M. Arkin, Divining Victory: Airpower in the 2006 Israel-Hezbollah War, (Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama: Air...Bibliography Arkin, William M. Divining Victory: Airpower in...Operations.” Air and Space Power Journal, (September-October 2012): 118-131. Keegan, John. London Daily Telegraph, 6 June 1999. Kelly , John and David

  6. The Federal Public Works Infrastructure Strategy Program - Federal Works Infrastructure R&D: A New Perspective

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1993-07-01

    Strategy, please contact Robert A. Pietrowsky , Program Manager at: Institute for Water Resources Casey Building 7701 Telegraph Road Fort Belvoir, VA 22060...management responsibility under the direction of Dr. Eugene Z. Stakhiv, Chief, Policy and Special Studies Division and Mr. Robert A. Pietrowsky , Program

  7. 47 CFR 97.309 - RTTY and data emission codes.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... 47 Telecommunication 5 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false RTTY and data emission codes. 97.309 Section 97... AMATEUR RADIO SERVICE Technical Standards § 97.309 RTTY and data emission codes. (a) Where authorized by... the following specified digital codes: (1) The 5-unit, start-stop, International Telegraph Alphabet No...

  8. Tenth Report By the International Telecommunication Union on Telecommunication and the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    International Telecommunication Union, Geneva (Switzerland).

    Reports are presented on the 1970-71 activities of the General Secretariat of the International Telecommunication Union, the International Frequency Registration Board, the International Radio Consultative Committee, and the International Telegraph and Telephone Consultative Committee. In addition progress in the field of space communications made…

  9. View of the south elevation of the bunkhouse and neighboring ...

    Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

    View of the south elevation of the bunkhouse and neighboring buildings, looking to the east, In the background, from left to right in the photo, are the office, an agricultural shed, a small ranch hand's house (under the tree), and additional agricultural sheds. - Sespe Ranch, Bunkhouse, 2896 Telegraph Road, Fillmore, Ventura County, CA

  10. Preparation of Ferroelectric Samples for Electrical and Radiation Characterization Studies

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1991-12-01

    Nuclear Agency Attn Technology Dir Attn RAEE , LTC A. Constantine 5001 Eisenhower Ave Attn RAEE , MAJ G. Kweder Alexandria, VA 22333-0001 Attn RAEE , L...Palkuti Attn RAEE , LCDR L. Cohn Director Attn TITL, Technical Library Div Night Vision & Electro-Optics Lab.. LABCOM 680’ Telegraph RD Attn AMSEL-TMS

  11. 27 CFR 70.281 - Form of bond and security required.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ..., express or telegraph money order; (v) Secured by corporate bonds or stocks, or by bonds issued by a State... of business or legal residence of the primary obligor is located; (ii) The surety must have property... which the principal place of business or legal residence of the primary obligor is located; (iv) The...

  12. JPRS Report, Soviet Union., Aviation & Cosmonautics, No. 10, October 1987.

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1988-04-29

    Ya. Bereznyak and A. M. Isayev in V. F. Bolkho- V. P. Barmin, V. I. Kuznetsov , M. S. Ryazanskiy, G. N. vitinov’s KB [design bureau]. Babakin and A. M...Solovyev and Oleg Atkov, and from the casting, television, telephone and telegraph traffic and Vostok spacecraft-satellite to the Mir multipurpose

  13. Telecommunications Policy Research Conference. Impacts of Telephone Deregulation Section. Papers.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Telecommunications Policy Research Conference, Inc., Washington, DC.

    Three papers consider various aspects of the AT&T (American Telephone and Telegraph Company) court-ordered divestiture. The first paper, "InterLATA Toll Alternatives for the Bell Regional Holding Companies" (Elizabeth A. La Blanc, Ann M. Wolf, and Richard M. Wolf), examines six options available to the RHCs (regional holding…

  14. 28 CFR 549.80 - Authority to conduct autopsies.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... this section, the Warden may order an autopsy or post-mortem operation, including removal of tissue for... person (e.g., coroner, or next-of-kin, or the decedent's consent in the case of tissue removed for...-of-kin that they may telegraph the institution collect with their response. Where permission is not...

  15. 28 CFR 549.80 - Authority to conduct autopsies.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... this section, the Warden may order an autopsy or post-mortem operation, including removal of tissue for... person (e.g., coroner, or next-of-kin, or the decedent's consent in the case of tissue removed for...-of-kin that they may telegraph the institution collect with their response. Where permission is not...

  16. Nondiscrimination in Employment, 1973-1975. A Broadening and Deepening National Effort.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Shaeffer, Ruth G.

    This supplement to ED 086 806 discusses developments in the field of equal employment opportunity (EEO). A section on recent developments under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, as amended, covers the American Telephone and Telegraph Consent Decree, other conciliation and consent agreements, labor relations aspects, individual suits,…

  17. 29 CFR 101.10 - Hearings.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... 29 Labor 2 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Hearings. 101.10 Section 101.10 Labor Regulations Relating... Section 10 (a) to (i) of the Act and Telegraph Merger Act Cases § 101.10 Hearings. (a) Except in extraordinary situations the hearing is open to the public and usually conducted in the Region where the charge...

  18. 75 FR 9459 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, Inc.; Notice of Filing of...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-03-02

    ... transfer such committees' responsibilities for NAC industry appointments to the FINRA Nominating Committee... entities by telegraph, telefax, cable, radio, wireless or other device or method. FINRA intends ``other... members. In addition, any committee of the board that is delegated any power and authority of the board...

  19. 75 FR 67657 - Prohibition of Market Manipulation

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-11-03

    ...-manipulation authority'' as part of its expanded enforcement powers. It does so by amending section 6(c) of the... commerce by telegraph, telephone, wireless, or other means of communication false or misleading or... 315 and 1283 of the Energy Policy Act of 2005, amending the Natural Gas Act and the Federal Power Act...

  20. 47 CFR 2.302 - Call signs.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-10-01

    ... location when required) KAA200 through KZZ999.WAA200 through WZZ999. Ship telegraph 4 letters 1 KAAA through KZZZ.WAAA through WZZZ. Ship telephone 2 letters, 4 digits, or 3 letters, 4 digits 1 WA2000... stations operating in two or more classes are authorized to the same licensee for the same location, the...

  1. 47 CFR 2.302 - Call signs.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-10-01

    ... location when required) KAA200 through KZZ999.WAA200 through WZZ999. Ship telegraph 4 letters 1 KAAA through KZZZ.WAAA through WZZZ. Ship telephone 2 letters, 4 digits, or 3 letters, 4 digits 1 WA2000... stations operating in two or more classes are authorized to the same licensee for the same location, the...

  2. 47 CFR 2.302 - Call signs.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-10-01

    ... location when required) KAA200 through KZZ999.WAA200 through WZZ999. Ship telegraph 4 letters 1 KAAA through KZZZ.WAAA through WZZZ. Ship telephone 2 letters, 4 digits, or 3 letters, 4 digits 1 WA2000... stations operating in two or more classes are authorized to the same licensee for the same location, the...

  3. 47 CFR 2.302 - Call signs.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ... location when required) KAA200 through KZZ999. WAA200 through WZZ999. Ship telegraph 4 letters 1 KAAA through KZZZ. WAAA through WZZZ. Ship telephone 2 letters, 4 digits, or 3 letters, 4 digits 1 WA2000... stations operating in two or more classes are authorized to the same licensee for the same location, the...

  4. TRAINING TYPIST IN THE INDUSTRIAL ENVIRONMENT, AN EVALUATIONAL REPORT.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    BALL, SAMUEL

    THE NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF MANUFACTURERS (NAM) HELD FOUR TYPING LABORATORIES IN 1965 AND 1966 AT NAM HEADQUARTERS (NEW YORK CITY), COLLEGE LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY (INDIANAPOLIS), CHEMICAL BANK NEW YORK TRUST COMPANY (NEW YORK CITY), AND PACIFIC TELEPHONE AND TELEGRAPH COMPANY (SAN FRANCISCO) TO DEVELOP A SYSTEM OF TRAINING TYPISTS WITHIN THE…

  5. 36 CFR 14.70 - Statutory authority.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... telephone and telegraph purposes, and for pipe lines, canals, ditches, water plants, and other purposes to the extent of the ground occupied by such canals, ditches, water plants, or other works permitted... exercise the use permitted under the Act. (b) The Act of March 4, 1911 (36 Stat. 1253; 43 U.S.C. 961), as...

  6. 36 CFR 14.70 - Statutory authority.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... telephone and telegraph purposes, and for pipe lines, canals, ditches, water plants, and other purposes to the extent of the ground occupied by such canals, ditches, water plants, or other works permitted... exercise the use permitted under the Act. (b) The Act of March 4, 1911 (36 Stat. 1253; 43 U.S.C. 961), as...

  7. 36 CFR 14.70 - Statutory authority.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... telephone and telegraph purposes, and for pipe lines, canals, ditches, water plants, and other purposes to the extent of the ground occupied by such canals, ditches, water plants, or other works permitted... exercise the use permitted under the Act. (b) The Act of March 4, 1911 (36 Stat. 1253; 43 U.S.C. 961), as...

  8. The Union Learning Fund: A Genuine Success Story

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Wilson, Tom

    2010-01-01

    The "Daily Telegraph" recently carried an attack on the Union Learning Fund (ULF) as part of its ongoing criticism of unions following the industrial action by cabin crew at British Airways. This included a quote from Conservative MP Francis Maude suggesting that the fund was a form of "money laundering." The article, which was…

  9. Statistical Analysis of the Random Telegraph Noise in a 1.1 μm Pixel, 8.3 MP CMOS Image Sensor Using On-Chip Time Constant Extraction Method.

    PubMed

    Chao, Calvin Yi-Ping; Tu, Honyih; Wu, Thomas Meng-Hsiu; Chou, Kuo-Yu; Yeh, Shang-Fu; Yin, Chin; Lee, Chih-Lin

    2017-11-23

    A study of the random telegraph noise (RTN) of a 1.1 μm pitch, 8.3 Mpixel CMOS image sensor (CIS) fabricated in a 45 nm backside-illumination (BSI) technology is presented in this paper. A noise decomposition scheme is used to pinpoint the noise source. The long tail of the random noise (RN) distribution is directly linked to the RTN from the pixel source follower (SF). The full 8.3 Mpixels are classified into four categories according to the observed RTN histogram peaks. A theoretical formula describing the RTN as a function of the time difference between the two phases of the correlated double sampling (CDS) is derived and validated by measured data. An on-chip time constant extraction method is developed and applied to the RTN analysis. The effects of readout circuit bandwidth on the settling ratios of the RTN histograms are investigated and successfully accounted for in a simulation using a RTN behavior model.

  10. Numerical Analysis of an H 1-Galerkin Mixed Finite Element Method for Time Fractional Telegraph Equation

    PubMed Central

    Wang, Jinfeng; Zhao, Meng; Zhang, Min; Liu, Yang; Li, Hong

    2014-01-01

    We discuss and analyze an H 1-Galerkin mixed finite element (H 1-GMFE) method to look for the numerical solution of time fractional telegraph equation. We introduce an auxiliary variable to reduce the original equation into lower-order coupled equations and then formulate an H 1-GMFE scheme with two important variables. We discretize the Caputo time fractional derivatives using the finite difference methods and approximate the spatial direction by applying the H 1-GMFE method. Based on the discussion on the theoretical error analysis in L 2-norm for the scalar unknown and its gradient in one dimensional case, we obtain the optimal order of convergence in space-time direction. Further, we also derive the optimal error results for the scalar unknown in H 1-norm. Moreover, we derive and analyze the stability of H 1-GMFE scheme and give the results of a priori error estimates in two- or three-dimensional cases. In order to verify our theoretical analysis, we give some results of numerical calculation by using the Matlab procedure. PMID:25184148

  11. Origins of Highly Stable Al-evaporated Solution-processed ZnO Thin Film Transistors: Insights from Low Frequency and Random Telegraph Signal Noise

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Kim, Joo Hyung; Kang, Tae Sung; Yang, Jung Yup; Hong, Jin Pyo

    2015-11-01

    One long-standing goal in the emerging field of flexible and transparent electronic devices is to meet the demand of key markets, such as enhanced output performance for metal oxide semiconductor thin film transistors (TFTs) prepared by a solution process. While solution-based fabrication techniques are cost-effective and ensure large-area coverage at low temperature, their utilization has the disadvantage of introducing large trap states into TFTs. Such states, the formation of which is induced by intrinsic defects initially produced during preparation, have a significant impact on electrical performance. Therefore, the ability to enhance the electrical characteristics of solution-processed TFTs, along with attaining a firm understanding of their physical nature, remains a key step towards extending their use. In this study, measurements of low-frequency noise and random telegraph signal noise are employed as generic alternative tools to examine the origins of enhanced output performance for solution-processed ZnO TFTs through the control of defect sites by Al evaporation.

  12. Geologic map of the Telegraph Peak 7.5' quadrangle, San Bernardino County, California

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Morton, D.M.; Woodburne, M.O.; Foster, J.H.; Morton, Gregory; Cossette, P.M.

    2001-01-01

    a. This Readme; includes in Appendix I, data contained in fif_met.txt b. The same graphic as plotted in 2 above. Test plots have not produced 1:24,000-scale map sheets. Adobe Acrobat pagesize setting influences map scale. The Correlation of Map Units and Description of Map Units is in the editorial format of USGS Miscellaneous Investigations Series (I-series) maps but has not been edited to comply with I-map standards. Within the geologic map data package, map units are identified by standard geologic map criteria such as formation-name, age, and lithology. Even though this is an author-prepared report, every attempt has been made to closely adhere to the stratigraphic nomenclature of the U. S. Geological Survey. Descriptions of units can be obtained by viewing or plotting the .pdf file (3b above) or plotting the postscript file (2 above). If roads in some areas, especially forest roads that parallel topographic contours, do not show well on plots of the geologic map, we recommend use of the USGS Telegraph Peak 7.5’ topographic quadrangle in conjunction with the geologic map.

  13. 28 CFR 56.2 - Maintenance of records with respect to meetings held to develop voluntary agreements or plans of...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ..., telegraphic, telecopied, microfilmed and computer printout material), and where such communication... participants shall keep a full and complete record of any communications (other than in a meeting held pursuant... under this part. When two or more potential participants are involved in such a communication, they may...

  14. 28 CFR 56.2 - Maintenance of records with respect to meetings held to develop voluntary agreements or plans of...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ..., telegraphic, telecopied, microfilmed and computer printout material), and where such communication... participants shall keep a full and complete record of any communications (other than in a meeting held pursuant... under this part. When two or more potential participants are involved in such a communication, they may...

  15. 28 CFR 56.2 - Maintenance of records with respect to meetings held to develop voluntary agreements or plans of...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ..., telegraphic, telecopied, microfilmed and computer printout material), and where such communication... participants shall keep a full and complete record of any communications (other than in a meeting held pursuant... under this part. When two or more potential participants are involved in such a communication, they may...

  16. 28 CFR 56.2 - Maintenance of records with respect to meetings held to develop voluntary agreements or plans of...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ..., telegraphic, telecopied, microfilmed and computer printout material), and where such communication... participants shall keep a full and complete record of any communications (other than in a meeting held pursuant... under this part. When two or more potential participants are involved in such a communication, they may...

  17. 28 CFR 56.2 - Maintenance of records with respect to meetings held to develop voluntary agreements or plans of...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ..., telegraphic, telecopied, microfilmed and computer printout material), and where such communication... participants shall keep a full and complete record of any communications (other than in a meeting held pursuant... under this part. When two or more potential participants are involved in such a communication, they may...

  18. Portable apparatus for surface evaluation of furniture panels

    Treesearch

    B. G. Heebink

    1963-01-01

    In 1959, a new technique was devised at the Forest Products Laboratory that provided a means of examining, evaluating, and recording the show- through pattern (often called telegraphing) of panels made with particle board cores. Although the technique was devised as a working tool to evaluate show-through characteristics of particle board cores, it can be used equally...

  19. Nothin' Says Lovin' Like Something from a Commercial: A Critical Look at Interpersonal Communication in Commercials.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Kidd, Virginia V.

    Television commercials that deal with interpersonal communication fall into two types--those whose interpersonal dynamics convey the message and those in which the interaction expressed is part of the background setting. Among the former are scenarios by American Telephone and Telegraph whose emphasis is on building and maintaining relationships,…

  20. 26 CFR 301.7101-1 - Form of bond and security required.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ..., bank, express or telegraph money order; (v) Secured by corporate bonds or stocks, or by bonds issued by... legal residence of the primary obligor is located; (ii) He must have property subject to execution of a... or legal residence of the primary obligor is located; (iv) He must agree not to mortgage, or...

  1. 26 CFR 49.4252-4 - Provisions common to telephone and telegraph services.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... radio free of any charge whatsoever, no tax attaches, but where the carrier in fact makes some charge for the transmission, either in money, service, or other valuable consideration, such charge is subject to the tax upon the basis of the amount of the charge computed in money or money's worth. The tax...

  2. 26 CFR 49.4252-4 - Provisions common to telephone and telegraph services.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-04-01

    ... radio free of any charge whatsoever, no tax attaches, but where the carrier in fact makes some charge for the transmission, either in money, service, or other valuable consideration, such charge is subject to the tax upon the basis of the amount of the charge computed in money or money's worth. The tax...

  3. 26 CFR 49.4252-4 - Provisions common to telephone and telegraph services.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-04-01

    ... radio free of any charge whatsoever, no tax attaches, but where the carrier in fact makes some charge for the transmission, either in money, service, or other valuable consideration, such charge is subject to the tax upon the basis of the amount of the charge computed in money or money's worth. The tax...

  4. 26 CFR 49.4252-4 - Provisions common to telephone and telegraph services.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-04-01

    ... radio free of any charge whatsoever, no tax attaches, but where the carrier in fact makes some charge for the transmission, either in money, service, or other valuable consideration, such charge is subject to the tax upon the basis of the amount of the charge computed in money or money's worth. The tax...

  5. Marconi to McLuhan: A Select Biliography of N. Y. Times Sunday Magazine Articles on Communication, 1900-1980.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Flannery, Gerald V., Comp.

    Containing over 1,800 entries, this index to articles appearing in the "New York Times Sunday Magazine," is arranged by year (1900-1980), by author, decades, and general topic (radio, rhetoric, film). Among the topics covered are newspapers, music, theatre, telegraph, wireless, telephone, photography, public relations, advertising,…

  6. Implications of China’s Growing Demand for Oil: A Case Study in Venezuela

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2007-12-01

    Mearsheimer is a leading exponent of the perspective that a rising China poses a danger. He contends that a rising power is always interested in...Soft power. 57 Mike Hurst , “A Giant Awakens - $48 bn to kick-start a new era --- Beijing 2008,” The Daily Telegraph (Australia), Extended Metro

  7. 47 CFR 80.1127 - On-scene communications.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ... ITU-R Recommendation M.625-3, with Annex, as specified in § 80.1101. (c) The preferred frequencies in radiotelephony for on-scene communications are 156.8 MHz and 2182 kHz. The frequency 2174.5 kHz may also be used... error correcting mode in accordance with ITU-R Recommendation M.625-3, “Direct-printing Telegraph...

  8. 47 CFR 80.1127 - On-scene communications.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... ITU-R Recommendation M.625-3, with Annex, as specified in § 80.1101. (c) The preferred frequencies in radiotelephony for on-scene communications are 156.8 MHz and 2182 kHz. The frequency 2174.5 kHz may also be used... error correcting mode in accordance with ITU-R Recommendation M.625-3, “Direct-printing Telegraph...

  9. President's Task Force on Communications Policy. Staff Paper Five. Part II.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    President's Task Force on Communications Policy, Washington, DC.

    The second part of a staff paper to the President's Task Force on Communications Policy dealing with the domestic telecommunications carrier industry consists of the final two appendices. In the first, the history, structure, present services, and future plans of the Western Union Telegraph Company are discussed. Evidence is given that by allowing…

  10. Invisible Bridges: Wireless Technology Links Minds over Space and Time

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Lambert, Lori

    2004-01-01

    Eight years after Chief Sitting Bull, prophetic chief of the Great Sioux Nation, was assassinated in 1890, Guglielmo Marconi transmitted the first wireless telegraph signals across the Atlantic to England. Although these two events seem unrelated, the names of these two men of vision are linked together today by Marconi's wireless invention. Data,…

  11. Motor Behavior: From Telegraph Keys and Twins to Linear Slides and Stepping

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Thomas, Jerry R.

    2006-01-01

    Motor behavior is a significant area of scholarship with 64 Fellows from the American Academy of Kinesiology and Physical Education engaged in that work since 1930. This paper provides a brief overview of the history of research in motor development and motor control/learning, particularly noting the contributions to scholarship of Academy…

  12. Influence of Syntactical Complexity on Comprehension in Conceptually Delayed Children at Linguistic State I.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Page, Judith L.; Horn, Donna

    1985-01-01

    Twelve preschoolers who had Down's Syndrome, hydrocephalus, or brain damage of unknown etiology and who functioned at early and late linguistic Stage I were asked to respond to commands in simple, complete adult forms and in incomplete, telegraphic child forms. Late Stage I Ss were superior in comprehension of all forms. (CL)

  13. Of Rails and Red Stockings: A Vignette on the Extension of Baseball to the American West.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Barney, Robert Knight

    During its century and a half history, baseball has been given continued impetus by the development of new technologies in communication--the telegraph, the sports page, the radio and television. Perhaps the most important in the initial spread of baseball throughout America was the railroad. The completion of the Union Pacific Railroad in 1869…

  14. 29 CFR 570.106 - “Ship or deliver for shipment in commerce”.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... or foreign commerce or by causing them to so move, as by delivery to a carrier. 7 Thus, a baker... Telegraph Co. v. Lenroot, 323 U.S. 490. (b) To “deliver for shipment in commerce” means to surrender the... ship the goods into another State. A delivery for shipment in commerce may also be made where raw...

  15. 29 CFR 570.106 - “Ship or deliver for shipment in commerce”.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... or foreign commerce or by causing them to so move, as by delivery to a carrier. 7 Thus, a baker... Telegraph Co. v. Lenroot, 323 U.S. 490. (b) To “deliver for shipment in commerce” means to surrender the... ship the goods into another State. A delivery for shipment in commerce may also be made where raw...

  16. Building Telegraphs, Telephones, and Radios for Middle School Children and Their Parents. A Course for Parents and Children.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Heller, Patricia

    Designed to supplement a short course for middle school children and their parents, this manual provides sets of learning experiences about electronic communication devices. The program is intended to develop positive attitudes toward science and technology in both parents and their children and to take the mystery out of some of the electronic…

  17. Two Studies of the Syntactic Knowledge of Young Children. A Preliminary Report.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Smith, Carlota S.

    This paper deals with two experiments whose purposes are to investigate the linguistic competence of young children and their receptivity to adult speech. In the free response experiment, imperative sentences were presented to 1 1/2- to 2 1/2-year-olds. The sentences were minimal (a single noun), telegraphic, or full adult sentences. The youngest…

  18. 18. VIEW OF PARAPET AT NORTHEAST CORNER. PARAPET IS TREATED ...

    Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

    18. VIEW OF PARAPET AT NORTHEAST CORNER. PARAPET IS TREATED LIKE A CLASSICAL ENTABLATURE WITH DENTILS AND REPETITIVE EGG AND DART ORNAMENTATION BELOW IT. FACE BRICK BELOW SEPARATES THE ARCHED WINDOWS OF THE 11TH FLOOR, PARAPET CORNICE IS ORIGINALLY MADE OF COPPER. PRESENT FINISH LOOKS LIKE STUCCO. - Pacific Telephone & Telegraph Company Building, 1519 Franklin Street, Oakland, Alameda County, CA

  19. American Foreign Policy for the '80s: A Voter's Guide to the Facts and Issues.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Irwin, Wallace, Jr., Ed.; And Others

    The purpose of this guide is to provide voters, officeholders, and candidates with background information on major foreign policy issues so that they can follow the 1980 presidential debates and reach their own informed conclusions. Thirteen major foreign policy topics are covered. The material is written in telegraphic style to get the essential…

  20. It Is Incorrect To Say "The Test Is Reliable": Bad Language Habits Can Contribute to Incorrect or Meaningless Research Conclusions.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Thompson, Bruce

    Researchers too frequently consider the reliability of the scores they analyze, and this may lead to incorrect conclusions. Practice in this regard may be negatively influenced by telegraphic habits of speech implying that tests possess reliability and other measurement characteristics. Styles of speaking in journal articles, in textbooks, and in…

  1. Relativistic diffusion processes and random walk models

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Dunkel, Jörn; Talkner, Peter; Hänggi, Peter

    2007-02-01

    The nonrelativistic standard model for a continuous, one-parameter diffusion process in position space is the Wiener process. As is well known, the Gaussian transition probability density function (PDF) of this process is in conflict with special relativity, as it permits particles to propagate faster than the speed of light. A frequently considered alternative is provided by the telegraph equation, whose solutions avoid superluminal propagation speeds but suffer from singular (noncontinuous) diffusion fronts on the light cone, which are unlikely to exist for massive particles. It is therefore advisable to explore other alternatives as well. In this paper, a generalized Wiener process is proposed that is continuous, avoids superluminal propagation, and reduces to the standard Wiener process in the nonrelativistic limit. The corresponding relativistic diffusion propagator is obtained directly from the nonrelativistic Wiener propagator, by rewriting the latter in terms of an integral over actions. The resulting relativistic process is non-Markovian, in accordance with the known fact that nontrivial continuous, relativistic Markov processes in position space cannot exist. Hence, the proposed process defines a consistent relativistic diffusion model for massive particles and provides a viable alternative to the solutions of the telegraph equation.

  2. Some new insights into the history of the Glasgow time ball and time guns

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Clarke, David; Kinns, Roger

    2012-03-01

    The 1857 time ball machinery at the Glasgow Sailors' Home was supplied by Alexander McKenzie, mechanist, using a design that had much in common with the 1853 Edinburgh apparatus. It was operated using electrical connections to a mean time clock in the Home. This clock required adjustment by hand each day to compensate for its losing rate. Such manual intervention and lack of independent verification of accuracy under-mined the authority of the signal. The relative prestige of the Glasgow and Edinburgh Observatories was an important issue. There was no telegraphic link between Glasgow Observatory and the City until the end of 1863, but it had been demonstrated as early as October 1855 that a time ball could be dropped by telegraph from Edinburgh. Another Edinburgh initiative in September 1863 using time guns fired from Edinburgh caused offence in Glasgow and the trials were terminated in February 1864. Professor Grant, Director of Glasgow Observatory, argued successfully that a system of slave clocks controlled from Glasgow Observatory would be far superior to either a time ball or time guns which only provided a signal once per day. He won the debate in March 1864.

  3. Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication (80th, Chicago, Illinois, July 30-August 2, 1997): History.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication.

    The History section of the Proceedings contains the following 12 papers: "Change on Tap for Nashville: The Telegraph and News Content, 1860" (Frank E. Fee, Jr.); "Rod Sterling's 'Hegemony Zone'" (Bob Pondillo); "The Publications of the Carlisle Indian School: Cultural Voices or Pure Propaganda?" (Beth A. Haller);…

  4. 25 CFR 169.26 - Telephone and telegraph lines; radio, television, and other communications facilities.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... width in excess of 50 feet on each side of the centerline, unless special requirements are clearly set forth in the application which fully justify a width in excess of 50 feet on each side of the centerline... from those showing the line of route, and shall be drawn to a scale of 50 feet to an inch. Such maps...

  5. 25 CFR 169.26 - Telephone and telegraph lines; radio, television, and other communications facilities.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-04-01

    ... width in excess of 50 feet on each side of the centerline, unless special requirements are clearly set forth in the application which fully justify a width in excess of 50 feet on each side of the centerline... from those showing the line of route, and shall be drawn to a scale of 50 feet to an inch. Such maps...

  6. Using a Counterfactual Process to Identify the Applicability of Emerging Technology

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2014-09-01

    conditions that must exist for the antecedent to happen.129 Crafting a 126 Michael W. Morris and...opportunities of interrupting the sequence of events. For example, if the bombers were identified on Monday then the events that unfold on Tuesday ...www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/northamerica/usa/10006491/Boston- marathon-bombings-Dzhokhar-Tsarnaev-pictured-behind-eight-year-old- victim.html Morris , Michael

  7. JPRS Report Telecommunications

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1988-02-18

    Service, 2000 GMT 15 Jan 88] 1 GUINEA Telegraph, Telex To Link Conakry, Freetown [Conakry Domestic Service, 14 Dec 87] 1 NIGERIA NITEL Digital ...Radio-Monitoring Capability Turns Up Illegal Band Use [St Johns THE WORKERS VOICE, 5 Dec 87] 12 BAHAMAS Telephone Digital , Fibre Optic Projects Under...87] 15 PERU 5 Radio Stations Closed in Tarapoto, Moyobamba [Lima EL COMERCIO , 4 Dec 87] 16 TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO Government Studies, Weighs

  8. Implementing Advanced Technologies in the Republic of China Air Force Officer Training System

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1994-03-01

    Strategy Political Radar Systems Emergency Education Medicine Maneuvers Entertainment & Systems Design Primary Care Welfare Telegraph Systems I1 The...Planning area includes the career fields of Organization, Aircraft, Weapons, Air Strategy , and Maneuvers. In the Political area of occupational...materials to be considered. The current strategy is to maintain massive inventories of written testing materials for use in officer evaluations

  9. The Alliance for Employee Growth and Development: A Joint Venture that Works. Labor-Management Cooperation Brief No. 17. Reports on Significant Literature and Events.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Alexander, Constance

    This document reports on the Alliance for Employee Growth and Development, which is a partnership among the American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T), the Communications Workers of America, and the International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers. After an introduction, the first section of the report describes how the alliance originated…

  10. The Impact of the AT&T-EEO Consent Decree. Labor Relations and Public Rolicy Series No. 20.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Northrup, Herbert R.; Larson, John A.

    The consent decree agreed to in January 1973 by the American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T), the United States Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC), the Department of Justice, and the Department of Labor was a milestone of EEOC enforcement. Large amounts of back pay were paid to women and minorities, and goals were set which,…

  11. JPRS Report, Epidemiology.

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1989-09-28

    Market Bans Export of UK Cows To Combat Disease [Godfrey Brown; London THE DAILY TELEGRAPH, 27 Jul 89] 28 JPRS-TEP-89-016 28 SEPTEMBER 1989 SUB...educational, legal, ethical and media reporting aspects. More than 80 delegates from Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia , Singapore, Japan, Australia, Canada...gathered that ’Stebatin’ injection used to cure kalaazar has been scanty in the market . Taking advan- tage of this situation some dishonest druggists

  12. A U.S. Base at Cam Ranh Bay, Vietnam: Will it Strengthen PACOM’s Efforts to Contain PRC Expansion in Southeast Asia?

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2011-05-04

    1967), 25-27. 10 Ibid. 11 Malcolm Moore, and Praveen Swami, “Vietnam Offers Navy Base to Foil China. Daily Telegraph (London), 8 November 2010...for U.S. Policy.” Congressional Research Service (Aug 6, 2010). Moore, Malcolm, and Praveen Swami. “Vietnam Offers Navy Base to Foil China

  13. Space Shuttle Projects

    NASA Image and Video Library

    1984-11-08

    Astronauts are clowning around in space in this STS-51A onboard photo. Astronaut Gardner, holds a “For Sale” sign after the retrieval of two malfunctioning satellites; the Western Union Telegraph Communication Satellite (WESTAR VI); and the PALAPA-B2 Satellite. Astronaut Allen, who is standing on the RMS (Remote Manipulator System) is reflected in Gardner’s helmet visor. The 51A mission launched aboard the Space Shuttle Discovery on November 8, 1984.

