14 CFR 120.117 - Implementing a drug testing program.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Implementing a drug testing program. 120... AND ALCOHOL TESTING PROGRAM Drug Testing Program Requirements § 120.117 Implementing a drug testing.... (4) A part 145 certificate holder who has your own drug testing program Obtain an Antidrug and...

14 CFR 120.117 - Implementing a drug testing program.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Implementing a drug testing program. 120... AND ALCOHOL TESTING PROGRAM Drug Testing Program Requirements § 120.117 Implementing a drug testing... 145 certificate holder who has your own drug testing program Obtain an Antidrug and Alcohol Misuse...

14 CFR 120.117 - Implementing a drug testing program.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Implementing a drug testing program. 120... AND ALCOHOL TESTING PROGRAM Drug Testing Program Requirements § 120.117 Implementing a drug testing... 145 certificate holder who has your own drug testing program Obtain an Antidrug and Alcohol Misuse...

14 CFR 120.117 - Implementing a drug testing program.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Implementing a drug testing program. 120... AND ALCOHOL TESTING PROGRAM Drug Testing Program Requirements § 120.117 Implementing a drug testing... Specification, Letter of Authorization, or Drug and Alcohol Testing Program Registration from the FAA: If you...

14 CFR 120.117 - Implementing a drug testing program.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Implementing a drug testing program. 120... AND ALCOHOL TESTING PROGRAM Drug Testing Program Requirements § 120.117 Implementing a drug testing... 145 certificate holder who has your own drug testing program Obtain an Antidrug and Alcohol Misuse...

49 CFR 40.207 - What is the effect of a cancelled drug test?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 49 Transportation 1 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false What is the effect of a cancelled drug test? 40... TRANSPORTATION WORKPLACE DRUG AND ALCOHOL TESTING PROGRAMS Problems in Drug Tests § 40.207 What is the effect of a cancelled drug test? (a) A cancelled drug test is neither positive nor negative. (1) As an...

49 CFR 40.207 - What is the effect of a cancelled drug test?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 49 Transportation 1 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false What is the effect of a cancelled drug test? 40... TRANSPORTATION WORKPLACE DRUG AND ALCOHOL TESTING PROGRAMS Problems in Drug Tests § 40.207 What is the effect of a cancelled drug test? (a) A cancelled drug test is neither positive nor negative. (1) As an...

49 CFR 40.207 - What is the effect of a cancelled drug test?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 49 Transportation 1 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false What is the effect of a cancelled drug test? 40... TRANSPORTATION WORKPLACE DRUG AND ALCOHOL TESTING PROGRAMS Problems in Drug Tests § 40.207 What is the effect of a cancelled drug test? (a) A cancelled drug test is neither positive nor negative. (1) As an...

49 CFR 40.207 - What is the effect of a cancelled drug test?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 49 Transportation 1 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false What is the effect of a cancelled drug test? 40... TRANSPORTATION WORKPLACE DRUG AND ALCOHOL TESTING PROGRAMS Problems in Drug Tests § 40.207 What is the effect of a cancelled drug test? (a) A cancelled drug test is neither positive nor negative. (1) As an...

49 CFR 40.207 - What is the effect of a cancelled drug test?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 49 Transportation 1 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false What is the effect of a cancelled drug test? 40... TRANSPORTATION WORKPLACE DRUG AND ALCOHOL TESTING PROGRAMS Problems in Drug Tests § 40.207 What is the effect of a cancelled drug test? (a) A cancelled drug test is neither positive nor negative. (1) As an...

21 CFR 864.3260 - OTC test sample collection systems for drugs of abuse testing.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 8 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false OTC test sample collection systems for drugs of... Instrumentation and Accessories § 864.3260 OTC test sample collection systems for drugs of abuse testing. (a) Identification. An over-the-counter (OTC) test sample collection system for drugs of abuse testing is a device...

21 CFR 862.3910 - Tricyclic antidepressant drugs test system.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 8 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Tricyclic antidepressant drugs test system. 862... Test Systems § 862.3910 Tricyclic antidepressant drugs test system. (a) Identification. A tricyclic antidepressant drugs test system is a device intended to measure any of the tricyclic antidepressant drugs in...

21 CFR 862.3910 - Tricyclic antidepressant drugs test system.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 8 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Tricyclic antidepressant drugs test system. 862... Test Systems § 862.3910 Tricyclic antidepressant drugs test system. (a) Identification. A tricyclic antidepressant drugs test system is a device intended to measure any of the tricyclic antidepressant drugs in...

21 CFR 862.3910 - Tricyclic antidepressant drugs test system.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 8 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Tricyclic antidepressant drugs test system. 862... Test Systems § 862.3910 Tricyclic antidepressant drugs test system. (a) Identification. A tricyclic antidepressant drugs test system is a device intended to measure any of the tricyclic antidepressant drugs in...

21 CFR 862.3910 - Tricyclic antidepressant drugs test system.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 8 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Tricyclic antidepressant drugs test system. 862... Test Systems § 862.3910 Tricyclic antidepressant drugs test system. (a) Identification. A tricyclic antidepressant drugs test system is a device intended to measure any of the tricyclic antidepressant drugs in...

21 CFR 862.3910 - Tricyclic antidepressant drugs test system.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 8 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Tricyclic antidepressant drugs test system. 862... Test Systems § 862.3910 Tricyclic antidepressant drugs test system. (a) Identification. A tricyclic antidepressant drugs test system is a device intended to measure any of the tricyclic antidepressant drugs in...

49 CFR 199.103 - Use of persons who fail or refuse a drug test.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... SAFETY DRUG AND ALCOHOL TESTING Drug Testing § 199.103 Use of persons who fail or refuse a drug test. (a) An operator may not knowingly use as an employee any person who— (1) Fails a drug test required by... 49 Transportation 3 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Use of persons who fail or refuse a drug test. 199...

49 CFR 199.103 - Use of persons who fail or refuse a drug test.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... SAFETY DRUG AND ALCOHOL TESTING Drug Testing § 199.103 Use of persons who fail or refuse a drug test. (a) An operator may not knowingly use as an employee any person who— (1) Fails a drug test required by... 49 Transportation 3 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Use of persons who fail or refuse a drug test. 199...

49 CFR 199.103 - Use of persons who fail or refuse a drug test.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... SAFETY DRUG AND ALCOHOL TESTING Drug Testing § 199.103 Use of persons who fail or refuse a drug test. (a) An operator may not knowingly use as an employee any person who— (1) Fails a drug test required by... 49 Transportation 3 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Use of persons who fail or refuse a drug test. 199...

49 CFR 199.103 - Use of persons who fail or refuse a drug test.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... SAFETY DRUG AND ALCOHOL TESTING Drug Testing § 199.103 Use of persons who fail or refuse a drug test. (a) An operator may not knowingly use as an employee any person who— (1) Fails a drug test required by... 49 Transportation 3 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Use of persons who fail or refuse a drug test. 199...

49 CFR 199.103 - Use of persons who fail or refuse a drug test.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... SAFETY DRUG AND ALCOHOL TESTING Drug Testing § 199.103 Use of persons who fail or refuse a drug test. (a) An operator may not knowingly use as an employee any person who— (1) Fails a drug test required by... 49 Transportation 3 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Use of persons who fail or refuse a drug test. 199...

49 CFR 219.701 - Standards for drug and alcohol testing.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 49 Transportation 4 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Standards for drug and alcohol testing. 219.701... ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION CONTROL OF ALCOHOL AND DRUG USE Drug and Alcohol Testing Procedures § 219.701 Standards for drug and alcohol testing. (a) Drug testing required or authorized by subparts B...

49 CFR 219.701 - Standards for drug and alcohol testing.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 49 Transportation 4 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Standards for drug and alcohol testing. 219.701... ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION CONTROL OF ALCOHOL AND DRUG USE Drug and Alcohol Testing Procedures § 219.701 Standards for drug and alcohol testing. (a) Drug testing required or authorized by subparts B...

49 CFR 219.701 - Standards for drug and alcohol testing.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 49 Transportation 4 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Standards for drug and alcohol testing. 219.701... ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION CONTROL OF ALCOHOL AND DRUG USE Drug and Alcohol Testing Procedures § 219.701 Standards for drug and alcohol testing. (a) Drug testing required or authorized by subparts B...

49 CFR 219.701 - Standards for drug and alcohol testing.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 49 Transportation 4 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Standards for drug and alcohol testing. 219.701... ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION CONTROL OF ALCOHOL AND DRUG USE Drug and Alcohol Testing Procedures § 219.701 Standards for drug and alcohol testing. (a) Drug testing required or authorized by subparts B...

49 CFR 219.701 - Standards for drug and alcohol testing.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 49 Transportation 4 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Standards for drug and alcohol testing. 219.701... ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION CONTROL OF ALCOHOL AND DRUG USE Drug and Alcohol Testing Procedures § 219.701 Standards for drug and alcohol testing. (a) Drug testing required or authorized by subparts B...

14 CFR 120.123 - Drug testing outside the territory of the United States.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Drug testing outside the territory of the... OPERATIONS DRUG AND ALCOHOL TESTING PROGRAM Drug Testing Program Requirements § 120.123 Drug testing outside the territory of the United States. (a) No part of the testing process (including specimen collection...

14 CFR 120.123 - Drug testing outside the territory of the United States.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Drug testing outside the territory of the... OPERATIONS DRUG AND ALCOHOL TESTING PROGRAM Drug Testing Program Requirements § 120.123 Drug testing outside the territory of the United States. (a) No part of the testing process (including specimen collection...

14 CFR 120.123 - Drug testing outside the territory of the United States.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Drug testing outside the territory of the... OPERATIONS DRUG AND ALCOHOL TESTING PROGRAM Drug Testing Program Requirements § 120.123 Drug testing outside the territory of the United States. (a) No part of the testing process (including specimen collection...

14 CFR 120.123 - Drug testing outside the territory of the United States.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Drug testing outside the territory of the... OPERATIONS DRUG AND ALCOHOL TESTING PROGRAM Drug Testing Program Requirements § 120.123 Drug testing outside the territory of the United States. (a) No part of the testing process (including specimen collection...

14 CFR 120.123 - Drug testing outside the territory of the United States.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Drug testing outside the territory of the... OPERATIONS DRUG AND ALCOHOL TESTING PROGRAM Drug Testing Program Requirements § 120.123 Drug testing outside the territory of the United States. (a) No part of the testing process (including specimen collection...

76 FR 59574 - Procedures for Transportation Workplace Drug and Alcohol Testing Programs: Federal Drug Testing...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-09-27

... 2105-AE13 Procedures for Transportation Workplace Drug and Alcohol Testing Programs: Federal Drug...) published an interim final rule (IFR) authorizing the use of a new Federal Drug Testing Custody and Control Form (CCF) in its drug testing program. Use of the form is authorized beginning October 1, 2010. This...

Special report. Drug testing in the workplace: an update.

PubMed

1994-10-01

Workplace drug testing has become widespread in the U.S. and is a major component of the nation's "war on drugs." A recent annual survey by the American Management Association shows that the number of workplace drug-testing programs in surveyed companies grew almost 300% between 1987 and 1993. Nearly 85% of the 630 firms responding to the 1993 survey conduct some form of drug testing. Among activities sparking interest in drug testing are some highly publicized catastrophes in which drugs or alcohol played a major role--for example, the Exxon Valdez oil spill in Alaska which raised concern over threats to public safety. While the popularity of drug testing has increased, programs have been criticized at the same time for being inaccurate, costly, invasive of privacy, and even illegal in certain cases. As alternatives to urinalysis and other tests, companies have introduced impairment tests--also called performance tests and "fitness-for-duty" tests--which are computer-based and measure employees' eye-hand coordination or cognitive skills. Tests also have been introduced to detect drug residues on surfaces. In this report, we'll review some recent studies on drug testing and some of the programs currently being conducted.

49 CFR 199.119 - Reporting of anti-drug testing results.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Reporting of anti-drug testing results. 199.119... HAZARDOUS MATERIALS SAFETY ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) PIPELINE SAFETY DRUG AND ALCOHOL TESTING Drug Testing § 199.119 Reporting of anti-drug testing results. (a) Each large operator...

49 CFR 199.119 - Reporting of anti-drug testing results.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Reporting of anti-drug testing results. 199.119... HAZARDOUS MATERIALS SAFETY ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) PIPELINE SAFETY DRUG AND ALCOHOL TESTING Drug Testing § 199.119 Reporting of anti-drug testing results. (a) Each large operator...

49 CFR 199.109 - Review of drug testing results.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Review of drug testing results. 199.109 Section... MATERIALS SAFETY ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) PIPELINE SAFETY DRUG AND ALCOHOL TESTING Drug Testing § 199.109 Review of drug testing results. (a) MRO appointment. Each operator shall...

49 CFR 199.109 - Review of drug testing results.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Review of drug testing results. 199.109 Section... MATERIALS SAFETY ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) PIPELINE SAFETY DRUG AND ALCOHOL TESTING Drug Testing § 199.109 Review of drug testing results. (a) MRO appointment. Each operator shall...

49 CFR 199.109 - Review of drug testing results.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Review of drug testing results. 199.109 Section... MATERIALS SAFETY ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) PIPELINE SAFETY DRUG AND ALCOHOL TESTING Drug Testing § 199.109 Review of drug testing results. (a) MRO appointment. Each operator shall...

49 CFR 199.109 - Review of drug testing results.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Review of drug testing results. 199.109 Section... MATERIALS SAFETY ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) PIPELINE SAFETY DRUG AND ALCOHOL TESTING Drug Testing § 199.109 Review of drug testing results. (a) MRO appointment. Each operator shall...

49 CFR 199.119 - Reporting of anti-drug testing results.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Reporting of anti-drug testing results. 199.119... HAZARDOUS MATERIALS SAFETY ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) PIPELINE SAFETY DRUG AND ALCOHOL TESTING Drug Testing § 199.119 Reporting of anti-drug testing results. (a) Each large operator...

49 CFR 199.119 - Reporting of anti-drug testing results.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Reporting of anti-drug testing results. 199.119... HAZARDOUS MATERIALS SAFETY ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) PIPELINE SAFETY DRUG AND ALCOHOL TESTING Drug Testing § 199.119 Reporting of anti-drug testing results. (a) Each large operator...

49 CFR 199.109 - Review of drug testing results.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Review of drug testing results. 199.109 Section... MATERIALS SAFETY ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) PIPELINE SAFETY DRUG AND ALCOHOL TESTING Drug Testing § 199.109 Review of drug testing results. (a) MRO appointment. Each operator shall...

49 CFR 199.119 - Reporting of anti-drug testing results.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Reporting of anti-drug testing results. 199.119... HAZARDOUS MATERIALS SAFETY ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) PIPELINE SAFETY DRUG AND ALCOHOL TESTING Drug Testing § 199.119 Reporting of anti-drug testing results. (a) Each large operator...

21 CFR 355.70 - Testing procedures for fluoride dentifrice drug products.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 5 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Testing procedures for fluoride dentifrice drug... Procedures § 355.70 Testing procedures for fluoride dentifrice drug products. (a) A fluoride dentifrice drug... tests: Enamel solubility reduction or fluoride enamel uptake. The testing procedures for these...

21 CFR 355.70 - Testing procedures for fluoride dentifrice drug products.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 5 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Testing procedures for fluoride dentifrice drug... Procedures § 355.70 Testing procedures for fluoride dentifrice drug products. (a) A fluoride dentifrice drug... tests: Enamel solubility reduction or fluoride enamel uptake. The testing procedures for these...

21 CFR 862.3645 - Neuroleptic drugs radioreceptor assay test system.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... Test Systems § 862.3645 Neuroleptic drugs radioreceptor assay test system. (a) Identification. A neuroleptic drugs radioceptor assay test system is a device intended to measure in serum or plasma the... 21 Food and Drugs 8 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Neuroleptic drugs radioreceptor assay test system...

10 CFR 26.139 - Reporting initial validity and drug test results.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 10 Energy 1 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Reporting initial validity and drug test results. 26.139... § 26.139 Reporting initial validity and drug test results. (a) The licensee testing facility shall... permitted under § 26.75(h), positive test results from initial drug tests at the licensee testing facility...

10 CFR 26.139 - Reporting initial validity and drug test results.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 10 Energy 1 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Reporting initial validity and drug test results. 26.139... § 26.139 Reporting initial validity and drug test results. (a) The licensee testing facility shall... permitted under § 26.75(h), positive test results from initial drug tests at the licensee testing facility...

14 CFR 120.105 - Employees who must be tested.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... (CONTINUED) AIR CARRIERS AND OPERATORS FOR COMPENSATION OR HIRE: CERTIFICATION AND OPERATIONS DRUG AND ALCOHOL TESTING PROGRAM Drug Testing Program Requirements § 120.105 Employees who must be tested. Each... an employer as defined in this subpart must be subject to drug testing under a drug testing program...

14 CFR 120.105 - Employees who must be tested.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... (CONTINUED) AIR CARRIERS AND OPERATORS FOR COMPENSATION OR HIRE: CERTIFICATION AND OPERATIONS DRUG AND ALCOHOL TESTING PROGRAM Drug Testing Program Requirements § 120.105 Employees who must be tested. Each... an employer as defined in this subpart must be subject to drug testing under a drug testing program...

10 CFR 707.8 - Applicant drug testing.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 10 Energy 4 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Applicant drug testing. 707.8 Section 707.8 Energy... testing. An applicant for a testing designated position will be tested for the use of illegal drugs before... contractors from conducting drug testing on applicants for employment in any position. ...

14 CFR 120.105 - Employees who must be tested.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... (CONTINUED) AIR CARRIERS AND OPERATORS FOR COMPENSATION OR HIRE: CERTIFICATION AND OPERATIONS DRUG AND ALCOHOL TESTING PROGRAM Drug Testing Program Requirements § 120.105 Employees who must be tested. Each... an employer as defined in this subpart must be subject to drug testing under a drug testing program...

14 CFR 120.105 - Employees who must be tested.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... (CONTINUED) AIR CARRIERS AND OPERATORS FOR COMPENSATION OR HIRE: CERTIFICATION AND OPERATIONS DRUG AND ALCOHOL TESTING PROGRAM Drug Testing Program Requirements § 120.105 Employees who must be tested. Each... an employer as defined in this subpart must be subject to drug testing under a drug testing program...

14 CFR 120.105 - Employees who must be tested.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... (CONTINUED) AIR CARRIERS AND OPERATORS FOR COMPENSATION OR HIRE: CERTIFICATION AND OPERATIONS DRUG AND ALCOHOL TESTING PROGRAM Drug Testing Program Requirements § 120.105 Employees who must be tested. Each... an employer as defined in this subpart must be subject to drug testing under a drug testing program...

10 CFR 707.8 - Applicant drug testing.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 10 Energy 4 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Applicant drug testing. 707.8 Section 707.8 Energy... testing. An applicant for a testing designated position will be tested for the use of illegal drugs before... contractors from conducting drug testing on applicants for employment in any position. ...

Profit-driven drug testing.

PubMed

Collen, Mark

2012-01-01

Random drug testing of people being treated for chronic pain has become more common. Physicians may drug test patients on opioid therapy as a result of concerns over prosecution, drug misuse, addiction, and overdose. However, profit motive has remained unexplored. This article suggests profits also drive physician drug-testing behavior and evidence is offered, including an exploration of Medicare reimbursement incentives and kickbacks for drug testing.

Drug Testing. ERIC Digest Series Number EA 35.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Klauke, Amy

The issue of drug testing is the focus of this ERIC Digest. Several aspects of drug testing discussed in question-and-answer format: (1) What is the current status of drug use in the schools? (2) What legal questions arise when schools consider drug testing? (3) How might drug testing be applied in a fair, economical, and legally safe manner? (4)…

A strategy to reduce illicit drug use is effective in elite Australian football.

PubMed

Harcourt, Peter R; Unglik, Harry; Cook, Jill L

2012-10-01

The World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) prescribes that drug testing is conducted in sports competitions to detect drug use in athletes. This testing includes performance-enhancing drugs as well as illicit substances such as marijuana, amphetamines and cocaine. Illicit drugs are tested for on match days but not on non-match days. Some athletes are known to use illicit substances for recreational purposes, away from competition times and this poses a serious health and welfare issue not addressed by the usual sport drug testing regimes. This paper reports the results of the first 7 years of an illicit drug-testing programme that included non-match day testing in the elite Australian Football competition, the Australian Football League (AFL). Players in the AFL were tested for illicit drugs both in-competition and out-of-competition. Players were selected for illicit substance tests either randomly or targeted based on previous test history or time since previous test. The number of tests conducted was increased each year from 2005 to 2011 and testing was focused on high-risk times during non-competition periods. There were no positive match day tests. There was a significant reduction in positive tests (19-6) for illicit drugs during non-competition periods over the 7 years (p<0.0001). The reduction in positive tests may be related to player education, the greater number of tests conducted and the harm minimisation approach of the illicit drug policy. An illicit drugs programme using a harm minimisation strategy can work effectively alongside a sport's WADA compliant Anti-Doping Code.

49 CFR 40.205 - How are drug test problems corrected?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

...), you must try to correct the problem promptly, if doing so is practicable. You may conduct another... 49 Transportation 1 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false How are drug test problems corrected? 40.205... WORKPLACE DRUG AND ALCOHOL TESTING PROGRAMS Problems in Drug Tests § 40.205 How are drug test problems...

49 CFR 199.105 - Drug tests required.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Drug tests required. 199.105 Section 199.105... § 199.105 Drug tests required. Each operator shall conduct the following drug tests for the presence of a prohibited drug: (a) Pre-employment testing. No operator may hire or contract for the use of any...

49 CFR 199.105 - Drug tests required.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Drug tests required. 199.105 Section 199.105... § 199.105 Drug tests required. Each operator shall conduct the following drug tests for the presence of a prohibited drug: (a) Pre-employment testing. No operator may hire or contract for the use of any...

49 CFR 199.105 - Drug tests required.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Drug tests required. 199.105 Section 199.105... § 199.105 Drug tests required. Each operator shall conduct the following drug tests for the presence of a prohibited drug: (a) Pre-employment testing. No operator may hire or contract for the use of any...

49 CFR 199.105 - Drug tests required.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Drug tests required. 199.105 Section 199.105... § 199.105 Drug tests required. Each operator shall conduct the following drug tests for the presence of a prohibited drug: (a) Pre-employment testing. No operator may hire or contract for the use of any...

49 CFR 199.105 - Drug tests required.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Drug tests required. 199.105 Section 199.105... § 199.105 Drug tests required. Each operator shall conduct the following drug tests for the presence of a prohibited drug: (a) Pre-employment testing. No operator may hire or contract for the use of any...

21 CFR 355.70 - Testing procedures for fluoride dentifrice drug products.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 5 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Testing procedures for fluoride dentifrice drug... SERVICES (CONTINUED) DRUGS FOR HUMAN USE ANTICARIES DRUG PRODUCTS FOR OVER-THE-COUNTER HUMAN USE Testing Procedures § 355.70 Testing procedures for fluoride dentifrice drug products. (a) A fluoride dentifrice drug...

21 CFR 355.70 - Testing procedures for fluoride dentifrice drug products.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 5 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Testing procedures for fluoride dentifrice drug... SERVICES (CONTINUED) DRUGS FOR HUMAN USE ANTICARIES DRUG PRODUCTS FOR OVER-THE-COUNTER HUMAN USE Testing Procedures § 355.70 Testing procedures for fluoride dentifrice drug products. (a) A fluoride dentifrice drug...

21 CFR 355.70 - Testing procedures for fluoride dentifrice drug products.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 5 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Testing procedures for fluoride dentifrice drug... SERVICES (CONTINUED) DRUGS FOR HUMAN USE ANTICARIES DRUG PRODUCTS FOR OVER-THE-COUNTER HUMAN USE Testing Procedures § 355.70 Testing procedures for fluoride dentifrice drug products. (a) A fluoride dentifrice drug...

76 FR 80781 - Alcohol and Drug Testing: Determination of Minimum Random Testing Rates for 2012

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-12-27

...-11213, Notice No. 15] RIN 2130-AA81 Alcohol and Drug Testing: Determination of Minimum Random Testing.... According to data from FRA's Management Information System, the rail industry's random drug testing [[Page... Administrator (Administrator) has therefore determined that the minimum annual random drug testing rate for the...

10 CFR 707.7 - Random drug testing requirements and identification of testing designated positions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 10 Energy 4 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Random drug testing requirements and identification of... PROGRAMS AT DOE SITES Procedures § 707.7 Random drug testing requirements and identification of testing... evidence of the use of illegal drugs of employees in testing designated positions identified in this...

10 CFR 707.7 - Random drug testing requirements and identification of testing designated positions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 10 Energy 4 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Random drug testing requirements and identification of... PROGRAMS AT DOE SITES Procedures § 707.7 Random drug testing requirements and identification of testing... evidence of the use of illegal drugs of employees in testing designated positions identified in this...

10 CFR 707.7 - Random drug testing requirements and identification of testing designated positions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 10 Energy 4 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Random drug testing requirements and identification of... PROGRAMS AT DOE SITES Procedures § 707.7 Random drug testing requirements and identification of testing... evidence of the use of illegal drugs of employees in testing designated positions identified in this...

