75 FR 76636 - Anthropomorphic Test Devices; Hybrid III 6-Year-Old Child Test Dummy, Hybrid III 6-Year-Old...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-12-09

... test H06120 with the original femurs. Therefore, comparisons were made between pre- and post-test... [Docket No. NHTSA-2010-0147] RIN 2127-AK34 Anthropomorphic Test Devices; Hybrid III 6-Year-Old Child Test Dummy, Hybrid III 6-Year-Old Weighted Child Test Dummy AGENCY: National Highway Traffic Safety...

Structural Design Strategies for Improved Small Overlap Crashworthiness Performance.

PubMed

Mueller, Becky C; Brethwaite, Andrew S; Zuby, David S; Nolan, Joseph M

2014-11-01

In 2012, the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS) began a 64 km/h small overlap frontal crash test consumer information test program. Thirteen automakers already have redesigned models to improve test performance. One or more distinct strategies are evident in these redesigns: reinforcement of the occupant compartment, use of energy-absorbing fender structures, and the addition of engagement structures to induce vehicle lateral translation. Each strategy influences vehicle kinematics, posing additional challenges for the restraint systems. The objective of this two-part study was to examine how vehicles were modified to improve small overlap test performance and then to examine how these modifications affect dummy response and restraint system performance. Among eight models tested before and after design changes, occupant compartment intrusion reductions ranged from 6 cm to 45 cm, with the highest reductions observed in models with the largest number of modifications. All redesigns included additional occupant compartment reinforcement, one-third added structures to engage the barrier, and two modified a shotgun load path. Designs with engagement structures produced greater glance-off from the barrier and exhibited lower delta Vs but experienced more lateral outboard motion of the dummy. Designs with heavy reinforcement of the occupant compartment had higher vehicle accelerations and delta V. In three cases, these apparent trade-offs were not well addressed by concurrent changes in restraint systems and resulted in increased injury risk compared with the original tests. Among the 36 models tested after design changes, the extent of design changes correlated to structural performance. Half of the vehicles with the lowest intrusion levels incorporated aspects of all three design strategies. Vehicle kinematics and dummy and restraint system characteristics were similar to those observed in the before/after pairs. Different combinations of structural improvement strategies for improving small overlap test performance were found to be effective in reducing occupant compartment intrusion and improving dummy kinematics in the IIHS small overlap test with modest weight increase.

Validation of Finite Element Crash Test Dummy Models for Predicting Orion Crew Member Injuries During a Simulated Vehicle Landing

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Tabiei, Al; Lawrence, Charles; Fasanella, Edwin L.

2009-01-01

A series of crash tests were conducted with dummies during simulated Orion crew module landings at the Wright-Patterson Air Force Base. These tests consisted of several crew configurations with and without astronaut suits. Some test results were collected and are presented. In addition, finite element models of the tests were developed and are presented. The finite element models were validated using the experimental data, and the test responses were compared with the computed results. Occupant crash data, such as forces, moments, and accelerations, were collected from the simulations and compared with injury criteria to assess occupant survivability and injury. Some of the injury criteria published in the literature is summarized for completeness. These criteria were used to determine potential injury during crew impact events.

49 CFR 572.161 - General description.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... Weighted Child Test Dummy § 572.161 General description. (a) The Hybrid III Six-Year-Old Weighted Child Test Dummy is defined by drawings and specifications containing the following materials: (1) “Parts List and Drawings, Part 572 Subpart S, Hybrid III Weighted Six-Year Old Child Test Dummy (H-III6CW...

The Influence of Neck Muscle Activation on Head and Neck Injuries of Occupants in Frontal Impacts.

PubMed

Li, Fan; Lu, Ronggui; Hu, Wei; Li, Honggeng; Hu, Shiping; Hu, Jiangzhong; Wang, Haibin; Xie, He

2018-01-01

The aim of the present paper was to study the influence of neck muscle activation on head and neck injuries of vehicle occupants in frontal impacts. A mixed dummy-human finite element model was developed to simulate a frontal impact. The head-neck part of a Hybrid III dummy model was replaced by a well-validated head-neck FE model with passive and active muscle characteristics. The mixed dummy-human FE model was validated by 15 G frontal volunteer tests conducted in the Naval Biodynamics Laboratory. The effects of neck muscle activation on the head dynamic responses and neck injuries of occupants in three frontal impact intensities, low speed (10 km/h), medium speed (30 km/h), and high speed (50 km/h), were studied. The results showed that the mixed dummy-human FE model has good biofidelity. The activation of neck muscles can not only lower the head resultant acceleration under different impact intensities and the head angular acceleration in medium- and high-speed impacts, thereby reducing the risks of head injury, but also protect the neck from injury in low-speed impacts.

Fire Protection of Weapon Storage and Water Mist Redundancy Philosophies

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-11-01

criteria me system ged system ozzles dummy tor d, insulated titute of Swe stems pedo pipe Date 2012 den Refere -03-31 P90 nce 0038-04...test wit tion test wit ution test wi t system, 10 st system, 5 m, 5 bar, 50 , 10 bar, 50 ummy, free- edo dummy pedo dummy pedo dummy ummy, dren...systems usi lower volum pedo dumm temperature discharge d ion. h Institute ynamics dström Date 2012 den ater mist/wa ests indicate fire

49 CFR 572.140 - Incorporation by reference.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... Child Crash Test Dummy, Alpha Version § 572.140 Incorporation by reference. (a) The following materials... entitled, “Parts List and Drawings, Subpart P Hybrid III 3-year-old child crash test dummy, (H-III3C, Alpha..., Disassembly and Inspection (PADI), Subpart P, Hybird III 3-year-old Child Crash Test Dummy, (H-III3C, Alpha...

49 CFR 572.140 - Incorporation by reference.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... Child Crash Test Dummy, Alpha Version § 572.140 Incorporation by reference. (a) The following materials... entitled, “Parts List and Drawings, Subpart P Hybrid III 3-year-old child crash test dummy, (H-III3C, Alpha..., Disassembly and Inspection (PADI), Subpart P, Hybird III 3-year-old Child Crash Test Dummy, (H-III3C, Alpha...

49 CFR 572.140 - Incorporation by reference.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... Child Crash Test Dummy, Alpha Version § 572.140 Incorporation by reference. (a) The following materials... entitled, “Parts List and Drawings, Subpart P Hybrid III 3-year-old child crash test dummy, (H-III3C, Alpha..., Disassembly and Inspection (PADI), Subpart P, Hybird III 3-year-old Child Crash Test Dummy, (H-III3C, Alpha...

49 CFR 572.140 - Incorporation by reference.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... Child Crash Test Dummy, Alpha Version § 572.140 Incorporation by reference. (a) The following materials... entitled, “Parts List and Drawings, Subpart P Hybrid III 3-year-old child crash test dummy, (H-III3C, Alpha..., Disassembly and Inspection (PADI), Subpart P, Hybird III 3-year-old Child Crash Test Dummy, (H-III3C, Alpha...

49 CFR 572.140 - Incorporation by reference.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... Child Crash Test Dummy, Alpha Version § 572.140 Incorporation by reference. (a) The following materials... entitled, “Parts List and Drawings, Subpart P Hybrid III 3-year-old child crash test dummy, (H-III3C, Alpha..., Disassembly and Inspection (PADI), Subpart P, Hybird III 3-year-old Child Crash Test Dummy, (H-III3C, Alpha...

49 CFR 572.197 - Abdomen.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

..., DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) ANTHROPOMORPHIC TEST DEVICES IIsD Side Impact Crash Test Dummy... impacted side removed. The dummy is equipped with a lower spine laterally oriented accelerometer as... side of the seated dummy tangent to a vertical plane located within 10 mm of the side edge of the bench...

49 CFR 572.197 - Abdomen.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

..., DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) ANTHROPOMORPHIC TEST DEVICES IIsD Side Impact Crash Test Dummy... impacted side removed. The dummy is equipped with a lower spine laterally oriented accelerometer as... side of the seated dummy tangent to a vertical plane located within 10 mm of the side edge of the bench...

A new mathematical neck model for a low-velocity rear-end impact dummy: evaluation of components influencing head kinematics.

PubMed

Linder, A

2000-03-01

A mathematical model of a new rear-end impact dummy neck was implemented using MADYMO. The main goal was to design a model with a human-like response of the first extension motion in the crash event. The new dummy neck was modelled as a series of rigid bodies (representing the seven cervical vertebrae and the uppermost thoracic element, T1) connected by pin joints, and supplemented by two muscle substitutes. The joints had non-linear stiffness characteristics and the muscle elements possessed both elastic stiffness and damping properties. The new model was compared with two neck models with the same number of vertebrae, but without muscle substitutes. The properties of the muscle substitutes and the need of these were evaluated by using three different modified neck models. The motion of T1 in the simulations was prescribed using displacement data obtained from volunteer tests. In a sensitivity analysis of the mathematical model the influence of different factors on the head-neck kinematics was evaluated. The neck model was validated against kinematics data from volunteer tests: linear displacement, angular displacement, and acceleration of the head relative to the upper torso at 7 km/h velocity change. The response of the new model was within the corridor of the volunteer tests for the main part of the time history plot. This study showed that a combination of elastic stiffness and damping in the muscle substitutes, together with a non-linear joint stiffness, resulted in a head-neck response similar to human volunteers, and superior to that of other tested neck models.

49 CFR 572.197 - Abdomen.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

..., DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) ANTHROPOMORPHIC TEST DEVICES SID-IIsD Side Impact Crash Test Dummy... impacted side removed. The dummy is equipped with a lower spine laterally oriented accelerometer as... side of the seated dummy tangent to a vertical plane located within 10 mm of the side edge of the bench...

NASA general aviation crashworthiness seat development

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Fasanella, E. L.; Alfaro-Bou, E.

1979-01-01

Three load limiting seat concepts for general aviation aircraft designed to lower the deceleration of the occupant in the event of a crash were sled tested and evaluated with reference to a standard seat. Dummy pelvis accelerations were reduced up to 50 percent with one of the concepts. Computer program MSOMLA (Modified Seat Occupant Model for Light Aircraft) was used to simulate the behavior of a dummy passenger in a NASA full-scale crash test of a twin engine light aircraft. A computer graphics package MANPLOT was developed to pictorially represent the occupant and seat motion.

Factors that influence chest injuries in rollovers.

PubMed

Digges, Kennerly; Eigen, Ana; Tahan, Fadi; Grzebieta, Raphael

2014-01-01

The design of countermeasures to reduce serious chest injuries for belted occupants involved in rollover crashes requires an understanding of the cause of these injuries and of the test conditions to assure the effectiveness of the countermeasures. This study defines rollover environments and occupant-to-vehicle interactions that cause chest injuries for belted drivers. The NASS-CDS was examined to determine the frequency and crash severity for belted drivers with serious (Abbreviated Injury Scale [AIS] 3+) chest injuries in rollovers. Case studies of NASS crashes with serious chest injuries sustained by belted front occupants were undertaken and damage patterns were determined. Vehicle rollover tests with dummies were examined to determine occupant motion in crashes with damage similar to that observed in the NASS cases. Computer simulations were performed to further explore factors that could contribute to chest injury. Finite element model (FEM) vehicle models with both the FEM Hybrid III dummy and THUMS human model were used in the simulations. Simulation of rollovers with 6 quarter-turns or less indicated that increases in the vehicle pitch, either positive or negative, increased the severity of dummy chest loadings. This finding was consistent with vehicle damage observations from NASS cases. For the far-side occupant, the maximum chest loadings were caused by belt and side interactions during the third quarter-turn and by the center console loading during the fourth quarter-turn. The results showed that the THUMS dummy produced more realistic kinematics and improved insights into skeletal and chest organ loadings compared to the Hybrid III dummy. These results suggest that a dynamic rollover test to encourage chest injury reduction countermeasures should induce a roll of at least 4 quarter-turns and should also include initial vehicle pitch and/or yaw so that the vehicle's axis of rotation is not aligned with its inertial roll axis during the initial stage of the rollover.

The RID2 biofidelic rear impact dummy: a pilot study using human subjects in low speed rear impact full scale crash tests.

PubMed

Croft, Arthur C; Philippens, Mathieu M G M

2007-03-01

Human subjects and the recently developed RID2 rear impact crash test dummy were exposed to a series of full scale, vehicle-to-vehicle crash tests. To evaluate the biofidelity of the RID2 anthropometric test dummy on the basis of calculated neck injury criterion (NIC) values by comparing these values to those obtained from human subjects exposed in the very same crashes. The widely used and familiar hybrid III dummy has been said to lack biofidelity in the special application of low speed rear impact crashes. Several attempts have been made to modify this dummy with only marginal success. Two completely new dummies have been developed; the BioRID and the RID2. Neither have been tested under real world crash boundary conditions in side-by-side comparisons with live human subjects. Volunteer subjects, including a 50th percentile male, a 95th percentile male, and a 50th percentile female, were placed in the driver's seat of a vehicle and subjected to a series of three low speed rear impact crashes each. The RID2 dummy, which is modeled after a 50th percentile male, was placed in the passenger seat in each case. Both subjects and dummy were fully instrumented and acceleration-time histories were recorded. From this data, velocities of the heads and torsos were determined and both were used to calculate the NIC values for both crash test subjects and the RID2. The RID2 demonstrated generally higher head accelerations and NIC values than those of the human subjects. Most of the observed variations might be explained on the basis of differing head restraint geometry, posture, and body size. The RID2 NIC values compared most favorably with those of the 50th percentile male subject. For the whole group, the correlations between RID2 and human subjects did not reach statistical significance. The small number of test subjects and crash tests limited the statistical power of this pilot study, and the correlation between the RID2 and human subject NIC values were not statistically significant. The overall qualitative performance and biofidelity of the RID2 was reasonable when compared with the male human 50th percentile subject. Its overall higher ranges of head acceleration and calculated NIC values compared to all of the human subjects were generally consistent. This condition could likely be improved by increasing the stiffness of the RID2 neck. Biofidelic validation of the RID2 will require ongoing testing using a larger number of human subjects and varying boundary conditions. The results of this pilot study, while encouraging, should be considered preliminary.

The Influences of Arm Resist Motion on a CAR Crash Test Using Hybrid III Dummy with Human-Like Arm

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kim, Yongchul; Youm, Youngil; Bae, Hanil; Choi, Hyeonki

Safety of the occupant during the crash is very essential design element. Many researches have been investigated in reducing the fatal injury of occupant. They are focusing on the development of a dummy in order to obtain the real human-like motion. However, they have not considered the arm resist motion during the car accident. In this study, we would like to suggest the importance of the reactive force of the arm in a car crash. The influences of reactive force acting on the human upper extremity were investigated using the impedance experimental method with lumped mass model of hand system and a Hybrid III dummy with human-like arm. Impedance parameters (e.g. inertia, spring constant and damping coefficient) of the elbow joint in maximum activation level were measured by free oscillation test using single axis robot. The results showed that without seat belt, the reactive force of human arm reduced the head, chest, and femur injury, and the flexion moment of the neck is higher than that of the conventional dummy.

Tetramorium tsushimae Ants Use Methyl Branched Hydrocarbons of Aphids for Partner Recognition.

PubMed

Sakata, Itaru; Hayashi, Masayuki; Nakamuta, Kiyoshi

2017-10-01

In mutualisms, partner discrimination is often the most important challenge for interacting organisms. The interaction between ants and aphids is a model system for studying mutualisms; ants are provided with honeydew by aphids and, in turn, the ants offer beneficial services to the aphids. To establish and maintain this system, ants must discriminate mutualistic aphid species correctly. Although recent studies have shown that ants recognize aphids as mutualistic partners based on their cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs), it was unclear which CHCs are involved in recognition. Here, we tested whether the n-alkane or methylalkane fraction, or both, of aphid CHCs were utilized as partner recognition cues by measuring ant aggressiveness toward these fractions. When workers of Tetramorium tsushimae ants were presented with dummies coated with n-alkanes of their mutualistic aphid Aphis craccivora, ants displayed higher levels of aggression than to dummies treated with total CHCs or methyl alkanes of A. craccivora; responses to dummies treated with n-alkanes of A. craccivora were similar to those to control dummies or dummies treated with the CHCs of the non-mutualistic aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum. By contrast, ants exhibited lower aggression to dummies treated with either total CHCs or the methylalkane fraction of the mutualistic aphid than to control dummies or dummies treated with CHCs of the non-mutualistic aphid. These results suggest that T. tsushimae ants use methylalkanes of the mutualistic aphid's CHCs to recognize partners, and that these ants do not recognize aphids as partners on the basis of n-alkanes.

49 CFR 572.76 - Limbs assembly and test procedure.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... between 1g and 2g. (ii) Place the dummy legs in a plane parallel to the dummy's midsagittal plane with the knee pivot center line perpendicular to the dummy's midsagittal plane, and with the feet flat on the... parallel to the midsagittal plane at the specified velocity. (5) Guide the test probe during impact so that...

SEMICONDUCTOR TECHNOLOGY Dummy fill effect on CMP planarity

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Junxiong, Zhou; Lan, Chen; Wenbiao, Ruan; Zhigang, Li; Weixiang, Shen; Tianchun, Ye

2010-10-01

With the use of a chemical-mechanical polishing (CMP) simulator verified by testing data from a foundry, the effect of dummy fill characteristics, such as fill size, fill density and fill shape, on CMP planarity is analyzed. The results indicate that dummy density has a significant impact on oxide erosion, and copper dishing is in proportion to dummy size. We also demonstrate that cross shape dummy fill can have the best dishing performance at the same density.

Injury risk curves for the WorldSID 50th male dummy.

PubMed

Petitjean, Audrey; Trosseille, Xavier; Petit, Philippe; Irwin, Annette; Hassan, Joe; Praxl, Norbert

2009-11-01

The development of the WorldSID 50th percentile male dummy was initiated in 1997 by the International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO/SC12/TC22/WG5) with the objective of developing a more biofidelic side impact dummy and supporting the adoption of a harmonised dummy into regulations. More than 45 organizations from all around the world have contributed to this effort including governmental agencies, research institutes, car manufacturers and dummy manufacturers. The first production version of the WorldSID 50th male dummy was released in March 2004 and demonstrated an improved biofidelity over existing side impact dummies. Full scale vehicle tests covering a wide range of side impact test procedures were performed worldwide with the WorldSID dummy. However, the vehicle safety performance could not be assessed due to lack of injury risk curves for this dummy. The development of these curves was initiated in 2004 within the framework of ISO/SC12/TC22/WG6 (Injury criteria). In 2008, the ACEA- Dummy Task Force (TFD) decided to contribute to this work and offered resources for a project manager to coordinate of the effort of a group of volunteer biomechanical experts from international institutions (ISO, EEVC, VRTC/NHTSA, JARI, Transport Canada), car manufacturers (ACEA, Ford, General Motors, Honda, Toyota, Chrysler) and universities (Wayne State University, Ohio State University, John Hopkins University, Medical College of Wisconsin) to develop harmonized injury risk curves. An in-depth literature review was conducted. All the available PMHS datasets were identified, the test configurations and the quality of the results were checked. Criteria were developed for inclusion or exclusion of PMHS tests in the development of the injury risk curves. Data were processed to account for differences in mass and age of the subjects. Finally, injury risk curves were developed using the following statistical techniques, the certainty method, the Mertz/Weber method, the logistic regression, the survival analysis and the Consistent Threshold Estimate. The paper presents the methods used to check and process the data, select the PMHS tests, and construct the injury risk curves. The PMHS dataset as well as the injury risk curves are provided.

Impact Testing and Simulation of a Crashworthy Composite Fuselage Section with Energy-Absorbing Seats and Dummies

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Fasanella, Edwin L.; Jackson, Karen E.

2002-01-01

A 25-ft/s vertical drop test of a composite fuselage section was conducted with two energy-absorbing seats occupied by anthropomorphic dummies to evaluate the crashworthy features of the fuselage section and to determine its interaction with the seats and dummies. The 5-ft. diameter fuselage section consists of a stiff structural floor and an energy-absorbing subfloor constructed of Rohacel foam blocks. The experimental data from this test were analyzed and correlated with predictions from a crash simulation developed using the nonlinear, explicit transient dynamic computer code, MSC.Dytran. The anthropomorphic dummies were simulated using the Articulated Total Body (ATB) code, which is integrated into MSC.Dytran.

Impact Testing and Simulation of a Crashworthy Composite Fuselage Section with Energy-Absorbing Seats and Dummies

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Fasanella, Edwin L.; Jackson, Karen E.

2002-01-01

A 25-ft/s vertical drop test of a composite fuselage section was conducted with two energy-absorbing seats occupied by anthropomorphic dummies to evaluate the crashworthy features of the fuselage section and to determine its interaction with the seats and dummies. The 5-ft diameter fuselage section consists of a stiff structural floor and an energy-absorbing subfloor constructed of Rohacel foam blocks. The experimental data from this test were analyzed and correlated with predictions from a crash simulation developed using the nonlinear, explicit transient dynamic computer code, MSC.Dytran. The anthropomorphic dummies were simulated using the Articulated Total Body (ATB) code, which is integrated into MSC.Dytran.

Benefits of a Low Severity Frontal Crash Test

PubMed Central

Digges, Kennerly; Dalmotas, Dainius

2007-01-01

The US Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard for frontal protection requires vehicle crash tests into a rigid barrier with two belted dummies in the front seats. The standard was recently modified to require two separate 56 Kph frontal tests. In one test the dummies are 50% males. In the other test, the dummies are 5% females. Analysis of crash test data indicates that the 56 Kph test does not encourage technology to reduce chest injuries in lower severity crashes. Tests conducted by Transport Canada provide data from belted 5% female dummies in the front seats of vehicles that were subjected crashes into a rigid barrier at 40 Kph. An analysis of the results showed that for many vehicles, the risks of serious chest injuries were higher in the 40 Kph test than in a 56 Kph test. This paper examines the benefits that would result from a requirement for a low severity (40 Kph) frontal barrier crash test with two belted 5% female dummies and more stringent chest injury requirements. A preliminary benefits analysis for chest deflection allowable in the range of 28 mm. to 36 mm. was conducted. A standard that limits the chest deflection to 34 mm. would reduce serious chest injury by 16% to 24% for the belted population in frontal crashes. PMID:18184499

Benefits of a low severity frontal crash test.

PubMed

Digges, Kennerly; Dalmotas, Dainius

2007-01-01

The US Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard for frontal protection requires vehicle crash tests into a rigid barrier with two belted dummies in the front seats. The standard was recently modified to require two separate 56 Kph frontal tests. In one test the dummies are 50% males. In the other test, the dummies are 5% females. Analysis of crash test data indicates that the 56 Kph test does not encourage technology to reduce chest injuries in lower severity crashes. Tests conducted by Transport Canada provide data from belted 5% female dummies in the front seats of vehicles that were subjected crashes into a rigid barrier at 40 Kph. An analysis of the results showed that for many vehicles, the risks of serious chest injuries were higher in the 40 Kph test than in a 56 Kph test. This paper examines the benefits that would result from a requirement for a low severity (40 Kph) frontal barrier crash test with two belted 5% female dummies and more stringent chest injury requirements. A preliminary benefits analysis for chest deflection allowable in the range of 28 mm. to 36 mm. was conducted. A standard that limits the chest deflection to 34 mm. would reduce serious chest injury by 16% to 24% for the belted population in frontal crashes.

Influence of standing or seated pelvis on dummy responses in rear impacts.

PubMed

Viano, David C; Parenteau, Chantal S; Burnett, Roger

2012-03-01

There is a question whether the standing or seated pelvis should be used in Hybrid III dummy evaluations of seats and belt restraint systems in severe rear impacts. This study compares the standing and seated Hybrid III pelvis in matched rear sled tests. Sixteen sled tests were found at 10, 16 and 24 km/h rear delta V in Ford's archives where matched tests were run with the standing and seated pelvis in a belted Hybrid III dummy. Two new tests were conducted at 40 km/h rear delta V to extend the severity range. The head, chest and pelvis were instrumented with triaxial accelerometers and the upper and lower neck, thoracic spine and lumbar spine had transducers measuring triaxial loads and moments. Belt Loads were measured. High-speed video recorded different views of the dummy motion. Dummy kinematics and biomechanical responses were compared for all of the data with the two different Hybrid III pelvic designs. In the 40 km/h sled tests, the dummy motion and excursion were essentially similar with the standing and seated pelvis. The similarities included the lap belt interaction with the pelvis and the leg movement upward flexing the hip joint. Overall, similar biomechanic and kinematic responses were found, including the pelvic acceleration, spinal forces and moments. For the lower speed tests at 10, 16 and 24 km/h, the motion sequence was also similar with the two different pelvises, including the upward movement of the legs as the seat was loaded and rebound kinematics. The biomechanical responses were similar. The seated pelvis involves only a small portion of the upper leg molded into the vinyl skin of the pelvis and does not limit leg rotation at the hip joint. Furthermore, lap belt loads were minimal during the rearward movement of the dummy. The matched testing showed no significant difference in occupant kinematics or biomechanical responses between the standing and seated pelvis in rear sled tests. The Hybrid III dummy with the seated pelvis is suitable for FMVSS 301 and other testing of seats and belt restraint systems in severe rear impacts. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Determination of crash test pulses and their application to aircraft seat analysis

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Alfaro-Bou, E.; Williams, M. S.; Fasanella, E. L.

1981-01-01

Deceleration time histories (crash pulses) from a series of twelve light aircraft crash tests conducted at NASA Langley Research Center (LaRC) were analyzed to provide data for seat and airframe design for crashworthiness. Two vertical drop tests at 12.8 m/s (42 ft/s) and 36 G peak deceleration (simulating one of the vertical light aircraft crash pulses) were made using an energy absorbing light aircraft seat prototype. Vertical pelvis acceleration measured in a 50 percentile dummy in the energy absorbing seat were found to be 45% lower than those obtained from the same dummy in a typical light aircraft seat. A hybrid mathematical seat-occupant model was developed using the DYCAST nonlinear finite element computer code and was used to analyze a vertical drop test of the energy absorbing seat. Seat and occupant accelerations predicted by the DYCAST model compared quite favorably with experimental values.

Upper and Lower Neck Loads in Belted Human Surrogates in Frontal Impacts

PubMed Central

Yoganandan, Narayan; Pintar, Frank A.; Moore, Jason; Rinaldi, James; Schlick, Michael; Maiman, Dennis J.

2012-01-01

The upper and lower neck loads in the restrained Hybrid III dummy and Test Device for Human Occupant Restraint (THOR) were computed in simulated frontal impact sled tests at low, medium, and high velocities; repeatability performance of the two dummies were evaluated at all energy inputs; peak forces and moments were compared with computed loads at the occipital condyles and cervical-thoracic junctions from tests using post mortem human surrogates (PMHS). A custom sled buck was used to position the surrogates. Repeated tests were conducted at each velocity for each dummy and sufficient time was allowed to elapse between the two experiments. The upper and lower neck forces and moments were determined from load cell measures and its locations with respect to the ends of the neck. Both dummies showed good repeatability for axial and shear forces and bending moments at all changes in velocity inputs. Morphological characteristics in the neck loading responses were similar in all surrogates, although the peak magnitudes of the variables differed. In general, the THOR better mimicked the PMHS response than the Hybrid III dummy, and factors such as neck design and chest compliance were attributed to the observed variations. While both dummies were not designed for use at the two extremes of the tested velocities, results from the present study indicate that, currently the THOR may be the preferred anthropomorphic testing device in crashworthiness research studies and full-scale vehicle tests at all velocities. PMID:23169123

Crash Simulation of a Vertical Drop Test of a Commuter-Class Aircraft

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Jackson, Karen E.; Fasanella, Edwin L.

2004-01-01

A finite element model of an ATR42-300 commuter-class aircraft was developed and a crash simulation was executed. Analytical predictions were correlated with data obtained from a 30-ft/s (9.14-m/s) vertical drop test of the aircraft. The purpose of the test was to evaluate the structural response of the aircraft when subjected to a severe, but survivable, impact. The aircraft was configured with seats, dummies, luggage, and other ballast. The wings were filled with 8,700 lb. (3,946 kg) of water to represent the fuel. The finite element model, which consisted of 57,643 nodes and 62,979 elements, was developed from direct measurements of the airframe geometry. The seats, dummies, luggage, fuel, and other ballast were represented using concentrated masses. The model was executed in LS-DYNA, a commercial code for performing explicit transient dynamic simulations. Predictions of structural deformation and selected time-history responses were generated. The simulation was successfully validated through extensive test-analysis correlation.

The repeatability and reproducibility of the BioRID IIg in a repeatable laboratory seat based on a production car seat.

PubMed

Hynd, David; Depinet, Paul; Lorenz, Bernd

2013-01-01

The United Nations Economic Commission for Europe Informal Group on GTR No. 7 Phase 2 are working to define a build level for the BioRID II rear impact (whiplash) crash test dummy that ensures repeatable and reproducible performance in a test procedure that has been proposed for future legislation. This includes the specification of dummy hardware, as well as the development of comprehensive certification procedures for the dummy. This study evaluated whether the dummy build level and certification procedures deliver the desired level of repeatability and reproducibility. A custom-designed laboratory seat was made using the seat base, back, and head restraint from a production car seat to ensure a representative interface with the dummy. The seat back was reinforced for use in multiple tests and the recliner mechanism was replaced by an external spring-damper mechanism. A total of 65 tests were performed with 6 BioRID IIg dummies using the draft GTR No.7 sled pulse and seating procedure. All dummies were subject to the build, maintenance, and certification procedures defined by the Informal Group. The test condition was highly repeatable, with a very repeatable pulse, a well-controlled seat back response, and minimal observed degradation of seat foams. The results showed qualitatively reasonable repeatability and reproducibility for the upper torso and head accelerations, as well as for T1 Fx and upper neck Fx . However, reproducibility was not acceptable for T1 and upper neck Fz or for T1 and upper neck My . The Informal Group has not selected injury or seat assessment criteria for use with BioRID II, so it is not known whether these channels would be used in the regulation. However, the ramping-up behavior of the dummy showed poor reproducibility, which would be expected to affect the reproducibility of dummy measurements in general. Pelvis and spine characteristics were found to significantly influence the dummy measurements for which poor reproducibility was observed. It was also observed that the primary neck response in these tests was flexion, not extension. This correlates well with recent findings from Japan and the United States showing a correlation between neck flexion and injury in accident replication simulations and postmortem human subjects (PMHS) studies, respectively. The present certification tests may not adequately control front cervical spine bumper characteristics, which are important for neck flexion response. The certification sled test also does not include the pelvis and so cannot be used to control pelvis response and does not substantially load the lumbar bumpers and so does not control these parts of the dummy. The stiffness of all spine bumpers and of the pelvis flesh should be much more tightly controlled. It is recommended that a method for certifying the front cervical bumpers should be developed. Recommendations are also made for tighter tolerance on the input parameters for the existing certification tests.

49 CFR 572.191 - General description.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) ANTHROPOMORPHIC TEST DEVICES SID-IIsD Side Impact Crash Test Dummy, Small Adult Female § 572.191 General description. (a) The SID-IIsD Side Impact Crash Test... test sensors for the SID-IIsD Side Impact Crash Test Dummy, 5th percentile adult female, is shown in...

49 CFR 572.191 - General description.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) ANTHROPOMORPHIC TEST DEVICES SID-IIsD Side Impact Crash Test Dummy, Small Adult Female § 572.191 General description. (a) The SID-IIsD Side Impact Crash Test... test sensors for the SID-IIsD Side Impact Crash Test Dummy, 5th percentile adult female, is shown in...

Summary of new test dummies, injury criteria

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2000-06-17

Besides a plethora of new tests, the air bag standard issued recently calls for four new test dummies in addition to the average size adult male already used in testing: small adult female; 6 year old child; 3 year old child; and 1 year old infant. I...

Characterization of deformable materials in the THOR dummy

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2000-01-01

Methodologies used to characterize the mechanical behavior of various materials used in the construction of the crash test dummy called THOR (Test device for Human Occupant Restraint) are described. These materials include polyurethane, neoprene, and...

Head Excursion of Restrained Human Volunteers and Hybrid III Dummies in Steady State Rollover Tests

PubMed Central

Moffatt, Edward; Hare, Barry; Hughes, Raymond; Lewis, Lance; Iiyama, Hiroshi; Curzon, Anne; Cooper, Eddie

2003-01-01

Seatbelts provide substantial benefits in rollover crashes, yet occupants still receive head and neck injuries from contacting the vehicle roof interior when the roof exterior strikes the ground. Prior research has evaluated rollover restraint performance utilizing anthropomorphic test devices (dummies), but little dynamic testing has been done with human volunteers to learn how they move during rollovers. In this study, the vertical excursion of the head of restrained dummies and human subjects was measured in a vehicle being rotated about its longitudinal roll axis at roll rates from 180-to-360 deg/sec and under static inversion conditions. The vehicle’s restraint design was the commonly used 3-point seatbelt with continuous loop webbing and a sliding latch plate. This paper presents an analysis of the observed occupant motion and provides a comparison of dummy and human motion under similar test conditions. Thirty-five tests (eighteen static and seventeen dynamic) were completed using two different sizes of dummies and human subjects in both near and far-side roll directions. The research indicates that far-side rollovers cause the restrained test subjects to have greater head excursion than near-side rollovers, and that static inversion testing underestimates head excursion for far-side occupants. Human vertical head excursion of up to 200 mm was found at a roll rate of 220 deg/sec. Humans exhibit greater variability in head excursion in comparison to dummies. Transfer of seatbelt webbing through the latch plate did not correlate directly with differences in head excursion. PMID:12941241

49 CFR 572.199 - Pelvis iliac.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 49 Transportation 7 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Pelvis iliac. 572.199 Section 572.199... Test Dummy, Small Adult Female § 572.199 Pelvis iliac. (a) The iliac is part of the lower torso... the assembled dummy (drawing 180-0000). The dummy is equipped with a laterally oriented pelvis...

49 CFR 572.199 - Pelvis iliac.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 49 Transportation 7 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Pelvis iliac. 572.199 Section 572.199... Test Dummy, Small Adult Female § 572.199 Pelvis iliac. (a) The iliac is part of the lower torso... the assembled dummy (drawing 180-0000). The dummy is equipped with a laterally oriented pelvis...

49 CFR 572.181 - General description.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) ANTHROPOMORPHIC TEST DEVICES 2re Side Impact Crash Test Dummy, 50th Percentile Adult Male § 572.181 General description. (a) The ES-2re Side Impact Crash Test... (PADI) of the ES-2re Side Impact Crash Test Dummy, February 2008, incorporated by reference, see § 572...

Mechanical qualification of the support structure for MQXF, the Nb 3Sn low-β quadrupole for the high luminosity LHC

DOE PAGES

Juchno, M.; Ambrosio, G.; Anerella, M.; ...

2016-01-26

Within the scope of the High Luminosity LHC project, the collaboration between CERN and U.S. LARP is developing new low-β quadrupoles using the Nb 3Sn superconducting technology for the upgrade of the LHC interaction regions. The magnet support structure of the first short model was designed and two units were fabricated and tested at CERN and at LBNL. The structure provides the preload to the collars-coils subassembly by an arrangement of outer aluminum shells pre-tensioned with water-pressurized bladders. For the mechanical qualification of the structure and the assembly procedure, superconducting coils were replaced with solid aluminum “dummy coils”, the structuremore » was preloaded at room temperature, and then cooled-down to 77 K. Mechanical behavior of the magnet structure was monitored with the use of strain gauges installed on the aluminum shells, the dummy coils and the axial preload system. As a result, this paper reports on the outcome of the assembly and the cool-down tests with dummy coils, which were performed at CERN and at LBNL, and presents the strain gauge measurements compared to the 3D finite element model predictions.« less

49 CFR 572.131 - General description.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... Female Test Dummy, Alpha Version § 572.131 General description. (a) The Hybrid III fifth percentile adult... Small Adult Female Crash Test Dummy (HIII-5F, Alpha Version) (June 2002) (refer to § 572.130(a)(1)(ix...

49 CFR 572.131 - General description.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... Female Test Dummy, Alpha Version § 572.131 General description. (a) The Hybrid III fifth percentile adult... Small Adult Female Crash Test Dummy (HIII-5F, Alpha Version) (June 2002) (refer to § 572.130(a)(1)(ix...

49 CFR 572.131 - General description.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... Female Test Dummy, Alpha Version § 572.131 General description. (a) The Hybrid III fifth percentile adult... Small Adult Female Crash Test Dummy (HIII-5F, Alpha Version) (June 2002) (refer to § 572.130(a)(1)(ix...

Test-Analysis Correlation of a Crash Simulation of a Vertical Drop Test of a Commuter-Category Aircraft

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Jackson, Karen E.; Fasanella, Edwin L.

2004-01-01

A finite element model of an ATR42-300 commuter-class aircraft was developed and a crash simulation was executed. Analytical predictions were correlated with data obtained from a 30-feet per second (9.14-meters per second) vertical drop test of the aircraft. The purpose of the test was to evaluate the structural response of the aircraft when subjected to a severe, but survivable, impact. The aircraft was configured with seats, dummies, luggage, and other ballast. The wings were filled with 8,700 lb. (3,946 kilograms) of water to represent the fuel. The finite element model, which consisted of 57,643 nodes and 62,979 elements, was developed from direct measurements of the airframe geometry. The seats, dummies, luggage, simulated engines and fuel, and other ballast were represented using concentrated masses. The model was executed in LS-DYNA, a commercial finite element code for performing explicit transient dynamic simulations. Analytical predictions of structural deformation and selected time-history responses were correlated with experimental data from the drop test to validate the simulation.

Influences of pre-crash braking induced dummy - forward displacements on dummy behaviour during EuroNCAP frontal crashtest.

PubMed

Woitsch, Gernot; Sinz, Wolfgang

2014-01-01

Combination of active and passive safety systems is a future key to further improvement in vehicle safety. Autonomous braking systems are able to reduce collision speeds, and therefore severity levels significantly. Passengers change their position due to pre-impact vehicle motion, a fact, which has not yet been considered in common crash tests. For this paper, finite elements simulations of crash tests were performed to show that forward displacements due to pre-crash braking do not necessarily increase dummy load levels. So the influence of different pre-crash scenarios, all leading to equal closing speeds in the crash phase, are considered in terms of vehicle motion (pitching, deceleration) and restraint system configurations (belt load limiter, pretensioner). The influence is evaluated by dummy loads as well as contact risk between the dummy and the interior. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

49 CFR 571.213 - Standard No. 213; Child restraint systems.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... the initial pre-test position of the respective knee pivot point, measured along a horizontal line... test dummy, specified in S7, when a child restraint system is tested in accordance with S6.1. Factory... body of a seated anthropomorphic test dummy, excluding the thighs, that lies between the top of the...

49 CFR 571.213 - Standard No. 213; Child restraint systems.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... the initial pre-test position of the respective knee pivot point, measured along a horizontal line... test dummy, specified in S7, when a child restraint system is tested in accordance with S6.1. Factory... body of a seated anthropomorphic test dummy, excluding the thighs, that lies between the top of the...

Laboratory Reconstructions of Real World Frontal Crash Configurations using the Hybrid III and THOR Dummies and PMHS.

PubMed

Petitjean, Audrey; Lebarbe, Matthieu; Potier, Pascal; Trosseille, Xavier; Lassau, Jean-Pierre

2002-11-01

Load-limiting belt restraints have been present in French cars since 1995. An accident study showed the greater effectiveness in thorax injury prevention using a 4 kN load limiter belt with an airbag than using a 6 kN load limiter belt without airbag. The criteria for thoracic tolerance used in regulatory testing is the sternal deflection for all restraint types, belt and/or airbag restraint. This criterion does not assess the effectiveness of the restraint 4 kN load limiter belt with airbag observed in accidentology. To improve the understanding of thoracic tolerance, frontal sled crashes were performed using the Hybrid III and THOR dummies and PMHS. The sled configuration and the deceleration law correspond to those observed in the accident study. Restraint conditions evaluated are the 6 kN load-limiting belt and the 4 kN load-limiting belt with an airbag. Loads between the occupant and the sled environment were recorded. Various measurements (including thoracic deflections and head, thorax and pelvis accelerations and angular velocities on the dummies) characterize the dummy and PMHS behavior. PMHS anthropometry and injuries were noted. This study presents the test methodology and the results used to evaluate dummy ability to discriminate both restraint types and dummy measurement ability to be representative of thoracic injury risk for all restraint types. The injury results of the PMHS tests showed the same tendency as the accident study. Some of the criteria proposed in the literature did not show a better protection of the 4 kN load limiter belt with airbag restraint, in particular thoracic deflection maxima for both dummies. The four thoracic deflections measured on the THOR and Hybrid III dummies may allow more accurate analysis of the loading pattern and therefore of injury risk.

49 CFR 572.181 - General description.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) ANTHROPOMORPHIC TEST DEVICES ES-2re Side Impact Crash Test Dummy, 50th Percentile Adult Male § 572.181 General description. (a) The ES-2re Side Impact Crash... (PADI) of the ES-2re Side Impact Crash Test Dummy, February 2008, incorporated by reference, see § 572...

49 CFR 572.181 - General description.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) ANTHROPOMORPHIC TEST DEVICES ES-2re Side Impact Crash Test Dummy, 50th Percentile Adult Male § 572.181 General description. (a) The ES-2re Side Impact Crash... (PADI) of the ES-2re Side Impact Crash Test Dummy, February 2008, incorporated by reference, see § 572...

Refined Dummy Atom Model of Mg(2+) by Simple Parameter Screening Strategy with Revised Experimental Solvation Free Energy.

PubMed

Jiang, Yang; Zhang, Haiyang; Feng, Wei; Tan, Tianwei

2015-12-28

Metal ions play an important role in the catalysis of metalloenzymes. To investigate metalloenzymes via molecular modeling, a set of accurate force field parameters for metal ions is highly imperative. To extend its application range and improve the performance, the dummy atom model of metal ions was refined through a simple parameter screening strategy using the Mg(2+) ion as an example. Using the AMBER ff03 force field with the TIP3P model, the refined model accurately reproduced the experimental geometric and thermodynamic properties of Mg(2+). Compared with point charge models and previous dummy atom models, the refined dummy atom model yields an enhanced performance for producing reliable ATP/GTP-Mg(2+)-protein conformations in three metalloenzyme systems with single or double metal centers. Similar to other unbounded models, the refined model failed to reproduce the Mg-Mg distance and favored a monodentate binding of carboxylate groups, and these drawbacks needed to be considered with care. The outperformance of the refined model is mainly attributed to the use of a revised (more accurate) experimental solvation free energy and a suitable free energy correction protocol. This work provides a parameter screening strategy that can be readily applied to refine the dummy atom models for metal ions.