  14. Space Shuttle Projects

    NASA Image and Video Library

    1984-11-08

    Astronauts are clowning around in space in this STS-51A onboard photo. Astronaut Gardner, holds a “For Sale” sign after the retrieval of two malfunctioning satellites; the Western Union Telegraph Communication Satellite (WESTAR VI); and the PALAPA-B2 Satellite. Astronaut Allen, who is standing on the Remote Manipulator System (RMS) is reflected in Gardner’s helmet visor. The 51A mission launched aboard the Space Shuttle Discovery on November 8, 1984.

  15. Telecommunications Systems Career Ladder, AFSC 307XO.

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1981-01-01

    standard test tone levels perform impulse noise tests make in-service or out-of- service quality check.s on composite signal transmission levels Even...service or out-of- service quality control (QC) reports maintain trouble and restoration record forms (DD Form 1443) direct circuit or system checks...include: perform fault isolation on analog circuits make in-service or out-of- service quality checks on voice frequency carrier telegraph (VFCT) terminals

  16. Electric Utility Industry Experience with Geomagnetic Disturbances

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1991-09-01

    the auroral electrojets or currents that result from solar-emitted particles during geomagnetic storms is provided by the aurora borealis , often called...on wire-based communication systems. As early as 1860 it was noted that during intense periods of the aurora borealis , telegraphic systems were... San Diego , CA 92186-5154. 221. Jaycor, M. Schultz, Jr., 1608 Spring Hill Road, Vienna, VA 22182-2270. 222. Joint Strategic Target Planning Staff, The

  17. Overview of the CCITT Recommendations for Synchronous Digital Hierarchy

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1991-10-01

    Recommendations for8 Synchronous Digital Hierarchy DCK RAPPORTENCEN’TRiLEAD-A245 680 Frederikkazerne, Geb. 140EN 1111 iNTelefcron: 070-3166394/6395... Synchronous Digital Hierarchy author(s) P.P. Copeland institute TNO Physics and Electronics Laboratory date October 1991 NDRO no A90KLu635 no in pow...recent International Consultative Committee for Telephone and Telegraph (CCITT) Recommendations for the Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH). The

  18. AFTOMS Technology Issues and Alternatives Report

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1989-12-01

    color , resolu- power requirements, physi- tion; memory , processor speed; cal and weather rugged- IAN interfaces, etc,) f,: these ness. display...Telephone and Telegraph 3 CD-I Compact Disk - Interactive CD-ROM Compact Disk-Read Only Memory CGM Computer Graphics Metafile CNWDI Critical Nuclear...Database Management System RFP Request For Proposal 3 RFS Remote File System ROM Read Only Memory 3 S SA-ALC San Antonio Air Logistics Center 3 SAC

  19. Translations on Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs No. 294

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1977-04-13

    Plan To Legalize Cannabis (THE GLOBE AND MAIL, 29 Mar 77) 26 Editorial Suggests UK Heroin Plan Has Merit (Editorial, Richard Chamberlain; THE...various dates)..... 72 Numerous Arrests Court Appearances 19 Remanded in Custody ’No Jail’ Plea for Cannabis Smokers (THE DAILY TELEGRAPH...25 Mar 77) 75 Briefs Cannabis Seized 76 Marihuana in Plane Hold 76 - e - AUSTRALIA DRUG ADDICTS RAID CHEMIST SHOPS Canberra THE AUSTRALIAN in

  20. Analysis of Commercial Contract Training for the Marine Corps (Phase 2)

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1975-06-01

    Machines American Telephone & Telegraph Eastman Kodak Company Boeing Company McDonnell Douglas Corporation Coca Cola Company, USA Martin-Marietta...labor market , economic environment, job trends, social programs, and technology trends were included in task study procedures to give a complete picture...costs presents no particular difficulty for those resources to be acquired. In a market economy, the resource prices are usually a reflection of their

  1. Near East/South Asia Report.

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1985-09-20

    Health Staff (Bouzakaria Fodil; EL DJEICH, Jun 85) Assembly Member Discusses USSR Visit ( *Abd al-Fattah al-Dib; AKHBAR AL-YAWM, 10 Aug 85...of human lives. 12230 CSO: 4519/161 JPRS-NEA-85-121 20 September 1985 EGYPT ASSEMBLY MEMBER DISCUSSES USSR VISIT PM161147 Cairo AKHBAR AL-YAWM...to smuggle in volunteer fighters from abroad through Pakistan xnto Afghanistan. The TELEGRAPH reported that Akhbar Shah, a 34-year-old American Muslim

  2. Demand for satellite-provided domestic communications services up to the year 2000

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Stevenson, S.; Poley, W.; Lekan, J.; Salzman, J. A.

    1984-01-01

    Three fixed service telecommunications demand assessment studies were completed for NASA by The Western Union Telegraph Company and the U.S. Telephone and Telegraph Corporation. They provided forecasts of the total U.S. domestic demand, from 1980 to the year 2000, for voice, data, and video services. That portion that is technically and economically suitable for transmission by satellite systems, both large trunking systems and customer premises services (CPS) systems was also estimated. In order to provide a single set of forecasts a NASA synthesis of the above studies was conducted. The services, associated forecast techniques, and data bases employed by both contractors were examined, those elements of each judged to be the most appropriate were selected, and new forecasts were made. The demand for voice, data, and video services was first forecast in fundamental units of call-seconds, bits/year, and channels, respectively. Transmission technology characteristics and capabilities were then forecast, and the fundamental demand converted to an equivalent transmission capacity. The potential demand for satellite-provided services was found to grow by a factor of 6, from 400 to 2400 equivalent 36 MHz satellite transponders over the 20-year period. About 80 percent of this was found to be more appropriate for trunking systems and 20 percent CPS.

  3. Dynamics of tripartite quantum entanglement and discord under a classical dephasing random telegraph noise

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Kenfack, Lionel Tenemeza; Tchoffo, Martin; Fai, Lukong Cornelius

    2017-02-01

    We address the dynamics of quantum correlations, including entanglement and quantum discord of a three-qubit system interacting with a classical pure dephasing random telegraph noise (RTN) in three different physical environmental situations (independent, mixed and common environments). Two initial entangled states of the system are examined, namely the Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ)- and Werner (W)-type states. The classical noise is introduced as a stochastic process affecting the energy splitting of the qubits. With the help of suitable measures of tripartite entanglement (entanglement witnesses and lower bound of concurrence) and quantum discord (global quantum discord and quantum dissension), we show that the evolution of quantum correlations is not only affected by the type of the system-environment interaction but also by the input configuration of the qubits and the memory properties of the environmental noise. Indeed, depending on the memory properties of the environmental noise and the initial state considered, we find that independent, common and mixed environments can play opposite roles in preserving quantum correlations, and that the sudden death and revival phenomena or the survival of quantum correlations may occur. On the other hand, we also show that the W-type state has strong dynamics under this noise than the GHZ-type ones.

  4. Random telegraph signal (RTS) noise and other anomalies in the near-infrared detector systems for the Euclid mission

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Kohley, Ralf; Barbier, Rémi; Kubik, Bogna; Ferriol, Sylvain; Clemens, Jean-Claude; Ealet, Anne; Secroun, Aurélia; Conversi, Luca; Strada, Paolo

    2016-08-01

    Euclid is an ESA mission to map the geometry of the dark Universe with a planned launch date in 2020. Euclid is optimised for two primary cosmological probes, weak gravitational lensing and galaxy clustering. They are implemented through two science instruments on-board Euclid, a visible imager (VIS) and a near-infrared spectro-photometer (NISP), which are being developed and built by the Euclid Consortium instrument development teams. The NISP instrument contains a large focal plane assembly of 16 Teledyne HgCdTe H2RG detectors with 2.3μm cut-off wavelength and SIDECAR readout electronics. The performance of the detector systems is critical to the science return of the mission and extended on-ground tests are being performed for characterisation and calibration purposes. Special attention is given also to effects even on the scale of individual pixels, which are difficult to model and calibrate, and to identify any possible impact on science performance. This paper discusses a variety of undesired pixel behaviour including the known effect of random telegraph signal (RTS) noise based on initial on-ground test results from demonstrator model detector systems. Some stability aspects of the RTS pixel populations are addressed as well.

  5. Demand for satellite-provided domestic communications services up to the year 2000

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Stevenson, S.; Poley, W.; Lekan, J.; Salzman, J. A.

    1984-11-01

    Three fixed service telecommunications demand assessment studies were completed for NASA by The Western Union Telegraph Company and the U.S. Telephone and Telegraph Corporation. They provided forecasts of the total U.S. domestic demand, from 1980 to the year 2000, for voice, data, and video services. That portion that is technically and economically suitable for transmission by satellite systems, both large trunking systems and customer premises services (CPS) systems was also estimated. In order to provide a single set of forecasts a NASA synthesis of the above studies was conducted. The services, associated forecast techniques, and data bases employed by both contractors were examined, those elements of each judged to be the most appropriate were selected, and new forecasts were made. The demand for voice, data, and video services was first forecast in fundamental units of call-seconds, bits/year, and channels, respectively. Transmission technology characteristics and capabilities were then forecast, and the fundamental demand converted to an equivalent transmission capacity. The potential demand for satellite-provided services was found to grow by a factor of 6, from 400 to 2400 equivalent 36 MHz satellite transponders over the 20-year period. About 80 percent of this was found to be more appropriate for trunking systems and 20 percent CPS.

  6. Designed to Win: An Agile Approach to Air Force Command and Control of Cyberspace

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2010-06-01

    capabilities and limitations of technology with a level of control that synchronizes operations, yet allows independent action to take advantage of...was during the Roman Empire. With the exception of the semaphore telegraph and an improved road network, the same methods of communication used by...48 To provide information quickly to the ground commanders, the Aviation Section of the US Signal Corps installed primitive wireless radio sets in

  7. Alexander Graham Bell's Patent for the Telephone and Thomas Edison's Patent for the Electric Lamp. The Constitution Community: The Development of the Industrial United States (1870-1900).

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Schur, Joan Brodsky

    In 1876 Americans held a Centennial Exhibition in Philadelphia (Pennsylvania) to celebrate the nation's birth 100 years earlier. Machinery Hall drew the most admiration and wonder. Alexander Graham Bell exhibited the first telephone, and Thomas Alva Edison presented the automatic telegraph, one of more than 1,000 inventions he would patent in his…

  8. Castine Report S-15 Project: Shipbuilding Standards

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1976-01-01

    Fixed Square Windows Ships” Extruded Aluminium Alloy Square Windows “ Ships” Foot Steps Ships* Wooden Hand Rail . Pilot Ladders Panama Canal Pilot...Platforms Aluminium Alloy Accommodation Ladders Mouth Pieces for Voice Tube Chain Drwe Type Telegraphs Fittings for Steam Whistle Llfeboats Radial Type...Cast Steel Angle Valves for Compressed Air F 8001-1957 F 8002-1967 F 8003.1975 F 8004.1975 F 8011 1966 F 8013.1969 F 8101.1969 F 8401.1970 F

  9. Covert Coercion: A Formal Analysis of Unconventional Warfare as an Interstate Coercive Policy Option

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2013-06-01

    as the most notable of the founding game theorist patriarchs .121 Game theory’s evolution and development exploded during World War II and the...Kennan’s “containment” telegraph. Containment sought to prevent the further expansion of communism by developing a sphere of democratic influence in...the subjective cardinal value interval scaling used to model the decision behavior of the principal actors, which is resultant from the author’s

  10. Raiders of the Lost Art -- Recovering and Implementing the Intellectual Lineage of Campaign Planning for 21st Century Joint Planning

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2008-10-30

    American billionaire and financier Warren Buffett , “is the enemy of good thinking.”42 And there is “bad terminology” spilling from the pages of JP...be productive and become a meaningless catch-all word? 42 Warren Buffett , Berkshire Hathaway, 2001...Harrisburg, PA: The Telegraph Press (1940). Buffett , Warren . Berkshire Hathaway, 2001 Annual Report. Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. Joint

  11. The Impact of the AT&T (American Telephone and Telegraph) Divestiture on the Strategic Air Command.

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1984-01-01

    the corporate tel- ecommunications manager, think of the impact on the military communicator. For a corporation, poorly planned, installed, and main...tained telecommunications equipment and services may mean increased cost or lost profits. For the military communicator, the same prob- lems can mean ...effective telecommunications systems available, even if it means turning our backs on past methods and relationships with vendors. I 4 NOTES -CHAPTER

  12. Army Communicator. Volume 35, Number 2

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2010-01-01

    official U.S. Army position and does not change or supersede any information in other official U.S. Army publications. Use of news items constitutes...familiar with the Bain electrochemical telegraph system. Myer used this experience to devise A New Sign Language for Deaf Mutes, the subject of his...Signal officer on 27 June thus becoming the first Signal officer in the U.S. Army. Myer tested his wigwag system during operations in New

  13. New trends in Taylor series based applications

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Kocina, Filip; Šátek, Václav; Veigend, Petr; Nečasová, Gabriela; Valenta, Václav; Kunovský, Jiří

    2016-06-01

    The paper deals with the solution of large system of linear ODEs when minimal comunication among parallel processors is required. The Modern Taylor Series Method (MTSM) is used. The MTSM allows using a higher order during the computation that means a larger integration step size while keeping desired accuracy. As an example of complex systems we can take the Telegraph Equation Model. Symbolic and numeric solutions are compared when harmonic input signal is used.

  14. 97. View of International Business Machine (IBM) digital computer model ...

    Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

    97. View of International Business Machine (IBM) digital computer model 7090 magnetic core installation, international telephone and telegraph (ITT) Artic Services Inc., Official photograph BMEWS site II, Clear, AK, by unknown photographer, 17 September 1965, BMEWS, clear as negative no. A-6604. - Clear Air Force Station, Ballistic Missile Early Warning System Site II, One mile west of mile marker 293.5 on Parks Highway, 5 miles southwest of Anderson, Anderson, Denali Borough, AK

  15. Translations on Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs, Number 288

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1977-03-10

    benefits, U.S. medical researchers have found, and can be used to relieve the symptoms of glaucoma and asthma and as a tonic for terminal cancer ...DAILY TELEGRAPH, 11 Feb 77) 157 h - CONTENTS (Continued) Page Court Rules Possession of Cannabis Seed Not Illegal (Terence Shaw; THE DAILY...raw opium, or 200 grams of cannabis or cannabis resin or more, otherwise than in accordance with the authority of the ordinance or any other

  16. Data Triage

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2007-06-01

    particle accelerators cannot run unless enough network band- width is available to absorb their data streams. DOE scientists running simulations routinely...send tuples to TelegraphCQ. To simulate a less-powerful machine, I increased the playback rate of the trace by a factor of 10 and reduced the query...III CPUs and 1.5 GB of main memory. To simulate using a less powerful embedded CPU, I wrote a program that would “play back” the trace at a multiple

  17. Time concurrency/phase-time synchronization in digital communications networks

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Kihara, Masami; Imaoka, Atsushi

    1990-01-01

    Digital communications networks have the intrinsic capability of time synchronization which makes it possible for networks to supply time signals to some applications and services. A practical estimation method for the time concurrency on terrestrial networks is presented. By using this method, time concurrency capability of the Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corporation (NTT) digital communications network is estimated to be better than 300 ns rms at an advanced level, and 20 ns rms at final level.

  18. Materials for High-Density Electronic Packaging and Interconnection

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1990-04-10

    play a prominent role in the future. Glass and Porcelain The earliest use of electronic ceramics was as insulators for carrying telegraph lines...Administration 61L & CORES , (Ot. stem. SAI WCJm 76. LOISS (C". SUMt *oW WVCf B’%2101 Constitution Avenue. N W Washington, D.C. 20418 Washington. D.C. 20301 G...Density Packaging 84 Tape Automated Bonding 87 Diamond 88 Superconductors 88 Composites 89 Materials for Very-High-Frequency Digital Systems 91

  19. Samuel Thomas Soemmerring (1755-1830): The Naming of Cranial Nerves.

    PubMed

    Pearce, John M S

    2017-01-01

    Samuel Thomas Soemmerring was a Prussian polymathic doctor with remarkable achievements in anatomy, draftsmanship and inventions. His naming of 12 pairs of cranial nerves in his graduation thesis is of particular importance. He also gave original descriptions of the macula, sensory pathways and of the substantia nigra. His non-medical contributions were diverse and included criticism of the guillotine, invention of a telegraphic system, and discoveries in palaeontology. © 2017 S. Karger AG, Basel.

  20. The Infernal Machine: The Use of Improvised Explosive Devices (IED) against U.S. Forces

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2011-03-22

    abandoned works near wells and springs; near flagstaffs, magazines, telegraph offices, in carpet bags, baiTels of flour , etc .... ".""vii Accurate...REPORT DOCUMENTATION ·PAGE Form Approved OMB No. 0704-0188 Public reporting burden for this collection of information Is estimated 10 average 1 hour...reviewing !he collec!ion of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of lnformetlon, including

  1. Blue Marsh Lake, Bernville Protective Works. Design Memorandum Number 13 Schuylkill River basin. Tulpehocken Creek, Pennsylvania

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1975-03-01

    Aetna Telephone and Telegraph Company Z60 E. Washington Avenue Meyerstown, PA 19602 Mr. James Vallosio, Supervisor Engineering Department Heidelberg...line: (1) Miscellaneous Book Volume 311, page 456, Berks County Records - Clarence W. Mengel and Lillian W. Mengel, his wife and Henry L. Kalbach and...Marion B. Kalbach , his wife - agreement ) and right of way to Bernville Borough Authority. (2) Mi ’ ellaneous Book Volume 311, Page 509, Berks County

  2. Making Strategic Sense of Cyber Power: Why the Sky is Not Falling

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2013-04-01

    identified very plausibly in the early- 19th century . In that regard, it is probably no exaggeration to argue that the elec- tric telegraph in the 1840s...including: The Sheriff: America’s Defense of the New World Order (University Press of Kentucky, 2004); Another Bloody Century : Fu- ture Warfare (Weidenfeld...provenance of the better part of a century prior to 1945, that of our contemporary IT revolution centered around the computer and its exploitation

  3. Application of the θ-method to a telegraphic model of fluid flow in a dual-porosity medium

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    González-Calderón, Alfredo; Vivas-Cruz, Luis X.; Herrera-Hernández, Erik César

    2018-01-01

    This work focuses mainly on the study of numerical solutions, which are obtained using the θ-method, of a generalized Warren and Root model that includes a second-order wave-like equation in its formulation. The solutions approximately describe the single-phase hydraulic head in fractures by considering the finite velocity of propagation by means of a Cattaneo-like equation. The corresponding discretized model is obtained by utilizing a non-uniform grid and a non-uniform time step. A simple relationship is proposed to give the time-step distribution. Convergence is analyzed by comparing results from explicit, fully implicit, and Crank-Nicolson schemes with exact solutions: a telegraphic model of fluid flow in a single-porosity reservoir with relaxation dynamics, the Warren and Root model, and our studied model, which is solved with the inverse Laplace transform. We find that the flux and the hydraulic head have spurious oscillations that most often appear in small-time solutions but are attenuated as the solution time progresses. Furthermore, we show that the finite difference method is unable to reproduce the exact flux at time zero. Obtaining results for oilfield production times, which are in the order of months in real units, is only feasible using parallel implicit schemes. In addition, we propose simple parallel algorithms for the memory flux and for the explicit scheme.

  4. The Random Telegraph Signal Behavior of Intermittently Stuck Bits in SDRAMs

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Chugg, Andrew Michael; Burnell, Andrew J.; Duncan, Peter H.; Parker, Sarah; Ward, Jonathan J.

    2009-12-01

    This paper reports behavior analogous to the Random Telegraph Signal (RTS) seen in the leakage currents from radiation induced hot pixels in Charge Coupled Devices (CCDs), but in the context of stuck bits in Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memories (SDRAMs). Our analysis suggests that pseudo-random sticking and unsticking of the SDRAM bits is due to thermally induced fluctuations in leakage current through displacement damage complexes in depletion regions that were created by high-energy neutron and proton interactions. It is shown that the number of observed stuck bits increases exponentially with temperature, due to the general increase in the leakage currents through the damage centers with temperature. Nevertheless, some stuck bits are seen to pseudo-randomly stick and unstick in the context of a continuously rising trend of temperature, thus demonstrating that their damage centers can exist in multiple widely spaced, discrete levels of leakage current, which is highly consistent with RTS. This implies that these intermittently stuck bits (ISBs) are a displacement damage phenomenon and are unrelated to microdose issues, which is confirmed by the observation that they also occur in unbiased irradiation. Finally, we note that observed variations in the periodicity of the sticking and unsticking behavior on several timescales is most readily explained by multiple leakage current pathways through displacement damage complexes spontaneously and independently opening and closing under the influence of thermal vibrations.

  5. Protecting the Homeland Report of the Defense Science Board Task Force on Defensive Information Operations. 2000 Summer Study. Volume II

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2001-03-01

    between attacks and other events such as accidents, system failures, or hacking by thrill-seekers. This challenge is exacerbated by the speed of events in...International Telegraph and Telephone (CCITT) international standards body and is referred to as Signaling System # 7 ( SS7 ). Commerc" I Intelligent...point to fixed infrastructure "" Signaling Transfer Point (STP) - Packet switch in CCITT#7 Network STP ... SS7 * System Data Bases i Network

  6. Syria and the Rise of Radical Islamist Groups

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2015-03-01

    Revolution.” 397 David Blair and Richard Spencer , “How Qatar Is Funding the Rise of Islamist Extremists,” The Telegraph, September 20, 2014, http...Islamists in Syria, Officials Say;” Spencer , “How Qatar Is Funding the Rise of Islamist Extremists.” 411 Amena Bakr, “Defying Allies, Qatar Unlikely...Ibid. 416 Spencer , “How Qatar Is Funding the Rise of Islamist Extremists.” 417 Thomas Hegghammer and Aaron Y. Zelin, “How Syria’s Civil War Became a

  7. Telegraph Canyon Creek, City of Chula Vista, San Diego County, California. Detailed Report for Flood Control. Volume 1. Main Report.

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1983-07-01

    SECURITY CLASS. (of chi* report) Los Angeles District, Corps of Engineers Ucasfe P.O. Box 2711, Los Angeles, CA 90053 15&. DEL SI F1CATION/OWNGRAOI...greater potential for the possible occurrence of a large earthquake include the Whittier-Elsinore, Agua Caliente, San Jacinto, and the San Andreas...about 900,000 motor vehicles used within the county. 2.20 Air contaminants monitored within the San Diego Bay air basin include carbon monoxide (CO

  8. Baron Kelvin of Largs: an economical engineer.

    PubMed

    Fara, Patricia

    2007-12-01

    William Thomson--honoured as Baron Kelvin of Largs--was Victorian Britain's most famous physicist, especially celebrated for laying the trans-Atlantic telegraph cable. As well as profiting financially from his many engineering projects, Kelvin introduced influential theories about energy and electromagnetism, all strongly coloured by his industrial experiences and the thrifty attitudes of Scottish Christians. Never accepting radioactivity as an additional energy source to the sun, he insisted that the Earth's life span was far too short for evolution to have taken place.

  9. To Be or Not to Be: The Roles of the Unilateral and Embedded Reporter during Wartime

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2009-12-11

    the military disseminate information, employ the use of modern communication means, and engage the public and the media. The Pattern of Censorship A...correspondent attached to the 21st Lancers, evaded censorship by sending his stories as letters instead of using the telegraph. When the Boer War...advances and societal changes, censorship in today‟s world is not as easy as it used to be which has created a more open environment that will probably

  10. Astronomical fire: Richard Carrington and the solar flare of 1859.

    PubMed

    Clark, Stuart

    2007-09-01

    An explosion on the Sun in 1859, serendipitously witnessed by amateur astronomer Richard Carrington, plunged telegraphic communications into chaos and bathed two thirds of the Earth's skies in aurorae. Explaining what happened to the Sun and how it could affect Earth, 93 million miles away, helped change the direction of astronomy. From being concerned principally with charting the stars to aid navigation, astronomers became increasingly concerned with what the celestial objects were, how they behaved and how they might affect life on Earth.

  11. Leadership Case Studies from Women Serving During World War I

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2017-06-09

    American Society . It was a dominant factor influencing the society of the early part of the 1900s. It brought new stressors on societal norms...and American Society (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004), 23. 4 organizations such as the Women’s Peace Union and the Women’s International...YROqwfCPSIKPtSMAzpWIoK/story.html. 21 Smith, “New Paths to Power ,” 371. 22 Ibid., 385. 10 to the American Telephone and Telegraph Company to see if they

  12. CD-ROM-aided Databases

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Miyazaki, Kazuhide; Nishimura, Masayoshi

    Nippon Telegraph & Telephone Corporation (NTT) was the first company in the world to record the entire business classified Tokyo telephone directory containing more than 1,100,000 entries on CD-ROM. NTT's telephone directory on CD-ROM contains the business classification, the names, addresses and telephon numbers of more than 1,100,000 companies located in Tokyo’s 23 wards and surrounding towns. This report about NTT’s telephone directory on CD-ROM was written about the reason of development, outline, and the point at issue.

  13. Space Weather: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Lanzerotti, Louis J.

    2017-11-01

    A somewhat personalized overview is presented of the effects of solar-terrestrial processes on electrical technologies, beginning with the electrical telegraphs in the mid-eighteenth century to the current era of extensive ground- and space-based commercial and governmental technical systems (including national security) upon which modern society depends. As human technologies increased in diversity over the last century and a half, space weather effects have continued to be of significant importance in the successful design and operations of many of these technologies.

  14. New Yumurtalik to Kirikkale crude-oil pipeline would boost Turkish industrial area

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Simonnet, G.

    1982-12-13

    Plans for a crude oil pipeline linking the 101 cm (40 in.) Iraq to Turkey pipeline terminal located in Yumurtalik to the site of a future refinery to be situated near Ankara are described. Designed for fully unattended operation, the ''brain'' of the system will be a telecom/telecontrol telemetry system. Support for data information exchanged between the master and local outstations will be a microwave radio carrier system, also permitting the transfer of telephone and telegraph traffic as well as facsimiles.

  15. Quantum walks of two interacting particles on percolation graphs

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Siloi, Ilaria; Benedetti, Claudia; Piccinini, Enrico; Paris, Matteo G. A.; Bordone, Paolo

    2017-10-01

    We address the dynamics of two indistinguishable interacting particles moving on a dynamical percolation graph, i.e., a graph where the edges are independent random telegraph processes whose values jump between 0 and 1, thus mimicking percolation. The interplay between the particle interaction strength, initial state and the percolation rate determine different dynamical regimes for the walkers. We show that, whenever the walkers are initially localised within the interaction range, fast noise enhances the particle spread compared to the noiseless case.

  16. 10. Historic view of the building: 'Warren Street from State ...

    Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

    10. Historic view of the building: 'Warren Street from State Street' ca. 1893. Courtesy of Trenton Free Public Library. 2-6 East State Street is to the right of the image, with the sign for a dentist prominent on the corner. The mass of wires entering the fourth floor window suggests the location of the Western Union Telegraph Office in the building. - 2-6 East State Street (Commercial Building), 2-6 East State Street, Trenton, Mercer County, NJ

  17. Electronic Noise and Fluctuations in Solids

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Kogan, Sh.

    2008-07-01

    Preface; Part I. Introduction. Some Basic Concepts of the Theory of Random Processes: 1. Probability density functions. Moments. Stationary processes; 2. Correlation function; 3. Spectral density of noise; 4. Ergodicity and nonergodicity of random processes; 5. Random pulses and shot noise; 6. Markov processes. General theory; 7. Discrete Markov processes. Random telegraph noise; 8. Quasicontinuous (Diffusion-like) Markov processes; 9. Brownian motion; 10. Langevin approach to the kinetics of fluctuations; Part II. Fluctuation-Dissipation Relations in Equilibrium Systems: 11. Derivation of fluctuation-dissipation relations; 12. Equilibrium noise in quasistationary circuits. Nyquist theorem; 13. Fluctuations of electromagnetic fields in continuous media; Part III. Fluctuations in Nonequilibrium Gases: 14. Some basic concepts of hot-electrons' physics; 15. Simple model of current fluctuations in a semiconductor with hot electrons; 16. General kinetic theory of quasiclassical fluctuations in a gas of particles. The Boltzmann-Langevin equation; 17. Current fluctuations and noise temperature; 18. Current fluctuations and diffusion in a gas of hot electrons; 19. One-time correlation in nonequilibrium gases; 20. Intervalley noise in multivalley semiconductors; 21. Noise of hot electrons emitting optical phonons in the streaming regime; 22. Noise in a semiconductor with a postbreakdown stable current filament; Part IV. Generation-recombination noise: 23. G-R noise in uniform unipolar semiconductors; 24. Noise produced by recombination and diffusion; Part V. Noise in quantum ballistic systems: 25. Introduction; 26. Equilibrium noise and shot noise in quantum conductors; 27. Modulation noise in quantum point contacts; 28. Transition from a ballistic conductor to a macroscopic one; 29. Noise in tunnel junctions; Part VI. Resistance noise in metals: 30. Incoherent scattering of electrons by mobile defects; 31. Effect of mobile scattering centers on the electron interference pattern; 32. Fluctuations of the number of diffusing scattering centers; 33. Temperature fluctuations and the corresponding noise; Part VII. Noise in strongly disordered conductors: 34. Basic ideas of the percolation theory; 35. Resistance fluctuations in percolation systems. 36. Experiments; Part VIII. Low-frequency noise with an 1/f-type spectrum and random telegraph noise: 37. Introduction; 38. Some general properties of 1/f noise; 39. Basic models of 1/f noise; 40./f noise in metals; 41. Low-frequency noise in semiconductors; 42. Magnetic noise in spin glasses and some other magnetic systems; 43. Temperature fluctuations as a possible source of 1/f noise; 44. Random telegraph noise; 45. Fluctuations with 1/f spectrum in other systems; 46. General conclusions on 1/f noise; Part IX. Noise in Superconductors and Superconducting Structures: 47. Noise in Josephson junctions; 48. Noise in type II superconductors; References; Subject index.

  18. USGS Telecommunications Responding to Change

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Hott, James L.

    1985-01-01

    The telecommunications industry is undergoing tremendous change due to the court ordered breakup of the monopoly once enjoyed by American Telephone & Telegraph (AT&T). This action has resulted in a plethora of new services and products in all of the communications fields, including traditional voice and data. The new products are making extensive use of computer technology. At the same time, costs of telecommunications services have risen dramatically over the past three years. This article reviews some of the major actions that the Geological Survey has taken in response to these changes.

  19. Final Evaluation Report American Telephone and Telegraph Company, System V/MLS Release 1.2.0 Running on UNIX System V, Release 3.1.1 Rating Maintenance Plan

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1990-09-28

    message queues semaphores processes This report also discusses 630 MTG buffers which are system objects (as are the process table, u- area, etc ). 630...mechanism is associated with a corresponding set of " operation " system calls: mqgend, rmgrcv for messages, semop for semaphores , shmat, shmdt for... Semaphores Semaphores are objects that are used to implement a process synchronisation mechanism. System V semaphores are a generalization of the P and V

  20. Periodic Solution and Stationary Distribution of Stochastic Predator-Prey Models with Higher-Order Perturbation

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Liu, Qun; Jiang, Daqing

    2018-04-01

    In this paper, two stochastic predator-prey models with general functional response and higher-order perturbation are proposed and investigated. For the nonautonomous periodic case of the system, by using Khasminskii's theory of periodic solution, we show that the system admits a nontrivial positive T-periodic solution. For the system disturbed by both white and telegraph noises, sufficient conditions for positive recurrence and the existence of an ergodic stationary distribution to the solutions are established. The existence of stationary distribution implies stochastic weak stability to some extent.