10 CFR 707.7 - Random drug testing requirements and identification of testing designated positions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 10 Energy 4 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Random drug testing requirements and identification of... PROGRAMS AT DOE SITES Procedures § 707.7 Random drug testing requirements and identification of testing... evidence of the use of illegal drugs of employees in testing designated positions identified in this...

77 FR 75896 - Alcohol and Drug Testing: Determination of Minimum Random Testing Rates for 2013

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-12-26

...-11213, Notice No. 16] Alcohol and Drug Testing: Determination of Minimum Random Testing Rates for 2013... from FRA's Management Information System, the rail industry's random drug testing positive rate has... therefore determined that the minimum annual random drug testing rate for the period January 1, 2013...

10 CFR 707.7 - Random drug testing requirements and identification of testing designated positions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 10 Energy 4 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Random drug testing requirements and identification of... PROGRAMS AT DOE SITES Procedures § 707.7 Random drug testing requirements and identification of testing... evidence of the use of illegal drugs of employees in testing designated positions identified in this...

[Uniform analyzes of drugs in urine needed for rule of law].

PubMed

Hansson, Therese; Helander, Anders; Beck, Olof; Elmgren, Anders; Kugelberg, Fredrik; Kronstrand, Robert

2015-09-22

Drugs of abuse testing is used in various areas of society for detection and follow-up of drug use. In routine laboratory drug testing, immunoassays are employed for initial screening of specimens to indicate the presence of drugs. To confirm a positive screening test, a secondary analysis by mass spectrometry is performed. The "cut-off" is the pre-defined concentration threshold of a drug or drug metabolite above which the sample is considered positive. A reading below this level implies a negative test result. Swedish drug testing laboratories currently employ varying cut-offs to distinguish between a positive and a negative test result. Because a positive drug test may have serious legal consequences to the individual, it is of importance that testing is performed and judged equally, regardless of where it is performed. A national harmonization of cut-offs is therefore warranted. Based on data from four major Swedish drug testing laboratories, and considering the recommendations in international guidelines, a proposal for national harmonization of urine cut-offs for the most common set of drugs of abuse is presented.

Guidelines for European workplace drug testing in oral fluid.

PubMed

Cooper, Gail; Moore, Christine; George, Claire; Pichini, Simona

2011-05-01

Over the past decade, oral fluid has established itself as a robust testing matrix for monitoring drug use or misuse. Commercially available collection devices provide opportunities to collect and test oral fluid by the roadside and near-patient testing with both clinical and criminal justice applications. One of the main advantages of oral fluid relates to the collection of the matrix which is non-invasive, simple, and can be carried out under direct observation making it ideal for workplace drug testing. Laboratories offering legally defensible oral fluid workplace drug testing must adhere to national and international quality standards (ISO/IEC 17025); however, these standards do not address issues specific to oral fluid testing. The European Workplace Drug Testing Society (EWDTS) recognizes the importance of providing best practice guidelines to organizations offering testing and those choosing to use oral fluid drug testing to test their employees. The aim of this paper is to present the EWDTS guidelines for oral fluid workplace drug testing. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

49 CFR 40.205 - How are drug test problems corrected?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 49 Transportation 1 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false How are drug test problems corrected? 40.205 Section 40.205 Transportation Office of the Secretary of Transportation PROCEDURES FOR TRANSPORTATION WORKPLACE DRUG AND ALCOHOL TESTING PROGRAMS Problems in Drug Tests § 40.205 How are drug test problems corrected? (a) As a collector, you have the...

49 CFR 40.87 - What are the cutoff concentrations for drug tests?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... TRANSPORTATION WORKPLACE DRUG AND ALCOHOL TESTING PROGRAMS Drug Testing Laboratories § 40.87 What are the cutoff concentrations for drug tests? (a) As a laboratory, you must use the cutoff concentrations displayed in the... 49 Transportation 1 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false What are the cutoff concentrations for drug tests...

49 CFR 40.87 - What are the cutoff concentrations for drug tests?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... TRANSPORTATION WORKPLACE DRUG AND ALCOHOL TESTING PROGRAMS Drug Testing Laboratories § 40.87 What are the cutoff concentrations for drug tests? (a) As a laboratory, you must use the cutoff concentrations displayed in the... 49 Transportation 1 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false What are the cutoff concentrations for drug tests...

49 CFR 40.87 - What are the cutoff concentrations for drug tests?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... TRANSPORTATION WORKPLACE DRUG AND ALCOHOL TESTING PROGRAMS Drug Testing Laboratories § 40.87 What are the cutoff concentrations for drug tests? (a) As a laboratory, you must use the cutoff concentrations displayed in the... 49 Transportation 1 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false What are the cutoff concentrations for drug tests...

49 CFR 40.87 - What are the cutoff concentrations for drug tests?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... TRANSPORTATION WORKPLACE DRUG AND ALCOHOL TESTING PROGRAMS Drug Testing Laboratories § 40.87 What are the cutoff concentrations for drug tests? (a) As a laboratory, you must use the cutoff concentrations displayed in the... 49 Transportation 1 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false What are the cutoff concentrations for drug tests...

49 CFR 40.87 - What are the cutoff concentrations for drug tests?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... TRANSPORTATION WORKPLACE DRUG AND ALCOHOL TESTING PROGRAMS Drug Testing Laboratories § 40.87 What are the cutoff concentrations for drug tests? (a) As a laboratory, you must use the cutoff concentrations displayed in the... 49 Transportation 1 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false What are the cutoff concentrations for drug tests...

Chemical dependency and drug testing in the workplace.

PubMed

Osterloh, J D; Becker, C E

1990-01-01

Urine testing for drug use in the workplace is now widespread, with the prevalence of positive drug tests in the work force being 0% to 15%. The prevalence of marijuana use is highest of the illicit drugs being tested. Highly prevalent drugs can be reliably tested. Although it is prudent to rid the workplace of drug use, there is little scientific study on the relationship of drug use and workplace outcomes, such as productivity and safety. Probable-cause testing and preemployment testing are the most common applications. Random testing has been less accepted owing to its higher costs, unresolved legal issues, and predictably poor test reliability. Legal issues have focused on the right to privacy, policy agreements, discrimination, and the lack of due process. The legal cornerstone of a good program is a policy that is planned and agreed on by both labor and management, which serves both as a contract and as a procedure in which expectations and consequences are known. Moreover, NIDA is certifying laboratories doing employee drug testing. Testing methods, when done correctly, are less prone to error than in the past, but screening tests can be defeated by adulterants. Although the incidence of false-positive results is low, such tests are less reliable when the prevalence of drug abuse is also low.

A strategy to reduce illicit drug use is effective in elite Australian football

PubMed Central

Harcourt, Peter R; Unglik, Harry; Cook, Jill L

2012-01-01

Background The World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) prescribes that drug testing is conducted in sports competitions to detect drug use in athletes. This testing includes performance-enhancing drugs as well as illicit substances such as marijuana, amphetamines and cocaine. Illicit drugs are tested for on match days but not on non-match days. Some athletes are known to use illicit substances for recreational purposes, away from competition times and this poses a serious health and welfare issue not addressed by the usual sport drug testing regimes. This paper reports the results of the first 7 years of an illicit drug-testing programme that included non-match day testing in the elite Australian Football competition, the Australian Football League (AFL). Methods Players in the AFL were tested for illicit drugs both in-competition and out-of-competition. Players were selected for illicit substance tests either randomly or targeted based on previous test history or time since previous test. The number of tests conducted was increased each year from 2005 to 2011 and testing was focused on high-risk times during non-competition periods. Results There were no positive match day tests. There was a significant reduction in positive tests (19–6) for illicit drugs during non-competition periods over the 7 years (p<0.0001). The reduction in positive tests may be related to player education, the greater number of tests conducted and the harm minimisation approach of the illicit drug policy. Conclusions An illicit drugs programme using a harm minimisation strategy can work effectively alongside a sport's WADA compliant Anti-Doping Code. PMID:22893512

46 CFR 4.06-3 - Requirements for alcohol and drug testing following a serious marine incident.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 46 Shipping 1 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Requirements for alcohol and drug testing following a... drug testing following a serious marine incident. When a marine employer determines that a casualty or... drug testing is conducted: (a) Alcohol testing. (1) Alcohol testing must be conducted on each...

10 CFR 707.11 - Drugs for which testing is performed.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 10 Energy 4 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Drugs for which testing is performed. 707.11 Section 707... Drugs for which testing is performed. Where testing is performed under this part, at a minimum... occurrence testing, the contractor may test for any drug listed in Schedules I or II of the Controlled...

46 CFR 4.06-3 - Requirements for alcohol and drug testing following a serious marine incident.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 46 Shipping 1 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Requirements for alcohol and drug testing following a... drug testing following a serious marine incident. When a marine employer determines that a casualty or... drug testing is conducted: (a) Alcohol testing. (1) Alcohol testing must be conducted on each...

10 CFR 707.11 - Drugs for which testing is performed.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 10 Energy 4 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Drugs for which testing is performed. 707.11 Section 707... Drugs for which testing is performed. Where testing is performed under this part, at a minimum... occurrence testing, the contractor may test for any drug listed in Schedules I or II of the Controlled...

46 CFR 4.06-3 - Requirements for alcohol and drug testing following a serious marine incident.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 46 Shipping 1 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Requirements for alcohol and drug testing following a... drug testing following a serious marine incident. When a marine employer determines that a casualty or... drug testing is conducted: (a) Alcohol testing. (1) Alcohol testing must be conducted on each...

46 CFR 4.06-3 - Requirements for alcohol and drug testing following a serious marine incident.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 46 Shipping 1 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Requirements for alcohol and drug testing following a... drug testing following a serious marine incident. When a marine employer determines that a casualty or... drug testing is conducted: (a) Alcohol testing. (1) Alcohol testing must be conducted on each...

10 CFR 707.11 - Drugs for which testing is performed.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 10 Energy 4 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Drugs for which testing is performed. 707.11 Section 707... Drugs for which testing is performed. Where testing is performed under this part, at a minimum... occurrence testing, the contractor may test for any drug listed in Schedules I or II of the Controlled...

46 CFR 4.06-3 - Requirements for alcohol and drug testing following a serious marine incident.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 46 Shipping 1 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Requirements for alcohol and drug testing following a... drug testing following a serious marine incident. When a marine employer determines that a casualty or... drug testing is conducted: (a) Alcohol testing. (1) Alcohol testing must be conducted on each...

10 CFR 707.11 - Drugs for which testing is performed.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 10 Energy 4 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Drugs for which testing is performed. 707.11 Section 707... Drugs for which testing is performed. Where testing is performed under this part, at a minimum... occurrence testing, the contractor may test for any drug listed in Schedules I or II of the Controlled...

10 CFR 707.11 - Drugs for which testing is performed.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 10 Energy 4 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Drugs for which testing is performed. 707.11 Section 707... Drugs for which testing is performed. Where testing is performed under this part, at a minimum... occurrence testing, the contractor may test for any drug listed in Schedules I or II of the Controlled...

Frequently Asked Questions about Drug Testing in Schools

MedlinePlus

... Drug Testing in Schools Frequently Asked Questions About Drug Testing in Schools Email Facebook Twitter Revised May 2017 How do some schools conduct drug testing? Following models established in the workplace, some ...

49 CFR 40.107 - Who may inspect laboratories?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... DRUG AND ALCOHOL TESTING PROGRAMS Drug Testing Laboratories § 40.107 Who may inspect laboratories? As a...-regulated employer that contracts with the laboratory for drug testing under the DOT drug testing program...

49 CFR 40.107 - Who may inspect laboratories?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... DRUG AND ALCOHOL TESTING PROGRAMS Drug Testing Laboratories § 40.107 Who may inspect laboratories? As a...-regulated employer that contracts with the laboratory for drug testing under the DOT drug testing program...

49 CFR 40.107 - Who may inspect laboratories?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... DRUG AND ALCOHOL TESTING PROGRAMS Drug Testing Laboratories § 40.107 Who may inspect laboratories? As a...-regulated employer that contracts with the laboratory for drug testing under the DOT drug testing program...

49 CFR 40.107 - Who may inspect laboratories?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... DRUG AND ALCOHOL TESTING PROGRAMS Drug Testing Laboratories § 40.107 Who may inspect laboratories? As a...-regulated employer that contracts with the laboratory for drug testing under the DOT drug testing program...

49 CFR 40.107 - Who may inspect laboratories?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... DRUG AND ALCOHOL TESTING PROGRAMS Drug Testing Laboratories § 40.107 Who may inspect laboratories? As a...-regulated employer that contracts with the laboratory for drug testing under the DOT drug testing program...

European guidelines for workplace drug and alcohol testing in hair.

PubMed

Salomone, A; Tsanaclis, L; Agius, R; Kintz, P; Baumgartner, M R

2016-10-01

Guidelines for Legally Defensible Workplace Drug Testing have been prepared and updated by the European Workplace Drug Testing Society (EWDTS). They are based on the 2010 version published by Pascal Kintz and Ronald Agius (Guidelines for European workplace drug and alcohol testing in hair. Drug Test. Anal. 2010, 2, 367) and in concordance with the Society of Hair Testing guidelines (Society of Hair Testing guidelines for drug testing in hair. Forensic Sci. Int. 2012, 218, 20-24). The European Guidelines are designed to establish best practice procedures whilst allowing individual countries to operate within the requirements of national customs and legislation. The EWDTS recommends that all European laboratories that undertake legally defensible workplace drug testing use these guidelines as a template for accreditation. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Hematology and pathology devices; reclassification; restricted devices; OTC test sample collection systems for drugs of abuse testing. Food and Drug Administration, HHS. Final rule.

PubMed

2000-04-07

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is reclassifying over-the-counter (OTC) test sample collection systems for drugs of abuse testing from class III (premarket approval) into class I (general controls) and exempting them from premarket notification (510(k)) and current good manufacturing practice (CGMP) requirements. FDA is also designating OTC test sample collection systems for drugs of abuse testing as restricted devices under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (the act) and establishing restrictions intended to assure consumers that: The underlying laboratory test(s) are accurate and reliable; the laboratory performing the test(s) has adequate expertise and competency; and the product has adequate labeling and methods of communicating test results to consumers. Finally, FDA is adding a conforming amendment to the existing classification regulation for specimen transport and storage containers to clarify that it does not apply to specimen transport and storage containers that are part of an OTC test sample collection system for the purpose of testing for the presence of drugs of abuse or their metabolites in a laboratory.

Drug Testing of Public Employees: An Introduction.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Jascourt, Hugh D.

1988-01-01

The Federal Government has pushed employers to establish programs to test applicants and employees for drug use. The accompanying articles discuss legal barriers to drug testing and test administration and practical problems that limit the feasibility of drug testing and carry with them potential legal problems. (MLF)

21 CFR 310.103 - New drug substances intended for hypersensitivity testing.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... testing. 310.103 Section 310.103 Food and Drugs FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND... § 310.103 New drug substances intended for hypersensitivity testing. (a) The Food and Drug... testing is not promoted by the manufacturer or distributor. (2) The new drug substance requested is an...

21 CFR 310.103 - New drug substances intended for hypersensitivity testing.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... testing. 310.103 Section 310.103 Food and Drugs FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND... § 310.103 New drug substances intended for hypersensitivity testing. (a) The Food and Drug... testing is not promoted by the manufacturer or distributor. (2) The new drug substance requested is an...

21 CFR 310.103 - New drug substances intended for hypersensitivity testing.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... testing. 310.103 Section 310.103 Food and Drugs FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND... § 310.103 New drug substances intended for hypersensitivity testing. (a) The Food and Drug... testing is not promoted by the manufacturer or distributor. (2) The new drug substance requested is an...

21 CFR 310.103 - New drug substances intended for hypersensitivity testing.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... testing. 310.103 Section 310.103 Food and Drugs FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND... § 310.103 New drug substances intended for hypersensitivity testing. (a) The Food and Drug... testing is not promoted by the manufacturer or distributor. (2) The new drug substance requested is an...

21 CFR 310.103 - New drug substances intended for hypersensitivity testing.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... testing. 310.103 Section 310.103 Food and Drugs FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND... § 310.103 New drug substances intended for hypersensitivity testing. (a) The Food and Drug... testing is not promoted by the manufacturer or distributor. (2) The new drug substance requested is an...

Self-Reported Drug and Alcohol Use and Attitudes toward Drug Testing in High Schools with Random Student Drug Testing

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

DuPont, Robert L.; Campbell, Michael D.; Campbell, Teresa G.; Shea, Corinne L.; DuPont, Helen S.

2013-01-01

Many schools implement random student drug testing (RSDT) programs as a drug prevention strategy. This study analyzes self-report surveys of students in eight secondary schools with well-established RSDT programs, comparing students who understood they were subject to testing and students who understood they were not subject to testing. Students…

10 CFR 707.10 - Drug testing for reasonable suspicion of illegal drug use.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 10 Energy 4 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Drug testing for reasonable suspicion of illegal drug use... Procedures § 707.10 Drug testing for reasonable suspicion of illegal drug use. (a)(1) It may be necessary to... relating to the testing for the use of illegal drugs are not intended to prohibit the contractor from...

10 CFR 707.10 - Drug testing for reasonable suspicion of illegal drug use.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 10 Energy 4 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Drug testing for reasonable suspicion of illegal drug use... Procedures § 707.10 Drug testing for reasonable suspicion of illegal drug use. (a)(1) It may be necessary to... relating to the testing for the use of illegal drugs are not intended to prohibit the contractor from...

10 CFR 707.10 - Drug testing for reasonable suspicion of illegal drug use.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 10 Energy 4 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Drug testing for reasonable suspicion of illegal drug use... Procedures § 707.10 Drug testing for reasonable suspicion of illegal drug use. (a)(1) It may be necessary to... relating to the testing for the use of illegal drugs are not intended to prohibit the contractor from...

10 CFR 707.10 - Drug testing for reasonable suspicion of illegal drug use.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 10 Energy 4 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Drug testing for reasonable suspicion of illegal drug use... Procedures § 707.10 Drug testing for reasonable suspicion of illegal drug use. (a)(1) It may be necessary to... relating to the testing for the use of illegal drugs are not intended to prohibit the contractor from...

10 CFR 707.10 - Drug testing for reasonable suspicion of illegal drug use.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 10 Energy 4 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Drug testing for reasonable suspicion of illegal drug use... Procedures § 707.10 Drug testing for reasonable suspicion of illegal drug use. (a)(1) It may be necessary to... relating to the testing for the use of illegal drugs are not intended to prohibit the contractor from...

77 FR 39194 - Combined Drug and Alcohol Testing Programs

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-07-02

...-0688; Notice No. 12-04] RIN 2120-AK01 Combined Drug and Alcohol Testing Programs AGENCY: Federal... tour operations to combine the drug and alcohol testing required for each operation into one testing... programs while maintaining the level of safety intended by the current drug and alcohol testing regulations...

The Drug Testing of College Athletes.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Leeson, Todd A.

1989-01-01

The paper examines the state of drug testing of college athletes and the challenges faced by the National Collegiate Athletic Association and university testing programs. State and federal litigation on drug testing is reviewed along with other issues in the drug-testing debate. Practical recommendations are offered to educational institutions.…

75 FR 76078 - Pipeline Safety: Random Drug Testing Rate

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-12-07

... PHMSA-2010-0323] Pipeline Safety: Random Drug Testing Rate AGENCY: Pipeline and Hazardous Materials... testing. SUMMARY: PHMSA has determined that the minimum random drug testing rate for covered employees... employees for random drug testing. Pursuant to 49 CFR 199.105(c)(2), (3), and (4), the PHMSA Administrator's...

Women's opinions of legal requirements for drug testing in prenatal care.

PubMed

Tucker Edmonds, Brownsyne; Mckenzie, Fatima; Austgen, MacKenzie B; Carroll, Aaron E; Meslin, Eric M

2017-07-01

To explore women's attitudes and perceptions regarding legal requirements for prenatal drug testing. Web-based survey of 500 US women (age 18-45) recruited from a market research survey panel. A 24-item questionnaire assessed their opinion of laws requiring doctors to routinely verbal screen and urine drug test patients during pregnancy; recommendations for consequences for positive drug tests during pregnancy; and opinion of laws requiring routine drug testing of newborns. Additional questions asked participants about the influence of such laws on their own care-seeking behaviors. Data were analyzed for associations between participant characteristics and survey responses using Pearson's chi-squared test. The majority of respondents (86%) stated they would support a law requiring verbal screening of all pregnant patients and 73% would support a law requiring universal urine drug testing in pregnancy. Fewer respondents were willing to support laws that required verbal screening or urine drug testing (68% and 61%, respectively) targeting only Medicaid recipients. Twenty-one percent of respondents indicated they would be offended if their doctors asked them about drug use and 14% indicated that mandatory drug testing would discourage prenatal care attendance. Women would be more supportive of policies requiring universal rather than targeted screening and testing for prenatal drug use. However, a noteworthy proportion of women would be discouraged from attending prenatal care - a reminder that drug testing policies may have detrimental effects on maternal child health.

The Relationship between Student Illicit Drug Use and School Drug-Testing Policies.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Yamaguchi, Ryoko; Johnston, Lloyd D.; O'Malley, Patrick M.

This report provides information about drug testing by American secondary schools, based on results from national surveys. The purposes of this study are (1) to provide descriptive information on drug testing practices by schools from 1998 to 2001, and (2) to examine the association between drug testing by schools and reported drug use by…

49 CFR 40.199 - What problems always cause a drug test to be cancelled?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 49 Transportation 1 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false What problems always cause a drug test to be cancelled? 40.199 Section 40.199 Transportation Office of the Secretary of Transportation PROCEDURES FOR TRANSPORTATION WORKPLACE DRUG AND ALCOHOL TESTING PROGRAMS Problems in Drug Tests § 40.199 What problems always cause a drug test to be cancelled? (a...

46 CFR 16.113 - Chemical drug testing.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 46 Shipping 1 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Chemical drug testing. 16.113 Section 16.113 Shipping... General § 16.113 Chemical drug testing. (a) Drug testing programs required by this part must be conducted... should be consulted to determine the specific procedures which must be established and utilized. Drug...

46 CFR 16.113 - Chemical drug testing.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 46 Shipping 1 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Chemical drug testing. 16.113 Section 16.113 Shipping... General § 16.113 Chemical drug testing. (a) Drug testing programs required by this part must be conducted... should be consulted to determine the specific procedures which must be established and utilized. Drug...

46 CFR 16.113 - Chemical drug testing.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 46 Shipping 1 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Chemical drug testing. 16.113 Section 16.113 Shipping... General § 16.113 Chemical drug testing. (a) Drug testing programs required by this part must be conducted... should be consulted to determine the specific procedures which must be established and utilized. Drug...

46 CFR 16.113 - Chemical drug testing.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 46 Shipping 1 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Chemical drug testing. 16.113 Section 16.113 Shipping... General § 16.113 Chemical drug testing. (a) Drug testing programs required by this part must be conducted... should be consulted to determine the specific procedures which must be established and utilized. Drug...

49 CFR 219.603 - Participation in drug testing.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 49 Transportation 4 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Participation in drug testing. 219.603 Section 219... ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION CONTROL OF ALCOHOL AND DRUG USE Random Alcohol and Drug Testing Programs § 219.603 Participation in drug testing. A railroad shall, under the conditions specified in this...

46 CFR 16.113 - Chemical drug testing.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 46 Shipping 1 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Chemical drug testing. 16.113 Section 16.113 Shipping... General § 16.113 Chemical drug testing. (a) Drug testing programs required by this part must be conducted... should be consulted to determine the specific procedures which must be established and utilized. Drug...

49 CFR 219.603 - Participation in drug testing.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 49 Transportation 4 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Participation in drug testing. 219.603 Section 219... ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION CONTROL OF ALCOHOL AND DRUG USE Random Alcohol and Drug Testing Programs § 219.603 Participation in drug testing. A railroad shall, under the conditions specified in this...

49 CFR 219.605 - Positive drug test results; procedures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION CONTROL OF ALCOHOL AND DRUG USE Random Alcohol and Drug Testing Programs § 219.605 Positive drug test results; procedures. (a) [Reserved] (b) Procedures for administrative... 49 Transportation 4 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Positive drug test results; procedures. 219.605...

49 CFR 219.601 - Railroad random drug testing programs.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 49 Transportation 4 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Railroad random drug testing programs. 219.601... ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION CONTROL OF ALCOHOL AND DRUG USE Random Alcohol and Drug Testing Programs § 219.601 Railroad random drug testing programs. (a) Submission. Each railroad must submit for FRA...

49 CFR 219.603 - Participation in drug testing.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 49 Transportation 4 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Participation in drug testing. 219.603 Section 219... ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION CONTROL OF ALCOHOL AND DRUG USE Random Alcohol and Drug Testing Programs § 219.603 Participation in drug testing. A railroad shall, under the conditions specified in this...