49 CFR 571.213 - Standard No. 213; Child restraint systems.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... the initial pre-test position of the respective knee pivot point, measured along a horizontal line... the head or torso of the appropriate test dummy, specified in S7, when a child restraint system is... (§ 571.225). Torso means the portion of the body of a seated anthropomorphic test dummy, excluding the...

49 CFR 572.31 - General description.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

..., titled “Sign Convention for Vehicle Crash Testing”, dated 1994-12. (6) Exterior dimensions of the Hybrid... ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) ANTHROPOMORPHIC TEST DEVICES Hybrid III Test Dummy § 572.31 General description. (a) The Hybrid III 50th percentile size dummy consists of components and...

49 CFR 572.141 - General description.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) ANTHROPOMORPHIC TEST DEVICES 3-year-Old Child Crash Test Dummy, Alpha Version § 572.141 General description. (a) The Hybrid III 3-year-old child dummy is described by the following materials: (1) Technical drawings and specifications package 210-0000 (refer to...

Comparison of car seats in low speed rear-end impacts using the BioRID dummy and the new neck injury criterion (NIC).

PubMed

Boström, O; Fredriksson, R; Håland, Y; Jakobsson, L; Krafft, M; Lövsund, P; Muser, M H; Svensson, M Y

2000-03-01

Long-term whiplash associated disorders (WAD) 1-3 sustained in low velocity rear-end impacts is the most common disability injury in Sweden. Therefore, to determine neck injury mechanisms and develop methods to measure neck-injury related parameters are of importance for current crash-safety research. A new neck injury criterion (NIC) has previously been proposed and evaluated by means of dummy, human and mathematical rear-impact simulations. So far, the criterion appears to be sensitive to the major car and collision related risk factors for injuries with long-term consequences. To further evaluate the applicability of NIC, four seats were tested according to a recently proposed sled-test procedure. 'Good' as well as 'bad' seats were chosen on the basis of a recently presented disability risk ranking list. The dummy used in the current tests was the Biofidelic Rear Impact Dummy (BioRID). The results of this study showed that NICmax values were generally related to the real-world risk of long-term WAD 1-3. Furthermore, these results suggested that NICmax calculated from sled tests using the BioRID dummy can be used for evaluating the neck injury risk of different car seats.

49 CFR 572.120 - Incorporation by reference.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... Child Test Dummy, Beta Version § 572.120 Incorporation by reference. (a) The following materials are... List and Drawings, Hybrid III Six-year-old Child Test Dummy (H-III6C, Beta Version) (June 2002... (vii) The Hybrid III Six-year-old Child Parts/Drawing List. (2) A procedures manual entitled...

76 FR 65101 - Special Conditions: Embraer S.A.; Model EMB 500; Single-Place Side Facing Seat Dynamic Test...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-10-20

... anthropomorphic test dummy (ATD) or its equivalent, undeformed floor, no yaw, and with all lateral structural... Side Facing Seat Dynamic Test Requirements AGENCY: Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), DOT. ACTION... installation of a single-place side facing seat on Embraer S.A. EMB 500 aircraft. Side- facing seats are...

Intrathoracic pressure variations in an anthropomorphic dummy exposed to air blast, blunt impact, and missiles.

PubMed

Jönsson, A; Arvebo, E; Schantz, B

1988-01-01

Experiments with an anthropomorphic dummy for blast research demonstrated that pressures recorded in the lung model of the dummy could be correlated to primary air blast effects on the lungs of experimental animals. The results presented here were obtained with a dummy of the type mentioned above, but with the lung model modified to improve geometric similarity to man. Blast experiments were performed in a shock tube, and impact experiments in a special impact machine. Experiments with nonpenetrating missiles were performed with small-caliber firearms and the dummy protected by body armor. Severity indices derived from the blast experiments were related to established criteria for primary lung injury in man. Impacts delivered in the impact machine and by nonpenetrating missiles are compared. Relationships between severity of impact based on experiments with animals and primary lung injury in man are discussed.

49 CFR 572.41 - General description.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) ANTHROPOMORPHIC TEST DEVICES Side Impact Dummy 50th... set forth in the Side Impact Dummy (SID) User's Manual, dated May 1994 except for pages 7, 20 and 23...

49 CFR 572.41 - General description.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) ANTHROPOMORPHIC TEST DEVICES Side Impact Dummy 50th... set forth in the Side Impact Dummy (SID) User's Manual, dated May 1994 except for pages 7, 20 and 23...

49 CFR 572.41 - General description.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) ANTHROPOMORPHIC TEST DEVICES Side Impact Dummy 50th... set forth in the Side Impact Dummy (SID) User's Manual, dated May 1994 except for pages 7, 20 and 23...

49 CFR 572.41 - General description.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) ANTHROPOMORPHIC TEST DEVICES Side Impact Dummy 50th... set forth in the Side Impact Dummy (SID) User's Manual, dated May 1994 except for pages 7, 20 and 23...

49 CFR 572.41 - General description.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) ANTHROPOMORPHIC TEST DEVICES Side Impact Dummy 50th... set forth in the Side Impact Dummy (SID) User's Manual, dated May 1994 except for pages 7, 20 and 23...

How Robust Is Linear Regression with Dummy Variables?

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Blankmeyer, Eric

2006-01-01

Researchers in education and the social sciences make extensive use of linear regression models in which the dependent variable is continuous-valued while the explanatory variables are a combination of continuous-valued regressors and dummy variables. The dummies partition the sample into groups, some of which may contain only a few observations.…

Cardiovascular Surgery Residency Program: Training Coronary Anastomosis Using the Arroyo Simulator and UNIFESP Models.

PubMed

Maluf, Miguel Angel; Gomes, Walter José; Bras, Ademir Massarico; Araújo, Thiago Cavalcante Vila Nova de; Mota, André Lupp; Cardoso, Caio Cesar; Coutinho, Rafael Viana dos S

2015-01-01

Engage the UNIFESP Cardiovascular Surgery residents in coronary anastomosis, assess their skills and certify results, using the Arroyo Anastomosis Simulator and UNIFESP surgical models. First to 6th year residents attended a weekly program of technical training in coronary anastomosis, using 4 simulation models: 1. Arroyo simulator; 2. Dummy with a plastic heart; 3. Dummy with a bovine heart; and 4. Dummy with a beating pig heart. The assessment test was comprised of 10 items, using a scale from 1 to 5 points in each of them, creating a global score of 50 points maximum. The technical performance of the candidate showed improvement in all items, especially manual skill and technical progress, critical sense of the work performed, confidence in the procedure and reduction of the time needed to perform the anastomosis after 12 weeks practice. In response to the multiplicity of factors that currently influence the cardiovascular surgeon training, there have been combined efforts to reform the practices of surgical medical training. 1 - The four models of simulators offer a considerable contribution to the field of cardiovascular surgery, improving the skill and dexterity of the surgeon in training. 2 - Residents have shown interest in training and cooperate in the development of innovative procedures for surgical medical training in the art.

Cardiovascular Surgery Residency Program: Training Coronary Anastomosis Using the Arroyo Simulator and UNIFESP Models

PubMed Central

Maluf, Miguel Angel; Gomes, Walter José; Bras, Ademir Massarico; de Araújo, Thiago Cavalcante Vila Nova; Mota, André Lupp; Cardoso, Caio Cesar; Coutinho, Rafael Viana dos S.

2015-01-01

OBJECTIVE Engage the UNIFESP Cardiovascular Surgery residents in coronary anastomosis, assess their skills and certify results, using the Arroyo Anastomosis Simulator and UNIFESP surgical models. METHODS First to 6th year residents attended a weekly program of technical training in coronary anastomosis, using 4 simulation models: 1. Arroyo simulator; 2. Dummy with a plastic heart; 3. Dummy with a bovine heart; and 4. Dummy with a beating pig heart. The assessment test was comprised of 10 items, using a scale from 1 to 5 points in each of them, creating a global score of 50 points maximum. RESULTS The technical performance of the candidate showed improvement in all items, especially manual skill and technical progress, critical sense of the work performed, confidence in the procedure and reduction of the time needed to perform the anastomosis after 12 weeks practice. In response to the multiplicity of factors that currently influence the cardiovascular surgeon training, there have been combined efforts to reform the practices of surgical medical training. CONCLUSION 1 - The four models of simulators offer a considerable contribution to the field of cardiovascular surgery, improving the skill and dexterity of the surgeon in training. 2 - Residents have shown interest in training and cooperate in the development of innovative procedures for surgical medical training in the art. PMID:26735604

49 CFR 572.150 - Incorporation by reference.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

...-Month-Old Infant, Alpha Version § 572.150 Incorporation by reference. (a) The following materials are... Drawings, Subpart R, CRABI 12-Month-Old Infant Crash Test Dummy (CRABI-12, Alpha version) August 2001” and... Infant Crash Test Dummy (CRABI-12, Alpha version) August 2001” incorporated by reference in § 572.155; (3...

49 CFR 572.150 - Incorporation by reference.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

...-Month-Old Infant, Alpha Version § 572.150 Incorporation by reference. (a) The following materials are... Drawings, Subpart R, CRABI 12-Month-Old Infant Crash Test Dummy (CRABI-12, Alpha version) August 2001” and... Infant Crash Test Dummy (CRABI-12, Alpha version) August 2001” incorporated by reference in § 572.155; (3...

49 CFR 572.150 - Incorporation by reference.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

...-Month-Old Infant, Alpha Version § 572.150 Incorporation by reference. (a) The following materials are... Drawings, Subpart R, CRABI 12-Month-Old Infant Crash Test Dummy (CRABI-12, Alpha version) August 2001” and... Infant Crash Test Dummy (CRABI-12, Alpha version) August 2001” incorporated by reference in § 572.155; (3...

Large scale landslide susceptibility assessment using the statistical methods of logistic regression and BSA - study case: the sub-basin of the small Niraj (Transylvania Depression, Romania)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Roşca, S.; Bilaşco, Ş.; Petrea, D.; Fodorean, I.; Vescan, I.; Filip, S.; Măguţ, F.-L.

2015-11-01

The existence of a large number of GIS models for the identification of landslide occurrence probability makes difficult the selection of a specific one. The present study focuses on the application of two quantitative models: the logistic and the BSA models. The comparative analysis of the results aims at identifying the most suitable model. The territory corresponding to the Niraj Mic Basin (87 km2) is an area characterised by a wide variety of the landforms with their morphometric, morphographical and geological characteristics as well as by a high complexity of the land use types where active landslides exist. This is the reason why it represents the test area for applying the two models and for the comparison of the results. The large complexity of input variables is illustrated by 16 factors which were represented as 72 dummy variables, analysed on the basis of their importance within the model structures. The testing of the statistical significance corresponding to each variable reduced the number of dummy variables to 12 which were considered significant for the test area within the logistic model, whereas for the BSA model all the variables were employed. The predictability degree of the models was tested through the identification of the area under the ROC curve which indicated a good accuracy (AUROC = 0.86 for the testing area) and predictability of the logistic model (AUROC = 0.63 for the validation area).

49 CFR 572.91 - General description.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... structural properties of the dummy are such that the dummy conforms to this part in every respect both before and after being used in dynamic tests specified in Standard No. 213 of this chapter (§ 571.213). ...

49 CFR 572.91 - General description.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... structural properties of the dummy are such that the dummy conforms to this part in every respect both before and after being used in dynamic tests specified in Standard No. 213 of this chapter (§ 571.213). ...

49 CFR 572.81 - General description.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... contacts that exist under static conditions. (c) The structural properties of the dummy are such that the dummy conforms to this part in every respect both before and after being used in dynamic tests such as...

Techniques for Developing Child Dummy Protection Reference Values. Event Report

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1996-10-01

The purpose of this report is to present background information and techniques : for developing protection reference values (PRV) to use with child dummies in : out-of-position (OOP) child/air bag interaction testing. Biomechanics experts : agree tha...

The application of dummy noise adaptive Kalman filter in underwater navigation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Li, Song; Zhang, Chun-Hua; Luan, Jingde

2011-10-01

The track of underwater target is easy to be affected by the various by the various factors, which will cause poor performance in Kalman filter with the error in the state and measure model. In order to solve the situation, a method is provided with dummy noise compensative technology. Dummy noise is added to state and measure model artificially, and then the question can be solved by the adaptive Kalman filter with unknown time-changed statistical character. The simulation result of underwater navigation proves the algorithm is effective.

Biomechanical analysis of occupant kinematics in rollover motor vehicle accidents: dynamic spit test.

PubMed

Sances, Anthony; Kumaresan, Srirangam; Clarke, Richard; Herbst, Brian; Meyer, Steve

2005-01-01

A better understanding of occupant kinematics in rollover accidents helps to advance biomechanical knowledge and to enhance the safety features of motor vehicles. While many rollover accident simulation studies have adopted the static approach to delineate the occupant kinematics in rollover accidents, very few studies have attempted the dynamic approach. The present work was designed to study the biomechanics of restrained occupants during rollover accidents using the steady-state dynamic spit test and to address the importance of keeping the lap belt fastened. Experimental tests were conducted using an anthropometric 50% Hybrid III dummy in a vehicle. The vehicle was rotated at 180 degrees/second and the dummy was restrained using a standard three-point restraint system. The lap belt of the dummy was fastened either by using the cinching latch plate or by locking the retractor. Three configurations of shoulder belt harness were simulated: shoulder belt loose on chest with cinch plate, shoulder belt under the left arm and shoulder belt behind the chest. In all tests, the dummy stayed within the confinement of the vehicle indicating that the securely fastened lap belt holds the dummy with dynamic movement of 3 1/2" to 4". The results show that occupant movement in rollover accidents is least affected by various shoulder harness positions with a securely fastened lap belt. The present study forms a first step in delineating the biomechanics of occupants in rollover accidents.

Techniques for developing child dummy protection reference values : event report

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1996-10-01

The purpose of this report is to present background information and techniques for developing protection reference values (PRV) to use with child dummies in out-of-position (OOP) child/air bag interaction testing. This report summarizes the literatur...

Modelling Attempts to Predict Fretting-Fatigue Life on Turbine Components

DTIC Science & Technology

2004-06-01

validation purposes life prediction is compared with experimental results . 1. THE PROBLEMATIC OF FRETTING/WEAR FATIGUE ON AEROENGINES 1.1. Damage...Furthermore, unlike real engine conditions, there are no additional vibrational loads exerted on the dummy due to the fact that the test is run

Categorical Variables in Multiple Regression: Some Cautions.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

O'Grady, Kevin E.; Medoff, Deborah R.

1988-01-01

Limitations of dummy coding and nonsense coding as methods of coding categorical variables for use as predictors in multiple regression analysis are discussed. The combination of these approaches often yields estimates and tests of significance that are not intended by researchers for inclusion in their models. (SLD)

78 FR 69943 - Anthropomorphic Test Devices; Q3s 3-Year-Old Child Side Impact Test Dummy, Incorporation by...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-11-21

... design and by July 2007 Build Level C was released. b. Developments In 2007, the Occupant Safety Research... reference a parts list, a set of design drawings, and a ``Procedures for Assembly, Disassembly and Inspection (PADI)'' document, to ensure that all Q3s dummies are the same in their design and construction.\\2...

Aircraft Crash Survival Design Guide. Volume 2. Aircraft Crash Environment and Human Tolerance

DTIC Science & Technology

1980-01-01

anthropometry , and crash test dummies, all of which serves as background for the design information presented in the other volumes. .I / V. L...Aeromedical Institute furnished assistance in locat- ing recent information on human tolerance, anthropometry , and crash test dummies. .3 TABLE OF CONTENTS...83 6.1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . .. ..... 83 6.2 ANTHROPOMETRY . . . . . . 83 6.2.1 Conventional Anthropometric Measurements

Orion Crew Member Injury Predictions during Land and Water Landings

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Lawrence, Charles; Littell, Justin D.; Fasanella, Edwin L.; Tabiei, Ala

2008-01-01

A review of astronaut whole body impact tolerance is discussed for land or water landings of the next generation manned space capsule named Orion. LS-DYNA simulations of Orion capsule landings are performed to produce a low, moderate, and high probability of injury. The paper evaluates finite element (FE) seat and occupant simulations for assessing injury risk for the Orion crew and compares these simulations to whole body injury models commonly referred to as the Brinkley criteria. The FE seat and crash dummy models allow for varying the occupant restraint systems, cushion materials, side constraints, flailing of limbs, and detailed seat/occupant interactions to minimize landing injuries to the crew. The FE crash test dummies used in conjunction with the Brinkley criteria provides a useful set of tools for predicting potential crew injuries during vehicle landings.

Development of an LS-DYNA Model of an ATR42-300 Aircraft for Crash Simulation

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Jackson, Karen E.; Fasanella, Edwin L.

2004-01-01

This paper describes the development of an LS-DYNA simulation of a vertical drop test of an ATR42-300 twin-turboprop high-wing commuter-class airplane. A 30-ft/s drop test of this aircraft was performed onto a concrete impact surface at the FAA Technical Center on July 30, 2003. The purpose of the test was to evaluate the structural response of a commuter-class aircraft when subjected to a severe, but survivable, impact. The aircraft was configured with crew and passenger seats, anthropomorphic test dummies, forward and aft luggage, instrumentation, and onboard data acquisition systems. The wings were filled with approximately 8,700 lb. of water to represent the fuel and the aircraft weighed a total of 33,200 lb. The model, which consisted of 57,643 nodes and 62,979 elements, was developed from direct measurements of the airframe geometry, over a period of approximately 8 months. The seats, dummies, luggage, fuel, and other ballast were represented using concentrated masses. Comparisons were made of the structural deformation and failure behavior of the airframe, as well as selected acceleration time history responses.

Status of the irradiation test vehicle for testing fusion materials in the Advanced Test Reactor

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Tsai, H.; Gomes, I.C.; Smith, D.L.

1998-09-01

The design of the irradiation test vehicle (ITV) for the Advanced Test Reactor (ATR) has been completed. The main application for the ITV is irradiation testing of candidate fusion structural materials, including vanadium-base alloys, silicon carbide composites, and low-activation steels. Construction of the vehicle is underway at the Lockheed Martin Idaho Technology Company (LMITCO). Dummy test trains are being built for system checkout and fine-tuning. Reactor insertion of the ITV with the dummy test trains is scheduled for fall 1998. Barring unexpected difficulties, the ITV will be available for experiments in early 1999.

Abdominal Twin Pressure Sensors for the assessment of abdominal injuries in Q dummies: in-dummy evaluation and performance in accident reconstructions.

PubMed

Beillas, Philippe; Alonzo, François; Chevalier, Marie-Christine; Lesire, Philippe; Leopold, Franck; Trosseille, Xavier; Johannsen, Heiko

2012-10-01

The Abdominal Pressure Twin Sensors (APTS) for Q3 and Q6 dummies are composed of soft polyurethane bladders filled with fluid and equipped with pressure sensors. Implanted within the abdominal insert of child dummies, they can be used to detect abdominal loading due to the belt during frontal collisions. In the present study - which is part of the EC funded CASPER project - two versions of APTS (V1 and V2) were evaluated in abdominal belt compression tests, torso flexion test (V1 only) and two series of sled tests with degraded restraint conditions. The results suggest that the two versions have similar responses, and that the pressure sensitivity to torso flexion is limited. The APTS ability to detect abdominal loading in sled tests was also confirmed, with peak pressures typically below 1 bar when the belt loaded only the pelvis and the thorax (appropriate restraint) and values above that level when the abdomen was loaded directly (inappropriate restraint). Then, accident reconstructions performed as part of CASPER and previous EC funded projects were reanalyzed. Selected data from 19 dummies (12 Q6 and 7 Q3) were used to plot injury risk curves. Maximum pressure, maximum pressure rate and their product were all found to be injury predictors. Maximum pressure levels for a 50% risk of AIS3+ were consistent with the levels separating appropriate and inappropriate restraint in the sled tests (e.g. 50% risk of AIS3+ at 1.09 bar for pressure filtered CFC180). Further work is needed to refine the scaling techniques between ages and confirm the risk curves.

Using Time-Series Regression to Predict Academic Library Circulations.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Brooks, Terrence A.

1984-01-01

Four methods were used to forecast monthly circulation totals in 15 midwestern academic libraries: dummy time-series regression, lagged time-series regression, simple average (straight-line forecasting), monthly average (naive forecasting). In tests of forecasting accuracy, dummy regression method and monthly mean method exhibited smallest average…

Anthropometry for WorldSID, a World-Harmonized Midsize Male Side Impact Crash Dummy

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

S. Moss; Z. Wang; M. Salloum

2000-06-19

The WorldSID project is a global effort to design a new generation side impact crash test dummy under the direction of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). The first WorldSID crash dummy will represent a world-harmonized mid-size adult male. This paper discusses the research and rationale undertaken to define the anthropometry of a world standard midsize male in the typical automotive seated posture. Various anthropometry databases are compared region by region and in terms of the key dimensions needed for crash dummy design. The Anthropometry for Motor Vehicle Occupants (AMVO) dataset, as established by the University of Michigan Transportation Researchmore » Institute (UMTRI), is selected as the basis for the WorldSID mid-size male, updated to include revisions to the pelvis bone location. The proposed mass of the dummy is 77.3kg with full arms. The rationale for the selected mass is discussed. The joint location and surface landmark database is appended to this paper.« less

Evaluation of the influence of velocity on dynamic passenger loads during a frontal minibus impact against an obstacle

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Prochowski, L.; Dębowski, A.; Żuchowski, A.; Zielonka, K.

2016-09-01

The safety of people travelling by minibus is a very complex issue, in which the decisive role is played by load-bearing vehicle structure, passenger seats, and personal protection means. In order to maximize the number of people transported, the seats are spaced very closely to each other and this may pose a hazard to the passengers. Based on an analysis of experimental test results, a computer model representing a system composed of a minibus floor segment, seats, and dummies was built. For the analysis, seats integrated with seat belts were adopted. A seat of this type was based on a high-rigidity frame necessary to bear, inter alia, the strong force exerted (during a collision) by passenger's torso on the shoulder seat belt and transmitted to the upper seat belt anchorage point on the seat backrest. Within this work, the frontal minibus impact against an obstacle with velocities ranging from 20 km/h to 70 km/h was considered. The analysis covered the motion of, and dynamic loads on, a test dummy representing a 50th percentile adult male (Hybrid III dummy). Within the analysis, realizations of dynamic loads caused by inertial forces and reactions exerted by a three-point seat belt were taken into account. Special attention was paid to the extreme values of the loads that acted on dummy's head, neck, and torso when the head hit the backrest of the preceding seat in the culminating phase of the vehicle impact against an obstacle. The values of biomechanical indicators HIC, ThAC, Nij , and FAC and of the joint injury risk indicator were calculated.

MTR MAIN FLOOR. MEN DEMONSTRATE INSERTION OF DUMMY PLUG INTO ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

MTR MAIN FLOOR. MEN DEMONSTRATE INSERTION OF DUMMY PLUG INTO AN MTR BEAM HOLE. ONE MAN CHECKS RADIATION LEVEL AT THE END OF THE UNIVERSAL COFFIN, WHILE ANOTHER USES TOOL TO INSERT PLUG INTO HOLE THROUGH COFFIN. MEN WEAR "ANTI-C" (ANTI-CONTAMINATION) CLOTHING. INL NEGATIVE NO. 6198. R.G. Larsen, Photographer, 6/27/1952 - Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, Test Reactor Area, Materials & Engineering Test Reactors, Scoville, Butte County, ID

Development of stress boundary conditions in smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) for the modeling of solids deformation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Douillet-Grellier, Thomas; Pramanik, Ranjan; Pan, Kai; Albaiz, Abdulaziz; Jones, Bruce D.; Williams, John R.

2017-10-01

This paper develops a method for imposing stress boundary conditions in smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) with and without the need for dummy particles. SPH has been used for simulating phenomena in a number of fields, such as astrophysics and fluid mechanics. More recently, the method has gained traction as a technique for simulation of deformation and fracture in solids, where the meshless property of SPH can be leveraged to represent arbitrary crack paths. Despite this interest, application of boundary conditions within the SPH framework is typically limited to imposed velocity or displacement using fictitious dummy particles to compensate for the lack of particles beyond the boundary interface. While this is enough for a large variety of problems, especially in the case of fluid flow, for problems in solid mechanics there is a clear need to impose stresses upon boundaries. In addition to this, the use of dummy particles to impose a boundary condition is not always suitable or even feasibly, especially for those problems which include internal boundaries. In order to overcome these difficulties, this paper first presents an improved method for applying stress boundary conditions in SPH with dummy particles. This is then followed by a proposal of a formulation which does not require dummy particles. These techniques are then validated against analytical solutions to two common problems in rock mechanics, the Brazilian test and the penny-shaped crack problem both in 2D and 3D. This study highlights the fact that SPH offers a good level of accuracy to solve these problems and that results are reliable. This validation work serves as a foundation for addressing more complex problems involving plasticity and fracture propagation.

49 CFR 572.186 - Abdomen assembly.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 49 Transportation 7 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Abdomen assembly. 572.186 Section 572.186... Test Dummy, 50th Percentile Adult Male § 572.186 Abdomen assembly. (a) The abdomen assembly (175-5000) is part of the dummy assembly shown in drawing 175-0000 including load sensors specified in § 572.189...

49 CFR 572.196 - Thorax without arm.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 49 Transportation 7 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Thorax without arm. 572.196 Section 572.196... Test Dummy, Small Adult Female § 572.196 Thorax without arm. (a) The thorax is part of the upper torso... (drawing 180-0000) with the arm (180-6000) on the impacted side removed. The dummy's thorax is equipped...

49 CFR 572.196 - Thorax without arm.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 49 Transportation 7 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Thorax without arm. 572.196 Section 572.196... Test Dummy, Small Adult Female § 572.196 Thorax without arm. (a) The thorax is part of the upper torso... (drawing 180-0000) with the arm (180-6000) on the impacted side removed. The dummy's thorax is equipped...

49 CFR 572.43 - Lumbar spine and pelvis.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... vertical plane which is tangent to the back of the dummy's buttocks. (3) Align the test probe so that at... vertical planes perpendicular to the midsagittal plane passing through the designated impact point. (4) Adjust the dummy so that its midsagittal plane is vertical and the rear surfaces of the thorax and...

Measurement of Spindle Rigidity by using a Magnet Loader

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yamazaki, Taku; Matsubara, Atsushi; Fujita, Tomoya; Muraki, Toshiyuki; Asano, Kohei; Kawashima, Kazuyuki

The static rigidity of a rotating spindle in the radial direction is investigated in this research. A magnetic loading device (magnet loader) has been developed for the measurement. The magnet loader, which has coils and iron cores, generates the electromagnetic force and attracts a dummy tool attached to the spindle. However, the eddy current is generated in the dummy tool with the spindle rotation and reduces the attractive force at high spindle speed. In order to understand the magnetic flux and eddy current in the dummy tool, the electromagnetic field analysis by FEM was carried out. Grooves on the attraction surface of the dummy tool were designed to cut the eddy current flow. The dimension of the groove were decided based on the FEM analysis, and the designed tool were manufactured and tested. The test result shows that the designed tool successfully reduces the eddy current and recovers the attractive force. By using the magnet loader and the grooved tool, the spindle rigidity can be measured when the spindle rotates with a speed up to 10,000 min-1.

Study of the two-phase dummy load shut-down strategy for proton exchange membrane fuel cells

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhang, Q.; Lin, R.; Cui, X.; Xia, S. X.; Yang, Z.; Chang, Y. T.

2017-02-01

This paper presents a new system strategy designed to alleviate the performance decay caused by start-up/shut-down (SU/SD) conditions in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). The innovative method was tested using a two-phase dummy load composed of a linearly declined main load and a fixed small auxiliary load. The initial value of the main load must be controlled within a proper range, and a closed-ended air exhaust is necessary. According to the analysis of in-situ current density distribution during SD processes, the two-phase dummy load can continuously fit the process of oxygen reduction in the cathode, whereas the conventional dummy load leads to local air starvation. Polarization curves and cyclic voltammetry (CV) were employed to evaluate the performance decay during SU/SD repetition. After tests of 900 cycles, the highest voltage degradation rate of the PEMFC was 3.33 μV cycle-1 (800 mA cm-2), and the electrochemical surface area (ECSA) loss was 0.0046 m2 g-1 cycle-1 with the two-phase dummy load strategy. After comparing results with similar work on a single PEMFC, the authors confirmed the preeminent effectiveness of this strategy. This strategy will also improve fuel cell stack performance due to controllable SD duration and comparatively low performance decay rates.

An Investigation of the IMO Spread of Flame Test Method.

DTIC Science & Technology

1992-03-01

Sensors: Medtherm Model 64-3-20 Radiation Pyrometer: Honeywell, Model 939A4 Minature Radiamatic Pyrometer. Data Acquisition: Hewlett Packard Model 7100B...radiant panel. Circular holes were cut along the dummy specimen center line at 50, 200, 350, 500 and 650 mm to accommodate the Medtherm flux sensor...char line 75 0-250 Complete black char; pieces are exploding and separating from backing; heavy smoke 120 Explosive delamination; no flame 130 300

Object categorization by wild ranging birds-Winter feeder experiments.

PubMed

Nováková, Nela; Veselý, Petr; Fuchs, Roman

2017-10-01

The object categorization is only scarcely studied using untrained wild ranging animals and relevant stimuli. We tested the importance of the spatial position of features salient for categorization of a predator using wild ranging birds (titmice) visiting a winter feeder. As a relevant stimulus we used a dummy of a raptor, the European sparrowhawk (Accipiter nisus), placed at the feeding location. This dummy was designed to be dismantled into three parts and rearranged with the head in the correct position, in the middle or at the bottom of the dummy. When the birds had the option of visiting an alternative feeder with a dummy pigeon, they preferred this option to visiting the feeder with the dummy sparrowhawk with the head in any of the three positions. When the birds had the option of visiting an alternative feeder with an un-rearranged dummy sparrowhawk, they visited both feeders equally often, and very scarcely. This suggests that the titmice considered all of the sparrowhawk modifications as being dangerous, and equally dangerous as the un-rearranged sparrowhawk. The position of the head was not the most important cue for categorization. The presence of the key features was probably sufficient for categorization, and their mutual spatial position was of lower importance. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Trauma potential and ballistic parameters of cal. 9 mm P.A. dummy launchers.

PubMed

Frank, Matthias; Bockholdt, Britta; Philipp, Klaus-Peter; Ekkernkamp, Axel

2010-07-15

Blank cartridge actuated dummy launching devices are used by migratory bird hunters to train dogs to retrieve downed birds. The devices create a loud noise while simultaneously propelling a hard foam dummy for retrieval. A newly developed dummy launcher is based on a modified cal. 9 mm P.A. blank handgun with an extension tube pinned and welded to the barrel imitation. Currently, there are no experimental investigations on the ballistic background and trauma potential of these uncommon shooting devices. An experimental test set-up consisting of a photoelectric infrared light barrier was used for measurement of the velocity of hard foam dummies propelled with an automatic dummy launcher. Ballistic parameters of the dummies and an aluminium sleeve as improvised projectile (kinetic energy (E), impulse (p), energy density (E') and threshold velocity (v(tsh)) to cause penetrating wounds as a function of cross-sectional density (S)) were calculated. The average velocity (v) of the dummies was measured 25.71 m/s exerting an average impulse (p) of 3.342 Ns. The average kinetic energy (E) was calculated 43.04 J with an average energy density (E') of 0.069 J/mm(2). The average velocity (v) of the aluminium sleeves as improvised projectiles was measured 79.58 m/s exerting an average impulse (p) of 2.228 Ns. The average kinetic energy (E) of the aluminium sleeves was calculated as 88.70 J with an average energy density (E') of 0.282 J/mm(2). The energy delivered by these shooting devices is high enough to cause relevant injuries. The absence of skin penetration must not mislead the emergency physician or forensic expert into neglecting the potential damage from these devices. (c) 2010 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Carpenter, John H.; Belcourt, Kenneth Noel

Completion of the CASL L3 milestone THM.CFD.P6.03 provides a tabular material properties capability to the Hydra code. A tabular interpolation package used in Sandia codes was modified to support the needs of multi-phase solvers in Hydra. Use of the interface is described. The package was released to Hydra under a government use license. A dummy physics was created in Hydra to prototype use of the interpolation routines. Finally, a test using the dummy physics verifies the correct behavior of the interpolation for a test water table. 3

76 FR 55230 - Special Conditions: Embraer S.A.; Model EMB 505; Single-Place Side-Facing Lavatory Seat Dynamic...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-09-07

... will facilitate egress after an accident, including leaving the lavatory door locked open during taxi... (foam or equivalent), such as Ensolite. (c) Thoracic Trauma. Testing with a Side Impact Dummy (SID), as... pounds. (g) Emergency Evacuation. When occupied, the lavatory door must be latched open for takeoff and...

Dynamic Response of the Hybrid III 3 Year Old Dummy Head and Neck During Side Air Bag Loading

PubMed Central

Duma, Stefan M.; Crandall, Jeff R.; Pilkey, Walter D.; Seki, Kazuhiro; Aoki, Takashi

1998-01-01

This paper presents the results from fourteen (n = 14) tests designed to evaluate the response and injury potential of a Hybrid III 3 year old dummy subject to loading by a deploying seat mounted side air bag. An instrumented Hybrid III 3 year old dummy was used for tests in two different occupant positions chosen to maximize head and neck loading. Four seat mounted thoracic side air bags were used that varied only in the level of inflator output. NHTSA’s neck injury criteria for complex loading, referred to as Nij, was modified to include moment values for both anterioposterior and lateral directions. The results of this testing indicate that side air bag loading can result in forces and moments approaching injury threshold values. While there is considerable uncertainty as to the validity of published injury criteria due to the lack of child biomechanical data, this study demonstrates the sensitivity of child response to initial position which may provide insight into placement and geometry of side airbag systems. Furthermore, the data indicates a relationship between airbag inflator properties and child dummy response for a given airbag geometry. Recently, automobile manufacturers have begun implementing side air bags as a safety feature to mitigate injuries resulting from side impact collisions. Unlike the case for the passenger side air bag, the injury potential to an out-of-position child in side airbag loading has not been presented in the literature. The purpose of this research is to evaluate the response of a Hybrid III 3 year old dummy subject to loading by a deploying side air bag.

Estimation of the auto frequency response function at unexcited points using dummy masses

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hosoya, Naoki; Yaginuma, Shinji; Onodera, Hiroshi; Yoshimura, Takuya

2015-02-01

If structures with complex shapes have space limitations, vibration tests using an exciter or impact hammer for the excitation are difficult. Although measuring the auto frequency response function at an unexcited point may not be practical via a vibration test, it can be obtained by assuming that the inertia acting on a dummy mass is an external force on the target structure upon exciting a different excitation point. We propose a method to estimate the auto frequency response functions at unexcited points by attaching a small mass (dummy mass), which is comparable to the accelerometer mass. The validity of the proposed method is demonstrated by comparing the auto frequency response functions estimated at unexcited points in a beam structure to those obtained from numerical simulations. We also consider random measurement errors by finite element analysis and vibration tests, but not bias errors. Additionally, the applicability of the proposed method is demonstrated by applying it to estimate the auto frequency response function of the lower arm in a car suspension.

Boeing CST-100 Starliner Seat Test

NASA Image and Video Library

2017-02-21

Engineers working with Boeing's CST-100 Starliner test the spacecraft's seat design in Mesa, Arizona, focusing on how the spacecraft seats would protect an astronaut's head, neck and spine during the 240-mile descent from the International Space Station. The company incorporated test dummies for a detailed analysis of impacts on a crew returning to earth. The human-sized dummies were equipped with sensitive instrumentation and secured in the seats for 30 drop tests at varying heights, angles, velocities and seat orientations in order to mimic actual landing conditions. High-speed cameras captured the footage for further analysis. The Starliner spacecraft is being developed in partnership with NASA's Commercial Crew Program.

Pediatric Anthropometry

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Klinich, Kathleen D.; Reed, Matthew P.

Anthropometry is the measurement of human size, shape, and physical capabilities. Most pediatric anthropometry data are gathered to describe child growth patterns, but data on body size, mass distribution, range of motion, and posture are used to develop crash test dummies and computational models of child occupants. Pediatric anthropometry data are also used to determine child restraint dimensions, so they will accommodate the applicable population of child occupants.

Modeling The Frontal Collison In Vehicles And Determining The Degree Of Injury On The Driver

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Oţăt, Oana Victoria

2015-09-01

The present research study aims at analysing the kinematic and the dynamic behaviour of the vehicle's driver in a frontal collision. Hence, a subsequent objective of the research paper is to establish the degree of injury suffered by the driver. Therefore, in order to achieve the objectives set, first, we had to define the type of the dummy placed in the position of the driver, and then to design the three-element assembly, i.e. the chair-steering wheel-dashboard assembly. Based on this model, the following step focused on the positioning of the dummy, which has also integrated the defining of the contacts between the components of the dummy and the seat elements. Seeking to model such a behaviour that would highly accurately reflect the driver's movements in a frontal collision, passive safety systems have also been defined and simulated, namely the seatbelt and the frontal airbag.

Energy Absorbing Seat System for an Agricultural Aircraft

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Kellas, Sotiris; Jones, Lisa E. (Technical Monitor)

2002-01-01

A task was initiated to improve the energy absorption capability of an existing aircraft seat through cost-effective retrofitting, while keeping seat-weight increase to a minimum. This task was undertaken as an extension of NASA ongoing safety research and commitment to general aviation customer needs. Only vertical crash scenarios have been considered in this task which required the energy absorbing system to protect the seat occupant in a range of crash speeds up to 31 ft/sec. It was anticipated that, the forward and/or side crash accelerations could be attenuated with the aid of airbags, the technology of which is currently available in automobiles and military helicopters. Steps which were followed include, preliminary crush load determination, conceptual design of cost effective energy absorbers, fabrication and testing (static and dynamic) of energy absorbers, system analysis, design and fabrication of dummy seat/rail assembly, dynamic testing of dummy seat/rail assembly, and finally, testing of actual modified seat system with a dummy occupant. A total of ten full scale tests have been performed including three of the actual aircraft seat. Results from full-scale tests indicated that occupant loads were attenuated successfully to survivable levels.

Measurements of Propeller-Induced Unsteady Surface Force and Pressures

DTIC Science & Technology

1986-12-01

investigations using foreshortened hull models in the determination of cavitating propeller-induced pressure pulses include van Manen , 46 Huse,47 van Oossanen...Nov 1974). 46. van Manen , J.D., "The Effect of Cavitation on the Interaction Between Propeller and Ship’s Hull, "International Shipbuilding Progress...and van der Kooij,48 and van der Kooij and Jonk. 49 Examples of more recent publications that have either made use of results from dummy model tests or

EFFECTS OF OVERPRESSURES IN GROUP SHELTERS ON ANIMALS AND DUMMIES

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Roberts, J.E.; White, C.S.; Chiffelle, T.L.

1953-09-01

S>Relative biological hazards of blast were studied in two types of communal air-raid shelters during Shots 1 and 8. Dogs, restrained within the shelters during detonation, were studied pathologically and clinically for blast injuries. Two anthropometric dummies were test objects for displacement studies utilizing high-speed photography. Physical data included pressure vs time and air-drag determinations. During Shot 1, animals sustained marked blast damages (hemorrhages in lungs and abdominal organs), three dogs were ataxic. and the dummies were rather violently displaced. In Shot 8, however, no significant injuries were found in the animals, and the dummies were minimally displaced. Analysis ofmore » the physical data indicated that blast injuries and violent displacements may occur at much lower static overpressures than previously assumed from conventional explosion data. Furthermore, biological damage appeared to be related to the rate of rise of the overpressure and air drag, as well as the maximum overpressure values. (auth)« less

Coarse Graining to Investigate Membrane Induced Peptide Folding of Anticancer Peptides

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ganesan, Sai; Xu, Hongcheng; Matysiak, Silvina

Information about membrane induced peptide folding mechanisms using all-atom molecular dynamics simulations is a challenge due to time and length scale issues.We recently developed a low resolution Water Explicit Polarizable PROtein coarse-grained Model by adding oppositely charged dummy particles inside protein backbone beads.These two dummy particles represent a fluctuating dipole,thus introducing structural polarization into the coarse-grained model.With this model,we were able to achieve significant α- β secondary structure content de novo,without any added bias.We extended the model to zwitterionic and anionic lipids,by adding oppositely charged dummy particles inside polar beads, to capture the ability of the head group region to form hydrogen bonds.We use zwitterionic POPC and anionic POPS as our model lipids, and a cationic anticancer peptide,SVS1,as our model peptide.We have characterized the driving forces for SVS1 folding on lipid bilayers with varying anionic and zwitterionic lipid compositions.Based on our results, dipolar interactions between peptide backbone and lipid head groups contribute to stabilize folded conformations.Cooperativity in folding is induced by both intra peptide and membrane-peptide interaction.

Method matters: Experimental evidence for shorter avian sperm in faecal compared to abdominal massage samples.

PubMed

Girndt, Antje; Cockburn, Glenn; Sánchez-Tójar, Alfredo; Løvlie, Hanne; Schroeder, Julia

2017-01-01

Birds are model organisms in sperm biology. Previous work in zebra finches, suggested that sperm sampled from males' faeces and ejaculates do not differ in size. Here, we tested this assumption in a captive population of house sparrows, Passer domesticus. We compared sperm length in samples from three collection techniques: female dummy, faecal and abdominal massage samples. We found that sperm were significantly shorter in faecal than abdominal massage samples, which was explained by shorter heads and midpieces, but not flagella. This result might indicate that faecal sampled sperm could be less mature than sperm collected by abdominal massage. The female dummy method resulted in an insufficient number of experimental ejaculates because most males ignored it. In light of these results, we recommend using abdominal massage as a preferred method for avian sperm sampling. Where avian sperm cannot be collected by abdominal massage alone, we advise controlling for sperm sampling protocol statistically.