  1. AT&T (American Telephone and Telegraph Company) Aftermath of Antitrust. Preserving Positive Command and Control,

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1983-01-01

    First printing, December, 1983. Accesslon Fot D’ý:1C TAB u.7. DXl ml,’i butl ou Av•Llab11¶ •t C., P5 Avv ,! il d.o0 Dist IV - To my mother, my wife, and my...Reaction to Reform .......................... 35 Difficulties for Defense........................ 42 V1i viii Contents V. The Antlitrust Suit: A Clinic ...repre- sented the views traditionally held by Defense regarding AT&T and per- mitted its introduction.27 The trial continued with occasional recesses

  2. Evidence for Acid-Sulfate Alteration in the Pahrump Hills Region, Gale Crater, Mars

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Rampe, E. B.; Ming, D. W.; Blake, D. F.; Morris, R. V.; Bish, D. L.; Bristow, T. F.; Crisp, J. A.; Morookian, J. M.; Vaniman. D. T.; Chipera, S. J.; hide

    2015-01-01

    The Pahrump Hills region of Gale crater is a approximately 12 millimeter thick section of sedimentary rock in the Murray formation, interpreted as the basal geological unit of Mount Sharp. The Mars Science Laboratory, Curiosity, arrived at the Pahrump Hills in September 2014 and performed a detailed six-month investigation of the sedimentary structures, geochemistry, and mineralogy of the area. During the campaign, Curiosity drilled and delivered three mudstone samples (targets Confidence Hills, Mojave 2, and Telegraph Peak) to its internal instruments, including the CheMin XRD/XRF.

  3. American Telephone and Telegraph System V/MLS Release 1.1.2 Running on Unix System V Release 3.1.1

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1989-10-18

    Evaluation Report AT&T System V/MLS SYSTEM OVERVIEW what is specified in the /mls/ passwd file. For a complete description of how this works, see page 62...from the publicly readable files /etc/ passwd and /etclgroup, to the protected files /mlslpasswd and /mls/group. These protected files are ASCII...files which are referred to as "shadow files". October 18, 1989 62 Final Evaluation Report AT&T System V/MLS SYSTEM OVERVIEW Imls/ passwd contains the

  4. The theory of the anti-maser: coherent perfect absorption of RF

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Aviles, Michael; Mazzocco, Anthony; Andrews, Jim; Dawson, Nathan; Crescimanno, Michael

    2012-10-01

    The radio frequency (RF)-analogue of the anti-laser is developed using four terminal network theory combined with the telegrapher's equation. We describe solutions of the Coherent Perfect Absorption (CPA) condition that are interpretable as the slab dielectric anti-laser. We find a host of other solutions, some of which have no simple optical analogue. Broadband solutions are found which hint at the possibility of a new type of asymmetric transient CPA phenomenon, and point out that this study suggests a potentially new low loss, reversible RF devices.

  5. The relativistic Black-Scholes model

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Trzetrzelewski, Maciej

    2017-02-01

    The Black-Scholes equation, after a certain coordinate transformation, is equivalent to the heat equation. On the other hand the relativistic extension of the latter, the telegraphers equation, can be derived from the Euclidean version of the Dirac equation. Therefore, the relativistic extension of the Black-Scholes model follows from relativistic quantum mechanics quite naturally. We investigate this particular model for the case of European vanilla options. Due to the notion of locality incorporated in this way, one finds that the volatility frown-like effect appears when comparing to the original Black-Scholes model.

  6. CCITT (International Telegraph Consultative Committee) Study Groups XI and XVIII Draft Recommendations for ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Networks), November 8-December 2, 1983.

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1983-12-01

    national gateway closest to an MCI interconnection point would be chosen.) Another significant principle is that mobile users area to be addresses the...duplication with E.16n. It was agreed that, from an addressing viewpoint, mobile subscribers are .. like fixed subscribers; i.e., mobile subscribers have TEs...reference points S and T, NTl, and may have NT2. Therefore, an ISDN number has the same ability to unambiguously identify points in mobile subscriber

  7. Report of the International Telegraph and Telephone Consultative Committee Study Group. XVIII. Group of Experts on ISDN Matters Meeting in Kyoto, Japan.

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1983-02-01

    other through an ISDN and to other subscribers on the ISDN and because certain numbering plans may be better adapted to restoral plans and mobile ...useful in Government and other private networks. One is that the "ISDN nup -- stall be capable of unambiguously identifying a particular mobile ...interface (paragraph 5.8 on page A.140). Paragraph 4.6 on page A.138 also mentions mobile terminal (TE, for terminal equipment). The other useful requirement

  8. Multi-Aperture-Based Probabilistic Noise Reduction of Random Telegraph Signal Noise and Photon Shot Noise in Semi-Photon-Counting Complementary-Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Image Sensor

    PubMed Central

    Ishida, Haruki; Kagawa, Keiichiro; Komuro, Takashi; Zhang, Bo; Seo, Min-Woong; Takasawa, Taishi; Yasutomi, Keita; Kawahito, Shoji

    2018-01-01

    A probabilistic method to remove the random telegraph signal (RTS) noise and to increase the signal level is proposed, and was verified by simulation based on measured real sensor noise. Although semi-photon-counting-level (SPCL) ultra-low noise complementary-metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) image sensors (CISs) with high conversion gain pixels have emerged, they still suffer from huge RTS noise, which is inherent to the CISs. The proposed method utilizes a multi-aperture (MA) camera that is composed of multiple sets of an SPCL CIS and a moderately fast and compact imaging lens to emulate a very fast single lens. Due to the redundancy of the MA camera, the RTS noise is removed by the maximum likelihood estimation where noise characteristics are modeled by the probability density distribution. In the proposed method, the photon shot noise is also relatively reduced because of the averaging effect, where the pixel values of all the multiple apertures are considered. An extremely low-light condition that the maximum number of electrons per aperture was the only 2e− was simulated. PSNRs of a test image for simple averaging, selective averaging (our previous method), and the proposed method were 11.92 dB, 11.61 dB, and 13.14 dB, respectively. The selective averaging, which can remove RTS noise, was worse than the simple averaging because it ignores the pixels with RTS noise and photon shot noise was less improved. The simulation results showed that the proposed method provided the best noise reduction performance. PMID:29587424

  9. A statistical evaluation of effective time constants of random telegraph noise with various operation timings of in-pixel source follower transistors

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Yonezawa, A.; Kuroda, R.; Teramoto, A.; Obara, T.; Sugawa, S.

    2014-03-01

    We evaluated effective time constants of random telegraph noise (RTN) with various operation timings of in-pixel source follower transistors statistically, and discuss the dependency of RTN time constants on the duty ratio (on/off ratio) of MOSFET which is controlled by the gate to source voltage (VGS). Under a general readout operation of CMOS image sensor (CIS), the row selected pixel-source followers (SFs) turn on and not selected pixel-SFs operate at different bias conditions depending on the select switch position; when select switch locate in between the SF driver and column output line, SF drivers nearly turn off. The duty ratio and cyclic period of selected time of SF driver depends on the operation timing determined by the column read out sequence. By changing the duty ratio from 1 to 7.6 x 10-3, time constant ratio of RTN (time to capture <τc<)/(time to emission <τe<) of a part of MOSFETs increased while RTN amplitudes were almost the same regardless of the duty ratio. In these MOSFETs, <τc< increased and the majority of <τe< decreased and the minority of <τe< increased by decreasing the duty ratio. The same tendencies of behaviors of <τc< and <τe< were obtained when VGS was decreased. This indicates that the effective <τc< and <τe< converge to those under off state as duty ratio decreases. These results are important for the noise reduction, detection and analysis of in pixel-SF with RTN.

  10. Worldwide Emerging Environmental Issues Affecting the U.S. Military. June 2010 Report

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2010-06-01

    Increasing Advocacy for BPA Restrictions…………………………….……………8 6.9 Toxic Substances Control Act Up for Revision…………………………..………….8 6.10 Climate Change ...arrangements against EMPs in the light of this forecast. Source: NASA warns solar flares from ’huge space storm’ will cause devastation http...www.telegraph.co.uk/science/space/7819201/Nasa-warns-solar-flares-from-huge-space-sto rm-will- cause -devastation.html Item 2. OSCE is Enhancing Environmental

  11. Global science: the eruption of Krakatau.

    PubMed

    Dörries, Matthias

    2003-01-01

    The eruption of the volcano Krakatau in the Netherlands East Indies (Indonesia) in 1883 had worldwide impact. This was perceived in the three quite different types of global propagation that occurred after the eruption: a rapid pressure wave, noticeable only to measuring instruments, followed a few hours later by the spread of the news of the event, succeeded by a slowly expanding optical phenomenon that lasted for a couple of years. Krakatau was the first natural catastrophe of global magnitude that was almost immediately recognized as such throughout the world, largely thanks to the recently installed worldwide telegraphic network.

  12. Role of oxygen vacancies in HfO2-based gate stack breakdown

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Wu, X.; Migas, D. B.; Li, X.; Bosman, M.; Raghavan, N.; Borisenko, V. E.; Pey, K. L.

    2010-04-01

    We study the influence of multiple oxygen vacancy traps in the percolated dielectric on the postbreakdown random telegraph noise (RTN) digital fluctuations in HfO2-based metal-oxide-semiconductor transistors. Our electrical characterization results indicate that these digital fluctuations are triggered only beyond a certain gate stress voltage. First-principles calculations suggest the oxygen vacancies to be responsible for the formation of a subband in the forbidden band gap region, which affects the triggering voltage (VTRIG) for the RTN fluctuations and leads to a shrinkage of the HfO2 band gap.

  13. 1. Historic American Buildings Survey E.H. Pickering, Photographer August 1936 ...

    Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

    1. Historic American Buildings Survey E.H. Pickering, Photographer August 1936 THIS BUILDING ERECTED 1830 IS THE FIRST PASSENGER AND FREIGHT STATION IN AMERICA AND THE OLDEST IN THE WORLD AT THE TIME OF ITS USE. TRAINS WERE HAULED BY HORSES BETWEEN BALTIMORE AND ELLICOTT MILLS, BALTIMORE & OHIO THE PIONEER RAILROAD OF AMERICA. THE CORNER STONE OF WHICH WAS LAID BY CHARLES CARROLL OF CARROLLTON JULY 4, 1828. THE FIRST TELEGRAPH MESSAGE SENT FROM THIS BUILDING TO WASHINGTON. MAY 24, 1844. 'WHAT HATH GOD WROUGHT:' - Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, Mount Clare Station, 500 block West Pratt Street, Baltimore, Independent City, MD

  14. Climate change, wellbeing and resilience in the Weenusk First Nation at Peawanuck: the Moccasin Telegraph goes global.

    PubMed

    Lemelin, Harvey; Matthews, Drew; Mattina, Charlie; McIntyre, Norman; Johnston, Margaret; Koster, Rhonda; Weenusk First Nation At Peawanuck

    2010-01-01

    The Cree of Northern Ontario, Canada, have proved resilient and adaptable to social and environmental changes. However, the rapidity of climate change impacts in the Hudson Bay Lowlands of the Canadian sub-Arctic is challenging this resiliency. A collaborative project conducted with the Weenusk First Nation at Peawanuck and researchers at Lakehead University used the concept of wellbeing to explore the impact of climate change on current subsistence activities, resource management, and conservation strategies, while considering the implications of globalization on climate change awareness. This article describes the analysis of 22 interviews conducted with members of the Weenusk First Nation at Peawanuck. Findings indicate that residents are concerned with a variety of changes in the environment and their ability to use the land. For example, they noted changes in travel routes on water and land, often attributing these to geomorphic changes in the coastal landscapes along Hudson Bay. They also noted the disappearance of particular insects and bird species, and variations in the distribution of particular fauna and flora. Possible impacts of these changes on the community's wellbeing and resiliency are examined. Another major theme that arose from the analysis was the impact of traditional modes of communication (eg traditional knowledge, radio, newspaper) and newer forms (eg satellite television and the internet) on Indigenous people's understanding of climate change. Given that few researchers have acknowledged or recognized the globalization of the moccasin telegraph (ie the traditional mode of communication between First Nations), a discussion of this phenomenon and its significance for understanding emerging knowledge systems in small, remote First Nation communities is central to this article.

  15. How Has Saddam Hussein Survived? Economic Sanctions, 1990-1993

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1993-08-01

    Christy Campbell and Adrian Porter of the Lonmon Sunday Telegraph, Washington Times, 16 March 1992. The issue of who is counterfeiting Iraqi money ...ItkdIi k ( i . I ! T i ’it I ’’ I t\\IIIý, I ), I 11 1 11 r 11 111 i 1 111 1 11 t h~lVHA l uv im lt N \\ iA r~ wA W~lild lt l ’ III\\ ’ I lit’ IN l not...8217 charging high prices at the same time the government increases wages (especially to the military) which it can pay for only by printing money . 30. 1999

  16. Impact of Silicon Doping on Low-Frequency Charge Noise and Conductance Drift in GaAs/AlxGa1 -xAs Nanostructures

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Fallahi, S.; Nakamura, J. R.; Gardner, G. C.; Yannell, M. M.; Manfra, M. J.

    2018-03-01

    We present measurements of low-frequency charge noise and conductance drift in modulation-doped GaAs /AlxGa1 -xAs heterostructures grown by molecular beam epitaxy in which the silicon doping density is varied from 2.4 ×1018 (critically doped) to 6.0 ×1018 cm-3 (overdoped). Quantum point contacts are used to detect charge fluctuations. A clear reduction of both short-time-scale telegraphic noise and long-time-scale conductance drift with decreased doping density is observed. These measurements indicate that the neutral doping region plays a significant role in charge noise and conductance drift.

  17. Current-limiting and ultrafast system for the characterization of resistive random access memories.

    PubMed

    Diaz-Fortuny, J; Maestro, M; Martin-Martinez, J; Crespo-Yepes, A; Rodriguez, R; Nafria, M; Aymerich, X

    2016-06-01

    A new system for the ultrafast characterization of resistive switching phenomenon is developed to acquire the current during the Set and Reset process in a microsecond time scale. A new electronic circuit has been developed as a part of the main setup system, which is capable of (i) applying a hardware current limit ranging from nanoampers up to miliampers and (ii) converting the Set and Reset exponential gate current range into an equivalent linear voltage. The complete system setup allows measuring with a microsecond resolution. Some examples demonstrate that, with the developed setup, an in-depth analysis of resistive switching phenomenon and random telegraph noise can be made.

  18. Electric-field-driven phase transition in vanadium dioxide

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Wu, B.; Zimmers, A.; Aubin, H.; Ghosh, R.; Liu, Y.; Lopez, R.

    2011-12-01

    We report on local probe measurements of current-voltage and electrostatic force-voltage characteristics of electric-field-induced insulator to metal transition in VO2 thin film. In conducting AFM mode, switching from the insulating to metallic state occurs for electric-field threshold E˜6.5×107Vm-1 at 300K. Upon lifting the tip above the sample surface, we find that the transition can also be observed through a change in electrostatic force and in tunneling current. In this noncontact regime, the transition is characterized by random telegraphic noise. These results show that electric field alone is sufficient to induce the transition; however, the electronic current provides a positive feedback effect that amplifies the phenomena.

  19. Particle and Photon Detection: Counting and Energy Measurement

    PubMed Central

    Janesick, James; Tower, John

    2016-01-01

    Fundamental limits for photon counting and photon energy measurement are reviewed for CCD and CMOS imagers. The challenges to extend photon counting into the visible/nIR wavelengths and achieve energy measurement in the UV with specific read noise requirements are discussed. Pixel flicker and random telegraph noise sources are highlighted along with various methods used in reducing their contribution on the sensor’s read noise floor. Practical requirements for quantum efficiency, charge collection efficiency, and charge transfer efficiency that interfere with photon counting performance are discussed. Lastly we will review current efforts in reducing flicker noise head-on, in hopes to drive read noise substantially below 1 carrier rms. PMID:27187398

  20. Pervasive randomness in physics: an introduction to its modelling and spectral characterisation

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Howard, Roy

    2017-10-01

    An introduction to the modelling and spectral characterisation of random phenomena is detailed at a level consistent with a first exposure to the subject at an undergraduate level. A signal framework for defining a random process is provided and this underpins an introduction to common random processes including the Poisson point process, the random walk, the random telegraph signal, shot noise, information signalling random processes, jittered pulse trains, birth-death random processes and Markov chains. An introduction to the spectral characterisation of signals and random processes, via either an energy spectral density or a power spectral density, is detailed. The important case of defining a white noise random process concludes the paper.

  1. Quantum Corrections to the 'Atomistic' MOSFET Simulations

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Asenov, Asen; Slavcheva, G.; Kaya, S.; Balasubramaniam, R.

    2000-01-01

    We have introduced in a simple and efficient manner quantum mechanical corrections in our 3D 'atomistic' MOSFET simulator using the density gradient formalism. We have studied in comparison with classical simulations the effect of the quantum mechanical corrections on the simulation of random dopant induced threshold voltage fluctuations, the effect of the single charge trapping on interface states and the effect of the oxide thickness fluctuations in decanano MOSFETs with ultrathin gate oxides. The introduction of quantum corrections enhances the threshold voltage fluctuations but does not affect significantly the amplitude of the random telegraph noise associated with single carrier trapping. The importance of the quantum corrections for proper simulation of oxide thickness fluctuation effects has also been demonstrated.

  2. Survey of timing/synchronization of operating wideband digital communications networks

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Mitchell, R. L.

    1978-01-01

    In order to benefit from experience gained from the synchronization of operational wideband digital networks, a survey was made of three such systems: Data Transmission Company, Western Union Telegraph Company, and the Computer Communications Group of the Trans-Canada Telephone System. The focus of the survey was on deployment and operational experience from a practical (as opposed to theoretical) viewpoint. The objective was to provide a report on the results of deployment how the systems performed, and wherein the performance differed from that predicted or intended in the design. It also attempted to determine how the various system designers would use the benefit of hindsight if they could design those same systems today.

  3. Al Gore did Not Invent the Internet, Hans Christian Oersted did in 1820

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Roberts, James; Anand, Aman; Dahiya, Jai

    2009-04-01

    In this talk it will be shown how the simple process of a current in a wire producing ``action at a distance'' in a compass can lead to development of the telegraph, telephone, wireless communication and finally to the internet. This discovery led to the invention of a motor and an electric generator. Such simple discoveries often have profound effects on what we are able to do. A discussion of how activities based on this discovery are being used in the Regional Collaborative for Excellence in Science Teaching UNT to engage students and teachers in science activities. Hand out materials will be provided to the audience on these activities.

  4. Revision of middle Proterozoic Yellowjacket Formation, central Idaho, and revision of Cretaceous Slim Sam Formation, Elkhorn mountains area, Montana

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Tysdal, Russell G.

    2000-01-01

    The Yellowjacket Formation is restricted to the strata originally assigned to it by Ross (1934). The Yellowjacket, the conformably overlying Hoodoo Quartzite, and succeeding unnamed argillaceous quartzite unit form a genetically related sequence that lies in a structural block delimited on the northeast by the Iron Lake fault. Directly northeast of the fault, strata currently assigned by others to the lower subunit of the Yellowjacket are correlated with the Apple Creek Formation in the Lemhi Range. Mapping in the western part of the Lemhi Range shows that the Apple Creek Formation lies depositionally above the Big Creek Formation and that no rocks of the Yellowjacket-Hoodoo unnamed unit stratigraphic sequence are present. In contrast, in the area of the Yellowjacket mapped by Ross (1934) and the area directly northeast of the Iron Lake Fault, the Big Creek Formation is absent, even though it is 2,700 m thick in the Lemhi Range. These data indicate that the Iron Lake Fault juxtaposed the Yellowjacket-Hoodoo-unnamed unit sequence against non-Yellowjacket strata to the northeast. The Upper Cretaceous Slim Sam Formation of the Elkhorn Mountains area is revised. Strata of the lower part are correlated with the regionally recognized marine Telegraph Creek Formation and the overlying marine to marginal marine Eagle Sandstone. Only lower strata of the Eagle are present in the study area and they are preserved discontinously. The nonmarine volcanic and volcaniclastic rocks of the upper part of the Slim Sam as originally defined retain the name Slim Sam Formation. These rocks, mainly of sedimentary origin, are genetically related to the Elkhorn Mountains Volcanics. The lower contact of the Slim Sam (restricted) is unconformable above the Eagle Sandstone or more commonly above the Telegraph Creek Formation. The upper contact is conformable with the Elkhorn Mountains Volcanics.

  5. Light-dependent changes in the leaflet movement rhythm of the plant Desmodium gyrans.

    PubMed

    Sharma, Vijay Kumar; Bardal, Tom Kristian; Johnsson, Anders

    2003-01-01

    The movements of the lateral leaflets of the Indian telegraph plant Desmodium gyrans (L. F.) DC, have earlier been studied in detail with regards to the effects of chemicals, DC currents, and static magnetic fields. In the present paper we have discussed the oscillation of the lateral leaflets under the influence of white light of various light levels (0-75 micromol x m(-2) x s(-1)), produced by an array of LEDs (light emitting diodes). LEDs were used in contrast to fluorescense tubes as in earlier studies in order to minimize changes of wavelength when light intensity was decreased or increased. Furthermore, care was taken to ensure that the temperature in the experimental chamber was constant. When the oscillations were first monitored in bright light, the oscillations were found to be very rapid and with decreasing light intensity the oscillations slowed down. For light levels lower than about 20 micromol x m(-2) x s(-1) the period of the oscillation of the lateral leaflets was almost constant (or even decreased slightly towards complete darkness). We also show that the oscillations could completely stop under prolonged darkness (for longer than about 6 h) and that such halted oscillations could be restarted in most of the leaflets when he light was turned back on. Such stopping of the oscillation of the lateral leaflets in prolonged darkness suggests that these short period oscillations of the lateral leaflets could have a daily component and in natural environment these oscillations could serve the purpose of optimising the amount of light falling on the leaflets or/and facilitating transpiration of water through stomata. Such a finding could have an implication for the answer to the long standing question of adaptive significance of short period oscillation of the Indian telegraph plant Desmodium gyrans (L. F.) DC.

  6. Measurements, modeling, and simulation of semiconductor/gate dielectric defects using random telegraph signals

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Nour, Mohamed

    Constructing an effective statistical model and a simulation tool that can predict the phenomenon of random telegraph signals (RTS) is the objective of this work. The continuous scaling down of metal oxide -- semiconductor field effect transistors (MOSFETs) makes charging/discharging traps(s) located at the silicon/silicon dioxide interface or deep in the oxide bulk by mobile charge(s) a more pronounced problem for both analog and digital applications. The intent of this work is to develop an RTS statistical model and a simulation tool based on first principles and supported by extensive experimental data. The newly developed RTS statistical model and its simulation tool should be able to replicate and predict the RTS in time and frequency domains. First, room temperature RTS measurements are performed which provide limited information about the trap. They yield the extraction of some trap and RTS characteristics such as average capture and emission times associated with RTS traces, trap position in the oxide with respect to the Si/SiO 2 interface and along the channel with respect to the source, capture cross section, and trap energies in the Si and SiO2 band -- gaps. Variable temperature measurements, on the other hand, yield much more valuable information. Variable temperature RTS measurements from room temperature down to 80 K were performed, with the MOSFET biased from threshold voltage to strong inversion, in the linear and saturation regions. Variable temperature RTS measurements yield the extraction of trap characteristics such as capture cross -- section prefactor, capture and emission activation energies, change in entropy and enthalpy, and relaxation energy associated with a trap from which the nature and origin of a defect center can be identified. The newly developed Random Telegraph Signals Simulation (RTSSIM) is based on several physical principles and mechanisms e.g. (1) capturing and emitting a mobile charge from and to the channel is governed by phonon- assisted- tunneling, (2) traps only within a few kBT of the Fermi energy level are considered electrically active, (3) trap density is taken as U -- shaped in energy in the silicon band-gap, (4) device scalability is accounted for, (5) and temperature dependence of all parameters is considered. RTSSIM reconstructs the RTS traces in time domain from which the power spectral density (PSD) is evaluated. If there is 20 or more active traps, RTSSIM evaluates the PSD from the superposition of the RTS spectra. RTSSIM extracts RTS and trap characteristics from the simulated RTS data and outputs them to MS Excel files for further analyses and study. The novelty of this work is: (1) it is the first time quantum trap states have been accurately assigned to each switching level in a complex RTS corresponding to dependently and independently interacting traps, (2) new physics-based measurement-driven model and simulation tool has been developed for RTS phenomenon in a MOSFET, (3) and it is the first time a species in SiO2 responsible for RTS has been identified through time-domain measurements and extensive analysis using four trap characteristics at the same time.

  7. Addiction and technology: Plus ça change plus c'est la même (The more things change, the more they remain the same).

    PubMed

    Sarin, Alok; Murthy, Pratima; Jain, Sanjeev

    2017-01-01

    Excessive use of the internet for gambling, gaming and behavioural addiction, are a focus of contemporary interest. The authors delve into the archives to explore the connections between the growth of various forms of technology, commerce, addictive behaviours and responses of the State, in colonial India. The interplay between the growth of the telegraph network in 19th century India, and its influence on various forms of gambling, including speculation on opium prices, and the rain, as a theme of wager make interesting stories, as do the governmental responses to these. Clinical and social responses to information technology raised much the same concerns as they do now.

  8. Japan nurtures telecommunications on classic formula

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Davis, Neil

    1987-03-01

    As in other industrial sectors, Japanese telecommunications organizations export significantly more products than they import, even when substantial cost-savings can be realized. One example is optical fibers, which some Japanese service companies do not buy from outside suppliers who have taken advantage of economies of scale. Nippon Telephone and Telegraph, until recently a common carrier, is meeting increasing competition from newly-formed indigenous telecommunications subsidiaries who are taking advantage of fiber optics and microwave communications capabilities. Various cooperative projects with U.S. companies are described, noting the tendency of Japanese manufacturers to cease relationships with U.S. companies when Japanese products become competitive and also the necessity of U.S. firms to gain political cooperation from the Japanese government in order to make sales in Japan.

  9. Skylab short-lived event alert program

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Citron, R. A.

    1974-01-01

    During the three manned Skylab missions, the Center for Short-Lived Phenomena (CSLP) reported a total of 39 significant events to the Johnson Space Center (JSC) as part of the Skylab Short-Lived Event Alert Program. The telegraphed daily status reports included the names and locations of the events, the track number and revolution number during which the event could be observed, the time (GMT) to within plus or minus 2 sec when Skylab was closest to the event area, and the light condition (daylight or darkness) at that time and place. The messages sent to JSC during the Skylab 4 mission also included information pertaining to ground-truth studies and observations being conducted on the events. Photographic priorities were assigned for each event.

  10. The quickening of science communication.

    PubMed

    Lucky, R

    2000-07-14

    In this month's essay, Robert Lucky examines the central sociological impacts that communications technologies have had on the way science is done as well as the critical influences science has had in the evolution of communications technology. He traces the evolution of today's infrastructure for research and collaboration in science via the Internet and the World Wide Web back to the invention of the telegraph, which first freed the flow of information from its reliance on the physical means of transportation and allowed communication to occur in real time. According to Lucky, the remaining technical hurdles in providing unlimited bandwidth are relatively simple to overcome compared with the sociotechnical engineering required to improve the three dimensions of communications--human to information, human to human, and human to computer.

  11. Controlling the sign problem in finite-density quantum field theory

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Garron, Nicolas; Langfeld, Kurt

    2017-07-01

    Quantum field theories at finite matter densities generically possess a partition function that is exponentially suppressed with the volume compared to that of the phase quenched analog. The smallness arises from an almost uniform distribution for the phase of the fermion determinant. Large cancellations upon integration is the origin of a poor signal to noise ratio. We study three alternatives for this integration: the Gaussian approximation, the "telegraphic" approximation, and a novel expansion in terms of theory-dependent moments and universal coefficients. We have tested the methods for QCD at finite densities of heavy quarks. We find that for two of the approximations the results are extremely close—if not identical—to the full answer in the strong sign-problem regime.

  12. Recovery Characteristics of Anomalous Stress-Induced Leakage Current of 5.6 nm Oxide Films

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Inatsuka, Takuya; Kumagai, Yuki; Kuroda, Rihito; Teramoto, Akinobu; Sugawa, Shigetoshi; Ohmi, Tadahiro

    2012-04-01

    Anomalous stress-induced leakage current (SILC), which has a much larger current density than average SILC, causes severe bit error in flash memories. To suppress anomalous SILC, detailed evaluations are strongly required. We evaluate the characteristics of anomalous SILC of 5.6 nm oxide films using a fabricated array test pattern, and recovery characteristics are observed. Some characteristics of typical anomalous cells in the time domain are measured, and the recovery characteristics of average and anomalous SILCs are examined. Some of the anomalous cells have random telegraph signals (RTSs) of gate leakage current, which are characterized as discrete and random switching phenomena. The dependence of RTSs on the applied electric field is investigated, and the recovery tendency of anomalous SILC with and without RTSs are also discussed.

  13. The enigmatic fast leaflet rotation in Desmodium motorium

    PubMed Central

    Lev-Yadun, Simcha

    2013-01-01

    I propose that the enigmatic leaflet movements in elliptical circles every few minutes of the Indian telegraph (semaphore) plant Desmodium motorium ( = D. gyrans = Hedysarum gyrans = Codariocalyx motorius), which has intrigued scientists for centuries, is a new type of butterfly or general winged arthropod mimicry by this plant. Such leaflet movement may deceive a passing butterfly searching for an un-occupied site suitable to deposit its eggs, that the plant is already occupied. It may also attract insectivorous birds, reptiles or arthropods to the plant because it looks as if it is harboring a potential prey and while they patrol there, they can find insects or other invertebrates that indeed attack the plant. The possibility that diurnal mammalian herbivores may also be deterred by these movements should not be dismissed. PMID:23603964

  14. Open System Interconnection - NASA program communications of the future. [developed by International aorganization for Standardization

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Brady, Charles D.

    1987-01-01

    Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) standards are being developed by the ISO and the Consultative Committee on International Telephone and Telegraph with the support of industry. These standards are being developed to allow the interconnecting of computer systems and the interworking of applications such that the applications can be independent of any equipment manufacturer. Significant progress has been made, and the establishment of government OSI standards is being considered. There is considerable interest within NASA in the potential benefits of OSI and in communications standards in general. The OSI standards are being considered for possible application in the Space Station onboard data management system. The OSI standards have reached a high level of maturity, and it is now imperative that NASA plan for future migration to OSI where appropriate.

  15. Effect of Single-Electron Interface Trapping in Decanano MOSFETs: A 3D Atomistic Simulation Study

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Asenov, Asen; Balasubramaniam, R.; Brown, A. R.; Davies, J. H.

    2000-01-01

    We study the effect of trapping/detrapping of a single-electron in interface states in the channel of n-type MOSFETs with decanano dimensions using 3D atomistic simulation techniques. In order to highlight the basic dependencies, the simulations are carried out initially assuming continuous doping charge, and discrete localized charge only for the trapped electron. The dependence of the random telegraph signal (RTS) amplitudes on the device dimensions and on the position of the trapped charge in the channel are studied in detail. Later, in full-scale, atomistic simulations assuming discrete charge for both randomly placed dopants and the trapped electron, we highlight the importance of current percolation and of traps with strategic position where the trapped electron blocks a dominant current path.