49 CFR 219.603 - Participation in drug testing.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 49 Transportation 4 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Participation in drug testing. 219.603 Section 219... ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION CONTROL OF ALCOHOL AND DRUG USE Random Alcohol and Drug Testing Programs § 219.603 Participation in drug testing. A railroad shall, under the conditions specified in this...

49 CFR 219.601 - Railroad random drug testing programs.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 49 Transportation 4 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Railroad random drug testing programs. 219.601... ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION CONTROL OF ALCOHOL AND DRUG USE Random Alcohol and Drug Testing Programs § 219.601 Railroad random drug testing programs. (a) Submission. Each railroad must submit for FRA...

49 CFR 219.605 - Positive drug test results; procedures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION CONTROL OF ALCOHOL AND DRUG USE Random Alcohol and Drug Testing Programs § 219.605 Positive drug test results; procedures. (a) [Reserved] (b) Procedures for administrative... 49 Transportation 4 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Positive drug test results; procedures. 219.605...

49 CFR 219.605 - Positive drug test results; procedures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION CONTROL OF ALCOHOL AND DRUG USE Random Alcohol and Drug Testing Programs § 219.605 Positive drug test results; procedures. (a) [Reserved] (b) Procedures for administrative... 49 Transportation 4 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Positive drug test results; procedures. 219.605...

49 CFR 219.601 - Railroad random drug testing programs.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 49 Transportation 4 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Railroad random drug testing programs. 219.601... ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION CONTROL OF ALCOHOL AND DRUG USE Random Alcohol and Drug Testing Programs § 219.601 Railroad random drug testing programs. (a) Submission. Each railroad must submit for FRA...

49 CFR 219.603 - Participation in drug testing.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 49 Transportation 4 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Participation in drug testing. 219.603 Section 219... ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION CONTROL OF ALCOHOL AND DRUG USE Random Alcohol and Drug Testing Programs § 219.603 Participation in drug testing. A railroad shall, under the conditions specified in this...

49 CFR 219.605 - Positive drug test results; procedures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION CONTROL OF ALCOHOL AND DRUG USE Random Alcohol and Drug Testing Programs § 219.605 Positive drug test results; procedures. (a) [Reserved] (b) Procedures for administrative... 49 Transportation 4 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Positive drug test results; procedures. 219.605...

49 CFR 219.601 - Railroad random drug testing programs.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 49 Transportation 4 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Railroad random drug testing programs. 219.601... ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION CONTROL OF ALCOHOL AND DRUG USE Random Alcohol and Drug Testing Programs § 219.601 Railroad random drug testing programs. (a) Submission. Each railroad must submit for FRA...

49 CFR 219.601 - Railroad random drug testing programs.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 49 Transportation 4 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Railroad random drug testing programs. 219.601... ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION CONTROL OF ALCOHOL AND DRUG USE Random Alcohol and Drug Testing Programs § 219.601 Railroad random drug testing programs. (a) Submission. Each railroad must submit for FRA...

49 CFR 219.605 - Positive drug test results; procedures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION CONTROL OF ALCOHOL AND DRUG USE Random Alcohol and Drug Testing Programs § 219.605 Positive drug test results; procedures. (a) [Reserved] (b) Procedures for administrative... 49 Transportation 4 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Positive drug test results; procedures. 219.605...

75 FR 5722 - Procedures for Transportation Workplace Drug and Alcohol Testing Programs

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-02-04

... drugs in a DOT drug test. You must not test ``DOT specimens'' for any other drugs. (a) Marijuana... test analyte concentration analyte concentration Marijuana metabolites 50 ng/mL THCA \\1\\ 15 ng/mL...

Workplace drug testing and worker drug use.

PubMed

Carpenter, Christopher S

2007-04-01

To examine the nature and extent of the association between workplace drug testing and worker drug use. Repeated cross-sections from the 2000 to 2001 National Household Surveys on Drug Abuse (NHSDA) and the 2002 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH). Multivariate logistic regression models of the likelihood of marijuana use are estimated as a function of several different workplace drug policies, including drug testing. Specific questions about penalty severity and the likelihood of detection are used to further evaluate the nature of the association. Individuals whose employers perform drug tests are significantly less likely to report past month marijuana use, even after controlling for a wide array of worker and job characteristics. However, large negative associations are also found for variables indicating whether a firm has drug education, an employee assistance program, or a simple written policy about substance use. Accounting for these other workplace characteristics reduces-but does not eliminate-the testing differential. Frequent testing and severe penalties reduce the likelihood that workers use marijuana. Previous studies have interpreted the large negative correlation between workplace drug testing and employee substance use as representing a causal deterrent effect of drug testing. Our results using more comprehensive data suggest that these estimates have been slightly overstated due to omitted variables bias. The overall pattern of results remains largely consistent with the hypothesis that workplace drug testing deters worker drug use.

10 CFR 707.8 - Applicant drug testing.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 10 Energy 4 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Applicant drug testing. 707.8 Section 707.8 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY WORKPLACE SUBSTANCE ABUSE PROGRAMS AT DOE SITES Procedures § 707.8 Applicant drug testing. An applicant for a testing designated position will be tested for the use of illegal drugs before...

10 CFR 707.8 - Applicant drug testing.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 10 Energy 4 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Applicant drug testing. 707.8 Section 707.8 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY WORKPLACE SUBSTANCE ABUSE PROGRAMS AT DOE SITES Procedures § 707.8 Applicant drug testing. An applicant for a testing designated position will be tested for the use of illegal drugs before...

10 CFR 707.8 - Applicant drug testing.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 10 Energy 4 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Applicant drug testing. 707.8 Section 707.8 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY WORKPLACE SUBSTANCE ABUSE PROGRAMS AT DOE SITES Procedures § 707.8 Applicant drug testing. An applicant for a testing designated position will be tested for the use of illegal drugs before...

Differences in state drug testing and reporting by driver type in U.S. fatal traffic crashes.

PubMed

Slater, Megan E; Castle, I-Jen P; Logan, Barry K; Hingson, Ralph W

2016-07-01

Driving under the influence of drugs, including marijuana, has become more prevalent in recent years despite local, state, and federal efforts to prevent such increases. The Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) is the primary source of drugged driving data for fatal crashes in the United States but lacks the completeness required to calculate unbiased estimates of drug use among drivers involved in fatal crashes. This article uses the 2013 FARS dataset to present differences in state drug testing rates by driver type, driver fault type, and state-level factors; discusses limitations related to analysis and interpretation of drugged driving data; and offers suggestions for improvements that may enable appropriate use of FARS drug testing data in the future. Results showed that state drug testing rates were highest among drivers who died at the scene of the crash (median=70.8%) and drivers who died and were at fault in the crash (median=64.4%). The lowest testing rates were seen among surviving drivers who were not transported to a hospital (median=14.0%) and surviving drivers who were not at fault in the crash (median=10.0%). Drug testing rates differed by state blood alcohol content (BAC) testing rate across all driver types and driver fault types, and in general, states that tested a higher percentage of drivers for BAC had higher drug testing rates. Testing rates might be increased through standardization and mandatory testing policies. FARS data users should continue to be cautious about the limitations of using currently available data to quantify drugged driving. More efforts are needed to improve drug testing and reporting practices, and more research is warranted to establish drug concentration levels at which driving skills become impaired. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

49 CFR 199.117 - Recordkeeping.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) PIPELINE SAFETY DRUG AND ALCOHOL TESTING Drug Testing... provided by DOT Procedures. Statistical data related to drug testing and rehabilitation that is not name... employee drug test that indicate a verified positive result, records that demonstrate compliance with the...

49 CFR 199.117 - Recordkeeping.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) PIPELINE SAFETY DRUG AND ALCOHOL TESTING Drug Testing... provided by DOT Procedures. Statistical data related to drug testing and rehabilitation that is not name... employee drug test that indicate a verified positive result, records that demonstrate compliance with the...

49 CFR 199.117 - Recordkeeping.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) PIPELINE SAFETY DRUG AND ALCOHOL TESTING Drug Testing... provided by DOT Procedures. Statistical data related to drug testing and rehabilitation that is not name... employee drug test that indicate a verified positive result, records that demonstrate compliance with the...

49 CFR 199.117 - Recordkeeping.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) PIPELINE SAFETY DRUG AND ALCOHOL TESTING Drug Testing... provided by DOT Procedures. Statistical data related to drug testing and rehabilitation that is not name... employee drug test that indicate a verified positive result, records that demonstrate compliance with the...

49 CFR 199.117 - Recordkeeping.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) PIPELINE SAFETY DRUG AND ALCOHOL TESTING Drug Testing... provided by DOT Procedures. Statistical data related to drug testing and rehabilitation that is not name... employee drug test that indicate a verified positive result, records that demonstrate compliance with the...

Drug and alcohol testing results : 1997 annual report

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1998-12-01

The Drug and Alcohol Testing Results 1997 Annual Report is a compilation and analysis of mass transit drug and alcohol testing reported by transit systems in the United States during 1997. The report covers testing results for the following drug type...

49 CFR 40.203 - What problems cause a drug test to be cancelled unless they are corrected?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 49 Transportation 1 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false What problems cause a drug test to be cancelled unless they are corrected? 40.203 Section 40.203 Transportation Office of the Secretary of Transportation PROCEDURES FOR TRANSPORTATION WORKPLACE DRUG AND ALCOHOL TESTING PROGRAMS Problems in Drug Tests § 40.203 What problems cause a drug test to be...

49 CFR 40.191 - What is a refusal to take a DOT drug test, and what are the consequences?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 49 Transportation 1 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false What is a refusal to take a DOT drug test, and... Transportation PROCEDURES FOR TRANSPORTATION WORKPLACE DRUG AND ALCOHOL TESTING PROGRAMS Problems in Drug Tests § 40.191 What is a refusal to take a DOT drug test, and what are the consequences? (a) As an employee...

49 CFR 40.191 - What is a refusal to take a DOT drug test, and what are the consequences?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 49 Transportation 1 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false What is a refusal to take a DOT drug test, and... Transportation PROCEDURES FOR TRANSPORTATION WORKPLACE DRUG AND ALCOHOL TESTING PROGRAMS Problems in Drug Tests § 40.191 What is a refusal to take a DOT drug test, and what are the consequences? (a) As an employee...

21 CFR 660.54 - Potency tests, specificity tests, tests for heterospecific antibodies, and additional tests for...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 7 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Potency tests, specificity tests, tests for heterospecific antibodies, and additional tests for nonspecific properties. 660.54 Section 660.54 Food and Drugs FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES (CONTINUED) BIOLOGICS ADDITIONAL STANDARDS FOR DIAGNOSTIC SUBSTANCES FOR...

21 CFR 660.54 - Potency tests, specificity tests, tests for heterospecific antibodies, and additional tests for...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 7 2011-04-01 2010-04-01 true Potency tests, specificity tests, tests for heterospecific antibodies, and additional tests for nonspecific properties. 660.54 Section 660.54 Food and Drugs FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES (CONTINUED) BIOLOGICS ADDITIONAL STANDARDS FOR DIAGNOSTIC SUBSTANCES FOR...

21 CFR 660.54 - Potency tests, specificity tests, tests for heterospecific antibodies, and additional tests for...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 7 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Potency tests, specificity tests, tests for heterospecific antibodies, and additional tests for nonspecific properties. 660.54 Section 660.54 Food and Drugs FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES (CONTINUED) BIOLOGICS ADDITIONAL STANDARDS FOR DIAGNOSTIC SUBSTANCES FOR...

21 CFR 660.54 - Potency tests, specificity tests, tests for heterospecific antibodies, and additional tests for...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 7 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Potency tests, specificity tests, tests for heterospecific antibodies, and additional tests for nonspecific properties. 660.54 Section 660.54 Food and Drugs FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES (CONTINUED) BIOLOGICS ADDITIONAL STANDARDS FOR DIAGNOSTIC SUBSTANCES FOR...

49 CFR 219.602 - FRA Administrator's determination of random drug testing rate.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... Random Alcohol and Drug Testing Programs § 219.602 FRA Administrator's determination of random drug... percentage rate for random drug testing must be 50 percent of covered employees. (b) The FRA Administrator's decision to increase or decrease the minimum annual percentage rate for random drug testing is based on the...

49 CFR 219.602 - FRA Administrator's determination of random drug testing rate.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... Random Alcohol and Drug Testing Programs § 219.602 FRA Administrator's determination of random drug... percentage rate for random drug testing must be 50 percent of covered employees. (b) The FRA Administrator's decision to increase or decrease the minimum annual percentage rate for random drug testing is based on the...

Employee Drug Testing Policies in Police Departments. Research in Brief.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

McEwen, J. Thomas; And Others

1986-01-01

The development of drug testing policies and the implementation of drug testing procedures involve legal, ethical, medical, and labor relations issues. To learn how police departments are addressing the problem of drug use and drug testing of police officers, the National Institute of Justice sponsored a telephone survey of 33 major police…

49 CFR 219.602 - FRA Administrator's determination of random drug testing rate.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... Random Alcohol and Drug Testing Programs § 219.602 FRA Administrator's determination of random drug... percentage rate for random drug testing must be 50 percent of covered employees. (b) The FRA Administrator's decision to increase or decrease the minimum annual percentage rate for random drug testing is based on the...

49 CFR 219.602 - FRA Administrator's determination of random drug testing rate.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... Random Alcohol and Drug Testing Programs § 219.602 FRA Administrator's determination of random drug... percentage rate for random drug testing must be 50 percent of covered employees. (b) The FRA Administrator's decision to increase or decrease the minimum annual percentage rate for random drug testing is based on the...

49 CFR 219.602 - FRA Administrator's determination of random drug testing rate.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... Random Alcohol and Drug Testing Programs § 219.602 FRA Administrator's determination of random drug... percentage rate for random drug testing must be 50 percent of covered employees. (b) The FRA Administrator's decision to increase or decrease the minimum annual percentage rate for random drug testing is based on the...

Employee Drug Testing. Information on Private Sector Programs. Report to the Honorable Charles Schumer, House of Representatives.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

General Accounting Office, Washington, DC. General Government Div.

At the request of Congress, the General Accounting Office studied drug testing in the private sector to determine its extent, which testing methods are most often used, who receives drug testing and why, the reasons for having a drug testing program, and what happens to those persons who test positive. Data were obtained from 10 surveys to which a…

Drug Testing and Searches in Public Schools: A Legal Analysis.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Minnesota House of Representatives, St. Paul. Research Dept.

This document examines the Fourth Amendment as the source of search and seizure law; drug testing of school employees; and drug testing searches of students. The United States Supreme Court case that established the two-part test to determine the legality of a student search is discussed, three separate student drug testing programs that have been…

14 CFR 120.113 - Medical Review Officer, Substance Abuse Professional, and Employer Responsibilities.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

...: CERTIFICATION AND OPERATIONS DRUG AND ALCOHOL TESTING PROGRAM Drug Testing Program Requirements § 120.113... provision of MRO services as part of its drug testing program. (b) Medical Review Officer (MRO). The MRO... working days after verifying a positive drug test result or refusal to submit to a test. (2) During the...

14 CFR 120.113 - Medical Review Officer, Substance Abuse Professional, and Employer Responsibilities.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

...: CERTIFICATION AND OPERATIONS DRUG AND ALCOHOL TESTING PROGRAM Drug Testing Program Requirements § 120.113... provision of MRO services as part of its drug testing program. (b) Medical Review Officer (MRO). The MRO... working days after verifying a positive drug test result or refusal to submit to a test. (2) During the...

14 CFR 120.113 - Medical Review Officer, Substance Abuse Professional, and Employer Responsibilities.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

...: CERTIFICATION AND OPERATIONS DRUG AND ALCOHOL TESTING PROGRAM Drug Testing Program Requirements § 120.113... provision of MRO services as part of its drug testing program. (b) Medical Review Officer (MRO). The MRO... working days after verifying a positive drug test result or refusal to submit to a test. (2) During the...

Chemical dependency and drug testing in the workplace.

PubMed

Osterloh, J D; Becker, C E

1990-05-01

Urine testing for drug use in the workplace is now widespread, with the prevalence of positive drug tests in the work force being 0% to 15%. The prevalence of marijuana use is highest, and this can be reliably tested. Though it is prudent to rid the workplace of drug use, there is little scientific study on the relationship of drug use and workplace outcomes, such as productivity and safety. Probable-cause testing and preemployment testing are the most common applications. Random testing has been less accepted owing to its higher costs, unresolved legal issues, and predictably poor test reliability. Legal issues have focused on the right to policy, discrimination, and the lack of due process. The legal cornerstone of a good program is a policy that is planned and agreed on by both labor and management, which serves both as a contract and as a procedure in which expectations and consequences are known. The National Institute on Drug Abuse is certifying laboratories doing employee drug testing. Testing methods when done correctly are less prone to error than in the past, but screening tests can be defeated by adulterants. Although the incidence of false-positive results is low, such tests are less reliable when the prevalence of drug abuse is also low.

Drug Testing: A National Controversy.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Stone, Karen; Thompson, Judith R.

1989-01-01

Addresses some of the controversies and illustrates the historical background of drug testing and what the different drug tests are. Also outlines some national statistics and opinions on drug testing and the results of a survey taken of a Louisiana population dealing with this issue. (NB)

21 CFR 660.26 - Specificity tests and avidity tests.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 7 2011-04-01 2010-04-01 true Specificity tests and avidity tests. 660.26 Section 660.26 Food and Drugs FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES (CONTINUED) BIOLOGICS ADDITIONAL STANDARDS FOR DIAGNOSTIC SUBSTANCES FOR LABORATORY TESTS Blood Grouping Reagent § 660.26 Specificity tests and avidity test...

Sickle Cell Tests

MedlinePlus

... Autoantibodies Digoxin Direct Antiglobulin Test Direct LDL Cholesterol Drug Abuse Testing EGFR Mutation Testing Electrolytes Emergency and Overdose Drug Testing Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) Antibody Tests Erythrocyte ...

Drug Testing in Schools: Policies, Practices, and Association with Student Drug Use. YES Occasional Papers. Paper 2

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Yamaguchi, Ryoko; Johnston, Lloyd D.; O'Malley, Patrick M.

2003-01-01

Despite considerable recent public and judicial attention to the issue of drug testing, little empirical research has focused on the relationship between drug testing in schools and the actual use of illicit drugs by students. To explore this issue, we use school-level survey data about drug testing from the Youth, Education, and Society study and…

Workplace Drug Testing and Worker Drug Use

PubMed Central

Carpenter, Christopher S

2007-01-01

Objective To examine the nature and extent of the association between workplace drug testing and worker drug use. Data Sources Repeated cross-sections from the 2000 to 2001 National Household Surveys on Drug Abuse (NHSDA) and the 2002 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH). Study Design Multivariate logistic regression models of the likelihood of marijuana use are estimated as a function of several different workplace drug policies, including drug testing. Specific questions about penalty severity and the likelihood of detection are used to further evaluate the nature of the association. Principal Findings Individuals whose employers perform drug tests are significantly less likely to report past month marijuana use, even after controlling for a wide array of worker and job characteristics. However, large negative associations are also found for variables indicating whether a firm has drug education, an employee assistance program, or a simple written policy about substance use. Accounting for these other workplace characteristics reduces—but does not eliminate—the testing differential. Frequent testing and severe penalties reduce the likelihood that workers use marijuana. Conclusions Previous studies have interpreted the large negative correlation between workplace drug testing and employee substance use as representing a causal deterrent effect of drug testing. Our results using more comprehensive data suggest that these estimates have been slightly overstated due to omitted variables bias. The overall pattern of results remains largely consistent with the hypothesis that workplace drug testing deters worker drug use. PMID:17362218

76 FR 74063 - Mandatory Guidelines for Federal Workplace Drug Testing Programs

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-11-30

... DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES Mandatory Guidelines for Federal Workplace Drug Testing... Federal Workplace Drug Testing Programs (Mandatory Guidelines), effective on October 1, 2010, addresses... for physicians performing a review of Federal employee drug testing results that seek approval by the...

Estimation of sample size and testing power (Part 3).

PubMed

Hu, Liang-ping; Bao, Xiao-lei; Guan, Xue; Zhou, Shi-guo

2011-12-01

This article introduces the definition and sample size estimation of three special tests (namely, non-inferiority test, equivalence test and superiority test) for qualitative data with the design of one factor with two levels having a binary response variable. Non-inferiority test refers to the research design of which the objective is to verify that the efficacy of the experimental drug is not clinically inferior to that of the positive control drug. Equivalence test refers to the research design of which the objective is to verify that the experimental drug and the control drug have clinically equivalent efficacy. Superiority test refers to the research design of which the objective is to verify that the efficacy of the experimental drug is clinically superior to that of the control drug. By specific examples, this article introduces formulas of sample size estimation for the three special tests, and their SAS realization in detail.

49 CFR 655.49 - Refusal to submit to a drug or alcohol test.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... IN TRANSIT OPERATIONS Types of Testing § 655.49 Refusal to submit to a drug or alcohol test. (a) Each employer shall require a covered employee to submit to a post-accident drug and alcohol test required under... 49 Transportation 7 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Refusal to submit to a drug or alcohol test. 655...

49 CFR 655.49 - Refusal to submit to a drug or alcohol test.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... IN TRANSIT OPERATIONS Types of Testing § 655.49 Refusal to submit to a drug or alcohol test. (a) Each employer shall require a covered employee to submit to a post-accident drug and alcohol test required under... 49 Transportation 7 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Refusal to submit to a drug or alcohol test. 655...

49 CFR 655.49 - Refusal to submit to a drug or alcohol test.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... IN TRANSIT OPERATIONS Types of Testing § 655.49 Refusal to submit to a drug or alcohol test. (a) Each employer shall require a covered employee to submit to a post-accident drug and alcohol test required under... 49 Transportation 7 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Refusal to submit to a drug or alcohol test. 655...

49 CFR 655.49 - Refusal to submit to a drug or alcohol test.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... IN TRANSIT OPERATIONS Types of Testing § 655.49 Refusal to submit to a drug or alcohol test. (a) Each employer shall require a covered employee to submit to a post-accident drug and alcohol test required under... 49 Transportation 7 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Refusal to submit to a drug or alcohol test. 655...

49 CFR 655.49 - Refusal to submit to a drug or alcohol test.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... IN TRANSIT OPERATIONS Types of Testing § 655.49 Refusal to submit to a drug or alcohol test. (a) Each employer shall require a covered employee to submit to a post-accident drug and alcohol test required under... 49 Transportation 7 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Refusal to submit to a drug or alcohol test. 655...

Does random urine drug testing reduce illicit drug use in chronic pain patients receiving opioids?

PubMed

Manchikanti, Laxmaiah; Manchukonda, Rajeev; Pampati, Vidyasagar; Damron, Kim S; Brandon, Doris E; Cash, Kim A; McManus, Carla D

2006-04-01

Prescription drug abuse and illicit drug use are common in chronic pain patients. Adherence monitoring with screening tests, and urine drug testing, periodic monitoring with prescription monitoring programs, has become a common practice in recent years. Random drug testing for appropriate use of opioids and use of illicit drugs is often used in pain management practices. Thus, it is expected that random urine drug testing will deter use of illicit drugs, and also improve compliance. To study the prevalence of illicit drug use in patients receiving opioids for chronic pain management and to compare the results of illicit drug use with the results from a previous study. A prospective, consecutive study. Interventional pain management practice setting in the United States. A total of 500 consecutive patients on opioids, considered to be receiving stable doses of opioids supplemental to their interventional techniques, were studied by random drug testing. Testing was performed by rapid drug screen. Results were considered positive if one or more of the monitored illicit drugs including cocaine, marijuana (THC), methamphetamine or amphetamines were present. Illicit drug use was evident in 80 patients, or 16%, with marijuana in 11%, cocaine in 5%, and methamphetamine and/or amphetamines in 2%. When compared with previous data, the overall illicit drug use was significantly less. Illicit drug use in elderly patients was absent. The prevalence of illicit drug abuse in patients with chronic pain receiving opioids continues to be a common occurence. This study showed significant reductions in overall illicit drug use with adherence monitoring combined with random urine drug testing.

[The Scope, Quality and Safety Requirements of Drug Abuse Testing].

PubMed

Küme, Tuncay; Karakükcü, Çiğdem; Pınar, Aslı; Coşkunol, Hakan

2017-01-01

The aim of this review is to inform about the scopes and requirements of drug abuse testing. Drug abuse testing is one of the tools for determination of drug use. It must fulfill the quality and safety requirements in judgmental legal and administrative decisions. Drug abuse testing must fulfill some requirements like selection of the appropriate test matrix, appropriate screening test panel, sampling in detection window, patient consent, identification of the donor, appropriate collection site, sample collection with observation, identification and control of the sample, specimen custody chain in preanalytical phase; analysis in authorized laboratories, specimen validity tests, reliable testing METHODS, strict quality control, two-step analysis in analytical phase; storage of the split specimen, confirmation of the split specimen in the objection, result custody chain, appropriate cut-off concentration, the appropriate interpretation of the result in postanalytical phase. The workflow and analytical processes of drug abuse testing are explained in last regulation of the Department of Medical Laboratory Services, Ministry of Health in Turkey. The clinical physicians have to know and apply the quality and safety requirements in drug abuse testing according to last regulations in Turkey.