49 CFR 572.180 - Incorporated materials.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) ANTHROPOMORPHIC TEST DEVICES 2re Side Impact Crash Test... 50th Percentile Adult Male Side Impact Crash Test Dummy, February 2008,” incorporated by reference in...

49 CFR 572.111 - General description.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) ANTHROPOMORPHIC TEST DEVICES Side Impact Hybrid Dummy... before being used in vehicle tests specified in Standard 201. (c) Disassembly, inspection and assembly..., “Sign Convention for Vehicle Crash Testing.” ...

Optimizing the passenger air bag of an adaptive restraint system for multiple size occupants.

PubMed

Bai, Zhonghao; Jiang, Binhui; Zhu, Feng; Cao, Libo

2014-01-01

The development of the adaptive occupant restraint system (AORS) has led to an innovative way to optimize such systems for multiple size occupants. An AORS consists of multiple units such as adaptive air bags, seat belts, etc. During a collision, as a supplemental protective device, air bags can provide constraint force and play a role in dissipating the crash energy of the occupants' head and thorax. This article presents an investigation into an adaptive passenger air bag (PAB). The purpose of this study is to develop a base shape of a PAB for different size occupants using an optimization method. Four typical base shapes of a PAB were designed based on geometric data on the passenger side. Then 4 PAB finite element (FE) models and a validated sled with different size dummy models were developed in MADYMO (TNO, Rijswijk, The Netherlands) to conduct the optimization to obtain the best baseline PAB that would be used in the AORS. The objective functions-that is, the minimum total probability of injuries (∑Pcomb) of the 5th percentile female and 50th and 95th percentile male dummies-were adopted to evaluate the optimal configurations. The injury probability (Pcomb) for each dummy was adopted from the U.S. New Car Assessment Program (US-NCAP). The parameters of the AORS were first optimized for different types of PAB base shapes in a frontal impact. Then, contact time duration and force between the PAB and dummy head/chest were optimized by adjusting the parameters of the PAB, such as the number and position of tethers, lower the Pcomb of the 95th percentile male dummy. According to the optimization results, 4 typical PABs could provide effective protection to 5th and 50th percentile dummies. However, due to the heavy and large torsos of the 95th percentile occupants, the current occupant restraint system does not demonstrate satisfactory protective function, particularly for the thorax.

Double Blind Test For Bio-Stimulation Effects On Pain Relief By Diode Laser

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Saeki, Norio; Sembokuya, Iwajiro; Arakawa, Kazuo; Fujimasa, Iwao; Mabuchi, Kunihiko; Abe, Yuusuke; Atsumi, Kazuhiko

1989-09-01

The bio-stimulation effect of semiconductor laser on therapeutic pain relief was investigated by conducting a double blind test performed on more than one hundred patient subjects suffering from various neualgia. A compact laser therapeutic equipment with two laser probes each having 60 mW power was developed and utilized for the experiment. Each probe was driven by either the active or the dummy source selected randomly, and its results were stored in the memory for statistical processing. The therapeutic treatments including active and dummy treatments were performed on 102 subjects. The pain relief effects were confirmed for 85.5% of the subjects.

Consistent differences in individual reactions to drugs and dummies

PubMed Central

Joyce, C. R. B.

1959-01-01

The tendency of some individuals to report changes of physical and mental state after taking pharmacologically inert substances has been investigated experimentally. In a class of healthy medical students, those individuals who reported symptoms and those who did not made significantly different scores on a number of behavioural tests. The likely reactions of the members of a second class (containing none of the previous participants) to dummies were then predicted from their scores on the same tests, some of which were found to be much more efficient predictors than would have been expected by chance. Some implications for further research and for clinical medicine are discussed. PMID:14408028

Full-face motorcycle helmet protection from facial impacts: an investigation using THOR dummy impacts and SIMon finite element head model.

PubMed

Whyte, Thomas; Gibson, Tom; Eager, David; Milthorpe, Bruce

2017-06-01

Facial impacts are both common and injurious for helmeted motorcyclists who crash; however, there is no facial impact requirement in major motorcycle helmet standards. This study examined the effect of full-face motorcycle helmet protection on brain injury risk in facial impacts using a test device with biofidelic head and neck motion. A preliminary investigation of energy absorbing foam in the helmet chin bar was carried out. Flat-faced rigid pendulum impacts were performed on a THOR dummy in an unprotected (no helmet) and protected mode (two full-face helmet conditions). The head responses of the dummy were input into the simulated injury monitor finite element head model to analyse the risk of brain injury in these impacts. Full-face helmet protection provides a significant reduction in brain injury risk in facial impacts at increasing impact speeds compared with an unprotected rider (p<0.05). The effect of low-density crushable foam added to the chin bar could not be distinguished from an unpadded chin bar impact. Despite the lack of an impact attenuation requirement for the face, full-face helmets do provide a reduction in head injury risk to the wearer in facial impacts. The specific helmet design factors that influence head injury risk in facial impacts need further investigation if improved protection for helmeted motorcyclists is to be achieved. Published by the BMJ Publishing Group Limited. For permission to use (where not already granted under a licence) please go to http://www.bmj.com/company/products-services/rights-and-licensing/.

Frontal sled tests comparing rear and forward facing child restraints with 1-3 year old dummies.

PubMed

Sherwood, C P; Crandall, J R

2007-01-01

Although most countries recommend transitioning children from rear facing (RF) to forward facing (FF) child restraints at one year of age, Swedish data suggests that RF restraints are more effective. The objective of this study was to compare RF and FF orientations in frontal sled tests. Four dummies (CRABI 12 mo, Q1.5, Hybrid III 3 yr, and Q3) were used to represent children from 1 to 3 years of age. Restraint systems tested included both 1) LATCH and 2) rigid ISOFIX with support leg designs. Rear facing restraints with support legs provided the best results for all injury measures, while RF restraints in general provided the lowest chest displacements and neck loads.

49 CFR 572.180 - Incorporated materials.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) ANTHROPOMORPHIC TEST DEVICES ES-2re Side Impact Crash... 50th Percentile Adult Male Side Impact Crash Test Dummy, February 2008,” incorporated by reference in...

49 CFR 572.180 - Incorporated materials.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) ANTHROPOMORPHIC TEST DEVICES ES-2re Side Impact Crash... 50th Percentile Adult Male Side Impact Crash Test Dummy, February 2008,” incorporated by reference in...

Development of a continuous motorcycle protection barrier system using computer simulation and full-scale crash testing.

PubMed

Atahan, Ali O; Hiekmann, J Marten; Himpe, Jeffrey; Marra, Joseph

2018-07-01

Road restraint systems are designed to minimize the undesirable effects of roadside accidents and improve safety of road users. These systems are utilized at either side or median section of roads to contain and redirect errant vehicles. Although restraint systems are mainly designed against car, truck and bus impacts there is an increasing pressure by the motorcycle industry to incorporate motorcycle protection systems into these systems. In this paper development details of a new and versatile motorcycle barrier, CMPS, coupled with an existing vehicle barrier is presented. CMPS is intended to safely contain and redirect motorcyclists during a collision event. First, crash performance of CMPS design is evaluated by means of a three dimensional computer simulation program LS-DYNA. Then full-scale crash tests are used to verify the acceptability of CMPS design. Crash tests were performed at CSI proving ground facility using a motorcycle dummy in accordance with prEN 1317-8 specification. Full-scale crash test results show that CMPS is able to successfully contain and redirect dummy with minimal injury risk on the dummy. Damage on the barrier is also minimal proving the robustness of the CMPS design. Based on the test findings and further review by the authorities the implementation of CMPS was recommended at highway system. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Dummy Measurement of Chest Injuries Induced by Two-Point Shoulder Belts

PubMed Central

Augenstein, J.; Perdeck, E.; Bowen, J.; Stratton, J.; Horton, T.; Singer, M.; Digges, K.; Malliaris, A.; Steps, J.

2000-01-01

The University of Miami’s William Lehman Injury Research Center at the Jackson Memorial Medical Center conducts interdisciplinary investigations to study seriously injured restrained occupants in frontal automobile collisions. Engineering analysis of these crashes is conducted in conjunction with the National Crash Analysis Center at the George Washington University. The multidisciplinary research team includes expertise in crash investigation, crash reconstruction, computer graphics, biomechanics of injuries, crash data analysis, trauma care, and all of the medical specialties associated with the Ryder Trauma Center at Jackson Memorial Hospital. More than 350 injured occupants and their crashes have been studied in depth. The purpose of this paper is to report on an observed pattern of liver lacerations suffered by drivers wearing shoulder belts, without the lap belt fastened and to assess the ability of existing crash test dummies to measure the potential for these injuries. During the initial years of the study, 48 cases of drivers protected by shoulder belts but without the lap belt fastened met the criteria for the study. Fifty percent of these drivers suffered liver lacerations. Further study showed that 22 of the crashes involved damage to the right front of the vehicle. Among the drivers in vehicles with right front damage, 92% sustained injuries to the liver. This observation indicated that 2-point belts were most likely to produce liver injuries in low severity frontal collisions when the crash direction is 1 to 2 o’clock. An analysis of the National Accident Sampling System for the years 1988-95 indicated that liver injuries constitute about 0.5% of the injuries suffered by drivers who are in tow-away crashes. NASS data showed that the risk of chest injury is more likely among drivers with automatic shoulder belts than drivers with 3-point manual belts. The crash test dummies showed no difference in chest injury measures. Finite element computer modeling demonstrated that the high deflection of the right lower rib on the Hybrid III dummy predicts the liver injuries in the 1 o’clock crashes. These higher deflections were less apparent at the location of the center chest deflection measurement device on the Hybrid III. PMID:11558077

Dummy measurement of chest injuries induced by two-point shoulder belts.

PubMed

Augenstein, J; Perdeck, E; Bowen, J; Stratton, J; Horton, T; Singer, M; Digges, K; Malliaris, A; Steps, J

2000-01-01

The University of Miami's William Lehman Injury Research Center at the Jackson Memorial Medical Center conducts interdisciplinary investigations to study seriously injured restrained occupants in frontal automobile collisions. Engineering analysis of these crashes is conducted in conjunction with the National Crash Analysis Center at the George Washington University. The multidisciplinary research team includes expertise in crash investigation, crash reconstruction, computer graphics, biomechanics of injuries, crash data analysis, trauma care, and all of the medical specialties associated with the Ryder Trauma Center at Jackson Memorial Hospital. More than 350 injured occupants and their crashes have been studied in depth. The purpose of this paper is to report on an observed pattern of liver lacerations suffered by drivers wearing shoulder belts, without the lap belt fastened and to assess the ability of existing crash test dummies to measure the potential for these injuries. During the initial years of the study, 48 cases of drivers protected by shoulder belts but without the lap belt fastened met the criteria for the study. Fifty percent of these drivers suffered liver lacerations. Further study showed that 22 of the crashes involved damage to the right front of the vehicle. Among the drivers in vehicles with right front damage, 92% sustained injuries to the liver. This observation indicated that 2-point belts were most likely to produce liver injuries in low severity frontal collisions when the crash direction is 1 to 2 o'clock. An analysis of the National Accident Sampling System for the years 1988-95 indicated that liver injuries constitute about 0.5% of the injuries suffered by drivers who are in tow-away crashes. NASS data showed that the risk of chest injury is more likely among drivers with automatic shoulder belts than drivers with 3-point manual belts. The crash test dummies showed no difference in chest injury measures. Finite element computer modeling demonstrated that the high deflection of the right lower rib on the Hybrid III dummy predicts the liver injuries in the 1 o'clock crashes. These higher deflections were less apparent at the location of the center chest deflection measurement device on the Hybrid III.

Nestmate recognition in social wasps: manipulation of hydrocarbon profiles induces aggression in the European hornet

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ruther, Joachim; Sieben, Stefan; Schricker, Burkhard

2002-03-01

The influence of individual cuticular hydrocarbons on nestmate recognition in the European hornet, Vespa crabro L., was investigated. We observed the behavioural response of workers towards differently treated dead conspecifics in a bioassay. Dummies were extracted with dichloromethane and extracts were spiked with microgram amounts of synthetic hydrocarbons naturally occurring on the cuticle of V. crabro. These modified extracts were reapplied to extracted workers that were subsequently tested in the bioassay. Non-spiked nestmate dummies (negative control) and untreated non-nestmate dummies (positive control) were tested in control experiments. The addition of only heneicosane or a mixture of heneicosane, tricosane, and ( Z)-9-tricosene to the extracts led to a significant increase of agonistic behaviour in workers leaving the nest for foraging flights. Returning workers reacted much less aggressively than those leaving. This is one of the first behavioural proofs that manipulation of cuticular hydrocarbon profiles can be perceived by a social insect species. The results support the hypothesis that colony-specific cuticular hydrocarbon profiles are involved in the phenomenon of nestmate recognition among social insects.

Discrete factor approximations in simultaneous equation models: estimating the impact of a dummy endogenous variable on a continuous outcome.

PubMed

Mroz, T A

1999-10-01

This paper contains a Monte Carlo evaluation of estimators used to control for endogeneity of dummy explanatory variables in continuous outcome regression models. When the true model has bivariate normal disturbances, estimators using discrete factor approximations compare favorably to efficient estimators in terms of precision and bias; these approximation estimators dominate all the other estimators examined when the disturbances are non-normal. The experiments also indicate that one should liberally add points of support to the discrete factor distribution. The paper concludes with an application of the discrete factor approximation to the estimation of the impact of marriage on wages.

X-ray satellite

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1985-01-01

A mock-up for the development of the Engineering Model (EM) and Flight Model (FM) is introduced which shortens the delay of 7 weeks regarding the previous planned launch date of September 30, to about 3 weeks maintaining the 4 weeks reserve is discussed. As compared with the new assembly integration test (EM-AIT) schedule of March 11, 1985, the EM data handling system is on the critical path. For the attitude measurement and control subsystem, sufficiently flexibility is achieved through combination of dummies and EM hardware to catch up with the existing delays.

Crashworthiness requirements for commuter rail passenger seats

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2005-11-05

Occupant experiments using instrumented crash test dummies seated in commuter rail seats have been conducted on board full-scale impact tests of rail cars. The tests have been conducted using both conventional cars and cars modified to incorporate cr...

49 CFR 572.44 - Instrumentation and test conditions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... planes parallel to the midsagittal plane. (3) Performance pre-tests of the assembled dummy are separated... 49 Transportation 7 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Instrumentation and test conditions. 572.44... TRAFFIC SAFETY ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) ANTHROPOMORPHIC TEST DEVICES Side...

49 CFR 572.44 - Instrumentation and test conditions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... planes parallel to the midsagittal plane. (3) Performance pre-tests of the assembled dummy are separated... 49 Transportation 7 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Instrumentation and test conditions. 572.44... TRAFFIC SAFETY ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) ANTHROPOMORPHIC TEST DEVICES Side...

49 CFR 572.44 - Instrumentation and test conditions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... planes parallel to the midsagittal plane. (3) Performance pre-tests of the assembled dummy are separated... 49 Transportation 7 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Instrumentation and test conditions. 572.44... TRAFFIC SAFETY ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) ANTHROPOMORPHIC TEST DEVICES Side...

49 CFR 572.44 - Instrumentation and test conditions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... planes parallel to the midsagittal plane. (3) Performance pre-tests of the assembled dummy are separated... 49 Transportation 7 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Instrumentation and test conditions. 572.44... TRAFFIC SAFETY ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) ANTHROPOMORPHIC TEST DEVICES Side...

49 CFR 572.44 - Instrumentation and test conditions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... planes parallel to the midsagittal plane. (3) Performance pre-tests of the assembled dummy are separated... 49 Transportation 7 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Instrumentation and test conditions. 572.44... TRAFFIC SAFETY ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) ANTHROPOMORPHIC TEST DEVICES Side...

Alternative blade materials for technical and ecological optimization of a hydraulic pressure machine

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Schwyzer, Olivier; Saenger, Nicole

2016-11-01

The Hydraulic Pressure Machine (HPM) is an energy converter to exploit head differences between 0.5 and 2.5 m in small streams and irrigation canals. Previous investigations show that efficiencies above 60% are possible. Several case studies indicate good continuity for aquatic life (e.g. fish) and bed load for the technology. The technology is described as an economically and ecologically viable option for small scale hydropower generation. Primary goal of this research is to improve the HPM blade design regarding its continuity properties by maintaining good efficiency rates. This is done by modifying the blade tip and testing within a large physical model under laboratory condition. Blade tips from steel (conventional - reference case) and a combination of EPDM rubber and steel as sandwich construction (rubber, steel, rubber - adhesive layered) are tested and compared. Both materials reach similar values for hydraulic efficiency (approx. 58%) and mechanical power output (approx. 220 W). The variation of different gap sizes pointed out the importance of small clearance gaps to reach high efficiencies. For assessing the two blade tip materials regarding continuity for aquatic life, fish dummies were led through the wheel. Analysis of slow motion video of dummies hit by the blade show significant advantages for the EPDM blade tip. The EPDM rubber allows to bend and thus reduces the shock and the probability for cuts on the fish dummy. It was shown that blade tips from EPDM have certain advantages regarding continuity compared to standard blade tips from steel. No compromise regarding energy production had to be made. These results from the HPM can be transferred to breast shot water wheel and may be applied for new and retrofitting projects.

Method matters: Experimental evidence for shorter avian sperm in faecal compared to abdominal massage samples

PubMed Central

Cockburn, Glenn; Sánchez-Tójar, Alfredo; Løvlie, Hanne; Schroeder, Julia

2017-01-01

Birds are model organisms in sperm biology. Previous work in zebra finches, suggested that sperm sampled from males' faeces and ejaculates do not differ in size. Here, we tested this assumption in a captive population of house sparrows, Passer domesticus. We compared sperm length in samples from three collection techniques: female dummy, faecal and abdominal massage samples. We found that sperm were significantly shorter in faecal than abdominal massage samples, which was explained by shorter heads and midpieces, but not flagella. This result might indicate that faecal sampled sperm could be less mature than sperm collected by abdominal massage. The female dummy method resulted in an insufficient number of experimental ejaculates because most males ignored it. In light of these results, we recommend using abdominal massage as a preferred method for avian sperm sampling. Where avian sperm cannot be collected by abdominal massage alone, we advise controlling for sperm sampling protocol statistically. PMID:28813481

Effect of occlusal interference on habitual activity of human masseter.

PubMed

Michelotti, A; Farella, M; Gallo, L M; Veltri, A; Palla, S; Martina, R

2005-07-01

It has been suggested that occlusal interference may increase habitual activity in the jaw muscles and may lead to temporomandibular disorders (TMD). We tested these hypotheses by means of a double-blind randomized crossover experiment carried out on 11 young healthy females. Strips of gold foil were glued either on a selected occlusal contact area (active interference) or on the vestibular surface of the same tooth (dummy interference) and left for 8 days each. Electromyographic masseter activity was recorded in the natural environment by portable recorders under interference-free, dummy-interference, and active-interference conditions. The active occlusal interference caused a significant reduction in the number of activity periods per hour and in their mean amplitude. The EMG activity did not change significantly during the dummy-interference condition. None of the subjects developed signs and/or symptoms of TMD throughout the whole study, and most of them adapted fairly well to the occlusal disturbance.

49 CFR 572.85 - Lumbar spine flexure.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) ANTHROPOMORPHIC TEST DEVICES 9-Month Old Child § 572.85... flexure test is conducted on a dummy assembly as shown in drawing LP 1049/A, but with the arms (which...

Spacecraft thermal balance testing using infrared sources

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Tan, G. B. T.; Walker, J. B.

1982-01-01

A thermal balance test (controlled flux intensity) on a simple black dummy spacecraft using IR lamps was performed and evaluated, the latter being aimed specifically at thermal mathematical model (TMM) verification. For reference purposes the model was also subjected to a solar simulation test (SST). The results show that the temperature distributions measured during IR testing for two different model attitudes under steady state conditions are reproducible with a TMM. The TMM test data correlation is not as accurate for IRT as for SST. Using the standard deviation of the temperature difference distribution (analysis minus test) the SST data correlation is better by a factor of 1.8 to 2.5. The lower figure applies to the measured and the higher to the computer-generated IR flux intensity distribution. Techniques of lamp power control are presented. A continuing work program is described which is aimed at quantifying the differences between solar simulation and infrared techniques for a model representing the thermal radiating surfaces of a large communications spacecraft.

Development of a frontal small overlap crashworthiness evaluation test.

PubMed

Sherwood, Christopher P; Mueller, Becky C; Nolan, Joseph M; Zuby, David S; Lund, Adrian K

2013-01-01

Small overlap frontal crashes are those in which crash forces are applied outboard of the vehicle's longitudinal frame rails. In-depth analyses of crashes indicate that such crashes account for a significant proportion of frontal crashes with seriously injured occupants. The objective of this research was to evaluate possible barrier crash tests that could be used to evaluate the crashworthiness of vehicles across a spectrum of small overlap crash types. Sixteen full-scale vehicle tests were conducted using 3 midsize passenger vehicles in up to 6 different test configurations, including vehicle-to-vehicle and barrier tests. All vehicles were tested at 64 km/h with an instrumented Hybrid III midsize male driver dummy. All test configurations resulted in primary loading of the wheel, suspension system, and hinge pillar. Vehicles underwent substantial lateral movement during the crash, which varied by crash configuration. The occupant compartments had significant intrusion, particularly to the most outboard structures. Inboard movement of the steering wheel in combination with outboard movement of the dummies (due to the lateral vehicle motion) caused limited interaction with the frontal air bag in most cases. When assessing overall crashworthiness (based on injury measures, structural deformation, and occupant kinematics), one vehicle had superior performance in each crash configuration. This was confirmation that the countermeasures benefiting performance in a single small overlap test also will provide a benefit in other crash configurations. Based on these test results, the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety has developed a small overlap crashworthiness evaluation with the following characteristics: a rigid flat barrier with a 150-mm corner radius, 25 percent overlap, 64 km/h test speed, and a Hybrid III midsize male driver dummy.

Evaluating the Effectiveness of Various Blast Loading Descriptors as Occupant Injury Predictors for Underbody Blast Events

DTIC Science & Technology

2014-01-09

of Hybrid III ATD LSDYNA model with FTSS v7.1.6 finite element dummy 6 Unclassified: Distribution Statement A. Approved for public release...descriptors as occupant injury predictors for underbody blast events Recording injury metrics Response from the dummy especially pelvic acceleration and...Ciip(H&ad CG,2) "’"’ "-......--------, I Max : 122.669 @59.81 7!; Time, ms Pelvic Z acceleration, g I I Clip: -4.75737 Ts:97.4138 Te: 104.414

Presentation of a dummy representing suit for simulation of huMAN heatloss (DRESSMAN).

PubMed

Mayer, E; Schwab, R

2004-09-01

DRESSMAN designates a novel dummy for climate measurements that allows predicting the human thermal comfort experienced inside rooms (buildings, vehicles, aircraft, railway compartments etc.) on the basis of indoor climate measurements. Measurements can be listed in tabular form and can also be represented by way of color gradations in a virtual 3D human model. Optionally, visualization may be rendered during or after measurement. Due to its very quick response, DRESSMAN is particularly suited for nonstationary processes.

Head impact mechanisms of a child occupant seated in a child restraint system as determined by impact testing.

PubMed

Yoshida, Ryoichi; Okada, Hiroshi; Nomura, Mitsunori; Mizuno, Koji; Tanaka, Yoshinori; Hosokawa, Naruyuki

2011-11-01

In side collision accidents, the head is the most frequently injured body region for child occupants seated in a child restraint system (CRS). Accident analyses show that a child's head can move out of the CRS shell, make hard contact with the vehicle interior, and thus sustain serious injuries. In order to improve child head protection in side collisions, it is necessary to understand the injury mechanism of a child in the CRS whose head makes contact with the vehicle interior. In this research, an SUV-to-car oblique side crash test was conducted to reconstruct such head contacts. A Q3s child dummy was seated in a CRS in the rear seat of the target car. The Q3s child dummy's head moved out beyond the CRS side wing, moved laterally, and made contact with the side window glass and the doorsill. It was demonstrated that the hard head contact, which produced a high HIC value, could occur in side collisions. A series of sled tests was carried out to reproduce the dummy kinematic behavior observed in the SUV-to-car crash test, and the sled test conditions such as sled angle, ECE seat slant angle and velocity-time history that duplicated the kinematic behavior were determined. A parametric study also was conducted with the sled tests; and it was found that the impact angle, harness slack, chest clip, and the CRS side wing shape affected the torso motion and head contact with the vehicle interior.

Abdomen Impact Testing of the Hybrid III Rail Safety (H3-RS) Anthropomorphic Test Device

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2017-09-01

The Hybrid III Rail Safety (H3-RS) anthropomorphic test device (ATD) is a crash test dummy that was developed in the UK to evaluate abdomen and lower thorax injuries that occur when passengers impact workstation tables during train accidents. The H3-...

Submission of FeCrAl Feedstock for Support of AFC ATR-2 Irradiations

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Field, Kevin G.; Barrett, Kristine E.; Sun, Zhiqian

The Advanced Test Reactor (ATR) is currently being used to test accident tolerant fuel (ATF) forms destined for commercial nuclear power plant deployment. One irradiation program using the ATR for ATF concepts, Accident Tolerant Fuel-2 (ATF-2), is a water loop irradiation test using miniaturized fuel pins as test articles. This complicated testing configuration requires a series of pre-test experiments and verification including a flowing loop autoclave test and a sensor qualification test (SQT) prior to full test train deployment within the ATR. In support of the ATF-2 irradiation program, Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) has supplied two different Generation IImore » FeCrAl alloys in rod stock form to Idaho National Laboratory (INL). These rods will be machined into dummy pins for deployment in the autoclave test and SQT. Post-test analysis of the dummy pins will provide initial insight into the performance of Generation II FeCrAl alloys in the ATF-2 irradiation experiment as well as within a commercial nuclear reactor.« less

A survey of the dummy face and human face stimuli used in BCI paradigm.

PubMed

Chen, Long; Jin, Jing; Zhang, Yu; Wang, Xingyu; Cichocki, Andrzej

2015-01-15

It was proved that the human face stimulus were superior to the flash only stimulus in BCI system. However, human face stimulus may lead to copyright infringement problems and was hard to be edited according to the requirement of the BCI study. Recently, it was reported that facial expression changes could be done by changing a curve in a dummy face which could obtain good performance when it was applied to visual-based P300 BCI systems. In this paper, four different paradigms were presented, which were called dummy face pattern, human face pattern, inverted dummy face pattern and inverted human face pattern, to evaluate the performance of the dummy faces stimuli compared with the human faces stimuli. The key point that determined the value of dummy faces in BCI systems were whether dummy faces stimuli could obtain as good performance as human faces stimuli. Online and offline results of four different paradigms would have been obtained and comparatively analyzed. Online and offline results showed that there was no significant difference among dummy faces and human faces in ERPs, classification accuracy and information transfer rate when they were applied in BCI systems. Dummy faces stimuli could evoke large ERPs and obtain as high classification accuracy and information transfer rate as the human faces stimuli. Since dummy faces were easy to be edited and had no copyright infringement problems, it would be a good choice for optimizing the stimuli of BCI systems. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Physical properties of the human head: mass, center of gravity and moment of inertia.

PubMed

Yoganandan, Narayan; Pintar, Frank A; Zhang, Jiangyue; Baisden, Jamie L

2009-06-19

This paper presents a synthesis of biomedical investigations of the human head with specific reference to certain aspects of physical properties and development of anthropometry data, leading to the advancement of dummies used in crashworthiness research. As a significant majority of the studies have been summarized as reports, an effort has been made to chronologically review the literature with the above objectives. The first part is devoted to early studies wherein the mass, center of gravity (CG), and moment of inertia (MOI) properties are obtained from human cadaver experiments. Unembalmed and preserved whole-body and isolated head and head-neck experiments are discussed. Acknowledging that the current version of the Hybrid III dummy is the most widely used anthropomorphic test device in motor vehicle crashworthiness research for frontal impact applications for over 30 years, bases for the mass and MOI-related data used in the dummy are discussed. Since the development and federalization of the dummy in the United States, description of methods used to arrive at these properties form a part of the manuscript. Studies subsequent to the development of this dummy including those from the US Military are also discussed. As the head and neck are coupled in any impact, and increasing improvements in technology such as advanced airbags, and pre-tensioners and load limiters in manual seatbelts affect the kinetics of the head-neck complex, the manuscript underscores the need to pursue studies to precisely determine all the physical properties of the head. Because the most critical parameters (locations of CG and occipital condyles (OC), mass, and MOI) have not been determined on a specimen-by-specimen basis in any single study, it is important to gather these data in future experiments. These critical data will be of value for improving occupant safety, designing advanced restraint systems, developing second generation dummies, and assessing the injury mitigating characteristics of modern vehicle components in all impact modalities.

49 CFR 572.167 - Test conditions and instrumentation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 49 Transportation 7 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Test conditions and instrumentation. 572.167... Hybrid III Six-Year-Old Weighted Child Test Dummy § 572.167 Test conditions and instrumentation. The test conditions and instrumentation are as specified in 49 CFR 572.127 (Subpart N). Pt. 572, Subpt. S, Figs...

49 CFR 572.167 - Test conditions and instrumentation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 49 Transportation 7 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Test conditions and instrumentation. 572.167... Hybrid III Six-Year-Old Weighted Child Test Dummy § 572.167 Test conditions and instrumentation. The test conditions and instrumentation are as specified in 49 CFR 572.127 (Subpart N). Pt. 572, Subpt. S, Figs...

49 CFR 572.167 - Test conditions and instrumentation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 49 Transportation 7 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Test conditions and instrumentation. 572.167... Hybrid III Six-Year-Old Weighted Child Test Dummy § 572.167 Test conditions and instrumentation. The test conditions and instrumentation are as specified in 49 CFR 572.127 (Subpart N). Pt. 572, Subpt. S, Figs...

49 CFR 572.167 - Test conditions and instrumentation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 49 Transportation 7 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Test conditions and instrumentation. 572.167... Hybrid III Six-Year-Old Weighted Child Test Dummy § 572.167 Test conditions and instrumentation. The test conditions and instrumentation are as specified in 49 CFR 572.127 (Subpart N). Pt. 572, Subpt. S, Figs...

49 CFR 572.167 - Test conditions and instrumentation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 49 Transportation 7 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Test conditions and instrumentation. 572.167... Hybrid III Six-Year-Old Weighted Child Test Dummy § 572.167 Test conditions and instrumentation. The test conditions and instrumentation are as specified in 49 CFR 572.127 (Subpart N). Pt. 572, Subpt. S, Figs...

49 CFR 572.166 - Knees and knee impact test procedure.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 49 Transportation 7 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Knees and knee impact test procedure. 572.166... Hybrid III Six-Year-Old Weighted Child Test Dummy § 572.166 Knees and knee impact test procedure. The knee assembly is assembled and tested as specified in 49 CFR 572.126 (Subpart N). ...

49 CFR 572.162 - Head assembly and test procedure.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 49 Transportation 7 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Head assembly and test procedure. 572.162 Section... Hybrid III Six-Year-Old Weighted Child Test Dummy § 572.162 Head assembly and test procedure. The head assembly is assembled and tested as specified in 49 CFR 572.122 (Subpart N). ...

49 CFR 572.162 - Head assembly and test procedure.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 49 Transportation 7 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Head assembly and test procedure. 572.162 Section... Hybrid III Six-Year-Old Weighted Child Test Dummy § 572.162 Head assembly and test procedure. The head assembly is assembled and tested as specified in 49 CFR 572.122 (Subpart N). ...

49 CFR 572.162 - Head assembly and test procedure.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 49 Transportation 7 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Head assembly and test procedure. 572.162 Section... Hybrid III Six-Year-Old Weighted Child Test Dummy § 572.162 Head assembly and test procedure. The head assembly is assembled and tested as specified in 49 CFR 572.122 (Subpart N). ...

49 CFR 572.163 - Neck assembly and test procedure.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 49 Transportation 7 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Neck assembly and test procedure. 572.163 Section... Hybrid III Six-Year-Old Weighted Child Test Dummy § 572.163 Neck assembly and test procedure. The neck assembly is assembled and tested as specified in 49 CFR 572.123 (Subpart N). ...

49 CFR 572.163 - Neck assembly and test procedure.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 49 Transportation 7 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Neck assembly and test procedure. 572.163 Section... Hybrid III Six-Year-Old Weighted Child Test Dummy § 572.163 Neck assembly and test procedure. The neck assembly is assembled and tested as specified in 49 CFR 572.123 (Subpart N). ...

49 CFR 572.162 - Head assembly and test procedure.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 49 Transportation 7 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Head assembly and test procedure. 572.162 Section... Hybrid III Six-Year-Old Weighted Child Test Dummy § 572.162 Head assembly and test procedure. The head assembly is assembled and tested as specified in 49 CFR 572.122 (Subpart N). ...

49 CFR 572.163 - Neck assembly and test procedure.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 49 Transportation 7 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Neck assembly and test procedure. 572.163 Section... Hybrid III Six-Year-Old Weighted Child Test Dummy § 572.163 Neck assembly and test procedure. The neck assembly is assembled and tested as specified in 49 CFR 572.123 (Subpart N). ...

49 CFR 572.162 - Head assembly and test procedure.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 49 Transportation 7 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Head assembly and test procedure. 572.162 Section... Hybrid III Six-Year-Old Weighted Child Test Dummy § 572.162 Head assembly and test procedure. The head assembly is assembled and tested as specified in 49 CFR 572.122 (Subpart N). ...

49 CFR 572.163 - Neck assembly and test procedure.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 49 Transportation 7 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Neck assembly and test procedure. 572.163 Section... Hybrid III Six-Year-Old Weighted Child Test Dummy § 572.163 Neck assembly and test procedure. The neck assembly is assembled and tested as specified in 49 CFR 572.123 (Subpart N). ...

49 CFR 572.163 - Neck assembly and test procedure.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 49 Transportation 7 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Neck assembly and test procedure. 572.163 Section... Hybrid III Six-Year-Old Weighted Child Test Dummy § 572.163 Neck assembly and test procedure. The neck assembly is assembled and tested as specified in 49 CFR 572.123 (Subpart N). ...

49 CFR 572.122 - Head assembly and test procedure.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 49 Transportation 7 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Head assembly and test procedure. 572.122 Section...-year-old Child Test Dummy, Beta Version § 572.122 Head assembly and test procedure. (a) The head assembly for this test consists of the complete head (drawing 127-1000), a six-axis neck transducer...

49 CFR 572.122 - Head assembly and test procedure.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 49 Transportation 7 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Head assembly and test procedure. 572.122 Section...-year-old Child Test Dummy, Beta Version § 572.122 Head assembly and test procedure. (a) The head assembly for this test consists of the complete head (drawing 127-1000), a six-axis neck transducer...

49 CFR 572.122 - Head assembly and test procedure.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 49 Transportation 7 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Head assembly and test procedure. 572.122 Section...-year-old Child Test Dummy, Beta Version § 572.122 Head assembly and test procedure. (a) The head assembly for this test consists of the complete head (drawing 127-1000), a six-axis neck transducer...

49 CFR 572.122 - Head assembly and test procedure.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 49 Transportation 7 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Head assembly and test procedure. 572.122 Section...-year-old Child Test Dummy, Beta Version § 572.122 Head assembly and test procedure. (a) The head assembly for this test consists of the complete head (drawing 127-1000), a six-axis neck transducer...

35. VIEW LOOKING NORTHWEST AT THE STATIC TEST TOWER. A ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

35. VIEW LOOKING NORTHWEST AT THE STATIC TEST TOWER. A 'DUMMY' SATURN I BOOSTER IS BEING HOISTED INTO THE TEST STAND TO TEST THE MATING OF THE BOOSTER AND THE TEST STAND. EARLY 1960, PHOTOGRAPHER UNKNOWN, MSFC PHOTO LAB. - Marshall Space Flight Center, Saturn Propulsion & Structural Test Facility, East Test Area, Huntsville, Madison County, AL

Aspect Ratio Model for Radiation-Tolerant Dummy Gate-Assisted n-MOSFET Layout.

PubMed

Lee, Min Su; Lee, Hee Chul

2014-01-01

In order to acquire radiation-tolerant characteristics in integrated circuits, a dummy gate-assisted n-type metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor (DGA n-MOSFET) layout was adopted. The DGA n-MOSFET has a different channel shape compared with the standard n-MOSFET. The standard n-MOSFET has a rectangular channel shape, whereas the DGA n-MOSFET has an extended rectangular shape at the edge of the source and drain, which affects its aspect ratio. In order to increase its practical use, a new aspect ratio model is proposed for the DGA n-MOSFET and this model is evaluated through three-dimensional simulations and measurements of the fabricated devices. The proposed aspect ratio model for the DGA n-MOSFET exhibits good agreement with the simulation and measurement results.

Aspect Ratio Model for Radiation-Tolerant Dummy Gate-Assisted n-MOSFET Layout

PubMed Central

Lee, Min Su; Lee, Hee Chul

2014-01-01

In order to acquire radiation-tolerant characteristics in integrated circuits, a dummy gate-assisted n-type metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor (DGA n-MOSFET) layout was adopted. The DGA n-MOSFET has a different channel shape compared with the standard n-MOSFET. The standard n-MOSFET has a rectangular channel shape, whereas the DGA n-MOSFET has an extended rectangular shape at the edge of the source and drain, which affects its aspect ratio. In order to increase its practical use, a new aspect ratio model is proposed for the DGA n-MOSFET and this model is evaluated through three-dimensional simulations and measurements of the fabricated devices. The proposed aspect ratio model for the DGA n-MOSFET exhibits good agreement with the simulation and measurement results. PMID:27350975

Sled Tests Using the Hybrid III Rail Safety ATD and Workstation Tables for Passenger Trains

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2017-08-01

The Hybrid III Rail Safety (H3-RS) anthropomorphic test device (ATD) is a crash test dummy developed in the United Kingdom to evaluate abdomen and lower thorax injuries that occur when passengers impact workstation tables during train accidents. The ...

77 FR 73345 - Safety Standard for Bedside Sleepers

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-12-10

... product-related issues, such as non- levelness of the product (two reports), instability of leg extensions...) Segmented Mattress Flatness Requirement and Test Method; (2) Removable Bassinet Bed Stability; and (3) Stability Test Dummy. Because bedside sleepers are already required to be tested to the bassinet standard...

Effect of bottles, cups, and dummies on breast feeding in preterm infants: a randomised controlled trial

PubMed Central

Collins, Carmel T; Ryan, Philip; Crowther, Caroline A; McPhee, Andrew J; Paterson, Susan; Hiller, Janet E

2004-01-01

Objective To determine the effect of artificial teats (bottle and dummy) and cups on breast feeding in preterm infants. Design Randomised controlled trial. Setting Two large tertiary hospitals, 54 peripheral hospitals. Participants 319 preterm infants (born at 23-33 weeks' gestation) randomly assigned to one of four groups: cup/no dummy (n = 89), cup/dummy (n = 72), bottle/no dummy (n = 73), bottle/dummy (n = 85). Women with singleton or twin infants < 34 weeks' gestation who wanted to breastfeed were eligible to participate. Interventions Cup or bottle feeding occurred when the mother was unable to be present to breast feed. Infants randomised to the dummy groups received a dummy on entry into the trial. Main outcome measures Full breast feeding (compared with partial and none) and any breast feeding (compared with none) on discharge home. Secondary outcomes: prevalence of breast feeding at three and six months after discharge and length of hospital stay. Results 303 infants (and 278 mothers) were included in the intention to treat analysis. There were no significant differences for any of the study outcomes according to use of a dummy. Infants randomised to cup feeds were more likely to be fully breast fed on discharge home (odds ratio 1.73, 95% confidence interval 1.04 to 2.88, P = 0.03), but had a longer length of stay (hazard ratio 0.71, 0.55 to 0.92, P = 0.01). Conclusions Dummies do not affect breast feeding in preterm infants. Cup feeding significantly increases the likelihood that the baby will be fully breast fed at discharge home, but has no effect on any breast feeding and increases the length of hospital stay. PMID:15208209

Effect of bottles, cups, and dummies on breast feeding in preterm infants: a randomised controlled trial.

PubMed

Collins, Carmel T; Ryan, Philip; Crowther, Caroline A; McPhee, Andrew J; Paterson, Susan; Hiller, Janet E

2004-07-24

To determine the effect of artificial teats (bottle and dummy) and cups on breast feeding in preterm infants. Randomised controlled trial. Two large tertiary hospitals, 54 peripheral hospitals. 319 preterm infants (born at 23-33 weeks' gestation) randomly assigned to one of four groups: cup/no dummy (n = 89), cup/dummy (n = 72), bottle/no dummy (n = 73), bottle/dummy (n = 85). Women with singleton or twin infants < 34 weeks' gestation who wanted to breastfeed were eligible to participate. Cup or bottle feeding occurred when the mother was unable to be present to breast feed. Infants randomised to the dummy groups received a dummy on entry into the trial. Full breast feeding (compared with partial and none) and any breast feeding (compared with none) on discharge home. prevalence of breast feeding at three and six months after discharge and length of hospital stay. 303 infants (and 278 mothers) were included in the intention to treat analysis. There were no significant differences for any of the study outcomes according to use of a dummy. Infants randomised to cup feeds were more likely to be fully breast fed on discharge home (odds ratio 1.73, 95% confidence interval 1.04 to 2.88, P = 0.03), but had a longer length of stay (hazard ratio 0.71, 0.55 to 0.92, P = 0.01). Dummies do not affect breast feeding in preterm infants. Cup feeding significantly increases the likelihood that the baby will be fully breast fed at discharge home, but has no effect on any breast feeding and increases the length of hospital stay.

Radial current high power dummy load for characterizing the high power laser triggered transformer-type accelerator.