  16. A modified error correction protocol for CCITT signalling system no. 7 on satellite links

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Kreuer, Dieter; Quernheim, Ulrich

    1991-10-01

    Comite Consultatif International des Telegraphe et Telephone (CCITT) Signalling System No. 7 (SS7) provides a level 2 error correction protocol particularly suited for links with propagation delays higher than 15 ms. Not being originally designed for satellite links, however, the so called Preventive Cyclic Retransmission (PCR) Method only performs well on satellite channels when traffic is low. A modified level 2 error control protocol, termed Fix Delay Retransmission (FDR) method is suggested which performs better at high loads, thus providing a more efficient use of the limited carrier capacity. Both the PCR and the FDR methods are investigated by means of simulation and results concerning throughput, queueing delay, and system delay, respectively. The FDR method exhibits higher capacity and shorter delay than the PCR method.

  17. The enigmatic fast leaflet rotation in Desmodium motorium: butterfly mimicry for defense?

    PubMed

    Lev-Yadun, Simcha

    2013-06-01

    I propose that the enigmatic leaflet movements in elliptical circles every few minutes of the Indian telegraph (semaphore) plant Desmodium motorium ( = D. gyrans = Hedysarum gyrans = Codariocalyx motorius), which has intrigued scientists for centuries, is a new type of butterfly or general winged arthropod mimicry by this plant. Such leaflet movement may deceive a passing butterfly searching for an un-occupied site suitable to deposit its eggs, that the plant is already occupied. It may also attract insectivorous birds, reptiles or arthropods to the plant because it looks as if it is harboring a potential prey and while they patrol there, they can find insects or other invertebrates that indeed attack the plant. The possibility that diurnal mammalian herbivores may also be deterred by these movements should not be dismissed.

  18. The Electric Storm of November 1882

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Love, Jeffrey J.

    2018-01-01

    In November 1882, an intense magnetic storm related to a large sunspot group caused widespread interference to telegraph and telephone systems and provided spectacular and unusual auroral displays. The (ring current) storm time disturbance index for this storm reached maximum -Dst ≈ 386 nT, comparable to Halloween storm of 29-31 October 2003, but from 17 to 20 November the aa midlatitude geomagnetic disturbance index averaged 214.25 nT, the highest 4 day level of disturbance since the beginning of aa index in 1868. This storm contributed to scientists' understanding of the reality of solar-terrestrial interaction. Past occurrences of magnetic storms, like that of November 1882, can inform modern evaluations of the deleterious effects that a magnetic superstorm might have on technological systems of importance to society.

  19. Automated analysis of long-term bridge behavior and health using a cyber-enabled wireless monitoring system

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    O'Connor, Sean M.; Zhang, Yilan; Lynch, Jerome; Ettouney, Mohammed; van der Linden, Gwen

    2014-04-01

    A worthy goal for the structural health monitoring field is the creation of a scalable monitoring system architecture that abstracts many of the system details (e.g., sensors, data) from the structure owner with the aim of providing "actionable" information that aids in their decision making process. While a broad array of sensor technologies have emerged, the ability for sensing systems to generate large amounts of data have far outpaced advances in data management and processing. To reverse this trend, this study explores the creation of a cyber-enabled wireless SHM system for highway bridges. The system is designed from the top down by considering the damage mechanisms of concern to bridge owners and then tailoring the sensing and decision support system around those concerns. The enabling element of the proposed system is a powerful data repository system termed SenStore. SenStore is designed to combine sensor data with bridge meta-data (e.g., geometric configuration, material properties, maintenance history, sensor locations, sensor types, inspection history). A wireless sensor network deployed to a bridge autonomously streams its measurement data to SenStore via a 3G cellular connection for storage. SenStore securely exposes the bridge meta- and sensor data to software clients that can process the data to extract information relevant to the decision making process of the bridge owner. To validate the proposed cyber-enable SHM system, the system is implemented on the Telegraph Road Bridge (Monroe, MI). The Telegraph Road Bridge is a traditional steel girder-concrete deck composite bridge located along a heavily travelled corridor in the Detroit metropolitan area. A permanent wireless sensor network has been installed to measure bridge accelerations, strains and temperatures. System identification and damage detection algorithms are created to automatically mine bridge response data stored in SenStore over an 18-month period. Tools like Gaussian Process (GP) regression are used to predict changes in the bridge behavior as a function of environmental parameters. Based on these analyses, pertinent behavioral information relevant to bridge management is autonomously extracted.

  20. Low-frequency random telegraphic noise and 1/f noise in the rare-earth manganite Pr0.63Ca0.37MnO3 near the charge-ordering transition

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Bid, Aveek; Guha, Ayan; Raychaudhuri, A. K.

    2003-05-01

    We have studied low-frequency resistance fluctuations (noise) in a single crystal of the rare-earth perovskite manganite Pr0.63Ca0.37MnO3, which shows a charge-ordering transition at a temperature TCO≈245 K. The measurements were made across the charge-ordering transition covering the temperature range 200 K

  1. Effects of plasma-induced charging damage on random telegraph noise in metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors with SiO2 and high-k gate dielectrics

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Kamei, Masayuki; Takao, Yoshinori; Eriguchi, Koji; Ono, Kouichi

    2014-01-01

    We clarified in this study how plasma-induced charging damage (PCD) affects the so-called “random telegraph noise (RTN)” — a principal concern in designing ultimately scaled large-scale integrated circuits (LSIs). Metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs) with SiO2 and high-k gate dielectric were exposed to an inductively coupled plasma (ICP) with Ar gas. Drain current vs gate voltage (Ids-Vg) characteristics were obtained before and after the ICP plasma exposure for the same device. Then, the time evolution of Ids fluctuation defined as Ids/μIds was measured, where μIds is the mean Ids. This value corresponds to an RTN feature, and RTN was obtained under various gate voltages (Vg) by a customized measurement technique. We focused on the statistical distribution width of (Ids/μIds), δ(Ids/μIds), in order to clarify the effects of PCD on RTN. δ(Ids/μIds) was increased by PCD for both MOSFETs with the SiO2 and high-k gate dielectrics, suggesting that RTN can be used as a measure of PCD, i.e., a distribution width increase directly indicates the presence of PCD. The dependence of δ(Ids/μIds) on the overdrive voltage Vg-Vth, where Vth is the threshold voltage, was investigated by the present technique. It was confirmed that δ(Ids/μIds) increased with a decrease in the overdrive voltage for MOSFETs with the SiO2 and high-k gate dielectrics. The presence of created carrier trap sites with PCD was characterized by the time constants for carrier capture and emission. The threshold voltage shift (ΔVth) induced by PCD was also evaluated and compared with the RTN change, to correlate the RTN increase with ΔVth induced by PCD. Although the estimated time constants exhibited complex behaviors due to the nature of trap sites created by PCD, δ(Ids/μIds) showed a straightforward tendency in accordance with the amount of PCD. These findings provide an in-depth understanding of plasma-induced RTN characteristic changes in future MOSFETs.

  2. Ir A.H. de Voogt: life and career of a radio pioneer

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Strom, R. G.

    2007-06-01

    There are probably few radio astronomers who would be able to recall A.H. de Voogt, which is unfortunate, but at the same time unsurprising: for he published no original astronomical research, never carried out pioneering observations, nor is his name linked to either theoretical or instrumental breakthroughs. Yet he was described by the man who first observed the 21 cm hydrogen line from the Netherlands as a radio astronomy pioneer, at the very birth of the Dutch effort. He was, moreover, a trail blazer at the cutting edge of radio, not once but twice in his career. Without him it is unlikely that the 21 cm line would have been observed in the Netherlands in 1951, and arguably the H I mapping of the Milky Way under Jan Oort's leadership would have taken place much later, if at all. Radio astronomy observing itself might well have been compromised by interference had it not been for De Voogt's foresight. \\ Anthonet Hugo de Voogt (1892-1969) built, while still a teenager, one of the very first amateur radio stations (call letters VO: *** -/- - -) in Holland, earned the radio-telegrapher's diploma during his student days, and was intimately involved in the foundation of the Dutch Society for Radio-Telegraphy in 1916. Until the 1920s, he was very active in amateur radio and astronomy circles. Trained in electrical engineering at Delft, he joined the PTT (Post Office) as a telegraph engineer in 1919, worked his way through the ranks to become head of the telephone district of Breda in 1939, and was promoted to head the PTT Radio Service just days after the end of the war. As his department was responsible for overseas radio communication, he initiated a research effort to study radio propagation in the ionosphere and the effects of solar activity. To this end, he rescued a number of Würzburg-Riese 7.5-m radar antennas abandoned at the end of the war, made one available for Jan Oort's H I work, and launched a series of radio astronomical initiatives. His group also built a number of antennas, monitored solar emission, and participated in the International Geophysical Year (1957-1958).

  3. Analysis of the cable equation with non-local and non-singular kernel fractional derivative

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Karaagac, Berat

    2018-02-01

    Recently a new concept of differentiation was introduced in the literature where the kernel was converted from non-local singular to non-local and non-singular. One of the great advantages of this new kernel is its ability to portray fading memory and also well defined memory of the system under investigation. In this paper the cable equation which is used to develop mathematical models of signal decay in submarine or underwater telegraphic cables will be analysed using the Atangana-Baleanu fractional derivative due to the ability of the new fractional derivative to describe non-local fading memory. The existence and uniqueness of the more generalized model is presented in detail via the fixed point theorem. A new numerical scheme is used to solve the new equation. In addition, stability, convergence and numerical simulations are presented.

  4. Burst noise in the HAWAII-1RG multiplexer

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Bacon, Candice M.; McMurtry, Craig W.; Pipher, Judith L.; Forrest, William J.; Garnett, James D.

    2005-08-01

    Burst noise (also known as popcorn noise and random telegraph signal/noise) is a phenomenon that is understood to be a result of defects in the vicinity of a p-n junction. It is characterized by rapid level shifts in both positive and negative directions and can have varying magnitudes. This noise has been seen in both HAWAII-1RG and HAWAII-2RG multiplexers and is under investigation. We have done extensive burst noise testing on a HAWAII-1RG multiplexer, where we have determined a significant percentage of pixels exhibit the phenomenon. In addition, the prevalence of small magnitude transitions make sensitivity of detection the main limiting factor. Since this is a noise source for the HAWAII-1RG multiplexer, its elimination would make the HAWAII-1RG and the HAWAII-2RG even lower noise multiplexers.

  5. The information systems heritage. [overview of technology developments over past five decades

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Kurzhals, P. R.; Bricker, R. W.; Jensen, A. S.; Smith, A. T.

    1981-01-01

    This paper addresses key developments in the evolution of information systems over the past five decades. Major areas covered include the growth of imaging sensors from such pioneering devices as the iconoscope and orthicon which ushered in television, through a wide range of vidicon tubes, to the solid-state arrays which characterize current systems; the phenomenal expansion of electronic communications from telegraph and telephone wires, through the introduction of broadcast and microwave relay services, to the present era of worldwide satellite communications and data networks; and the key role of digital computers from their ancient precursors like the abacus and the mechanical calculating engines, through the appearance of the first large-scale electronic computers and their transistorized successors, to the rapid proliferation of miniaturized processors which impact every aspect of aerospace systems today.

  6. Composite quantum collision models

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Lorenzo, Salvatore; Ciccarello, Francesco; Palma, G. Massimo

    2017-09-01

    A collision model (CM) is a framework to describe open quantum dynamics. In its memoryless version, it models the reservoir R as consisting of a large collection of elementary ancillas: the dynamics of the open system S results from successive collisions of S with the ancillas of R . Here, we present a general formulation of memoryless composite CMs, where S is partitioned into the very open system under study S coupled to one or more auxiliary systems {Si} . Their composite dynamics occurs through internal S -{Si} collisions interspersed with external ones involving {Si} and the reservoir R . We show that important known instances of quantum non-Markovian dynamics of S —such as the emission of an atom into a reservoir featuring a Lorentzian, or multi-Lorentzian, spectral density or a qubit subject to random telegraph noise—can be mapped on to such memoryless composite CMs.

  7. The electric storm of November 1882

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Love, Jeffrey J.

    2018-01-01

    In November 1882, an intense magnetic storm related to a large sunspot group caused widespread interference to telegraph and telephone systems and provided spectacular and unusual auroral displays. The (ring current) storm time disturbance index for this storm reached maximum −Dst ≈ 386 nT, comparable to Halloween storm of 29–31 October 2003, but from 17 to 20 November the aa midlatitude geomagnetic disturbance index averaged 214.25 nT, the highest 4 day level of disturbance since the beginning of aa index in 1868. This storm contributed to scientists' understanding of the reality of solar‐terrestrial interaction. Past occurrences of magnetic storms, like that of November 1882, can inform modern evaluations of the deleterious effects that a magnetic superstorm might have on technological systems of importance to society.

  8. Probing individual tunneling fluctuators with coherently controlled tunneling systems

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Meißner, Saskia M.; Seiler, Arnold; Lisenfeld, Jürgen; Ustinov, Alexey V.; Weiss, Georg

    2018-05-01

    Josephson junctions made from aluminum and its oxide are the most commonly used functional elements for superconducting circuits and qubits. It is generally known that the disordered thin film AlOx contains atomic tunneling systems. Coherent tunneling systems may couple strongly to a qubit via their electric dipole moment, giving rise to spectral level repulsion. In addition, slowly fluctuating tunneling systems are observable when they are located close to coherent ones and distort their potentials. This interaction causes telegraphic switching of the coherent tunneling systems' energy splitting. Here, we measure such switching induced by individual fluctuators on timescales from hours to minutes using a superconducting qubit as a detector. Moreover, we extend the range of measurable switching times to millisecond scales by employing a highly sensitive single-photon qubit swap spectroscopy and statistical analysis of the measured qubit states.

  9. The internet and social life.

    PubMed

    Bargh, John A; McKenna, Katelyn Y A

    2004-01-01

    The Internet is the latest in a series of technological breakthroughs in interpersonal communication, following the telegraph, telephone, radio, and television. It combines innovative features of its predecessors, such as bridging great distances and reaching a mass audience. However, the Internet has novel features as well, most critically the relative anonymity afforded to users and the provision of group venues in which to meet others with similar interests and values. We place the Internet in its historical context, and then examine the effects of Internet use on the user's psychological well-being, the formation and maintenance of personal relationships, group memberships and social identity, the workplace, and community involvement. The evidence suggests that while these effects are largely dependent on the particular goals that users bring to the interaction-such as self-expression, affiliation, or competition-they also interact in important ways with the unique qualities of the Internet communication situation.

  10. Static and low frequency noise characterization of ultra-thin body InAs MOSFETs

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Karatsori, T. A.; Pastorek, M.; Theodorou, C. G.; Fadjie, A.; Wichmann, N.; Desplanque, L.; Wallart, X.; Bollaert, S.; Dimitriadis, C. A.; Ghibaudo, G.

    2018-05-01

    A complete static and low frequency noise characterization of ultra-thin body InAs MOSFETs is presented. Characterization techniques, such as the well-known Y-function method established for Si MOSFETs, are applied in order to extract the electrical parameters and study the behavior of these research grade devices. Additionally, the Lambert-W function parameter extraction methodology valid from weak to strong inversion is also used in order to verify its applicability in these experimental level devices. Moreover, a low-frequency noise characterization of the UTB InAs MOSFETs is presented, revealing carrier trapping/detrapping in slow oxide traps and remote Coulomb scattering as origin of 1/f noise, which allowed for the extraction of the oxide trap areal density. Finally, Lorentzian-like noise is also observed in the sub-micron area devices and attributed to both Random Telegraph Noise from oxide individual traps and g-r noise from the semiconductor interface.

  11. Magnetostatic effects on switching in small magnetic tunnel junctions

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Bapna, Mukund; Piotrowski, Stephan K.; Oberdick, Samuel D.

    Perpendicular CoFeB/MgO/CoFeB magnetic tunnel junctions with diameters under 100 nm are investigated by conductive atomic force microscopy. Minor loops of the tunnel magnetoresistance as a function of applied magnetic field reveal the hysteresis of the soft layer and an offset due to the magnetostatic field of the hard layer. Within the hysteretic region, telegraph noise is observed in the tunnel current. Simulations show that in this range, the net magnetic field in the soft layer is spatially inhomogeneous, and that antiparallel to parallel switching tends to start near the edge, while parallel to antiparallel reversal favors nucleation in the interior ofmore » the soft layer. As the diameter of the tunnel junction is decreased, the average magnitude of the magnetostatic field increases, but the spatial inhomogeneity across the soft layer is reduced.« less

  12. Debye screening in single-molecule carbon nanotube field-effect sensors.

    PubMed

    Sorgenfrei, Sebastian; Chiu, Chien-Yang; Johnston, Matthew; Nuckolls, Colin; Shepard, Kenneth L

    2011-09-14

    Point-functionalized carbon nanotube field-effect transistors can serve as highly sensitive detectors for biomolecules. With a probe molecule covalently bound to a defect in the nanotube sidewall, two-level random telegraph noise (RTN) in the conductance of the device is observed as a result of a charged target biomolecule binding and unbinding at the defect site. Charge in proximity to the defect modulates the potential (and transmission) of the conductance-limiting barrier created by the defect. In this Letter, we study how these single-molecule electronic sensors are affected by ionic screening. Both charge in proximity to the defect site and buffer concentration are found to affect RTN amplitude in a manner that follows from simple Debye length considerations. RTN amplitude is also dependent on the potential of the electrolyte gate as applied to the reference electrode; at high enough gate potentials, the target DNA is completely repelled and RTN is suppressed.

  13. The role of pineal gland in breast cancer development.

    PubMed

    Anisimov, Vladimir N

    2003-06-01

    The role of the modulation of the pineal gland function in development of breast cancer is discussed in this review. An inhibition of the pineal function with pinealectomy or with the exposure to the constant light regimen stimulates mammary carcinogenesis, whereas the light deprivation inhibits the carcinogenesis. Epidemiological observations on increased risk of breast cancer in night shift workers, flight attendants, radio and telegraph operators and on decreased risk in blind women are in accordance with the results of experiments in rodents. Treatment with pineal indole hormone melatonin inhibits mammary carcinogenesis in pinealectomized rats, in animals kept at the standard light/dark regimen (LD) or at the constant illumination (LL) regimen. Pineal peptide preparation Epithalamin and synthetic tetrapeptide Epitalon (Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly) are potent inhibitors of mammary carcinogenesis in rodents and might be useful in the prevention of breast cancer in women at risk.

  14. Role of protein fluctuation correlations in electron transfer in photosynthetic complexes.

    PubMed

    Nesterov, Alexander I; Berman, Gennady P

    2015-04-01

    We consider the dependence of the electron transfer in photosynthetic complexes on correlation properties of random fluctuations of the protein environment. The electron subsystem is modeled by a finite network of connected electron (exciton) sites. The fluctuations of the protein environment are modeled by random telegraph processes, which act either collectively (correlated) or independently (uncorrelated) on the electron sites. We derived an exact closed system of first-order linear differential equations with constant coefficients, for the average density matrix elements and for their first moments. Under some conditions, we obtained analytic expressions for the electron transfer rates and found the range of parameters for their applicability by comparing with the exact numerical simulations. We also compared the correlated and uncorrelated regimes and demonstrated numerically that the uncorrelated fluctuations of the protein environment can, under some conditions, either increase or decrease the electron transfer rates.

  15. Correlation analysis between the current fluctuation characteristics and the conductive filament morphology of HfO2-based memristor

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Li, Yi; Yin, Kang-Sheng; Zhang, Mei-Yun; Cheng, Long; Lu, Ke; Long, Shi-Bing; Zhou, Yaxiong; Wang, Zhuorui; Xue, Kan-Hao; Liu, Ming; Miao, Xiang-Shui

    2017-11-01

    Memristors are attracting considerable interest for their prospective applications in nonvolatile memory, neuromorphic computing, and in-memory computing. However, the nature of resistance switching is still under debate, and current fluctuation in memristors is one of the critical concerns for stable performance. In this work, random telegraph noise (RTN) as the indication of current instabilities in distinct resistance states of the Pt/Ti/HfO2/W memristor is thoroughly investigated. Standard two-level digital-like RTN, multilevel current instabilities with non-correlation/correlation defects, and irreversible current transitions are observed and analyzed. The dependence of RTN on the resistance and read bias reveals that the current fluctuation depends strongly on the morphology and evolution of the conductive filament composed of oxygen vacancies. Our results link the current fluctuation behaviors to the evolution of the conductive filament and will guide continuous optimization of memristive devices.

  16. Fellows as Teachers: Raising the Educational Bar.

    PubMed

    Miloslavsky, Eli M; Boyer, Debra; Winn, Ariel S; Stafford, Diane E J; McSparron, Jakob I

    2016-04-01

    Fellows are expected to educate trainees, peers, and patients, during and long after fellowship. However, there has been relatively little emphasis on the acquisition of teaching skills in fellowship programs. Challenges to teaching by fellows during subspecialty training include demanding clinical duties, their limited knowledge base in the field, brief contact time with learners during consultative roles, and, for new fellows, personal unfamiliarity with the learners and hospital culture. Fellows' teaching skills can be improved by formal curricula addressing teaching, and by direct observation and feedback of teaching akin to what is provided for learning clinical care. Further expansion of fellow-as-teacher programs will allow in-depth training for fellows seeking careers as medical educators. Even without such dedicated programs, emphasis on honing teaching skills during fellowship will telegraph the importance of teaching and help evolve divisional culture. Such efforts can have a positive impact on patients and learners, and enhance the teaching skills of future faculty.

  17. Mean first passage time of active Brownian particle in one dimension

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Scacchi, A.; Sharma, A.

    2018-02-01

    We investigate the mean first passage time of an active Brownian particle in one dimension using numerical simulations. The activity in one dimension is modelled as a two state model; the particle moves with a constant propulsion strength but its orientation switches from one state to other as in a random telegraphic process. We study the influence of a finite resetting rate r on the mean first passage time to a fixed target of a single free active Brownian particle and map this result using an effective diffusion process. As in the case of a passive Brownian particle, we can find an optimal resetting rate r* for an active Brownian particle for which the target is found with the minimum average time. In the case of the presence of an external potential, we find good agreement between the theory and numerical simulations using an effective potential approach.

  18. Galaxy destruction in the violent universe

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Purcell, Christopher Wayne

    My dissertation takes a novel interdisciplinary approach to Atlantic slavery in the nineteenth century. Unlike previous work on slave economies, it draws upon transnational studies and, especially, the history of science and technology. My research examines transnational networks of "industrial experts" such as chemists and machinists, paying particular attention to the new forms of knowledge they articulated while working in slave societies. While mostly ignored by scholars of both slavery and industrialization, chemists, engineers, statisticians, and machinists worked extensively in sugar refineries, railroad/telegraph systems, machine shops, automated flour-mills and other nodes of commodity production in slave societies of the Americas. Including these important new players in the sociology of the plantation both enriches our understanding of slave societies, and challenges scholars of the Industrial Revolution in the northern United States and Western Europe to revise some of their longest-held notions about the place of slavery in the development of modern capitalism.

  19. The 'INMARSAT' international maritime satellite communication system

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Atserov, Iu. S.

    1982-12-01

    The history, design, operating characteristics, achievements, and prospects of INMARSAT are discussed. More than 1300 ships are presently equipped to operate within the system, and this number is expected to rise to about 5000 by 1986. The principle of operation involves single coordinating earth stations allocating telephone channels in their zones between other earth stations. The messages reach a common signalling channel with which all ship stations keep in touch. The ship stations are connected to the international telex network. The INMARSAT system enables ships in the automated mode of operation to establish telephone and telegraph comunication with any subscriber on the shore of any country. The quality of the communication is practically independent of the distance between ship and shore at any time of year and under any meteorological conditions. Estimates indicate that the use of satellite communication with ships reduces losses from accidents by 10 percent per year.

  20. Dissipation in microwave quantum circuits with hybrid nanowire Josephson elements

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Mugnai, D.; Ranfagni, A.; Agresti, A.

    2017-04-01

    Recent experiments on hybrid Josephson junctions have made the argument a topical subject. However, a quantity which remains still unknown is the tunneling (or response) time, which is strictly connected to the role that dissipation plays in the dynamics of the complete system. A simple way for evaluating dissipation in microwave circuits, previously developed for describing the dynamics of conventional Josephson junctions, is now presented as suitable for application even to non-conventional junctions. The method is based on a stochastic model, as derived from the telegrapher's equation, and is particularly devoted to the case of junctions loaded by real transmission lines. When the load is constituted by lumped-constant circuits, a connection with the stochastic model is also maintained. The theoretical model demonstrated its ability to analyze both classically-allowed and forbidden processes, and has found a wide field of applicability, namely in all cases in which dissipative effects cannot be ignored.

  1. Physical Origins of Space Weather Impacts: Open Physics Questions

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Lanzerotti, L. J.

    2011-12-01

    Beginning with the era of development of electrical telegraph systems in the early 19th century, physical processes in the space environment on the Sun, in the interplanetary medium, and around Earth have influenced the design and operations of ever-increasing and sophisticated technical systems, both in space and on the ground. Understanding of Earth's space environment has increased enormously in the last century and one-half. Nevertheless, many of the physical processes that produced effects on early cable and wireless technologies continue to plague modern-day systems. And as new technologies are developed for improved communications, surveillance, navigation, and conditions for human space flight, the solar-terrestrial environment often offers surprises to their safe, secure and uninterrupted operations. This talk will address some of the challenges that I see to the successful operations of some modern-day technical systems that are posed by significant deficiencies of understanding of physical processes operating from the Sun to the Earth.

  2. Debye screening in single-molecule carbon nanotube field-effect transistors

    PubMed Central

    Sorgenfrei, Sebastian; Chiu, Chien-yang; Johnston, Matthew; Nuckolls, Colin; Shepard, Kenneth L.

    2013-01-01

    Point-functionalized carbon nanotube field-effect transistors can serve as highly sensitive detectors for biomolecules. With a probe molecule covalently bound to a defect in the nanotube sidewall, two-level random telegraph noise (RTN) in the conductance of the device is observed as a result of a charged target biomolecule binding and unbinding at the defect site. Charge in proximity to the defect modulates the potential (and transmission) of the conductance-limiting barrier created by the defect. In this Letter, we study how these single-molecule electronic sensors are affected by ionic screening. Both charge in proximity to the defect site and buffer concentration are found to affect RTN amplitude in a manner that follows from simple Debye length considerations. RTN amplitude is also dependent on the potential of the electrolyte gate as applied to the reference electrode; at high enough repulsive potentials, the target DNA is completely repelled and RTN is suppressed. PMID:21806018

  3. The principal time balls of New Zealand

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Kinns, Roger

    2017-04-01

    Accurate time signals in New Zealand were important for navigation in the Pacific. Time balls at Wellington and Lyttelton were noted in the 1880 Admiralty list of time signals, with later addition of Otago. The time ball service at Wellington started in March 1864 using the first official observatory in New Zealand, but there was no Wellington time ball service during a long period of waterfront redevelopment during the 1880s. The time ball service restarted in November 1888 at a different harbour location. The original mechanical apparatus was used with a new ball, but the system was destroyed by fire in March 1909 and was never replaced. Instead, a time light service was inaugurated in 1912. The service at Lyttelton, near Christchurch, began in December 1876 after construction of the signal station there. It used telegraph signals from Wellington to regulate the time ball. By the end of 1909, it was the only official time ball in New Zealand, providing a service that lasted until 1934. The Lyttelton time ball tower was an iconic landmark in New Zealand that had been carefully restored. Tragically, the tower collapsed in the 2011 earthquakes and aftershocks that devastated Christchurch. A daily time ball service at Port Chalmers, near Dunedin, started in June 1867, initially using local observatory facilities. The service appears to have been discontinued in October 1877, but was re-established in April 1882 as a weekly service, with control by telegraph from Wellington. The service had been withdrawn altogether by the end of 1909. Auckland never established a reliable time ball service, despite provision of a weekly service for mariners by a public-spirited citizen between August 1864 and June 1866. A time ball was finally installed on the Harbour Board building in 1901, but the signal was unreliable and it ceased in 1902. Complaints from ships' masters led to various proposals to re-establish a service. These concluded with erection of a time ball on the new Ferry Building in 1912. The service was finally announced in April 1915, but it was again unreliable and the time ball had been replaced by time lights before the end of that year. The provision of time balls at Wellington, Lyttelton, Port Chalmers and Auckland is described in this paper with particular reference to newspaper announcements.

  4. GPU accelerated Monte Carlo simulation of Brownian motors dynamics with CUDA

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Spiechowicz, J.; Kostur, M.; Machura, L.

    2015-06-01

    This work presents an updated and extended guide on methods of a proper acceleration of the Monte Carlo integration of stochastic differential equations with the commonly available NVIDIA Graphics Processing Units using the CUDA programming environment. We outline the general aspects of the scientific computing on graphics cards and demonstrate them with two models of a well known phenomenon of the noise induced transport of Brownian motors in periodic structures. As a source of fluctuations in the considered systems we selected the three most commonly occurring noises: the Gaussian white noise, the white Poissonian noise and the dichotomous process also known as a random telegraph signal. The detailed discussion on various aspects of the applied numerical schemes is also presented. The measured speedup can be of the astonishing order of about 3000 when compared to a typical CPU. This number significantly expands the range of problems solvable by use of stochastic simulations, allowing even an interactive research in some cases.

  5. The time light signals of New Zealand: yet another way of communicating time in the pre-wireless era

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Kinns, Roger

    2017-08-01

    The signalling of exact time using an array of lights appears to have been unique to New Zealand. It was a simple and effective solution for calibration of marine chronometers when transmission of time signals by wireless was in its infancy. Three lights, coloured green, red and white, were arranged in a vertical array. They were switched on in a defined sequence during the evening and then extinguished together to signal exact time. Time lights were first operated at the Dominion Observatory in Wellington during February 1912 and on the Ferry Building in Auckland during October 1915. The Wellington lights were immediately adjacent to the observatory buildings, but those in Auckland were operated using telegraph signals from Wellington. The timings varied over the years, but the same physical arrangement was retained at each location. The time light service was withdrawn during 1937, when wireless signals had become almost universally available for civil and navigation purposes.

  6. Constraints on the Mineralogy of Gale Crater Mudstones from MSL SAM Evolved Water

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    McAdam, A. C.; Sutter, B.; Franz, H. B.; Hogancamp, J. V. (Clark); Knudson, C. A.; Andrejkovicova, S.; Archer, P. D.; Eigenbrode, J. L.; Ming, D. W.; Mahaffy, P. R.

    2017-01-01

    The Sample Analysis at Mars (SAM) and Chemistry and Mineralogy (CheMin) instruments on the Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) have analysed more than 150 micron fines from 14 sites at Gale Crater. Here we focus on the mudstone samples. Two were drilled from sites John Klein (JK) and Cumberland (CB) in the Sheepbed mudstone. Six were drilled from Murray Formation mudstone: Confidence Hills (CH), Mojave (MJ), Telegraph Peak (TP), Buckskin (BK), Oudam (OU), Marimba (MB). SAM's evolved gas analysis mass spectrometry (EGA-MS) detected H2O, CO2, O2, H2, SO2, H2S, HCl, NO, and other trace gases, including organic fragments. The identity and evolution temperature of evolved gases can support CheMin mineral detection and place constraints on trace volatile-bearing phases or phases difficult to characterize with X-ray diffraction (e.g., amorphous phases). Here we will focus on SAM H2O data and comparisons to SAM-like analyses of key reference materials.