49 CFR 199.111 - Retention of samples and additional testing.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... SAFETY DRUG AND ALCOHOL TESTING Drug Testing § 199.111 Retention of samples and additional testing. (a... other than the unauthorized use of a prohibited drug, and if timely additional testing is requested by... 49 Transportation 3 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Retention of samples and additional testing. 199...

49 CFR 199.111 - Retention of samples and additional testing.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... SAFETY DRUG AND ALCOHOL TESTING Drug Testing § 199.111 Retention of samples and additional testing. (a... other than the unauthorized use of a prohibited drug, and if timely additional testing is requested by... 49 Transportation 3 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Retention of samples and additional testing. 199...

49 CFR 199.111 - Retention of samples and additional testing.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... SAFETY DRUG AND ALCOHOL TESTING Drug Testing § 199.111 Retention of samples and additional testing. (a... other than the unauthorized use of a prohibited drug, and if timely additional testing is requested by... 49 Transportation 3 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Retention of samples and additional testing. 199...

49 CFR 199.111 - Retention of samples and additional testing.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... SAFETY DRUG AND ALCOHOL TESTING Drug Testing § 199.111 Retention of samples and additional testing. (a... other than the unauthorized use of a prohibited drug, and if timely additional testing is requested by... 49 Transportation 3 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Retention of samples and additional testing. 199...

49 CFR 199.111 - Retention of samples and additional testing.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... SAFETY DRUG AND ALCOHOL TESTING Drug Testing § 199.111 Retention of samples and additional testing. (a... other than the unauthorized use of a prohibited drug, and if timely additional testing is requested by... 49 Transportation 3 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Retention of samples and additional testing. 199...

Drug Testing Programs Face Snags and Legal Challenges.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Cowart, Virginia S.

1988-01-01

A description of the problems that occurred with attempts to conduct drug tests at the 1987 Pan American games leads to a discussion of the legal challenges to drug testing and the need to establish a clear, effective, and fair policy for drug tests of athletes. (CB)

78 FR 2675 - Mandatory Guidelines for Federal Workplace Drug Testing Programs

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-01-14

... DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES Mandatory Guidelines for Federal Workplace Drug Testing... Federal Workplace Drug Testing Programs (Mandatory Guidelines), effective on October 1, 2010, addresses... performing a review of Federal employee drug testing results that seek approval by the Secretary must submit...

75 FR 76478 - Mandatory Guidelines for Federal Workplace Drug Testing Programs

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-12-08

... DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES Mandatory Guidelines for Federal Workplace Drug Testing... Drug Testing Programs (Mandatory Guidelines) which took effect on October 1, 2010 address the role and... Federal employee drug testing results that seek approval by the Secretary must submit their qualifications...

Organizational adoption of preemployment drug testing.

PubMed

Spell, C S; Blum, T C

2001-04-01

This study explored the adoption of preemployment drug testing by 360 organizations. Survival models were developed that included internal organizational and labor market factors hypothesized to affect the likelihood of adoption of drug testing. Also considered was another set of variables that included social and political variables based on institutional theory. An event history analysis using Cox regressions indicated that both internal organizational and environmental variables predicted adoption of drug testing. Results indicate that the higher the proportion of drug testers in the worksite's industry, the more likely it would be to adopt drug testing. Also, the extent to which an organization uses an internal labor market, voluntary turnover rate, and the extent to which management perceives drugs to be a problem were related to likelihood of adoption of drug testing.

The Effect of Race on Provider Decisions to Test for Illicit Drug Use in the Peripartum Setting

PubMed Central

KUNINS, HILLARY VEDA; BELLIN, ERAN; CHAZOTTE, CYNTHIA; DU, EVELYN; ARNSTEN, JULIA HOPE

2010-01-01

Background Testing for illicit drugs may expose women who test positive to severe legal and social consequences. It is unknown whether racial disparities in drug testing practices underlie observed disparities in legal and social consequences of positive tests. Methods Using administrative hospital and birth certificate data, we analyzed factors associated with both receipt and results of illicit drug testing among women with live births during 2002–2003. We assessed the independent association of race and other sociodemographic factors with both receipt of a drug test by the mother or her newborn infant and positive maternal or neonatal toxicology results, after controlling for obstetrical conditions and birth outcomes associated with maternal substance abuse. Results Of the 8487 women with live births, 244 mother-newborn pairs (3%) were tested for illicit drug use. Black women and their newborns were 1.5 times more likely to be tested for illicit drugs as nonblack women in multivariable analysis. However, race was not independently associated with a positive result. Conclusions We identified racial differences in rates of testing for illicit drug use between black and nonblack women. We found equivalent positivity rates among tested black and nonblack women. The prevalence of drug use among untested women is unknown, however, so although tested women had equivalent rates of substance use detected, whether black and nonblack substance users are equally likely to be identified in the course of peripartum care remains uncertain. PMID:17388741

The effect of race on provider decisions to test for illicit drug use in the peripartum setting.

PubMed

Kunins, Hillary Veda; Bellin, Eran; Chazotte, Cynthia; Du, Evelyn; Arnsten, Julia Hope

2007-03-01

Testing for illicit drugs may expose women who test positive to severe legal and social consequences. It is unknown whether racial disparities in drug testing practices underlie observed disparities in legal and social consequences of positive tests. Using administrative hospital and birth certificate data, we analyzed factors associated with both receipt and results of illicit drug testing among women with live births during 2002-2003. We assessed the independent association of race and other sociodemographic factors with both receipt of a drug test by the mother or her newborn infant and positive maternal or neonatal toxicology results, after controlling for obstetrical conditions and birth outcomes associated with maternal substance abuse. Of the 8487 women with live births, 244 mother-newborn pairs (3%) were tested for illicit drug use. Black women and their newborns were 1.5 times more likely to be tested for illicit drugs as nonblack women in multivariable analysis. However, race was not independently associated with a positive result. We identified racial differences in rates of testing for illicit drug use between black and nonblack women. We found equivalent positivity rates among tested black and nonblack women. The prevalence of drug use among untested women is unknown, however, so although tested women had equivalent rates of substance use detected, whether black and nonblack substance users are equally likely to be identified in the course of peripartum care remains uncertain.

78 FR 4855 - Random Drug Testing Rate for Covered Crewmembers

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-01-23

... DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY Coast Guard [Docket No. USCG-2009-0973] Random Drug Testing Rate for Covered Crewmembers AGENCY: Coast Guard, DHS. ACTION: Notice of minimum random drug testing rate. SUMMARY: The Coast Guard has set the calendar year 2013 minimum random drug testing rate at 25 percent of...

76 FR 79204 - Random Drug Testing Rate for Covered Crewmembers

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-12-21

... DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY Coast Guard [Docket No. USCG-2009-0973] Random Drug Testing Rate for Covered Crewmembers AGENCY: Coast Guard, DHS. ACTION: Notice of minimum random drug testing rate. SUMMARY: The Coast Guard has set the calendar year 2012 minimum random drug testing rate at 50 percent of...

49 CFR 655.41 - Pre-employment drug testing.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... employee takes a pre-employment drug test administered under this part with a verified negative result. An...) When a covered employee or applicant has previously failed or refused a pre-employment drug test...-employment drug test administered under this part with a verified negative result. (c) If a pre-employment...

49 CFR 655.41 - Pre-employment drug testing.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... employee takes a pre-employment drug test administered under this part with a verified negative result. An...) When a covered employee or applicant has previously failed or refused a pre-employment drug test...-employment drug test administered under this part with a verified negative result. (c) If a pre-employment...

49 CFR 655.41 - Pre-employment drug testing.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... employee takes a pre-employment drug test administered under this part with a verified negative result. An...) When a covered employee or applicant has previously failed or refused a pre-employment drug test...-employment drug test administered under this part with a verified negative result. (c) If a pre-employment...

49 CFR 655.41 - Pre-employment drug testing.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... employee takes a pre-employment drug test administered under this part with a verified negative result. An...) When a covered employee or applicant has previously failed or refused a pre-employment drug test...-employment drug test administered under this part with a verified negative result. (c) If a pre-employment...

49 CFR 655.41 - Pre-employment drug testing.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... employee takes a pre-employment drug test administered under this part with a verified negative result. An...) When a covered employee or applicant has previously failed or refused a pre-employment drug test...-employment drug test administered under this part with a verified negative result. (c) If a pre-employment...

77 FR 26471 - Procedures for Transportation Workplace Drug and Alcohol Testing Programs: 6-acetylmorphine (6-AM...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-05-04

... 2105-AE14 Procedures for Transportation Workplace Drug and Alcohol Testing Programs: 6-acetylmorphine... Department is amending certain provisions of its drug testing procedures for 6-acetylmorphine (6-AM), a... (email). SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Background For its drug testing regulation, the Department of...

77 FR 10509 - Agency Information Collection Activities; Proposed Collection; Comment Request; Drug Testing for...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-02-22

... Activities; Proposed Collection; Comment Request; Drug Testing for Contract Employees (Renewal) AGENCY... electronic docket, go to www.regulations.gov . Title: Drug Testing for Contract Employees. ICR numbers: EPA..., amphetamines, phencyclidine (PCP), and any other controlled substances. The testing for drugs must be completed...

75 FR 22809 - Mandatory Guidelines for Federal Workplace Drug Testing Programs

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-04-30

... DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES Mandatory Guidelines for Federal Workplace Drug Testing... for Federal Workplace Drug Testing Programs (Mandatory Guidelines) from May 1, 2010, to October 1... drug testing programs as soon as possible that they will not be expected to implement the revisions to...

76 FR 1448 - Random Drug Testing Rate for Covered Crewmembers

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-01-10

... DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY Coast Guard [Docket No. USCG-2009-0973] Random Drug Testing Rate for Covered Crewmembers AGENCY: Coast Guard, DHS. ACTION: Notice of minimum random drug testing rate. SUMMARY: The Coast Guard has set the calendar year 2011 minimum random drug testing rate at 50 percent of...

21 CFR 312.160 - Drugs for investigational use in laboratory research animals or in vitro tests.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... research animals or in vitro tests. 312.160 Section 312.160 Food and Drugs FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION... Drugs for Investigational Use in Laboratory Research Animals or In Vitro Tests § 312.160 Drugs for investigational use in laboratory research animals or in vitro tests. (a) Authorization to ship. (1)(i) A person...

21 CFR 312.160 - Drugs for investigational use in laboratory research animals or in vitro tests.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... research animals or in vitro tests. 312.160 Section 312.160 Food and Drugs FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION... Drugs for Investigational Use in Laboratory Research Animals or In Vitro Tests § 312.160 Drugs for investigational use in laboratory research animals or in vitro tests. (a) Authorization to ship. (1)(i) A person...

21 CFR 312.160 - Drugs for investigational use in laboratory research animals or in vitro tests.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... research animals or in vitro tests. 312.160 Section 312.160 Food and Drugs FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION... Drugs for Investigational Use in Laboratory Research Animals or In Vitro Tests § 312.160 Drugs for investigational use in laboratory research animals or in vitro tests. (a) Authorization to ship. (1)(i) A person...

21 CFR 312.160 - Drugs for investigational use in laboratory research animals or in vitro tests.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... research animals or in vitro tests. 312.160 Section 312.160 Food and Drugs FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION... Drugs for Investigational Use in Laboratory Research Animals or In Vitro Tests § 312.160 Drugs for investigational use in laboratory research animals or in vitro tests. (a) Authorization to ship. (1)(i) A person...

21 CFR 312.160 - Drugs for investigational use in laboratory research animals or in vitro tests.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... research animals or in vitro tests. 312.160 Section 312.160 Food and Drugs FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION... Drugs for Investigational Use in Laboratory Research Animals or In Vitro Tests § 312.160 Drugs for investigational use in laboratory research animals or in vitro tests. (a) Authorization to ship. (1)(i) A person...

10 CFR 707.13 - Medical review of results of tests for illegal drug use.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 10 Energy 4 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Medical review of results of tests for illegal drug use... Procedures § 707.13 Medical review of results of tests for illegal drug use. (a) All test results shall be submitted for medical review by the MRO. A confirmed positive test for drugs shall consist of an initial...

21 CFR 660.26 - Specificity tests and avidity tests.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 7 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Specificity tests and avidity tests. 660.26 Section 660.26 Food and Drugs FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES (CONTINUED) BIOLOGICS ADDITIONAL STANDARDS FOR DIAGNOSTIC SUBSTANCES FOR LABORATORY TESTS Blood Grouping Reagent § 660.26 Specificity tests and avidity...

21 CFR 660.26 - Specificity tests and avidity tests.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 7 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Specificity tests and avidity tests. 660.26 Section 660.26 Food and Drugs FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES (CONTINUED) BIOLOGICS ADDITIONAL STANDARDS FOR DIAGNOSTIC SUBSTANCES FOR LABORATORY TESTS Blood Grouping Reagent § 660.26 Specificity tests and avidity...

49 CFR 40.197 - What happens when an employer receives a report of a dilute specimen?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... retests in pre-employment situations, but not in random test situations). You must inform your employees... PROCEDURES FOR TRANSPORTATION WORKPLACE DRUG AND ALCOHOL TESTING PROGRAMS Problems in Drug Tests § 40.197... informs you that a positive drug test was dilute, you simply treat the test as a verified positive test...

49 CFR 40.197 - What happens when an employer receives a report of a dilute specimen?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... retests in pre-employment situations, but not in random test situations). You must inform your employees... PROCEDURES FOR TRANSPORTATION WORKPLACE DRUG AND ALCOHOL TESTING PROGRAMS Problems in Drug Tests § 40.197... informs you that a positive drug test was dilute, you simply treat the test as a verified positive test...

10 CFR 26.65 - Pre-access drug and alcohol testing.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... rely on the results of those drug and alcohol tests to meet the requirements for pre-access testing in... authorization until the drug test results are received. (2) The licensee or other entity need not conduct pre... tests; or (iii) If the individual is selected for pre-access testing under this paragraph, the licensee...

10 CFR 26.65 - Pre-access drug and alcohol testing.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... rely on the results of those drug and alcohol tests to meet the requirements for pre-access testing in... authorization until the drug test results are received. (2) The licensee or other entity need not conduct pre... tests; or (iii) If the individual is selected for pre-access testing under this paragraph, the licensee...

10 CFR 26.65 - Pre-access drug and alcohol testing.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... rely on the results of those drug and alcohol tests to meet the requirements for pre-access testing in... authorization until the drug test results are received. (2) The licensee or other entity need not conduct pre... tests; or (iii) If the individual is selected for pre-access testing under this paragraph, the licensee...

10 CFR 26.65 - Pre-access drug and alcohol testing.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... rely on the results of those drug and alcohol tests to meet the requirements for pre-access testing in... authorization until the drug test results are received. (2) The licensee or other entity need not conduct pre... tests; or (iii) If the individual is selected for pre-access testing under this paragraph, the licensee...

Experiences with urine drug testing by police among people who inject drugs in Bangkok, Thailand.

PubMed

Hayashi, Kanna; Ti, Lianping; Buxton, Jane A; Kaplan, Karyn; Suwannawong, Paisan; Wood, Evan; Kerr, Thomas

2014-03-01

Thailand has relied on drug law enforcement in an effort to curb illicit drug use. While anecdotal reports suggest that Thai police frequently use urine toxicology to identify drug users, little is known about the prevalence or impacts of this practice among people who inject drugs (IDU). Therefore, we sought to examine experiences with urine drug testing by police among IDU in Bangkok. Data were derived from a community-recruited sample of IDU in Bangkok participating in the Mitsampan Community Research Project between July and October 2011. We assessed the prevalence and correlates of being subjected to urine toxicology testing by police using multivariate Poisson regression. In total, 438 IDU participated in this study, with 293 (66.9%) participants reporting having been tested for illicit drugs by police. In multivariate analyses, reports of drug testing by police were independently and positively associated with younger age (adjusted prevalence ratio [APR]: 1.28), a history of methamphetamine injection (APR: 1.22), a history of incarceration (APR: 1.21), having been in compulsory drug detention (APR: 1.43), avoiding healthcare (APR: 1.15), and HIV seropositivity (APR: 1.19), and negatively associated with access to voluntary drug treatment (APR: 0.82) (all p<0.05). A high proportion of IDU in Bangkok were subjected to drug testing by police. Young people and methamphetamine injectors were more likely to have been tested. The findings indicate that drug testing by police is associated with the compulsory drug detention system and may be interfering with IDU's access to healthcare and voluntary drug treatment. These findings raise concern about the widespread practice of drug testing by police and its associated impacts. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

21 CFR 350.60 - Guidelines for effectiveness testing of antiperspirant drug products.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 5 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Guidelines for effectiveness testing of antiperspirant drug products. 350.60 Section 350.60 Food and Drugs FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF... Drug Administration is providing guidelines that manufacturers may use in testing for effectiveness...

21 CFR 350.60 - Guidelines for effectiveness testing of antiperspirant drug products.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 5 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Guidelines for effectiveness testing of antiperspirant drug products. 350.60 Section 350.60 Food and Drugs FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF... Drug Administration is providing guidelines that manufacturers may use in testing for effectiveness...

21 CFR 350.60 - Guidelines for effectiveness testing of antiperspirant drug products.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 5 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Guidelines for effectiveness testing of antiperspirant drug products. 350.60 Section 350.60 Food and Drugs FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF... Drug Administration is providing guidelines that manufacturers may use in testing for effectiveness...

21 CFR 350.60 - Guidelines for effectiveness testing of antiperspirant drug products.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 5 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Guidelines for effectiveness testing of antiperspirant drug products. 350.60 Section 350.60 Food and Drugs FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF... Drug Administration is providing guidelines that manufacturers may use in testing for effectiveness...

Testing Drugs and Trying Cures: Experiment and Medicine in Medieval and Early Modern Europe.

PubMed

Leong, Elaine; Rankin, Alisha

2017-01-01

This article examines traditions of testing drugs (as substances) and trying cures (on patients) in medieval and early modern Europe. It argues that the history of drug testing needs to be a more central story to overall histories of scientific experiment. The practice of conducting thoughtful-and sometimes contrived-tests on drugs has a rich and varied tradition dating back to antiquity, which expanded in the Middle Ages and early modern period. Learned physicians paired text-based knowledge (reason) with hands-on testing (experience or experiment) in order to make claims about drugs' properties or effects on humans. Lay practitioners similarly used hands-on testing to gain knowledge of pharmaceutical effects. Although drug testing practices expanded in scale, actors, and sites, therpublished a work extolling the virtues of drugs froe was significant continuity from the Middle Ages to the eighteenth century.

Utility of patch testing for patients with drug eruption.

PubMed

Ohtoshi, S; Kitami, Y; Sueki, H; Nakada, T

2014-04-01

Patch testing is less dangerous than oral provocation testing for identification of the causative drug for patients with drug eruption; however, its usefulness for such identification is controversial. To clarify the rates of positive patch testing for patients with drug eruption, classified by causative drugs and clinical features. We analysed results during the period 1990-2010 for 444 patients (151 men, 293 women; mean ± SD age 49.9 ± 18.6 years) who were tested for drug eruption. In the patient group, there were 309 people (69.1%) with maculopapular eruption and 31 (6.9%) with severe drug eruption. The test materials were applied to the back and left for 2 days under occlusion, then results were assessed by the International Contact Dermatitis Research Group (ICDRG) scoring system 3 days after application. Reactions of + to +++ were regarded as positive. Of the 444 patients, 100 (22.4%) had a positive patch test result to a suspected drug. Positive rates were 23.6% and 20.0% for maculopapular eruption and fixed drug eruption, respectively. The class of materials to which most patients reacted positively was contrast medium (n = 53; 41.1%), followed by drugs acting on the central nervous system (n = 18; 28.6%). In the latter group, 16 of the 18 patients were positive to antiepileptics. Positive rates depend on the causative drug rather than the clinical features of the drug eruption. Patch testing is useful when contrast medium or antiepileptics are suspected to be the causative drugs. However, standardization of patch test materials and method of reading is needed, as well as guidelines regarding when testing should be performed. Although patch testing for drug eruption has significant potential, it requires further validation. © 2014 The Authors. Clinical and Experimental Dermatology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of British Association of Dermatologists.

Oral antibiotic adverse reactions after penicillin skin testing: multi-year follow-up.

PubMed

Macy, E; Burchette, R J

2002-12-01

Long-term follow-up data on adverse drug reactions after oral antibiotic use in penicillin allergy history positive individuals with penicillin skin test done in advance of need are rare. Oral antibiotic associated adverse drug reactions in 83 penicillin skin test positive individuals were compared to a sex, age, and length of follow-up matched sample of 166 penicillin skin test negative individuals, all of whom had at least one post penicillin skin test oral antibiotic. The mean post penicillin skin test follow-up interval was 34.5 +/- 16.6 months. There were 1655 total oral antibiotic exposures. In penicillin skin test positive individuals, the adverse drug reaction rate was not significantly different with cephalosporin or non-beta-lactam use (P = 0.12). In penicillin skin test negative individuals the adverse drug reaction rate was significantly lower with cephalosporin vs. non-beta-lactam use (P = 0.005). Penicillin was safely used in penicillin skin test negative individuals. Overall cephalosporins caused fewer adverse drug reactions independent of penicillin skin test status (P = 0.005). Penicillin skin testing was only able to predict penicillin associated adverse drug reactions in penicillin skin test positive individuals. Excluding accidental penicillin exposure in penicillin skin test positive individuals, non-beta-lactams were associated with adverse drug reactions more often than penicillins or cephalosporins, independent of the penicillin skin test result. Cephalosporins were used as or more safely than non-beta-lactams in both penicillin skin test positive and negative individuals.

77 FR 10666 - Pipeline Safety: Post Accident Drug and Alcohol Testing

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-02-23

... operators of Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) facilities to conduct post- accident drug and alcohol tests of... reviewed, along with other applicable sections of Part 199: Under Sec. 199.105, post-accident drug tests of... administering the test. Covered employees must remain available for post-accident testing, but emergency...

21 CFR 660.26 - Specificity tests and avidity tests.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 7 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Specificity tests and avidity tests. 660.26 Section 660.26 Food and Drugs FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES... using test procedures approved by the Director, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research. [53 FR...

49 CFR Appendix C to Part 40 - DOT Drug Testing Semi-Annual Laboratory Report to DOT

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 49 Transportation 1 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false DOT Drug Testing Semi-Annual Laboratory Report to... TRANSPORTATION WORKPLACE DRUG AND ALCOHOL TESTING PROGRAMS Pt. 40, App. C Appendix C to Part 40—DOT Drug Testing... of Drug and Alcohol Policy and Compliance, W62-300, 1200 New Jersey Avenue, SE., Washington, DC 20590...

49 CFR Appendix C to Part 40 - DOT Drug Testing Semi-Annual Laboratory Report to DOT

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 49 Transportation 1 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false DOT Drug Testing Semi-Annual Laboratory Report to... TRANSPORTATION WORKPLACE DRUG AND ALCOHOL TESTING PROGRAMS Pt. 40, App. C Appendix C to Part 40—DOT Drug Testing... of Drug and Alcohol Policy and Compliance, W62-300, 1200 New Jersey Avenue, SE., Washington, DC 20590...

49 CFR Appendix C to Part 40 - DOT Drug Testing Semi-Annual Laboratory Report to DOT

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 49 Transportation 1 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false DOT Drug Testing Semi-Annual Laboratory Report to... TRANSPORTATION WORKPLACE DRUG AND ALCOHOL TESTING PROGRAMS Pt. 40, App. C Appendix C to Part 40—DOT Drug Testing... of Drug and Alcohol Policy and Compliance, W62-300, 1200 New Jersey Avenue, SE., Washington, DC 20590...

49 CFR Appendix C to Part 40 - DOT Drug Testing Semi-Annual Laboratory Report to DOT

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 49 Transportation 1 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false DOT Drug Testing Semi-Annual Laboratory Report to... TRANSPORTATION WORKPLACE DRUG AND ALCOHOL TESTING PROGRAMS Pt. 40, App. C Appendix C to Part 40—DOT Drug Testing... of Drug and Alcohol Policy and Compliance, W62-300, 1200 New Jersey Avenue, SE., Washington, DC 20590...

49 CFR Appendix C to Part 40 - DOT Drug Testing Semi-Annual Laboratory Report to DOT

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 49 Transportation 1 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false DOT Drug Testing Semi-Annual Laboratory Report to... TRANSPORTATION WORKPLACE DRUG AND ALCOHOL TESTING PROGRAMS Pt. 40, App. C Appendix C to Part 40—DOT Drug Testing... of Drug and Alcohol Policy and Compliance, W62-300, 1200 New Jersey Avenue, SE., Washington, DC 20590...

28 CFR 35.131 - Illegal use of drugs.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... participation to individuals who engage in illegal use of drugs while they are in the program. (c) Drug testing... procedures, including but not limited to drug testing, designed to ensure that an individual who formerly... of testing for the illegal use of drugs. ...