PubMed

Yin, Yi; Zhong, Hui-Huang; Liu, Jin-Liang; Ren, He-Ming; Yang, Jian-Hua; Zhang, Xiao-Ping; Hong, Zhi-qiang

2010-09-01

A radial-current aqueous resistive solution load was applied to characterize a laser triggered transformer-type accelerator. The current direction in the dummy load is radial and is different from the traditional load in the axial. Therefore, this type of dummy load has smaller inductance and fast response characteristic. The load was designed to accommodate both the resistance requirement of accelerator and to allow optical access for the laser. Theoretical and numerical calculations of the load's inductance and capacitance are given. The equivalent circuit of the dummy load is calculated in theory and analyzed with a PSPICE code. The simulation results agree well with the theoretical analysis. At last, experiments of the dummy load applied to the high power spiral pulse forming line were performed; a quasisquare pulse voltage is obtained at the dummy load.

Radial current high power dummy load for characterizing the high power laser triggered transformer-type accelerator

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yin, Yi; Zhong, Hui-Huang; Liu, Jin-Liang; Ren, He-Ming; Yang, Jian-Hua; Zhang, Xiao-Ping; Hong, Zhi-qiang

2010-09-01

A radial-current aqueous resistive solution load was applied to characterize a laser triggered transformer-type accelerator. The current direction in the dummy load is radial and is different from the traditional load in the axial. Therefore, this type of dummy load has smaller inductance and fast response characteristic. The load was designed to accommodate both the resistance requirement of accelerator and to allow optical access for the laser. Theoretical and numerical calculations of the load's inductance and capacitance are given. The equivalent circuit of the dummy load is calculated in theory and analyzed with a PSPICE code. The simulation results agree well with the theoretical analysis. At last, experiments of the dummy load applied to the high power spiral pulse forming line were performed; a quasisquare pulse voltage is obtained at the dummy load.

49 CFR Appendix - Figures to Subpart S of Part 572

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 49 Transportation 7 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Figures to Subpart S of Part 572 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation (Continued) NATIONAL HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SAFETY ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) ANTHROPOMORPHIC TEST DEVICES Hybrid III Six-Year-Old Weighted Child Test Dummy Test conditions and...

49 CFR Appendix - Figures to Subpart P of Part 572

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 49 Transportation 7 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Figures to Subpart P of Part 572 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation (Continued) NATIONAL HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SAFETY ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) ANTHROPOMORPHIC TEST DEVICES 3-year-Old Child Crash Test Dummy, Alpha Version Test conditions and...

49 CFR Appendix - Figures to Subpart N of Part 572

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 49 Transportation 7 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Figures to Subpart N of Part 572 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation (Continued) NATIONAL HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SAFETY ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) ANTHROPOMORPHIC TEST DEVICES Six-year-old Child Test Dummy, Beta Version Test conditions and...

49 CFR Appendix - Figures to Subpart N of Part 572

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 49 Transportation 7 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Figures to Subpart N of Part 572 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation (Continued) NATIONAL HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SAFETY ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) ANTHROPOMORPHIC TEST DEVICES Six-year-old Child Test Dummy, Beta Version Test conditions and...

49 CFR Appendix - Figures to Subpart O of Part 572

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 49 Transportation 7 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Figures to Subpart O of Part 572 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation (Continued) NATIONAL HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SAFETY ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) ANTHROPOMORPHIC TEST DEVICES Hybrid III 5th Percentile Female Test Dummy, Alpha Version Test conditions...

49 CFR Appendix - Figures to Subpart P of Part 572

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 49 Transportation 7 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Figures to Subpart P of Part 572 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation (Continued) NATIONAL HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SAFETY ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) ANTHROPOMORPHIC TEST DEVICES 3-year-Old Child Crash Test Dummy, Alpha Version Test conditions and...

49 CFR Appendix - Figures to Subpart N of Part 572

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 49 Transportation 7 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Figures to Subpart N of Part 572 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation (Continued) NATIONAL HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SAFETY ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) ANTHROPOMORPHIC TEST DEVICES Six-year-old Child Test Dummy, Beta Version Test conditions and...

49 CFR Appendix - Figures to Subpart O of Part 572

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 49 Transportation 7 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Figures to Subpart O of Part 572 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation (Continued) NATIONAL HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SAFETY ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) ANTHROPOMORPHIC TEST DEVICES Hybrid III 5th Percentile Female Test Dummy, Alpha Version Test conditions...

49 CFR Appendix - Figures to Subpart O of Part 572

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 49 Transportation 7 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Figures to Subpart O of Part 572 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation (Continued) NATIONAL HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SAFETY ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) ANTHROPOMORPHIC TEST DEVICES Hybrid III 5th Percentile Female Test Dummy, Alpha Version Test conditions...

49 CFR Appendix - Figures to Subpart S of Part 572

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 49 Transportation 7 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Figures to Subpart S of Part 572 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation (Continued) NATIONAL HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SAFETY ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) ANTHROPOMORPHIC TEST DEVICES Hybrid III Six-Year-Old Weighted Child Test Dummy Test conditions and...

49 CFR Appendix - Figures to Subpart P of Part 572

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 49 Transportation 7 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Figures to Subpart P of Part 572 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation (Continued) NATIONAL HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SAFETY ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) ANTHROPOMORPHIC TEST DEVICES 3-year-Old Child Crash Test Dummy, Alpha Version Test conditions and...

49 CFR Appendix - Figures to Subpart S of Part 572

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 49 Transportation 7 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Figures to Subpart S of Part 572 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation (Continued) NATIONAL HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SAFETY ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) ANTHROPOMORPHIC TEST DEVICES Hybrid III Six-Year-Old Weighted Child Test Dummy Test conditions and...

The effect of QBO on foE

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Atıcı, Ramazan; Sağır, Selçuk

2017-07-01

In the present work, the relationship with QBO of difference (ΔfoE = foEmea - foEIRI) between critical frequency (foE) values of ionospheric E-region, measured at Darwin and Casos Island stations and calculated by IRI-2012 ionospheric model, is statistically investigated. A multiple regression model is used as statistical tool. The ;Dummy; variables (;DummyWest; and ;DummyEast; represent westerly QBO values and easterly QBO values, respectively) are added to model in order to see the effect of westerly and easterly QBO. In the result of calculations, it is observed that the changes in ΔfoE about 50-52% can be explained by QBO at both stations. The relationship between QBO and ΔfoE is negative at both stations. The change of 1 ms-1 in whole set of QBO leads to a decrease of 0.008 MHz at Casos Island station and 0.017 MHz at Darwin station in ΔfoE. Directions of QBO have an effect on ΔfoE at the Darwin station, but they've not any effect on ΔfoE at Casos Island station. It is thought that the difference values in the foE are due to not to be included in the IRI-model of all parameters affecting the critical frequency value. Thus, QBO which is not included to IRI-model can have an effect on foE and more accurate results can be obtained by IRI model if the QBO is included in this model calculations.

49 CFR 572.172 - Head assembly and test procedure.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 49 Transportation 7 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Head assembly and test procedure. 572.172 Section... Hybrid III 10-Year-Old Child Test Dummy (HIII-10C) § 572.172 Head assembly and test procedure. (a) The head assembly for this test consists of the complete head (drawing 420-1000), a six-axis neck...

49 CFR 572.142 - Head assembly and test procedure.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 49 Transportation 7 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Head assembly and test procedure. 572.142 Section...-year-Old Child Crash Test Dummy, Alpha Version § 572.142 Head assembly and test procedure. (a) The head assembly (refer to § 572.140(a)(1)(i)) for this test consists of the head (drawing 210-1000), adapter plate...

49 CFR 572.172 - Head assembly and test procedure.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 49 Transportation 7 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Head assembly and test procedure. 572.172 Section... Hybrid III 10-Year-Old Child Test Dummy (HIII-10C) § 572.172 Head assembly and test procedure. (a) The head assembly for this test consists of the complete head (drawing 420-1000), a six-axis neck...

49 CFR 572.172 - Head assembly and test procedure.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 49 Transportation 7 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Head assembly and test procedure. 572.172 Section... Hybrid III 10-Year-Old Child Test Dummy (HIII-10C) § 572.172 Head assembly and test procedure. (a) The head assembly for this test consists of the complete head (drawing 420-1000), a six-axis neck...

49 CFR 572.132 - Head assembly and test procedure.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 49 Transportation 7 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Head assembly and test procedure. 572.132 Section... Hybrid III 5th Percentile Female Test Dummy, Alpha Version § 572.132 Head assembly and test procedure. (a) The head assembly (refer to § 572.130(a)(1)(i)) for this test consists of the complete head (drawing...

49 CFR 572.142 - Head assembly and test procedure.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 49 Transportation 7 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Head assembly and test procedure. 572.142 Section...-year-Old Child Crash Test Dummy, Alpha Version § 572.142 Head assembly and test procedure. (a) The head assembly (refer to § 572.140(a)(1)(i)) for this test consists of the head (drawing 210-1000), adapter plate...

49 CFR 572.132 - Head assembly and test procedure.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 49 Transportation 7 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Head assembly and test procedure. 572.132 Section... Hybrid III 5th Percentile Female Test Dummy, Alpha Version § 572.132 Head assembly and test procedure. (a) The head assembly (refer to § 572.130(a)(1)(i)) for this test consists of the complete head (drawing...

49 CFR 572.142 - Head assembly and test procedure.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 49 Transportation 7 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Head assembly and test procedure. 572.142 Section...-year-Old Child Crash Test Dummy, Alpha Version § 572.142 Head assembly and test procedure. (a) The head assembly (refer to § 572.140(a)(1)(i)) for this test consists of the head (drawing 210-1000), adapter plate...

49 CFR 572.132 - Head assembly and test procedure.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 49 Transportation 7 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Head assembly and test procedure. 572.132 Section... Hybrid III 5th Percentile Female Test Dummy, Alpha Version § 572.132 Head assembly and test procedure. (a) The head assembly (refer to § 572.130(a)(1)(i)) for this test consists of the complete head (drawing...

49 CFR 572.132 - Head assembly and test procedure.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 49 Transportation 7 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Head assembly and test procedure. 572.132 Section... Hybrid III 5th Percentile Female Test Dummy, Alpha Version § 572.132 Head assembly and test procedure. (a) The head assembly (refer to § 572.130(a)(1)(i)) for this test consists of the complete head (drawing...

49 CFR 572.142 - Head assembly and test procedure.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 49 Transportation 7 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Head assembly and test procedure. 572.142 Section...-year-Old Child Crash Test Dummy, Alpha Version § 572.142 Head assembly and test procedure. (a) The head assembly (refer to § 572.140(a)(1)(i)) for this test consists of the head (drawing 210-1000), adapter plate...

49 CFR 572.132 - Head assembly and test procedure.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 49 Transportation 7 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Head assembly and test procedure. 572.132 Section... Hybrid III 5th Percentile Female Test Dummy, Alpha Version § 572.132 Head assembly and test procedure. (a) The head assembly (refer to § 572.130(a)(1)(i)) for this test consists of the complete head (drawing...

An experimental abdominal pressure measurement device for child ATDs.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1995-12-01

An experimental device to measure the abdominal pressure in child-size Anthropomorphic Test Dummies (ATDs) during dynamic tests was developed. A description is provided of the two ATDs in which the device was installed, the CRABI six-month-old and th...

The effects of dummy/pacifier use on infant blood pressure and autonomic activity during sleep.

PubMed

Yiallourou, Stephanie R; Poole, Hannah; Prathivadi, Pallavi; Odoi, Alexsandria; Wong, Flora Y; Horne, Rosemary S C

2014-12-01

Dummy/pacifier use is protective for sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS); however, the mechanism/s for this are unknown. As impaired cardiovascular control may be the underlying cause of SIDS, we assessed the effects of dummy/pacifier use on cardiovascular control during sleep within the first 6 months of life. Term infants, divided into dummy/pacifier users and non-dummy/pacifier users, were studied at 2-4 weeks (n = 27), 2-3 months (n = 35) and 5-6 months (n = 31) using daytime polysomnography. Heart rate, blood pressure (BP), heart rate variability (HRV), blood pressure variability (BPV), and baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) were measured in triplicate 1-2-min epochs during quiet and active sleep in the supine and prone positions. Overall, during the non-sucking periods, in the prone position, the BP was higher (10-22 mmHg) in dummy/pacifier users compared to non-users at 2-4 weeks and 5-6 months (p < 0.05 for both). HRV and BRS were higher in dummy/pacifier users compared to non-users at 2-4 weeks (p < 0.05). Active sucking increased HRV and BPV, consistent with increased sympathetic activity in dummy/pacifier users. Higher BP and HRV in dummy/pacifier users indicate increased sympathetic tone, which may serve as a protective mechanism against possible hypotension leading to SIDS; however, these effects were not apparent at 2-3 months, when the risk of SIDS is highest. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Effect of reaction control system jet-flow field interactions on a 0.015 scale model space shuttle orbiter aerodynamic characteristics

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Monta, W. J.; Rausch, J. R.

1973-01-01

The effects of the reaction control system (RCS) jet-flow field interactions on the space shuttle orbiter system during entry are discussed. The primary objective of the test program was to obtain data for the shuttle orbiter configuration to determine control amplification factors resulting from jet interaction between the RCS plumes and the external flow over the vehicle. A secondary objective was to provide data for comparison and improvement of analytic jet interaction prediction techniques. The test program was divided into two phases; (1) force and moment measurements were made with and without RCS blowing, investigating environment parameters (R sub e, Alpha, Beta), RCS plume parameters (Jet pressure ratio, momentum ratio and thrust level), and geometry parameters (RCS pod locations) on the orbiter model, (2) oil flow visualization tests were conducted on a dummy balance at the end of the test.

The virtual morphology and the main movements of the human neck simulations used for car crash studies

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ciunel, St.; Tica, B.

2016-08-01

The paper presents the studies made on a similar biomechanical system composed by neck, head and thorax bones. The models were defined in a CAD environment which includes Adams algorithm for dynamic simulations. The virtual models and the entire morphology were obtained starting with CT images made on a living human subject. The main movements analyzed were: axial rotation (left-right), lateral bending (left-right) and flexion- extension movement. After simulation was obtained the entire biomechanical behavior based on data tables or diagrams. That virtual model composed by neck and head can be included in complex system (as a car system) and supposed to several impact simulations (virtual crash tests). Also, our research team built main components of a testing device for dummy car crash neck-head system using anatomical data.

76 FR 17577 - Increased Scope of Coverage for Electric Motors

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-03-30

... motors do not include a full frame, front plate, bearings, shaft, or shaft support. Because the ability.... chosen, the efficiency of these motors is therefore dependent on the application. Because of this, they... face plate, and therefore can be tested with a ``dummy test bracket'' using the current test procedure...

49 CFR 572.72 - Head assembly and test procedure.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... intersection of the head midsagittal plane and the transverse plane which is perpendicular to the Z axis of the... and midsagittal planes passing through this point. (3) Impact the head with the test probe so that at... in the dummy's midsagittal plane. (4) Guide the test probe during impact so that there is no...

Occupant Responses in a Full-Scale Crash Test of the Sikorsky ACAP Helicopter

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Jackson, Karen E.; Fasanella, Edwin L.; Boitnott, Richard L.; McEntire, Joseph; Lewis, Alan

2002-01-01

A full-scale crash test of the Sikorsky Advanced Composite Airframe Program (ACAP) helicopter was performed in 1999 to generate experimental data for correlation with a crash simulation developed using an explicit nonlinear, transient dynamic finite element code. The airframe was the residual flight test hardware from the ACAP program. For the test, the aircraft was outfitted with two crew and two troop seats, and four anthropomorphic test dummies. While the results of the impact test and crash simulation have been documented fairly extensively in the literature, the focus of this paper is to present the detailed occupant response data obtained from the crash test and to correlate the results with injury prediction models. These injury models include the Dynamic Response Index (DRI), the Head Injury Criteria (HIC), the spinal load requirement defined in FAR Part 27.562(c), and a comparison of the duration and magnitude of the occupant vertical acceleration responses with the Eiband whole-body acceleration tolerance curve.

Reasons for Hierarchical Linear Modeling: A Reminder.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Wang, Jianjun

1999-01-01

Uses examples of hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) at local and national levels to illustrate proper applications of HLM and dummy variable regression. Raises cautions about the circumstances under which hierarchical data do not need HLM. (SLD)

Crash-test dummy and pendulum impact tests of ice hockey boards: greater displacement does not reduce impact

PubMed Central

Schmitt, Kai-Uwe; Muser, Markus H; Thueler, Hansjuerg; Bruegger, Othmar

2018-01-01

Background One injury mechanism in ice hockey is impact with the boards. We investigated whether more flexible hockey boards would provide less biomechanical loading on impact than did existing (reference) boards. Methods We conducted impact tests with a dynamic pendulum (mass 60 kg) and with crash test dummies (ES-2 dummy, 4.76 m/s impact speed). Outcomes were biomechanical loading experienced by a player in terms of head acceleration, impact force to the shoulder, spine, abdomen and pelvis as well as compression of the thorax. Results The more flexible board designs featured substantial displacement at impact. Some so-called flexible boards were displaced four times more than the reference board. The new boards possessed less stiffness and up to 90 kg less effective mass, reducing the portion of the board mass a player experienced on impact, compared with boards with a conventional design. Flexible boards resulted in a similar or reduced loading for all body regions, apart from the shoulder. The displacement of a board system did not correlate directly with the biomechanical loading. Conclusions Flexible board systems can reduce the loading of a player on impact. However, we found no correlation between the displacement and the biomechanical loading; accordingly, displacement alone was insufficient to characterise the overall loading of a player and thus the risk of injury associated with board impact. Ideally, the performance of boards is assessed on the basis of parameters that show a good correlation to injury risk. PMID:29084724

Dummy left behind by Skylab 3 crew for the Skylab 4 crew

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1973-01-01

This photograph is an illustration of the humorous side of the Skylab 3 crew. This dummy was left behind in the Skylab space station by the Skylab 3 crew to be found by the Skylab 4 crew. The dummy is dressed in a flight suit and placed in the Lower Body Negative Pressure Device. The name tag indicates that it represents Gerald P. Carr, Skylab 4 commander. In the background is a partial view of the dummy for William R. Pogue, Skylab 4 pilot, propped upon the bicycle ergometer (1586); This dummy is dressed in a flight suit and propped upon the bicycle ergometer. The name tag indicates that it represents William R. Pogue, Skylab 4 pilot (1587).

49 CFR 572.191 - General description.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation (Continued) NATIONAL HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SAFETY... the SID-IIsD Side Impact Crash Test Dummy, July 1, 2008,” and, (5) Sign convention for signal outputs reference document SAE J1733 Information Report, titled “Sign Convention for Vehicle Crash Testing,” dated...

Alterations in MAST suit pressure with changes in ambient temperature.

PubMed

Sanders, A B; Meislin, H W; Daub, E

1983-01-01

A study was undertaken to test the hypothesis that change in ambient air temperature has an effect on MAST suit pressure according to the ideal gas law. Two different MAST suits were tested on Resusci-Annie dummies. The MAST suits were applied in a cold room at 4.4 degrees C and warmed to 44 degrees C. Positive linear correlations were found in nine trials, but the two suits differed in their rate of increase in pressure. Three trials using humans were conducted showing increased pressure with temperature but at a lesser rate than with dummies. A correlation of 0.5 to 1.0 mm Hg increase in MAST suit pressure for each 1.0 degrees C increase in ambient temperature was found. Implications are discussed for the use of the MAST suit in environmental conditions where the temperature changes.

Full-Scale Crash Test of a MD-500 Helicopter with Deployable Energy Absorbers

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Kellas, Sotiris; Jackson, Karen E.; Littell, Justin D.

2010-01-01

A new externally deployable energy absorbing system was demonstrated during a full-scale crash test of an MD-500 helicopter. The deployable system is a honeycomb structure and utilizes composite materials in its construction. A set of two Deployable Energy Absorbers (DEAs) were fitted on the MD-500 helicopter for the full-scale crash demonstration. Four anthropomorphic dummy occupants were also used to assess human survivability. A demonstration test was performed at NASA Langley's Landing and Impact Research Facility (LandIR). The test involved impacting the helicopter on a concrete surface with combined forward and vertical velocity components of 40-ft/s and 26-ft/s, respectively. The objectives of the test were to evaluate the performance of the DEA concept under realistic crash conditions and to generate test data for validation of dynamic finite element simulations. Descriptions of this test as well as other component and full-scale tests leading to the helicopter test are discussed. Acceleration data from the anthropomorphic dummies showed that dynamic loads were successfully attenuated to within non-injurious levels. Moreover, the airframe itself survived the relatively severe impact and was retested to provide baseline data for comparison for cases with and without DEAs.

49 CFR 572.70 - Incorporation by reference.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) ANTHROPOMORPHIC TEST DEVICES 6-Year-Old Child § 572.70... Technologies, 9000 Virginia Manor Rd., Beltsville, MD 20705, Telephone (301) 210-5600, Fax (301) 210-5607. (2) A User's Manual entitled, “Six-Year-Old Size Child Test Dummy SA106C,” October 28, 1991, is...

49 CFR 572.70 - Incorporation by reference.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) ANTHROPOMORPHIC TEST DEVICES 6-Year-Old Child § 572.70... Technologies, 9000 Virginia Manor Rd., Beltsville, MD 20705, Telephone (301) 210-5600, Fax (301) 210-5607. (2) A User's Manual entitled, “Six-Year-Old Size Child Test Dummy SA106C,” October 28, 1991, is...

49 CFR 572.70 - Incorporation by reference.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) ANTHROPOMORPHIC TEST DEVICES 6-Year-Old Child § 572.70... Technologies, 9000 Virginia Manor Rd., Beltsville, MD 20705, Telephone (301) 210-5600, Fax (301) 210-5607. (2) A User's Manual entitled, “Six-Year-Old Size Child Test Dummy SA106C,” October 28, 1991, is...

49 CFR 572.70 - Incorporation by reference.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) ANTHROPOMORPHIC TEST DEVICES 6-Year-Old Child § 572.70... Technologies, 9000 Virginia Manor Rd., Beltsville, MD 20705, Telephone (301) 210-5600, Fax (301) 210-5607. (2) A User's Manual entitled, “Six-Year-Old Size Child Test Dummy SA106C,” October 28, 1991, is...

49 CFR 572.70 - Incorporation by reference.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) ANTHROPOMORPHIC TEST DEVICES 6-Year-Old Child § 572.70... Technologies, 9000 Virginia Manor Rd., Beltsville, MD 20705, Telephone (301) 210-5600, Fax (301) 210-5607. (2) A User's Manual entitled, “Six-Year-Old Size Child Test Dummy SA106C,” October 28, 1991, is...

49 CFR 572.194 - Shoulder.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 49 Transportation 7 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Shoulder. 572.194 Section 572.194 Transportation..., Small Adult Female § 572.194 Shoulder. (a) The shoulder structure is part of the upper torso assembly shown in drawing 180-3000. For the shoulder impact test, the dummy is tested as a complete assembly...

49 CFR 572.194 - Shoulder.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 49 Transportation 7 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Shoulder. 572.194 Section 572.194 Transportation..., Small Adult Female § 572.194 Shoulder. (a) The shoulder structure is part of the upper torso assembly shown in drawing 180-3000. For the shoulder impact test, the dummy is tested as a complete assembly...

49 CFR 572.194 - Shoulder.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 49 Transportation 7 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Shoulder. 572.194 Section 572.194 Transportation..., Small Adult Female § 572.194 Shoulder. (a) The shoulder structure is part of the upper torso assembly shown in drawing 180-3000. For the shoulder impact test, the dummy is tested as a complete assembly...

49 CFR 572.194 - Shoulder.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 49 Transportation 7 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Shoulder. 572.194 Section 572.194 Transportation..., Small Adult Female § 572.194 Shoulder. (a) The shoulder structure is part of the upper torso assembly shown in drawing 180-3000. For the shoulder impact test, the dummy is tested as a complete assembly...

46 CFR 160.028-4 - Approval and production tests.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... the chamber and bore dimensions is not required. (2) Inspections and tests by an independent... the chamber and bore dimensions of the pistol. (2) Fire a dummy cartridge simulating a normal signal....009 (4) Recheck the chamber and bore dimensions. (5) The pistol must fire the signal properly, must...

46 CFR 160.028-4 - Approval and production tests.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... the chamber and bore dimensions is not required. (2) Inspections and tests by an independent... the chamber and bore dimensions of the pistol. (2) Fire a dummy cartridge simulating a normal signal....009 (4) Recheck the chamber and bore dimensions. (5) The pistol must fire the signal properly, must...

46 CFR 160.028-4 - Approval and production tests.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... the chamber and bore dimensions is not required. (2) Inspections and tests by an independent... the chamber and bore dimensions of the pistol. (2) Fire a dummy cartridge simulating a normal signal....009 (4) Recheck the chamber and bore dimensions. (5) The pistol must fire the signal properly, must...

46 CFR 160.028-4 - Approval and production tests.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... the chamber and bore dimensions is not required. (2) Inspections and tests by an independent... the chamber and bore dimensions of the pistol. (2) Fire a dummy cartridge simulating a normal signal....009 (4) Recheck the chamber and bore dimensions. (5) The pistol must fire the signal properly, must...

The effect of systemic lipoic acid on hearing preservation after cochlear implantation via the round window approach: A guinea pig model.

PubMed

Chang, Mun Young; Gwon, Tae Mok; Lee, Ho Sun; Lee, Jun Ho; Oh, Seung Ha; Kim, Sung June; Park, Min-Hyun

2017-03-15

The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of systemic lipoic acid on hearing preservation after cochlear implantation. Twelve Dunkin-Hartley guinea pigs were randomly divided into two groups: the control group and the lipoic acid group. Animals in the lipoic acid group received lipoic acid intraperitoneally for 4 weeks. A sterilised silicone electrode-dummy was inserted through the round window to a depth of approximately 5 mm. The hearing level was measured using auditory brainstem responses (ABRs) prior to electrode-dummy insertion, and at 4 days and 1, 2, 3 and 4 weeks after electrode-dummy insertion. The threshold shift was defined as the difference between the pre-operative threshold and each of the post-operative thresholds. The cochleae were examined histologically 4 weeks after electrode-dummy insertion. Threshold shifts changed with frequency but not time. At 2kHz, ABR threshold shifts were statistically significantly lower in the lipoic acid group than the control group. At 8, 16 and 32kHz, there was no significant difference in the ABR threshold shift between the two groups. Histologic review revealed less intracochlear fibrosis along the electrode-dummy insertion site in the lipoic acid group than in the control group. The spiral ganglion cell densities of the basal, middle and apical turns were significantly higher in the lipoic acid group compared with the control group. Therefore, systemic lipoic acid administration appears to effectively preserve hearing at low frequencies in patients undergoing cochlear implantation. These effects may be attributed to the protection of spiral ganglion cells and prevention of intracochlear fibrosis. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

49 CFR 572.199 - Pelvis iliac.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 49 Transportation 7 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Pelvis iliac. 572.199 Section 572.199... Dummy, Small Adult Female § 572.199 Pelvis iliac. (a) The iliac is part of the lower torso assembly... assembled dummy (drawing 180-0000). The dummy is equipped with a laterally oriented pelvis accelerometer as...

49 CFR 572.198 - Pelvis acetabulum.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 49 Transportation 7 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Pelvis acetabulum. 572.198 Section 572.198... Dummy, Small Adult Female § 572.198 Pelvis acetabulum. (a) The acetabulum is part of the lower torso... torso of the assembled dummy (drawing 180-0000). The dummy is equipped with a laterally oriented pelvis...

49 CFR 572.199 - Pelvis iliac.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 49 Transportation 7 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Pelvis iliac. 572.199 Section 572.199... Dummy, Small Adult Female § 572.199 Pelvis iliac. (a) The iliac is part of the lower torso assembly... assembled dummy (drawing 180-0000). The dummy is equipped with a laterally oriented pelvis accelerometer as...

49 CFR 572.199 - Pelvis iliac.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 49 Transportation 7 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Pelvis iliac. 572.199 Section 572.199... Dummy, Small Adult Female § 572.199 Pelvis iliac. (a) The iliac is part of the lower torso assembly... assembled dummy (drawing 180-0000). The dummy is equipped with a laterally oriented pelvis accelerometer as...

49 CFR 572.198 - Pelvis acetabulum.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 49 Transportation 7 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Pelvis acetabulum. 572.198 Section 572.198... Dummy, Small Adult Female § 572.198 Pelvis acetabulum. (a) The acetabulum is part of the lower torso... torso of the assembled dummy (drawing 180-0000). The dummy is equipped with a laterally oriented pelvis...

Dummy left behind by Skylab 3 crew for the Skylab 4 crew

NASA Image and Video Library

1973-08-16

SL3-113-1586 (July-September 1973) --- This photograph is an illustration of the humorous side of the Skylab 3 crew. This dummy was left behind in the Skylab space station by the Skylab 3 crew to be found by the Skylab 4 crew. The dummy is dressed in a flight suit and placed in the Lower Body Negative Pressure Device. The name tag indicates that it represents Gerald P. Carr, Skylab 4 commander, in the background is a partial view of the dummy for William R. Pogue, Skylab 4 pilot, propped upon the bicycle ergometer. The dummy representing Edward G. Gibson, Skylab science pilot, was left in the waste compartment. Astronauts Alan L. Bean, Owen K. Garriott and Jack R. Lousma were the Skylab 3 crewmen. Photo credit: NASA

Dummy left behind by Skylab 3 crew for the Skylab 4 crew

NASA Image and Video Library

1973-08-16

SL3-113-1587 (July-September 1973) --- This photograph is an illustration of the humorous side of the Skylab 3 crew. This dummy was left behind in the Skylab space station by the Skylab 3 crew to be found by the Skylab 4 crew. The dummy is dressed in a flight suit and propped upon the bicycle ergometer. The name tag indicated that it represents William R. Pogue, Skylab pilot. The dummy for Gerald P. Carr, Skylab 4 commander, was placed in the Lower Body Negative Pressure Device. The dummy representing Edward G. Gibson was left in the waste compartment. Astronauts Alan L. Bean, Owen K. Garriott and Jack R. Lousma were the Skylab 3 crewmen. Gibson is the Skylab 4 science pilot. Photo credit: NASA

49 CFR 572.78 - Performance test conditions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... plane. (5) Adjust each shoulder yoke so that with its upper surface horizontal, a yoke is at the... rear surfaces of the shoulders and buttocks are tangent to a transverse vertical plane. (d) The dummy's...

49 CFR 572.78 - Performance test conditions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... plane. (5) Adjust each shoulder yoke so that with its upper surface horizontal, a yoke is at the... rear surfaces of the shoulders and buttocks are tangent to a transverse vertical plane. (d) The dummy's...

49 CFR 572.78 - Performance test conditions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... plane. (5) Adjust each shoulder yoke so that with its upper surface horizontal, a yoke is at the... rear surfaces of the shoulders and buttocks are tangent to a transverse vertical plane. (d) The dummy's...

49 CFR 572.78 - Performance test conditions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... plane. (5) Adjust each shoulder yoke so that with its upper surface horizontal, a yoke is at the... rear surfaces of the shoulders and buttocks are tangent to a transverse vertical plane. (d) The dummy's...

49 CFR 572.78 - Performance test conditions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... plane. (5) Adjust each shoulder yoke so that with its upper surface horizontal, a yoke is at the... rear surfaces of the shoulders and buttocks are tangent to a transverse vertical plane. (d) The dummy's...

Dummy and injury criteria for aircraft crashworthiness.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1996-04-01

Since 1988, newly type-certificated aircraft are required to comply with stringent crashworthiness requirements. Central to these more stringent requirements is a dynamic test that assesses the potential for injury for someone exposed to similar cond...

40 CFR Appendix A to Subpart I of... - Alternative Procedures for Measuring Point-of-Use Abatement Device Destruction or Removal Efficiency

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... native AOI concentration (ppm) of the effluent during stable conditions. (14) Post-test calibration. At... or removal efficiencies must be determined while etching a substrate (product, dummy, or test). For... curves for the subsequent destruction or removal efficiency tests. (8) Mass location calibration. A...

49 CFR 572.43 - Lumbar spine and pelvis.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... laterally by a test probe conforming to § 572.44(a) at 14 fps in accordance with paragraph (b) of this... horizontally forward. (2) Place the longitudinal centerline of the test probe at the lateral side of the pelvis... vertical plane which is tangent to the back of the dummy's buttocks. (3) Align the test probe so that at...

49 CFR 572.43 - Lumbar spine and pelvis.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... laterally by a test probe conforming to § 572.44(a) at 14 fps in accordance with paragraph (b) of this... horizontally forward. (2) Place the longitudinal centerline of the test probe at the lateral side of the pelvis... vertical plane which is tangent to the back of the dummy's buttocks. (3) Align the test probe so that at...

49 CFR 572.43 - Lumbar spine and pelvis.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... laterally by a test probe conforming to § 572.44(a) at 14 fps in accordance with paragraph (b) of this... horizontally forward. (2) Place the longitudinal centerline of the test probe at the lateral side of the pelvis... vertical plane which is tangent to the back of the dummy's buttocks. (3) Align the test probe so that at...

49 CFR 572.43 - Lumbar spine and pelvis.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... laterally by a test probe conforming to § 572.44(a) at 14 fps in accordance with paragraph (b) of this... horizontally forward. (2) Place the longitudinal centerline of the test probe at the lateral side of the pelvis... vertical plane which is tangent to the back of the dummy's buttocks. (3) Align the test probe so that at...

Personal messages reduce vandalism and theft of unattended scientific equipment

PubMed Central

Clarin, B-Markus; Bitzilekis, Eleftherios; Siemers, Björn M; Goerlitz, Holger R

2014-01-01

Scientific equipment, such as animal traps and autonomous data collection systems, is regularly left in the field unattended, making it an easy target for vandalism or theft. We tested the effectiveness of three label types, which differed in their information content and tone of the message, that is, personal,neutral or threatening, for reducing incidents of vandalism and theft of unattended scientific field equipment. The three label types were attached to 20 scientific equipment dummies each, which were placed semi-hidden and evenly distributed in four public parks in Munich, Germany. While the label type had no effect on the severity of the interactions with our equipment dummies, the personal label reduced the overall number of interactions by c. 40–60%, compared with the dummies showing the neutral or threatening label type. We suggest that researchers, in addition to securing their field equipment, label it with personal and polite messages that inform about the ongoing research and directly appeal to the public not to disturb the equipment. Further studies should extend these results to areas with different socio-economic structure. PMID:25866614

Personal messages reduce vandalism and theft of unattended scientific equipment.

PubMed

Clarin, B-Markus; Bitzilekis, Eleftherios; Siemers, Björn M; Goerlitz, Holger R

2014-02-01

Scientific equipment, such as animal traps and autonomous data collection systems, is regularly left in the field unattended, making it an easy target for vandalism or theft. We tested the effectiveness of three label types, which differed in their information content and tone of the message, that is, personal , neutral or threatening , for reducing incidents of vandalism and theft of unattended scientific field equipment. The three label types were attached to 20 scientific equipment dummies each, which were placed semi-hidden and evenly distributed in four public parks in Munich, Germany. While the label type had no effect on the severity of the interactions with our equipment dummies, the personal label reduced the overall number of interactions by c . 40-60%, compared with the dummies showing the neutral or threatening label type. We suggest that researchers, in addition to securing their field equipment, label it with personal and polite messages that inform about the ongoing research and directly appeal to the public not to disturb the equipment. Further studies should extend these results to areas with different socio-economic structure.

A historical analysis of natural gas demand

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dalbec, Nathan Richard

This thesis analyzes demand in the US energy market for natural gas, oil, and coal over the period of 1918-2013 and examines their price relationship over the period of 2007-2013. Diagnostic tests for time series were used; Augmented Dickey-Fuller, Kwiatkowski-Phillips-Schmidt-Shin, Johansen cointegration, Granger Causality and weak exogeneity tests. Directed acyclic graphs were used as a complimentary test for endogeneity. Due to the varied results in determining endogeneity, a seemingly unrelated regression model was used which assumes all right hand side variables in the three demand equations were exogenous. A number of factors were significant in determining demand for natural gas including its own price, lagged demand, a number of structural break dummies, and trend, while oil indicate some substitutability with natural gas. An error correction model was used to examine the price relationships. Natural gas price was found not to have a significant cointegrating vector.

Derivation of a Provisional, Age-dependent, AIS2+ Thoracic Risk Curve for the THOR50 Test Dummy via Integration of NASS Cases, PMHS Tests, and Simulation Data.

PubMed

Laituri, Tony R; Henry, Scott; El-Jawahri, Raed; Muralidharan, Nirmal; Li, Guosong; Nutt, Marvin

2015-11-01

A provisional, age-dependent thoracic risk equation (or, "risk curve") was derived to estimate moderate-to-fatal injury potential (AIS2+), pertaining to men with responses gaged by the advanced mid-sized male test dummy (THOR50). The derivation involved two distinct data sources: cases from real-world crashes (e.g., the National Automotive Sampling System, NASS) and cases involving post-mortem human subjects (PMHS). The derivation was therefore more comprehensive, as NASS datasets generally skew towards younger occupants, and PMHS datasets generally skew towards older occupants. However, known deficiencies had to be addressed (e.g., the NASS cases had unknown stimuli, and the PMHS tests required transformation of known stimuli into THOR50 stimuli). For the NASS portion of the analysis, chest-injury outcomes for adult male drivers about the size of the THOR50 were collected from real-world, 11-1 o'clock, full-engagement frontal crashes (NASS, 1995-2012 calendar years, 1985-2012 model-year light passenger vehicles). The screening for THOR50-sized men involved application of a set of newly-derived "correction" equations for self-reported height and weight data in NASS. Finally, THOR50 stimuli were estimated via field simulations involving attendant representative restraint systems, and those stimuli were then assigned to corresponding NASS cases (n=508). For the PMHS portion of the analysis, simulation-based closure equations were developed to convert PMHS stimuli into THOR50 stimuli. Specifically, closure equations were derived for the four measurement locations on the THOR50 chest by cross-correlating the results of matched-loading simulations between the test dummy and the age-dependent, Ford Human Body Model. The resulting closure equations demonstrated acceptable fidelity (n=75 matched simulations, R2≥0.99). These equations were applied to the THOR50-sized men in the PMHS dataset (n=20). The NASS and PMHS datasets were combined and subjected to survival analysis with event-frequency weighting and arbitrary censoring. The resulting risk curve--a function of peak THOR50 chest compression and age--demonstrated acceptable fidelity for recovering the AIS2+ chest injury rate of the combined dataset (i.e., IR_dataset=1.97% vs. curve-based IR_dataset=1.98%). Additional sensitivity analyses showed that (a) binary logistic regression yielded a risk curve with nearly-identical fidelity, (b) there was only a slight advantage of combining the small-sample PMHS dataset with the large-sample NASS dataset, (c) use of the PMHS-based risk curve for risk estimation of the combined dataset yielded relatively poor performance (194% difference), and (d) when controlling for the type of contact (lab-consistent or not), the resulting risk curves were similar.

A Finite Element Model of the THOR-K Dummy for Aerospace and Aircraft Impact Simulations

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Putnam, Jacob; Untaroiu, Costin D.; Somers, Jeffrey T.; Pellettiere, Joseph

2013-01-01

1) Update and Improve the THOR Finite Element (FE) model to specifications of the latest mod kit (THOR-K). 2) Evaluate the kinematic and kinetic response of the FE model in frontal, spinal, and lateral impact loading conditions.

49 CFR 572.198 - Pelvis acetabulum.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... the dummy is in vertical orientation. (4) Push the dummy at the knees and at mid-sternum of the upper torso with just sufficient horizontally oriented force towards the seat back until the back of the upper torso is in contact with the seat back. (5) While maintaining the dummy's position as specified in...

49 CFR 572.195 - Thorax with arm.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... dummy is in vertical orientation. (4) Push the dummy at the knees and at mid-sternum of the upper torso with just sufficient horizontally oriented force towards the seat back until the back of the upper torso is in contact with the seat back. (5) While maintaining the dummy's position as specified in...

Dummy Cup Helps Robot-Welder Programmers

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Gordon, Stephen S.

1990-01-01

Dummy gas cup used on torch of robotic welder during programming and practice runs. Made of metal or plastic, dummy cup inexpensive and durable. Withstands bumps caused by programming errors, and is sized for special welding jobs within limited clearances. After robot satisfactorily programmed, replaced by ceramic cup of same dimensions for actual welding.

Comparison of current ATDs with Chinese adults in anthropometry.

PubMed

Cao, Libo; Zhang, Kai; Lv, Xin; Yan, Lingbo

2016-05-18

Crash test dummies are full-scale anthropomorphic test devices (ATDs) that simulate the dimensions, weight proportions, and articulation of the human body and are used to measure human injury potential in vehicle crashes. The Hybrid III dummy family, which is widely used currently, takes selected percentiles of anthropometry dimensions of U.S. adults as design references. The objective of this study was to assess the difference in anthropometry between Chinese adults and the currently used dummy. Based on the Chinese National Physical Fitness Surveillance of the year 2000, 2005, 2010 and National Standard of China GB/T 10000-1988, a series of anthropometric parameters for Chinese adults were obtained, and data analysis was conducted between Chinese adults and ATDs that are currently used. The comparison revealed distinct anthropometric difference between ATDs and Chinese adults. Based on the latest data, median Chinese females were about 2.6% lower in stature and about 8.03% lower in body weight than the ATD design targets. Similarly, median Chinese males were about 3.48% shorter and weighed 11.89% less than the ATD design targets. Although the anthropometric differences between Chinese adults and the Hybrid III ATD specifications were modest and growing smaller, it is advisable to take the differences in anthropometry between ATDs and Chinese adults into consideration when developing new vehicles in China to provide effective protection specifically for Chinese occupants.

Anthropomorphic dummy positioning and repeatability measurements

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1981-01-01

The purpose of the tests conducted was two fold: (1) To determine if the proposed compliance procedure would provide repeatable results. (2) To see if the requirements can be met without violating the anchorage location requirements specified in FMVS...

Calibration of a Six-Degree-of-Freedom Acceleration Measurement Device

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1994-12-01

This report describes the calibration of a six-degree-of-freedom acceleration measurement system designed for use in the measurement of linear and angular head accelerations of anthropomorphic dummies during crash tests. The calibration methodology, ...