  7. DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Zhang Yu; Liu Jinliang; Fan Xuliang

    In this paper, the electromagnetic dispersion theory and the classic telegraph equations were combined to calculate the important parameters of the helical Blumlein pulse forming line (BPFL) of accelerator based on tape helix. In the work band of the BPFL at several hundred ns range, electromagnetic dispersion characteristics were almost determined by the zeroth harmonic. In order to testify the dispersion theory of BPFL in this paper, filling dielectrics, such as de-ionized water, transformer oil, and air were employed in the helical BPFL, respectively. Parameters such as capacitance, inductance, characteristic impedance, and pulse duration of the BPFL were calculated. Effectsmore » of dispersion on these parameters were analyzed. Circuit simulation and electromagnetic simulation were carried out to prove these parameters of BPFL filled with these three kinds of dielectrics, respectively. The accelerator system was set up, and experimental results also corresponded to the theoretical calculations. The average theoretical errors of impedances and pulse durations were 3.5% and 3.4%, respectively, which proved the electromagnetic dispersion analyses in this paper.« less

  8. Single-electron random-number generator (RNG) for highly secure ubiquitous computing applications

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Uchida, Ken; Tanamoto, Tetsufumi; Fujita, Shinobu

    2007-11-01

    Since the security of all modern cryptographic techniques relies on unpredictable and irreproducible digital keys generated by random-number generators (RNGs), the realization of high-quality RNG is essential for secure communications. In this report, a new RNG, which utilizes single-electron phenomena, is proposed. A room-temperature operating silicon single-electron transistor (SET) having nearby an electron pocket is used as a high-quality, ultra-small RNG. In the proposed RNG, stochastic single-electron capture/emission processes to/from the electron pocket are detected with high sensitivity by the SET, and result in giant random telegraphic signals (GRTS) on the SET current. It is experimentally demonstrated that the single-electron RNG generates extremely high-quality random digital sequences at room temperature, in spite of its simple configuration. Because of its small-size and low-power properties, the single-electron RNG is promising as a key nanoelectronic device for future ubiquitous computing systems with highly secure mobile communication capabilities.

  9. Space weather effects on communications

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Lanzerotti, Louis J.

    In the 150 years since the advent of the first electrical communication system - the electrical telegraph - the diversity of communications technologies that are embedded within space-affected environments have vastly increased. The increasing sophistication of these communications technologies, and how their installation and operations may relate to the environments in which they are embedded, requires ever more sophisticated understanding of natural physical phenomena. At the same time, the business environment for most present-day communications technologies that are affected by space phenomena is very dynamic. The commercial and national security deployment and use of these technologies do not wait for optimum knowledge of possible environmental effects to be acquired before new technological embodiments are created, implemented, and marketed. Indeed, those companies that might foolishly seek perfectionist understanding of natural effects can be left behind by the marketplace. A well-considered balance is needed between seeking ever deeper understanding of physical phenomena and implementing `engineering' solutions to current crises. The research community must try to understand, and operate in, this dynamic environment.

  10. Key Locations Studied at 'Pahrump Hills' on Mars

    NASA Image and Video Library

    2017-06-09

    NASA's Curiosity Mars rover examined a mudstone outcrop area called "Pahrump Hills" on lower Mount Sharp, in 2014 and 2015. This view shows locations of some targets the rover studied there. The blue dots indicate where drilled samples of powdered rock were collected for analysis. The rover drilled a sample of rock powder at "Confidence Hills" in September 2014 and analyzed it with internal laboratory instruments. Then the mission conducted a walkabout survey up the slope, along the route indicated in yellow, stopping for close inspection at the red-dot locations. Observations from the walkabout were used to choose where to take additional drilled samples for analysis during a second pass up the slope. The "Mojave 2" sample was collected in January 2015 and the "Telegraph Peak" one in February 2015. This view of the outcrop and other portions of Mount Sharp beyond is a mosaic of images taken by the rover's Mast Camera (Mastcam) in September 2014. https://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA21709

  11. Fundamental performance differences between CMOS and CCD imagers, part IV

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Janesick, James; Pinter, Jeff; Potter, Robert; Elliott, Tom; Andrews, James; Tower, John; Grygon, Mark; Keller, Dave

    2010-07-01

    This paper is a continuation of past papers written on fundamental performance differences of scientific CMOS and CCD imagers. New characterization results presented below include: 1). a new 1536 × 1536 × 8μm 5TPPD pixel CMOS imager, 2). buried channel MOSFETs for random telegraph noise (RTN) and threshold reduction, 3) sub-electron noise pixels, 4) 'MIM pixel' for pixel sensitivity (V/e-) control, 5) '5TPPD RING pixel' for large pixel, high-speed charge transfer applications, 6) pixel-to-pixel blooming control, 7) buried channel photo gate pixels and CMOSCCDs, 8) substrate bias for deep depletion CMOS imagers, 9) CMOS dark spikes and dark current issues and 10) high energy radiation damage test data. Discussions are also given to a 1024 × 1024 × 16 um 5TPPD pixel imager currently in fabrication and new stitched CMOS imagers that are in the design phase including 4k × 4k × 10 μm and 10k × 10k × 10 um imager formats.

  12. Bell's Theorem, Many Worlds and Backwards-Time Physics: Not Just a Matter of Interpretation

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Werbos, Paul J.

    2008-11-01

    The classic “Bell’s Theorem” of Clauser, Holt, Shimony and Horne tells us that we must give up at least one of: (1) objective reality (aka “hidden variables”); (2) locality; or (3) time-forwards macroscopic statistics (aka “causality”). The orthodox Copenhagen version of physics gives up the first. The many-worlds theory of Everett and Wheeler gives up the second. The backwards-time theory of physics (BTP) gives up the third. Contrary to conventional wisdom, empirical evidence strongly favors Everett-Wheeler over orthodox Copenhagen. BTP allows two major variations—a many-worlds version and a neoclassical version based on Partial Differential Equations (PDE), in the spirit of Einstein. Section 2 of this paper discusses the origins of quantum measurement according to BTP, focusing on the issue of how we represent condensed matter objects like polarizers in a model “Bell’s Theorem” experiment. The backwards time telegraph (BTT) is not ruled out in BTP, but is highly speculative for now, as will be discussed.

  13. The "Abyssal Society". François-Alphonse Forel and the Case of Deep Fauna in Late 19th Century.

    PubMed

    Campanella, Sara

    2016-01-01

    Ichthyological investigations and technological advancements, such as the laying of submarine telegraph cables, promoted new dredging methods in the second half of the 19th century. In contrast to the idea of a lifeless deep ocean (Edward Forbes' azoic hypothesis), the discovery of deep water fauna and the challenge of defining its systematics opened up new theoretical perspectives. In this frame, which was already marked by the impact of Darwin's theory, naturalistic surveys in freshwater environments in western Switzerland intertwined with those of oceanographic expeditions. The study of the fauna in the depths of subalpine lakes by the Swiss savant François-Alphonse Forel was one of the most striking examples of this turning point, because the relatively recently evolution of its freshwater fauna allowed him to investigate: (a) the role of isolation, (b) the progressive differentiation of species from a common ancestor, and (c) the constitution of a species-specific category in form transition, from a genealogical viewpoint to an ecological one.

  14. Reliability investigation of high-k/metal gate in nMOSFETs by three-dimensional kinetic Monte-Carlo simulation with multiple trap interactions

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Li, Yun; Jiang, Hai; Lun, Zhiyuan; Wang, Yijiao; Huang, Peng; Hao, Hao; Du, Gang; Zhang, Xing; Liu, Xiaoyan

    2016-04-01

    Degradation behaviors in the high-k/metal gate stacks of nMOSFETs are investigated by three-dimensional (3D) kinetic Monte-Carlo (KMC) simulation with multiple trap coupling. Novel microscopic mechanisms are simultaneously considered in a compound system: (1) trapping/detrapping from/to substrate/gate; (2) trapping/detrapping to other traps; (3) trap generation and recombination. Interacting traps can contribute to random telegraph noise (RTN), bias temperature instability (BTI), and trap-assisted tunneling (TAT). Simulation results show that trap interaction induces higher probability and greater complexity in trapping/detrapping processes and greatly affects the characteristics of RTN and BTI. Different types of trap distribution cause largely different behaviors of RTN, BTI, and TAT. TAT currents caused by multiple trap coupling are sensitive to the gate voltage. Moreover, trap generation and recombination have great effects on the degradation of HfO2-based nMOSFETs under a large stress.

  15. Determination of mechanical properties of carbon/epoxy plates by tensile stress test

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Bere, Paul; Krolczyk, Jolanta B.

    2017-10-01

    The polymeric composite materials used in aerospace, military, medical or racing cars manufacturing end up being used in our daily life Whether we refer to the performing vehicles, subassemblies or parts for aircrafts, wind, telegraph poles, or medical prostheses they all are present in our lives and they are made of composite materials (CM). This paper presents research regarding three different composite materials, plates by carbon fiber, in epoxy matrix. Starting with materials presentation, manufacturing methodology and determination of mechanical properties at carbon fiber/epoxy were done. Vacuum bag technology to obtain the composite structure offer opportunity to get a very compact and homogeny composite structure. For the moment this technology are adequate for high performances pieces. The mechanical characteristics of plates made of composite materials reinforced presented indicates closed value like metal materials. Based on the results, a comparative study between the reinforced materials typically used to manufacture the plates of CM is carried out.

  16. Rogue Asteroids and Doomsday Comets: The Search for the Million Megaton Menace That Threatens Life on Earth

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Steel, Duncan

    1997-09-01

    Could a giant asteroid or comet crash into Earth and destroy life as we know it? Many astronomers who once discredited the risks are now convinced. You will be too after reading Duncan Steel's critically acclaimed examination of the evidence of Earth's encounters with killer comets and asteroids. Acclaim for Rogue Asteroids and Doomsday Comets "A chilling and utterly convincing account of a cosmic menace that must not be ignored any longer. This book is a welcome challenge to the scientific prejudice against catastrophism." --Paul Davies, author of The Mind of God "Written in clear prose for the layperson, this gripping report advocates the creation of an international search program to detect, intercept, and divert Earth-menacing asteroids and comets." --Publishers Weekly. "Steel writes clearly and ominously, and he should be listened to." --The Daily Telegraph (London) A selection of the Astronomy Book Club A Library Journal "Best Science Book of the Year" selection

  17. The use of religious metaphors by UK newspapers to describe and denigrate climate change.

    PubMed

    Woods, Ruth; Fernández, Ana; Coen, Sharon

    2012-04-01

    British newspapers have denigrated anthropogenic climate change by misrepresenting scientific consensus and/or framing climate change within unsympathetic discourses. One aspect of the latter that has not been studied is the use of metaphor to disparage climate change science and proponents. This article analyses 122 British newspaper articles published using a religious metaphor between summer 2003 and 2008. Most were critical of climate change, especially articles in conservative newspapers The Daily Telegraph, Daily Mail and The Times. Articles used religion as a source of metaphor to denigrate climate change in two ways: (1) undermining its scientific status by presenting it as irrational faith-based religion, and proponents as religious extremists intolerant of criticism; (2) mocking climate change using notions of sin, e.g. describing 'green' behaviours as atonement or sacrifice. We argue that the religious metaphor damages constructive debate by emphasizing morality and how climate change is discussed, and detracting attention from the content of scientific data and theories.

  18. Comprehensive analysis of low-frequency noise variability components in bulk and fully depleted silicon-on-insulator metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Maekawa, Keiichi; Makiyama, Hideki; Yamamoto, Yoshiki; Hasegawa, Takumi; Okanishi, Shinobu; Sonoda, Kenichiro; Shinkawata, Hiroki; Yamashita, Tomohiro; Kamohara, Shiro; Yamaguchi, Yasuo

    2018-04-01

    The low-frequency noise (LFN) variability in bulk and fully depleted silicon-on-insulator (FDSOI) metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) with silicon on thin box (SOTB) technology was investigated. LFN typically shows a flicker noise component and a signal Lorentzian component by random telegraph noise (RTN). At a weak inversion state, the random dopant fluctuation (RDF) in a channel is strongly affected to not only RTN variability but also flicker noise variability in the bulk MOSFET compared with SOTB MOSFET because of local carrier number fluctuation in the channel. On the other hand, the typical level of LFN in SOTB MOSFET is slightly larger than that in the bulk MOSFET because of an additional interface on the buried oxide layer. However, considering the tailing characteristics of LFN variability, LFN in SOTB MOSFET can be assumed to be smaller than that in the bulk MOSFET, which enables the low-voltage operation of analog circuits.

  19. Non-Markovian dynamics of single- and two-qubit systems interacting with Gaussian and non-Gaussian fluctuating transverse environments

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Rossi, Matteo A. C., E-mail: matteo.rossi@unimi.it; Paris, Matteo G. A., E-mail: matteo.paris@fisica.unimi.it; CNISM, Unità Milano Statale, I-20133 Milano

    2016-01-14

    We address the interaction of single- and two-qubit systems with an external transverse fluctuating field and analyze in detail the dynamical decoherence induced by Gaussian noise and random telegraph noise (RTN). Upon exploiting the exact RTN solution of the time-dependent von Neumann equation, we analyze in detail the behavior of quantum correlations and prove the non-Markovianity of the dynamical map in the full parameter range, i.e., for either fast or slow noise. The dynamics induced by Gaussian noise is studied numerically and compared to the RTN solution, showing the existence of (state dependent) regions of the parameter space where themore » two noises lead to very similar dynamics. We show that the effects of RTN noise and of Gaussian noise are different, i.e., the spectrum alone is not enough to summarize the noise effects, but the dynamics under the effect of one kind of noise may be simulated with high fidelity by the other one.« less

  20. The National Library of Kosovo "PJETER Bogdani" Rapid Condition Assessment and Documentation

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Eppich, R.; Ramku, B.; Binakaj, N.

    2017-08-01

    The National Library of Kosovo "Pjetër Bogdani" is a symbol of Prishtina, Kosovo and the quest for knowledge. It is simultaneously an icon of modernity and symbol of the past. Unfortunately, it suffered through the Kosovo war and neglect in times of economic difficulty. It was also unfortunately featured in the British newspaper The Telegraph in their travel section: "One of the world's 30 ugliest buildings?" In late 2015 the Kosovo Architectural Foundation, a non-profit dedicated to spirit of creating and preserving unique architecture, became concerned with the reputation and condition of the Library and contacted the Kosovo Ministry of Culture, visited the site and initiated a project to raise awareness and document this modern masterpiece. The Getty Foundation and their Keeping it Modern grant program awarded funding for initial condition assessment, documentation, capacity building and investigations. This paper discusses the project to document and improve the image and awareness of this important structure and set priorities for its future.

  1. Tiger Team assessment of the Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Not Available

    1991-05-01

    This report documents the Tiger Team Assessment of Sandia National Laboratories (SNL), Albuquerque, located in Albuquerque, New Mexico. SNL, Albuquerque, is operated by the Sandia Corporation (a wholly owned subsidiary of the American Telephone and Telegraph Company) for the US Department of Energy (DOE). The environmental assessment also included DOE tenant facilities at Ross Aviation, Albuquerque Microelectronics Operation, and the Central Training Academy. The assessment was conducted from April 15 to May 24, 1991, under the auspices of DOE's Office of Special Projects under the Assistant Secretary for Environment, Safety and Health (ES H). The assessment was comprehensive, encompassing ESmore » H disciplines, management, self-assessments, and quality assurance; transportation; and waste management operations. Compliance with applicable federal, state, and local regulations; applicable DOE Orders; best management practices; and internal SNL, Albuquerque, requirements were assessed. In addition, an evaluation of the adequacy and effectiveness of DOE and SNL, Albuquerque management of ES H programs was conducted.« less

  2. Recent Mastcam and MAHLI Visible/Near-Infrared Spectrophotometric Observations: Pahrump Hills to Marias Pass

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Johnson, J. R.; Bell, J. F., III; Hayes, A.; Deen, R. G.; Godber, A.; Arvidson, R. E.; Lemmon, M. T.

    2015-12-01

    The Mastcam imaging system on the Curiosity rover continued acquisition of multispectral images of the same terrain at multiple times of day at three new rover locations between sols 872 and 1003. These data sets will be used to investigate the light scattering properties of rocks and soils along the Curiosity traverse using radiative transfer models. Images were acquired by the Mastcam-34 (M-34) camera on Sols 872-892 at 8 times of day (Mojave drill location), Sols 914-917 (Telegraph Peak drill location) at 9 times of day, and Sols 1000-1003 at 8 times of day (Stimson-Murray Formation contact near Marias Pass). Data sets were acquired using filters centered at 445, 527, 751, and 1012 nm, and the images were jpeg-compressed. Data sets typically were pointed ~east and ~west to provide phase angle coverage from near 0° to 125-140° for a variety of rocks and soils. Also acquired on Sols 917-918 at the Telegraph Peak site was a multiple time-of-day Mastcam sequence pointed southeast using only the broadband Bayer filters that provided losslessly compressed images with phase angles ~55-129°. Navcam stereo images were also acquired with each data set to provide broadband photometry and terrain measurements for computing surface normals and local incidence and emission angles used in photometric modeling. On Sol 1028, the MAHLI camera was used as a goniometer to acquire images at 20 arm positions, all centered at the same location within the work volume from a near-constant distance of 85 cm from the surface. Although this experiment was run at only one time of day (~15:30 LTST), it provided phase angle coverage from ~30° to ~111°. The terrain included the contact between the uppermost portion of the Murray Formation and the Stimson sandstones, and was the first acquisition of both Mastcam and MALHI photometry images at the same rover location. The MAHLI images also allowed construction of a 3D shape model of the Stimson-Murray contact region. The attached figure shows a phase color composite of the western Stimson area, created using phase angles of 8°, 78°, and 130° at 751 nm. The red areas correspond to highly backscattering materials that appear to concentrate along linear fractures throughout this area. The blue areas correspond to more forward scattering materials dispersed through the stratigraphic sequence.

  3. Raw materials and technology fuel U.S. economic growth

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Kelly, T.D.

    2002-01-01

    In 1900, the average U.S. citizen's average life span was 47 years. He traveled about 1,900 km (1,200 miles) in a lifetime and resided in a home with an icebox for food storage and oil or gas for lighting. He communicated by mail, telegraph and crude telephones with limited availability and range. By 2000, the average citizen's life span was 77 years. He traveled an average of 19,000 km/a (12,000 miles/ year) by automobile alone. He resided in a home with many electrical appliances, including refrigerators and electric lights. And the communicated almost instantaneously with any other part of the globe by several widely available means, including portable phones and e-mail. Technology, the application of knowledge about the Earth's materials, their extraction and fabrication into products, helped create this change. Throughout the 20th century, the United States was a leader in technology. Automobiles, refrigerators, electric lighting, telephones and personal computers are only a few examples of the products invented and improved or further developed by American technology (National Academy of Engineering, 2000).

  4. Generalized Poisson-Kac Processes: Basic Properties and Implications in Extended Thermodynamics and Transport

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Giona, Massimiliano; Brasiello, Antonio; Crescitelli, Silvestro

    2016-04-01

    We introduce a new class of stochastic processes in Rn,{{{mathbb R}}^n}, referred to as generalized Poisson-Kac (GPK) processes, that generalizes the Poisson-Kac telegrapher's random motion in higher dimensions. These stochastic processes possess finite propagation velocity, almost everywhere smooth trajectories, and converge in the Kac limit to Brownian motion. GPK processes are defined by coupling the selection of a bounded velocity vector from a family of N distinct ones with a Markovian dynamics controlling probabilistically this selection. This model can be used as a probabilistic tool for a stochastically consistent formulation of extended thermodynamic theories far from equilibrium.

  5. ISDN at NASA Lewis Research Center

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Bakes, Catherine Murphy; Goldberg, Fredric; Eubanks, Steven W.

    1992-01-01

    An expository investigation of the potential impact of the Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) at NASA Lewis Research Center is described. To properly frame the subject, the paper contains a detailed survey of the components of Narrowband ISDN. The principles and objectives are presented as decreed by the Consultative Committee for International Telephone and Telegraph (CCITT). The various channel types are delineated and their associated service combinations are described. The subscriber-access network functions are explained pictorially via the ISDN reference configuration. A section on switching techniques is presented to enable the reader to understand the emergence of the concept of fast packet switching. This new technology is designed to operate over the high bandwidth, low error rate transmission media that characterizes the LeRC environment. A brief introduction to the next generation of networks is covered with sections on Broadband ISDM (B-ISDN), Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM), and Synchronous Optical Networks (SONET). Applications at LeRC are presented, first in terms of targets of opportunity, then in light of compatibility constraints. In-place pilot projects and testing are described that demonstrate actual usage at LeRC.

  6. LILCO (Long Island Lighting Co. ) pushes electric vehicles

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Daumann, E.; Dwing, A.H.

    1979-02-01

    Acting as manufacturer's representative, LILCO recently showed five new electric vehicles to over 75 major Long Island companies and organizations as part of a U.S. Department of Energy demonstration project. The five new models include three different types and sizes of vans and a pickup truck, all made by Jet Industries Inc., and a compact station wagon made by Electric Vehicle Associates Inc. All are capable of going faster and further than required by federal standards. E. Daumann, manager of LILCO's energy services department, explained that the vehicle batteries will usually be charged during the evening hours, when electricity costsmore » are lower and 40-50Vertical Bar3< of utility capacity nationwide is idle. LILCO plans to add 40 new electric vehicles to its present fleet of 12. Four other organizations selected by the Federal Government to be ''site operators'' for the demonstration project are American Telephone and Telegraph Co., Walt Disney World, Consolidated Edison Co. of New York Inc., and Penn Jersey Subaru. A. H. Dwing (Dep. Energy) said that the vehicles represent a means of conserving the world oil supplies.« less

  7. The Planetary Consciousness of British Travel Writers

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Henry, H.

    2013-04-01

    Global travel, advanced in the early 20th century by trains, automobiles, and airplanes, transformed modernist thought and experience. Stephen Kern has commented that in the modern period “a series of sweeping changes in technology and culture created distinctive new modes of thinking about and experiencing of time and space. Technological innovations including the telephone, wireless telegraph, x-ray, cinema, bicycle, automobile, and airplane established the material foundation for this reorientation.” (1983, pp. 1-2). Emerging travel technologies not only hurled passengers through multiple time zones in a day but also brought to the fore a global awareness regarding Earth as a globe in space and one's position on it. As early as 1909, while traveling in Florence, Virginia Woolf had noted in her diary, “It is strange how one begins to hold a globe in one's head: I can travel from Florence to Fitzroy Square on solid land all the time” (1984, p. 399). This paper traces the ways modernist British travel writers challenged England's geographical and geopolitical imagination at the turn of the 20th century through their travel narratives.

  8. Application of the Landau-Zener-Stückelberg-Majorana dynamics to the electrically driven flip of a hole spin

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Pasek, W. J.; Maialle, M. Z.; Degani, M. H.

    2018-03-01

    An idea of employing the Landau-Zener-Stückelberg-Majorana dynamics to flip a spin of a single ground state hole is introduced and explored by a time-dependent simulation. This configuration interaction study considers a hole confined in a quantum molecule formed in an InSb 〈111 〉 quantum wire by application of an electrostatic potential. An up-down spin-mixing avoided crossing is formed by nonaxial terms in the Kohn-Luttinger Hamiltonian and the Dresselhaus spin-orbit one. Manipulation of the system is possible by the dynamic change of an external vertical electric field, which enables the consecutive driving of the hole through two anticrossings. Moreover, a simple model of the power-law-type noise that impedes precise electric control of the system is included in the form of random telegraph noise to estimate the limitations of the working conditions. We show that in principle the process is possible, but it requires precise control of the parameters of the driving impulse.

  9. Diagenesis in the Murray Formation, Gale Crater, Mars

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Rampe, E. B.; Ming, D. W.; Morris, R. V.; Blake, D. F.; Bristow, T. F.; Chipera. S. J.; Vaniman, D. T.; Yen, A. S.; Grotzinger, J. P.; Downs, R. T.; hide

    2016-01-01

    The Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) Curiosity rover began investigating the rocks of Mt. Sharp in September 2014. The Murray formation is the lowermost unit, which is mostly comprised of finely laminated mudstones, suggesting these sediments were deposited in a lacustrine environment. It is important to characterize the geochemical and mineralogical trends throughout the Murray Fm to interpret the aqueous conditions of the ancient lake, the sources of the lake sediments, and post-depositional alteration processes. Four samples have been drilled from the Murray Fm so far: Confidence Hills, Mojave 2, and Telegraph Peak were collected from the Pahrump Hills member - the basal portion of the Murray Fm, and Buckskin was collected in the Marias Pass region (Fig. 1). The drill fines were delivered to the instruments inside the rover, including the CheMin instrument, a combination X-ray diffractometer and X-ray fluorescence spectrometer. Rietveld refinements and FULLPAT analyses of 1D CheMin XRD patterns were performed to determine quantitative abundances of minerals and amor-phous phases and the unit cell parameters of minerals present in abundances greater than 4-5 wt.%.

  10. Direct observation of molecular cooperativity near the glass transition.

    PubMed

    Russell, E V; Israeloff, N E

    2000-12-07

    The increasingly sluggish response of a supercooled liquid as it nears its glass transition (for example, refrigerated honey) is prototypical of glassy dynamics found in proteins, neural networks and superconductors. The notion that molecules rearrange cooperatively has long been postulated to explain diverging relaxation times and broadened (non-exponential) response functions near the glass transition. Recently, cooperativity was observed and analysed in colloid glasses and in simulations of binary liquids well above the glass transition. But nanometre-scale studies of cooperativity at the molecular glass transition are lacking. Important issues to be resolved include the precise form of the cooperativity and its length scale, and whether the broadened response is intrinsic to individual cooperative regions, or arises only from heterogeneity in an ensemble of such regions. Here we describe direct observations of molecular cooperativity near the glass transition in polyvinylacetate (PVAc), using nanometre-scale probing of dielectric fluctuations. Molecular clusters switched spontaneously among two to four distinct configurations, producing random telegraph noise. Our analysis of these noise signals and their power spectra reveals that individual clusters exhibit transient dynamical heterogeneity and non-exponential kinetics.

  11. Evaluation of InGaAS array detector suitability to space environment

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Tauziede, L.; Beulé, K.; Boutillier, M.; Bernard, F.; Reverchon, J.-L.; Buffaz, A.

    2017-11-01

    InGaAs material has a natural cutoff wavelength of 1.65µm so it is naturally suitable for detection in Short Wavelength InfraRed (SWIR) spectral range. Regarding Earth Observation Spacecraft missions this spectral range can be used for the CO2 concentration measurements in the atmosphere. CNES (French Space agency) is studying a new mission, Microcarb with a spectral band centered on 1.6µm wavelength. InGaAs detector looks attractive for space application because its low dark current allows high temperature operation, reducing by the way the needed instrument resources. The Alcatel Thales III-VLab group has developed InGaAs arrays technology (320x256 & 640x512) that has been studied by CNES, using internal facilities. Performance tests and technological evaluation were performed on a 320x256 pixels array with a pitch of 30µm. The aim of this evaluation was to assess this new technology suitability for space applications. The carried out test plan includes proton radiations with Random Telegraph Signal (RTS) study, operating lifetest and evolution of performances as a function of the operating temperature.

  12. Non-Markovian continuous-time quantum walks on lattices with dynamical noise

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Benedetti, Claudia; Buscemi, Fabrizio; Bordone, Paolo; Paris, Matteo G. A.

    2016-04-01

    We address the dynamics of continuous-time quantum walks on one-dimensional disordered lattices inducing dynamical noise in the system. Noise is described as time-dependent fluctuations of the tunneling amplitudes between adjacent sites, and attention is focused on non-Gaussian telegraph noise, going beyond the usual assumption of fast Gaussian noise. We observe the emergence of two different dynamical behaviors for the walker, corresponding to two opposite noise regimes: slow noise (i.e., strong coupling with the environment) confines the walker into few lattice nodes, while fast noise (weak coupling) induces a transition between quantum and classical diffusion over the lattice. A phase transition between the two dynamical regimes may be observed by tuning the ratio between the autocorrelation time of the noise and the coupling between the walker and the external environment generating the noise. We also address the non-Markovianity of the quantum map by assessing its memory effects, as well as evaluating the information backflow to the system. Our results suggest that the non-Markovian character of the evolution is linked to the dynamical behavior in the slow noise regime, and that fast noise induces a Markovian dynamics for the walker.

  13. The comparison of SRs' variation affected by solar events observed in America and in China

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Yu, H.; Williams, E.

    2017-12-01

    Schumann Resonances(SRs) are the electromagnetic resonance wave propagating in the earth-ionosphere cavity. Its characteristic of propagation are modified by the variation of ionosphere. So SRs can be the tools of monitoring the ionosphere which is often perturbed by solar events, x-ray emission and some other space-weather events (Roldugin et.al., 2004, De et al., 2010; Satori et.al., 2015). In present work, the amplitude and intrinsic frequencies of SRs observed at RID station in America and YSH station in China are compared. The variation of SRs during the solar flare on Feb. 15, 2011 are analyzed. Two-Dimensional Telegraph Equation(TDTE) method is used to simulate the perturbation of ionosphere by solar proton events. From the simulation and observation, the asymmetric construction of ionoshphere which is perturbed by the solar event will affect the amplitudes and frequencies of SRs. Due to the interfere influence of forward and backward propagation of electromagnetic field, the SR amplitude on different station will present different variation. The distance among the lightning source, observer and perturbed area will produce the different variation of amplitude and frequency for different station' SR.

  14. Quantum Fisher information of the GHZ state due to classical phase noise lasers under non-Markovian environment

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Chen, Yu; Zou, Jian; Yang, Zi-Yi; Li, Longwu; Li, Hai; Shao, Bin

    2016-08-01

    The dynamics of N-qubit GHZ state quantum Fisher information (QFI) under phase noise lasers (PNLs) driving is investigated in terms of non-Markovian master equation. We first investigate the non-Markovian dynamics of the QFI of N-qubit GHZ state and show that when the ratio of the PNL rate and the system-environment coupling strength is very small, the oscillations of the QFIs decay slower which corresponds to the non-Markovian region; yet when it becomes large, the QFIs monotonously decay which corresponds to the Markovian region. When the atom number N increases, QFIs in both regions decay faster. We further find that the QFI flow disappears suddenly followed by a sudden birth depending on the ratio of the PNL rate and the system-environment coupling strength and the atom number N, which unveil a fundamental connection between the non-Markovian behaviors and the parameters of system-environment couplings. We discuss two optimal positive operator-valued measures (POVMs) for two different strategies of our model and find the condition of the optimal measurement. At last, we consider the QFI of two atoms with qubit-qubit interaction under random telegraph noises (RTNs).

  15. Active processes in one dimension

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Demaerel, Thibaut; Maes, Christian

    2018-03-01

    We consider the thermal and athermal overdamped motion of particles in one-dimensional geometries where discrete internal degrees of freedom (spin) are coupled with the translational motion. Adding a driving velocity that depends on the time-dependent spin constitutes the simplest model of active particles (run-and-tumble processes) where the violation of the equipartition principle and of the Sutherland-Einstein relation can be studied in detail even when there is generalized reversibility. We give an example (with four spin values) where the irreversibility of the translational motion manifests itself only in higher-order (than two) time correlations. We derive a generalized telegraph equation as the Smoluchowski equation for the spatial density for an arbitrary number of spin values. We also investigate the Arrhenius exponential law for run-and-tumble particles; due to their activity the slope of the potential becomes important in contrast to the passive diffusion case and activity enhances the escape from a potential well (if that slope is high enough). Finally, in the absence of a driving velocity, the presence of internal currents such as in the chemistry of molecular motors may be transmitted to the translational motion and the internal activity is crucial for the direction of the emerging spatial current.