49 CFR 219.501 - Pre-employment drug testing.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION CONTROL OF ALCOHOL AND DRUG USE Pre-Employment Tests § 219.501 Pre... 49 Transportation 4 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Pre-employment drug testing. 219.501 Section 219... covered service, unless the employee has been administered a test for drugs with a result that did not...

49 CFR 219.501 - Pre-employment drug testing.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION CONTROL OF ALCOHOL AND DRUG USE Pre-Employment Tests § 219.501 Pre... 49 Transportation 4 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Pre-employment drug testing. 219.501 Section 219... covered service, unless the employee has been administered a test for drugs with a result that did not...

49 CFR 219.501 - Pre-employment drug testing.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION CONTROL OF ALCOHOL AND DRUG USE Pre-Employment Tests § 219.501 Pre... 49 Transportation 4 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Pre-employment drug testing. 219.501 Section 219... covered service, unless the employee has been administered a test for drugs with a result that did not...

49 CFR 219.501 - Pre-employment drug testing.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION CONTROL OF ALCOHOL AND DRUG USE Pre-Employment Tests § 219.501 Pre... 49 Transportation 4 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Pre-employment drug testing. 219.501 Section 219... covered service, unless the employee has been administered a test for drugs with a result that did not...

49 CFR 219.501 - Pre-employment drug testing.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION CONTROL OF ALCOHOL AND DRUG USE Pre-Employment Tests § 219.501 Pre... 49 Transportation 4 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Pre-employment drug testing. 219.501 Section 219... covered service, unless the employee has been administered a test for drugs with a result that did not...

49 CFR 40.123 - What are the MRO's responsibilities in the DOT drug testing program?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... drug testing program? 40.123 Section 40.123 Transportation Office of the Secretary of Transportation PROCEDURES FOR TRANSPORTATION WORKPLACE DRUG AND ALCOHOL TESTING PROGRAMS Medical Review Officers and the Verification Process § 40.123 What are the MRO's responsibilities in the DOT drug testing program? As an MRO...

49 CFR 40.31 - Who may collect urine specimens for DOT drug testing?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... TRANSPORTATION WORKPLACE DRUG AND ALCOHOL TESTING PROGRAMS Urine Collection Personnel § 40.31 Who may collect urine specimens for DOT drug testing? (a) Collectors meeting the requirements of this subpart are the only persons authorized to collect urine specimens for DOT drug testing. (b) A collector must meet...

75 FR 75485 - Current List of Laboratories Which Meet Minimum Standards To Engage in Urine Drug Testing for...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-12-03

... Current List of Laboratories Which Meet Minimum Standards To Engage in Urine Drug Testing for Federal... Guidelines for Federal Workplace Drug Testing Programs (Mandatory Guidelines). The Mandatory Guidelines were... Laboratories and Instrumented Initial Testing Facilities (IITF) must meet in order to conduct drug and specimen...

49 CFR 40.123 - What are the MRO's responsibilities in the DOT drug testing program?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... drug testing program? 40.123 Section 40.123 Transportation Office of the Secretary of Transportation PROCEDURES FOR TRANSPORTATION WORKPLACE DRUG AND ALCOHOL TESTING PROGRAMS Medical Review Officers and the Verification Process § 40.123 What are the MRO's responsibilities in the DOT drug testing program? As an MRO...

49 CFR 40.31 - Who may collect urine specimens for DOT drug testing?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... TRANSPORTATION WORKPLACE DRUG AND ALCOHOL TESTING PROGRAMS Urine Collection Personnel § 40.31 Who may collect urine specimens for DOT drug testing? (a) Collectors meeting the requirements of this subpart are the only persons authorized to collect urine specimens for DOT drug testing. (b) A collector must meet...

49 CFR 40.31 - Who may collect urine specimens for DOT drug testing?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... TRANSPORTATION WORKPLACE DRUG AND ALCOHOL TESTING PROGRAMS Urine Collection Personnel § 40.31 Who may collect urine specimens for DOT drug testing? (a) Collectors meeting the requirements of this subpart are the only persons authorized to collect urine specimens for DOT drug testing. (b) A collector must meet...

Drug Testing Guidelines and Practices for Juvenile Probation and Parole Agencies.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

American Probation and Parole Association, Lexington, KY.

This document, intended as a resource manual, provides guidelines on drug testing. These topics are covered: (1) National Institute on Drug Abuse guidelines applicability; (2) introduction to legal issues, drug testing in juvenile probation and parole, and juvenile law; (3) mission of a juvenile parole agency; (4) purpose of testing; (5) drug…

49 CFR 40.31 - Who may collect urine specimens for DOT drug testing?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... TRANSPORTATION WORKPLACE DRUG AND ALCOHOL TESTING PROGRAMS Urine Collection Personnel § 40.31 Who may collect urine specimens for DOT drug testing? (a) Collectors meeting the requirements of this subpart are the only persons authorized to collect urine specimens for DOT drug testing. (b) A collector must meet...

49 CFR 40.123 - What are the MRO's responsibilities in the DOT drug testing program?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... drug testing program? 40.123 Section 40.123 Transportation Office of the Secretary of Transportation PROCEDURES FOR TRANSPORTATION WORKPLACE DRUG AND ALCOHOL TESTING PROGRAMS Medical Review Officers and the Verification Process § 40.123 What are the MRO's responsibilities in the DOT drug testing program? As an MRO...

75 FR 39023 - Current List of Laboratories Which Meet Minimum Standards To Engage in Urine Drug Testing for...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-07-07

... Current List of Laboratories Which Meet Minimum Standards To Engage in Urine Drug Testing for Federal... Drug Testing Programs (Mandatory Guidelines). The Mandatory Guidelines were first published in the... of Laboratories Engaged in Urine Drug Testing for Federal Agencies,'' sets strict standards that...

75 FR 27348 - Current List of Laboratories Which Meet Minimum Standards To Engage in Urine Drug Testing for...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-05-14

... Current List of Laboratories Which Meet Minimum Standards To Engage in Urine Drug Testing for Federal... Drug Testing Programs (Mandatory Guidelines). The Mandatory Guidelines were first published in the... of Laboratories Engaged in Urine Drug Testing for Federal Agencies,'' sets strict standards that...

75 FR 3153 - Drug and Alcohol Testing Program; Correction

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-01-20

.... FAA-2008-0937; Amendment No. 120-0A, 135-117A] RIN 2120-AJ37 Drug and Alcohol Testing Program... Aviation Administration (FAA) is correcting its drug and alcohol testing regulations published on May 14... and alcohol testing requirements. The final rule was necessary to gather all of the existing drug and...

77 FR 71669 - Random Drug and Alcohol Testing Percentage Rates of Covered Aviation Employees for the Period of...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-12-03

... DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION Federal Aviation Administration Random Drug and Alcohol Testing... the minimum random drug and alcohol testing percentage rates for the period January 1, 2013, through December 31, 2013, will remain at 25 percent of safety- sensitive employees for random drug testing and 10...

75 FR 62842 - Current List of Laboratories Which Meet Minimum Standards To Engage in Urine Drug Testing for...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-10-13

... Current List of Laboratories Which Meet Minimum Standards To Engage in Urine Drug Testing for Federal... Guidelines for Federal Workplace Drug Testing Programs (Mandatory Guidelines). The Mandatory Guidelines were... and Instrumented Initial Testing Facilities (IITF) must meet in order to conduct drug and specimen...

76 FR 74843 - Random Drug and Alcohol Testing Percentage Rates of Covered Aviation Employees for the Period of...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-12-01

... DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION Federal Aviation Administration Random Drug and Alcohol Testing... the minimum random drug and alcohol testing percentage rates for the period January 1, 2012, through December 31, 2012, will remain at 25 percent of safety- sensitive employees for random drug testing and 10...

75 FR 9229 - Current List of Laboratories Which Meet Minimum Standards To Engage in Urine Drug Testing for...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-03-01

... Current List of Laboratories Which Meet Minimum Standards To Engage in Urine Drug Testing for Federal... Drug Testing Programs (Mandatory Guidelines). The Mandatory Guidelines were first published in the... of Laboratories Engaged in Urine Drug Testing for Federal Agencies,'' sets strict standards that...

75 FR 76069 - Random Drug and Alcohol Testing Percentage Rates of Covered Aviation Employees for the Period of...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-12-07

... DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION Federal Aviation Administration Random Drug and Alcohol Testing... minimum random drug and alcohol testing percentage rates for the period January 1, 2011, through December 31, 2011, will remain at 25 percent of safety- sensitive employees for random drug testing and 10...

75 FR 5088 - Current List of Laboratories Which Meet Minimum Standards To Engage in Urine Drug Testing for...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-02-01

... Current List of Laboratories Which Meet Minimum Standards To Engage in Urine Drug Testing for Federal... Drug Testing Programs (Mandatory Guidelines). The Mandatory Guidelines were first published in the... of Laboratories Engaged in Urine Drug Testing for Federal Agencies,'' sets strict standards that...

49 CFR 40.123 - What are the MRO's responsibilities in the DOT drug testing program?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... drug testing program? 40.123 Section 40.123 Transportation Office of the Secretary of Transportation PROCEDURES FOR TRANSPORTATION WORKPLACE DRUG AND ALCOHOL TESTING PROGRAMS Medical Review Officers and the Verification Process § 40.123 What are the MRO's responsibilities in the DOT drug testing program? As an MRO...

75 FR 154 - Current List of Laboratories Which Meet Minimum Standards To Engage in Urine Drug Testing for...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-01-04

... Current List of Laboratories Which Meet Minimum Standards To Engage in Urine Drug Testing for Federal... Drug Testing Programs (Mandatory Guidelines). The Mandatory Guidelines were first published in the... of Laboratories Engaged in Urine Drug Testing for Federal Agencies,'' sets strict standards that...

49 CFR 40.123 - What are the MRO's responsibilities in the DOT drug testing program?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... drug testing program? 40.123 Section 40.123 Transportation Office of the Secretary of Transportation PROCEDURES FOR TRANSPORTATION WORKPLACE DRUG AND ALCOHOL TESTING PROGRAMS Medical Review Officers and the Verification Process § 40.123 What are the MRO's responsibilities in the DOT drug testing program? As an MRO...

78 FR 77196 - Random Drug and Alcohol Testing Percentage Rates of Covered Aviation Employees for the Period of...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-12-20

... DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION Federal Aviation Administration Random Drug and Alcohol Testing... the minimum random drug and alcohol testing percentage rates for the period January 1, 2014, through December 31, 2014, will remain at 25 percent of safety- sensitive employees for random drug testing and 10...

Proposed Policy: Drug Testing of Hawaii's Public School Teachers

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Davis, Bebi

2007-01-01

Because of a proposed policy, public school teachers in Hawaii are facing the possibility of being randomly tested for illegal drugs. Random drug testing has many implications and its impact is questionable. In this article, the author scrutinizes the controversial drug-testing policy for both troubling and promising aspects and how educators may…

75 FR 45128 - Current List of Laboratories Which Meet Minimum Standards To Engage in Urine Drug Testing for...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-08-02

... Current List of Laboratories Which Meet Minimum Standards To Engage in Urine Drug Testing for Federal... Drug Testing Programs (Mandatory Guidelines). The Mandatory Guidelines were first published in the..., ``Certification of Laboratories Engaged in Urine Drug Testing for Federal Agencies,'' sets strict standards that...

75 FR 32950 - Current List of Laboratories Which Meet Minimum Standards To Engage in Urine Drug Testing for...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-06-10

... Current List of Laboratories Which Meet Minimum Standards To Engage in Urine Drug Testing for Federal... Drug Testing Programs (Mandatory Guidelines). The Mandatory Guidelines were first published in the... of Laboratories Engaged in Urine Drug Testing for Federal Agencies,'' sets strict standards that...

75 FR 55795 - Current List of Laboratories Which Meet Minimum Standards To Engage in Urine Drug Testing for...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-09-14

... Current List of Laboratories Which Meet Minimum Standards To Engage in Urine Drug Testing for Federal... Drug Testing Programs (Mandatory Guidelines). The Mandatory Guidelines were first published in the... of Laboratories Engaged in Urine Drug Testing for Federal Agencies,'' sets strict standards that...

49 CFR 40.31 - Who may collect urine specimens for DOT drug testing?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... TRANSPORTATION WORKPLACE DRUG AND ALCOHOL TESTING PROGRAMS Urine Collection Personnel § 40.31 Who may collect urine specimens for DOT drug testing? (a) Collectors meeting the requirements of this subpart are the only persons authorized to collect urine specimens for DOT drug testing. (b) A collector must meet...

An Alternative to the Physiological Psychology Laboratory: Identification of an Unknown Drug Through Behavioral Testing.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Schumacher, Susan J.

1982-01-01

A laboratory project introduced physiological psychology students to research by requiring them to identify an unknown drug given to laboratory animals. Students read material about drugs and animal drug studies, designed behavioral tests, constructed the testing apparatus, conducted the tests, and wrote progress reports. (SR)

Interpretation of Oral Fluid Tests for Drugs of Abuse

PubMed Central

CONE, EDWARD J.; HUESTIS, MARILYN A.

2009-01-01

Oral fluid testing for drugs of abuse offers significant advantages over urine as a test matrix. Collection can be performed under direct observation with reduced risk of adulteration and substitution. Drugs generally appear in oral fluid by passive diffusion from blood, but also may be deposited in the oral cavity during oral, smoked, and intranasal administration. Drug metabolites also can be detected in oral fluid. Unlike urine testing, there may be a close correspondence between drug and metabolite concentrations in oral fluid and in blood. Interpretation of oral fluid results for drugs of abuse should be an iterative process whereby one considers the test results in the context of program requirements and a broad scientific knowledge of the many factors involved in determining test outcome. This review delineates many of the chemical and metabolic processes involved in the disposition of drugs and metabolites in oral fluid that are important to the appropriate interpretation of oral fluid tests. Chemical, metabolic, kinetic, and analytic parameters are summarized for selected drugs of abuse, and general guidelines are offered for understanding the significance of oral fluid tests. PMID:17332074

49 CFR 40.201 - What problems always cause a drug test to be cancelled and may result in a requirement for...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... cancelled and may result in a requirement for another collection? 40.201 Section 40.201 Transportation... TESTING PROGRAMS Problems in Drug Tests § 40.201 What problems always cause a drug test to be cancelled and may result in a requirement for another collection? As the MRO, you must cancel a drug test when a...

The Shift in Emphasis From Risk-Based to Age-Based Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) Testing in the US Tends to Remove Injection Drug Use From Discourse on HCV.

PubMed

Jordan, Ashly E; Perlman, David C

2017-02-23

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is hyperendemic among people who inject drugs; nonsterile drug injection is the principle risk for HCV acquisition. Due to gaps in the HCV care continuum, there have been recommendations in the United States emphasizing age-rather than risk-based testing strategies. The central research focus of this project is to explore the meanings and implications of the shift in emphasis from risk-based to age-based HCV testing with regard to people who use drugs. Content analysis and critical discourse analysis, informed by eco-social theory, were used to examine relevant documents. Fifteen documents were assessed for eligibility; 6 documents comprised the final set reviewed. In content analysis, age-based testing was both mentioned more frequently and was supported more strongly than risk-based testing. Risk-based testing was frequently mentioned in terms minimizing its use and drug use was often mentioned only euphemistically. The reframed emphasis largely removed discussion of injection drug use from discussion of HCV risks. Shifting the emphasis of HCV testing from testing based on specific routes of transmission and risk to testing based on age removes injection drug use from HCV discourse. This has the potential to either facilitate HCV care for drug users or to further stigmatize and marginalize drug use and people who use drugs. The potential implications of this shift in testing emphasis for public health merit further investigation.

Validity of suspected alcohol and drug violations in aviation employees.

PubMed

Li, Guohua; Brady, Joanne E; DiMaggio, Charles; Baker, Susan P; Rebok, George W

2010-10-01

In the United States, transportation employees who are suspected of using alcohol and drugs are subject to reasonable-cause testing. This study aims to assess the validity of suspected alcohol and drug violations in aviation employees. Using reasonable-cause testing and random testing data from the Federal Aviation Administration for the years 1995-2005, we calculated the positive predictive value (PPV) and positive likelihood ratio (LR+) of suspected alcohol and drug violations. The true status of violations was based on testing results, with an alcohol violation being defined as a blood alcohol concentration of ≥0.04 mg/dl and a drug violation as a test positive for marijuana, cocaine, amphetamines, phencyclidine or opiates. During the 11-year study period, a total of 2284 alcohol tests and 2015 drug tests were performed under the reasonable-cause testing program. The PPV was 37.7% [95% confidence interval (CI), 35.7-39.7%] for suspected alcohol violations and 12.6% (95% CI, 11.2-14.1%) for suspected drug violations. Random testing revealed an overall prevalence of 0.09% for alcohol violations and 0.6% for drug violations. The LR+ was 653.6 (95% CI, 581.7-734.3) for suspected alcohol violations and 22.5 (95% CI, 19.6-25.7) for suspected drug violations. The discriminative power of reasonable-cause testing suggests that, despite its limited positive predictive value, physical and behavioral observation represents an efficient screening method for detecting alcohol and drug violations. The limited positive predictive value of reasonable-cause testing in aviation employees is due in part to the very low prevalence of alcohol and drug violations. © 2010 The Authors, Addiction © 2010 Society for the Study of Addiction.

Hair drug testing results and self-reported drug use among primary care patients with moderate-risk illicit drug use.

PubMed

Gryczynski, Jan; Schwartz, Robert P; Mitchell, Shannon Gwin; O'Grady, Kevin E; Ondersma, Steven J

2014-08-01

This study sought to examine the utility of hair testing as a research measure of drug use among individuals with moderate-risk drug use based on the internationally validated Alcohol, Smoking, and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST). This study is a secondary analysis using baseline data from a randomized trial of brief intervention for drug misuse, in which 360 adults with moderate-risk drug use were recruited from two community clinics in New Mexico, USA. The current study compared self-reported drug use on the ASSIST with laboratory analysis of hair samples using a standard commercially available 5-panel test with assay screening and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) confirmation. Both self-report and hair testing covered a 3-month period. Overall concordance between hair testing and self-report was 57.5% (marijuana), 86.5% (cocaine), 85.8% (amphetamines), and 74.3% (opioids). Specificity of hair testing at standard laboratory cut-offs exceeded 90% for all drugs, but sensitivity of hair testing relative to self-report was low, identifying only 52.3% (127/243) of self-disclosed marijuana users, 65.2% (30/46) of cocaine users, 24.2% (8/33) of amphetamine users, and 2.9% (2/68) of opioid users. Among participants who disclosed using marijuana or cocaine in the past 3 months, participants with a negative hair test tended to report lower-frequency use of those drugs (p<.001 for marijuana and cocaine). Hair testing can be useful in studies with moderate-risk drug users, but the potential for under-identification of low-frequency use suggests that researchers should consider employing low detection cut-offs and using hair testing in conjunction with self-report. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

Hair Drug Testing Results and Self-reported Drug Use among Primary Care Patients with Moderate-risk Illicit Drug Use

PubMed Central

Gryczynski, Jan; Schwartz, Robert P.; Mitchell, Shannon Gwin; O’Grady, Kevin E.; Ondersma, Steven J.

2014-01-01

Background This study sought to examine the utility of hair testing as a research measure of drug use among individuals with moderate-risk drug use based on the internationally-validated Alcohol, Smoking, and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST). Methods This study is a secondary analysis using baseline data from a randomized trial of brief intervention for drug misuse, in which 360 adults with moderate-risk drug use were recruited from two community clinics in New Mexico, USA. The current study compared self-reported drug use on the ASSIST with laboratory analysis of hair samples using a standard commercially-available 5-panel test with assay screening and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) confirmation. Both self-report and hair testing covered a 3 month period. Results Overall concordance between hair testing and self-report was 57.5% (marijuana), 86.5% (cocaine), 85.8% (amphetamines), and 74.3% (opioids). Specificity of hair testing at standard laboratory cut-offs exceeded 90% for all drugs, but sensitivity of hair testing relative to self-report was low, identifying only 52.3% (127/243) of self-disclosed marijuana users, 65.2% (30/46) of cocaine users, 24.2% (8/33) of amphetamine users, and 2.9% (2/68) of opioid users. Among participants who disclosed using marijuana or cocaine in the past 3 months, participants with a negative hair test tended to report lower-frequency use of those drugs (p< .001 for marijuana and cocaine). Conclusions Hair testing can be useful in studies with moderate-risk drug users, but the potential for under-identification of low-frequency use suggests that researchers should consider employing low detection cut-offs and using hair testing in conjunction with self-report. PMID:24932945

Validity of Suspected Alcohol and Drug Violations in Aviation Employees

PubMed Central

Li, Guohua; Brady, Joanne E.; DiMaggio, Charles; Baker, Susan P.; Rebok, George W.

2012-01-01

Introduction In the United States, transportation employees who are suspected of using alcohol and drugs are subject to reasonable-cause testing. This study aims to assess the validity of suspected alcohol and drug violations in aviation employees. Methods Using reasonable-cause testing and random testing data from the Federal Aviation Administration for the years 1995 through 2005, we calculated the positive predictive value (PPV) and positive likelihood ratio (LR+) of suspected alcohol and drug violations. The true status of violations was based on testing results, with an alcohol violation being defined as a blood alcohol concentration of ≥40 mg/dL and a drug violation as a test positive for marijuana, cocaine, amphetamines, phencyclidine, or opiates. Results During the 11-year study period, a total of 2,284 alcohol tests and 2,015 drug tests were performed under the reasonable-cause testing program. The PPV was 37.7% [95% confidence interval (CI), 35.7–39.7%] for suspected alcohol violations and 12.6% (95% CI, 11.2–14.1%) for suspected drug violations. Random testing revealed an overall prevalence of 0.09% (601/649,796) for alcohol violations and 0.6% (7,211/1,130,922) for drug violations. The LR+ was 653.6 (95% CI, 581.7–734.3) for suspected alcohol violations and 22.5 (95% CI, 19.6–25.7) for suspected drug violations. Discussion The discriminative power of reasonable-cause testing suggests that, despite its limited positive predictive value, physical and behavioral observation represents an efficient screening method for detecting alcohol and drug violations. The limited positive predictive value of reasonable-cause testing in aviation employees is due in part to the very low prevalence of alcohol and drug violations. PMID:20712820

Drug Violations and Aviation Accidents: Findings from the U.S. Mandatory Drug Testing Programs

PubMed Central

Li, Guohua; Baker, Susan P.; Zhao, Qi; Brady, Joanne E.; Lang, Barbara H.; Rebok, George W.; DiMaggio, Charles

2012-01-01

Aims To assess the role of drug violations in aviation accidents. Design Case-control analysis. Setting Commercial aviation in the United States. Participants Aviation employees who were tested for drugs during 1995 through 2005 under the post-accident testing program (cases, n=4,977) or under the random testing program (controls, n=1,129,922). Measurements Point prevalence of drug violations, odds ratio of accident involvement, and attributable risk in the population. A drug violation was defined as a confirmed positive test for marijuana (≥ 50 ng/ml), cocaine (≥ 300 ng/ml), amphetamines (≥1000 ng/ml), opiates (≥ 2000 ng/ml), or phencyclidine (≥ 25 ng/ml). Findings The prevalence of drug violations was 0.64% [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.62–0.65%] in random drug tests and 1.82% (95% CI, 1.47–2.24%) in post-accident tests. The odds of accident involvement for employees who tested positive for drugs was almost three times the odds for those who tested negative (odds ratio 2.90, 95% CI, 2.35–3.57), with an estimated attributable risk of 1.2%. Marijuana accounted for 67.3% of the illicit drugs detected. The proportion of illicit drugs represented by amphetamines increased progressively during the study period, from 3.4% in 1995 to 10.3% in 2005 (p<0.0001). Conclusions Use of illicit drugs by aviation employees is associated with a significantly increased risk of accident involvement. Due to the very low prevalence, drug violations contribute to only a small fraction of aviation accidents. PMID:21306594

Urine specimen validity test for drug abuse testing in workplace and court settings.

PubMed

Lin, Shin-Yu; Lee, Hei-Hwa; Lee, Jong-Feng; Chen, Bai-Hsiun

2018-01-01

In recent decades, urine drug testing in the workplace has become common in many countries in the world. There have been several studies concerning the use of the urine specimen validity test (SVT) for drug abuse testing administered in the workplace. However, very little data exists concerning the urine SVT on drug abuse tests from court specimens, including dilute, substituted, adulterated, and invalid tests. We investigated 21,696 submitted urine drug test samples for SVT from workplace and court settings in southern Taiwan over 5 years. All immunoassay screen-positive urine specimen drug tests were confirmed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. We found that the mean 5-year prevalence of tampering (dilute, substituted, or invalid tests) in urine specimens from the workplace and court settings were 1.09% and 3.81%, respectively. The mean 5-year percentage of dilute, substituted, and invalid urine specimens from the workplace were 89.2%, 6.8%, and 4.1%, respectively. The mean 5-year percentage of dilute, substituted, and invalid urine specimens from the court were 94.8%, 1.4%, and 3.8%, respectively. No adulterated cases were found among the workplace or court samples. The most common drug identified from the workplace specimens was amphetamine, followed by opiates. The most common drug identified from the court specimens was ketamine, followed by amphetamine. We suggest that all urine specimens taken for drug testing from both the workplace and court settings need to be tested for validity. Copyright © 2017. Published by Elsevier B.V.