Crash-test dummy and pendulum impact tests of ice hockey boards: greater displacement does not reduce impact.

PubMed

Schmitt, Kai-Uwe; Muser, Markus H; Thueler, Hansjuerg; Bruegger, Othmar

2018-01-01

One injury mechanism in ice hockey is impact with the boards. We investigated whether more flexible hockey boards would provide less biomechanical loading on impact than did existing (reference) boards. We conducted impact tests with a dynamic pendulum (mass 60 kg) and with crash test dummies (ES-2 dummy, 4.76 m/s impact speed). Outcomes were biomechanical loading experienced by a player in terms of head acceleration, impact force to the shoulder, spine, abdomen and pelvis as well as compression of the thorax. The more flexible board designs featured substantial displacement at impact. Some so-called flexible boards were displaced four times more than the reference board. The new boards possessed less stiffness and up to 90 kg less effective mass, reducing the portion of the board mass a player experienced on impact, compared with boards with a conventional design. Flexible boards resulted in a similar or reduced loading for all body regions, apart from the shoulder. The displacement of a board system did not correlate directly with the biomechanical loading. Flexible board systems can reduce the loading of a player on impact. However, we found no correlation between the displacement and the biomechanical loading; accordingly, displacement alone was insufficient to characterise the overall loading of a player and thus the risk of injury associated with board impact. Ideally, the performance of boards is assessed on the basis of parameters that show a good correlation to injury risk. © Article author(s) (or their employer(s) unless otherwise stated in the text of the article) 2018. All rights reserved. No commercial use is permitted unless otherwise expressly granted.

Multiple testing of food contact materials: a predictive algorithm for assessing the global migration from silicone moulds.

PubMed

Elskens, Marc; Vloeberghs, Daniel; Van Elsen, Liesbeth; Baeyens, Willy; Goeyens, Leo

2012-09-15

For reasons of food safety, packaging and food contact materials must be submitted to migration tests. Testing of silicone moulds is often very laborious, since three replicate tests are required to decide about their compliancy. This paper presents a general modelling framework to predict the sample's compliance or non-compliance using results of the first two migration tests. It compares the outcomes of models with multiple continuous predictors with a class of models involving latent and dummy variables. The model's prediction ability was tested using cross and external validations, i.e. model revalidation each time a new measurement set became available. At the overall migration limit of 10 mg dm(-2), the relative uncertainty on a prediction was estimated to be ~10%. Taking the default values for α and β equal to 0.05, the maximum value that can be predicted for sample compliance was therefore 7 mg dm(-2). Beyond this limit the risk for false compliant results increases significantly, and a third migration test should be performed. The result of this latter test defines the sample's compliance or non-compliance. Propositions for compliancy control inspired by the current dioxin control strategy are discussed. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

77 FR 11651 - Hybrid III 10-Year-Old Child Test Dummy

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-02-27

... tests. Some commenters (Dorel Juvenile Group (Dorel), Graco Children's Products (Graco)) expressed... event. Because it is made from one part instead of two, the HIII-10C shoulder was able to be designed... shoulder has had problems over the years. In early versions of the design (pre-NPRM), the shoulder had a...

49 CFR 572.134 - Thorax assembly and test procedure.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... completely assembled dummy (drawing 880105-000) is impacted by a test probe conforming to section 572.137(a...). Within this specified compression corridor, the peak force, measured by the impact probe as defined in... midsagittal plane so that the impact point of the longitudinal centerline of the probe coincides with the...

49 CFR 572.134 - Thorax assembly and test procedure.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... completely assembled dummy (drawing 880105-000) is impacted by a test probe conforming to section 572.137(a...). Within this specified compression corridor, the peak force, measured by the impact probe as defined in... midsagittal plane so that the impact point of the longitudinal centerline of the probe coincides with the...

49 CFR 572.134 - Thorax assembly and test procedure.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... completely assembled dummy (drawing 880105-000) is impacted by a test probe conforming to section 572.137(a...). Within this specified compression corridor, the peak force, measured by the impact probe as defined in... midsagittal plane so that the impact point of the longitudinal centerline of the probe coincides with the...

49 CFR 572.174 - Thorax assembly and test procedure.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... assembled dummy (drawing 420-0000) (incorporated by reference, see § 572.170) is impacted by a test probe... this specified compression corridor, the peak force, measured by the impact probe as defined in section... midsagittal plane so that the impact point of the longitudinal centerline of the probe coincides with the...

49 CFR 572.134 - Thorax assembly and test procedure.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... completely assembled dummy (drawing 880105-000) is impacted by a test probe conforming to section 572.137(a...). Within this specified compression corridor, the peak force, measured by the impact probe as defined in... midsagittal plane so that the impact point of the longitudinal centerline of the probe coincides with the...

49 CFR 572.174 - Thorax assembly and test procedure.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... assembled dummy (drawing 420-0000) (incorporated by reference, see § 572.170) is impacted by a test probe... this specified compression corridor, the peak force, measured by the impact probe as defined in section... midsagittal plane so that the impact point of the longitudinal centerline of the probe coincides with the...

49 CFR 572.174 - Thorax assembly and test procedure.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... assembled dummy (drawing 420-0000) (incorporated by reference, see § 572.170) is impacted by a test probe... this specified compression corridor, the peak force, measured by the impact probe as defined in section... midsagittal plane so that the impact point of the longitudinal centerline of the probe coincides with the...

49 CFR Appendix - Figures to Subpart T of Part 572

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 49 Transportation 7 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Figures to Subpart T of Part 572 Appendix Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation (Continued) NATIONAL HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SAFETY ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) ANTHROPOMORPHIC TEST DEVICES Hybrid III 10-Year-Old Child Test Dummy (HIII-10C) Appendix—Figures...

49 CFR Appendix - Figures to Subpart T of Part 572

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 49 Transportation 7 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Figures to Subpart T of Part 572 Appendix Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation (Continued) NATIONAL HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SAFETY ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) ANTHROPOMORPHIC TEST DEVICES Hybrid III 10-Year-Old Child Test Dummy (HIII-10C) Appendix—Figures...

49 CFR 572.154 - Thorax assembly and test procedure.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... test probe conforming to § 572.155(a) at 5.0 ±0.1m/s (16.5 ±0.3 ft/s) according to the test procedure in paragraph (c) of this section, the peak force, measured by the impact probe in accordance with... longitudinal centerline of the probe coincides with the dummy's midsagittal plane, is centered on the torso 196...

49 CFR 572.154 - Thorax assembly and test procedure.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... test probe conforming to § 572.155(a) at 5.0 ±0.1m/s (16.5 ±0.3 ft/s) according to the test procedure in paragraph (c) of this section, the peak force, measured by the impact probe in accordance with... longitudinal centerline of the probe coincides with the dummy's midsagittal plane, is centered on the torso 196...

49 CFR 572.154 - Thorax assembly and test procedure.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... test probe conforming to § 572.155(a) at 5.0 ±0.1m/s (16.5 ±0.3 ft/s) according to the test procedure in paragraph (c) of this section, the peak force, measured by the impact probe in accordance with... longitudinal centerline of the probe coincides with the dummy's midsagittal plane, is centered on the torso 196...

49 CFR 572.154 - Thorax assembly and test procedure.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... test probe conforming to § 572.155(a) at 5.0 ±0.1m/s (16.5 ±0.3 ft/s) according to the test procedure in paragraph (c) of this section, the peak force, measured by the impact probe in accordance with... longitudinal centerline of the probe coincides with the dummy's midsagittal plane, is centered on the torso 196...

49 CFR 572.111 - General description.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 49 Transportation 7 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false General description. 572.111 Section 572.111 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation (Continued) NATIONAL HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SAFETY ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) ANTHROPOMORPHIC TEST DEVICES Side Impact Hybrid Dummy...

49 CFR 572.111 - General description.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 49 Transportation 7 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false General description. 572.111 Section 572.111 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation (Continued) NATIONAL HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SAFETY ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) ANTHROPOMORPHIC TEST DEVICES Side Impact Hybrid Dummy...

49 CFR 572.111 - General description.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 49 Transportation 7 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false General description. 572.111 Section 572.111 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation (Continued) NATIONAL HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SAFETY ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) ANTHROPOMORPHIC TEST DEVICES Side Impact Hybrid Dummy...

49 CFR 572.114 - Thorax.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 49 Transportation 7 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Thorax. 572.114 Section 572.114 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation (Continued) NATIONAL HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SAFETY ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) ANTHROPOMORPHIC TEST DEVICES Side Impact Hybrid Dummy 50th...

49 CFR 572.40 - Incorporated materials.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 49 Transportation 7 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Incorporated materials. 572.40 Section 572.40 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation (Continued) NATIONAL HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SAFETY ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) ANTHROPOMORPHIC TEST DEVICES Side Impact Dummy 50th...

49 CFR 572.111 - General description.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 49 Transportation 7 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false General description. 572.111 Section 572.111 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation (Continued) NATIONAL HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SAFETY ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) ANTHROPOMORPHIC TEST DEVICES Side Impact Hybrid Dummy...

49 CFR 572.114 - Thorax.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 49 Transportation 7 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Thorax. 572.114 Section 572.114 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation (Continued) NATIONAL HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SAFETY ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) ANTHROPOMORPHIC TEST DEVICES Side Impact Hybrid Dummy 50th...

49 CFR 572.40 - Incorporated materials.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 49 Transportation 7 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Incorporated materials. 572.40 Section 572.40 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation (Continued) NATIONAL HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SAFETY ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) ANTHROPOMORPHIC TEST DEVICES Side Impact Dummy 50th...

49 CFR 572.114 - Thorax.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 49 Transportation 7 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Thorax. 572.114 Section 572.114 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation (Continued) NATIONAL HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SAFETY ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) ANTHROPOMORPHIC TEST DEVICES Side Impact Hybrid Dummy 50th...

49 CFR 572.40 - Incorporated materials.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 49 Transportation 7 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Incorporated materials. 572.40 Section 572.40 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation (Continued) NATIONAL HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SAFETY ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) ANTHROPOMORPHIC TEST DEVICES Side Impact Dummy 50th...

49 CFR 572.114 - Thorax.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 49 Transportation 7 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Thorax. 572.114 Section 572.114 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation (Continued) NATIONAL HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SAFETY ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) ANTHROPOMORPHIC TEST DEVICES Side Impact Hybrid Dummy 50th...

49 CFR 572.114 - Thorax.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 49 Transportation 7 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Thorax. 572.114 Section 572.114 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation (Continued) NATIONAL HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SAFETY ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) ANTHROPOMORPHIC TEST DEVICES Side Impact Hybrid Dummy 50th...

Occupant Motion Sensors : Rotational Accelerometer Development

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1972-04-01

A miniature mouthpiece rotational accelerometer has been developed to measure the angular acceleration of a head during vehicle crash or impact conditions. The device has been tested in the laboratory using a shake table and in the field using dummie...

Evaluation of various padding materials for crash protection.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1966-12-01

Thirty-seven different materials and combinations of materials were impacted with an instrumented dummy head at 15 ft/sec and at 30 ft/sec. Peak g forces, rise times, and deceleration durations were determined for both impact velocities on each test ...

Vertical drop test of a transport fuselage center section including the wheel wells

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Williams, M. S.; Hayduk, R. J.

1983-01-01

A Boeing 707 fuselage section was drop tested to measure structural, seat, and anthropomorphic dummy response to vertical crash loads. The specimen had nominally zero pitch, roll and yaw at impact with a sink speed of 20 ft/sec. Results from this drop test and other drop tests of different transport sections will be used to prepare for a full-scale crash test of a B-720.

Application of a dummy eye shield for electron treatment planning

PubMed Central

Kang, Sei-Kwon; Park, Soah; Hwang, Taejin; Cheong, Kwang-Ho; Han, Taejin; Kim, Haeyoung; Lee, Me-Yeon; Kim, Kyoung Ju; Oh, Do Hoon; Bae, Hoonsik

2013-01-01

Metallic eye shields have been widely used for near-eye treatments to protect critical regions, but have never been incorporated into treatment plans because of the unwanted appearance of the metal artifacts on CT images. The purpose of this work was to test the use of an acrylic dummy eye shield as a substitute for a metallic eye shield during CT scans. An acrylic dummy shield of the same size as the tungsten eye shield was machined and CT scanned. The BEAMnrc and the DOSXYZnrc were used for the Monte Carlo (MC) simulation, with the appropriate material information and density for the aluminum cover, steel knob and tungsten body of the eye shield. The Pinnacle adopting the Hogstrom electron pencil-beam algorithm was used for the one-port 6-MeV beam plan after delineation and density override of the metallic parts. The results were confirmed with the metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor (MOSFET) detectors and the Gafchromic EBT2 film measurements. For both the maximum eyelid dose over the shield and the maximum dose under the shield, the MC results agreed with the EBT2 measurements within 1.7%. For the Pinnacle plan, the maximum dose under the shield agreed with the MC within 0.3%; however, the eyelid dose differed by –19.3%. The adoption of the acrylic dummy eye shield was successful for the treatment plan. However, the Pinnacle pencil-beam algorithm was not sufficient to predict the eyelid dose on the tungsten shield, and more accurate algorithms like MC should be considered for a treatment plan. PMID:22915776

EC91-630-8

NASA Image and Video Library

1991-11-22

The AFTI F-16 flying at high angle of attack, shown in the final configuration and paint finish. Dummy Sidewinder air-to-air missles are attached to the wing tips. The white objects visible on the wing racks represent practice bomb dispensers, used in weapon tests.

Evaluation of seating and restraint systems and anthropomorphic dummies conducted during fiscal year 1976.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1978-02-01

The results of test programs conducted by the Protection and Survival Laboratory to investigate the performance of prototype or operational seating and restraint systems relative to their ability to provide protection against crash injury and to inve...

Evaluation of seating and restraint systems and anthropomorphic dummies conducted during fiscal year 1977.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1978-06-01

The results of test programs conducted by the Protection and Survival Laboratory to investigate the performance of prototype or operational seating and restraint systems relative to their ability to provide protection against crash injury and to inve...

49 CFR 572.71 - General description.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) ANTHROPOMORPHIC TEST DEVICES 6-Year-Old Child § 572.71 General description. (a) The representative 6-year-old dummy consists of a drawings and specifications package that contains the following materials: (1) Technical drawings, specifications, and the parts list...

Estimation of muscle response using three-dimensional musculoskeletal models before impact situation: a simulation study.

PubMed

Bae, Tae Soo; Loan, Peter; Choi, Kuiwon; Hong, Daehie; Mun, Mu Seong

2010-12-01

When car crash experiments are performed using cadavers or dummies, the active muscles' reaction on crash situations cannot be observed. The aim of this study is to estimate muscles' response of the major muscle groups using three-dimensional musculoskeletal model by dynamic simulations of low-speed sled-impact. The three-dimensional musculoskeletal models of eight subjects were developed, including 241 degrees of freedom and 86 muscles. The muscle parameters considering limb lengths and the force-generating properties of the muscles were redefined by optimization to fit for each subject. Kinematic data and external forces measured by motion tracking system and dynamometer were then input as boundary conditions. Through a least-squares optimization algorithm, active muscles' responses were calculated during inverse dynamic analysis tracking the motion of each subject. Electromyography for major muscles at elbow, knee, and ankle joints was measured to validate each model. For low-speed sled-impact crash, experiment and simulation with optimized and unoptimized muscle parameters were performed at 9.4 m/h and 10 m/h and muscle activities were compared among them. The muscle activities with optimized parameters were closer to experimental measurements than the results without optimization. In addition, the extensor muscle activities at knee, ankle, and elbow joint were found considerably at impact time, unlike previous studies using cadaver or dummies. This study demonstrated the need to optimize the muscle parameters to predict impact situation correctly in computational studies using musculoskeletal models. And to improve accuracy of analysis for car crash injury using humanlike dummies, muscle reflex function, major extensor muscles' response at elbow, knee, and ankle joints, should be considered.

Preparation of "dummy" l-phenylalanine molecularly imprinted microspheres by using ionic liquid as a template and functional monomer.

PubMed

Li, Ji; Hu, Xiaoling; Guan, Ping; Song, Dongmen; Qian, Liwei; Du, Chunbao; Song, Renyuan; Wang, Chaoli

2015-07-07

In this study, dummy imprinting technology was employed for the preparation of l-phenylalanine-imprinted microspheres. Ionic liquids were utilized as both a "dummy" template and functional monomer, and 4-vinylpyridine and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate were used as the assistant monomer and cross-linker, respectively, for preparing a surface-imprinted polymer on poly(divinylbenzene) microspheres. By the results obtained by theoretical investigation, the interaction between the template and monomer complex was improved as compared with that between the template and the traditional l-phenylalanine-imprinted polymer. The batch experiments indicated that the imprinting factor reached 2.5. Scatchard analysis demonstrated that the obtained "dummy" molecularly imprinted microspheres exhibited an affinity of 77.4 M·10 -4 , significantly higher that of a traditional polymer directly prepared by l-phenylalanine, which is in agreement with theoretical results. Competitive adsorption experiments also showed that the molecularly imprinted polymer with the dummy template effectively isolated l-phenylalanine from l-histidine and l-tryptophan with separation factors of 5.68 and 2.68, respectively. All these results demonstrated that the polymerizable ionic liquid as the dummy template could enhance the affinity and selectivity of molecularly imprinted polymer, thereby promoting the development of imprinting technology for biomolecules. © 2015 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Determination of effective thoracic mass.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1996-02-01

Effective thoracic mass is a critical parameter in specifying mathematical and mechanical models (such as crash dummies) of humans exposed to impact conditions. A method is developed using a numerical optimizer to determine effective thoracic mass (a...

Crashworthy Gunner Seat Testing Program

DTIC Science & Technology

1977-03-01

147 5 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Page 1. Swivel Gunner Seat Mock-up 14 2. Ceiling and Floor Swivel Rings .... ........... 16 3. Wire - Bending Tension...History . 57 37. Test 1 - Vertical Acceleration, Dummy Pelvis . 58 38. Upper Wire - bending Attenuators, Force/Duflection 59 39 Pre-test 2, 900 to Impact...unobstructed depth to permit lateral movement in the seat for gunnery operations. Wire - bending energy attenuators are located at the top of the two vertical

Utility of an automated thermal-based approach for monitoring evapotranspiration

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

A very simple remote sensing-based model for water use monitoring is presented. The model acronym DATTUTDUT, (Deriving Atmosphere Turbulent Transport Useful To Dummies Using Temperature) is a Dutch word which loosely translates as “It’s unbelievable that it works”. DATTUTDUT is fully automated and o...

49 CFR Appendix A to Subpart F of... - Figures

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 49 Transportation 7 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Figures A Appendix A to Subpart F of Part 572 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation (Continued) NATIONAL HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SAFETY ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) ANTHROPOMORPHIC TEST DEVICES Side Impact Dummy 50th...

49 CFR Appendix A to Subpart F of... - Figures

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 49 Transportation 7 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Figures A Appendix A to Subpart F of Part 572 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation (Continued) NATIONAL HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SAFETY ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) ANTHROPOMORPHIC TEST DEVICES Side Impact Dummy 50th...

49 CFR Appendix A to Subpart F of... - Figures

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 49 Transportation 7 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Figures A Appendix A to Subpart F of Part 572 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation (Continued) NATIONAL HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SAFETY ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) ANTHROPOMORPHIC TEST DEVICES Side Impact Dummy 50th...

49 CFR Appendix A to Subpart F of... - Figures

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 49 Transportation 7 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Figures A Appendix A to Subpart F of Part 572 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation (Continued) NATIONAL HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SAFETY ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) ANTHROPOMORPHIC TEST DEVICES Side Impact Dummy 50th...

49 CFR Appendix A to Subpart F of... - Figures

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 49 Transportation 7 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Figures A Appendix A to Subpart F of Part 572 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation (Continued) NATIONAL HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SAFETY ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) ANTHROPOMORPHIC TEST DEVICES Side Impact Dummy 50th...

Methodology for the Calibration of the Data Acquisition with a Six-Degree-of-Freedom Acceleration Measurement Device

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1989-06-01

This report describes a methodology for calibrating and gathering data with a six-degree-of-freedom acceleration measurement device that is intended to measure head acceleration of anthropomorphic dummies and human volunteers in automotive crash test...

49 CFR 572.81 - General description.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) ANTHROPOMORPHIC TEST DEVICES 9-Month Old Child § 572.81 General description. (a) The dummy consists of: (1) The assembly specified in drawing LP 1049/A, March 1979, which is described in its entirety by means of approximately 54 separate drawings and...

Evaluation of a metal shear web selectively reinforced with filamentary composites for space shuttle application. Phase 2: summary report: Shear web component fabrication

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Laakso, J. H.; Smith, D. D.; Zimmerman, D. K.

1973-01-01

The fabrication of two shear web test elements and three large scale shear web test components are reported. In addition, the fabrication of test fixtures for the elements and components is described. The center-loaded beam test fixtures were configured to have a test side and a dummy or permanent side. The test fixtures were fabricated from standard extruded aluminum sections and plates and were designed to be reuseable.

Full-Scale Crash Test and Finite Element Simulation of a Composite Prototype Helicopter

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Jackson, Karen E.; Fasanella, Edwin L.; Boitnott, Richard L.; Lyle, Karen H.

2003-01-01

A full-scale crash test of a prototype composite helicopter was performed at the Impact Dynamics Research Facility at NASA Langley Research Center in 1999 to obtain data for validation of a finite element crash simulation. The helicopter was the flight test article built by Sikorsky Aircraft during the Advanced Composite Airframe Program (ACAP). The composite helicopter was designed to meet the stringent Military Standard (MIL-STD-1290A) crashworthiness criteria and was outfitted with two crew and two troop seats and four anthropomorphic dummies. The test was performed at 38-ft/s vertical and 32.5-ft/s horizontal velocity onto a rigid surface. An existing modal-vibration model of the Sikorsky ACAP helicopter was converted into a model suitable for crash simulation. A two-stage modeling approach was implemented and an external user-defined subroutine was developed to represent the complex landing gear response. The crash simulation was executed with a nonlinear, explicit transient dynamic finite element code. Predictions of structural deformation and failure, the sequence of events, and the dynamic response of the airframe structure were generated and the numerical results were correlated with the experimental data to validate the simulation. The test results, the model development, and the test-analysis correlation are described.

Artificial fingerprint recognition by using optical coherence tomography with autocorrelation analysis.

PubMed

Cheng, Yezeng; Larin, Kirill V

2006-12-20

Fingerprint recognition is one of the most widely used methods of biometrics. This method relies on the surface topography of a finger and, thus, is potentially vulnerable for spoofing by artificial dummies with embedded fingerprints. In this study, we applied the optical coherence tomography (OCT) technique to distinguish artificial materials commonly used for spoofing fingerprint scanning systems from the real skin. Several artificial fingerprint dummies made from household cement and liquid silicone rubber were prepared and tested using a commercial fingerprint reader and an OCT system. While the artificial fingerprints easily spoofed the commercial fingerprint reader, OCT images revealed the presence of them at all times. We also demonstrated that an autocorrelation analysis of the OCT images could be potentially used in automatic recognition systems.

Artificial fingerprint recognition by using optical coherence tomography with autocorrelation analysis

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Cheng, Yezeng; Larin, Kirill V.

2006-12-01

Fingerprint recognition is one of the most widely used methods of biometrics. This method relies on the surface topography of a finger and, thus, is potentially vulnerable for spoofing by artificial dummies with embedded fingerprints. In this study, we applied the optical coherence tomography (OCT) technique to distinguish artificial materials commonly used for spoofing fingerprint scanning systems from the real skin. Several artificial fingerprint dummies made from household cement and liquid silicone rubber were prepared and tested using a commercial fingerprint reader and an OCT system. While the artificial fingerprints easily spoofed the commercial fingerprint reader, OCT images revealed the presence of them at all times. We also demonstrated that an autocorrelation analysis of the OCT images could be potentially used in automatic recognition systems.

Modeling heat stress effect on Holstein cows under hot and dry conditions: selection tools.

PubMed

Carabaño, M J; Bachagha, K; Ramón, M; Díaz, C

2014-12-01

Data from milk recording of Holstein-Friesian cows together with weather information from 2 regions in Southern Spain were used to define the models that can better describe heat stress response for production traits and somatic cell score (SCS). Two sets of analyses were performed, one aimed at defining the population phenotypic response and the other at studying the genetic components. The first involved 2,514,762 test-day records from up to 5 lactations of 128,112 cows. Two models, one fitting a comfort threshold for temperature and a slope of decay after the threshold, and the other a cubic Legendre polynomial (LP) model were tested. Average (TAVE) and maximum daily temperatures were alternatively considered as covariates. The LP model using TAVE as covariate showed the best goodness of fit for all traits. Estimated rates of decay from this model for production at 25 and 34°C were 36 and 170, 3.8 and 3.0, and 3.9 and 8.2g/d per degree Celsius for milk, fat, and protein yield, respectively. In the second set of analyses, a sample of 280,958 test-day records from first lactations of 29,114 cows was used. Random regression models including quadratic or cubic LP regressions (TEM_) on TAVE or a fixed threshold and an unknown slope (DUMMY), including or not cubic regressions on days in milk (DIM3_), were tested. For milk and SCS, the best models were the DIM3_ models. In contrast, for fat and protein yield, the best model was TEM3. The DIM3DUMMY models showed similar performance to DIM3TEM3. The estimated genetic correlations between the same trait under cold and hot temperatures (ρ) indicated the existence of a large genotype by environment interaction for fat (ρ=0.53 for model TEM3) and protein yield (ρ around 0.6 for DIM3TEM3) and for SCS (ρ=0.64 for model DIM3TEM3), and a small genotype by environment interaction for milk (ρ over 0.8). The eigendecomposition of the additive genetic covariance matrix from model TEM3 showed the existence of a dominant component, a constant term that is not affected by temperature, representing from 64% of the variation for SCS to 91% of the variation for milk. The second component, showing a flat pattern at intermediate temperatures and increasing or decreasing slopes for the extremes, gathered 15, 11, and 24% of the variation for fat and protein yield and SCS, respectively. This component could be further evaluated as a selection criterion for heat tolerance independently of the production level. Copyright © 2014 American Dairy Science Association. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Characteristics of the Injury Environment in Far-Side Crashes

PubMed Central

Digges, K.; Gabler, H; Mohan, P.; Alonso, B.

2005-01-01

The population of occupants in far-side crashes that are documented in the US National database (NASS/CDS) was studied. The annual number of front seat occupants with serious or fatal injuries in far-side planar and rollover crashes was 17,194. The crash environment that produces serious and fatal injuries to belted front seat occupants in planar far-side crashes was investigated in detail. It was found that both the change in velocity and extent of damage were important factors that relate to crash severity. The median severity for crashes with serious or fatal injuries was a lateral delta-V of 28 kph and an extent of damage of CDC 3.6. Vehicle-to-vehicle impacts were simulated by finite element models to determine the intrusion characteristics associated with the median crash condition. These simulations indicated that the side damage caused by the IIHS barrier was representative of the damage in crashes that produce serious injuries in far-side crashes. Occupant simulations of the IIHS barrier crash at 28 kph showed that existing dummies lack biofidelity in upper body motion. The analysis suggested test conditions for studying far-side countermeasures and supported earlier studies that showed the need for an improved dummy to evaluate safety performance in the far-side crash environment. PMID:16179148

New type of dummy layout pattern to control ILD etch rate

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pohland, Oliver; Spieker, Julie; Huang, Chih-Ta; Govindaswamy, Srikanth; Balasinski, Artur

2007-12-01

Adding dummy features (waffles) to drawn geometries of the circuit layout is a common practice to improve its manufacturability. As an example, local dummy pattern improves MOSFET line and space CD control by adjusting short range optical proximity and reducing the aggressiveness of its correction features (OPC) to widen the lithography process window. Another application of dummy pattern (waffles) is to globally equalize layout pattern density, to reduce long-range inter-layer dielectric (ILD) thickness variations after the CMP process and improve contact resistance uniformity over the die area. In this work, we discuss a novel type of dummy pattern with a mid-range interaction distance, to control the ILD composition driven by its deposition and etch process. This composition is reflected on sidewall spacers and depends on the topography of the underlying poly pattern. During contact etch, it impacts the etch rate of the ILD. As a result, the deposited W filling the damascene etched self-aligned trench contacts in the ILD may electrically short to the underlying gates in the areas of isolated poly. To mitigate the dependence of the ILD composition on poly pattern distribution, we proposed a special dummy feature generation with the interaction range defined by the ILD deposition and etch process. This helped equalize mid-range poly pattern density without disabling the routing capability with damascene trench contacts in the periphery which would have increased the layout footprint.

Development of a shear force measurement dummy for seat comfort.

PubMed

Kim, Seong Guk; Ko, Chang-Yong; Kim, Dong Hyun; Song, Ye Eun; Kang, Tae Uk; Ahn, Sungwoo; Lim, Dohyung; Kim, Han Sung

2017-01-01

Seat comfort is one of the main factors that consumers consider when purchasing a car. In this study, we develop a dummy with a shear-force sensor to evaluate seat comfort. The sensor has dimensions of 25 mm × 25 mm × 26 mm and is made of S45C. Electroless nickel plating is employed to coat its surface in order to prevent corrosion and oxidation. The proposed sensor is validated using a qualified load cell and shows high accuracy and precision (measurement range: -30-30 N; sensitivity: 0.1 N; linear relationship: R = 0.999; transverse sensitivity: <1%). The dummy is manufactured in compliance with the SAE standards (SAE J826) and incorporates shear sensors into its design. We measure the shear force under four driving conditions and at five different speeds using a sedan; results showed that the shear force increases with speed under all driving conditions. In the case of acceleration and deceleration, shear force significantly changes in the lower body of the dummy. During right and left turns, it significantly changes in the upper body of the dummy.

Design, Fabrication and Testing of a Satellite Electron Beam System.

DTIC Science & Technology

1980-05-16

Oide , ft necessar and fdernuhv b blockr ... mber) Desiqn, Development, Fabrication and Test of Electron Beam System for use in a Satellite Vehicle. DD...1.6 Dscription oF SP:BS The SPIBS instrument was a two centimeter diameter ion source using Xenon gas as the expellant, having a hollow cathode with an...fully tested using dummy guns. Special gun opening tests using real guns were employed in vacuum tests to determine that there was no cathode poison

A method for estimating the effect of vehicle crashworthiness design changes on injuries and fatalities

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1998-02-01

A general methodology is developed for estimating the change in the number of injuries and fatalities expected as a result of a change in vehicle crashworthiness design. It is assumed that crash tests have provided information on dummy response measu...

49 CFR 572.15 - General description.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) ANTHROPOMORPHIC TEST DEVICES 3-Year-Old Child § 572.15 General description. (a) The dummy consists of the component assemblies specified in drawing SA 103C 001, which are described in their entirety by means of approximately 122 drawings and specifications and an...

Cross-correlation between the controlled collision environment and real-world motor vehicle collisions: Evaluating the protection of the thoracic side airbag.

PubMed

Gaylor, Luke; Junge, Mirko; Abanteriba, Sylvester

2018-05-19

Thoracic side airbags (tSABs) were integrated into the vehicle fleet to attenuate and distribute forces on the occupant's chest and abdomen, dissipate the impact energy, and move the occupant away from the intruding structure, all of which reduce the risk of injury. This research piece investigates and evaluates the safety performance of the airbag unit by cross-correlating data from a controlled collision environment with field data. We focus exclusively on vehicle-vehicle lateral impacts from the NHTSA's Vehicle Crash Test Database and NASS-CDS database, which are replicated in the controlled environment by the (crabbed) barrier impact. Similar collisions with and without seat-embedded tSABs are matched to each other and the injury risks are compared. Results indicated that dummy-based thoracic injury metrics were significantly lower with tSAB exposure (P <.001). Yet, when the controlled collision environment data were cross-correlated with NASS-CDS collisions, deployment of the tSAB indicated no association with thoracic injury (tho. MAIS 2+ unadjusted relative risk [RR] = 1.14; 90% confidence interval [CI], 0.80-1.62; tho. MAIS 3+ unadjusted RR = 1.12; 90% CI, 0.76-1.65). The data from the controlled collision environment indicated an unequivocal benefit provided by the thoracic side airbag for the crash dummy; however, the real-world collisions demonstrate that no benefit is provided to the occupant. This has resulted from a noncorrelation between the crash test/dummy-based design taking the abstracting process too far to represent the real-world collision scenario.

Deflection measurement system for the hybrid iii six-year-old biofidelic abdomen.

PubMed

Gregory, T Stan; Howes, Meghan K; Rouhana, Stephen W; Hardy, Warren N

2012-01-01

Motor vehicle collisions are the leading cause of death for children ages 5 to 14. Enhancement of child occupant protection is partly dependent on the ability to accurately assess the interaction of child-size occupants with restraint systems. Booster seat design and belt fit are evaluated using child anthropomorphic test devices, such as the Hybrid III 6-year-old dummy., A biofidelic abdomen for the Hybrid III 6-year-old dummy is being developed by the Ford Motor Company to enhance the dummy’s ability to assess injury risk and further quantify submarining risk by measuring abdominal deflection. A practical measurement system for the biofidelic abdominal insert has been developed and demonstrated for three dimensional determination of abdominal deflection. Quantification of insert deflection is achieved via differential signal measurement using electrodes mounted within a conductive medium. Signal amplitude is proportional to the distance between the electrodes. A microcontroller is used to calculate distances between ventral electrodes and a dorsal electrode in three dimensions. This system has been calibrated statically, and its performance demonstrated in a series of sled tests. Deflection measurements from the instrumented abdominal insert indicate performance differences between two booster seat designs, yielding an average peak anterior to posterior displacement of the abdomen of 1.0 ± 3.4 mm and 31.2 ± 7.2 mm for the seats, respectively. Implementation of a 6-year-old abdominal insert with the ability to evaluate submarining potential will likely help safety researchers further enhance booster seat design and interaction with vehicle restraint systems , and help to further understand child occupant injury risk in automobile collisions.

49 CFR 572.144 - Thorax assembly and test procedure.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... dummy (drawing 210-0000) is impacted by a test probe conforming to § 572.146(a) at 6.0 ±0.1 m/s (19.7 ±0... corridor, the peak force, measured by the probe-mounted accelerometer as defined in § 572.146(a) and... midsagittal plane so that the impact point of the longitudinal centerline of the probe coincides with the...

49 CFR 572.144 - Thorax assembly and test procedure.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... dummy (drawing 210-0000) is impacted by a test probe conforming to § 572.146(a) at 6.0 ±0.1 m/s (19.7 ±0... corridor, the peak force, measured by the probe-mounted accelerometer as defined in § 572.146(a) and... midsagittal plane so that the impact point of the longitudinal centerline of the probe coincides with the...

49 CFR 572.144 - Thorax assembly and test procedure.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... dummy (drawing 210-0000) is impacted by a test probe conforming to § 572.146(a) at 6.0 ±0.1 m/s (19.7 ±0... corridor, the peak force, measured by the probe-mounted accelerometer as defined in § 572.146(a) and... midsagittal plane so that the impact point of the longitudinal centerline of the probe coincides with the...

49 CFR 572.144 - Thorax assembly and test procedure.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... dummy (drawing 210-0000) is impacted by a test probe conforming to § 572.146(a) at 6.0 ±0.1 m/s (19.7 ±0... corridor, the peak force, measured by the probe-mounted accelerometer as defined in § 572.146(a) and... midsagittal plane so that the impact point of the longitudinal centerline of the probe coincides with the...

Joint Control for Dummies: An Elaboration of Lowenkron's Model of Joint (Stimulus) Control

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Sidener, David W.

2006-01-01

The following paper describes Lowenkron's model of joint (stimulus) control. Joint control is described as a means of accounting for performances, especially generalized performances, for which a history of contingency control does not provide an adequate account. Examples are provided to illustrate instances in which joint control may facilitate…

49 CFR 572.192 - Head assembly.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 49 Transportation 7 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Head assembly. 572.192 Section 572.192... Test Dummy, Small Adult Female § 572.192 Head assembly. (a) The head assembly consists of the head (180...) of this section, the head assembly shall meet performance requirements specified in paragraph (c) of...

49 CFR 572.182 - Head assembly.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 49 Transportation 7 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Head assembly. 572.182 Section 572.182... Test Dummy, 50th Percentile Adult Male § 572.182 Head assembly. (a) The head assembly consists of the..., the head assembly shall meet performance requirements specified in paragraph (c) of this section. (b...

49 CFR 572.182 - Head assembly.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 49 Transportation 7 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Head assembly. 572.182 Section 572.182... Dummy, 50th Percentile Adult Male § 572.182 Head assembly. (a) The head assembly consists of the head... assembly shall meet performance requirements specified in paragraph (c) of this section. (b) Test procedure...

49 CFR 572.182 - Head assembly.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 49 Transportation 7 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Head assembly. 572.182 Section 572.182... Dummy, 50th Percentile Adult Male § 572.182 Head assembly. (a) The head assembly consists of the head... assembly shall meet performance requirements specified in paragraph (c) of this section. (b) Test procedure...

49 CFR 572.192 - Head assembly.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 49 Transportation 7 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Head assembly. 572.192 Section 572.192... Test Dummy, Small Adult Female § 572.192 Head assembly. (a) The head assembly consists of the head (180...) of this section, the head assembly shall meet performance requirements specified in paragraph (c) of...

49 CFR 572.182 - Head assembly.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 49 Transportation 7 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Head assembly. 572.182 Section 572.182... Dummy, 50th Percentile Adult Male § 572.182 Head assembly. (a) The head assembly consists of the head... assembly shall meet performance requirements specified in paragraph (c) of this section. (b) Test procedure...

49 CFR 572.182 - Head assembly.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 49 Transportation 7 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Head assembly. 572.182 Section 572.182... Test Dummy, 50th Percentile Adult Male § 572.182 Head assembly. (a) The head assembly consists of the..., the head assembly shall meet performance requirements specified in paragraph (c) of this section. (b...

49 CFR 572.184 - Shoulder assembly.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 49 Transportation 7 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Shoulder assembly. 572.184 Section 572.184... Test Dummy, 50th Percentile Adult Male § 572.184 Shoulder assembly. (a) The shoulder (175-3000) is part... (b) of this section, the shoulder assembly shall meet performance requirements of paragraph (c) of...

49 CFR 572.184 - Shoulder assembly.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 49 Transportation 7 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Shoulder assembly. 572.184 Section 572.184... Test Dummy, 50th Percentile Adult Male § 572.184 Shoulder assembly. (a) The shoulder (175-3000) is part... (b) of this section, the shoulder assembly shall meet performance requirements of paragraph (c) of...

Exploring Ways to Improve DTAG Deployment Success Rates with the ARTS Pneumatic Launcher

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-09-30

spring, four springs, no spring), and a different shock absorber system has been developed, (the giraffe leg technique or GL, Figure 2), which has...GL ( giraffe leg technique) with 3 studs (right) WORK COMPLETED During the testing period various dummy whale targets were constructed for

A theoretical-electron-density databank using a model of real and virtual spherical atoms.

PubMed

Nassour, Ayoub; Domagala, Slawomir; Guillot, Benoit; Leduc, Theo; Lecomte, Claude; Jelsch, Christian

2017-08-01

A database describing the electron density of common chemical groups using combinations of real and virtual spherical atoms is proposed, as an alternative to the multipolar atom modelling of the molecular charge density. Theoretical structure factors were computed from periodic density functional theory calculations on 38 crystal structures of small molecules and the charge density was subsequently refined using a density model based on real spherical atoms and additional dummy charges on the covalent bonds and on electron lone-pair sites. The electron-density parameters of real and dummy atoms present in a similar chemical environment were averaged on all the molecules studied to build a database of transferable spherical atoms. Compared with the now-popular databases of transferable multipolar parameters, the spherical charge modelling needs fewer parameters to describe the molecular electron density and can be more easily incorporated in molecular modelling software for the computation of electrostatic properties. The construction method of the database is described. In order to analyse to what extent this modelling method can be used to derive meaningful molecular properties, it has been applied to the urea molecule and to biotin/streptavidin, a protein/ligand complex.

[Evaluation of acoustic effectiveness of personnel protectors from extra-aural exposure to aviation noise].

PubMed

Dragan, S P; Soldatov, S K; Bogomolov, A V; Drozdov, S V; Poliakov, N M

2013-01-01

Purpose of the investigation was to validate testing acoustic effectiveness of a personnel vest-like protector (PP) from extra-aural exposure to aviation noise. Levels of aviation noise for PP testing were determined through calculation. Vest effectiveness in protecting from acoustic vibration generated by high-intensity aviation noise was evaluated both in laboratory and field tests. For comparison analysis, PP was also tested with a dummy exposed on a special tester, i.e. acoustic interferometer.

Injury risk curves for the WorldSID 50th male dummy.

PubMed

Petitjean, Audrey; Trosseille, Xavier; Praxl, Norbert; Hynd, David; Irwin, Annette

2012-10-01

The development of the WorldSID 50th percentile male dummy was initiated in 1997 by the International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO/TC22/SC12/WG5) with the objective of developing a more biofidelic side impact dummy and supporting the adoption of a harmonised dummy into regulations. The dummy is currently under evaluation at the Working Party on Passive Safety (GRSP) in order to be included in the pole side impact global technical regulation (GTR). Injury risk curves dedicated to this dummy and built on behalf of ISO/TC22/SC12/WG6 were proposed in order to assess the occupant safety performance (Petitjean et al. 2009). At that time, there was no recommendation yet on the injury criteria and no consensus on the most accurate statistical method to be used. Since 2009, ISO/TC22/SC12/WG6 reached a consensus on the definition of guidelines to build injury risk curves, including the use of the survival analysis, the distribution assessment and quality checks. These guidelines were applied to the WorldSID 50th results published in 2009 in order to be able to provide a final set of injury risk curves recommended by ISO/TC22/SC12/WG6. The paper presents the different steps of the guidelines as well as the recommended injury risk curves dedicated to the WorldSID 50th for lateral shoulder load, thoracic rib deflection, abdomen rib deflection and pubic force.

Advanced statistics: linear regression, part I: simple linear regression.