  16. Electron transport and noise spectroscopy in organic magnetic tunnel junctions with PTCDA and Alq3 barriers

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Martinez, Isidoro; Cascales, Juan Pedro; Hong, Jhen-Yong; Lin, Minn-Tsong; Prezioso, Mirko; Riminucci, Alberto; Dediu, Valentin A.; Aliev, Farkhad G.

    2016-10-01

    The possible influence of internal barrier dynamics on spin, charge transport and their fluctuations in organic spintronics remains poorly understood. Here we present investigation of the electron transport and low frequency noise at temperatures down to 0.3K in magnetic tunnel junctions with an organic PTCDA barriers with thickness up to 5 nm in the tunneling regime and with 200 nm thick Alq3 barrier in the hopping regime. We observed high tunneling magneto-resistance at low temperatures (15-40%) and spin dependent super-poissonian shot noise in organic magnetic tunnel junctions (OMTJs) with PTCDA. The Fano factor exceeds 1.5-2 values which could be caused by interfacial states controlled by spin dependent bunching in the tunneling events through the molecules.1 The bias dependence of the low frequency noise in OMTJs with PTCDA barriers which includes both 1/f and random telegraph noise activated at specific biases will also be discussed. On the other hand, the organic junctions with ferromagnetic electrodes and thick Alq3 barriers present sub-poissonian shot noise which depends on the temperature, indicative of variable range hopping.

  17. Low frequency noise peak near magnon emission energy in magnetic tunnel junctions

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Liu, Liang; Xiang, Li; Guo, Huiqiang

    2014-12-15

    We report on the low frequency (LF) noise measurements in magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJs) below 4 K and at low bias, where the transport is strongly affected by scattering with magnons emitted by hot tunnelling electrons, as thermal activation of magnons from the environment is suppressed. For both CoFeB/MgO/CoFeB and CoFeB/AlO{sub x}/CoFeB MTJs, enhanced LF noise is observed at bias voltage around magnon emission energy, forming a peak in the bias dependence of noise power spectra density, independent of magnetic configurations. The noise peak is much higher and broader for unannealed AlO{sub x}-based MTJ, and besides Lorentzian shape noise spectramore » in the frequency domain, random telegraph noise (RTN) is visible in the time traces. During repeated measurements the noise peak reduces and the RTN becomes difficult to resolve, suggesting defects being annealed. The Lorentzian shape noise spectra can be fitted with bias-dependent activation of RTN, with the attempt frequency in the MHz range, consistent with magnon dynamics. These findings suggest magnon-assisted activation of defects as the origin of the enhanced LF noise.« less

  18. Decoherence and tripartite entanglement dynamics in the presence of Gaussian and non-Gaussian classical noise

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Kenfack, Lionel Tenemeza; Tchoffo, Martin; Fai, Lukong Cornelius; Fouokeng, Georges Collince

    2017-04-01

    We address the entanglement dynamics of a three-qubit system interacting with a classical fluctuating environment described either by a Gaussian or non-Gaussian noise in three different configurations namely: common, independent and mixed environments. Specifically, we focus on the Ornstein-Uhlenbeck (OU) noise and the random telegraph noise (RTN). The qubits are prepared in a state composed of a Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) and a W state. With the help of the tripartite negativity, we show that the entanglement evolution is not only affected by the type of system-environment coupling but also by the kind and the memory properties of the considered noise. We also compared the dynamics induced by the two kinds of noise and we find that even if both noises have a Lorentzian spectrum, the effects of the OU noise cannot be in a simple way deduced from those of the RTN and vice-versa. In addition, we show that the entanglement can be indefinitely preserved when the qubits are coupled to the environmental noise in a common environment (CE). Finally, the presence or absence of peculiar phenomena such as entanglement revivals (ER) and entanglement sudden death (ESD) is observed.

  19. Mineralogy of the Pahrump Hills Region, Gale Crater, Mars

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Rampe, E. B.; Ming, D. W.; Vaniman, D. T.; Blake, D. F.; Chipera, S. J.; Morris, R. V.; Bish, D. L.; Cavanagh, P. D.; Achilles, C. N.; Bristow, T. F.; hide

    2015-01-01

    The Pahrump Hills region of Gale crater is a approximately 12 millimeter thick section of sedimentary rocks in the Murray formation, interpreted as the basal geological unit of Mount Sharp. The Mars Science Laboratory, Curiosity, arrived at the Pahrump Hills in September, 2014, and performed a detailed six-month investigation of the sedimentary structures, geochemistry, and mineralogy of the area. During the campaign, Curiosity drilled and delivered three rock samples to its internal instruments, including the CheMin XRD/XRF. The three targets, Confidence Hills, Mojave 2, and Telegraph Peak, contain variable amounts of plagioclase, pyroxene, iron oxides, jarosite, phyllosilicates, and X-ray amorphous material. Hematite was predicted at the base of Mount Sharp from orbital visible/near-IR spectroscopy, and CheMin confirmed this detection. The presence of jarosite throughout Pahrump Hills suggests the sediments experienced acid-sulfate alteration, either in-situ or within the source region of the sediments. This acidic leaching environment is in stark contrast to the environment preserved within the Sheepbed mudstone on the plains of Gale crater. The minerals within Sheepbed, including Fe-saponite, indicate these sediments were deposited in a shallow lake with circumneutral pH that may have been habitable.

  20. Hierarchical extraction of urban objects from mobile laser scanning data

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Yang, Bisheng; Dong, Zhen; Zhao, Gang; Dai, Wenxia

    2015-01-01

    Point clouds collected in urban scenes contain a huge number of points (e.g., billions), numerous objects with significant size variability, complex and incomplete structures, and variable point densities, raising great challenges for the automated extraction of urban objects in the field of photogrammetry, computer vision, and robotics. This paper addresses these challenges by proposing an automated method to extract urban objects robustly and efficiently. The proposed method generates multi-scale supervoxels from 3D point clouds using the point attributes (e.g., colors, intensities) and spatial distances between points, and then segments the supervoxels rather than individual points by combining graph based segmentation with multiple cues (e.g., principal direction, colors) of the supervoxels. The proposed method defines a set of rules for merging segments into meaningful units according to types of urban objects and forms the semantic knowledge of urban objects for the classification of objects. Finally, the proposed method extracts and classifies urban objects in a hierarchical order ranked by the saliency of the segments. Experiments show that the proposed method is efficient and robust for extracting buildings, streetlamps, trees, telegraph poles, traffic signs, cars, and enclosures from mobile laser scanning (MLS) point clouds, with an overall accuracy of 92.3%.

  1. Everything's Relative: And Other Fables from Science and Technology

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Rothman, Tony

    2003-09-01

    The surprising truth behind many of the most cherished "facts" in science history Morse invented the telegraph, Bell the telephone, Edison the light bulb, and Marconi the radio . . . right? Well . . . the truth is slightly more complicated. The history of science and technology is riddled with apocrypha, inaccuracies, and falsehoods, and physicist Tony Rothman has taken it upon himself to throw a monkey wrench into the works. Combining a storyteller's gifts with a scientist's focus and hardheaded devotion to the facts-such as they may be-Rothman breaks down many of the most famous "just-so" stories of physics, astronomy, chemistry, biology, and technology to give credit where credit is truly due. From Einstein's possible misunderstanding of his own theories to actress Hedy Lemarr's role in the invention of the radio-controlled torpedo, he dredges his way through the legends of science history in relating the fascinating stories behind some of the most important, and often unsung, breakthroughs in science. Tony Rothman, PhD (Bryn Mawr, PA), is a Research Associate at Bryn Mawr College. He is the author of seven other critically acclaimed science books and a frequent contributor to leading science publications, including Scientific American and Discover.

  2. Semi-Automatic Terminology Generation for Information Extraction from German Chest X-Ray Reports.

    PubMed

    Krebs, Jonathan; Corovic, Hamo; Dietrich, Georg; Ertl, Max; Fette, Georg; Kaspar, Mathias; Krug, Markus; Stoerk, Stefan; Puppe, Frank

    2017-01-01

    Extraction of structured data from textual reports is an important subtask for building medical data warehouses for research and care. Many medical and most radiology reports are written in a telegraphic style with a concatenation of noun phrases describing the presence or absence of findings. Therefore a lexico-syntactical approach is promising, where key terms and their relations are recognized and mapped on a predefined standard terminology (ontology). We propose a two-phase algorithm for terminology matching: In the first pass, a local terminology for recognition is derived as close as possible to the terms used in the radiology reports. In the second pass, the local terminology is mapped to a standard terminology. In this paper, we report on an algorithm for the first step of semi-automatic generation of the local terminology and evaluate the algorithm with radiology reports of chest X-ray examinations from Würzburg university hospital. With an effort of about 20 hours work of a radiologist as domain expert and 10 hours for meetings, a local terminology with about 250 attributes and various value patterns was built. In an evaluation with 100 randomly chosen reports it achieved an F1-Score of about 95% for information extraction.

  3. Identification of design features to enhance utilization and acceptance of systems for Internet-based decision support at the point of care.

    PubMed

    Gadd, C S; Baskaran, P; Lobach, D F

    1998-01-01

    Extensive utilization of point-of-care decision support systems will be largely dependent on the development of user interaction capabilities that make them effective clinical tools in patient care settings. This research identified critical design features of point-of-care decision support systems that are preferred by physicians, through a multi-method formative evaluation of an evolving prototype of an Internet-based clinical decision support system. Clinicians used four versions of the system--each highlighting a different functionality. Surveys and qualitative evaluation methodologies assessed clinicians' perceptions regarding system usability and usefulness. Our analyses identified features that improve perceived usability, such as telegraphic representations of guideline-related information, facile navigation, and a forgiving, flexible interface. Users also preferred features that enhance usefulness and motivate use, such as an encounter documentation tool and the availability of physician instruction and patient education materials. In addition to identifying design features that are relevant to efforts to develop clinical systems for point-of-care decision support, this study demonstrates the value of combining quantitative and qualitative methods of formative evaluation with an iterative system development strategy to implement new information technology in complex clinical settings.

  4. Stratigraphy and geologic history of the Montana group and equivalent rocks, Montana, Wyoming, and North and South Dakota

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Gill, James R.; Cobban, William Aubrey

    1973-01-01

    During Late Cretaceous time a broad north-trending epicontinental sea covered much of the western interior of North America and extended from the Gulf of Mexico to the Arctic Ocean. The sea was bounded on the west by a narrow, unstable, and constantly rising cordillera which extended from Central America to Alaska and which separated the sea from Pacific oceanic waters. The east margin of the sea was bounded by the low-lying stable platform of the central part of the United States.Rocks of the type Montana Group in Montana and equivalent rocks in adjacent States, which consist of eastward-pointing wedges of shallow-water marine and nonmarine strata that enclose westward-pointing wedges of fine-grained marine strata, were deposited in and marginal to this sea. These rocks range in age from middle Santonian to early Maestrichtian and represent a time span of about 14 million years. Twenty-nine distinctive ammonite zones, each with a time span of about half a million years, characterize the marine strata.Persistent beds of bentonite in the transgressive part of the Claggett and Bearpaw Shales of Montana and equivalent rocks elsewhere represent periods of explosive volcanism and perhaps concurrent subsidence along the west shore in the vicinity of the Elkhorn Mountains and the Deer Creek volcanic fields in Montana. Seaward retreat of st randlines, marked by deposition of the Telegraph Creek, Eagle, Judith River, and Fox Hills Formations in Montana and the Mesaverde Formation in Wyoming, may be attributed to uplift in near-coastal areas and to an increase in volcaniclastic rocks delivered to the sea.Rates of transgression and regression determined for the Montana Group in central Montana reveal that the strandline movement was more rapid during times of transgression. The regression of the Telegraph Creek and Eagle strandlines averaged about 50 miles per million years compared with a rate of about 95 miles per million years for the advance of the strand-line during Claggett time. The Judith River regression averaged about 60 miles per million years compared with movement of the strandline during the Bearpaw advance of about 70 miles per million years.The final retreat of marine waters from Montana, marked by the Fox Hills regression, was about 35 miles per million years at first, but near the end of the regression it accelerated to a rate of about 500 miles per million years.Rates of sedimentation range from less than 50 feet per million years in the eastern parts of North and South Dakota to at least 2,500 feet in western Wyoming. The low rates in the Dakotas correspond well with modern rates in the open ocean, and the rates in western Wyoming approach the rate of present coastal sedimentation.

  5. Effects of space weather on high-latitude ground systems

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Pirjola, Risto

    Geomagnetically induced currents (GIC) in technological systems, such as power grids, pipelines, cables and railways, are a ground manifestation of space weather. The first GIC observations were already made in early telegraph equipment more than 150 years ago. In power networks, GIC may saturate transformers with possible harmful consequences extending even to a collapse of the whole system or to permanent damage of transformers. In pipelines, GIC and the associated pipe-to-soil voltages may enhance corrosion or disturb surveys associated with corrosion control. GIC are driven by the geoelectric field induced by a geomagnetic variation at the Earth’s surface. The electric and magnetic fields are primarily produced by ionospheric currents and secondarily affected by the ground conductivity. Of great importance is the auroral electrojet with other rapidly varying currents indicating that GIC are a particular high-latitude problem. In this paper, we summarize the GIC research done in Finland during about 25 years, and discuss the calculation of GIC in a given network. Special attention is paid to modelling a power system. It is shown that, when considering GIC at a site, it is usually sufficient to take account for a smaller grid in the vicinity of the particular site. Modelling GIC also provides a basis for developing forecasting and warning methods of GIC.

  6. Effects of space weather on high-latitude ground systems

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Pirjola, R.

    Geomagnetically induced currents (GIC) in technological systems, such as power grids, pipelines, cables and railways, are a ground manifestation of space weather. The first GIC observations were already made in early telegraph equipment about 150 years ago. In power networks, GIC may saturate transformers with possible harmful consequences extending from harmonics in the electricity to excessive reactive power demands and even to a collapse of the system or to damage of transformers. In pipelines, GIC and the associated pipe-to-soil voltages may enhance corrosion or disturb corrosion control. GIC are driven by the geoelectric field induced by a geomagnetic variation at the Earth's surface. The electric and magnetic fields are primarily produced by ionospheric currents and secondarily affected by the ground conductivity. Of great importance is the auroral electrojet with other rapidly-varying currents indicating that GIC are a particular high latitude problem. Thus, a lot of GIC research has been done in North America and Scandinavia. For example in Finland, GIC have been studied for about 25 years in collaboration between scientists and industry. A scientific challenge in GIC research today is to investigate the ionospheric events that produce the largest geoelectric fields and GIC. Forecasting purposes will require fast methods of calculating the geoelectric field.

  7. Microscopic origin of read current noise in TaOx-based resistive switching memory by ultra-low temperature measurement

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Pan, Yue; Cai, Yimao; Liu, Yefan; Fang, Yichen; Yu, Muxi; Tan, Shenghu; Huang, Ru

    2016-04-01

    TaOx-based resistive random access memory (RRAM) attracts considerable attention for the development of next generation nonvolatile memories. However, read current noise in RRAM is one of the critical concerns for storage application, and its microscopic origin is still under debate. In this work, the read current noise in TaOx-based RRAM was studied thoroughly. Based on a noise power spectral density analysis at room temperature and at ultra-low temperature of 25 K, discrete random telegraph noise (RTN) and continuous average current fluctuation (ACF) are identified and decoupled from the total read current noise in TaOx RRAM devices. A statistical comparison of noise amplitude further reveals that ACF depends strongly on the temperature, whereas RTN is independent of the temperature. Measurement results combined with conduction mechanism analysis show that RTN in TaOx RRAM devices arises from electron trapping/detrapping process in the hopping conduction, and ACF is originated from the thermal activation of conduction centers that form the percolation network. At last, a unified model in the framework of hopping conduction is proposed to explain the underlying mechanism of both RTN and ACF noise, which can provide meaningful guidelines for designing noise-immune RRAM devices.

  8. The Sentinel-4 UVN focal plane assemblies

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Hinger, Jürgen; Hohn, Rüdiger; Gebhardt, Eyk; Reichardt, Jörg

    2017-09-01

    The Sentinel-4 UVN Instrument is a dispersive imaging spectrometer covering the UV-VIS and the NIR wavelength. It is developed and built under an ESA contract by an industrial consortium led by Airbus Defence and Space. It will be accommodated on board of the MTG-S (Meteosat Third Generation - Sounder) satellite that will be placed in a geostationary orbit over Europe sampling data for generating two-dimensional maps of a number of atmospheric trace gases. The incoming light is dispersed by reflective gratings and detected by the two (UVVIS and NIR) CCDs mounted inside the focal plane assemblies. Both CCD detectors acquire spectral channels and spatial sampling in two orthogonal directions and will be operated at about 215 K mainly to minimize random telegraph signal effects and to reduce dark current. Stringent detector temperature as well as alignment stability requirements of less than +/-0.1 K per day respectively of less than 2 micrometers/2 arcseconds from ground to orbit are driving the FPA thermo-mechanical design. A specific FPA design feature is the redundant LED-calibration system for bad pixel detection as well as pixel gain and linearity monitoring. This paper reports on the design and qualification of the Focal Plane Assemblies with emphasis on thermo-mechanical as well as alignment stability verification.

  9. Electronic polarization effect on low-frequency infrared and Raman spectra of aprotic solvent: Molecular dynamics simulation study with charge response kernel by second order Møller-Plesset perturbation method

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Isegawa, Miho; Kato, Shigeki

    2007-12-01

    Low-frequency infrared (IR) and depolarized Raman scattering (DRS) spectra of acetonitrile, methylene chloride, and acetone liquids are simulated via molecular dynamics calculations with the charge response kernel (CRK) model obtained at the second order Møller-Plesset perturbation (MP2) level. For this purpose, the analytical second derivative technique for the MP2 energy is employed to evaluate the CRK matrices. The calculated IR spectra reasonably agree with the experiments. In particular, the agreement is excellent for acetone because the present CRK model well reproduces the experimental polarizability in the gas phase. The importance of interaction induced dipole moments in characterizing the spectral shapes is stressed. The DRS spectrum of acetone is mainly discussed because the experimental spectrum is available only for this molecule. The calculated spectrum is close to the experiment. The comparison of the present results with those by the multiple random telegraph model is also made. By decomposing the polarizability anisotropy time correlation function to the contributions from the permanent, induced polarizability and their cross term, a discrepancy from the previous calculations is observed in the sign of permanent-induce cross term contribution. The origin of this discrepancy is discussed by analyzing the correlation functions for acetonitrile.

  10. Amplitude variations of ELF radio waves in the Earth-ionosphere cavity with the day-night non-uniformity

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Galuk, Yu P.; Nickolaenko, A. P.; Hayakawa, M.

    2018-04-01

    The real structure of lower ionosphere should be taken into account when modeling the sub-ionospheric radio propagation in the extremely low frequency (ELF) band and studying the global electromagnetic (Schumann) resonance of the Earth-ionosphere cavity. In the present work we use the 2D (two dimensional) telegraph equations (2DTE) for evaluating the effect of the ionosphere day-night non-uniformity on the electromagnetic field amplitude at the Schumann resonance and higher frequencies. Properties of the cavity upper boundary were taken into account by the full wave solution technique for realistic vertical profiles of atmosphere conductivity in the ambient day and ambient night conditions. We solved the electromagnetic problem in a cavity with the day-night non-uniformity by using the 2DTE technique. Initially, the testing of the 2DTE solution was performed in the model of the sharp day-night interface. The further computations were carried out in the model of the smooth day-night transition. The major attention was directed to the effects at propagation paths "perpendicular" or "parallel" to the solar terminator line. Data were computed for a series of frequencies, the comparison of the results was made and interpretation was given to the observed effects.

  11. A cloud-based information repository for bridge monitoring applications

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Jeong, Seongwoon; Zhang, Yilan; Hou, Rui; Lynch, Jerome P.; Sohn, Hoon; Law, Kincho H.

    2016-04-01

    This paper describes an information repository to support bridge monitoring applications on a cloud computing platform. Bridge monitoring, with instrumentation of sensors in particular, collects significant amount of data. In addition to sensor data, a wide variety of information such as bridge geometry, analysis model and sensor description need to be stored. Data management plays an important role to facilitate data utilization and data sharing. While bridge information modeling (BrIM) technologies and standards have been proposed and they provide a means to enable integration and facilitate interoperability, current BrIM standards support mostly the information about bridge geometry. In this study, we extend the BrIM schema to include analysis models and sensor information. Specifically, using the OpenBrIM standards as the base, we draw on CSI Bridge, a commercial software widely used for bridge analysis and design, and SensorML, a standard schema for sensor definition, to define the data entities necessary for bridge monitoring applications. NoSQL database systems are employed for data repository. Cloud service infrastructure is deployed to enhance scalability, flexibility and accessibility of the data management system. The data model and systems are tested using the bridge model and the sensor data collected at the Telegraph Road Bridge, Monroe, Michigan.

  12. On a new functional form for the dispersive flux in porous media

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Tompson, A.F.B.

    A recently developed second-order model for local dispersive transport in porous media has been simplified to yield a new, closed-form relationship for the dispersive flux. In situations characterized by negligible velocity gradients, the flux can generally be represented as a convolution or memory integral over time of previous concentration gradients. The strength of this memory is controlled by an exponential weighting factor related to the magnitudes of the velocity and local molecular diffusive flux. The form of this result is consistent with other models of diffusive and dispersive transport phenomena over various spatial scales. In circumstances where the memory strengthmore » is small, the integral can be simplified and cast in the form of a standard Fickian relationship with apparent time-dependent dispersivity functions that grow to finite, asymptotic values. This specific formulation can be manipulated to yield a one-equation transport balance law in the form of a telegraph equation. Nonphysical effects, such as spurious upstream dispersion and instantaneous propagation of mass to extremely distant points predicted with a Fickian law, are reduced or eliminated. Although the importance of the new result in transport simulations will depend on the spatial and temporal scales of interest, it should provide some insight in the interpretation and design of new experiments.« less

  13. [Historical and social perspective from the 64-65 Mexican medical movement].

    PubMed

    Cabello-López, Alejandro; Gopar-Nieto, Rodrigo; Aguilar-Madrid, Guadalupe; Juárez-Pérez, Cuauhtémoc Arturo; Haro-García, Luis Cuauhtémoc

    2015-01-01

    The Mexican Medical Movement from 1964-1965 constitutes an important event from the rising urban middle-class, besides it was the first time medical doctors claimed for fair working conditions. The background of this movement is the so-called Crisis of 1958, which included the Movements from the educators union, oil workers union, telegraph workers union and the railroad workers union. The conflict began because interns and residents from the "Hospital 20 de Noviembre" would not get a payment at the end of the year, so on November 26th, 1964, the movement started. The Asociación Mexicana de Médicos Residentes e Internos (AMMRI) was created and their demands were the following: 1) Full working site restitution without retaliations, 2) Legal examination of the scholarship-contract terms, in order to get annual, renewable and progressive contracts, and a fixed salary with the usual working-hours and characteristics of each institution, 3) To have preference to get an adscription at the hospital where the resident studied, 4) Active participation from the resident in the elaboration of the academic plans, and 5) Resolution of each hospital's problems. This movement had social impact for Mexico's contemporary life, nevertheless some of the demands are still unchanged among medical residents.

  14. No actual measurement … was required: Maxwell and Cavendish's null method for the inverse square law of electrostatics.

    PubMed

    Falconer, Isobel

    In 1877 James Clerk Maxwell and his student Donald MacAlister refined Henry Cavendish's 1773 null experiment demonstrating the absence of electricity inside a charged conductor. This null result was a mathematical prediction of the inverse square law of electrostatics, and both Cavendish and Maxwell took the experiment as verifying the law. However, Maxwell had already expressed absolute conviction in the law, based on results of Michael Faraday's. So, what was the value to him of repeating Cavendish's experiment? After assessing whether the law was as secure as he claimed, this paper explores its central importance to the electrical programme that Maxwell was pursuing. It traces the historical and conceptual re-orderings through which Maxwell established the law by constructing a tradition of null tests and asserting the superior accuracy of the method. Maxwell drew on his developing 'doctrine of method' to identify Cavendish's experiment as a member of a wider class of null methods. By doing so, he appealed to the null practices of telegraph engineers, diverted attention from the flawed logic of the method, and sought to localise issues around the mapping of numbers onto instrumental indications, on the grounds that 'no actual measurement … was required'. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  15. Identification of design features to enhance utilization and acceptance of systems for Internet-based decision support at the point of care.

    PubMed Central

    Gadd, C. S.; Baskaran, P.; Lobach, D. F.

    1998-01-01

    Extensive utilization of point-of-care decision support systems will be largely dependent on the development of user interaction capabilities that make them effective clinical tools in patient care settings. This research identified critical design features of point-of-care decision support systems that are preferred by physicians, through a multi-method formative evaluation of an evolving prototype of an Internet-based clinical decision support system. Clinicians used four versions of the system--each highlighting a different functionality. Surveys and qualitative evaluation methodologies assessed clinicians' perceptions regarding system usability and usefulness. Our analyses identified features that improve perceived usability, such as telegraphic representations of guideline-related information, facile navigation, and a forgiving, flexible interface. Users also preferred features that enhance usefulness and motivate use, such as an encounter documentation tool and the availability of physician instruction and patient education materials. In addition to identifying design features that are relevant to efforts to develop clinical systems for point-of-care decision support, this study demonstrates the value of combining quantitative and qualitative methods of formative evaluation with an iterative system development strategy to implement new information technology in complex clinical settings. Images Figure 1 PMID:9929188

  16. In pursuit of accurate timekeeping: Liverpool and Victorian electrical horology.

    PubMed

    Ishibashi, Yuto

    2014-10-01

    This paper explores how nineteenth-century Liverpool became such an advanced city with regard to public timekeeping, and the wider impact of this on the standardisation of time. From the mid-1840s, local scientists and municipal bodies in the port city were engaged in improving the ways in which accurate time was communicated to ships and the general public. As a result, Liverpool was the first British city to witness the formation of a synchronised clock system, based on an invention by Robert Jones. His method gained a considerable reputation in the scientific and engineering communities, which led to its subsequent replication at a number of astronomical observatories such as Greenwich and Edinburgh. As a further key example of developments in time-signalling techniques, this paper also focuses on the time ball established in Liverpool by the Electric Telegraph Company in collaboration with George Biddell Airy, the Astronomer Royal. This is a particularly significant development because, as the present paper illustrates, one of the most important technologies in measuring the accuracy of the Greenwich time signal took shape in the experimental operation of the time ball. The inventions and knowledge which emerged from the context of Liverpool were vital to the transformation of public timekeeping in Victorian Britain.

  17. Duration and extent of the great auroral storm of 1859

    PubMed Central

    Green, James L.; Boardsen, Scott

    2016-01-01

    The great geomagnetic storm of August 28 through September 3, 1859 is, arguably, the greatest and most famous space weather event in the last two hundred years. For the first time observations showed that the sun and aurora were connected and that auroras generated strong ionospheric currents. A significant portion of the world’s 200,000 km of telegraph lines were adversely affected, many of which were unusable for 8 h or more which had a real economic impact. In addition to published scientific measurements, newspapers, ship logs, and other records of that era provide an untapped wealth of first hand observations giving time and location along with reports of the auroral forms and colors. At its height, the aurora was described as a blood or deep crimson red that was so bright that one “could read a newspaper by.” At its peak, the Type A red aurora lasted for several hours and was observed to reach extremely low geomagnetic latitudes on August 28–29 (~25°) and on September 2–3 (~18°). Auroral forms of all types and colors were observed below 50° latitude for ~24 h on August 28–29 and ~42 h on September 2–3. From a large database of ground-based observations the extent of the aurora in corrected geomagnetic coordinates is presented over the duration of the storm event. PMID:28066122

  18. Some remarks on relativistic diffusion and the spectral dimension criterion

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Muniz, C. R.; Cunha, M. S.; Filho, R. N. Costa; Bezerra, V. B.

    2015-01-01

    The spectral dimension ds for high energies is calculated using the Relativistic Schrödinger Equation Analytically Continued (RSEAC) instead of the so-called Telegraph's equation (TE), in both ultraviolet (UV) and infrared (IR) regimens. Regarding the TE, the recent literature presents difficulties related to its stochastic derivation and interpretation, advocating the use of the RSEAC to properly describe the relativistic diffusion phenomena. Taking into account that the Lorentz symmetry is broken in UV regime at Lifshitz point, we show that there exists a degeneracy in very high energies, meaning that both the RSEAC and TE correctly describe the diffusion processes at these energy scales, at least under the spectral dimension criterion. In fact, both the equations yield the same result, namely, ds=2 , a dimensional reduction that is compatible with several theories of quantum gravity. This result is reached even when one takes into account a cosmological model, as for example, the de Sitter universe. On the other hand, in the IR regimen, such degeneracy is lifted in favor of the approach via TE, due to the fact that only this equation provides the correct value for ds, which is equal to the actual number of spacetime dimensions, i.e., ds=4 , while RSEAC yields ds=3 , so that a diffusing particle described by this method experiences a three-dimensional spacetime.

  19. Learning about technology: Family vs. peer pairings

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Heller, Patricia; Padilla, Michael; Hertel, Barbara; Olstad, Roger

    Recently a number of institutions have begun sponsoring nondeficit science and/or technology learning experiences for parents and their middle school-aged children which are intended to be enriching rather than remedial or compensatory in purpose. Very little research documenting the effects of parental involvement in the education of older children has been reported, however.The intent of this article was to present two studies designed to determine whether middle school-aged children's attitudes and content achievement are different when they take a technology course with their parents (parent-child treatment) or with their peers (child-child treatment). The first study focused on learning about communications technology (primarily telegraphs, telephones and radios); the second study focused on microcomputers.Results indicate that parents have little affect in helping their children learn the subject matter of technology courses. Likewise, parents do not affect children's attitudes toward computers. Both results were attenuated by the fact that the students in the studies were high achievers who were interested in and motivated to learn the subject matter, regardless of treatment. Significant differences were noted for computer literacy favoring the parent-child group, however. Parents also seemed to effect children's attitudes toward the subject matter of the courses.Further research needs to be done with less appealing course content or with less motivated students to fully determine the effect of parent-child and child groupings in science and technology courses.

  20. Eyewitness Reports of the Great Auroral Storm of 1859

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Green, James L.; Boardsen, Scott; Odenwald, Sten; Humble, John; Pazamickas, Katherine A.

    2005-01-01

    The great geomagnetic storm of 1859 is really composed of two closely spaced massive worldwide auroral events. The first event began on August 28th and the second began on September 2nd. It is the storm on September 2nd that results from the Carrington-Hodgson white light flare that occurred on the sun September l&. In addition to published scientific measurements; newspapers, ship logs and other records of that era provide an untapped wealth of first hand observations giving time and location along with reports of the auroral forms and colors. At its height, the aurora was described as a blood or deep crimson red that was so bright that one "could read a newspaper by." Several important aspects of this great geomagnetic storm are simply phenomenal. Auroral forms of all types and colors were observed to latitudes of 25deg and lower. A significant portion of the world's 125,000 miles of telegraph lines were also adversely affected. Many of - which were unusable for 8 hours or more and had a small but notable economic impact. T h s paper presents only a select few available first hand accounts of the Great Auroral Event of 1859 in an attempt to give the modern reader a sense of how this spectacular display was received by the public from many places around the globe and present some other important historical aspects of the storm.