Cognitive tests predict real-world errors: the relationship between drug name confusion rates in laboratory-based memory and perception tests and corresponding error rates in large pharmacy chains

PubMed Central

Schroeder, Scott R; Salomon, Meghan M; Galanter, William L; Schiff, Gordon D; Vaida, Allen J; Gaunt, Michael J; Bryson, Michelle L; Rash, Christine; Falck, Suzanne; Lambert, Bruce L

2017-01-01

Background Drug name confusion is a common type of medication error and a persistent threat to patient safety. In the USA, roughly one per thousand prescriptions results in the wrong drug being filled, and most of these errors involve drug names that look or sound alike. Prior to approval, drug names undergo a variety of tests to assess their potential for confusability, but none of these preapproval tests has been shown to predict real-world error rates. Objectives We conducted a study to assess the association between error rates in laboratory-based tests of drug name memory and perception and real-world drug name confusion error rates. Methods Eighty participants, comprising doctors, nurses, pharmacists, technicians and lay people, completed a battery of laboratory tests assessing visual perception, auditory perception and short-term memory of look-alike and sound-alike drug name pairs (eg, hydroxyzine/hydralazine). Results Laboratory test error rates (and other metrics) significantly predicted real-world error rates obtained from a large, outpatient pharmacy chain, with the best-fitting model accounting for 37% of the variance in real-world error rates. Cross-validation analyses confirmed these results, showing that the laboratory tests also predicted errors from a second pharmacy chain, with 45% of the variance being explained by the laboratory test data. Conclusions Across two distinct pharmacy chains, there is a strong and significant association between drug name confusion error rates observed in the real world and those observed in laboratory-based tests of memory and perception. Regulators and drug companies seeking a validated preapproval method for identifying confusing drug names ought to consider using these simple tests. By using a standard battery of memory and perception tests, it should be possible to reduce the number of confusing look-alike and sound-alike drug name pairs that reach the market, which will help protect patients from potentially harmful medication errors. PMID:27193033

78 FR 14217 - Control of Alcohol and Drug Use: Addition of Post-Accident Toxicological Testing for Non...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-03-05

... (post-accident testing) program to test railroad employees who had been involved in serious train... clear that FRA intends to keep the post-accident test results for these non-controlled substances... post-accident tests for alcohol and for certain drugs classified by the Drug Enforcement Administration...

10 CFR 26.139 - Reporting initial validity and drug test results.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 10 Energy 1 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Reporting initial validity and drug test results. 26.139 Section 26.139 Energy NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION FITNESS FOR DUTY PROGRAMS Licensee Testing Facilities § 26.139 Reporting initial validity and drug test results. (a) The licensee testing facility shall...

49 CFR 40.91 - What validity tests must laboratories conduct on primary specimens?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... FOR TRANSPORTATION WORKPLACE DRUG AND ALCOHOL TESTING PROGRAMS Drug Testing Laboratories § 40.91 What... testing under § 40.89, you must conduct it in accordance with the requirements of this section. (a) You... responses characteristic of an adulterant obtained during initial or confirmatory drug tests (e.g., non...

49 CFR 40.91 - What validity tests must laboratories conduct on primary specimens?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... FOR TRANSPORTATION WORKPLACE DRUG AND ALCOHOL TESTING PROGRAMS Drug Testing Laboratories § 40.91 What... testing under § 40.89, you must conduct it in accordance with the requirements of this section. (a) You... responses characteristic of an adulterant obtained during initial or confirmatory drug tests (e.g., non...

49 CFR 40.91 - What validity tests must laboratories conduct on primary specimens?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... FOR TRANSPORTATION WORKPLACE DRUG AND ALCOHOL TESTING PROGRAMS Drug Testing Laboratories § 40.91 What... testing under § 40.89, you must conduct it in accordance with the requirements of this section. (a) You... responses characteristic of an adulterant obtained during initial or confirmatory drug tests (e.g., non...

49 CFR 40.91 - What validity tests must laboratories conduct on primary specimens?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... FOR TRANSPORTATION WORKPLACE DRUG AND ALCOHOL TESTING PROGRAMS Drug Testing Laboratories § 40.91 What... testing under § 40.89, you must conduct it in accordance with the requirements of this section. (a) You... responses characteristic of an adulterant obtained during initial or confirmatory drug tests (e.g., non...

49 CFR 40.91 - What validity tests must laboratories conduct on primary specimens?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... FOR TRANSPORTATION WORKPLACE DRUG AND ALCOHOL TESTING PROGRAMS Drug Testing Laboratories § 40.91 What... testing under § 40.89, you must conduct it in accordance with the requirements of this section. (a) You... responses characteristic of an adulterant obtained during initial or confirmatory drug tests (e.g., non...

10 CFR 707.2 - Scope.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

...) will be subject to random drug testing; to drug testing as a result of an occurrence, as described in § 707.9; and to drug testing on the basis of reasonable suspicion, as described in § 707.10. (c) Applicants for employment in testing designated positions will be tested in accordance with § 707.8. ...

10 CFR 707.2 - Scope.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

...) will be subject to random drug testing; to drug testing as a result of an occurrence, as described in § 707.9; and to drug testing on the basis of reasonable suspicion, as described in § 707.10. (c) Applicants for employment in testing designated positions will be tested in accordance with § 707.8. ...

10 CFR 707.2 - Scope.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

...) will be subject to random drug testing; to drug testing as a result of an occurrence, as described in § 707.9; and to drug testing on the basis of reasonable suspicion, as described in § 707.10. (c) Applicants for employment in testing designated positions will be tested in accordance with § 707.8. ...

10 CFR 707.2 - Scope.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

...) will be subject to random drug testing; to drug testing as a result of an occurrence, as described in § 707.9; and to drug testing on the basis of reasonable suspicion, as described in § 707.10. (c) Applicants for employment in testing designated positions will be tested in accordance with § 707.8. ...

10 CFR 707.2 - Scope.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

...) will be subject to random drug testing; to drug testing as a result of an occurrence, as described in § 707.9; and to drug testing on the basis of reasonable suspicion, as described in § 707.10. (c) Applicants for employment in testing designated positions will be tested in accordance with § 707.8. ...

10 CFR 26.139 - Reporting initial validity and drug test results.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 10 Energy 1 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Reporting initial validity and drug test results. 26.139 Section 26.139 Energy NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION FITNESS FOR DUTY PROGRAMS Licensee Testing Facilities § 26.139 Reporting initial validity and drug test results. (a) The licensee testing facility shall...

10 CFR 26.139 - Reporting initial validity and drug test results.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 10 Energy 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Reporting initial validity and drug test results. 26.139 Section 26.139 Energy NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION FITNESS FOR DUTY PROGRAMS Licensee Testing Facilities § 26.139 Reporting initial validity and drug test results. (a) The licensee testing facility shall...

21 CFR 211.110 - Sampling and testing of in-process materials and drug products.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 4 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Sampling and testing of in-process materials and... PHARMACEUTICALS Production and Process Controls § 211.110 Sampling and testing of in-process materials and drug... testing. (b) Valid in-process specifications for such characteristics shall be consistent with drug...

Drug Testing and the Evolution of Federal and State Regulation of Intercollegiate Athletics: A Chill Wind Blows.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Schaller, William Lynch

1991-01-01

Discussion of drug testing in intercollegiate athletics programs looks at federal and state regulation of drug-testing programs as it affects student-athletes and, in comparison, the employer-employee relationship. Judicial approaches in student-athlete drug-testing cases are also examined. Increased federal regulation is seen as imminent. Steps…

21 CFR 211.110 - Sampling and testing of in-process materials and drug products.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 4 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Sampling and testing of in-process materials and... PHARMACEUTICALS Production and Process Controls § 211.110 Sampling and testing of in-process materials and drug... testing. (b) Valid in-process specifications for such characteristics shall be consistent with drug...

21 CFR 211.110 - Sampling and testing of in-process materials and drug products.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 4 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Sampling and testing of in-process materials and... PHARMACEUTICALS Production and Process Controls § 211.110 Sampling and testing of in-process materials and drug... testing. (b) Valid in-process specifications for such characteristics shall be consistent with drug...

To Test or Not to Test? Drug Testing Teachers: The View of the Superintendent

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

DeMitchell, Todd A.; Kossakoski, Stephen; Baldasaro, Tony

2008-01-01

Purpose: School superintendents are charged with maintaining the safety and security of the schools in their district. One major recognized threat to the security and safety of students and staff is the use of illegal drugs. Superintendents are responding to the constitutionality of student drug-testing policies by implementing drug-testing…

21 CFR 211.110 - Sampling and testing of in-process materials and drug products.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 4 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Sampling and testing of in-process materials and... PHARMACEUTICALS Production and Process Controls § 211.110 Sampling and testing of in-process materials and drug... testing. (b) Valid in-process specifications for such characteristics shall be consistent with drug...

21 CFR 211.110 - Sampling and testing of in-process materials and drug products.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 4 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Sampling and testing of in-process materials and... PHARMACEUTICALS Production and Process Controls § 211.110 Sampling and testing of in-process materials and drug... testing. (b) Valid in-process specifications for such characteristics shall be consistent with drug...

49 CFR 1.50 - Office of Drug & Alcohol Policy & Compliance.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... international drug testing and control issues and is the principal advisor to the Secretary on rules related to the drug and alcohol testing of safety-sensitive transportation employees in aviation, trucking... developing drug and alcohol testing programs and implementing the President's National Drug Control Strategy. ...

49 CFR 199.101 - Anti-drug plan.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) PIPELINE SAFETY DRUG AND ALCOHOL TESTING Drug Testing...; (2) The name and address of each laboratory that analyzes the specimens collected for drug testing... 49 Transportation 3 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Anti-drug plan. 199.101 Section 199.101...

49 CFR 199.101 - Anti-drug plan.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) PIPELINE SAFETY DRUG AND ALCOHOL TESTING Drug Testing...; (2) The name and address of each laboratory that analyzes the specimens collected for drug testing... 49 Transportation 3 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Anti-drug plan. 199.101 Section 199.101...

49 CFR 40.113 - Where is other information concerning laboratories found in this regulation?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... PROCEDURES FOR TRANSPORTATION WORKPLACE DRUG AND ALCOHOL TESTING PROGRAMS Drug Testing Laboratories § 40.113... specimen tests (drugs). § 40.179—Role of second laboratory in split specimen tests (adulterants). § 40.181...

49 CFR 40.113 - Where is other information concerning laboratories found in this regulation?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... PROCEDURES FOR TRANSPORTATION WORKPLACE DRUG AND ALCOHOL TESTING PROGRAMS Drug Testing Laboratories § 40.113... specimen tests (drugs). § 40.179—Role of second laboratory in split specimen tests (adulterants). § 40.181...

49 CFR 40.113 - Where is other information concerning laboratories found in this regulation?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... PROCEDURES FOR TRANSPORTATION WORKPLACE DRUG AND ALCOHOL TESTING PROGRAMS Drug Testing Laboratories § 40.113... specimen tests (drugs). § 40.179—Role of second laboratory in split specimen tests (adulterants). § 40.181...

49 CFR 40.113 - Where is other information concerning laboratories found in this regulation?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... PROCEDURES FOR TRANSPORTATION WORKPLACE DRUG AND ALCOHOL TESTING PROGRAMS Drug Testing Laboratories § 40.113... specimen tests (drugs). § 40.179—Role of second laboratory in split specimen tests (adulterants). § 40.181...

49 CFR 40.113 - Where is other information concerning laboratories found in this regulation?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... PROCEDURES FOR TRANSPORTATION WORKPLACE DRUG AND ALCOHOL TESTING PROGRAMS Drug Testing Laboratories § 40.113... specimen tests (drugs). § 40.179—Role of second laboratory in split specimen tests (adulterants). § 40.181...

The Influence of Drug Testing and Benefit-Based Distribution of Opioid Substitution Therapy on Drug Abstinence.

PubMed

Gabrovec, Branko

2015-01-01

The objective of our research was to discover whether the new approach to urine drug testing has a positive effect on users' abstinence, users' treatment, and their cooperation, while remaining user-friendly, and whether this approach is more cost-effective. The centers are focused on providing high-quality treatment within a cost-efficient program. In this study, we focus on the influence of drug testing and benefit-based distribution of opioid substitution therapy (BBDOST) on drug abstinence. The purpose of this study was to find any possible positive effect of modified distribution of the therapy and illicit drug testing on the number of users who are abstinent from illicit drugs and users who are not abstinent from illicit drugs as well as the users' opinion on BBDOST and testing. We are also interested in a difference in abstinence rates between those on BBDOST and those not receiving BBDOST. In 2010, the method of drug testing at the center was changed (less frequent and random drug testing) to enable its users faster access to BBDOST (take-home therapy). It was found that the number of drug-abstinent program participants has increased from initial 44.5% (2010) to 54.1% (2014). According to the program participants, the new method allows them to achieve and maintain abstinence from drugs more easily. In addition, they are also satisfied with the modified way of drug testing. This opinion does not change with age, gender, and acquired benefits.

49 CFR 40.161 - What does the MRO do when a drug test specimen is rejected for testing?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... negative test is required (e.g., in the case of a pre-employment, return-to-duty, or follow-up test). (c... 49 Transportation 1 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false What does the MRO do when a drug test specimen is... Verification Process § 40.161 What does the MRO do when a drug test specimen is rejected for testing? As the...

49 CFR 40.161 - What does the MRO do when a drug test specimen is rejected for testing?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... negative test is required (e.g., in the case of a pre-employment, return-to-duty, or follow-up test). (c... 49 Transportation 1 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false What does the MRO do when a drug test specimen is... Verification Process § 40.161 What does the MRO do when a drug test specimen is rejected for testing? As the...

49 CFR 40.161 - What does the MRO do when a drug test specimen is rejected for testing?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... negative test is required (e.g., in the case of a pre-employment, return-to-duty, or follow-up test). (c... 49 Transportation 1 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false What does the MRO do when a drug test specimen is... Verification Process § 40.161 What does the MRO do when a drug test specimen is rejected for testing? As the...

49 CFR 40.161 - What does the MRO do when a drug test specimen is rejected for testing?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... negative test is required (e.g., in the case of a pre-employment, return-to-duty, or follow-up test). (c... 49 Transportation 1 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false What does the MRO do when a drug test specimen is... Verification Process § 40.161 What does the MRO do when a drug test specimen is rejected for testing? As the...

49 CFR 40.161 - What does the MRO do when a drug test specimen is rejected for testing?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... negative test is required (e.g., in the case of a pre-employment, return-to-duty, or follow-up test). (c... 49 Transportation 1 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false What does the MRO do when a drug test specimen is... Verification Process § 40.161 What does the MRO do when a drug test specimen is rejected for testing? As the...

77 FR 58999 - Draft Guidance for Industry on Abbreviated New Drug Applications: Stability Testing of Drug...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-09-25

... DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES Food and Drug Administration [Docket No. FDA-2012-D-0938] Draft Guidance for Industry on Abbreviated New Drug Applications: Stability Testing of Drug Substances... their complexity, the FDA is considering standardizing stability testing policies by adopting...

Development of Targeted Nonionic Surfactant Vesicles for Treatment of Vascular Injury

DTIC Science & Technology

2008-12-01

antibody and containing drug atorvastatin (test substance-low drug concentration) Test (high) 2. Surfactant vesicle coated with antibody and...containing atorvastatin (test substance-high drug concentration) Control (targeted no drug) 3. Surfactant vesicle coated with antibody and containing...buffered saline solution Control (non targeted with drug) 4. Surfactant vesicle without antibody containing atorvastatin Control (free drug

Patch testing in non-immediate cutaneous adverse drug reactions: value of extemporaneous patch tests.

PubMed

Assier, Haudrey; Valeyrie-Allanore, Laurence; Gener, Gwendeline; Verlinde Carvalh, Muriel; Chosidow, Olivier; Wolkenstein, Pierre

2017-11-01

Patch testing following a standardized protocol is reliable for identifying the culprit drug in cutaneous adverse drug reactions (CADRs). However, these patch tests (PTs) require pharmaceutical material and staff, which are not always easily available. To evaluate an extemporaneous PT method in CADRs. We retrospectively analysed data for all patients referred to our department between March 2009 and June 2013 for patch testing after a non-immediate CADR. The patients who supplied their own suspected drugs were tested both with extemporaneous PTs and with conventional PTs. Extemporaneous PTs involved a nurse crushing and diluting the drug in pet. in a ratio of approximately one-third to two-thirds. Standardized PTs were performed according to guidelines, with commercial drugs diluted to 30% or with active ingredients diluted to 10%. We analysed the data for the two PT methods in terms of the number of positive test reactions, drugs tested, and type of CADR for patients in whom the two PT methods were used. In total, 75 of 156 patients underwent the two PT procedures, including 91 double tests. Overall, 21 tests gave positive reactions with the two methods, and 69 other tests gave negative results with the two methods. Our series yielded results similar to those of published series concerning the types of CADR and the drugs responsible. Our results suggest that, for CADRs, if a patient supplies a suspected drug but if the pharmaceutical material and staff are not available for conventional PTs, extemporaneous PTs performed by the nurse with the commercial drug used by the patient can be useful and reliable. © 2017 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Drug Testing in Oral Fluid

PubMed Central

Drummer, Olaf H

2006-01-01

Over the last decade there have been considerable developments in the use of oral fluid (saliva) for drug testing. Oral fluid can provide a quick and non-invasive specimen for drug testing. However, its collection may be thwarted by lack of available fluid due to a range of physiological factors, including drug use itself. Food and techniques designed to stimulate production of oral fluid can also affect the concentration of drugs. Current applications are mainly focused on drugs of abuse testing in employees at workplaces where drug use has safety implications, in drivers of vehicles at the roadside and in other situations where drug impairment is suspected. Testing has included alcohol (ethanol) and a range of clinical tests eg antibodies to HIV, therapeutic drugs and steroids. Its main application has been for testing for drugs of abuse such as the amphetamines, cocaine and metabolites, opioids such as morphine, methadone and heroin, and for cannabis. Oral fluid concentrations of basic drugs such as the amphetamines, cocaine and some opioids are similar or higher than those in plasma. Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the major species present from cannabis use, displays similar concentrations in oral fluid compared to blood in the elimination phase. However, there is significant local absorption of the drug in the oral cavity which increases the concentrations for a period after use of drug. Depot effects occur for other drugs introduced into the body that allow local absorption, such as smoking of tobacco (nicotine), cocaine, amphetamines, or use of sub-lingual buprenorphine. Screening techniques are usually an adaptation of those used in other specimens, with an emphasis on the parent drug since this is usually the dominant species present in oral fluid. Confirmatory techniques are largely based on mass spectrometry (MS) with an emphasis on Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS), due to low sample volumes and the low detection limits required. Drug testing outside laboratory environments has become widespread and provides presumptive results within minutes of collection of specimens. This review focuses on the developments, particularly over the last 10 years, and outlines the roles and applications of testing for drugs in oral fluid, describes the difficulties associated with this form of testing and illustrates applications of oral fluid testing for specific drugs. PMID:17268583

Employee Drug Testing. A Single Agency is Needed to Manage Federal Employee Drug Testing

DTIC Science & Technology

1991-02-19

The executive order requires the head of each executive agency to establish a program to test employees in sensitive positions for the use of illegal...that although several agencies were responsible for helping to design employee drug testing programs , there is no federal agency responsible for... EMPLOYEES ARE NOT BEING TREATED EQUITABLY Because the head of each agency is responsible for implementing a drug testing program , the extent to which

Short Communication - Study on quality and efficacy of commercial tylosin and doxycycline products against local isolates of mycoplasma in broilers.

PubMed

Riazuddin, -; Khan, Sarzamin; Imtiaz, Naila; Aslam, Saima; Ahmad, Shakoor; Khan, Hamayun; Rabbani, Masood; Muhammad, Javed; Tanveer, Zafar Iqbal; Ali, Sakhawat

2017-03-01

The present study was conducted to investigate the quality and efficacy of commercially available preparations of tylosin and doxycycline available in the local market at Peshawar for poultry. In vitro and in vivo, tests were conducted to check the quality of these antimicrobial drugs. In vitro quality control test was performed by High performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) and micro dilution method. In vivo, efficacy of the test drugs was checked in broilers infected with Mycoplasma gallisepticum. Results of HPLC indicated that test drug-2 contains doxycycline hydrochloride within specified limits but contain high quantity of active ingredient (Tylosin tartrate 120%). Recovery percentage of test drugs (3, 4, 5) were below the pharmacopoeial limit, which contained low quantity of tylosin tartrate (85%, 87.5%, 85%) respectively however, percent recovery of doxycycline were in the appropriate limits. All the tested drugs were effective against Mycoplasma gallisepticum and showed minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) at 1.9μg/ml. The in vivo result indicated that all tested drugs decreased morbidity and mortality in infected chicks. The birds treated with test drugs (3 and 5) showed mortality of 9.5%, which was slightly higher than the other test groups. The current study suggested that there are incidences of substandard drugs in Pakistan and the drug regularity authorities should take strict actions against the manufacturing companies.

10 CFR 707.9 - Drug testing as a result of an occurrence.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 10 Energy 4 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Drug testing as a result of an occurrence. 707.9 Section... Drug testing as a result of an occurrence. When there is an occurrence which is required to be reported... regulations, it may be necessary to test individuals in testing designated positions, or individuals with...

10 CFR 707.9 - Drug testing as a result of an occurrence.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 10 Energy 4 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Drug testing as a result of an occurrence. 707.9 Section... Drug testing as a result of an occurrence. When there is an occurrence which is required to be reported... regulations, it may be necessary to test individuals in testing designated positions, or individuals with...

10 CFR 707.9 - Drug testing as a result of an occurrence.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 10 Energy 4 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Drug testing as a result of an occurrence. 707.9 Section... Drug testing as a result of an occurrence. When there is an occurrence which is required to be reported... regulations, it may be necessary to test individuals in testing designated positions, or individuals with...

10 CFR 707.9 - Drug testing as a result of an occurrence.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 10 Energy 4 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Drug testing as a result of an occurrence. 707.9 Section... Drug testing as a result of an occurrence. When there is an occurrence which is required to be reported... regulations, it may be necessary to test individuals in testing designated positions, or individuals with...

10 CFR 707.9 - Drug testing as a result of an occurrence.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 10 Energy 4 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Drug testing as a result of an occurrence. 707.9 Section... Drug testing as a result of an occurrence. When there is an occurrence which is required to be reported... regulations, it may be necessary to test individuals in testing designated positions, or individuals with...

49 CFR 199.115 - Contractor employees.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) PIPELINE SAFETY DRUG AND ALCOHOL TESTING Drug Testing... contractor, an operator may provide by contract that the drug testing, education, and training required by...

49 CFR 199.115 - Contractor employees.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) PIPELINE SAFETY DRUG AND ALCOHOL TESTING Drug Testing... contractor, an operator may provide by contract that the drug testing, education, and training required by...

49 CFR 199.115 - Contractor employees.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) PIPELINE SAFETY DRUG AND ALCOHOL TESTING Drug Testing... contractor, an operator may provide by contract that the drug testing, education, and training required by...

49 CFR 199.115 - Contractor employees.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) PIPELINE SAFETY DRUG AND ALCOHOL TESTING Drug Testing... contractor, an operator may provide by contract that the drug testing, education, and training required by...

Student Drug Testing in the Context of Positive and Negative School Climates: Results from a National Survey

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Sznitman, Sharon R.; Dunlop, Sally M.; Nalkur, Priya; Khurana, Atika; Romer, Daniel

2012-01-01

Positive school climates and student drug testing have been separately proposed as strategies to reduce student substance use in high schools. However, the effects of drug testing programs may depend on the favorability of school climates. This study examined the association between school drug testing programs and student substance use in schools…

Epidemiology of alcohol and other drug use among motor vehicle crash victims admitted to a trauma center.

PubMed

Walsh, J Michael; Flegel, Ron; Cangianelli, Leo A; Atkins, Randolph; Soderstrom, Carl A; Kerns, Timothy J

2004-09-01

The objectives of this research were to (1) determine the incidence and prevalence of alcohol and other drug use among motor vehicle crash (MVC) victims admitted to a regional Level-I trauma center, and (2) to examine the utility of using a rapid point-of-collection (POC) drug-testing device to identify MVC patients with drug involvement. Blood and urine specimens were routinely collected per clinical protocol for each MVC victim at the time of admission. Blood alcohol concentration (BAC) levels were determined per standard clinical protocol. Clinical urine specimens were routinely split so that a POC drug-testing device for the detection of commonly abused drugs (Marijuana, Cocaine, Amphetamines, Methamphetamines, and Opiates) could be compared to that of the standard hospital laboratory analysis of each urine specimen (which also included Barbiturates and Benzodiazepines). In the six-month period of this study, nearly two-thirds of trauma center admissions were victims of motor vehicle crashes. During this time, blood and urine was collected from 322 MVC victims. Toxicology results indicated that 59.3% of MVC victims tested positive for either commonly abused drugs or alcohol. More patients tested positive for drug use than tested positive for alcohol, with 33.5% testing positive for drug use only, 15.8% testing positive for alcohol use only, and 9.9% testing positive for both drugs and alcohol. Less than half (45.2%) of the substance-abusing patients in this study would have been identified by an alcohol test alone. After alcohol, marijuana and benzodiazepines were the most frequently detected drugs. Point of collection (POC) test results correlated well with laboratory results and provide important information to initiate rapid intervention/treatment for substance use problems among injured patients.