PubMed

Marill, Keith A

2004-01-01

Simple linear regression is a mathematical technique used to model the relationship between a single independent predictor variable and a single dependent outcome variable. In this, the first of a two-part series exploring concepts in linear regression analysis, the four fundamental assumptions and the mechanics of simple linear regression are reviewed. The most common technique used to derive the regression line, the method of least squares, is described. The reader will be acquainted with other important concepts in simple linear regression, including: variable transformations, dummy variables, relationship to inference testing, and leverage. Simplified clinical examples with small datasets and graphic models are used to illustrate the points. This will provide a foundation for the second article in this series: a discussion of multiple linear regression, in which there are multiple predictor variables.

Sub-cooled liquid nitrogen cryogenic system with neon turbo-refrigerator for HTS power equipment

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yoshida, S.; Hirai, H.; Nara, N.; Ozaki, S.; Hirokawa, M.; Eguchi, T.; Hayashi, H.; Iwakuma, M.; Shiohara, Y.

2014-01-01

We developed a prototype sub-cooled liquid nitrogen (LN) circulation system for HTS power equipment. The system consists of a neon turbo-Brayton refrigerator with a LN sub-cooler and LN circulation pump unit. The neon refrigerator has more than 2 kW cooling power at 65 K. The LN sub-cooler is a plate-fin type heat exchanger and is installed in a refrigerator cold box. In order to carry out the system performance tests, a dummy cryostat having an electric heater was set instead of a HTS power equipment. Sub-cooled LN is delivered into the sub-cooler by the LN circulation pump and cooled within it. After the sub-cooler, sub-cooled LN goes out from the cold box to the dummy cryostat, and comes back to the pump unit. The system can control an outlet sub-cooled LN temperature by adjusting refrigerator cooling power. The refrigerator cooling power is automatically controlled by the turbo-compressor rotational speed. In the performance tests, we increased an electric heater power from 200 W to 1300 W abruptly. We confirmed the temperature fluctuation was about ±1 K. We show the cryogenic system details and performance test results in this paper.

49 CFR 572.194 - Shoulder.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

..., while the midsagittal plane of the dummy is in vertical orientation. (4) Push the dummy at the knees and... back until the back of the upper torso is in contact with the seat back. (5) While maintaining the...

Crew escape system test at Naval Weapons Center, China Lake, California

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1988-01-01

As part of a crew escape system (CES) test program, a lifelike dummy is pulled by a tractor rocket from an airborne Convair-240 (C-240) aircraft at Naval Weapons Center, China Lake, California. A P-3 chase plane accompanies the C-240. The C-240 was modified with a space shuttle side hatch mockup for the tests which will evaluate candidate concepts developed to provide crew egress capability during Space Shuttle controlled gliding flight.

Vertical drop test of a transport fuselage section located forward of the wing

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Williams, M. S.; Hayduk, R. J.

1983-01-01

A Boeing 707 fuselage section was drop tested at the NASA Langley Research Center to measure structural, seat, and occupant response to vertical crack loads. Post-test inspection showed that the section bottom collapsed inward approximately 2 ft. Preliminary data traces indicated maximum normal accelerations of 20 g on the fuselage bottom, 10 to 12 g on the cabin floor, and 6.5 to 8 g in the pelvises of the anthropomorphic dummies.

Preventing passenger vehicle occupant injuries by vehicle design--a historical perspective from IIHS.

PubMed

O'Neill, Brian

2009-04-01

Motor vehicle crashes result in some 1.2 million deaths and many more injuries worldwide each year and is one of the biggest public health problems facing societies today. This article reviews the history of, and future potential for, one important countermeasure-designing vehicles that reduce occupant deaths and injuries. For many years, people had urged automakers to add design features to reduce crash injuries, but it was not until the mid-1960s that the idea of pursuing vehicle countermeasures gained any significant momentum. In 1966, the U.S. Congress passed the National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act, requiring the government to issue a comprehensive set of vehicle safety standards. This was the first broad set of requirements issued anywhere in the world, and within a few years similar standards were adopted in Europe and Australia. Early vehicle safety standards specified a variety of safety designs resulting in cars being equipped with lap/shoulder belts, energy-absorbing steering columns, crash-resistant door locks, high-penetration-resistant windshields, etc. Later, the standards moved away from specifying particular design approaches and instead used crash tests and instrumented dummies to set limits on the potential for serious occupant injuries by crash mode. These newer standards paved the way for an approach that used the marketplace, in addition to government regulation, to improve vehicle safety designs-using crash tests and instrumented dummies to provide consumers with comparative safety ratings for new vehicles. The approach began in the late 1970s, when NHTSA started publishing injury measures from belted dummies in new passenger vehicles subjected to frontal barrier crash tests at speeds somewhat higher than specified in the corresponding regulation. This program became the world's first New Car Assessment Program (NCAP) and rated frontal crashworthiness by awarding stars (five stars being the best and one the worst) derived from head and chest injury measures recorded on driver and front-seat test dummies. NHTSA later added side crash tests and rollover ratings to the U.S. NCAP. Consumer crash testing spread worldwide in the 1990s. In 1995, the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS) began using frontal offset crash tests to rate and compare frontal crashworthiness and later added side and rear crash assessments. Shortly after, Europe launched EuroNCAP to assesses new car performance including front, side, and front-end pedestrian tests. The influence of these consumer-oriented crash test programs on vehicle designs has been major. From the beginning, U.S. NCAP results prompted manufacturers to improve seat belt performance. Frontal offset tests from IIHS and EuroNCAP resulted in greatly improved front-end crumple zones and occupant compartments. Side impact tests have similarly resulted in improved side structures and accelerated the introduction of side impact airbags, especially those designed to protect occupant's heads. Vehicle safety designs, initially driven by regulations and later by consumer demand because of crash testing, have proven to be very successful public health measures. Since they were first introduced in the late 1960s, vehicle safety designs have saved hundreds of thousands of lives and prevented countless injuries worldwide. The designs that improved vehicle crashworthiness have been particularly effective. Some newer crash avoidance designs also have the potential to be effective-e.g., electronic stability control is already saving many lives in single-vehicle crashes. However, determining the actual effectiveness of these new technologies is a slow process and needs real-world crash experience because there are no assessment equivalent of crash tests for crash avoidance designs.

Convair-240 aircraft modified with shuttle hatch for CES testing

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1987-01-01

Shuttle Crew Escape System (CES) hardware includes space shuttle side hatch incorporated into Convair-240 aircraft at Naval Weapons Center, China Lake, California. Closeup shows dummy positioned in the Convair-240 escape hatch. Beginning this month, tests will be conducted here to evaluate a tractor rocket system - one of two escape methods being studied by NASA to provide crew egress capability during Space Shuttle controlled gliding flight.

Social interactions between live and artificial weakly electric fish: Electrocommunication and locomotor behavior of Mormyrus rume proboscirostris towards a mobile dummy fish

PubMed Central

Kirschbaum, Frank; von der Emde, Gerhard

2017-01-01

Mormyrid weakly electric fish produce short, pulse-type electric organ discharges for actively probing their environment and to communicate with conspecifics. Animals emit sequences of pulse-trains that vary in overall frequency and temporal patterning and can lead to time-locked interactions with the discharge activity of other individuals. Both active electrolocation and electrocommunication are additionally accompanied by stereotypical locomotor patterns. However, the concrete roles of electrical and locomotor patterns during social interactions in mormyrids are not well understood. Here we used a mobile fish dummy that was emitting different types of electrical playback sequences to study following behavior and interaction patterns (electrical and locomotor) between individuals of weakly electric fish. We confronted single individuals of Mormyrus rume proboscirostris with a mobile dummy fish designed to attract fish from a shelter and recruit them into an open area by emitting electrical playbacks of natural discharge sequences. We found that fish were reliably recruited by the mobile dummy if it emitted electrical signals and followed it largely independently of the presented playback patterns. While following the dummy, fish interacted with it spatially by displaying stereotypical motor patterns, as well as electrically, e.g. through discharge regularizations and by synchronizing their own discharge activity to the playback. However, the overall emission frequencies of the dummy were not adopted by the following fish. Instead, social signals based on different temporal patterns were emitted depending on the type of playback. In particular, double pulses were displayed in response to electrical signaling of the dummy and their expression was positively correlated with an animals' rank in the dominance hierarchy. Based on additional analysis of swimming trajectories and stereotypical locomotor behavior patterns, we conclude that the reception and emission of electrical communication signals play a crucial role in mediating social interactions in mormyrid weakly electric fish. PMID:28902915

No effect of bipolar interferential electrotherapy and pulsed ultrasound for soft tissue shoulder disorders: a randomised controlled trial

PubMed Central

van der Heijden, G. J M G; Leffers, P.; Wolters, P.; Verheijden, J.; van Mameren, H.; Houben, J.; Bouter, L.; Knipschild, P.

1999-01-01

OBJECTIVE—To assess the efficacy of bipolar interferential electrotherapy (ET) and pulsed ultrasound (US) as adjuvants to exercise therapy for soft tissue shoulder disorders (SD).
METHODS—Randomised placebo controlled trial with a two by two factorial design plus an additional control group in 17 primary care physiotherapy practices in the south of the Netherlands. Patients with shoulder pain and/or restricted shoulder mobility, because of a soft tissue impairment without underlying specific or generalised condition, were enrolled if they had not recovered after six sessions of exercise therapy in two weeks. They were randomised to receive (1) active ET plus active US; (2) active ET plus dummy US; (3) dummy ET plus active US; (4) dummy ET plus dummy US; or (5) no adjuvants. Additionally, they received a maximum of 12 sessions of exercise therapy in six weeks. Measurements at baseline, 6 weeks and 3, 6, 9, and 12 months later were blinded for treatment. Outcome measures: recovery, functional status, chief complaint, pain, clinical status, and range of motion.
RESULTS—After written informed consent 180 patients were randomised: both the active treatments were given to 73 patients, both the dummy treatments to 72 patients, and 35 patients received no adjuvants. Prognosis of groups appeared similar at baseline. Blinding was successfully maintained. At six weeks seven patients (20%) without adjuvants reported very large improvement (including complete recovery), 17 (23%) and 16 (22%) with active and dummy ET, and 19 (26%) and 14 (19%) with active and dummy US. These proportions increased to about 40% at three months, but remained virtually stable thereafter. Up to 12 months follow up the 95% CI for differences between groups for all outcomes include zero.
CONCLUSION—Neither ET nor US prove to be effective as adjuvants to exercise therapy for soft tissue SD.

 PMID:10460185

Methodological questions of creating tissue-equivalent phantoms

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Kolodkin, A. V.; Popov, V. I.; Sychkov, M. A.; Nikl, I.; Erdei, M.; Eyben, O.

1974-01-01

On the basis of analysis and generalization of literature data, the composition of tissue equivalent plastic was justified, parameters of a standard man were determined, plaster and metal forms were created for casting dummies, and an experimental model was produced from tissue equivalent material.

49 CFR 572.121 - General description.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... Dummy, Beta Version § 572.121 General description. (a) The Hybrid III type 6-year-old dummy is defined... specifications package P/N 127-0000, the titles of which are listed in Table A; (2) Procedures for Assembly...

The influence of a smoking ban on the profitability of Belgian restaurants.

PubMed

De Schoenmaker, Sofie; Van Cauwenberge, Philippe; Vander Bauwhede, Heidi

2013-05-01

To examine whether the nationwide smoking ban, imposed in 2007, had an impact on the profitability of Belgian restaurants. Objective financial reporting data on 1613 restaurants were analysed with return on assets as the outcome measure. The data were collected from the Belfirst database and cover the period 2004-2009. To assess the impact of the smoking ban, a differences-in-differences estimation method was used, with bars serving as the control group. The regression model was estimated, while controlling for firm-specific characteristics and unobserved firm-level heterogeneity. The variable of interest is the interaction between the smoking ban dummy and the dummy for the treatment group. The coefficient of this variable is insignificant. The adoption of the nationwide smoking ban did not affect the profitability of Belgian restaurants.

Robust boundary treatment for open-channel flows in divergence-free incompressible SPH

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pahar, Gourabananda; Dhar, Anirban

2017-03-01

A robust Incompressible Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (ISPH) framework is developed to simulate specified inflow and outflow boundary conditions for open-channel flow. Being purely divergence-free, the framework offers smoothed and structured pressure distribution. An implicit treatment of Pressure Poison Equation and Dirichlet boundary condition is applied on free-surface to minimize error in velocity-divergence. Beyond inflow and outflow threshold, multiple layers of dummy particles are created according to specified boundary condition. Inflow boundary acts as a soluble wave-maker. Fluid particles beyond outflow threshold are removed and replaced with dummy particles with specified boundary velocity. The framework is validated against different cases of open channel flow with different boundary conditions. The model can efficiently capture flow evolution and vortex generation for random geometry and variable boundary conditions.

49 CFR Appendix A to Subpart V of... - Figures

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 49 Transportation 7 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Figures A Appendix A to Subpart V of Part 572 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation (Continued) NATIONAL HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SAFETY... Test Dummy, Small Adult Female Pt. 572, Subpt. V, App. A Appendix A to Subpart V of Part 572—Figures...

49 CFR Appendix A to Subpart V of... - Figures

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 49 Transportation 7 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Figures A Appendix A to Subpart V of Part 572 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation (Continued) NATIONAL HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SAFETY... Test Dummy, Small Adult Female Pt. 572, Subpt. V, App. A Appendix A to Subpart V of Part 572—Figures...

49 CFR 572.198 - Pelvis acetabulum.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 49 Transportation 7 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Pelvis acetabulum. 572.198 Section 572.198... Test Dummy, Small Adult Female § 572.198 Pelvis acetabulum. (a) The acetabulum is part of the lower... pelvis accelerometer as specified in 49 CFR 572.200(d), acetabulum load cell SA572-S68, mounted as shown...

49 CFR 572.198 - Pelvis acetabulum.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 49 Transportation 7 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Pelvis acetabulum. 572.198 Section 572.198... Test Dummy, Small Adult Female § 572.198 Pelvis acetabulum. (a) The acetabulum is part of the lower... pelvis accelerometer as specified in 49 CFR 572.200(d), acetabulum load cell SA572-S68, mounted as shown...

Crash Test Dummies or Knowledgeable Practitioners? Evaluating the Impact of Professional Development.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Harrison, Roger; Edwards, Richard; Brown, Jonathan

2001-01-01

Draws on the authors' experience of developing and presenting an Open University Masters level course: Guidance and Counselling in Learning. Explores the diversity of contexts for guidance practices and the assumptions about the relationship between theory and practice that is embedded in various approaches to professional development. (Contains…

49 CFR 572.154 - Thorax assembly and test procedure.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... R5 of this subpart, with the lower limbs extended forward, parallel to the midsagittal plane and the arms 0 to 5 degrees forward of vertical. The dummy's midsagittal plane is vertical within ±/1 degree... alignment). (4) Establish the impact point at the chest midsagittal plane so that the impact point of the...

Quality assurance in MR image guided adaptive brachytherapy for cervical cancer: Final results of the EMBRACE study dummy run.

PubMed

Kirisits, Christian; Federico, Mario; Nkiwane, Karen; Fidarova, Elena; Jürgenliemk-Schulz, Ina; de Leeuw, Astrid; Lindegaard, Jacob; Pötter, Richard; Tanderup, Kari

2015-12-01

Upfront quality assurance (QA) is considered essential when starting a multicenter clinical trial in radiotherapy. Despite the long experience gained for external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) trials, there are only limited audit QA methods for brachytherapy (BT) and none include the specific aspects of image guided adaptive brachytherapy (IGABT). EMBRACE is a prospective multicenter trial aiming to assess the impact of (MRI)-based IGABT in locally advanced cervical cancer. An EMBRACE dummy run was designed to identify sources and magnitude of uncertainties and errors considered important for the evaluation of clinical, and dosimetric parameters and their relation to outcome. Contouring, treatment planning and dose reporting was evaluated and scored with a categorical scale of 1-10. Active feedback to centers was provided to improve protocol compliance and reporting. A second dummy run was required in case of major deviations (score <7) for any item. Overall 27/30 centers passed the dummy run. 16 centers had to repeat the dummy run in order to clarify major inconsistencies to the protocol. The most pronounced variations were related to contouring for both EBRT and BT. Centers with experience in IGABT (>30 cases) had better performance as compared to centers with limited experience. The comprehensive dummy run designed for the EMBRACE trial has been a feasible tool for QA in IGABT of cervix cancer. It should be considered for future IGABT trials and could serve as the basis for continuous quality checks for brachytherapy centers. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

Lack of a decline in HIV incidence in a rural community with high HIV prevalence in South Africa, 2003-2007.

PubMed

Bärnighausen, Till; Tanser, Frank; Newell, Marie-Louise

2009-04-01

To understand the dynamics of the HIV epidemic and to plan HIV treatment and prevention programs, it is critical to know how HIV incidence in a population evolves over time. We used data from a large population-based longitudinal HIV surveillance in a rural community in South Africa to test whether HIV incidence in this population has changed in the period from 2003 through 2007. We observed 563 seroconversions in 8095 individuals over 16,256 person-years at risk, yielding an overall HIV incidence of 3.4 per 100 person-years (95% confidence interval 3.1-3.7). We included time-dependent period dummy variables (in half-yearly increments) in age-stratified Cox regressions in order to test for trends in HIV incidence. We first did regression analyses separately for women and men. In both regressions, the coefficients of all period dummy variables were individually insignificant (all p > or = 0.338) and jointly insignificant (p = 0.764 and p = 0.111, respectively). We then did regression analysis using the pooled data on women and men, controlling for sex and interactions between sex and age. Again, the coefficients of the eight period dummy variables were individually insignificant (all p > or = 0.387) and jointly insignificant (p = 0.701). We show for the first time that high levels of HIV incidence have been maintained without any sign of decline over the past 5 years in both women and men in a rural South African community with high HIV prevalence. It is unlikely that the HIV epidemic in rural South Africa can be reversed without new or intensified efforts to prevent HIV infection.

Worldsid Assessment of Far Side Impact Countermeasures

PubMed Central

Pintar, Frank A.; Yoganandan, Narayan; Stemper, Brian D.; Bostrom, Ola; Rouhana, Stephen W.; Smith, Stuart; Sparke, Laurie; Fildes, Brian N.; Digges, Kennerly H.

2006-01-01

Far side impact trauma has been demonstrated as a significant portion of the total trauma in side impacts. The objective of the study was to assess the potential usefulness of countermeasures and assess the trade-offs associated with generic countermeasure design. Because the WorldSID dummy has demonstrated promise as a potential far side impact dummy, it was chosen to assess countermeasures in this mode. A unique far side impact buck was designed for a sled test system that included, as a standard configuration, a center console and outboard three-point belt system. This configuration assumed a left side driver with a right side impact. The buck allowed for additional options of generic restraints including shoulder or thorax plates or an inboard shoulder belt. The entire buck could be mounted on the sled in either a 90-degree (3-o’clock PDOF) or a 60-degree (2-o’clock PDOF) orientation. A total of 19 WorldSID tests were completed. The inboard shoulder belt configuration produced high shear forces in the lower neck (2430 N) when the belt position was placed over the mid portion of the neck. Shear forces were reduced and of opposite sign when the inboard belt position was horizontal and over the shoulder; forces were similar to the standard outboard belt configuration (830 – 1100 N). A shoulder or thorax restraint was effective in limiting the head excursion, but each caused significant displacement at the corresponding region on the dummy. A shoulder restraint resulted in shoulder displacements of 30 – 43 mm. A thorax restraint caused thorax deflections of 39 – 64 mm. Inboard restraints for far side impacts can be effective in reducing head excursion but the specific design and placement of these restraints determine their overall injury mitigating characteristics. PMID:16968638

Submarine Hydraulic Fluid Explosion Mitigation and Fire Threats to Ordnance

DTIC Science & Technology

2005-01-18

capable of absorbing large amounts of energy from a developing explosion if the mist can be delivered, in sufficient quantity, to the point of origin of...doors (H8, H13 , H14, D10, D11, SI and S2 in Figure 1) during the explosion tests. In addition, the frame bay ducts that connect 3 the torpedo room and...appreciable impact on the overpressure, explosion tests were run with and without the dummy ordnance. Two replicate tests of each configuration were conducted

Male and Female Cervical Spine Biomechanics and Anatomy: Implication for Scaling Injury Criteria.

PubMed

Yoganandan, Narayan; Bass, Cameron R; Voo, Liming; Pintar, Frank A

2017-05-01

There is an increased need to develop female-specific injury criteria and anthropomorphic test devices (dummies) for military and automotive environments, especially as women take occupational roles traditionally reserved for men. Although some exhaustive reviews on the biomechanics and injuries of the human spine have appeared in clinical and bioengineering literatures, focus has been largely ignored on the difference between male and female cervical spine responses and characteristics. Current neck injury criteria for automotive dummies for assessing crashworthiness and occupant safety are obtained from animal and human cadaver experiments, computational modeling, and human volunteer studies. They are also used in the military. Since the average human female spines are smaller than average male spines, metrics specific to the female population may be derived using simple geometric scaling, based on the assumption that male and female spines are geometrically scalable. However, as described in this technical brief, studies have shown that the biomechanical responses between males and females do not obey strict geometric similitude. Anatomical differences in terms of the structural component geometry are also different between the two cervical spines. Postural, physiological, and motion responses under automotive scenarios are also different. This technical brief, focused on such nonuniform differences, underscores the need to conduct female spine-specific evaluations/experiments to derive injury criteria for this important group of the population.

Potential technique for improving the survival of victims of tsunamis

PubMed Central

Suga, Hisami; Prochazka, Zdenek; Suzuki, Kojiro; Oguri, Kazumasa; Inoue, Tetsunori

2018-01-01

We investigated a method for surviving tsunamis that involved the use of personal flotation devices (PFDs). In our work, we succeeded in numerically demonstrating that the heads of all the dummies wearing PFDs remained on the surface and were not dragged underwater after the artificial tsunami wave hit them. In contrast, the heads of all the dummies not wearing PFDs were drawn underwater immediately; these dummies were subsequently entrapped in a vortex. The results of our series of experiments are important as a first step to preventing the tragedies caused by tsunamis. PMID:29791490

MULTIPLE SETS OF TWIN SLABS ON THE RUN OUT. THE ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

MULTIPLE SETS OF TWIN SLABS ON THE RUN OUT. THE RUN OUT INCLUDES THE TRAVELING TORCH WHICH CUTS SLABS TO DESIRED LENGTH, AN IDENTIFICATION SYSTEM TO INDICATE HEAT NUMBER AND TRACE IDENTITY OF EVERY SLAB, AND A DEBURRING DEVICE TO SMOOTH SLABS. AT LEFT OF ROLLS IS THE DUMMY BAR. DUMMY BAR IS INSERTED UP THROUGH CONTAINMENT SECTION INTO MOLD PRIOR TO START OF CAST. WHEN STEEL IS INTRODUCED INTO MOLD IT CONNECTS WITH BAR AS CAST BEGINS, AT RUN OUT DUMMY BAR DISCONNECTS AND IS STORED. - U.S. Steel, Fairfield Works, Continuous Caster, Fairfield, Jefferson County, AL

MULTIPLE SETS OF TWIN SLABS ON THE RUN OUT. THE ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

MULTIPLE SETS OF TWIN SLABS ON THE RUN OUT. THE RUN OUT INCLUDES THE TRAVELING TORCH WHICH CUTS SLABS TO DESIRED LENGTH, AN IDENTIFICATION SYSTEM TO INDICATE HEAT NUMBER AND TRACE IDENTITY OF EVERY SLAB, AND A DEBURRING DEVICE TO SMOOTH SLABS. AT LEFT OF ROLLS IS THE DUMMY BAR. DUMMY BAR IS INSERTED UP THROUGH CONTAINMENT SECTION INTO MOLD PRIOR TO START OF CAST. WHEN STEEL IS INTRODUCED INTO MOLD IT CONNECTS WITH BAR AS CAST BEGINS, AT RUN OUT DUMMY BAR DISCONNECTS AND IS STORED - U.S. Steel, Fairfield Works, Continuous Caster, Fairfield, Jefferson County, AL

ACCELEROMETERS IN FLOW FIELDS: A STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF THE CHOPPED DUMMY INPILE TUBE

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Howard, T. K.; Marcum, W. R.; Latimer, G. D.

2016-06-01

Four tests characterizing the structural response of the Chopped-Dummy In-Pile tube (CDIPT) experiment design were measured in the Hydro-Mechanical Fuel Test Facility (HMFTF). Four different test configurations were tried. These configurations tested the pressure drop and flow impact of various plate configurations and flow control orifices to be used later at different reactor power levels. Accelerometers were placed on the test vehicle and flow simulation housing. A total of five accelerometers were used with one on the top and bottom of the flow simulator and vehicle, and one on the outside of the flow simulator. Data were collected at amore » series of flow rates for 5 seconds each at an acquisition rate of 2 kHz for a Nyquist frequency of 1 kHz. The data were then analyzed using a Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) algorithm. The results show very coherent vibrations of the CDIPT experiment on the order of 50 Hz in frequency and 0.01 m/s2 in magnitude. The coherent vibrations, although small in magnitude pose a potential design problem if the frequencies coincide with the natural frequency of the fueled plates or test vehicle. The accelerometer data was integrated and combined to create a 3D trace of the experiment during the test. The merits of this data as well as further anomalies and artifacts are also discussed as well as their relation to the instrumentation and experiment design.« less

49 CFR 572.124 - Thorax assembly and test procedure.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... by a test probe conforming to section 572.127(a) at 6.71 ±0.12 m/s (22.0 ±0.4 ft/s) according to the..., the peak force, measured by the probe in accordance with section 572.127, shall not be less than 1150... centerline of the probe coincides with the midsagittal plane of the dummy within ±2.5 mm (0.1 in) and is 12.7...

49 CFR 572.124 - Thorax assembly and test procedure.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... by a test probe conforming to section 572.127(a) at 6.71 ±0.12 m/s (22.0 ±0.4 ft/s) according to the..., the peak force, measured by the probe in accordance with section 572.127, shall not be less than 1150... centerline of the probe coincides with the midsagittal plane of the dummy within ±2.5 mm (0.1 in) and is 12.7...

49 CFR 572.124 - Thorax assembly and test procedure.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... by a test probe conforming to section 572.127(a) at 6.71 ±0.12 m/s (22.0 ±0.4 ft/s) according to the..., the peak force, measured by the probe in accordance with section 572.127, shall not be less than 1150... centerline of the probe coincides with the midsagittal plane of the dummy within ±2.5 mm (0.1 in) and is 12.7...

49 CFR 572.124 - Thorax assembly and test procedure.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... by a test probe conforming to section 572.127(a) at 6.71 ±0.12 m/s (22.0 ±0.4 ft/s) according to the..., the peak force, measured by the probe in accordance with section 572.127, shall not be less than 1150... centerline of the probe coincides with the midsagittal plane of the dummy within ±2.5 mm (0.1 in) and is 12.7...

Using a Market Ratio Factor in Faculty Salary Equity Studies. Professional File Number 103, Spring 2007

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Luna, Andrew L.

2007-01-01

This study used two multiple regression analyses to develop an explanatory model to determine which model might best explain faculty salaries. The central purpose of the study was to determine if using a single market ratio variable was a stronger predictor for faculty salaries than the use of dummy variables representing various disciplines.…

15. VIEW OF DUMMY FUEL ELEMENT ON FUEL ELEMENT HOLDER. ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

15. VIEW OF DUMMY FUEL ELEMENT ON FUEL ELEMENT HOLDER. SHOWS AIR FORCE MAN AT EDGE OF TANK. INEL PHOTO NUMBER 65-6176, TAKEN NOVEMBER 10, 1965. - Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, Advanced Reentry Vehicle Fusing System, Scoville, Butte County, ID

Investigation of Inertial Properties of the Human Body

DTIC Science & Technology

1975-03-01

1.67 Principal Moments of Inertia CX 103 gm--c 2) Subject: 1 2 3 4 5 6 SD 1 14436 20449 23142 13555 12464 13116 16,193.7 4,079.0xx 1 9315 14320 18063...Handboox ’ Part 2, New York. Anthropomorphic Test Dummy. 1973. Auto Crash Performance, ___________ ____________Part 572, pp. 20449 -20456 in Federal

49 CFR 572.86 - Test conditions and dummy adjustment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... lying on a horizontal surface and the neck assembly mounted and shoulders on the edge of the surface... surface with the shoulders on the edge of the surface, mount the head and tighten the head bolt and nut... upper arm and tighten firmly the adjustment bolts for the shoulder joint with the upper arm placed in a...

49 CFR 572.86 - Test conditions and dummy adjustment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... lying on a horizontal surface and the neck assembly mounted and shoulders on the edge of the surface... surface with the shoulders on the edge of the surface, mount the head and tighten the head bolt and nut... upper arm and tighten firmly the adjustment bolts for the shoulder joint with the upper arm placed in a...

49 CFR 572.86 - Test conditions and dummy adjustment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... lying on a horizontal surface and the neck assembly mounted and shoulders on the edge of the surface... surface with the shoulders on the edge of the surface, mount the head and tighten the head bolt and nut... upper arm and tighten firmly the adjustment bolts for the shoulder joint with the upper arm placed in a...

49 CFR 572.86 - Test conditions and dummy adjustment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... lying on a horizontal surface and the neck assembly mounted and shoulders on the edge of the surface... surface with the shoulders on the edge of the surface, mount the head and tighten the head bolt and nut... upper arm and tighten firmly the adjustment bolts for the shoulder joint with the upper arm placed in a...

49 CFR 572.86 - Test conditions and dummy adjustment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... lying on a horizontal surface and the neck assembly mounted and shoulders on the edge of the surface... surface with the shoulders on the edge of the surface, mount the head and tighten the head bolt and nut... upper arm and tighten firmly the adjustment bolts for the shoulder joint with the upper arm placed in a...

49 CFR 572.115 - Lumbar spine and pelvis.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 49 Transportation 7 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Lumbar spine and pelvis. 572.115 Section 572.115... 50th Percentile Male § 572.115 Lumbar spine and pelvis. The specifications and test procedure for the lumbar spine and pelvis are identical to those for the SID dummy as set forth in § 572.42 except that the...

49 CFR 572.115 - Lumbar spine and pelvis.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 49 Transportation 7 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Lumbar spine and pelvis. 572.115 Section 572.115... 50th Percentile Male § 572.115 Lumbar spine and pelvis. The specifications and test procedure for the lumbar spine and pelvis are identical to those for the SID dummy as set forth in § 572.42 except that the...

49 CFR 572.115 - Lumbar spine and pelvis.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 49 Transportation 7 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Lumbar spine and pelvis. 572.115 Section 572.115... 50th Percentile Male § 572.115 Lumbar spine and pelvis. The specifications and test procedure for the lumbar spine and pelvis are identical to those for the SID dummy as set forth in § 572.42 except that the...

49 CFR 572.115 - Lumbar spine and pelvis.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 49 Transportation 7 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Lumbar spine and pelvis. 572.115 Section 572.115... 50th Percentile Male § 572.115 Lumbar spine and pelvis. The specifications and test procedure for the lumbar spine and pelvis are identical to those for the SID dummy as set forth in § 572.42 except that the...

49 CFR 572.115 - Lumbar spine and pelvis.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 49 Transportation 7 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Lumbar spine and pelvis. 572.115 Section 572.115... 50th Percentile Male § 572.115 Lumbar spine and pelvis. The specifications and test procedure for the lumbar spine and pelvis are identical to those for the SID dummy as set forth in § 572.42 except that the...

49 CFR 572.75 - Lumbar spine, abdomen, and pelvis assembly and test procedure.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... specified in Figure 42. (2) Adjust the dummy by— (i) Tightening the femur ballflange screws at each hip socket joint to 50 inch-pounds torque; (ii) Attaching the pelvis to the seating surface by a bolt D/605... drawing Figure 42. (iv) Tightening the mountings so that the pelvis-lumbar joining surface is horizontal...

49 CFR 572.75 - Lumbar spine, abdomen, and pelvis assembly and test procedure.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... specified in Figure 42. (2) Adjust the dummy by— (i) Tightening the femur ballflange screws at each hip socket joint to 50 inch-pounds torque; (ii) Attaching the pelvis to the seating surface by a bolt D/605... drawing Figure 42. (iv) Tightening the mountings so that the pelvis-lumbar joining surface is horizontal...

49 CFR 572.75 - Lumbar spine, abdomen, and pelvis assembly and test procedure.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... specified in Figure 42. (2) Adjust the dummy by— (i) Tightening the femur ballflange screws at each hip socket joint to 50 inch-pounds torque; (ii) Attaching the pelvis to the seating surface by a bolt D/605... drawing Figure 42. (iv) Tightening the mountings so that the pelvis-lumbar joining surface is horizontal...

49 CFR 572.75 - Lumbar spine, abdomen, and pelvis assembly and test procedure.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... specified in Figure 42. (2) Adjust the dummy by— (i) Tightening the femur ballflange screws at each hip socket joint to 50 inch-pounds torque; (ii) Attaching the pelvis to the seating surface by a bolt D/605... drawing Figure 42. (iv) Tightening the mountings so that the pelvis-lumbar joining surface is horizontal...

49 CFR 572.75 - Lumbar spine, abdomen, and pelvis assembly and test procedure.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... specified in Figure 42. (2) Adjust the dummy by— (i) Tightening the femur ballflange screws at each hip socket joint to 50 inch-pounds torque; (ii) Attaching the pelvis to the seating surface by a bolt D/605... drawing Figure 42. (iv) Tightening the mountings so that the pelvis-lumbar joining surface is horizontal...

49 CFR 572.124 - Thorax assembly and test procedure.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... horizontally and forward, parallel to the midsagittal plane, the midsagittal plane vertical within ±1 degree... the impact point at the chest midsagittal plane so that the impact point of the longitudinal centerline of the probe coincides with the midsagittal plane of the dummy within ±2.5 mm (0.1 in) and is 12.7...

Magnetic dummy molecularly imprinted polymers based on multi-walled carbon nanotubes for rapid selective solid-phase extraction of 4-nonylphenol in aqueous samples.

PubMed

Rao, Wei; Cai, Rong; Yin, Yuli; Long, Fang; Zhang, Zhaohui

2014-10-01

In this paper, a highly selective sample clean-up procedure combining magnetic dummy molecular imprinting with solid-phase extraction was developed for rapid separation and determination of 4-nonylphenol (NP) in the environmental water samples. The magnetic dummy molecularly imprinted polymers (mag-DMIPs) based on multi-walled carbon nanotubes were successfully synthesized with a surface molecular imprinting technique using 4-tert-octylphenol as the dummy template and tetraethylorthosilicate as the cross-linker. The maximum adsorption capacity of the mag-DMIPs for NP was 52.4 mg g(-1) and it took about 20 min to achieve the adsorption equilibrium. The mag-DMIPs exhibited the specific selective adsorption toward NP. Coupled with high performance liquid chromatography analysis, the mag-DMIPs were used to extract solid-phase and detect NP in real water samples successfully with the recoveries of 88.6-98.1%. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Transformer current sensor for superconducting magnetic coils

DOEpatents

Shen, S.S.; Wilson, C.T.

1985-04-16

The present invention is a current transformer for operating currents larger than 2kA (two kiloamps) that is capable of detecting a millivolt level resistive voltage in the presence of a large inductive voltage. Specifically, the present invention includes substantially cylindrical primary turns arranged to carry a primary current and substantially cylindrical secondary turns arranged coaxially with and only partially within the primary turns, the secondary turns including an active winding and a dummy winding, the active and dummy windings being coaxial, longitudinally separated and arranged to mutually cancel voltages excited by commonly experienced magnetic fields, the active winding but not the dummy winding being arranged within the primary turns.

49 CFR 571.208a - Optional test procedures for vehicles manufactured between January 27, 2004 and August 31, 2004.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... S16.3.3.1.9 and S16.3.3.1.10. S16.3.5.4 Remove all slack from the lap belt. Pull the upper torso... device, introduce the maximum amount of slack into the upper torso belt that is recommended by the..., place the Type 2 manual belt around the test dummy and fasten the latch. Remove all slack from the lap...

Evaluation of different magnetic resonance imaging contrast materials to be used as dummy markers in image-guided brachytherapy for gynecologic malignancies*

PubMed Central

Sales, Camila Pessoa; Carvalho, Heloisa de Andrade; Taverna, Khallil Chaim; Pastorello, Bruno Fraccini; Rubo, Rodrigo Augusto; Borgonovi, Arthur Felipe; Stuart, Silvia Radwanski; Rodrigues, Laura Natal

2016-01-01

Objective To identify a contrast material that could be used as a dummy marker for magnetic resonance imaging. Materials and Methods Magnetic resonance images were acquired with six different catheter-filling materials-water, glucose 50%, saline, olive oil, glycerin, and copper sulfate (CuSO4) water solution (2.08 g/L)-inserted into compatible computed tomography/magnetic resonance imaging ring applicators placed in a phantom made of gelatin and CuSO4. The best contrast media were tested in four patients with the applicators in place. Results In T2-weighted sequences, the best contrast was achieved with the CuSO4-filled catheters, followed by saline- and glycerin-filled catheters, which presented poor visualization. In addition (also in T2-weighted sequences), CuSO4 presented better contrast when tested in the phantom than when tested in the patients, in which it provided some contrast but with poor identification of the first dwell position, mainly in the ring. Conclusion We found CuSO4 to be the best solution for visualization of the applicator channels, mainly in T2-weighted images in vitro, although the materials tested presented low signal intensity in the images obtained in vivo, as well as poor precision in determining the first dwell position. PMID:27403016

Comparison Between THOR Anthropomorphic Test Device and THOR Finite Element Model

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Moore, Erik

2014-01-01

Extended time spent in reduced gravity can cause physiologic deconditioning of astronauts, reducing their ability to sustain excessive forces during dynamic phases of spaceflight such as landing. To make certain that the crew is safe during these phases, NASA must take caution when determining what types of landings are acceptable based on the accelerations applied to the astronaut. In order to test acceptable landings, various trials have been run accelerating humans, cadavers, and Anthropomorphic Test Devices (ATDs), or crash test dummies, at different acceleration and velocity rates on a sled testing platform. Using these tests, risks of injury will be created and metrics will be developed for the likelihood of injuries due to the acceleration. A finite element model (FEM) of the Test Device for Human Occupant Restraint (THOR) ATD has been developed that can simulate these test trials and others (Putnam, 2014), reducing the need for human and ATD testing. Additionally, this will give researchers a more effective way to test the accelerations and orientations encountered during spaceflight landings during design of new space vehicles for crewed missions. However, the FEM has not been proven and must be validated by comparing the forces, accelerations, and other measurements of all parts of the body between the physical tests already completed and computer simulated trials. The purpose of my research was to validate the FEM for the ATD using previously run trials with the physical THOR ATD.

Crash injury risks for obese occupants using a matched-pair analysis.

PubMed

Viano, David C; Parenteau, Chantal S; Edwards, Mark L

2008-03-01

The automotive safety community is questioning the impact of obesity on the performance and assessment of occupant protection systems. This study investigates fatality and serious injury risks for front-seat occupants by body mass index (BMI) using a matched-pair analysis. It also develops a simple model for the change in injury risk with obesity. A simple model was developed for the change in injury risk with obesity. It included the normal mass (m) and stiffness (k) of the body resisting compression during a blunt impact. Stiffness is assumed constant as weight is gained (Delta m). For a given impact severity, the risk of injury was assumed proportional to compression. Energy balance was used to determine injury risks with increasing mass. NASS-CDS field data were analyzed for calendar years 1993-2004. Occupant injury was divided into normal (18.5 kg/m2 < or = BMI < 25.0 kg/m2) and obese (BMI > o= 30 kg/m2) categories. A matched-pair analysis was carried out. Driver and front-right passenger fatalities or serious injuries (MAIS 3+) were analyzed in the same crash to determine the effect of obesity. This also allowed the determination of the relative risk of younger (age < or = 55 years), older (age >55 years), male, and female drivers that were obese compared to normal BMI. The family of Hybrid III crash test dummies was evaluated for BMI and the amount of ballast was determined so they could represent an obese or morbidly obese occupant. Based on the simple model, the relative injury risk (r) for an increase in body mass is given by: r = (1 + Delta m / m)(0.5). For a given stature, an obese occupant (BMI = 30-35 kg/m2) has 54-61% higher risk of injury than a normal BMI occupant (22 kg/m2). Matched pairs showed that obese drivers have a 97% higher risk of fatality and 17% higher risk of serious injury (MAIS 3+) than normal BMI drivers. Obese passengers have a 32% higher fatality risk and a 40% higher MAIS 3+ risk than normal passengers. Obese female drivers have a 119% higher MAIS 3+ risk than normal BMI female drivers and young obese drivers have a 20% higher serious injury risk than young normal drivers. This range of increased risk is consistent but broader than predicted by the simple injury model. The smallest crash test dummies need proportionately more ballast to represent an obese or morbidly obese occupant in the evaluation of safety systems. The 5% female Hybrid III has a BMI = 20.4 kg/m2 and needs 22 kg of ballast to represent an obese and 44.8 kg to represent a morbidly obese female, while the 95% male needs only 1.7 and 36.5 kg, respectively. Obesity influences the risk of serious and fatal injury in motor vehicle crashes. The effect is greatest on obese female drivers and young drivers. Since some of the risk difference is related to lower seatbelt wearing rates, the comfort and use of seatbelt extenders should be examined to improve wearing rates. Also, crash testing with ballasted dummies to represent obese and morbidly obese occupants may lead to refined safety systems for this growing segment of the population.

Leadership for Dummies: A Capstone Project for Leadership Students

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Moore, Lori L.; Odom, Summer F.; Wied, Lexi M.

2011-01-01

Capstone courses in leadership provide students opportunities to synthesize prior knowledge about various aspects of leadership. This article describes the "Leadership for Dummies" project, which could be used as a capstone experience for leadership majors. Based on his experiences as a psychological researcher, Gardner (2008) identified five…

Regression Analysis with Dummy Variables: Use and Interpretation.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hinkle, Dennis E.; Oliver, J. Dale

1986-01-01

Multiple regression analysis (MRA) may be used when both continuous and categorical variables are included as independent research variables. The use of MRA with categorical variables involves dummy coding, that is, assigning zeros and ones to levels of categorical variables. Caution is urged in results interpretation. (Author/CH)

The Japanese Copula: A Dummy?