  1. Duration and Extent of the Great Auroral Storm of 1859

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Green, James L.; Boardsen, Scott

    2005-01-01

    The great geomagnetic storm of August 28 through September 3,1859 is, arguably, the greatest and most famous space weather event in the last two hundred years. For the first time observations showed that the sun and aurora were connected and that auroras generated strong ionospheric currents. A significant portion of the world's 200,000 km of telegraph lines were adversely affected, many of which were unusable for 8 hours or more which had a real economic impact. In addition to published scientific measurements, newspapers, ship logs, and other records of that era provide an untapped wealth of first hand observations giving time and location along with reports of the auroral forms and colors. At its height, the aurora was described as a blood or deep crimson red that was so bright that one "could read a newspaper by." At its peak, the Type A red aurora lasted for several hours and was observed to reach extremely low geomagnetic latitudes on August 28-29 (-25") and on September 2-3 (-18"). Auroral forms of all types and colors were observed below 50" latitude for -24 hours on August 28-29 and -42 hours on September 2-3. From a large database of ground-based observations the extent of the aurora in corrected geomagnetic coordinates is presented over the duration of the storm event.

  2. IAS telecommunication infrastructure and value added network services provided by IASNET

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Smirnov, Oleg L.; Marchenko, Sergei

    The topology of a packet switching network for the Soviet National Centre for Automated Data Exchange with Foreign Computer Networks and Databanks (NCADE) based on a design by the Institute for Automated Systems (IAS) is discussed. NCADE has partners all over the world: it is linked to East European countries via telephone lines while satellites are used for communication with remote partners, such as Cuba, Mongolia, and Vietnam. Moreover, there is a connection to the Austrian, British, Canadian, Finnish, French, U.S. and other western networks through which users can have access to databases on each network. At the same time, NCADE provides western customers with access to more than 70 Soviet databases. Software and hardware of IASNET use data exchange recommendations agreed with the International Standard Organization (ISO) and International Telegraph and Telephone Consultative Committee (CCITT). Technical parameters of IASNET are compatible with the majority of foreign networks such as DATAPAK, TRANSPAC, TELENET, and others. By means of IASNET, the NCADE provides connection of Soviet and foreign users to information and computer centers around the world on the basis of the CCITT X.25 and X.75 recommendations. Any information resources of IASNET and value added network services, such as computer teleconferences, E-mail, information retrieval system, intelligent support of access to databanks and databases, and others are discussed. The topology of the ACADEMNET connected to IASNET over an X.25 gateway is also discussed.

  3. Microscopic origin of read current noise in TaO{sub x}-based resistive switching memory by ultra-low temperature measurement

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Pan, Yue; Cai, Yimao, E-mail: caiyimao@pku.edu.cn; Liu, Yefan

    TaO{sub x}-based resistive random access memory (RRAM) attracts considerable attention for the development of next generation nonvolatile memories. However, read current noise in RRAM is one of the critical concerns for storage application, and its microscopic origin is still under debate. In this work, the read current noise in TaO{sub x}-based RRAM was studied thoroughly. Based on a noise power spectral density analysis at room temperature and at ultra-low temperature of 25 K, discrete random telegraph noise (RTN) and continuous average current fluctuation (ACF) are identified and decoupled from the total read current noise in TaO{sub x} RRAM devices. A statisticalmore » comparison of noise amplitude further reveals that ACF depends strongly on the temperature, whereas RTN is independent of the temperature. Measurement results combined with conduction mechanism analysis show that RTN in TaO{sub x} RRAM devices arises from electron trapping/detrapping process in the hopping conduction, and ACF is originated from the thermal activation of conduction centers that form the percolation network. At last, a unified model in the framework of hopping conduction is proposed to explain the underlying mechanism of both RTN and ACF noise, which can provide meaningful guidelines for designing noise-immune RRAM devices.« less

  4. Comparison of global storm activity rate calculated from Schumann resonance background components to electric field intensity E0 Z

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Nieckarz, Zenon; Kułak, Andrzej; Zięba, Stanisław; Kubicki, Marek; Michnowski, Stanisław; Barański, Piotr

    2009-02-01

    This work presents the results of a comparison between the global storm activity rate IRS and electric field intensity E0 Z. The permanent analysis of the IRS may become an important tool for testing Global Electric Circuit models. IRS is determined by a new method that uses the background component of the first 7 Schumann resonances (SR). The rate calculations are based on ELF observations carried out in 2005 and 2006 in the observatory station "Hylaty" of the Jagiellonian University in the Eastern Carpathians (Kułak, A., Zięba, S., Micek, S., Nieckarz, Z., 2003. Solar variations in extremely low frequency propagation parameters: I. A two-dimensional telegraph equation (TDTE) model of ELF propagation and fundamental parameters of Schumann resonances, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 1270, doi:10.1029/2002JA009304). Diurnal runs of the IRS rate were compared with diurnal runs of E0 Z amplitudes registered at the Earth's surface in the Geophysical Observatory of the Polish Academy of Sciences in Świder (Kubicki, M., 2005. Results of Atmospheric Electricity and Meteorological Observations, S. Kalinowski Geophysical Observatory at Świder 2004, Pub. Inst. Geophysics Polish Academy of Sciences, D-68 (383), Warszawa.). The days with the highest values of the correlation coefficient ( R) between amplitudes of both observed parameters characterizing atmosphere electric activity are shown. The seasonal changes of R, IRS and E0 Z are also presented.

  5. Radiation Tests of Single Photon Avalanche Diode for Space Applications

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Moscatelli, Francesco; Marisaldi, Martino; MacCagnani, Piera; Labanti, Claudio; Fuschino, Fabio; Prest, Michela; Berra, Alessandro; Bolognini, Davide; Ghioni, Massimo; Rech, Ivan; hide

    2013-01-01

    Single photon avalanche diodes (SPADs) have been recently studied as photodetectors for applications in space missions. In this presentation we report the results of radiation hardness test on large area SPAD (actual results refer to SPADs having 500 micron diameter). Dark counts rate as low as few kHz at -10 degC has been obtained for the 500 micron devices, before irradiation. We performed bulk damage and total dose radiation tests with protons and gamma-rays in order to evaluate their radiation hardness properties and their suitability for application in a Low Earth Orbit (LEO) space mission. With this aim SPAD devices have been irradiated using up to 20 krad total dose with gamma-rays and 5 krad with protons. The test performed show that large area SPADs are very sensitive to proton doses as low as 2×10(exp 8) (1 MeV eq) n/cm2 with a significant increase in dark counts rate (DCR) as well as in the manifestation of the "random telegraph signal" effect. Annealing studies at room temperature (RT) and at 80 degC have been carried out, showing a high decrease of DCR after 24-48 h at RT. Lower protons doses in the range 1-10×10(exp 7) (1 MeV eq) n/cm(exp 2) result in a lower increase of DCR suggesting that the large-area SPADs tested in this study are well suitable for application in low-inclination LEO, particularly useful for gamma-ray astrophysics.

  6. Temperature Dependent Electron Transport Properties of Gold Nanoparticles and Composites: Scanning Tunneling Spectroscopy Investigations.

    PubMed

    Patil, Sumati; Datar, Suwarna; Dharmadhikari, C V

    2018-03-01

    Scanning tunneling spectroscopy (STS) is used for investigating variations in electronic properties of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and its composite with urethane-methacrylate comb polymer (UMCP) as function of temperature. Films are prepared by drop casting AuNPs and UMCP in desired manner on silicon substrates. Samples are further analyzed for morphology under scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). STS measurements performed in temperature range of 33 °C to 142 °C show systematic variation in current versus voltage (I-V) curves, exhibiting semiconducting to metallic transition/Schottky behavior for different samples, depending upon preparation method and as function of temperature. During current versus time (I-t) measurement for AuNPs, random telegraphic noise is observed at room temperature. Random switching of tunneling current between two discrete levels is observed for this sample. Power spectra derived from I-t show 1/f2 dependence. Statistical analysis of fluctuations shows exponential behavior with time width τ ≈ 7 ms. Local density of states (LDOS) plots derived from I-V curves of each sample show systematic shift in valance/conduction band edge towards/away from Fermi level, with respect to increase in temperature. Schottky emission is best fitted electron emission mechanism for all samples over certain range of bias voltage. Schottky plots are used to calculate barrier heights and temperature dependent measurements helped in measuring activation energies for electron transport in all samples.

  7. Design for minimum energy in interstellar communication

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Messerschmitt, David G.

    2015-02-01

    Microwave digital communication at interstellar distances is the foundation of extraterrestrial civilization (SETI and METI) communication of information-bearing signals. Large distances demand large transmitted power and/or large antennas, while the propagation is transparent over a wide bandwidth. Recognizing a fundamental tradeoff, reduced energy delivered to the receiver at the expense of wide bandwidth (the opposite of terrestrial objectives) is advantageous. Wide bandwidth also results in simpler design and implementation, allowing circumvention of dispersion and scattering arising in the interstellar medium and motion effects and obviating any related processing. The minimum energy delivered to the receiver per bit of information is determined by cosmic microwave background alone. By mapping a single bit onto a carrier burst, the Morse code invented for the telegraph in 1836 comes closer to this minimum energy than approaches used in modern terrestrial radio. Rather than the terrestrial approach of adding phases and amplitudes increases information capacity while minimizing bandwidth, adding multiple time-frequency locations for carrier bursts increases capacity while minimizing energy per information bit. The resulting location code is simple and yet can approach the minimum energy as bandwidth is expanded. It is consistent with easy discovery, since carrier bursts are energetic and straightforward modifications to post-detection pattern recognition can identify burst patterns. Time and frequency coherence constraints leading to simple signal discovery are addressed, and observations of the interstellar medium by transmitter and receiver constrain the burst parameters and limit the search scope.

  8. Exploring the History of Time in an Integrated System: the Ramifications for Water

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Green, M. B.; Adams, L. E.; Allen, T. L.; Arrigo, J. S.; Bain, D. J.; Bray, E. N.; Duncan, J. M.; Hermans, C. M.; Pastore, C.; Schlosser, C. A.; Vorosmarty, C. J.; Witherell, B. B.; Wollheim, W. M.; Wreschnig, A. J.

    2009-12-01

    Characteristic time scales are useful and simple descriptors of geophysical and socio-economic system dynamics. Focusing on the integrative nature of the hydrologic cycle, new insights into system couplings can be gained by compiling characteristic time scales of important processes driving these systems. There are many examples of changing characteristic time scales. Human life expectancy has increased over the recent history of medical advancement. The transport time of goods has decreased with the progression from horse to rail to car to plane. The transport time of information changed with the progression from letter to telegraph to telephone to networked computing. Soil residence time (pedogenesis to estuary deposition) has been influenced by changing agricultural technology, urbanization, and forest practices. Surface water residence times have varied as beaver dams have disappeared and been replaced with modern reservoirs, flood control works, and channelization. These dynamics raise the question of how these types of time scales interact with each other to form integrated Earth system dynamics? Here we explore the coupling of geophysical and socio-economic systems in the northeast United States over the 1600 to 2010 period by examining characteristic time scales. This visualization of many time scales serves as an exploratory analysis, producing new hypotheses about how the integrated system dynamics have evolved over the last 400 years. Specifically, exponential population growth and the evolving strategies to maintain that population appears as fundamental to many of the time scales.

  9. Japanese respond to campaign.

    PubMed

    1994-08-01

    A unique campaign launched by JOICFP in August 1993 had by the end of June 1994 netted US $41,200 to support activities of the integrated Project (IP) in developing countries. Under the campaign, the public, institutions, organizations, and businesses have been sending in used prepaid cards for sale to collectors in Japan and abroad. Prepaid cards are widely used throughout Japan for phones, subways, railways and highways. Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corporation (NTT) alone issues 20 million cards annually. The campaign, which has been widely featured in the media, has proved effective for drawing attention to JOICFP and to population and family planning issues. Gaining the understanding of the Japanese public about population issues has grown in importance since the government's announcement of the new Global Issues Initiative (GII). Word about the campaign was carried by radio, television, newspapers, and magazines nationwide. The number of cards sent in escalated with the attention. By the end of June, JOICFP had received around 700,000 cards, of which 550,000 have been exchanged for cash. The funds generated by the card sales have been allocated to support grassroots IP activities and encourage the self-reliance of projects in China, Ghana, Guatemala, Nepal, Tanzania, and Zambia. Responses to the campaign have come from individuals as well as local governments, hospitals, enterprises, and educational institutions. Many of these have initiated their own card-collection system and information-dissemination activities to support JOICFP. Over 5000 different organizations are now collaborating with JOICFP for the campaign, including Tenmaya Department Store in Okayama City.

  10. Hydrodynamic dispersion within porous biofilms

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Davit, Y.; Byrne, H.; Osborne, J.; Pitt-Francis, J.; Gavaghan, D.; Quintard, M.

    2013-01-01

    Many microorganisms live within surface-associated consortia, termed biofilms, that can form intricate porous structures interspersed with a network of fluid channels. In such systems, transport phenomena, including flow and advection, regulate various aspects of cell behavior by controlling nutrient supply, evacuation of waste products, and permeation of antimicrobial agents. This study presents multiscale analysis of solute transport in these porous biofilms. We start our analysis with a channel-scale description of mass transport and use the method of volume averaging to derive a set of homogenized equations at the biofilm-scale in the case where the width of the channels is significantly smaller than the thickness of the biofilm. We show that solute transport may be described via two coupled partial differential equations or telegrapher's equations for the averaged concentrations. These models are particularly relevant for chemicals, such as some antimicrobial agents, that penetrate cell clusters very slowly. In most cases, especially for nutrients, solute penetration is faster, and transport can be described via an advection-dispersion equation. In this simpler case, the effective diffusion is characterized by a second-order tensor whose components depend on (1) the topology of the channels' network; (2) the solute's diffusion coefficients in the fluid and the cell clusters; (3) hydrodynamic dispersion effects; and (4) an additional dispersion term intrinsic to the two-phase configuration. Although solute transport in biofilms is commonly thought to be diffusion dominated, this analysis shows that hydrodynamic dispersion effects may significantly contribute to transport.

  11. Progress in post-quantum mechanics

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Sarfatti, Jack

    2017-05-01

    Newton's mechanics in the 17th century increased the lethality of artillery. Thermodynamics in the 19th led to the steam-powered industrial revolution. Maxwell's unification of electricity, magnetism and light gave us electrical power, the telegraph, radio and television. The discovery of quantum mechanics in the 20th century by Planck, Bohr, Einstein, Schrodinger, Heisenberg led to the creation of the atomic and hydrogen bombs as well as computer chips, the world-wide-web and Silicon Valley's multibillion dollar corporations. The lesson is that breakthroughs in fundamental physics, both theoretical and experimental, have always led to profound technological wealth-creating industries and will continue to do so. There is now a new revolution brewing in quantum mechanics that can be divided into three periods. The first quantum revolution was from 1900 to about 1975. The second quantum information/computer revolution was from about 1975 to 2015. (The early part of this story is told by Kaiser in his book, How the Hippies Saved Physics, how a small group of Berkeley/San Francisco physicists triggered that second revolution.) The third quantum revolution is how an extension of quantum mechanics may lead to the understanding of consciousness as a natural physical phenomenon that can emerge in many material substrates, not only in our carbon-based biochemistry. In particular, this new post-quantum mechanics may lead to naturally conscious artificial intelligence in nano-electronic machines, as well as perhaps extending human life spans to hundreds of years and more.

  12. Observation and analysis of the Coulter effect through carbon nanotube and graphene nanopores.

    PubMed

    Agrawal, Kumar Varoon; Drahushuk, Lee W; Strano, Michael S

    2016-02-13

    Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and graphene are the rolled and flat analogues of graphitic carbon, respectively, with hexagonal crystalline lattices, and show exceptional molecular transport properties. The empirical study of a single isolated nanopore requires, as evidence, the observation of stochastic, telegraphic noise from a blocking molecule commensurate in size with the pore. This standard is used ubiquitously in patch clamp studies of single, isolated biological ion channels and a wide range of inorganic, synthetic nanopores. In this work, we show that observation and study of stochastic fluctuations for carbon nanopores, both CNTs and graphene-based, enable precision characterization of pore properties that is otherwise unattainable. In the case of voltage clamp measurements of long (0.5-1 mm) CNTs between 0.9 and 2.2 nm in diameter, Coulter blocking of cationic species reveals the complex structuring of the fluid phase for confined water in this diameter range. In the case of graphene, we have pioneered the study and the analysis of stochastic fluctuations in gas transport from a pressurized, graphene-covered micro-well compartment that reveal switching between different values of the membrane permeance attributed to chemical rearrangements of individual graphene pores. This analysis remains the only way to study such single isolated graphene nanopores under these realistic transport conditions of pore rearrangements, in keeping with the thesis of this work. In summary, observation and analysis of Coulter blocking or stochastic fluctuations of permeating flux is an invaluable tool to understand graphene and graphitic nanopores including CNTs. © 2015 The Author(s).

  13. Modeling persistence of motion in a crowded environment: The diffusive limit of excluding velocity-jump processes

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Gavagnin, Enrico; Yates, Christian A.

    2018-03-01

    Persistence of motion is the tendency of an object to maintain motion in a direction for short time scales without necessarily being biased in any direction in the long term. One of the most appropriate mathematical tools to study this behavior is an agent-based velocity-jump process. In the absence of agent-agent interaction, the mean-field continuum limit of the agent-based model (ABM) gives rise to the well known hyperbolic telegraph equation. When agent-agent interaction is included in the ABM, a strictly advective system of partial differential equations (PDEs) can be derived at the population level. However, no diffusive limit of the ABM has been obtained from such a model. Connecting the microscopic behavior of the ABM to a diffusive macroscopic description is desirable, since it allows the exploration of a wider range of scenarios and establishes a direct connection with commonly used statistical tools of movement analysis. In order to connect the ABM at the population level to a diffusive PDE at the population level, we consider a generalization of the agent-based velocity-jump process on a two-dimensional lattice with three forms of agent interaction. This generalization allows us to take a diffusive limit and obtain a faithful population-level description. We investigate the properties of the model at both the individual and population levels and we elucidate some of the models' key characteristic features. In particular, we show an intrinsic anisotropy inherent to the models and we find evidence of a spontaneous form of aggregation at both the micro- and macroscales.

  14. [Medicine in notafilia--Part III].

    PubMed

    Babić, Rade R; Babić, Gordana Stanković

    2013-01-01

    Notafilia is the study of paper money. Only a few countries in the world have issued banknotes with portraits of well-known scientists who brought international fame to their own people and medicine. PORTRAITS OF SCIENTISTS ON THE BANKNOTES OF YUGOSLAVIA, SERBIA AND MONTENEGRO AND SERBIA. Nikola Tesla and Mihailo Pupin Idvorski were the ingenious inventors and scientists of our time who made special contributions to radiology. Nikola Tesla (1856-1943) pioneered the use of X-rays for medical purposes, thus effectively laying the foundations of radiology and radiography, and revealed the existence of harmful effects of X-rays on the human body. Mihailo Pupin Idvorski (1854-1935) was worldwide famous for applying physics in practice, as well as in the basis of telephone and telegraph transmissions. He also studied the nature of X-rays and contributed to establishing of radiology. PORTRAITS OF SCIENTISTS ON THE BANKNOTES OF THE WORLD: Maria Sklodowska Curie (1867-1934) was the first woman to gain the academic title of the Academy of Medicine, Paris. Together with her husband Pierre Curie (1859-1906) she gave an outstanding contribution to science and medicine. The discovery of the radioactive elements introduced the concept of "radioactivity" into physics and "radiotherapy" as a new discipline in medicine, thus creating the conditions for the development of nuclear medicine, oncology, and mobile diagnostic radiology. This paper presents the banknotes featuring the portraits of Nikola Tesla, Mihailo Pupin Idvorski, Maria Sklodowska Curie and Pierre Curie, the world renowned scientists, who made enormous contributions to medicine and laid the foundation for radiology.

  15. Curiosity First 14 Rock or Soil Sampling Sites on Mars

    NASA Image and Video Library

    2016-06-13

    This graphic maps locations of the first 14 sites where NASA's Curiosity Mars rover collected rock or soil samples for analysis by laboratory instruments inside the vehicle. It also presents images of the drilled holes where 12 rock-powder samples were acquired. At the other two sites -- Rocknest and Gobabeb -- Curiosity scooped soil samples. The diameter of each drill hole is about 0.6 inch (1.6 centimeters), slightly smaller than a U.S. dime. The images used here are raw color, as recorded by the rover's Mars Hand Lens Imager (MAHLI) camera. Notice the differences in color of the material at different drilling sites. The latest sample site included is "Oudam," where Curiosity drilled into mudstone of the "Murray formation" on June 4, during the 1,361th Martian day, or sol, of the mission. Curiosity landed in August 2012 on the plain (named Aeolis Palus) near Mount Sharp (or Aeolis Mons). Dates when the first 11 drilled-rock samples were collected are: "John Klein" on Feb. 8, 2013 (Sol 182); "Cumberland" on May 19, 2013 (Sol 279); "Windjana" on May 5, 2014 (Sol 621); "Confidence Hills" on Sept. 24, 2014 (Sol 759); "Mojave" on Jan. 29, 2015 (Sol 882); "Telegraph Peak" on Feb. 24, 2015 (Sol 908); "Buckskin" on July 30, 2015 (Sol 1060); "Big Sky" on Sept. 29, 2015 (Sol 1119); "Greenhorn" on Oct. 18, 2015 (Sol 1137); "Lubango" on April 23, 2016 (Sol 1320); and "Okoruso" on May 5, 2016 (Sol 1332). http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA20748

  16. A new transportable instrument for in-situ void and corrosion imaging in thick structural sections by three dimensional Compton scatter imaging

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Bridge, B.

    2000-05-01

    When X Gamma or other kinds of subatomic particle radiation are being used for NDE, measurements are almost always made on the primary beam after transmission through the object under test. Cases are described where better results, i.e., image quality or cost effectiveness can be obtained from measurements on scattered radiation rather than the primary beam. Compton imaging of high volume resolution in thick structures has previously been achieved only by fixed laboratory installations involving massive primary beam shields (collimators) between source and detectors. Here the design of a relatively portable collimator (98 kg mass) for a cobalt 60 source is given. It permits three dimensional material density imaging, with voxel (3-dimensional pixel) volumes small enough to permit the detection of voids down to 10 cubic mm in up to 30 mm thickness of steel or 250 mm of wood (for example, a 500 mm diameter tree trunk). Using a 370 GBq source, typical results of thickness measurements to a precision of 1 mm over cross sections down to 10 square mm are presented. The collimator mass is reducible to about 68 kg with the use of depleted uranium instead of lead. The means of deploying such a collimator in a mobile way are discussed. A typical in-situ application is the detection of inner wall corrosion and flooding of tubular members of underwater offshore oil platforms and ship hulls without the need to remove hard marine growth. Another case is the detection of telegraph pole and tree rot below ground level.

  17. The {sech}( {\\hat{ξ }} ) -Type Profiles: A Swiss-Army Knife for Exact Analytical Modeling of Thermal Diffusion and Wave Propagation in Graded Media

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Krapez, J.-C.

    2018-07-01

    This work deals with the exact analytical modeling of transfer phenomena in heterogeneous materials exhibiting one-dimensional continuous variations of their properties. Regarding heat transfer, it has recently been shown that by applying a Liouville transformation and multiple Darboux transformations, infinite sequences of solvable profiles of thermal effusivity can be constructed together with the associated temperature (exact) solutions, all in closed-form expressions (vs. the diffusion-time variable and with a growing number of parameters). In addition, a particular class of profiles, the so-called {sech}( {\\hat{ξ }} ) -type profiles, exhibit high agility and at the same time parsimony. In this paper we delve further into the description of these solvable profiles and their properties. Most importantly, their quadrupole formulation is provided, enabling smooth synthetic profiles of effusivity of arbitrary complexity to be built, and allowing the corresponding temperature dynamic response to be obtained very easily thereafter. Examples are given with increasing variability of the effusivity and an increasing number of elementary profiles. These highly flexible profiles are equally relevant to providing an exact analytical solution to wave propagation problems in 1D graded media (i.e., Maxwell's equations, the acoustic equation, the telegraph equation, etc.). From now on, whether it be for diffusion-like or wave-like problems, when the leading properties present (possibly piecewise-) continuously heterogeneous profiles, the classical staircase model can be advantageously replaced by a "high-level" quadrupole model consisting of one or more {sech}( {\\hat{ξ }} ) -type profiles, which makes the latter a true Swiss-Army knife for analytical modeling.

  18. Dental maturation, eruption, and gingival emergence in the upper jaw of newborn primates.

    PubMed

    Smith, Timothy D; Muchlinski, Magdalena N; Jankord, Kathryn D; Progar, Abbigal J; Bonar, Christopher J; Evans, Sian; Williams, Lawrence; Vinyard, Christopher J; Deleon, Valerie B

    2015-12-01

    In this report we provide data on dental eruption and tooth germ maturation at birth in a large sample constituting the broadest array of non-human primates studied to date. Over 100 perinatal primates, obtained from natural captive deaths, were screened for characteristics indicating premature birth, and were subsequently studied using a combination of histology and micro-CT. Results reveal one probable unifying characteristic of living primates: relatively advanced maturation of deciduous teeth and M1 at birth. Beyond this, there is great diversity in the status of tooth eruption and maturation (dental stage) in the newborn primate. Contrasting strategies in producing a masticatory battery are already apparent at birth in strepsirrhines and anthropoids. Results show that dental maturation and eruption schedules are potentially independently co-opted as different strategies for attaining feeding independence. The most common strategy in strepsirrhines is accelerating eruption and the maturation of the permanent dentition, including replacement teeth. Anthropoids, with only few exceptions, accelerate mineralization of the deciduous teeth, while delaying development of all permanent teeth except M1. These results also show that no living primate resembles the altricial tree shrew (Tupaia) in dental development. Our preliminary observations suggest that ecological explanations, such as diet, provide an explanation for certain morphological variations at birth. These results confirm previous work on perinatal indriids indicating that these and other primates telegraph their feeding adaptations well before masticatory anatomy is functional. Quantitative analyses are required to decipher specific dietary and other influences on dental size and maturation in the newborn primate. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

  19. Dental maturation, eruption, and gingival emergence in the upper jaw of newborn primates

    PubMed Central

    Smith, Timothy D.; Muchlinksi, Magdalena N.; Jankord, Kathryn D.; Progar, Abbigal J.; Bonar, Christopher J.; Evans, Sian; Williams, Lawrence; Vinyard, Christopher J.; DeLeon, Valerie B.

    2015-01-01

    In this report we provide data on dental eruption and tooth germ maturation at birth in a large sample constituting the broadest array of non-human primates studied to date. Over 100 perinatal primates, obtained from natural captive deaths, were screened for characteristics indicating premature birth, and were subsequently studied using a combination of histology and micro-CT. Results reveal one probable unifying characteristic of living primates: relatively advanced maturation of deciduous teeth and M1 at birth. Beyond this, there is great diversity in the status of tooth eruption and maturation (dental stage) in the newborn primate. Contrasting strategies in producing a masticatory battery are already apparent at birth in strepsirrhines and anthropoids. Results show that dental maturation and eruption schedules are potentially independently co-opted as different strategies for attaining feeding independence. The most common strategy in strepsirrhines is accelerating eruption and the maturation of the permanent dentition, including replacement teeth. Anthropoids, with only few exceptions, accelerate mineralization of the deciduous teeth, while delaying development of all permanent teeth except M1. These results also show that no living primate resembles the altricial tree shrew (Tupaia) in dental development. Our preliminary observations suggest that ecological explanations, such as diet, provide an explanation for certain morphological variations at birth. These results confirm previous work on perinatal indriids indicating that these and other primates telegraph their feeding adaptations well before masticatory anatomy is functional. Quantitative analyses are required to decipher specific dietary and other influences on dental size and maturation in the newborn primate. PMID:26425925

  20. RTS effect detection in Sentinel-4 data

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Candeias, Henrique; Gnata, Xavier; Harlander, Maximilian; Hermsen, Markus; Hohn, Rüdiger; Riedl, Stefan; Skegg, Michael; Williges, Christian; Reulke, Ralf

    2017-09-01

    The future ESA Earth Observation Sentinel-4/UVN is a high resolution spectrometer intended to fly on board a Meteosat Third Generation Sounder (MTG-S) platform, placed in a geostationary orbit. The main objective of this optical mission is to continuously monitor the air quality over Europe in near-real time. The Sentinel-4/UVN instrument operates in three wavelength bands: Ultraviolet (UV: 305-400 nm), Visible (VIS: 400- 500 nm) and Near-infrared (NIR: 750-775 nm). Two dedicated CCD detector have been developed to be used in the Focal Plane Subsystems (FPS), one for the combined UV and VIS band, the other covering the NIR band. Being a high resolution spectrometer with challenging radiometric accuracy requirements, both on spectral and spatial dimensions, an effect such the Random Telegraph Signal (RTS) can represent a relevant contribution for the complete system accuracy. In this work we analyze the RTS effect on data acquired during the FPS testing campaign with qualification models for the Sentinel-4/UVN detectors. This test campaign has been performed in late 2016. The strategy for the impact assessment of RTS is to measure the effect at room temperature and then to extrapolate the results to the at instrument operational temperature. This way, very-long lasting data acquisitions could be avoided since the RTS frequency is much lower at cryogenic temperatures. A reliable technique for RTS effect detection has been developed in order to characterize the signal levels amplitude and occurrence frequencies (flipping rate). We demonstrate the residual impact of the RTS on the global In-Orbit Sentinel-4/UVN instrument performance and products accuracy.