Racial/ethnic differences in report of drug testing practices at the workplace level in the U.S.

PubMed

Becker, William C; Meghani, Salimah; Tetrault, Jeanette M; Fiellin, David A

2014-01-01

It is unknown whether racial/ethnic differences in report of workplace drug testing persist when analyzed within and across various occupations. We sought to examine the association between worker demographics, workplace characteristics, and report of employment in a workplace that performs drug testing. We performed a cross-sectional study of the 2008-2010 National Survey on Drug Use and Health examining the relationship between race/ethnicity and report of workplace drug testing among employed, white, black, or Hispanic respondents ≥18 years old. In logistic regression analysis, we adjusted for demographic, occupational, and other relevant variables and performed stratified analyses among three specific occupations. Among 69,163 respondents, 48.2% reported employment in a workplace that performs drug testing. On multivariable analysis, younger age, male sex, black race, income greater than $20,000, completion of high school and non-urban residence were associated with report of drug testing at one's workplace among the full sample as were non-white collar occupation, work in medium or large workplace, and absence of other substance abuse/dependence. In stratified analyses, black race was associated with report of workplace level drug testing among executive/administrative/managerial/financial workers and technicians/related support occupations; Hispanic ethnicity was associated with the outcome among technicians/related support occupations. Racial/ethnic differences in report of workplace drug testing exist within and across various occupations. These differences have important public health implications deserving further study. Increased report of drug testing where racial/ethnic minorities work highlights the potential bias that can be introduced when drug testing policies are not implemented in a universal fashion. © American Academy of Addiction Psychiatry.

Urine and oral fluid drug testing in support of pain management.

PubMed

Kwong, Tai C; Magnani, Barbarajean; Moore, Christine

2017-09-01

In recent years, the abuse of opioid drugs has resulted in greater prevalence of addiction, overdose, and deaths attributable to opioid abuse. The epidemic of opioid abuse has prompted professional and government agencies to issue practice guidelines for prescribing opioids to manage chronic pain. An important tool available to providers is the drug test for use in the initial assessment of patients for possible opioid therapy, subsequent monitoring of compliance, and documentation of suspected aberrant drug behaviors. This review discusses the issues that most affect the clinical utility of drug testing in chronic pain management with opioid therapy. It focuses on the two most commonly used specimen matrices in drug testing: urine and oral fluid. The advantages and disadvantages of urine and oral fluid in the entire testing process, from specimen collection and analytical methodologies to result interpretation are reviewed. The analytical sensitivity and specificity limitations of immunoassays used for testing are examined in detail to draw attention to how these shortcomings can affect result interpretation and influence clinical decision-making in pain management. The need for specific identification and quantitative measurement of the drugs and metabolites present to investigate suspected aberrant drug behavior or unexpected positive results is analyzed. Also presented are recent developments in optimization of test menus and testing strategies, such as the modification of the standard screen and reflexed-confirmation testing model by eliminating some of the initial immunoassay-based tests and proceeding directly to definitive testing by mass spectrometry assays.

Drug and alcohol testing results 1998 annual report

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1999-12-01

The Drug and Alcohol Testing Results 1998 Annual Report is a compilation and analysis of drug and alcohol testing results reported by transit systems in the United States during 1998. The report covers results for the following drug types: marijuana ...

Drug and alcohol testing results 2000 annual report

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2001-12-01

The Drug and Alcohol Testing Results 2000 Annual Report is a compilation and analysis of drug and alcohol testing results reported by transit systems in the United State during 2000. The report covers results for the following drug types: marijuana (...

Drug and alcohol testing results 1999 annual report

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2000-12-01

The Drug and Alcohol Testing Results 1999 Annual Report is a compilation and analysis of drug and alcohol testing results reported by transit systems in the United States during 1999. The report covers results for the following drug types: marijuana ...

Recent advances in the diagnosis of drug allergy.

PubMed

Primeau, M N; Adkinson, N F

2001-08-01

The diagnosis of immunologic drug reactions is based primarily on a detailed clinical history and historical data on relative immunogenicity of the culprit drugs. Except for a few standardized skin tests, most of the other methods for diagnosing drug allergy have unproven diagnostic or predictive clinical utility. Many tests for drug-specific immune responses are suggestive if positive, but have unknown negative predictive values. The present review addresses the most recent published literature regarding the diagnosis of drug allergy. Recent advances in the use of the lymphocyte transformation test, and delayed intradermal skin tests and patch tests for the diagnosis of delayed cutaneous reactions to penicillins suggest that these tests may have clinical utility, although confirmatory reports are still missing. For the diagnosis of acute vaccine reactions, gelatin-specific IgE as measured by radioallergosorbent test has now been shown to be reliably associated with allergic reactions to gelatin-containing vaccines.

14 CFR 120.119 - Annual reports.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... AND OPERATORS FOR COMPENSATION OR HIRE: CERTIFICATION AND OPERATIONS DRUG AND ALCOHOL TESTING PROGRAM Drug Testing Program Requirements § 120.119 Annual reports. (a) Annual reports of testing results must... holder shall submit an annual report each year. (2) Each entity conducting a drug testing program under...

14 CFR 120.111 - Administrative and other matters.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... ALCOHOL TESTING PROGRAM Drug Testing Program Requirements § 120.111 Administrative and other matters. (a... for the employer must be produced at the employer's place of business. (c) Release of drug testing information. An employer shall release information regarding an employee's drug testing results, evaluation...

14 CFR 120.111 - Administrative and other matters.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... ALCOHOL TESTING PROGRAM Drug Testing Program Requirements § 120.111 Administrative and other matters. (a... for the employer must be produced at the employer's place of business. (c) Release of drug testing information. An employer shall release information regarding an employee's drug testing results, evaluation...

14 CFR 120.119 - Annual reports.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... AND OPERATORS FOR COMPENSATION OR HIRE: CERTIFICATION AND OPERATIONS DRUG AND ALCOHOL TESTING PROGRAM Drug Testing Program Requirements § 120.119 Annual reports. (a) Annual reports of testing results must... holder shall submit an annual report each year. (2) Each entity conducting a drug testing program under...

14 CFR 120.111 - Administrative and other matters.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... ALCOHOL TESTING PROGRAM Drug Testing Program Requirements § 120.111 Administrative and other matters. (a... for the employer must be produced at the employer's place of business. (c) Release of drug testing information. An employer shall release information regarding an employee's drug testing results, evaluation...

14 CFR 120.119 - Annual reports.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... AND OPERATORS FOR COMPENSATION OR HIRE: CERTIFICATION AND OPERATIONS DRUG AND ALCOHOL TESTING PROGRAM Drug Testing Program Requirements § 120.119 Annual reports. (a) Annual reports of testing results must... holder shall submit an annual report each year. (2) Each entity conducting a drug testing program under...

14 CFR 120.119 - Annual reports.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... AND OPERATORS FOR COMPENSATION OR HIRE: CERTIFICATION AND OPERATIONS DRUG AND ALCOHOL TESTING PROGRAM Drug Testing Program Requirements § 120.119 Annual reports. (a) Annual reports of testing results must... holder shall submit an annual report each year. (2) Each entity conducting a drug testing program under...

14 CFR 120.111 - Administrative and other matters.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... ALCOHOL TESTING PROGRAM Drug Testing Program Requirements § 120.111 Administrative and other matters. (a... for the employer must be produced at the employer's place of business. (c) Release of drug testing information. An employer shall release information regarding an employee's drug testing results, evaluation...

14 CFR 120.111 - Administrative and other matters.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... ALCOHOL TESTING PROGRAM Drug Testing Program Requirements § 120.111 Administrative and other matters. (a... for the employer must be produced at the employer's place of business. (c) Release of drug testing information. An employer shall release information regarding an employee's drug testing results, evaluation...

14 CFR 120.119 - Annual reports.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... AND OPERATORS FOR COMPENSATION OR HIRE: CERTIFICATION AND OPERATIONS DRUG AND ALCOHOL TESTING PROGRAM Drug Testing Program Requirements § 120.119 Annual reports. (a) Annual reports of testing results must... holder shall submit an annual report each year. (2) Each entity conducting a drug testing program under...

Test systems in drug discovery for hazard identification and risk assessment of human drug-induced liver injury.

PubMed

Weaver, Richard J; Betts, Catherine; Blomme, Eric A G; Gerets, Helga H J; Gjervig Jensen, Klaus; Hewitt, Philip G; Juhila, Satu; Labbe, Gilles; Liguori, Michael J; Mesens, Natalie; Ogese, Monday O; Persson, Mikael; Snoeys, Jan; Stevens, James L; Walker, Tracy; Park, B Kevin

2017-07-01

The liver is an important target for drug-induced toxicities. Early detection of hepatotoxic drugs requires use of well-characterized test systems, yet current knowledge, gaps and limitations of tests employed remains an important issue for drug development. Areas Covered: The current state of the science, understanding and application of test systems in use for the detection of drug-induced cytotoxicity, mitochondrial toxicity, cholestasis and inflammation is summarized. The test systems highlighted herein cover mostly in vitro and some in vivo models and endpoint measurements used in the assessment of small molecule toxic liabilities. Opportunities for research efforts in areas necessitating the development of specific tests and improved mechanistic understanding are highlighted. Expert Opinion: Use of in vitro test systems for safety optimization will remain a core activity in drug discovery. Substantial inroads have been made with a number of assays established for human Drug-induced Liver Injury. There nevertheless remain significant gaps with a need for improved in vitro tools and novel tests to address specific mechanisms of human Drug-Induced Liver Injury. Progress in these areas will necessitate not only models fit for application, but also mechanistic understanding of how chemical insult on the liver occurs in order to identify translational and quantifiable readouts for decision-making.

What are the factors associated with HIV testing among male injecting and non-injecting drug users in Lashio, Myanmar: a cross-sectional study.

PubMed

Saw, Yu Mon; Yasuoka, Junko; Saw, Thu Nandar; Poudel, Krishna C; Tun, Soe; Jimba, Masamine

2013-06-20

HIV testing is an effective intervention for reducing HIV risk and providing information on HIV status. However, uptake of HIV testing is a major challenge within the drug-using population due to the stigma and discrimination associated with their illegal drug use behaviours. This study thus aimed to identify factors associated with HIV testing among injecting drug users (IDUs) and non-injecting drug users (NIDUs) in Lashio, Myanmar. A cross-sectional study was conducted from January 2010 to February 2010. This study was carried out in Lashio city, Northern Shan State, Myanmar. In total, 158 male IDUs and 210 male NIDUs were recruited using a respondent-driven sampling method. Proportion of both drug users who were ever tested for HIV and factors associated with HIV testing. Approximately 77% of IDUs and 46% of NIDUs were ever tested for HIV. The multivariate analysis revealed that having ever received drug treatment was positively associated with HIV testing among both IDUs (adjusted OR (AOR) 13.07; 95% CI 3.38 to 50.53) and NIDUs (AOR 3.58; 95% CI 1.38 to 9.24). IDUs who were married (AOR 0.24; 95% CI 0.06 to 0.94) and who injected at least twice daily (AOR 0.30; 95% CI 0.09 to 0.97) were less likely to undergo HIV testing. Among NIDUs, those who belonged to Shan (AOR 0.30; 95% CI 0.11 to 0.84) or Kachin (AOR 0.30; 95% CI 0.10 to 0.87) ethnicities were less likely to test for HIV. IDUs and NIDUs who have received drug treatment are more likely to test for HIV. Integrating HIV testing into drug treatment programmes alongside general expansion of HIV testing services may be effective in increasing HIV testing uptake among both IDUs and NIDUs in the Northern Shan State of Myanmar.

Role of the laboratory in the evaluation of suspected drug abuse.

PubMed

Gold, M S; Dackis, C A

1986-01-01

Despite the high incidence of substance abuse, it remains a common cause of misdiagnosis. In patients who have abused or who are currently abusing drugs, symptoms of a psychiatric illness may be mimicked by either the drug's presence or absence. The laboratory can aid in making a differential diagnosis and eliminating drugs from active consideration as a cause of psychosis, depression, mania, and personality changes. Treatment planning and prevention of serious medical consequences often rest on the accuracy of the admission drug screen. Testing is widely used to assess improvement in substance abuse in both inpatient and outpatient settings. In occupational settings, testing has been used as an early indicator that a problem exists and as a successful prevention tool. The appropriate use of analytic technology in drug abuse testing requires an understanding of available test methodologies. These include drug screens by thin-layer chromatography, comprehensive testing using enzyme immunoassay, and computer-assisted gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Testing for specific drugs considered likely causes or precipitants of "psychiatric" complaints is available with enzyme assays, radioimmunoassay, or definitive forensic-quality testing using GC-MS.

Adulterants in Urine Drug Testing.

PubMed

Fu, S

Urine drug testing plays an important role in monitoring licit and illicit drug use for both medico-legal and clinical purposes. One of the major challenges of urine drug testing is adulteration, a practice involving manipulation of a urine specimen with chemical adulterants to produce a false negative test result. This problem is compounded by the number of easily obtained chemicals that can effectively adulterate a urine specimen. Common adulterants include some household chemicals such as hypochlorite bleach, laundry detergent, table salt, and toilet bowl cleaner and many commercial products such as UrinAid (glutaraldehyde), Stealth® (containing peroxidase and peroxide), Urine Luck (pyridinium chlorochromate, PCC), and Klear® (potassium nitrite) available through the Internet. These adulterants can invalidate a screening test result, a confirmatory test result, or both. To counteract urine adulteration, drug testing laboratories have developed a number of analytical methods to detect adulterants in a urine specimen. While these methods are useful in detecting urine adulteration when such activities are suspected, they do not reveal what types of drugs are being concealed. This is particularly the case when oxidizing urine adulterants are involved as these oxidants are capable of destroying drugs and their metabolites in urine, rendering the drug analytes undetectable by any testing technology. One promising approach to address this current limitation has been the use of unique oxidation products formed from reaction of drug analytes with oxidizing adulterants as markers for monitoring drug misuse and urine adulteration. This novel approach will ultimately improve the effectiveness of the current urine drug testing programs. © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Introducing rapid diagnostic tests for malaria to drug shops in Uganda: a cluster-randomized controlled trial

PubMed Central

Fink, Günther; Maloney, Kathleen; Berg, Katrina; Jordan, Matthew; Svoronos, Theodore; Aber, Flavia; Dickens, William

2015-01-01

Abstract Objective To evaluate the impact – on diagnosis and treatment of malaria – of introducing rapid diagnostic tests to drug shops in eastern Uganda. Methods Overall, 2193 households in 79 study villages with at least one licensed drug shop were enrolled and monitored for 12 months. After 3 months of monitoring, drug shop vendors in 67 villages randomly selected for the intervention were offered training in the use of malaria rapid diagnostic tests and – if trained – offered access to such tests at a subsidized price. The remaining 12 study villages served as controls. A difference-in-differences regression model was used to estimate the impact of the intervention. Findings Vendors from 92 drug shops successfully completed training and 50 actively stocked and performed the rapid tests. Over 9 months, trained vendors did an average of 146 tests per shop. Households reported 22 697 episodes of febrile illness. The availability of rapid tests at local drug shops significantly increased the probability of any febrile illness being tested for malaria by 23.15% (P = 0.015) and being treated with an antimalarial drug by 8.84% (P = 0.056). The probability that artemisinin combination therapy was bought increased by a statistically insignificant 5.48% (P = 0.574). Conclusion In our study area, testing for malaria was increased by training drug shop vendors in the use of rapid tests and providing them access to such tests at a subsidized price. Additional interventions may be needed to achieve a higher coverage of testing and a higher rate of appropriate responses to test results.

The Sociological and Mathematical Implications of Mandatory Urine Tests for Drug Use in the Work Force.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Campbell, Janell; Campbell, Richard

1987-01-01

Mandatory drug testing of workers will create problems due to the low predictive ability of urinalysis. The predictive value of drug testing in populations of low drug incidence is illustrated using Bayes' Theorem. (MT)

49 CFR 28.131 - Illegal use of drugs.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... individual is otherwise entitled to such services. (c) Drug testing. (1) This part does not prohibit the... drug testing, designed to ensure that an individual who formerly engaged in the illegal use of drugs is... construed to encourage, prohibit, restrict, or authorize the conduct of testing for the illegal use of drugs. ...

49 CFR 28.131 - Illegal use of drugs.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... individual is otherwise entitled to such services. (c) Drug testing. (1) This part does not prohibit the... drug testing, designed to ensure that an individual who formerly engaged in the illegal use of drugs is... construed to encourage, prohibit, restrict, or authorize the conduct of testing for the illegal use of drugs. ...

Patterns of Drugs and Drug Metabolites Observed in Meconium: What Do They Mean?

PubMed

McMillin, Gwendolyn A; Wood, Kelly E; Strathmann, Frederick G; Krasowski, Matthew D

2015-10-01

Meconium drug testing is performed to detect potentially harmful drug exposures in a newborn. Interpretation of meconium drug testing results can be complicated based on the patterns and proportional concentrations of the drug(s) and/or drug metabolite(s) detected. The objective of this study was to analyze meconium drug testing patterns in a de-identified dataset from a national reference laboratory (n = 76,631) and in a subset of the data, wherein specimens originated at a single academic medical center for which detailed chart review was possible (n = 3635). Meconium testing was performed using 11 immunoassay-based drug screens. Specimens that were positive for one or more drug screens were reflexed to corresponding confirmation tests performed by gas chromatography or liquid chromatography with mass spectrometric detection, targeted to identify and quantitate specific parent drug(s) and metabolite(s). The positivity rate was the highest for the cannabis metabolite 11-nor-9-carboxy-delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (25.2%, n = 18,643), followed by opiates/oxycodone (23.2%, n = 17,778), amphetamine/methamphetamine (6.7%, n = 5134), cocaine metabolites (5.5%, n = 4205), methadone (5.3%, n = 4093), benzodiazepines (3.4%, n = 2603), barbiturates (1.1%, n = 834), propoxyphene (1.0%, n = 749), and phencyclidine (0.1%, n = 44). Based on documented pharmacy history, drugs administered to either the mother or newborn during the birth hospitalization were detected in meconium, providing evidence that drugs can be incorporated into meconium rapidly. Drugs administered directly to the newborn after birth were recovered in meconium as both parent drug and metabolites, providing evidence of neonatal metabolism. Overall, patterns observed in meconium exhibited many similarities to those patterns commonly reported with urine drug testing. Interpretation of meconium drug testing results requires comparison of results with clinical and analytical expectations, including maternal admissions to drug use, pharmacy history, recognized metabolic patterns for drugs of interest, cutoff concentrations, and other performance characteristics of the test. Concentrations of drug(s) and drug metabolites(s) may not reliably predict timing of drug use, extent of drug use, or frequency of drug exposures.

28 CFR 2.204 - Conditions of supervised release.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... if the supervision officer finds that the releasee has tested positive for illegal drugs or has... with drug testing, possessed a firearm, or tested positive for illegal controlled substances more than... releasee's residence, workplace, or vehicle. (v) The releasee shall submit to a drug or alcohol test...

28 CFR 2.204 - Conditions of supervised release.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... if the supervision officer finds that the releasee has tested positive for illegal drugs or has... with drug testing, possessed a firearm, or tested positive for illegal controlled substances more than... releasee's residence, workplace, or vehicle. (v) The releasee shall submit to a drug or alcohol test...

28 CFR 2.204 - Conditions of supervised release.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... if the supervision officer finds that the releasee has tested positive for illegal drugs or has... with drug testing, possessed a firearm, or tested positive for illegal controlled substances more than... releasee's residence, workplace, or vehicle. (v) The releasee shall submit to a drug or alcohol test...

46 CFR 4.06-20 - Specimen collection requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... must be conducted according to this subpart. (b) Drug testing. (1) When conducting drug testing... and shipping kits used to conduct drug testing must be used according to 49 CFR part 40. [USCG-2001... CASUALTIES AND INVESTIGATIONS Mandatory Chemical Testing Following Serious Marine Incidents Involving Vessels...

46 CFR 4.06-20 - Specimen collection requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... must be conducted according to this subpart. (b) Drug testing. (1) When conducting drug testing... and shipping kits used to conduct drug testing must be used according to 49 CFR part 40. [USCG-2001... CASUALTIES AND INVESTIGATIONS Mandatory Chemical Testing Following Serious Marine Incidents Involving Vessels...

46 CFR 4.06-20 - Specimen collection requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... must be conducted according to this subpart. (b) Drug testing. (1) When conducting drug testing... and shipping kits used to conduct drug testing must be used according to 49 CFR part 40. [USCG-2001... CASUALTIES AND INVESTIGATIONS Mandatory Chemical Testing Following Serious Marine Incidents Involving Vessels...

46 CFR 4.06-20 - Specimen collection requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... must be conducted according to this subpart. (b) Drug testing. (1) When conducting drug testing... and shipping kits used to conduct drug testing must be used according to 49 CFR part 40. [USCG-2001... CASUALTIES AND INVESTIGATIONS Mandatory Chemical Testing Following Serious Marine Incidents Involving Vessels...

46 CFR 4.06-20 - Specimen collection requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... must be conducted according to this subpart. (b) Drug testing. (1) When conducting drug testing... and shipping kits used to conduct drug testing must be used according to 49 CFR part 40. [USCG-2001... CASUALTIES AND INVESTIGATIONS Mandatory Chemical Testing Following Serious Marine Incidents Involving Vessels...

21 CFR 882.1430 - Electroencephalograph test signal generator.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 8 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Electroencephalograph test signal generator. 882.1430 Section 882.1430 Food and Drugs FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN... Electroencephalograph test signal generator. (a) Identification. An electroencephalograph test signal generator is a...

21 CFR 882.1430 - Electroencephalograph test signal generator.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 8 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Electroencephalograph test signal generator. 882.1430 Section 882.1430 Food and Drugs FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN... Electroencephalograph test signal generator. (a) Identification. An electroencephalograph test signal generator is a...

Roadside drug testing: An evaluation of the Alere DDS® 2 mobile test system.

PubMed

Rohrig, Timothy P; Moore, Christine M; Stephens, Kimberly; Cooper, Kelsey; Coulter, Cynthia; Baird, Tyson; Garnier, Margaux; Miller, Samuel; Tuyay, James; Osawa, Kei; Chou, Joshua; Nuss, Carson; Collier, Jeff; Wittman, Karen Cudlin

2018-04-01

The number of drivers using drugs has increased over the last few years, and is likely to continue its upward trend. Testing drivers for alcohol use is routine and standardized, but the same is not true for the identification of driving under the influence of drugs (DUID). The Drug Evaluation and Classification Program (DECP) was developed to train police officers to recognize the signs and symptoms of recent drug use and remains an invaluable program; however, there are insufficient numbers of these highly trained drug recognition experts (DREs) available to attend every potential drug involved traffic incident. While blood and urine samples are used to test for drugs in a driver, both have disadvantages, particularly as they pertain to the length of time required after a traffic stop to sample collection. Therefore, the development of oral fluid testing devices which can be operated at the roadside and have the potential to assist officers in the identification of drug use is a major advancement in DUID cases. This project evaluated the performance of one instrumental oral fluid roadside testing device (Alere DDS®2) compared to DRE opinion, oral fluid laboratory-based analysis, and routine blood testing. The results showed that there was a good correlation with DRE observations and the device performance was >80% in all drug categories compared to laboratory-based analytical testing, both in oral fluid and blood, with few exceptions. The instrument can be considered a useful tool to assist law enforcement in identifying a drugged driver. Because the device does not test for all potentially impairing drugs, the opinion of the police officer regarding the condition of the driver should still be considered the most important aspect for arrest and further action. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

The role of physicians as medical review officers in workplace drug testing programs. In pursuit of the last nanogram.

PubMed Central

Clark, H W

1990-01-01

In discussing the role of physicians in workplace drug testing programs, I focus on the recent Department of Transportation regulations that require drug testing in such regulated industries as interstate trucking, air transportation, mass transit, and the railroads. These regulations require that applicable drug testing programs employ physicians as medical review officers to evaluate positive tests that have been screened and confirmed by different techniques to determine if there is a legal medical explanation for the result. The drug testing program tests for the presence of amphetamine, cocaine, tetrahydrocannabinol, opiates, and phencyclidine. If an employee testing positive has an acceptable medical explanation, the result is to be reported as negative. Little practical advice exists for medical review officers, and they must be aware of key elements of the regulations and potential trouble spots. PMID:2190419

49 CFR 40.41 - Where does a urine collection for a DOT drug test take place?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 49 Transportation 1 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Where does a urine collection for a DOT drug test... in DOT Urine Collections § 40.41 Where does a urine collection for a DOT drug test take place? (a) A urine collection for a DOT drug test must take place in a collection site meeting the requirements of...