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Wenck, G.

1973-01-01

Discussion of whether the Japanese copula can adequately be described as a dummy, i.e., as an element which although existing in the surface structure can be dispensed with in the deep structure of a sentence; based on a paper read at the 1970 meeting of the Societas Linguistica Europaea, Prague, Czechoslovakia. (RS)

Extension to the dynamic modeling of the large angle magnetic suspension test fixture. M.S. Thesis - Old Dominion Univ., May 1995 Progress Report, 1 Nov. 1994 - 30 Apr. 1995

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Foster, Lucas E.; Britcher, Colin P.

1995-01-01

The Large Angle Magnetic Suspension Test Fixture (LAMSTF) is a laboratory scale proof-of-concept system. The configuration is unique in that the electromagnets are mounted in a circular planar array. A mathematical model of the system had previously been developed, but was shown to have inaccuracies. These inaccuracies showed up in the step responses. Eddy currents were found to be the major cause of the modeling errors. In the original system, eddy currents existed in the aluminum baseplate, iron cores, and the sensor support frame. An attempt to include the eddy current dynamics in the system model is presented. The dynamics of a dummy sensor ring were added to the system. Adding the eddy current dynamics to the simulation improves the way it compares to the actual experiment. Also presented is a new method of determining the yaw angle of the suspended element. From the coil currents the yaw angle can be determined and the controller can be updated to suspend at the new current. This method has been used to demonstrate a 360 degree yaw angle rotation.

Statistical Models for Predicting Automobile Driving Postures for Men and Women Including Effects of Age.

PubMed

Park, Jangwoon; Ebert, Sheila M; Reed, Matthew P; Hallman, Jason J

2016-03-01

Previously published statistical models of driving posture have been effective for vehicle design but have not taken into account the effects of age. The present study developed new statistical models for predicting driving posture. Driving postures of 90 U.S. drivers with a wide range of age and body size were measured in laboratory mockup in nine package conditions. Posture-prediction models for female and male drivers were separately developed by employing a stepwise regression technique using age, body dimensions, vehicle package conditions, and two-way interactions, among other variables. Driving posture was significantly associated with age, and the effects of other variables depended on age. A set of posture-prediction models is presented for women and men. The results are compared with a previously developed model. The present study is the first study of driver posture to include a large cohort of older drivers and the first to report a significant effect of age. The posture-prediction models can be used to position computational human models or crash-test dummies for vehicle design and assessment. © 2015, Human Factors and Ergonomics Society.

Controlled Impact Demonstration instrumented test dummies installed in plane

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1984-01-01

In this photograph are seen some of dummies in the passenger cabin of the B-720 aircraft. NASA Langley Research Center instrumented a large portion of the aircraft and the dummies for loads in a crashworthiness research program. In 1984 NASA Dryden Flight Research Facility and the Federal Aviation Adimistration (FAA) teamed-up in a unique flight experiment called the Controlled Impact Demonstration (CID). The test involved crashing a Boeing 720 aircraft with four JT3C-7 engines burning a mixture of standard fuel with an additive called Anti-misting Kerosene (AMK) designed to supress fire. In a typical aircraft crash, fuel spilled from ruptured fuel tanks forms a fine mist that can be ignited by a number of sources at the crash site. In 1984 the NASA Dryden Flight Research Facility (after 1994 a full-fledged Center again) and the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) teamed-up in a unique flight experiment called the Controlled Impact Demonstration (CID), to test crash a Boeing 720 aircraft using standard fuel with an additive designed to supress fire. The additive, FM-9, a high-molecular-weight long-chain polymer, when blended with Jet-A fuel had demonstrated the capability to inhibit ignition and flame propagation of the released fuel in simulated crash tests. This anti-misting kerosene (AMK) cannot be introduced directly into a gas turbine engine due to several possible problems such as clogging of filters. The AMK must be restored to almost Jet-A before being introduced into the engine for burning. This restoration is called 'degradation' and was accomplished on the B-720 using a device called a 'degrader.' Each of the four Pratt & Whitney JT3C-7 engines had a 'degrader' built and installed by General Electric (GE) to break down and return the AMK to near Jet-A quality. In addition to the AMK research the NASA Langley Research Center was involved in a structural loads measurement experiment, which included having instrumented dummies filling the seats in the passenger compartment. Before the final flight on December 1, 1984, more than four years of effort passed trying to set-up final impact conditions considered survivable by the FAA. During those years while 14 flights with crews were flown the following major efforts were underway: NASA Dryden developed the remote piloting techniques necessary for the B-720 to fly as a drone aircraft; General Electric installed and tested four degraders (one on each engine); and the FAA refined AMK (blending, testing, and fueling a full-size aircraft). The 15 flights had 15 takeoffs, 14 landings and a larger number of approaches to about 150 feet above the prepared crash site under remote control. These flight were used to introduce AMK one step at a time into some of the fuel tanks and engines while monitoring the performance of the engines. On the final flight (No. 15) with no crew, all fuel tanks were filled with a total of 76,000 pounds of AMK and the remotely-piloted aircraft landed on Rogers Dry Lakebed in an area prepared with posts to test the effectiveness of the AMK in a controlled impact. The CID, which some wags called the Crash in the Desert, was spectacular with a large fireball enveloping and burning the B-720 aircraft. From the standpoint of AMK the test was a major set-back, but for NASA Langley, the data collected on crashworthiness was deemed successful and just as important.

Mixed models approaches for joint modeling of different types of responses.

PubMed

Ivanova, Anna; Molenberghs, Geert; Verbeke, Geert

2016-01-01

In many biomedical studies, one jointly collects longitudinal continuous, binary, and survival outcomes, possibly with some observations missing. Random-effects models, sometimes called shared-parameter models or frailty models, received a lot of attention. In such models, the corresponding variance components can be employed to capture the association between the various sequences. In some cases, random effects are considered common to various sequences, perhaps up to a scaling factor; in others, there are different but correlated random effects. Even though a variety of data types has been considered in the literature, less attention has been devoted to ordinal data. For univariate longitudinal or hierarchical data, the proportional odds mixed model (POMM) is an instance of the generalized linear mixed model (GLMM; Breslow and Clayton, 1993). Ordinal data are conveniently replaced by a parsimonious set of dummies, which in the longitudinal setting leads to a repeated set of dummies. When ordinal longitudinal data are part of a joint model, the complexity increases further. This is the setting considered in this paper. We formulate a random-effects based model that, in addition, allows for overdispersion. Using two case studies, it is shown that the combination of random effects to capture association with further correction for overdispersion can improve the model's fit considerably and that the resulting models allow to answer research questions that could not be addressed otherwise. Parameters can be estimated in a fairly straightforward way, using the SAS procedure NLMIXED.

49 CFR 572.125 - Upper and lower torso assemblies and torso flexion test procedure.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... of the dummy, the pull cable, and the load cell as shown in Figure N5. (7) Apply a tension force in the midsagittal plane to the pull cable as shown in Figure N5 at any upper torso deflection rate... determine the stiffness effects of the lumbar spine (drawing 127-3002), including cable (drawing 127-8095...

49 CFR 572.144 - Thorax assembly and test procedure.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... the midsagittal plane, the midsagittal plane being vertical within ±1 degree and the ribs level in the... midsagittal plane so that the impact point of the longitudinal centerline of the probe coincides with the dummy's mid-sagittal plane and is centered on the center of No. 2 rib within ±2.5 mm (0.1 in.) and 0.5...

Analysis and evaluation of the biofidelity of the human body finite element model in lateral impact simulations according to ISO-TR9790 procedures.

PubMed

Ruan, Jesse S; El-Jawahri, Raed; Rouhana, Stephen W; Barbat, Saeed; Prasad, Priya

2006-11-01

The biofidelity of the Ford Motor Company human body finite element (FE) model in side impact simulations was analyzed and evaluated following the procedures outlined in ISO technical report TR9790. This FE model, representing a 50th percentile adult male, was used to simulate the biomechanical impact tests described in ISO-TR9790. These laboratory tests were considered as suitable for assessing the lateral impact biofidelity of the head, neck, shoulder, thorax, abdomen, and pelvis of crash test dummies, subcomponent test devices, and math models that are used to represent a 50th percentile adult male. The simulated impact responses of the head, neck, shoulder, thorax, abdomen, and pelvis of the FE model were compared with the PMHS (Post Mortem Human Subject) data upon which the response requirements for side impact surrogates was based. An overall biofidelity rating of the human body FE model was determined using the ISO-TR9790 rating method. The resulting rating for the human body FE model was 8.5 on a 0 to 10 scale with 8.6-10 being excellent biofidelity. In addition, in order to explore whether there is a dependency of the impact responses of the FE model on different analysis codes, three commercially available analysis codes, namely, LS-DYNA, Pamcrash, and Radioss were used to run the human body FE model. Effects of these codes on biofidelity when compared with ISO-TR9790 data are discussed. Model robustness and numerical issues arising with three different code simulations are also discussed.

Variable-intercept panel model for deformation zoning of a super-high arch dam.

PubMed

Shi, Zhongwen; Gu, Chongshi; Qin, Dong

2016-01-01

This study determines dam deformation similarity indexes based on an analysis of deformation zoning features and panel data clustering theory, with comprehensive consideration to the actual deformation law of super-high arch dams and the spatial-temporal features of dam deformation. Measurement methods of these indexes are studied. Based on the established deformation similarity criteria, the principle used to determine the number of dam deformation zones is constructed through entropy weight method. This study proposes the deformation zoning method for super-high arch dams and the implementation steps, analyzes the effect of special influencing factors of different dam zones on the deformation, introduces dummy variables that represent the special effect of dam deformation, and establishes a variable-intercept panel model for deformation zoning of super-high arch dams. Based on different patterns of the special effect in the variable-intercept panel model, two panel analysis models were established to monitor fixed and random effects of dam deformation. Hausman test method of model selection and model effectiveness assessment method are discussed. Finally, the effectiveness of established models is verified through a case study.

Robots in the service of animal behavior.

PubMed

Klein, Barrett A; Stein, Joey; Taylor, Ryan C

2012-09-01

As reading fiction can challenge us to better understand fact, using fake animals can sometimes serve as our best solution to understanding the behavior of real animals. The use of dummies, doppelgangers, fakes, and physical models have served to elicit behaviors in animal experiments since the early history of behavior studies, and, more recently, robotic animals have been employed by researchers to further coax behaviors from their study subjects. Here, we review the use of robots in the service of animal behavior, and describe in detail the production and use of one type of robot - "faux" frogs - to test female responses to multisensory courtship signals. The túngara frog (Physalaemus pustulosus) has been a study subject for investigating multimodal signaling, and we discuss the benefits and drawbacks of using the faux frogs we have designed, with the larger aim of inspiring other scientists to consider the appropriate application of physical models and robots in their research.

16 CFR 1216.2 - Requirements for infant walkers.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... coefficient of friction = 0.05 NCAMI = Normal force (for CAMI dummy scenario) = weight of CAMI dummy and... occupant seating area and arms placed on the walker tray. (ii) [Reserved] (8) Instead of complying with... horizontally (0 ± 0.5° with respect to the table surface). (ii) [Reserved] (9) Instead of complying with...

49 CFR 572.197 - Abdomen.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... vertical orientation. (4) Push the dummy at the knees and at mid-sternum of the upper torso with just sufficient horizontally oriented force towards the seat back until the back of the upper torso is in contact with the seat back. (5) While maintaining the dummy's position as specified in paragraph (b)(3) and (4...

49 CFR 572.196 - Thorax without arm.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... orientation. (4) Push the dummy at the knees and at mid-sternum of the upper torso with just sufficient horizontally oriented force towards the seat back until the back of the upper torso is in contact with the seat back. (5) While maintaining the dummy's position as specified in paragraphs (b)(3) and (4) of this...

49 CFR 572.186 - Abdomen assembly.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 49 Transportation 7 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Abdomen assembly. 572.186 Section 572.186... Dummy, 50th Percentile Adult Male § 572.186 Abdomen assembly. (a) The abdomen assembly (175-5000) is part of the dummy assembly shown in drawing 175-0000 including load sensors specified in § 572.189(e...

49 CFR 572.186 - Abdomen assembly.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 49 Transportation 7 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Abdomen assembly. 572.186 Section 572.186... Dummy, 50th Percentile Adult Male § 572.186 Abdomen assembly. (a) The abdomen assembly (175-5000) is part of the dummy assembly shown in drawing 175-0000 including load sensors specified in § 572.189(e...

49 CFR 572.196 - Thorax without arm.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 49 Transportation 7 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Thorax without arm. 572.196 Section 572.196... Dummy, Small Adult Female § 572.196 Thorax without arm. (a) The thorax is part of the upper torso... (drawing 180-0000) with the arm (180-6000) on the impacted side removed. The dummy's thorax is equipped...

49 CFR 572.196 - Thorax without arm.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 49 Transportation 7 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Thorax without arm. 572.196 Section 572.196... Dummy, Small Adult Female § 572.196 Thorax without arm. (a) The thorax is part of the upper torso... (drawing 180-0000) with the arm (180-6000) on the impacted side removed. The dummy's thorax is equipped...

49 CFR 572.151 - General description.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... specifications package 921022-000 (refer to § 572.150(a)(1)), the titles of which are listed in Table A of this...)). (b) The dummy consists of the component assemblies set out in the following Table A: Table A... dummy are joined in a manner such that, except for contacts existing under static conditions, there is...

Barbell-shaped stir bar sorptive extraction using dummy template molecularly imprinted polymer coatings for analysis of bisphenol A in water.

PubMed

Liu, Ruimei; Feng, Feng; Chen, Guolin; Liu, Zhimin; Xu, Zhigang

2016-07-01

This study reports the development of a novel dummy template molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP)-coated barbell-shaped stir bar. The MIP stir bar coatings were prepared by using 2,2-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)butane (BPB), 4,4'-dihydroxydiphenylmethane (BPF), 4-tert-butylphenol (PTBP), and tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBA) as dummy templates using a capillary in situ polymerization method. Uniform coatings can be prepared controllably. The method is simple, easy, and reproducible. The barbell-shaped stir bar was developed by using medical silicone tubes as wheels. The wheels could be removed and reinstalled when necessary; therefore, the barbell-shaped stir bar was easy to disassemble and reassemble. The novel MIP-coated stir bar showed good selectivity for the target analyte, bisphenol A (BPA). The established method is selective and sensitive with a lower detection limit for BPA of 0.003 μg/L. The dummy template MIP-coated stir bar is suitable for trace BPA analysis in real environmental water samples without template leakage. The novel stir bar can be used at least 100 times.

Numerical reconstruction and injury biomechanism in a car-pedestrian crash accident.

PubMed

Zou, Dong-Hua; Li, Zheng-Dong; Shao, Yu; Feng, Hao; Chen, Jian-Guo; Liu, Ning-Guo; Huang, Ping; Chen, Yi-Jiu

2012-12-01

To reconstruct a car-pedestrian crash accident using numerical simulation technology and explore the injury biomechanism as forensic evidence for injury identification. An integration of multi-body dynamic, finite element (FE), and classical method was applied to a car-pedestrian crash accident. The location of the collision and the details of the traffic accident were determined by vehicle trace verification and autopsy. The accident reconstruction was performed by coupling the three-dimensional car behavior from PC-CRASH with a MADYMO dummy model. The collision FE models of head and leg, developed from CT scans of human remains, were loaded with calculated dummy collision parameters. The data of the impact biomechanical responses were extracted in terms of von Mises stress, relative displacement, strain and stress fringes. The accident reconstruction results were identical with the examined ones and the biomechanism of head and leg injuries, illustrated through the FE methods, were consistent with the classical injury theories. The numerical simulation technology is proved to be effective in identifying traffic accidents and exploring of injury biomechanism.

Thermal design of the hard x-ray imager and the soft gamma-ray detector onboard ASTRO-H

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Noda, Hirofumi; Nakazawa, Kazuhiro; Makishima, Kazuo; Iwata, Naoko; Ogawa, Hiroyuki; Ohta, Masayuki; Sato, Goro; Kawaharada, Madoka; Watanabe, Shin; Kokubun, Motohide; Takahashi, Tadayuki; Ohno, Masanori; Fukazawa, Yasushi; Tajima, Hiroyasu; Uchiyama, Hideki; Ito, Shuji; Fukuzawa, Keita

2014-07-01

The Hard X-ray Imager and the Soft Gamma-ray Detector, onboard the 6th Japanese X-ray satellite ASTRO-H, aim at unprecedentedly-sensitive observations in the 5-80 keV and 40-600 keV bands, respectively. Because their main sensors are composed of a number of semi-conductor devices, which need to be operated in a temperature of -20 to -15°C, heat generated in the sensors must be efficiently transported outwards by thermal conduction. For this purpose, we performed thermal design, with the following three steps. First, we additionally included thermally-conductive parts, copper poles and graphite sheets. Second, constructing a thermal mathematical model of the sensors, we estimated temperature distributions in thermal equilibria. Since the model had rather large uncertainties in contact thermal conductions, an accurate thermal dummy was constructed as our final step. Vacuum measurement with the dummy successfully reduced the conductance uncertainties. With these steps, we confirmed that our thermal design of the main sensors satisfies the temperature requirement.

Comparing a single case to a control group - Applying linear mixed effects models to repeated measures data.

PubMed

Huber, Stefan; Klein, Elise; Moeller, Korbinian; Willmes, Klaus

2015-10-01

In neuropsychological research, single-cases are often compared with a small control sample. Crawford and colleagues developed inferential methods (i.e., the modified t-test) for such a research design. In the present article, we suggest an extension of the methods of Crawford and colleagues employing linear mixed models (LMM). We first show that a t-test for the significance of a dummy coded predictor variable in a linear regression is equivalent to the modified t-test of Crawford and colleagues. As an extension to this idea, we then generalized the modified t-test to repeated measures data by using LMMs to compare the performance difference in two conditions observed in a single participant to that of a small control group. The performance of LMMs regarding Type I error rates and statistical power were tested based on Monte-Carlo simulations. We found that starting with about 15-20 participants in the control sample Type I error rates were close to the nominal Type I error rate using the Satterthwaite approximation for the degrees of freedom. Moreover, statistical power was acceptable. Therefore, we conclude that LMMs can be applied successfully to statistically evaluate performance differences between a single-case and a control sample. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Small female head and neck interaction with a deploying side airbag.

PubMed

Duma, Stefan M; Crandall, Jeff R; Rudd, Rodney W; Kent, Richard W

2003-09-01

This paper presents dummy and cadaver experiments designed to investigate the injury potential of an out-of-position small female head and neck from a deploying side airbag. Seat-mounted, thoracic-type, side airbags were selected for this study to represent those currently available on selected luxury automobiles. A computer simulation program was used to identify the worst case loading position for the small female head and neck. Once the initial position was identified, experiments were performed with the Hybrid III 5th percentile dummy and three small female cadavers, using three different inflators. Peak head center of gravity (CG) accelerations for the dummy ranged from 71x g to 154 x g, and were greater than cadaver values, which ranged from 68 x g to 103 x g. Peak neck tension as measured at the upper load cell of the dummy increased with inflator aggressivity from 992 to 1670N. A conservative modification of the US National Highway Traffic Safety Administration's (NHTSA's) N(ij) proposed neck injury criteria, which combines neck tension and bending, was used. All values were well below the 1.0 injury threshold for the dummy and suggested a very low possibility of neck injury. In agreement with this prediction, no injuries were observed. Even in a worst case position, small females are at low risk of head or neck injuries under loading from these thoracic-type airbags; however, injury risk increases with increasing inflator aggressivity.

Using a Market Ratio Factor in Faculty Salary Equity Studies. AIR Professional File. Number 103, Spring 2007

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Luna, Andrew L.

2007-01-01

The purpose of this study was to determine if a market ratio factor was a better predictor of faculty salaries than the use of k-1 dummy variables representing the various disciplines. This study used two multiple regression analyses to develop an explanatory model to determine which model might best explain faculty salaries. A total of 20 out of…

Reduced Order Modeling for Rapid Simulations of Blast and Rollover Events of a Ground Vehicle and its Occupants Using Rigid Body Dynamic Models

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-03-11

information is available. A 4-point harness system including lap and shoulder beltsand center buckle was positioned on the dummy, as shown in Figure 3.1... Lamb , STE/Analytics, US Army TARDEC  Dr. Tom McGrath, US Navy NSWC-IHD  Mr. Kirk Miller, OCP-TECD Standards and Specifications, TARDEC/GSS  Mr

Probabilistic model for the spoilage wine yeast Dekkera bruxellensis as a function of pH, ethanol and free SO2 using time as a dummy variable.

PubMed

Sturm, M E; Arroyo-López, F N; Garrido-Fernández, A; Querol, A; Mercado, L A; Ramirez, M L; Combina, M

2014-01-17

The present study uses a probabilistic model to determine the growth/no growth interfaces of the spoilage wine yeast Dekkera bruxellensis CH29 as a function of ethanol (10-15%, v/v), pH (3.4-4.0) and free SO2 (0-50 mg/l) using time (7, 14, 21 and 30 days) as a dummy variable. The model, built with a total of 756 growth/no growth data obtained in a simile wine medium, could have application in the winery industry to determine the wine conditions needed to inhibit the growth of this species. Thereby, at 12.5% of ethanol and pH 3.7 for a growth probability of 0.01, it is necessary to add 30 mg/l of free SO2 to inhibit yeast growth for 7 days. However, the concentration of free SO2 should be raised to 48 mg/l to achieve a probability of no growth of 0.99 for 30 days under the same wine conditions. Other combinations of environmental variables can also be determined using the mathematical model depending on the needs of the industry. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Land-use regression panel models of NO2 concentrations in Seoul, Korea

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kim, Youngkook; Guldmann, Jean-Michel

2015-04-01

Transportation and land-use activities are major air pollution contributors. Since their shares of emissions vary across space and time, so do air pollution concentrations. Despite these variations, panel data have rarely been used in land-use regression (LUR) modeling of air pollution. In addition, the complex interactions between traffic flows, land uses, and meteorological variables, have not been satisfactorily investigated in LUR models. The purpose of this research is to develop and estimate nitrogen dioxide (NO2) panel models based on the LUR framework with data for Seoul, Korea, accounting for the impacts of these variables, and their interactions with spatial and temporal dummy variables. The panel data vary over several scales: daily (24 h), seasonally (4), and spatially (34 intra-urban measurement locations). To enhance model explanatory power, wind direction and distance decay effects are accounted for. The results show that vehicle-kilometers-traveled (VKT) and solar radiation have statistically strong positive and negative impacts on NO2 concentrations across the four seasonal models. In addition, there are significant interactions with the dummy variables, pointing to VKT and solar radiation effects on NO2 concentrations that vary with time and intra-urban location. The results also show that residential, commercial, and industrial land uses, and wind speed, temperature, and humidity, all impact NO2 concentrations. The R2 vary between 0.95 and 0.98.

The efficacy and safety of Baoji Tablets for treating common cold with summer-heat and dampness syndrome: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial

PubMed Central

2013-01-01

Background Despite the high incidence and the economic impact of the common cold, there are still no effective therapeutic options available. Although traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is widely used in China to treat the common cold, there is still a lack of high-quality clinical trials. This article sets forth the protocol for a high-quality trial of a new TCM drug, Baoji Tablets, which is designed to treat the common cold with summer-heat and dampness syndrome (CCSDS). The trial is evaluating both the efficacy and safety of Baoji Tablets. Methods/design This study is designed as a multicenter, phase II, parallel-group, double-blind, double-dummy, randomized and placebo-controlled trial. A total of 288 patients will be recruited from four centers. The new tablets group are administered Baoji Tablets 0.9 g and dummy Baoji Pills 3.7 g. The old pills group are administered dummy Baoji Tablets 0.9 g and Baoji Pills 3.7 g. The placebo control group are administered dummy Baoji Tablets 0.9 g and dummy Baoji Pills 3.7 g. All drugs are taken three times daily for 3 days. The primary outcome is the duration of all symptoms. Secondary outcomes include the duration of primary and secondary symptoms, changes in primary and secondary symptom scores and cumulative symptom score at day 4, as well as an evaluation of treatment efficacy. Discussion This is the first multicenter, double-blind, double-dummy, randomized and placebo-controlled trial designated to treat CCSDS in an adult population from China. It will establish the basis for a scientific and objective assessment of the efficacy and safety of Baoji Tablets for treating CCSDS, and provide evidence for a phase III clinical trial. Trial registration This study is registered with the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry. The registration number is ChiCTR-TRC-13003197. PMID:24359521

A novel superparamagnetic surface molecularly imprinted nanoparticle adopting dummy template: an efficient solid-phase extraction adsorbent for bisphenol A.

PubMed

Lin, Zhenkun; Cheng, Wenjing; Li, Yanyan; Liu, Zhiren; Chen, Xiangping; Huang, Changjiang

2012-03-30

Leakage of the residual template molecules is one of the biggest challenges for application of molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) in solid-phase extraction (SPE). In this study, bisphenol F (BPF) was adopted as a dummy template to prepare MIP of bisphenol A (BPA) with a superparamagnetic core-shell nanoparticle as the supporter, aiming to avoid residual template leakage and to increase the efficiency of SPE. Characterization and test of the obtained products (called mag-DMIP beads) revealed that these novel nanoparticles not only had excellent magnetic property but also displayed high selectivity to the target molecule BPA. As mag-DMIP beads were adopted as the adsorbents of solid-phase extraction for detecting BPA in real water samples, the recoveries of spiked samples ranged from 84.7% to 93.8% with the limit of detection of 2.50 pg mL(-1), revealing that mag-DMIP beads were efficient SPE adsorbents. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Biomechanics of head injury in olympic taekwondo and boxing.

PubMed

Fife, G P; O'Sullivan, D; Pieter, W

2013-12-01

The purpose was to examine differences between taekwondo kicks and boxing punches in resultant linear head acceleration (RLA), head injury criterion (HIC15), peak head velocity, and peak foot and fist velocities. Data from two existing publications on boxing punches and taekwondo kicks were compared. For taekwondo head impacts a Hybrid II Crash Dummy (Hybrid II) head was instrumented with a tri-axial accelerometer mounted inside the Hybrid II head. The Hybrid II was fixed to a height-adjustable frame and fitted with a protective taekwondo helmet. For boxing testing, a Hybrid III Crash Dummy head was instrumented with an array of tri-axial accelerometers mounted at the head centre of gravity. Differences in RLA between the roundhouse kick (130.11±51.67 g) and hook punch (71.23±32.19 g, d = 1.39) and in HIC15 (clench axe kick: 162.63±104.10; uppercut: 24.10±12.54, d = 2.29) were observed. Taekwondo kicks demonstrated significantly larger magnitudes than boxing punches for both RLA and HIC.

Method of determining whether radioactive contaminants are inside or outside a structure

DOEpatents

Lattin, Kenneth R.

1977-01-01

A measure is obtained of the relative quantities of radioactive material inside and outside a structure such as a pipe by obtaining two spectra of gamma radiation on a dummy structure of the same shape and composition. A first spectrum is obtained with a quantity of the radioactive element to be measured located inside the structure and a second spectrum is obtained with a quantity of the same contaminant located outside the structure. The two spectra are normalized to the same equivalent value in a portion of the spectrum that does not reflect the presence of gamma rays resulting from Compton scattering in the structure. Comparison of that portion of the spectra obtained where Compton scattering is a factor gives a measure of the relative amounts of contaminants inside and outside the structure on a spectrum obtained from a test structure. The invention may also be practiced by obtaining a plurality of spectra at varying known concentrations inside and outside the dummy structure.

Reduced Order Modeling for Rapid Simulation of Blast Events of a Military Ground Vehicle and Its Occupants

DTIC Science & Technology

2014-08-12

deformation of the hull due to blast . An LS- Dyna model which included the ConWep function [6] was run, with a charge mass corresponding to a STANAG...different models and blast loadings are shown in Table 3. These responses are based on generic seat properties and assumed dummy position, which can be...Comparison between MADYMO and LS- Dyna models An LS- Dyna model with ConWep blast force applied to all segments of the hull floor and a MADYMO model with

Rapid automated superposition of shapes and macromolecular models using spherical harmonics.

PubMed

Konarev, Petr V; Petoukhov, Maxim V; Svergun, Dmitri I

2016-06-01

A rapid algorithm to superimpose macromolecular models in Fourier space is proposed and implemented ( SUPALM ). The method uses a normalized integrated cross-term of the scattering amplitudes as a proximity measure between two three-dimensional objects. The reciprocal-space algorithm allows for direct matching of heterogeneous objects including high- and low-resolution models represented by atomic coordinates, beads or dummy residue chains as well as electron microscopy density maps and inhomogeneous multi-phase models ( e.g. of protein-nucleic acid complexes). Using spherical harmonics for the computation of the amplitudes, the method is up to an order of magnitude faster than the real-space algorithm implemented in SUPCOMB by Kozin & Svergun [ J. Appl. Cryst. (2001 ▸), 34 , 33-41]. The utility of the new method is demonstrated in a number of test cases and compared with the results of SUPCOMB . The spherical harmonics algorithm is best suited for low-resolution shape models, e.g . those provided by solution scattering experiments, but also facilitates a rapid cross-validation against structural models obtained by other methods.

Real-time advanced spinal surgery via visible patient model and augmented reality system.

PubMed

Wu, Jing-Ren; Wang, Min-Liang; Liu, Kai-Che; Hu, Ming-Hsien; Lee, Pei-Yuan

2014-03-01

This paper presents an advanced augmented reality system for spinal surgery assistance, and develops entry-point guidance prior to vertebroplasty spinal surgery. Based on image-based marker detection and tracking, the proposed camera-projector system superimposes pre-operative 3-D images onto patients. The patients' preoperative 3-D image model is registered by projecting it onto the patient such that the synthetic 3-D model merges with the real patient image, enabling the surgeon to see through the patients' anatomy. The proposed method is much simpler than heavy and computationally challenging navigation systems, and also reduces radiation exposure. The system is experimentally tested on a preoperative 3D model, dummy patient model and animal cadaver model. The feasibility and accuracy of the proposed system is verified on three patients undergoing spinal surgery in the operating theater. The results of these clinical trials are extremely promising, with surgeons reporting favorably on the reduced time of finding a suitable entry point and reduced radiation dose to patients. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

49 CFR 572.186 - Abdomen assembly.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... part of the dummy assembly shown in drawing 175-0000 including load sensors specified in § 572.189(e... measuring sensor in the abdomen as shown in Figure U5; (5) The impactor impacts the dummy's abdomen at 4.0 m... of the forces of the three abdominal load sensors, specified in 572.189(e), shall be not less than...

49 CFR 571.202a - Standard No. 202a; Head restraints; Mandatory applicability begins on September 1, 2009.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 50th percentile male Hybrid III test dummy specified in 49 CFR part 572, subpart E, fitted with sensors... in an easily understandable format the adjustment of the head restraints and/or seat back to achieve... restraints in rear outboard seats. Measure the height of the top of a rear seat back or the top of any...

49 CFR Appendix - Figures to Subpart O of Part 572

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 49 Transportation 7 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Figures to Subpart O of Part 572 Transportation... Dummy, Alpha Version Test conditions and instrumentation. Pt. 572, Subpt. O, Fig. 01 Figures to Subpart O of Part 572 ER15JY02.000 Pt. 572, Subpt. O, Fig. O2 ER15JY02.001 Pt. 572, Subpt. O, Fig. O3...

49 CFR 572.134 - Thorax assembly and test procedure.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... the midsagittal plane, the midsagittal plane vertical within ±1 degree and the ribs level in the... midsagittal plane so that the impact point of the longitudinal centerline of the probe coincides with the midsagittal plane of the dummy within ±2.5 mm (0.1 in) and is 12.7 ±1.1 mm (0.5 ±0.04 in) below the horizontal...

The Effect of a New Sodium Bicarbonate Loading Regimen on Anaerobic Capacity and Wrestling Performance.

PubMed

Durkalec-Michalski, Krzysztof; Zawieja, Emilia Ewa; Podgórski, Tomasz; Zawieja, Bogna Ewa; Michałowska, Patrycja; Łoniewski, Igor; Jeszka, Jan

2018-05-30

Gastrointestinal side effects are the main problem with sodium bicarbonate (SB) use in sports. Therefore, our study assessed the effect of a new SB loading regimen on anaerobic capacity and wrestling performance. Fifty-eight wrestlers were randomized to either a progressive-dose regimen of up to 100 mg∙kg -1 of SB or a placebo for 10 days. Before and after treatment, athletes completed an exercise protocol that comprised, in sequence, the first Wingate, dummy throw, and second Wingate tests. Blood samples were taken pre- and post-exercise. No gastrointestinal side effects were reported during the study. After SB treatment, there were no significant improvements in the outcomes of the Wingate and dummy throw tests. The only index that significantly improved with SB, compared to the placebo ( p = 0.0142), was the time-to-peak power in the second Wingate test, which decreased from 3.44 ± 1.98 to 2.35 ± 1.17 s. There were also no differences in blood lactate or glucose concentrations. In conclusion, although the new loading regimen eliminated gastrointestinal symptoms, the doses could have been too small to elicit additional improvements in anaerobic power and wrestling performance. However, shortening the time-to-peak power during fatigue may be particularly valuable and is one of the variables contributing to the final success of a combat sports athlete.

Evaluation of Chest Injury Mechanisms in Nearside Oblique Frontal Impacts

PubMed Central

Iraeus, Johan; Lindquist, Mats; Wistrand, Sofie; Sibgård, Elin; Pipkorn, Bengt

2013-01-01

Despite the use of seat belts and modern safety systems, many automobile occupants are still seriously injured or killed in car crashes. Common configurations in these crashes are oblique and small overlap frontal impacts that often lead to chest injuries. To evaluate the injury mechanism in these oblique impacts, an investigation was carried out using mathematical human body model simulations. A model of a simplified vehicle interior was developed and validated by means of mechanical sled tests with the Hybrid III dummy. The interior model was then combined with the human body model THUMS and validated by means of mechanical PMHS sled tests. Occupant kinematics as well as rib fracture patterns were predicted with reasonable accuracy. The final model was updated to conform to modern cars and a simulation matrix was run. In this matrix the boundary conditions, ΔV and PDOF, were varied and rib fracture risk as a function of the boundary conditions was evaluated using a statistical framework. In oblique frontal impacts, two injury producing mechanisms were found; (i) diagonal belt load and (ii) side structure impact. The second injury mechanism was found for PDOFs of 25°–35°, depending on ΔV. This means that for larger PDOFs, less ΔV is needed to cause a serious chest injury. PMID:24406957

Three-dimensional heat transfer effects during the growth of LiCaAlF 6 in a modified Bridgman furnace

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Brandon, Simon; Derby, Jeffrey J.; Atherton, L. Jeffrey; Roberts, David H.; Vital, Russel L.

1993-09-01

A novel process modification, the simultaneous growth of three cylindrical Cr:LiCaAlf 6 (Cr:LiCAF) crystals grown from a common seed in a vertical Bridgman furnace of rectangular cross section, is assessed using computational modeling. The analysis employs the FIDAP finite-element package and accounts for three-dimensional, steady-state, conductive heat transfer throughout the system. The induction heating system is rigorously simulated via solution of Maxwell's equations. The implementation of realistic thermal boundary conditions and furnace details is shown to be important. Furnace design features are assessed through calculations, and simulations indicate expected growth conditions to be favorable. In addition, the validity of using ampoules containing "dummy" charges for experimental furnace characterization measurements is examined through test computations.

Bumper and grille airbags concept for enhanced vehicle compatibility in side impact: phase II.

PubMed

Barbat, Saeed; Li, Xiaowei; Prasad, Priya

2013-01-01

Fundamental physics and numerous field studies have shown a higher injury and fatality risk for occupants in smaller and lighter vehicles when struck by heavier, taller and higher vehicles. The consensus is that the significant parameters influencing compatibility in front-to-side crashes are geometric interaction, vehicle stiffness, and vehicle mass. The objective of this research is to develop a concept of deployable bumper and grille airbags for improved vehicle compatibility in side impact. The external airbags, deployed upon signals from sensors, may help mitigate the effect of weight, geometry and stiffness differences and reduce side intrusions. However, a highly reliable pre-crash sensing system is required to enable the reliable deployment, which is currently not technologically feasible. Analytical and numerical methods and hardware testing were used to help develop the deployable external airbags concept. Various Finite Element (FE) models at different stages were developed and an extensive number of iterations were conducted to help optimize airbag and inflator parameters to achieve desired targets. The concept development was executed and validated in two phases. This paper covers Phase II ONLY, which includes: (1) Re-design of the airbag geometry, pressure, and deployment strategies; (2) Further validation using a Via sled test of a 48 kph perpendicular side impact of an SUV-type impactor against a stationary car with US-SID-H3 crash dummy in the struck side; (3) Design of the reaction surface necessary for the bumper airbag functionality. The concept was demonstrated through live deployment of external airbags with a reaction surface in a full-scale perpendicular side impact of an SUV against a stationary passenger car at 48 kph. This research investigated only the concept of the inflatable devices since pre-crash sensing development was beyond the scope of this research. The concept design parameters of the bumper and grille airbags are presented in this paper. Full vehicle-to-vehicle crash test results, Via sled test, and simulation results are also presented. Head peak acceleration, Head Injury Criteria (HIC), Thoracic Trauma Index (TTI), and Pelvic acceleration for the SID-H3 dummy and structural intrusion profiles were used as performance metrics for the bumper and grille airbags. Results obtained from the Via sled tests and the full vehicle-to-vehicle tests with bumper and grille airbags were compared to those of baseline test results with no external airbags.

Nursing Home Staffing and Quality under the Nursing Home Reform Act

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Zhang, Xinzhi; Grabowski, David C.

2004-01-01

Purpose: We examine whether the Nursing Home Reform Act (NHRA) improved nursing home staffing and quality. Design and Methods: Data from 5,092 nursing homes were linked across the 1987 Medicare/Medicaid Automated Certification System and the 1993 Online Survey, Certification and Reporting system. A dummy-year model was used to examine the effects…

Hermetic edge sealing of photovoltaic modules

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

1983-02-01

The edge sealing technique is accomplished by a combination of a chemical bond between glass and aluminum, formed by electrostatic bonding, and a metallurgical bond between aluminum and aluminum, formed by ultrasonic welding. Such a glass to metal seal promises to provide a low cost, long lifetime, highly effective hermetic seal which can protect module components from severe environments. Development of the sealing techniques and demonstration of their effectiveness by fabricating a small number of dummy modules, up to eight inches square in size, and testing them for hermeticity using helium leak testing methods are reviewed. Non-destructive test methods are investigated.

Hermetic edge sealing of photovoltaic modules

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1983-01-01

The edge sealing technique is accomplished by a combination of a chemical bond between glass and aluminum, formed by electrostatic bonding, and a metallurgical bond between aluminum and aluminum, formed by ultrasonic welding. Such a glass to metal seal promises to provide a low cost, long lifetime, highly effective hermetic seal which can protect module components from severe environments. Development of the sealing techniques and demonstration of their effectiveness by fabricating a small number of dummy modules, up to eight inches square in size, and testing them for hermeticity using helium leak testing methods are reviewed. Non-destructive test methods are investigated.

Preparation of a hollow porous molecularly imprinted polymer using tetrabromobisphenol A as a dummy template and its application as SPE sorbent for determination of bisphenol A in tap water.

PubMed

Li, Jin; Zhang, Xuebin; Liu, Yuxin; Tong, Hongwu; Xu, Yeping; Liu, Shaomin

2013-12-15

In this paper, a highly selective sample cleanup procedure combing dummy molecular imprinting and solid-phase extraction (DMIP-SPE) was developed for the isolation and determination of bisphenol A (BPA) in tap water. The novel hollow porous dummy molecularly imprinted polymer (HPDMIP) was prepared adopting a sacrificial support approach, using tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), whose structure was similar to that of BPA, as the dummy template and mesoporous MCM-48 nanospheres as the support. Owing to a very short distance between the binding sites and the surface, a large surface area and a good steric structure to match its imprint molecules, the maximum adsorption capacities (Qmax) of the dummy-imprinted and non-imprinted sorbents for BPA were as high as 445 and 340 μmol g(-1), respectively, and the adsorption reached about 73% of Qmax in 10 min. Meanwhile, a method was developed for the determination of BPA using HPDMIP as a solid-phase extraction enrichment sorbent coupled with HPLC. Under the optimum experimental conditions, HPDMIP exhibited satisfactory results in the enrichment and determination of BPA in tap water with a recovery rate of 95-105%, and relative standard deviations of below 6%, and it can achieve a limit of detection as low as 3 ng mL(-1). The developed extraction protocol eliminated the effect of template leakage on quantitative analysis and could be applied for the determination of BPA in complicated functional samples. © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Non-White, No More: Effect Coding as an Alternative to Dummy Coding with Implications for Higher Education Researchers

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Mayhew, Matthew J.; Simonoff, Jeffrey S.

2015-01-01

The purpose of this article is to describe effect coding as an alternative quantitative practice for analyzing and interpreting categorical, race-based independent variables in higher education research. Unlike indicator (dummy) codes that imply that one group will be a reference group, effect codes use average responses as a means for…

Optimized scheduling technique of null subcarriers for peak power control in 3GPP LTE downlink.

PubMed

Cho, Soobum; Park, Sang Kyu

2014-01-01

Orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) is a key multiple access technique for the long term evolution (LTE) downlink. However, high peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) can cause the degradation of power efficiency. The well-known PAPR reduction technique, dummy sequence insertion (DSI), can be a realistic solution because of its structural simplicity. However, the large usage of subcarriers for the dummy sequences may decrease the transmitted data rate in the DSI scheme. In this paper, a novel DSI scheme is applied to the LTE system. Firstly, we obtain the null subcarriers in single-input single-output (SISO) and multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems, respectively; then, optimized dummy sequences are inserted into the obtained null subcarrier. Simulation results show that Walsh-Hadamard transform (WHT) sequence is the best for the dummy sequence and the ratio of 16 to 20 for the WHT and randomly generated sequences has the maximum PAPR reduction performance. The number of near optimal iteration is derived to prevent exhausted iterations. It is also shown that there is no bit error rate (BER) degradation with the proposed technique in LTE downlink system.