  1. Theory and praxis pf map analsys in CHEF part 1: Linear normal form

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Michelotti, Leo; /Fermilab

    2008-10-01

    This memo begins a series which, put together, could comprise the 'CHEF Documentation Project' if there were such a thing. The first--and perhaps only--three will telegraphically describe theory, algorithms, implementation and usage of the normal form map analysis procedures encoded in CHEF's collection of libraries. [1] This one will begin the sequence by explaining the linear manipulations that connect the Jacobian matrix of a symplectic mapping to its normal form. It is a 'Reader's Digest' version of material I wrote in Intermediate Classical Dynamics (ICD) [2] and randomly scattered across technical memos, seminar viewgraphs, and lecture notes for the pastmore » quarter century. Much of its content is old, well known, and in some places borders on the trivial.1 Nevertheless, completeness requires their inclusion. The primary objective is the 'fundamental theorem' on normalization written on page 8. I plan to describe the nonlinear procedures in a subsequent memo and devote a third to laying out algorithms and lines of code, connecting them with equations written in the first two. Originally this was to be done in one short paper, but I jettisoned that approach after its first section exceeded a dozen pages. The organization of this document is as follows. A brief description of notation is followed by a section containing a general treatment of the linear problem. After the 'fundamental theorem' is proved, two further subsections discuss the generation of equilibrium distributions and issue of 'phase'. The final major section reviews parameterizations--that is, lattice functions--in two and four dimensions with a passing glance at the six-dimensional version. Appearances to the contrary, for the most part I have tried to restrict consideration to matters needed to understand the code in CHEF's libraries.« less

  2. Making sense of progressive non-fluent aphasia: an analysis of conversational speech

    PubMed Central

    Woollams, Anna M.; Hodges, John R.; Patterson, Karalyn

    2009-01-01

    The speech of patients with progressive non-fluent aphasia (PNFA) has often been described clinically, but these descriptions lack support from quantitative data. The clinical classification of the progressive aphasic syndromes is also debated. This study selected 15 patients with progressive aphasia on broad criteria, excluding only those with clear semantic dementia. It aimed to provide a detailed quantitative description of their conversational speech, along with cognitive testing and visual rating of structural brain imaging, and to examine which, if any features were consistently present throughout the group; as well as looking for sub-syndromic associations between these features. A consistent increase in grammatical and speech sound errors and a simplification of spoken syntax relative to age-matched controls were observed, though telegraphic speech was rare; slow speech was common but not universal. Almost all patients showed impairments in picture naming, syntactic comprehension and executive function. The degree to which speech was affected was independent of the severity of the other cognitive deficits. A partial dissociation was also observed between slow speech with simplified grammar on the one hand, and grammatical and speech sound errors on the other. Overlap between these sets of impairments was however, the rule rather than the exception, producing continuous variation within a single consistent syndrome. The distribution of atrophy was remarkably variable, with frontal, temporal and medial temporal areas affected, either symmetrically or asymmetrically. The study suggests that PNFA is a coherent, well-defined syndrome and that varieties such as logopaenic progressive aphasia and progressive apraxia of speech may be seen as points in a space of continuous variation within progressive non-fluent aphasia. PMID:19696033

  3. Mudstone Mineralogy from Curiosity CheMin, 2013 to 2016

    NASA Image and Video Library

    2016-12-13

    This series of pie charts shows similarities and differences in the mineral compositions of mudstones at 10 sites where NASA's Curiosity Mars rover collected rock-powder samples and analyzed them with the rover's Chemistry and Mineralogy (CheMin) instrument. The charts are arrayed in chronological order, with an indication of relative elevation as the rover first sampled two sites on the floor of Gale Crater in 2013 and later began climbing the crater's central mound, Mount Sharp. The pie chart farthest to the right and uphill shows composition at the "Sebina" target, sampled in October 2016. Five non-mudstone rock targets that the rover drilled and analyzed within this time frame are not included. The mineralogical variations in these mudstones may be due to differences in any or all of these factors: the source materials deposited by water that entered lakes, the processes of sedimentation and rock forming, and how the rocks were later altered. One trend that stands out is that the mineral jarosite -- shown in purple -- was more prominent in the "Pahrump Hills" area of lower Mount Sharp than at sites examined either earlier or later. Jarosite is an indicator of acidic water. Mudstone layers uphill from Pahrump Hills have barely detectable amounts of jarosite, indicating a shift away from acidic conditions in these overlying -- thus younger -- layers. Clay minerals, shown as green, declined in abundance at sites midway through this series, then came back as the rover climbed higher. Each drilled-and-analyzed target is identified with a two-letter abbreviation: JK for "John Klein," CB for "Cumberland." CH for "Confidence Hills," MJ for "Mojave," TP for "Telegraph Peak," BK for "Buckskin," OD for "Oudam," MB for "Marimba," QL for "Quela," and SB for Sebina. http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA21146

  4. [Again on language of biology].

    PubMed

    Morchio, di Renzo

    2004-01-01

    Some time ago I proposed in an Editorial in this journal some considerations on the language of biology. I concluded that, to realize an autonomy of such a language (and therefore of biology), we have to develop a valid language for biology. In such a context, it seemed to me that the term "metaphors" referred to the concepts concerning the information carried by genetic code, was a reasonable one. However, Barbieri's article in this issue of Rivista di Biologia / Biology Forum calls for a reply. Of course, we do not know very much in this field, even if we have some evidence that a sequence of bases on a DNA is not determined only by chance. In any case we can exclude that nature in this occasion has "invented" a code. Nature doesn't "invent" anything: it only follows its rules, that we name "laws of nature". Barbieri quotes the Morse code, but forgets to say that such a code is "conventional" in the sense that it is valid only because it is the result of an "agreement" between Morse and the users of that code. There is nothing more unnatural than a "code": with whom nature should actually have to "reach an agreement"? As a matter of fact, we interpret as "information" what happens by law of nature. Also Barbieri's thesis that genes and proteins are molecular artifacts, assembled by external agents, whereas generally molecules are determined by their bonds, i.e. by internal factors, is a disputable one. It is examined how much an external structure plays a role in ordinary chemical reactions. The "information" of physics is not a semantic information. For such information we can refer to history of literature, telegraphic offices, genetics or biochemistry.

  5. Improving the output voltage waveform of an intense electron-beam accelerator based on helical type Blumlein pulse forming line

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Cheng, Xin-Bing; Liu, Jin-Liang; Zhang, Hong-Bo; Feng, Jia-Huai; Qian, Bao-Liang

    2010-07-01

    The Blumlein pulse forming line (BPFL) consisting of an inner coaxial pulse forming line (PFL) and an outer coaxial PFL is widely used in the field of pulsed power, especially for intense electron-beam accelerators (IEBA). The output voltage waveform determines the quality and characteristics of the output beam current of the IEBA. Comparing with the conventional BPFL, an IEBA based on a helical type BPFL can increase the duration of the output voltage in the same geometrical volume. However, for the helical type BPFL, the voltage waveform on a matched load may be distorted which influences the electron-beam quality. In this paper, an IEBA based on helical type BPFL is studied theoretically. Based on telegrapher equations of the BPFL, a formula for the output voltage of IEBA is obtained when the transition section is taken into account, where the transition section is between the middle cylinder of BPFL and the load. From the theoretical analysis, it is found that the wave impedance and transit time of the transition section influence considerably the main pulse voltage waveform at the load, a step is formed in front of the main pulse, and a sharp spike is also formed at the end of the main pulse. In order to get a well-shaped square waveform at the load and to improve the electron-beam quality of such an accelerator, the wave impedance of the transition section should be equal to that of the inner PFL of helical type BPFL and the transit time of the transition section should be designed as short as possible. Experiments performed on an IEBA with the helical type BPFL show reasonable agreement with theoretical analysis.

  6. Loss-of-function DNA sequence variant in the CLCNKA chloride channel implicates the cardio-renal axis in interindividual heart failure risk variation.

    PubMed

    Cappola, Thomas P; Matkovich, Scot J; Wang, Wei; van Booven, Derek; Li, Mingyao; Wang, Xuexia; Qu, Liming; Sweitzer, Nancy K; Fang, James C; Reilly, Muredach P; Hakonarson, Hakon; Nerbonne, Jeanne M; Dorn, Gerald W

    2011-02-08

    Common heart failure has a strong undefined heritable component. Two recent independent cardiovascular SNP array studies identified a common SNP at 1p36 in intron 2 of the HSPB7 gene as being associated with heart failure. HSPB7 resequencing identified other risk alleles but no functional gene variants. Here, we further show no effect of the HSPB7 SNP on cardiac HSPB7 mRNA levels or splicing, suggesting that the SNP marks the position of a functional variant in another gene. Accordingly, we used massively parallel platforms to resequence all coding exons of the adjacent CLCNKA gene, which encodes the K(a) renal chloride channel (ClC-K(a)). Of 51 exonic CLCNKA variants identified, one SNP (rs10927887, encoding Arg83Gly) was common, in linkage disequilibrium with the heart failure risk SNP in HSPB7, and associated with heart failure in two independent Caucasian referral populations (n = 2,606 and 1,168; combined P = 2.25 × 10(-6)). Individual genotyping of rs10927887 in the two study populations and a third independent heart failure cohort (combined n = 5,489) revealed an additive allele effect on heart failure risk that is independent of age, sex, and prior hypertension (odds ratio = 1.27 per allele copy; P = 8.3 × 10(-7)). Functional characterization of recombinant wild-type Arg83 and variant Gly83 ClC-K(a) chloride channel currents revealed ≈ 50% loss-of-function of the variant channel. These findings identify a common, functionally significant genetic risk factor for Caucasian heart failure. The variant CLCNKA risk allele, telegraphed by linked variants in the adjacent HSPB7 gene, uncovers a previously overlooked genetic mechanism affecting the cardio-renal axis.

  7. Coping with Radio Frequency Interference

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Lewis, B. M.

    2009-01-01

    The radio spectrum is a finite resource, on which humanity makes many demands. And pressure on it is ever increasing with the development of new technology and ideas for radio services. After all, we all benefit from wifi and cell phones. Radio astronomers have a small percentage of the spectrum allocated to them at octave intervals in the metre-centimetre bands, and at important frequencies, such as that of the 21cm line of HI. Signals from other services, as well as from our own poorly-engineered equipment, sometimes contaminate our bands: these signals constitute RFI. These may totally obliterate the astronomical signal, or, in the case of CLOUDSAT, may be capable of completely destroying a receiver, which introduces us to the new possibility of 'destructive interference'. A geo-stationary satellite can block access to a piece of sky from one site. Good equipment design eliminates self-inflicted interference, while physical separation often provides adequate practical mitigation at many frequencies. However, new observatories end up being located in the West Australian desert or Antarctica. In future they may be on the back side of the Moon. But there is no Earth-bound protection via physical separation against satellite signals. Some mitigation can be achieved by frequent data dumps and the excision of RFI, or by real-time detection and blanking of the receiver, or by more sophisticated algoriths. Astronomers of necessity aim to achieve mitigation via coordination, at the local level, and by participating in spectrum management at the national and international levels. This involves them spending a lot of time in Geneva at the International Telegraphic Union protecting their access to spectrum, and access to clean spectrum from the L3 point and the far side of the Moon.

  8. Giant siliceous spicules from the deep-sea glass sponge Monorhaphis chuni.

    PubMed

    Wang, Xiaohong; Schröder, Heinz C; Müller, Werner E G

    2009-01-01

    Only 13 years after realizing, during a repair of a telegraph cable pulled out from the deep sea, that the depth of the ocean is plentifully populated with a highly diverse fauna and flora, the Challenger expedition (1873-1876) treasured up a rich collection of vitreous sponges (Hexactinellida). They had been described by Schulze and represent the phylogenetically oldest class of siliceous sponges (phylum Porifera); they are eye-catching because of their distinct body plan, which relies on a filigree skeleton. It is constructed by an array of morphologically determined elements, the spicules. Soon after, during the German Deep Sea Expedition "Valdivia" (1898-1899), Schulze could describe the largest siliceous hexactinellid sponge on Earth, the up to 3-m high Monorhaphis chuni, which develops the equally largest bio-silica structure, the giant basal spicules (3 mx10 mm). Using these spicules as a model, basic knowledge on the morphology, formation, and development of the skeletal elements could be achieved. They are formed by a proteinaceous scaffold (composed of a 27-kDa protein), which mediates the formation of the siliceous lamellae, into which the proteins are encased. The high number of 800 of 5-10 microm thick lamellae is concentrically arranged around the axial canal. The silica matrix is composed of almost pure silicon oxide, providing it with unusually optophysical properties, which are superior to those of man-made waveguides. Experiments might suggest that the spicules function in vivo as a nonocular photoreception system. In addition, the spicules have exceptional mechanical properties, combining mechanical stability with strength and stiffness. Like demosponges, also the hexactinellids synthesize their silica enzymatically, via the enzyme silicatein (27-kDa protein). It is suggested that these basic insights will surely contribute to a further applied utilization and exploration of silica in bio-material/biomedical science.

  9. Constructing Uniformity: the Standardization of International Electromagnetic Measures, 1860-1912

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Lagerstrom, Larry Randles

    Metrology gained much attention from electrical scientists and practitioners in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Spurred by the expanding telegraph industries, they considered the construction and acceptance of a universal system of electromagnetic measures essential for the growth of science and technology. The task was not easy. Scientists and practitioners, having different concerns and needs, often found themselves at odds. National rivalries further obstructed the attainment of uniform measures. Under the auspices of a series of international electrical congresses and conferences between 1881 and 1908, the systembuilders succeeded in establishing an international system of practical electrical units and standards--the ohm, volt, ampere, coulomb, farad, joule, and watt--based on the centimeter-gram-second (CGS) system of measures. They had less success, however, with practical magnetic units. They had designed the system of electrical units to meet the needs of telegraphy. But the rise of the technologies of electrical power in the late nineteenth century made it difficult to define magnetic units that were both practical for the new technologies and coherent with the existing system of units. The international congress, as an institution, also gave them trouble. It lacked authority and stability and, in some cases, hindered the development of the system of units. More credit for the success of the systembuilders must go, paradoxically, to the national physical laboratories that arose in Germany, France, Great Britain, and the United States circa 1900. They enabled the standardization of international electromagnetic measures by narrowing the community of systembuilders to a small circle of elite experts. This historical process illustrates important aspects of the ways and means of standardization, of the technical and social construction of uniformity.

  10. Impacts of Extreme Space Weather Events on Power Grid Infrastructure: Physics-Based Modelling of Geomagnetically-Induced Currents (GICs) During Carrington-Class Geomagnetic Storms

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Henderson, M. G.; Bent, R.; Chen, Y.; Delzanno, G. L.; Jeffery, C. A.; Jordanova, V. K.; Morley, S.; Rivera, M. K.; Toth, G.; Welling, D. T.; Woodroffe, J. R.; Engel, M.

    2017-12-01

    Large geomagnetic storms can have devastating effects on power grids. The largest geomagnetic storm ever recorded - called the Carrington Event - occurred in 1859 and produced Geomagnetically Induced Currents (GICs) strong enough to set fires in telegraph offices. It has been estimated that if such a storm occurred today, it would have devastating, long-lasting effects on the North American power transmission infrastructure. Acutely aware of this imminent threat, the North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC) was recently instructed to establish requirements for transmission system performance during geomagnetic disturbance (GMD) events and, although the benchmarks adopted were based on the best available data at the time, they suffer from a severely limited physical understanding of the behavior of GMDs and the resulting GICs for strong events. To rectify these deficiencies, we are developing a first-of-its-kind data-informed modelling capability that will provide transformational understanding of the underlying physical mechanisms responsible for the most harmful intense localized GMDs and their impacts on real power transmission networks. This work is being conducted in two separate modes of operation: (1) using historical, well-observed large storm intervals for which robust data-assimilation can be performed, and (2) extending the modelling into a predictive realm in order to assess impacts of poorly and/or never-before observed Carrington-class events. Results of this work are expected to include a potential replacement for the current NERC benchmarking methodology and the development of mitigation strategies in real power grid networks. We report on progress to date and show some preliminary results of modeling large (but not yet extreme) events.

  11. Practical recipes for the model order reduction, dynamical simulation and compressive sampling of large-scale open quantum systems

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Sidles, John A.; Garbini, Joseph L.; Harrell, Lee E.; Hero, Alfred O.; Jacky, Jonathan P.; Malcomb, Joseph R.; Norman, Anthony G.; Williamson, Austin M.

    2009-06-01

    Practical recipes are presented for simulating high-temperature and nonequilibrium quantum spin systems that are continuously measured and controlled. The notion of a spin system is broadly conceived, in order to encompass macroscopic test masses as the limiting case of large-j spins. The simulation technique has three stages: first the deliberate introduction of noise into the simulation, then the conversion of that noise into an equivalent continuous measurement and control process, and finally, projection of the trajectory onto state-space manifolds having reduced dimensionality and possessing a Kähler potential of multilinear algebraic form. These state-spaces can be regarded as ruled algebraic varieties upon which a projective quantum model order reduction (MOR) is performed. The Riemannian sectional curvature of ruled Kählerian varieties is analyzed, and proved to be non-positive upon all sections that contain a rule. These manifolds are shown to contain Slater determinants as a special case and their identity with Grassmannian varieties is demonstrated. The resulting simulation formalism is used to construct a positive P-representation for the thermal density matrix. Single-spin detection by magnetic resonance force microscopy (MRFM) is simulated, and the data statistics are shown to be those of a random telegraph signal with additive white noise. Larger-scale spin-dust models are simulated, having no spatial symmetry and no spatial ordering; the high-fidelity projection of numerically computed quantum trajectories onto low dimensionality Kähler state-space manifolds is demonstrated. The reconstruction of quantum trajectories from sparse random projections is demonstrated, the onset of Donoho-Stodden breakdown at the Candès-Tao sparsity limit is observed, a deterministic construction for sampling matrices is given and methods for quantum state optimization by Dantzig selection are given.

  12. Occupations and breast cancer risk among Chinese women in urban Shanghai.

    PubMed

    Gardner, Kathleen M; Ou Shu, Xiao; Jin, Fan; Dai, Qi; Ruan, Zhixian; Thompson, Shirley J; Hussey, James R; Gao, Yu Tang; Zheng, Wei

    2002-10-01

    Although, an elevated risk of breast cancer has been suggested for a number of occupations, many earlier studies were limited by selection biases, the incomplete assessment of job histories, and the inability to control for confounding. We examined the relationship between occupational history and breast cancer risk using data from a population-based case-control study of 1,458 cases and 1,556 age-matched controls (90% response rate) conducted in Shanghai, China. Unconditional logistic regression models were used to derive odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) of breast cancer risk associated with occupations and duration of employment adjusting for non-occupational risk factors. The following occupations were found to be associated with an increased risk of breast cancer: laboratory technicians (OR 9.94, 95% CI 1.20-82.37), telephone and telegraph operators (OR 4.63, 95% CI 1.85-11.59), leather and fur processors (OR 3.25, 95% CI 1.11-9.53), and glass-manufacturing workers (OR 2.08, 95% CI 1.14-3.82). A dose-response pattern for years of employment was observed for leather and fur processors (P = 0.02) and glass-manufacturing workers (P = 0.01). Stratified analyses also revealed dose-response relationships between the risk of breast cancer and years of employment as inspector and product analysts among pre-menopausal women (P = 0.02), and as farmers among post-menopausal women (P = 0.04). This study found that several occupations are associated with an increased risk of breast cancer among women. Studies examining various occupational exposures in these high-risk occupations are warranted to identify carcinogens that may play a role in the increased breast cancer risk. Copyright 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

  13. A remote monitoring system for patients with implantable ventricular assist devices with a personal handy phone system.

    PubMed

    Okamoto, E; Shimanaka, M; Suzuki, S; Baba, K; Mitamura, Y

    1999-01-01

    The usefulness of a remote monitoring system that uses a personal handy phone for artificial heart implanted patients was investigated. The type of handy phone used in this study was a personal handy phone system (PHS), which is a system developed in Japan that uses the NTT (Nippon Telephone and Telegraph, Inc.) telephone network service. The PHS has several advantages: high-speed data transmission, low power output, little electromagnetic interference with medical devices, and easy locating of patients. In our system, patients have a mobile computer (Toshiba, Libretto 50, Kawasaki, Japan) for data transmission control between an implanted controller and a host computer (NEC, PC-9821V16) in the hospital. Information on the motor rotational angle (8 bits) and motor current (8 bits) of the implanted motor driven heart is fed into the mobile computer from the implanted controller (Hitachi, H8/532, Yokohama, Japan) according to 32-bit command codes from the host computer. Motor current and motor rotational angle data from inside the body are framed together by a control code (frame number and parity) for data error checking and correcting at the receiving site, and the data are sent through the PHS connection to the mobile computer. The host computer calculates pump outflow and arterial pressure from the motor rotational angle and motor current values and displays the data in real-time waveforms. The results of this study showed that accurate data on motor rotational angle and current could be transmitted from the subjects while they were walking or driving a car to the host computer at a data transmission rate of 9600 bps. This system is useful for remote monitoring of patients with an implanted artificial heart.

  14. Telemedicine: the slow revolution.

    PubMed

    Moncrief, Jack W

    2014-01-01

    The use of interactive video has been recognized as a means of delivering medical support to isolated areas since the 1950s. The Department of Defense recognized early the capacity of telemedicine to deliver medical care and support to front-line military personnel. In 1989, the Texas Telemedicine Project received grants and support from the then American Telephone and Telegraph Company (now AT&T) and the Meadows Foundation of Dallas, Texas, to establish and evaluate telemedicine delivery in central Texas. That project had 6 connected telemedicine sites: 3 in Austin, Texas, and 3 in Giddings, Texas (a small community 55 miles to the southeast of Austin). The sites in Giddings included a chronic outpatient dialysis facility, an inpatient psychiatric hospital, and the emergency department at Giddings Hospital. Patient contact began in April 1991 and continued through March 1993. During that period, data on the 1500 patient contacts made were recorded. After termination of the Texas Telemedicine Project, AT&T continued to provide the transmission lines, and between 1993 and 1996, another 12,000 patient contacts were made. Approximately 80% were dialysis evaluations and 20% were non-dialysis primary care contacts. The original cost of materials and equipment in the Texas Telemedicine Project exceeded $50,000 per site. Today, a secure Internet connection with full-motion video and wireless data transfer to almost any location in the world is achievable with an iPad. Multiple inexpensive applications with connections for electrocardiogram, otoscope, and stethoscope, among others, make this technology extremely inexpensive and user-friendly. The revolution now is rapidly moving forward, with Medicare reimbursing telemedicine contacts in medically underserved areas. Multiple bills are before Congress to expand Medicare and therefore private insurance payment for this service.

  15. Collective Poisson process with periodic rates: applications in physics from micro-to nanodevices.

    PubMed

    da Silva, Roberto; Lamb, Luis C; Wirth, Gilson Inacio

    2011-01-28

    Continuous reductions in the dimensions of semiconductor devices have led to an increasing number of noise sources, including random telegraph signals (RTS) due to the capture and emission of electrons by traps at random positions between oxide and semiconductor. The models traditionally used for microscopic devices become of limited validity in nano- and mesoscale systems since, in such systems, distributed quantities such as electron and trap densities, and concepts like electron mobility, become inadequate to model electrical behaviour. In addition, current experimental works have shown that RTS in semiconductor devices based on carbon nanotubes lead to giant current fluctuations. Therefore, the physics of this phenomenon and techniques to decrease the amplitudes of RTS need to be better understood. This problem can be described as a collective Poisson process under different, but time-independent, rates, τ(c) and τ(e), that control the capture and emission of electrons by traps distributed over the oxide. Thus, models that consider calculations performed under time-dependent periodic capture and emission rates should be of interest in order to model more efficient devices. We show a complete theoretical description of a model that is capable of showing a noise reduction of current fluctuations in the time domain, and a reduction of the power spectral density in the frequency domain, in semiconductor devices as predicted by previous experimental work. We do so through numerical integrations and a novel Monte Carlo Markov chain (MCMC) algorithm based on microscopic discrete values. The proposed model also handles the ballistic regime, relevant in nano- and mesoscale devices. Finally, we show that the ballistic regime leads to nonlinearity in the electrical behaviour.

  16. Recognition and processing of randomly fluctuating electric signals by Na,K-ATPase.

    PubMed Central

    Xie, T. D.; Marszalek, P.; Chen, Y. D.; Tsong, T. Y.

    1994-01-01

    Previous work has shown that Na,K-ATPase of human erythrocytes can extract free energy from sinusoidal electric fields to pump cations up their respective concentration gradients. Because regularly oscillating waveform is not a feature of the transmembrane electric potential of cells, questions have been raised whether these observed effects are biologically relevant. Here we show that a random-telegraph fluctuating electric field (RTF) consisting of alternating square electric pulses with random lifetimes can also stimulate the Rb(+)-pumping mode of the Na,K-ATPase. The net RTF-stimulated, ouabain-sensitive Rb+ pumping was monitored with 86Rb+. The tracer-measured, Rb+ influx exhibited frequency and amplitude dependencies that peaked at the mean frequency of 1.0 kHz and amplitude of 20 V/cm. At 4 degrees C, the maximal pumping activity under these optimal conditions was 28 Rb+/RBC-hr, which is approximately 50% higher than that obtained with the sinusoidal electric field. These findings indicate that Na,K-ATPase can recognize an electric signal, either regularly oscillatory or randomly fluctuating, for energy coupling, with high fidelity. The use of RTF for activation also allowed a quantitative theoretical analysis of kinetics of a membrane transport model of any complexity according to the theory of electroconformational coupling (ECC) by the diagram methods. A four-state ECC model was shown to produce the amplitude and the frequency windows of the Rb(+)-pumping if the free energy of interaction of the transporter with the membrane potential was to include a nonlinear quadratic term. Kinetic constants for the ECC model have been derived. These results indicate that the ECC is a plausible mechanism for the recognition and processing of electric signals by proteins of the cell membrane. PMID:7811939

  17. Teaching ethics in engineering education through historical analysis.

    PubMed

    Billington, David P

    2006-04-01

    The goal of this paper is to stress the significance of ethics for engineering education and to illustrate how it can be brought into the mainstream of higher education in a natural way that is integrated with the teaching objectives of enriching the core meaning of engineering. Everyone will agree that the practicing engineer should be virtuous, should be a good colleague, and should use professional understanding for the common good. But these injunctions to virtue do not reach closely enough the ethic of the engineer as engineer, as someone acting in a uniquely engineering situation, and it is to such conditions that I wish to speak through a set of specific examples from recent history. I shall briefly refer to four controversies between engineers. Then, in some detail I shall narrate three historical cases that directly involve the actions of one engineer, and finally I would like to address some common contemporary issues. The first section, Engineering Ethics and the History of Innovation, includes four cases involving professional controversy. Each controversy sets two people against each other in disputes over who invented the telegraph, the radio, the automobile, and the airplane. In each dispute, it is possible to identify ethical and unethical behavior or ambiguous ethical behavior that serves as a basis for educational discussion. The first two historical cases described in "Crises and the Engineer" involve the primary closure dam systems in The Netherlands, each one the result of the actions of one engineer. The third tells of an American engineer who took his political boss, a big city mayor, to court over the illegal use of a watershed. The challenges these engineers faced required, in the deepest sense, a commitment to ethical behavior that is unique to engineering and instructive to our students. Finally, the cases in "Professors and Comparative Critical Analysis" illuminate the behavior of engineers in the design of structures and also how professors can make public criticisms of designs that seem wasteful.

  18. Keratosis lichenoides chronica: proposal of a concept.

    PubMed

    Böer, Almut

    2006-06-01

    It has been a subject of controversy whether keratosis lichenoides chronica (KLC) is a distinctive inflammatory disease of the skin or whether it represents a manifestation of another well-known disease, such as lichen planus, lupus erythematosus, or lichen simplex chronicus. In search of clear criteria for diagnosis of KLC the entire literature pertinent to the subject was studied and findings clinical and histopathologic as they were telegraphed in them were compared with a patient of my own experience. Review of the literature reveals more than 60 patients in whom the diagnosis of KLC was made. Three categories emerge based on whether the findings presented in a particular article (1) do not permit any diagnosis to be rendered; (2) do allow a diagnosis specific to be made, such as of lichen simplex, lichen planus, or lupus erythematosus; or (3) do not correspond to any disease well defined, such as lichen simplex, lichen planus, lupus erythematosus, but seem to show attributes morphologic, clinically and histopathologically, that are repeatable. Patients diagnosed as having KLC obviously represent a potpourri of different diseases, the most common of them being lichen simplex chronicus, lichen planus, and lupus erythematosus. Fewer than 25 patients reported on, however, presented themselves with lesions very similar to one another clinically, namely, an eruption that involved the face in a manner reminiscent of seborrheic dermatitis and with tiny papules on the trunk and extremities, which assumed linear and reticulate shapes by way of confluence of lesions. Individual papules were infundibulocentric and acrosyringocentric. Findings histopathologic were those of a lichenoid interface dermatitis affiliated with numerous necrotic keratocytes and covered by parakeratosis housing neutrophils in staggered fashion. These patients seem to have an authentic and distinctive condition that is exceedingly rare. In conclusion, the diagnosis of KLC should be made only for patients who present themselves with features clinical and findings histopathologic that resemble closely those of what is summarized in this article under category 3.

  19. Curiosity Rock or Soil Sampling Sites on Mars, Through November 2016

    NASA Image and Video Library

    2016-12-13

    nal Caption Released with Image: This graphic maps locations of the sites where NASA's Curiosity Mars rover collected its first 19 rock or soil samples for analysis by laboratory instruments inside the vehicle. It also presents images of the drilled holes where 15 rock-powder samples were acquired. Curiosity scooped two soil samples at each of the other two sites: Rocknest and Gobabeb. The diameter of each drill hole is about 0.6 inch (1.6 centimeters), slightly smaller than a U.S. dime. The images used here are raw color, as recorded by the rover's Mars Hand Lens Imager (MAHLI) camera. Notice the differences in color of the material at different drilling sites. For the map, north is toward the upper left corner. The scale bar represents 2 kilometers (1.2 miles). The base map is from the High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE) camera on NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. The latest sample site included is "Sebina,"where Curiosity drilled into bedrock of the Murray formation on Oct. 20, 2016, during the 1,495th Martian day, or sol, of the mission. Curiosity landed in August 2012 on the plain (named Aeolis Palus) near Mount Sharp (or Aeolis Mons). The drilling dates for the first 13 rock samples collected are, by location: "John Klein" on Feb. 8, 2013 (Sol 182); "Cumberland" on May 19, 2013 (Sol 279); "Windjana" on May 5, 2014 (Sol 621); "Confidence Hills" on Sept. 24, 2014 (Sol 759); "Mojave" on Jan. 29, 2015 (Sol 882); "Telegraph Peak" on Feb. 24, 2015 (Sol 908); "Buckskin" on July 30, 2015 (Sol 1060); "Big Sky" on Sept. 29, 2015 (Sol 1119); "Greenhorn" on Oct. 18, 2015 (Sol 1137); "Lubango" on April 23, 2016 (Sol 1320); "Okoruso" on May 5, 2016 (Sol 1332); "Oudam" on June 4, 2016 (Sol 1361); "Quela" on Sept. 18, 2016 (Sol 1464). http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA21254

  20. Submarine landslide as the source for the October 11, 1918 Mona Passage tsunami: Observations and modeling

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    López-Venegas, A.M.; ten Brink, Uri S.; Geist, Eric L.

    2008-01-01

    The October 11, 1918 ML 7.5 earthquake in the Mona Passage between Hispaniola and Puerto Rico generated a local tsunami that claimed approximately 100 lives along the western coast of Puerto Rico. The area affected by this tsunami is now significantly more populated. Newly acquired high-resolution bathymetry and seismic reflection lines in the Mona Passage show a fresh submarine landslide 15 km northwest of Rinćon in northwestern Puerto Rico and in the vicinity of the first published earthquake epicenter. The landslide area is approximately 76 km2 and probably displaced a total volume of 10 km3. The landslide's headscarp is at a water depth of 1200 m, with the debris flow extending to a water depth of 4200 m. Submarine telegraph cables were reported cut by a landslide in this area following the earthquake, further suggesting that the landslide was the result of the October 11, 1918 earthquake. On the other hand, the location of the previously suggested source of the 1918 tsunami, a normal fault along the east wall of Mona Rift, does not show recent seafloor rupture. Using the extended, weakly non-linear hydrodynamic equations implemented in the program COULWAVE, we modeled the tsunami as generated by a landslide with a duration of 325 s (corresponding to an average speed of ~ 27 m/s) and with the observed dimensions and location. Calculated marigrams show a leading depression wave followed by a maximum positive amplitude in agreement with the reported polarity, relative amplitudes, and arrival times. Our results suggest this newly-identified landslide, which was likely triggered by the 1918 earthquake, was the primary cause of the October 11, 1918 tsunami and not the earthquake itself. Results from this study should be useful to help discern poorly constrained tsunami sources in other case studies.

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