Optimized Scheduling Technique of Null Subcarriers for Peak Power Control in 3GPP LTE Downlink

PubMed Central

Park, Sang Kyu

2014-01-01

Orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) is a key multiple access technique for the long term evolution (LTE) downlink. However, high peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) can cause the degradation of power efficiency. The well-known PAPR reduction technique, dummy sequence insertion (DSI), can be a realistic solution because of its structural simplicity. However, the large usage of subcarriers for the dummy sequences may decrease the transmitted data rate in the DSI scheme. In this paper, a novel DSI scheme is applied to the LTE system. Firstly, we obtain the null subcarriers in single-input single-output (SISO) and multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems, respectively; then, optimized dummy sequences are inserted into the obtained null subcarrier. Simulation results show that Walsh-Hadamard transform (WHT) sequence is the best for the dummy sequence and the ratio of 16 to 20 for the WHT and randomly generated sequences has the maximum PAPR reduction performance. The number of near optimal iteration is derived to prevent exhausted iterations. It is also shown that there is no bit error rate (BER) degradation with the proposed technique in LTE downlink system. PMID:24883376

Head Trajectories of Restrained Child Dummy in Sled Tests Over 56 kph Delta-V

PubMed Central

Hauschild, Hans W.

2000-01-01

Child restraint devices (CRDs) have been used for many years to protect children in automotive crashes. The following data was collected to find out whether current restraints would be able to pass more stringent dynamic testing at higher changes in velocity (delta-v), such as the NHTSA NCAP program or the IIHS offset barrier test, and to look at one possible misuse mode. Three basic types of CRDs were sled tested at a delta-v between 57.5 & 61.4 kph (35.7 & 38.1 mph). Data from each test are presented and compared. Comparisons are made between each seat’s sled test results and various countries’ standards. PMID:11558089

Occupant restraint in the rear seat: ATD responses to standard and pre-tensioning, force-limiting belt restraints.

PubMed

Forman, Jason; Michaelson, Jarett; Kent, Richard; Kuppa, Shashi; Bostrom, Ola

2008-10-01

Recent studies have shown that restrained occupants over the age of 50 in frontal crashes have a higher risk of injury in the rear seat than in the front, and have hypothesized that the incorporation of technology such as belt pre-tensioning and force limiting preferentially in the front seat is at least partially responsible for this trend. This study investigates the potential benefits and trade-offs of seat belt pretensioners and force-limiters in the rear seat using a series of frontal impact sled tests at two speeds (48 km/h and 29 km/h DeltaV) with a buck representing the interior of the reat seat occupant compartment of a contemporary mid-sized sedan. Four different dummies were tested: the Hybrid III six year old (in a booster seat, H3 6YO), the Hybrid III 5(th) percentile female (H3 AF05), the Hybrid III 50(th) percentile male (H3 AM50), and the THOR-NT. The restraints consisted of either a standard three point belt, or a 3-point belt with a retractor pretensioner and a progressive force-limiter (FL+PT). Each test condition was repeated in triplicate. The FL+PT restraints (compared to the standard restraints) resulted in a significant (p < or = 0.05) decrease in peak internal chest deflection for each of the Hybrid III dummies at both test speeds (48 km/h: 29% decrease for H3 6YO, 38% decrease for H3 AF05, 30% decrease for H3 AM50), and for the THOR-NT at a DeltaV of 29 km/h. At 48 km/h, the FL+PT restraint qualitatively decreased the average peak internal chest deflection of the THOR-NT, however this decrease was not statistically significant (p=0.06). Furthermore, the FL+PT system allowed little or no increase in forward head excursion, and improved whole-body kinematics for all dummies by restricting pelvic excursion and slightly increasing torso pitch. The results suggest that the FL+PT system studied here may provide injury-reducing benefit to rear seat occupants in moderate to high severity frontal crashes, although more study is needed to evaluate these restraints in other crash scenarios.

Flehmen response in bull: role of vaginal mucus and other body fluids of bovine with special reference to estrus.

PubMed

Sankar, R; Archunan, G

2004-07-30

The present investigation was carried out with a view to evaluate the frequency of Flehmen behaviour in bull in response to body fluids of cows in various stages of the estrous cycle, in the context of estrus detection. The study was performed on free moving bulls under natural conditions. Samples of vaginal mucus, saliva, faeces and milk of pro-estrus, estrus and di-estrus stages collected from donor cows were rubbed individually onto the genital regions of non-estrus animals (dummy cows) and the bulls were observed for 30 min for assessment of Flehmen behaviour. The duration of Flehmen behaviour shown by bulls was maximum towards the dummy cows receiving estrus sample. Such Flehmen behaviour, however, did not occur in bulls in response to the cows receiving samples of other stages. The statistical significance was higher (P < 0.001) in exhibiting repeated Flehmen behaviour towards estrus as compared to those of pro-estrus and di-estrus. Among the various body fluids tested, the exhibition of Flehmen behaviour was significantly higher (P < 0.01) in response to estrus vaginal fluid. No response was observed on dummy cows (control) to which only water was applied on the genital region. The results suggest that vaginal mucus may act as an additional/secondary source along with urine in eliciting copulatary behaviour and executing coitus in bulls during estrus. The results further suggest that in addition to vaginal mucus, other body fluids like saliva, faeces and milk have estrus-related odours and are probably involved in bovine bio-communication.

On 4-degree-of-freedom biodynamic models of seated occupants: Lumped-parameter modeling

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bai, Xian-Xu; Xu, Shi-Xu; Cheng, Wei; Qian, Li-Jun

2017-08-01

It is useful to develop an effective biodynamic model of seated human occupants to help understand the human vibration exposure to transportation vehicle vibrations and to help design and improve the anti-vibration devices and/or test dummies. This study proposed and demonstrated a methodology for systematically identifying the best configuration or structure of a 4-degree-of-freedom (4DOF) human vibration model and for its parameter identification. First, an equivalent simplification expression for the models was made. Second, all of the possible 23 structural configurations of the models were identified. Third, each of them was calibrated using the frequency response functions recommended in a biodynamic standard. An improved version of non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA-II) based on Pareto optimization principle was used to determine the model parameters. Finally, a model evaluation criterion proposed in this study was used to assess the models and to identify the best one, which was based on both the goodness of curve fits and comprehensive goodness of the fits. The identified top configurations were better than those reported in the literature. This methodology may also be extended and used to develop the models with other DOFs.

Resistance to airflow through bedding materials used in infancy.

PubMed Central

Hatch, D J; Helms, P; Matthew, D J; Skinner, D

1982-01-01

Various bedding materials used in infancy, including duvets (or continental quilts), were tested for airflow using the British Standards Institution tests for pillows or fabrics. Resistance was also measured when the items were placed on a dummy infant face. Measurements were made on washed and unwashed garments, which were tested both dry and wet. Results suggest that all the bedding materials tested are safe for use even in the newborn period. The duvets produced slightly lower resistance to breathing than conventional blankets and sheets. In view of the wide variety of infant bedding fabrics it seems desirable for standard airflow performance requirements to be introduced. PMID:7092309

Emergency Locator Transmitter Crash Testing

NASA Image and Video Library

2015-07-29

Drop-testing a series of three Cessna 172 aircraft, NASA simulated severe but survivable plane accidents on July 2, July 29 and August 26, 2015, to test emergency locator transmitters (ELTs). A research team equipped the vintage airplanes with five ELTs, two crash test dummies, cameras and data-collecting sensors. ELTs are installed on general aviation and commercial planes to transmit a location signal in the event of a crash. Current ELT models send that signal to orbiting satellites, which repeat it to the nearest search and rescue ground station. The signal is used to determine and transmit the ELT's identity and location to rescuers. ELTs have to work in the extreme circumstances involved in an airplane crash. Included in those extreme circumstances are the possibilities of excessive vibration, fire and impact damage. NASA research is designed to find practical ways to improve ELT system performance and robustness, giving rescue workers the best chance of saving lives. The research was funded by the Search and Rescue Mission Office at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland. The testing took place at NASA’s Langley Research Center in Hampton, Virginia. This is a video of the July 29, 2015, test.

Optimization of vehicle deceleration to reduce occupant injury risks in frontal impact.

PubMed

Mizuno, Koji; Itakura, Takuya; Hirabayashi, Satoko; Tanaka, Eiichi; Ito, Daisuke

2014-01-01

In vehicle frontal impacts, vehicle acceleration has a large effect on occupant loadings and injury risks. In this research, an optimal vehicle crash pulse was determined systematically to reduce injury measures of rear seat occupants by using mathematical simulations. The vehicle crash pulse was optimized based on a vehicle deceleration-deformation diagram under the conditions that the initial velocity and the maximum vehicle deformation were constant. Initially, a spring-mass model was used to understand the fundamental parameters for optimization. In order to investigate the optimization under a more realistic situation, the vehicle crash pulse was also optimized using a multibody model of a Hybrid III dummy seated in the rear seat for the objective functions of chest acceleration and chest deflection. A sled test using a Hybrid III dummy was carried out to confirm the simulation results. Finally, the optimal crash pulses determined from the multibody simulation were applied to a human finite element (FE) model. The optimized crash pulse to minimize the occupant deceleration had a concave shape: a high deceleration in the initial phase, low in the middle phase, and high again in the final phase. This crash pulse shape depended on the occupant restraint stiffness. The optimized crash pulse determined from the multibody simulation was comparable to that from the spring-mass model. From the sled test, it was demonstrated that the optimized crash pulse was effective for the reduction of chest acceleration. The crash pulse was also optimized for the objective function of chest deflection. The optimized crash pulse in the final phase was lower than that obtained for the minimization of chest acceleration. In the FE analysis of the human FE model, the optimized pulse for the objective function of the Hybrid III chest deflection was effective in reducing rib fracture risks. The optimized crash pulse has a concave shape and is dependent on the occupant restraint stiffness and maximum vehicle deformation. The shapes of the optimized crash pulse in the final phase were different for the objective functions of chest acceleration and chest deflection due to the inertial forces of the head and upper extremities. From the human FE model analysis it was found that the optimized crash pulse for the Hybrid III chest deflection can substantially reduce the risk of rib cage fractures. Supplemental materials are available for this article. Go to the publisher's online edition of Traffic Injury Prevention to view the supplemental file.

Transformer current sensor for superconducting magnetic coils

DOEpatents

Shen, Stewart S.; Wilson, C. Thomas

1988-01-01

A transformer current sensor having primary turns carrying a primary current for a superconducting coil and secondary turns only partially arranged within the primary turns. The secondary turns include an active winding disposed within the primary turns and a dummy winding which is not disposed in the primary turns and so does not experience a magnetic field due to a flow of current in the primary turns. The active and dummy windings are wound in opposite directions or connected in series-bucking relationship, and are exposed to the same ambient magnetic field. Voltages which might otherwise develop in the active and dummy windings due to ambient magnetic fields thus cancel out. The resultant voltage is purely indicative of the rate of change of current flowing in the primary turns.

LANDSAT-D thermal analysis and design support

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1982-01-01

Detailed thermal models of the LANDSAT-D Earth Sensor Assembly Module (ESAM), the Dummy Thematic Mapper (DTM), and a small thermal model of the LANDSAT-D spacecraft for a heater analysis were developed. These models were used to develop and verify the thermal design of the ESAM and DTM, to evaluate the aeroheating effects on ESAM during launch and to evaluate the thermal response of the LANDSAT-D assuming the hard-line heaters failed on with the spacecraft in the Space Transportation System (STS) orbiter bay. Results of model applications are summarized.

The body fades away: investigating the effects of transparency of an embodied virtual body on pain threshold and body ownership.

PubMed

Martini, Matteo; Kilteni, Konstantina; Maselli, Antonella; Sanchez-Vives, Maria V

2015-09-29

The feeling of "ownership" over an external dummy/virtual body (or body part) has been proven to have both physiological and behavioural consequences. For instance, the vision of an "embodied" dummy or virtual body can modulate pain perception. However, the impact of partial or total invisibility of the body on physiology and behaviour has been hardly explored since it presents obvious difficulties in the real world. In this study we explored how body transparency affects both body ownership and pain threshold. By means of virtual reality, we presented healthy participants with a virtual co-located body with four different levels of transparency, while participants were tested for pain threshold by increasing ramps of heat stimulation. We found that the strength of the body ownership illusion decreases when the body gets more transparent. Nevertheless, in the conditions where the body was semi-transparent, higher levels of ownership over a see-through body resulted in an increased pain sensitivity. Virtual body ownership can be used for the development of pain management interventions. However, we demonstrate that providing invisibility of the body does not increase pain threshold. Therefore, body transparency is not a good strategy to decrease pain in clinical contexts, yet this remains to be tested.

The body fades away: investigating the effects of transparency of an embodied virtual body on pain threshold and body ownership

PubMed Central

Martini, Matteo; Kilteni, Konstantina; Maselli, Antonella; Sanchez-Vives, Maria V.

2015-01-01

The feeling of “ownership” over an external dummy/virtual body (or body part) has been proven to have both physiological and behavioural consequences. For instance, the vision of an “embodied” dummy or virtual body can modulate pain perception. However, the impact of partial or total invisibility of the body on physiology and behaviour has been hardly explored since it presents obvious difficulties in the real world. In this study we explored how body transparency affects both body ownership and pain threshold. By means of virtual reality, we presented healthy participants with a virtual co-located body with four different levels of transparency, while participants were tested for pain threshold by increasing ramps of heat stimulation. We found that the strength of the body ownership illusion decreases when the body gets more transparent. Nevertheless, in the conditions where the body was semi-transparent, higher levels of ownership over a see-through body resulted in an increased pain sensitivity. Virtual body ownership can be used for the development of pain management interventions. However, we demonstrate that providing invisibility of the body does not increase pain threshold. Therefore, body transparency is not a good strategy to decrease pain in clinical contexts, yet this remains to be tested. PMID:26415748

SU-C-BRB-06: Utilizing 3D Scanner and Printer for Dummy Eye-Shield: Artifact-Free CT Images of Tungsten Eye-Shield for Accurate Dose Calculation

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Park, J; Lee, J; Institute of Radiation Medicine, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul

Purpose: To evaluate the effect of a tungsten eye-shield on the dose distribution of a patient. Methods: A 3D scanner was used to extract the dimension and shape of a tungsten eye-shield in the STL format. Scanned data was transferred into a 3D printer. A dummy eye shield was then produced using bio-resin (3D systems, VisiJet M3 Proplast). For a patient with mucinous carcinoma, the planning CT was obtained with the dummy eye-shield placed on the patient’s right eye. Field shaping of 6 MeV was performed using a patient-specific cerrobend block on the 15 x 15 cm{sup 2} applicator. Themore » gantry angle was 330° to cover the planning target volume near by the lens. EGS4/BEAMnrc was commissioned from our measurement data from a Varian 21EX. For the CT-based dose calculation using EGS4/DOSXYZnrc, the CT images were converted to a phantom file through the ctcreate program. The phantom file had the same resolution as the planning CT images. By assigning the CT numbers of the dummy eye-shield region to 17000, the real dose distributions below the tungsten eye-shield were calculated in EGS4/DOSXYZnrc. In the TPS, the CT number of the dummy eye-shield region was assigned to the maximum allowable CT number (3000). Results: As compared to the maximum dose, the MC dose on the right lens or below the eye shield area was less than 2%, while the corresponding RTP calculated dose was an unrealistic value of approximately 50%. Conclusion: Utilizing a 3D scanner and a 3D printer, a dummy eye-shield for electron treatment can be easily produced. The artifact-free CT images were successfully incorporated into the CT-based Monte Carlo simulations. The developed method was useful in predicting the realistic dose distributions around the lens blocked with the tungsten shield.« less

Vertical drop test of a transport fuselage section located aft of the wing

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Fasanella, E. L.; Alfaro-Bou, E.

1986-01-01

A 12-foot long Boeing 707 aft fuselage section with a tapering cross section was drop tested at the NASA Langley Research Center to measure structural, seat, and occupant response to vertical crash laods and to provide data for nonlinear finite element modeling. This was the final test in a series of three different transport fuselage sections tested under identical conditions. The test parameters at impact were: 20 ft/s velocity, and zero pitch, roll, and yaw. In addition, the test was an operational shock test of the data acquisition system used for the Controlled Impact Demonstration (CID) of a remotely piloted Boeing 720 that was crash tested at NASA Ames Dryden Flight Research Facility on December 1, 1984. Post-test measurements of the crush showed that the front of the section (with larger diameter) crushed vertically approximately 14 inches while the rear crushed 18 inches. Analysis of the data traces indicate the maximum peak normal (vertical) accelerations at the bottom of the frames were approximately 109 G at body station 1040 and 64 G at body station 1120. The peak floor acceleration varied from 14 G near the wall to 25 G near the center where high frequency oscillations of the floor were evident. The peak anthropomorphic dummy pelvis normal (vertical) acceleration was 19 G's.

On the use of an Arduino-based controller to control the charging process of a wind turbine

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mahmuddin, Faisal; Yusran, Ahmad Muhtam; Klara, Syerly

2017-02-01

In order to avoid an excessive charging voltage which can damage power storage when converting wind energy using a turbine, it is necessary to control the charging voltage of the turbine generator. In the present study, a charging controller which uses an Arduino microcontroller, is designed. 3 (three) indicator lights are installed to indicate the battery charging process, power diversion to dummy load and battery power level. The performance of the designed controller is evaluated by simulating 3 cases. In this simulation, a battery with maximum voltage of 12.4 V is used. Case 1 is performed with input voltage equals the one set in Arduino which is 10 V. In this case, the battery is charged up to 10.8 V. In case 2, the input voltage is 13 V while the maximum voltage set in Arduino is also 13 V. In this case, the battery is charged up to maximum voltage of the battery. Moreover, the dummy load indicator is ON and charging indicator is OFF after the maximum charging voltage is reached because the electricity is flowed to the dummy load. In the final case, the input voltage is set to be 16 V while the maximum voltage set in Arduino is 13 V. In this case, the charging indicator is OFF and dummy load indicator is ON which means that the Arduino has successfully switched the power to be flowed to dummy load. From the 3 (three) cases, it can be concluded that the designed controller works perfectly to control the charging process of the wind turbine. Moreover, the charging time needed in each case can also be determined.

Efficient vibration mode analysis of aircraft with multiple external store configurations

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Karpel, M.

1988-01-01

A coupling method for efficient vibration mode analysis of aircraft with multiple external store configurations is presented. A set of low-frequency vibration modes, including rigid-body modes, represent the aircraft. Each external store is represented by its vibration modes with clamped boundary conditions, and by its rigid-body inertial properties. The aircraft modes are obtained from a finite-element model loaded by dummy rigid external stores with fictitious masses. The coupling procedure unloads the dummy stores and loads the actual stores instead. The analytical development is presented, the effects of the fictitious mass magnitudes are discussed, and a numerical example is given for a combat aircraft with external wing stores. Comparison with vibration modes obtained by a direct (full-size) eigensolution shows very accurate coupling results. Once the aircraft and stores data bases are constructed, the computer time for analyzing any external store configuration is two to three orders of magnitude less than that of a direct solution.

A new force field including charge directionality for TMAO in aqueous solution

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Usui, Kota; Nagata, Yuki, E-mail: sulpizi@uni-mainz.de, E-mail: nagata@mpip-mainz.mpg.de; Hunger, Johannes

We propose a new force field for trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), which is designed to reproduce the long-lived and highly directional hydrogen bond between the TMAO oxygen (O{sub TMAO}) atom and surrounding water molecules. Based on the data obtained by ab initio molecular dynamics simulations, we introduce three dummy sites around O{sub TMAO} to mimic the O{sub TMAO} lone pairs and we migrate the negative charge on the O{sub TMAO} to the dummy sites. The force field model developed here improves both structural and dynamical properties of aqueous TMAO solutions. Moreover, it reproduces the experimentally observed dependence of viscosity upon increasingmore » TMAO concentration quantitatively. The simple procedure of the force field construction makes it easy to implement in molecular dynamics simulation packages and makes it compatible with the existing biomolecular force fields. This paves the path for further investigation of protein-TMAO interaction in aqueous solutions.« less

Phase Diagram in a Random Mixture of Two Antiferromagnets with Competing Spin Anisotropies. I

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Someya, Yoshiko

1981-12-01

The phase diagram of a random mixture of two antiferromagnets with competing spin anisotropies (A1-xBx) has been analyzed by extending the theory of Matsubara and Inawashiro, and Oguchi and Ishikawa. In the model assumed, the anisotropy energies are expressed by the anisotropic exchange interactions. According to this formulation, it has been shown that the concentration dependence of TN becomes a function of \\includegraphics{dummy.eps}, where P, Q=A, B; SP is a magnitude of P-spin, and JPQη is a η component of exchange integral between P- and Q-spin). Further, the phase boundary between an AF phase and an OAF (oblique antiferromagnetic) phase at T{=}0 K has been shown to be determined by α({\\equiv}SB/SA), if \\includegraphics{dummy.eps} are given. The obtained phase diagrams for Fe1-xCoxCl2, K2Mn1-xFexF4 and Fe1-xCoxCl2\\cdot2H2O are compared with the experimental ones.

Extraction of the gate capacitance coupling coefficient in floating gate non-volatile memories: Statistical study of the effect of mismatching between floating gate memory and reference transistor in dummy cell extraction methods

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Rafhay, Quentin; Beug, M. Florian; Duane, Russell

2007-04-01

This paper presents an experimental comparison of dummy cell extraction methods of the gate capacitance coupling coefficient for floating gate non-volatile memory structures from different geometries and technologies. These results show the significant influence of mismatching floating gate devices and reference transistors on the extraction of the gate capacitance coupling coefficient. In addition, it demonstrates the accuracy of the new bulk bias dummy cell extraction method and the importance of the β function, introduced recently in [Duane R, Beug F, Mathewson A. Novel capacitance coupling coefficient measurement methodology for floating gate non-volatile memory devices. IEEE Electr Dev Lett 2005;26(7):507-9], to determine matching pairs of floating gate memory and reference transistor.

Effects of external radio transmitters on fish

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Ross, M.J.; McCormick, J.H.

1981-04-01

Yellow perch (Perca flavescens) and largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) were studied to determine the effects of externally attached radio transmitter tags. Perch that had been tagged with dummy radio tags were more susceptible to predation and more sensitive to environmental stress than were controls. Feeding and respiration rates were similar among dummy tagged and control groups of perch over a 6-week period. The feeding rate of dummy tagged largemouth bass was lower than that of untagged fish over a 3,5-week period. On the basis of these studies, we conclude that weights of external transmitters in water should be less thanmore » 1.5% of the fish weight. Design considerations should include streamlining components and an anterior attachment wire at the extreme leading edge of an external transmitter to prevent entanglement of the tag in surrounding vegetation.« less

Quantifying dynamic mechanical properties of human placenta tissue using optimization techniques with specimen-specific finite-element models.

PubMed

Hu, Jingwen; Klinich, Kathleen D; Miller, Carl S; Nazmi, Giseli; Pearlman, Mark D; Schneider, Lawrence W; Rupp, Jonathan D

2009-11-13

Motor-vehicle crashes are the leading cause of fetal deaths resulting from maternal trauma in the United States, and placental abruption is the most common cause of these deaths. To minimize this injury, new assessment tools, such as crash-test dummies and computational models of pregnant women, are needed to evaluate vehicle restraint systems with respect to reducing the risk of placental abruption. Developing these models requires accurate material properties for tissues in the pregnant abdomen under dynamic loading conditions that can occur in crashes. A method has been developed for determining dynamic material properties of human soft tissues that combines results from uniaxial tensile tests, specimen-specific finite-element models based on laser scans that accurately capture non-uniform tissue-specimen geometry, and optimization techniques. The current study applies this method to characterizing material properties of placental tissue. For 21 placenta specimens tested at a strain rate of 12/s, the mean failure strain is 0.472+/-0.097 and the mean failure stress is 34.80+/-12.62 kPa. A first-order Ogden material model with ground-state shear modulus (mu) of 23.97+/-5.52 kPa and exponent (alpha(1)) of 3.66+/-1.90 best fits the test results. The new method provides a nearly 40% error reduction (p<0.001) compared to traditional curve-fitting methods by considering detailed specimen geometry, loading conditions, and dynamic effects from high-speed loading. The proposed method can be applied to determine mechanical properties of other soft biological tissues.

Thoracic and lumbar spine responses in high-speed rear sled tests.

PubMed

Viano, David C; Parenteau, Chantal S; Burnett, Roger

2018-07-04

This study analyzed thoracic and lumbar spine responses with in-position and out-of-position (OOP) seated dummies in 40.2 km/h (25 mph) rear sled tests with conventional and all-belts-to-seat (ABTS) seats. Occupant kinematics and spinal responses were determined with modern (≥2000 MY), older (<2000 MY), and ABTS seats. The seats were fixed in a sled buck subjected to a 40.2 km/h (25 mph) rear sled test. The pulse was a 15 g double-peak acceleration with 150 ms duration. The 50th percentile Hybrid III was lap-shoulder belted in the FMVSS 208 design position or OOP, including leaning forward and leaning inboard and forward. There were 26 in-position tests with 11 <2000 MY, 8 ≥2000 MY, and 7 ABTS and 14 OOP tests with 6 conventional and 8 ABTS seats. The dummy was fully instrumented. This study addressed the thoracic and lumbar spine responses. Injury assessment reference values are not approved for the thoracic and lumbar spine. Conservative thresholds exist. The peak responses were normalized by a threshold to compare responses. High-speed video documented occupant kinematics. The extension moments were higher in the thoracic than lumbar spine in the in-position tests. For <2000 MY seats, the thoracic extension moment was 76.8 ± 14.6% of threshold and the lumbar extension moment was 50.5 ± 17.9%. For the ≥2000 MY seats, the thoracic extension moment was 54.2 ± 26.6% of threshold and the lumbar extension moment was 49.8 ± 27.7%. ABTS seats provided similar thoracic and lumbar responses. Modern seat designs lowered thoracic and lumbar responses. For example, the 1996 Taurus had -1,696 N anterior lumbar shear force and -205.2 Nm extension moment. There was -1,184 N lumbar compression force and 1,512 N tension. In contrast, the 2015 F-150 had -500 N shear force and -49.7 Nm extension moment. There was -839 N lumbar compression force and 535 N tension. On average, the 2015 F-150 had 40% lower lumbar spine responses than the 1996 Taurus. The OOP tests had similar peak lumbar responses; however, they occurred later due to the forward lean of the dummy. The design and performance of seats have significantly changed over the past 20 years. Modern seats use a perimeter frame allowing the occupant to pocket into the seatback. Higher and more forward head restraints allow a stronger frame because the head, neck, and torso are more uniformly supported with the seat more upright in severe rear impacts. The overall effect has been a reduction in thoracic and lumbar loads and risks for injury.

BIOMECHANICS OF HEAD INJURY IN OLYMPIC TAEKWONDO AND BOXING

PubMed Central

Fife, G.P.; Pieter, W.

2013-01-01

Objective The purpose was to examine differences between taekwondo kicks and boxing punches in resultant linear head acceleration (RLA), head injury criterion (HIC15), peak head velocity, and peak foot and fist velocities. Data from two existing publications on boxing punches and taekwondo kicks were compared. Methods For taekwondo head impacts a Hybrid II Crash Dummy (Hybrid II) head was instrumented with a tri-axial accelerometer mounted inside the Hybrid II head. The Hybrid II was fixed to a height-adjustable frame and fitted with a protective taekwondo helmet. For boxing testing, a Hybrid III Crash Dummy head was instrumented with an array of tri-axial accelerometers mounted at the head centre of gravity. Results Differences in RLA between the roundhouse kick (130.11±51.67 g) and hook punch (71.23±32.19 g, d = 1.39) and in HIC15 (clench axe kick: 162.63±104.10; uppercut: 24.10±12.54, d = 2.29) were observed. Conclusions Taekwondo kicks demonstrated significantly larger magnitudes than boxing punches for both RLA and HIC. PMID:24744497

49 CFR Appendix A to Subpart V of... - Figures

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 49 Transportation 7 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Figures A Appendix A to Subpart V of Part 572... Dummy, Small Adult Female Instrumentation and test conditions. Pt. 572, Subpt. V, App. A Appendix A to Subpart V of Part572—Figures ER14DE06.009 ER14DE06.010 ER14DE06.011 ER14DE06.012 ER14DE06.013 ER23JN09.005...

49 CFR Appendix A to Subpart V of... - Figures

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 49 Transportation 7 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Figures A Appendix A to Subpart V of Part 572... Dummy, Small Adult Female Instrumentation and test conditions. Pt. 572, Subpt. V, App. A Appendix A to Subpart V of Part 572—Figures ER14DE06.009 ER14DE06.010 ER14DE06.011 ER14DE06.012 ER14DE06.013 ER23JN09...

Development of a curved pipe capability for the NASTRAN finite element program

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Jeter, J. W., Jr.

1977-01-01

A curved pipe element capability for the NASTRAN structural analysis program is developed using the NASTRAN dummy element feature. A description is given of the theory involved in the subroutines which describe stiffness, mass, thermal and enforced deformation loads, and force and stress recovery for the curved pipe element. Incorporation of these subroutines into NASTRAN is discussed. Test problems are proposed. Instructions on use of the new element capability are provided.

49 CFR Appendix A to Subpart V of... - Figures

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 49 Transportation 7 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Figures A Appendix A to Subpart V of Part 572... Dummy, Small Adult Female Instrumentation and test conditions. Pt. 572, Subpt. V, App. A Appendix A to Subpart V of Part 572—Figures ER14DE06.009 ER14DE06.010 ER14DE06.011 ER14DE06.012 ER14DE06.013 ER23JN09...

Investigation of the Emissivity and Suitability of a Carbon Thin Film for Terahertz Absorbers

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-06-01

Carbonization In order to verify whether the carbon soot coated THz sensor produces sufficient spectral emissivity for IR-based readout, dummy test...ABSTRACT (maximum 200 words) The main goal of this work is to optimize the emissivity of terahertz (THz) thermal sensors by deposition of a carbon thin...film. Previously, these thermal sensors were designed to detect THz radiation utilizing metamaterials in a complicated optical probing scheme. We

Saturn Apollo Program

NASA Image and Video Library

1966-01-01

Engineers and technicians at the Marshall Space Flight Center placed a Saturn V ground test booster (S-IC-D) into the dynamic test stand. The stand was constructed to test the integrity of the vehicle. Forces were applied to the tail of the vehicle to simulate the engines thrusting, and various other flight factors were fed to the vehicle to test reactions. The Saturn V launch vehicle, with the Apollo spacecraft, was subjected to more than 450 hours of shaking. The photograph shows the 300,000 pound S-IC stage being lifted from its transporter into place inside the 360-foot tall test stand. This dynamic test booster has one dummy F-1 engine and weight simulators are used at the other four engine positions.

Subsonic sting interference on the aerodynamic characteristics of a family of slanted-base ogive-cylinders

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Britcher, Colin P.; Alcorn, Charles W.; Kilgore, W. Allen

1990-01-01

Support interference free drag, lift, and pitching moment measurements on a range of slanted base ogive cylinders were made using the NASA Langley 13 inch magnetic suspension and balance system. Typical test Mach numbers were in the range 0.04 to 0.2. Drag results are shown to be in broad agreement with previous tests with this configuration. Measurements were repeated with a dummy sting support installed in the wind tunnel. Significant support interferences were found at all test conditions and are quantified. Further comparison is made between interference free base pressures, obtained using remote telemetry, and sting cavity pressures.

Overview Of Structural Behavior and Occupant Responses from Crash Test of a Composite Airplane

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Jones, Lisa E.; Carden, Huey D.

1995-01-01

As part of NASA's composite structures crash dynamics research, a general aviation aircraft with composite wing, fuselage and empennage (but with metal subfloor structure) was crash tested at the NASA Langley Research Center Impact Research Facility. The test was conducted to determine composite aircraft structural behavior for crash loading conditions and to provide a baseline for a similar aircraft test with a modified subfloor. Structural integrity and cabin volume were maintained. Lumbar loads for dummy occupants in energy absorbing seats wer substantially lower than those in standard aircraft seats; however, loads in the standard seats were much higher that those recorded under similar conditions for an all-metallic aircraft.

Computer tablet-based health technology for strengthening maternal and child tracking in Bihar.

PubMed

Negandhi, Preeti; Chauhan, Monika; Das, Ankan Mukherjee; Sharma, Jyoti; Neogi, Sutapa; Sethy, Ghanashyam

2016-01-01

UNICEF along with the State Government of Bihar launched a computer tablet-based Mother and Child Tracking System (MCTS) in 2014, to capture real-time data online and to minimize the challenges faced with the conventional MCTS. The article reports the process of implementation of tablet-based MCTS in Bihar. In-depth interviews with medical officers, program managers, data managers, auxiliary nurse midwives (ANMs), and a monitoring and evaluation specialist were conducted in October 2015 to understand the process of implementation, challenges and possibility for sustainability, and scale-up of the innovation. MCTS innovation was introduced initially in one Primary Health Centre each in Gaya and Purnia districts. The device, supported with Android MCTS software and connected to a dummy server, was given to ANMs. ANMs were trained in its application. The innovation allows real-time data entry, instant uploading, and generation of day-to-day work plans for easy tracking of beneficiaries for providing in-time health-care services. The nonlinking of the dummy server to the national MCTS portal has not lessened the burden of data entry operators, who continue to enter data into the national portal as before. The innovation has been successfully implemented to meet its objective of tracking the beneficiaries. The national database should be linked to the dummy server or visible impact. The model is sustainable if the challenges can be met. Mobile technology offers a tremendous opportunity to strengthen the capacity of frontline workers and clinicians and increase the quality, completeness, and timeliness of delivery of critical health services.

Robots in the service of animal behavior

PubMed Central

Klein, Barrett A.; Stein, Joey; Taylor, Ryan C.

2012-01-01

As reading fiction can challenge us to better understand fact, using fake animals can sometimes serve as our best solution to understanding the behavior of real animals. The use of dummies, doppelgangers, fakes, and physical models have served to elicit behaviors in animal experiments since the early history of behavior studies, and, more recently, robotic animals have been employed by researchers to further coax behaviors from their study subjects. Here, we review the use of robots in the service of animal behavior, and describe in detail the production and use of one type of robot – “faux” frogs – to test female responses to multisensory courtship signals. The túngara frog (Physalaemus pustulosus) has been a study subject for investigating multimodal signaling, and we discuss the benefits and drawbacks of using the faux frogs we have designed, with the larger aim of inspiring other scientists to consider the appropriate application of physical models and robots in their research. PMID:23181162

CAD/CAE-technologies application for assessment of passenger safety on railway transport in emergency

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Antipin, D. Ya; Shorokhov, S. G.; Bondarenko, O. I.

2018-03-01

A possibility of using current software products realizing CAD/CAE-technologies for the assessment of passenger safety in emergency cases on railway transport has been analyzed. On the basis of the developed solid computer model of an anthropometric dummy, the authors carried out an analysis of possible levels of passenger injury during accident collision of a train with an obstacle.

Injuries in Full-Scale Vehicle Side Impact Moving Deformable Barrier and Pole Tests Using Postmortem Human Subjects.

PubMed

Yoganandan, Narayan; Pintar, Frank; Humm, John; Rudd, Rodney

2015-01-01

To conduct near-side moving deformable barrier (MDB) and pole tests with postmortem human subjects (PMHS) in full-scale modern vehicles, document and score injuries, and examine the potential for angled chest loading in these tests to serve as a data set for dummy biofidelity evaluations and computational modeling. Two PMHS (outboard left front and rear seat occupants) for MDB and one PMHS (outboard left front seat occupant) for pole tests were used. Both tests used sedan-type vehicles from same manufacturer with side airbags. Pretest x-ray and computed tomography (CT) images were obtained. Three-point belt-restrained surrogates were positioned in respective outboard seats. Accelerometers were secured to T1, T6, and T12 spines; sternum and pelvis; seat tracks; floor; center of gravity; and MDB. Load cells were used on the pole. Biomechanical data were gathered at 20 kHz. Outboard and inboard high-speed cameras were used for kinematics. X-rays and CT images were taken and autopsy was done following the test. The Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) 2005 scoring scheme was used to score injuries. MDB test: male (front seat) and female (rear seat) PMHS occupant demographics: 52 and 57 years, 177 and 166 cm stature, 78 and 65 kg total body mass. Demographics of the PMHS occupant in the pole test: male, 26 years, 179 cm stature, and 84 kg total body mass. Front seat PMHS in MDB test: 6 near-side rib fractures (AIS = 3): 160-265 mm vertically from suprasternal notch and 40-80 mm circumferentially from center of sternum. Left rear seat PMHS responded with multiple bilateral rib fractures: 9 on the near side and 5 on the contralateral side (AIS = 3). One rib fractured twice. On the near and contralateral sides, fractures were 30-210 and 20-105 mm vertically from the suprasternal notch and 90-200 and 55-135 mm circumferentially from the center of sternum. A fracture of the left intertrochanteric crest occurred (AIS = 3). Pole test PMHS had one near-side third rib fracture. Thoracic accelerations of the 2 occupants were different in the MDB test. Though both occupants sustained positive and negative x-accelerations to the sternum, peak magnitudes and relative changes were greater for the rear than the front seat occupant. Magnitudes of the thoracic and sternum accelerations were lower in the pole test. This is the first study to use PMHS occupants in MDB and pole tests in the same recent model year vehicles with side airbag and head curtain restraints. Injuries to the unilateral thorax for the front seat PMHS in contrast to the bilateral thorax and hip for the rear seat occupant in the MDB test indicate the effects of impact on the seating location and restraint system. Posterolateral locations of fractures to the front seat PMHS are attributed to constrained kinematics of occupant interaction with torso side airbag restraint system. Angled loading to the rear seat occupant from coupled sagittal and coronal accelerations of the sternum representing anterior thorax loading contributed to bilateral fractures. Inward bending initiated by the distal femur complex resulting in adduction of ipsilateral lower extremity resulted in intertrochanteric fracture to the rear seat occupant. These results serve as a data set for evaluating the biofidelity of the WorldSID and federalized side impact dummies and assist in validating human body computational models, which are increasingly used in crashworthiness studies.

Modeling of Principal Flank Wear: An Empirical Approach Combining the Effect of Tool, Environment and Workpiece Hardness

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mia, Mozammel; Al Bashir, Mahmood; Dhar, Nikhil Ranjan

2016-10-01

Hard turning is increasingly employed in machining, lately, to replace time-consuming conventional turning followed by grinding process. An excessive amount of tool wear in hard turning is one of the main hurdles to be overcome. Many researchers have developed tool wear model, but most of them developed it for a particular work-tool-environment combination. No aggregate model is developed that can be used to predict the amount of principal flank wear for specific machining time. An empirical model of principal flank wear (VB) has been developed for the different hardness of workpiece (HRC40, HRC48 and HRC56) while turning by coated carbide insert with different configurations (SNMM and SNMG) under both dry and high pressure coolant conditions. Unlike other developed model, this model includes the use of dummy variables along with the base empirical equation to entail the effect of any changes in the input conditions on the response. The base empirical equation for principal flank wear is formulated adopting the Exponential Associate Function using the experimental results. The coefficient of dummy variable reflects the shifting of the response from one set of machining condition to another set of machining condition which is determined by simple linear regression. The independent cutting parameters (speed, rate, depth of cut) are kept constant while formulating and analyzing this model. The developed model is validated with different sets of machining responses in turning hardened medium carbon steel by coated carbide inserts. For any particular set, the model can be used to predict the amount of principal flank wear for specific machining time. Since the predicted results exhibit good resemblance with experimental data and the average percentage error is <10 %, this model can be used to predict the principal flank wear for stated conditions.

Ion thruster system (8-cm) cyclic endurance test

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Dulgeroff, C. R.; Beattie, J. R.; Poeschel, R. L.; Hyman, J., Jr.

1984-01-01

This report describes the qualification test of an Engineering-Model 5-mN-thrust 8-cm-diameter mercury ion thruster which is representative of the Ion Auxiliary Propulsion System (IAPS) thrusters. Two of these thrusters are scheduled for future flight test. The cyclic endurance test described herein was a ground-based test performed in a vacuum facility with a liquid-nitrogen-cooled cryo-surface and a frozen mercury target. The Power Electronics Unit, Beam Shield, Gimal, and Propellant Tank that were used with the thruster in the endurance test are also similar to those of the IAPS. The IAPS thruster that will undergo the longest beam-on-time during the actual space test will be subjected to 7,055 hours of beam-on-time and 2,557 cycles during the flight test. The endurance test was successfully concluded when the mercury in the IAPS Propellant Tank was consumed. At that time, 8,471 hours of beam-on-time and 599 cycles had been accumulated. Subsequent post-test-evaluation operations were performed (without breaking vacuum) which extended the test values to 652 cycles and 9,489 hours of beam-on-time. The Power Electronic Unit (PEU) and thruster were in the same vacuum chamber throughout the test. The PEU accumulated 10,268 hr of test time with high voltage applied to the operating thruster or dummy load.

Thoracic injuries to contained and restrained occupants in single-vehicle pure rollover crashes.

PubMed

Bambach, M R; Grzebieta, R H; McIntosh, A S

2013-01-01

Around one in three contained and restrained seriously injured occupants in single-vehicle pure rollover crashes receive a serious injury to the thorax. With dynamic rollover test protocols currently under development, there is a need to understand the nature and cause of serious thoracic injuries incurred in rollover events. This will allow decisions to be made with regards to adoption of a suitable crash test dummy and appropriate thoracic injury criteria in such protocols. Valid rollover occupant protection test protocols will lead to vehicle improvements that will reduce the high trauma burden of vehicle rollover crashes. This paper presents an analysis of contained and restrained occupants involved in single-vehicle pure rollover crashes that occurred in the United States between 2000 and 2009 (inclusive). Serious thoracic injury typology and causality are determined. A logistic regression model is developed to determine associations between the incidence of serious thoracic injury and the human, vehicle and environmental characteristics of the crashes. Recommendations are made with regards to the appropriate assessment of potential thoracic injury in dynamic rollover occupant protection crash test protocols. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.