49 CFR 40.41 - Where does a urine collection for a DOT drug test take place?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 49 Transportation 1 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Where does a urine collection for a DOT drug test... in DOT Urine Collections § 40.41 Where does a urine collection for a DOT drug test take place? (a) A urine collection for a DOT drug test must take place in a collection site meeting the requirements of...

49 CFR 40.41 - Where does a urine collection for a DOT drug test take place?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 49 Transportation 1 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Where does a urine collection for a DOT drug test... in DOT Urine Collections § 40.41 Where does a urine collection for a DOT drug test take place? (a) A urine collection for a DOT drug test must take place in a collection site meeting the requirements of...

49 CFR 40.41 - Where does a urine collection for a DOT drug test take place?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 49 Transportation 1 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Where does a urine collection for a DOT drug test... in DOT Urine Collections § 40.41 Where does a urine collection for a DOT drug test take place? (a) A urine collection for a DOT drug test must take place in a collection site meeting the requirements of...

Cognitive tests predict real-world errors: the relationship between drug name confusion rates in laboratory-based memory and perception tests and corresponding error rates in large pharmacy chains.

PubMed

Schroeder, Scott R; Salomon, Meghan M; Galanter, William L; Schiff, Gordon D; Vaida, Allen J; Gaunt, Michael J; Bryson, Michelle L; Rash, Christine; Falck, Suzanne; Lambert, Bruce L

2017-05-01

Drug name confusion is a common type of medication error and a persistent threat to patient safety. In the USA, roughly one per thousand prescriptions results in the wrong drug being filled, and most of these errors involve drug names that look or sound alike. Prior to approval, drug names undergo a variety of tests to assess their potential for confusability, but none of these preapproval tests has been shown to predict real-world error rates. We conducted a study to assess the association between error rates in laboratory-based tests of drug name memory and perception and real-world drug name confusion error rates. Eighty participants, comprising doctors, nurses, pharmacists, technicians and lay people, completed a battery of laboratory tests assessing visual perception, auditory perception and short-term memory of look-alike and sound-alike drug name pairs (eg, hydroxyzine/hydralazine). Laboratory test error rates (and other metrics) significantly predicted real-world error rates obtained from a large, outpatient pharmacy chain, with the best-fitting model accounting for 37% of the variance in real-world error rates. Cross-validation analyses confirmed these results, showing that the laboratory tests also predicted errors from a second pharmacy chain, with 45% of the variance being explained by the laboratory test data. Across two distinct pharmacy chains, there is a strong and significant association between drug name confusion error rates observed in the real world and those observed in laboratory-based tests of memory and perception. Regulators and drug companies seeking a validated preapproval method for identifying confusing drug names ought to consider using these simple tests. By using a standard battery of memory and perception tests, it should be possible to reduce the number of confusing look-alike and sound-alike drug name pairs that reach the market, which will help protect patients from potentially harmful medication errors. Published by the BMJ Publishing Group Limited. For permission to use (where not already granted under a licence) please go to http://www.bmj.com/company/products-services/rights-and-licensing/.

28 CFR 36.209 - Illegal use of drugs.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... the program. (c) Drug testing. (1) This part does not prohibit a public accommodation from adopting or administering reasonable policies or procedures, including but not limited to drug testing, designed to ensure..., restrict, or authorize the conducting of testing for the illegal use of drugs. ...

21 CFR 118.5 - Environmental testing for Salmonella Enteritidis (SE).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 2 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Environmental testing for Salmonella Enteritidis (SE). 118.5 Section 118.5 Food and Drugs FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN....5 Environmental testing for Salmonella Enteritidis (SE). (a) Environmental testing when laying hens...

21 CFR 118.5 - Environmental testing for Salmonella Enteritidis (SE).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 2 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Environmental testing for Salmonella Enteritidis (SE). 118.5 Section 118.5 Food and Drugs FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN....5 Environmental testing for Salmonella Enteritidis (SE). (a) Environmental testing when laying hens...

21 CFR 118.5 - Environmental testing for Salmonella Enteritidis (SE).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 2 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Environmental testing for Salmonella Enteritidis (SE). 118.5 Section 118.5 Food and Drugs FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN....5 Environmental testing for Salmonella Enteritidis (SE). (a) Environmental testing when laying hens...

Drug Testing in a University Athletic Program: Protocol and Implementation.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Rovere, George D.; And Others

1986-01-01

An athletic drug education, counseling, and screening program at Wake Forest University is described. Decisions regarding which athletes to test, which drugs to test for and how to test for them, how to collect urine samples, and measures taken for a positive result are discussed. (MT)

78 FR 59946 - Current List of Laboratories and Instrumented Initial Testing Facilities Which Meet Minimum...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-09-30

... Engage in Urine Drug Testing for Federal Agencies AGENCY: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services... the standards of the Mandatory Guidelines for Federal Workplace Drug Testing Programs (Mandatory... 503 of Public Law 100-71. The ``Mandatory Guidelines for Federal Workplace Drug Testing Programs,'' as...

46 CFR 16.230 - Random testing requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... programs for the chemical testing for dangerous drugs on a random basis of crewmembers on inspected vessels... establish programs for the chemical testing for dangerous drugs on a random basis of crewmembers on... random drug testing shall be made by a scientifically valid method, such as a random number table or a...

76 FR 161 - Current List of Laboratories and Instrumented Initial Testing Facilities Which Meet Minimum...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-01-03

... Engage in Urine Drug Testing for Federal Agencies AGENCY: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services... the standards of the Mandatory Guidelines for Federal Workplace Drug Testing Programs (Mandatory... ``Mandatory Guidelines for Federal Workplace Drug Testing Programs'', as amended in the revisions listed above...

77 FR 54597 - Current List of Laboratories and Instrumented Initial Testing Facilities Which Meet Minimum...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-09-05

... Engage in Urine Drug Testing for Federal Agencies AGENCY: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services... the standards of the Mandatory Guidelines for Federal Workplace Drug Testing Programs (Mandatory... ``Mandatory Guidelines for Federal Workplace Drug Testing Programs'', as amended in the revisions listed above...

76 FR 24501 - Current List of Laboratories and Instrumented Initial Testing Facilities Which Meet Minimum...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-05-02

... Engage in Urine Drug Testing for Federal Agencies AGENCY: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services... the standards of the Mandatory Guidelines for Federal Workplace Drug Testing Programs (Mandatory... 100-71. The ``Mandatory Guidelines for Federal Workplace Drug Testing Programs'', as amended in the...

46 CFR 16.230 - Random testing requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... programs for the chemical testing for dangerous drugs on a random basis of crewmembers on inspected vessels... establish programs for the chemical testing for dangerous drugs on a random basis of crewmembers on... random drug testing shall be made by a scientifically valid method, such as a random number table or a...

10 CFR 707.12 - Specimen collection, handling and laboratory analysis for drug testing.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... drug testing. 707.12 Section 707.12 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY WORKPLACE SUBSTANCE ABUSE PROGRAMS AT DOE SITES Procedures § 707.12 Specimen collection, handling and laboratory analysis for drug testing... collection to final disposition of specimens, and testing laboratories shall use appropriate cutoff levels in...

77 FR 20832 - Current List of Laboratories and Instrumented Initial Testing Facilities Which Meet Minimum...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-04-06

... Engage in Urine Drug Testing for Federal Agencies AGENCY: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services... the standards of the Mandatory Guidelines for Federal Workplace Drug Testing Programs (Mandatory... ``Mandatory Guidelines for Federal Workplace Drug Testing Programs,'' as amended in the revisions listed above...

46 CFR 16.230 - Random testing requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... programs for the chemical testing for dangerous drugs on a random basis of crewmembers on inspected vessels... establish programs for the chemical testing for dangerous drugs on a random basis of crewmembers on... random drug testing shall be made by a scientifically valid method, such as a random number table or a...

78 FR 46996 - Current List of Laboratories and Instrumented Initial Testing Facilities Which Meet Minimum...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-08-02

... Engage in Urine Drug Testing for Federal Agencies AGENCY: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services... the standards of the Mandatory Guidelines for Federal Workplace Drug Testing Programs (Mandatory... and Instrumented Initial Testing Facilities (IITF) must meet in order to conduct drug and specimen...

77 FR 45645 - Current List of Laboratories and Instrumented Initial Testing Facilities Which Meet Minimum...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-08-01

... Engage in Urine Drug Testing for Federal Agencies AGENCY: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services... the standards of the Mandatory Guidelines for Federal Workplace Drug Testing Programs (Mandatory... 100-71. The ``Mandatory Guidelines for Federal Workplace Drug Testing Programs,'' as amended in the...

76 FR 68201 - Current List of Laboratories and Instrumented Initial Testing Facilities Which Meet Minimum...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-11-03

... Engage in Urine Drug Testing for Federal Agencies AGENCY: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services... the standards of the Mandatory Guidelines for Federal Workplace Drug Testing Programs (Mandatory... ``Mandatory Guidelines for Federal Workplace Drug Testing Programs'', as amended in the revisions listed above...

78 FR 72684 - Current List of Laboratories and Instrumented Initial Testing Facilities Which Meet Minimum...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-12-03

... Engage in Urine Drug Testing for Federal Agencies AGENCY: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services... the standards of the Mandatory Guidelines for Federal Workplace Drug Testing Programs (Mandatory... 503 of Publicc Law 100-71. The ``Mandatory Guidelines for Federal Workplace Drug Testing Programs...

76 FR 31969 - Current List of Laboratories and Instrumented Initial Testing Facilities Which Meet Minimum...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-06-02

... Engage in Urine Drug Testing for Federal Agencies AGENCY: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services... the standards of the Mandatory Guidelines for Federal Workplace Drug Testing Programs (Mandatory... ``Mandatory Guidelines for Federal Workplace Drug Testing Programs'', as amended in the revisions listed above...

78 FR 314 - Current List of Laboratories and Instrumented Initial Testing Facilities Which Meet Minimum...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-01-03

... Engage in Urine Drug Testing for Federal Agencies AGENCY: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services... the standards of the Mandatory Guidelines for Federal Workplace Drug Testing Programs (Mandatory... ``Mandatory Guidelines for Federal Workplace Drug Testing Programs'', as amended in the revisions listed above...

75 FR 67749 - Current List of Laboratories and Instrumented Initial Testing Facilities Which Meet Minimum...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-11-03

... Engage in Urine Drug Testing for Federal Agencies AGENCY: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services... the standards of the Mandatory Guidelines for Federal Workplace Drug Testing Programs (Mandatory... 100-71. The ``Mandatory Guidelines for Federal Workplace Drug Testing Programs,'' as amended in the...

78 FR 14100 - Current List of Laboratories and Instrumented Initial Testing Facilities Which Meet Minimum...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-03-04

... Engage in Urine Drug Testing for Federal Agencies AGENCY: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services... the standards of the Mandatory Guidelines for Federal Workplace Drug Testing Programs (Mandatory... ``Mandatory Guidelines for Federal Workplace Drug Testing Programs'', as amended in the revisions listed above...

10 CFR 707.12 - Specimen collection, handling and laboratory analysis for drug testing.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... drug testing. 707.12 Section 707.12 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY WORKPLACE SUBSTANCE ABUSE PROGRAMS AT DOE SITES Procedures § 707.12 Specimen collection, handling and laboratory analysis for drug testing... collection to final disposition of specimens, and testing laboratories shall use appropriate cutoff levels in...

46 CFR 16.230 - Random testing requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... programs for the chemical testing for dangerous drugs on a random basis of crewmembers on inspected vessels... establish programs for the chemical testing for dangerous drugs on a random basis of crewmembers on... random drug testing shall be made by a scientifically valid method, such as a random number table or a...

77 FR 69642 - Current List of Laboratories and Instrumented Initial Testing Facilities Which Meet Minimum...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-11-20

... Engage in Urine Drug Testing for Federal Agencies AGENCY: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services... the standards of the Mandatory Guidelines for Federal Workplace Drug Testing Programs (Mandatory... ``Mandatory Guidelines for Federal Workplace Drug Testing Programs'', as amended in the revisions listed above...

78 FR 66034 - Current List of Laboratories and Instrumented Initial Testing Facilities Which Meet Minimum...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-11-04

... Engage in Urine Drug Testing For Federal Agencies AGENCY: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services... the standards of the Mandatory Guidelines for Federal Workplace Drug Testing Programs (Mandatory... 503 of Public Law 100-71. The ``Mandatory Guidelines for Federal Workplace Drug Testing Programs,'' as...

77 FR 5037 - Current List of Laboratories and Instrumented Initial Testing Facilities Which Meet Minimum...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-02-01

... Engage in Urine Drug Testing for Federal Agencies AGENCY: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services... the standards of the Mandatory Guidelines for Federal Workplace Drug Testing Programs (Mandatory... ``Mandatory Guidelines for Federal Workplace Drug Testing Programs'', as amended in the revisions listed above...

76 FR 75889 - Current List of Laboratories and Instrumented Initial Testing Facilities Which Meet Minimum...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-12-05

... Engage in Urine Drug Testing for Federal Agencies AGENCY: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services... the standards of the Mandatory Guidelines for Federal Workplace Drug Testing Programs (Mandatory... ``Mandatory Guidelines for Federal Workplace Drug Testing Programs'', as amended in the revisions listed above...

46 CFR 16.230 - Random testing requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... programs for the chemical testing for dangerous drugs on a random basis of crewmembers on inspected vessels... establish programs for the chemical testing for dangerous drugs on a random basis of crewmembers on... random drug testing shall be made by a scientifically valid method, such as a random number table or a...

77 FR 60449 - Current List of Laboratories and Instrumented Initial Testing Facilities Which Meet Minimum...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-10-03

... Engage in Urine Drug Testing for Federal Agencies AGENCY: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services... the standards of the Mandatory Guidelines for Federal Workplace Drug Testing Programs (Mandatory... ``Mandatory Guidelines for Federal Workplace Drug Testing Programs'', as amended in the revisions listed above...

77 FR 26022 - Current List of Laboratories and Instrumented Initial Testing Facilities Which Meet Minimum...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-05-02

... Engage in Urine Drug Testing for Federal Agencies AGENCY: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services... the standards of the Mandatory Guidelines for Federal Workplace Drug Testing Programs (Mandatory... ``Mandatory Guidelines for Federal Workplace Drug Testing Programs'', as amended in the revisions listed above...

76 FR 61110 - Current List of Laboratories and Instrumented Initial Testing Facilities Which Meet Minimum...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-10-03

... Engage in Urine Drug Testing for Federal Agencies AGENCY: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services... the standards of the Mandatory Guidelines for Federal Workplace Drug Testing Programs (Mandatory... ``Mandatory Guidelines for Federal Workplace Drug Testing Programs,'' as amended in the revisions listed above...

77 FR 32653 - Current List of Laboratories and Instrumented Initial Testing Facilities Which Meet Minimum...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-06-01

... Engage in Urine Drug Testing for Federal Agencies AGENCY: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services... the standards of the Mandatory Guidelines for Federal Workplace Drug Testing Programs (Mandatory... 100-71. The ``Mandatory Guidelines for Federal Workplace Drug Testing Programs'', as amended in the...

78 FR 54903 - Current List of Laboratories and Instrumented Initial Testing Facilities Which Meet Minimum...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-09-06

... Engage in Urine Drug Testing for Federal Agencies AGENCY: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services... the standards of the Mandatory Guidelines for Federal Workplace Drug Testing Programs (Mandatory... 503 of Public Law 100-71. The ``Mandatory Guidelines for Federal Workplace Drug Testing Programs,'' as...

76 FR 18770 - Current List of Laboratories and Instrumented Initial Testing Facilities Which Meet Minimum...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-04-05

... Engage in Urine Drug Testing for Federal Agencies AGENCY: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services... the standards of the Mandatory Guidelines for Federal Workplace Drug Testing Programs (Mandatory... ``Mandatory Guidelines for Federal Workplace Drug Testing Programs,'' as amended in the revisions listed above...

76 FR 40924 - Current List of Laboratories and Instrumented Initial Testing Facilities Which Meet Minimum...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-07-12

... Engage in Urine Drug Testing for Federal Agencies AGENCY: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services... the standards of the Mandatory Guidelines for Federal Workplace Drug Testing Programs (Mandatory... ``Mandatory Guidelines for Federal Workplace Drug Testing Programs'', as amended in the revisions listed above...

10 CFR 707.12 - Specimen collection, handling and laboratory analysis for drug testing.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... drug testing. 707.12 Section 707.12 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY WORKPLACE SUBSTANCE ABUSE PROGRAMS AT DOE SITES Procedures § 707.12 Specimen collection, handling and laboratory analysis for drug testing... collection to final disposition of specimens, and testing laboratories shall use appropriate cutoff levels in...

76 FR 54477 - Current List of Laboratories and Instrumented Initial Testing Facilities Which Meet Minimum...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-09-01

... Engage in Urine Drug Testing for Federal Agencies AGENCY: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services... the standards of the Mandatory Guidelines for Federal Workplace Drug Testing Programs (Mandatory... ``Mandatory Guidelines for Federal Workplace Drug Testing Programs'', as amended in the revisions listed above...

78 FR 19500 - Current List of Laboratories and Instrumented Initial Testing Facilities Which Meet Minimum...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-04-01

... Engage in Urine Drug Testing for Federal Agencies AGENCY: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services... the standards of the Mandatory Guidelines for Federal Workplace Drug Testing Programs (Mandatory... ``Mandatory Guidelines for Federal Workplace Drug Testing Programs'', as amended in the revisions listed above...

10 CFR 707.12 - Specimen collection, handling and laboratory analysis for drug testing.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... drug testing. 707.12 Section 707.12 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY WORKPLACE SUBSTANCE ABUSE PROGRAMS AT DOE SITES Procedures § 707.12 Specimen collection, handling and laboratory analysis for drug testing... collection to final disposition of specimens, and testing laboratories shall use appropriate cutoff levels in...

76 FR 46309 - Current List of Laboratories and Instrumented Initial Testing Facilities Which Meet Minimum...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-08-02

... Engage in Urine Drug Testing for Federal Agencies AGENCY: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services... the standards of the Mandatory Guidelines for Federal Workplace Drug Testing Programs (Mandatory... ``Mandatory Guidelines for Federal Workplace Drug Testing Programs'', as amended in the revisions listed above...

76 FR 6147 - Current List of Laboratories and Instrumented Initial Testing Facilities Which Meet Minimum...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-02-03

... Engage in Urine Drug Testing for Federal Agencies AGENCY: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services... the standards of the Mandatory Guidelines for Federal Workplace Drug Testing Programs (Mandatory... ``Mandatory Guidelines for Federal Workplace Drug Testing Programs'', as amended in the revisions listed above...

76 FR 11802 - Current List of Laboratories and Instrumented Initial Testing Facilities Which Meet Minimum...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-03-03

... Engage in Urine Drug Testing for Federal Agencies AGENCY: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services... the standards of the Mandatory Guidelines for Federal Workplace Drug Testing Programs (Mandatory... ``Mandatory Guidelines for Federal Workplace Drug Testing Programs'', as amended in the revisions listed above...

77 FR 71605 - Current List of Laboratories and Instrumented Initial Testing Facilities Which Meet Minimum...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-12-03

... Engage in Urine Drug Testing for Federal Agencies AGENCY: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services... the standards of the Mandatory Guidelines for Federal Workplace Drug Testing Programs (Mandatory... 100-71. The ``Mandatory Guidelines for Federal Workplace Drug Testing Programs'', as amended in the...

77 FR 39501 - Current List of Laboratories and Instrumented Initial Testing Facilities Which Meet Minimum...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-07-03

... Engage in Urine Drug Testing for Federal Agencies AGENCY: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services... the standards of the Mandatory Guidelines for Federal Workplace Drug Testing Programs (Mandatory... ``Mandatory Guidelines for Federal Workplace Drug Testing Programs'', as amended in the revisions listed above...

78 FR 33429 - Current List of Laboratories and Instrumented Initial Testing Facilities Which Meet Minimum...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-06-04

... Engage in Urine Drug Testing for Federal Agencies AGENCY: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services... the standards of the Mandatory Guidelines for Federal Workplace Drug Testing Programs (Mandatory... ``Mandatory Guidelines for Federal Workplace Drug Testing Programs'', as amended in the revisions listed above...

10 CFR 707.12 - Specimen collection, handling and laboratory analysis for drug testing.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... drug testing. 707.12 Section 707.12 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY WORKPLACE SUBSTANCE ABUSE PROGRAMS AT DOE SITES Procedures § 707.12 Specimen collection, handling and laboratory analysis for drug testing... collection to final disposition of specimens, and testing laboratories shall use appropriate cutoff levels in...

78 FR 25461 - Current List of Laboratories and Instrumented Initial Testing Facilities Which Meet Minimum...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-05-01

... Engage in Urine Drug Testing for Federal Agencies AGENCY: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services... the standards of the Mandatory Guidelines for Federal Workplace Drug Testing Programs (Mandatory... ``Mandatory Guidelines for Federal Workplace Drug Testing Programs'', as amended in the revisions listed above...

77 FR 12862 - Current List of Laboratories and Instrumented Initial Testing Facilities Which Meet Minimum...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-03-02

... Engage in Urine Drug Testing for Federal Agencies AGENCY: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services... the standards of the Mandatory Guidelines for Federal Workplace Drug Testing Programs (Mandatory... ``Mandatory Guidelines for Federal Workplace Drug Testing Programs'', as amended in the revisions listed above...

78 FR 7795 - Current List of Laboratories and Instrumented Initial Testing Facilities Which Meet Minimum...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-02-04

... Engage in Urine Drug Testing for Federal Agencies AGENCY: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services... the standards of the Mandatory Guidelines for Federal Workplace Drug Testing Programs (Mandatory... Public Law 100-71. The ``Mandatory Guidelines for Federal Workplace Drug Testing Programs'', as amended...

21 CFR 118.5 - Environmental testing for Salmonella Enteritidis (SE).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 2 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Environmental testing for Salmonella Enteritidis (SE). 118.5 Section 118.5 Food and Drugs FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN....5 Environmental testing for Salmonella Enteritidis (SE). (a) Environmental testing when laying hens...

21 CFR 118.5 - Environmental testing for Salmonella Enteritidis (SE).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 2 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Environmental testing for Salmonella Enteritidis (SE). 118.5 Section 118.5 Food and Drugs FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN....5 Environmental testing for Salmonella Enteritidis (SE). (a) Environmental testing when laying hens...

21 CFR 862.1665 - Sodium test system.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 8 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Sodium test system. 862.1665 Section 862.1665 Food and Drugs FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES (CONTINUED) MEDICAL... Sodium test system. (a) Identification. A sodium test system is a device intended to measure sodium in...

21 CFR 862.1535 - Ornithine carbamyl transferase test system.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 8 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Ornithine carbamyl transferase test system. 862.1535 Section 862.1535 Food and Drugs FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN... Test Systems § 862.1535 Ornithine carbamyl transferase test system. (a) Identification. An ornithine...

21 CFR 862.1535 - Ornithine carbamyl transferase test system.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 8 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Ornithine carbamyl transferase test system. 862.1535 Section 862.1535 Food and Drugs FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN... Test Systems § 862.1535 Ornithine carbamyl transferase test system. (a) Identification. An ornithine...

Focused use of drug screening in overdose patients increases impact on management.

PubMed

Erdmann, Andreas; Werner, Dominique; Hugli, Olivier; Yersin, Bertrand

2015-01-01

Drug poisoning is a common cause for attendance in the emergency department. Several toxicology centres suggest performing urinary drug screens, even though they rarely influence patient management. Measuring the impact on patient management, in a University Emergency Department with approximately 40 000 admissions annually, of a rapid urinary drug screening test using specifically focused indications. Drug screening was restricted to patients having a first psychotic episode or cases demonstrating respiratory failure, coma, seizures, a sympathomimetic toxidrome, severe opiate overdose necessitating naloxone, hypotension, ventricular arrhythmia, acquired long QT or QRS >100 ms, and high-degree heart block. Retrospective analysis of Triage® TOX drug screen tests performed between September 2009 and November 2011, and between January 2013 and March 2014. A total of 262 patients were included, mean age 35 ± 14.6 (standard deviation) years, 63% men; 29% poisoning with alcohol, and 2.3% deaths. Indications for testing were as follows: 34% were first psychotic episodes; 20% had acute respiratory failure; 16% coma; 8% seizures; 8% sympathomimetic toxidromes; 7% severe opioid toxidromes; 4% hypotension; 3% ventricular arrhythmias or acquired long QT intervals on electrocardiogram. A total of 78% of the tests were positive (median two substances, maximum five). The test resulted in drug-specific therapy in 6.1%, drug specific diagnostic tests in 13.3 %, prolonged monitoring in 10.7% of methadone-positive tests, and psychiatric admission in 4.2%. Overall, 34.3% tests influenced patient management. In contrast to previous studies showing modest effects of toxicological testing, restricted use of rapid urinary drug testing increases the impact on management of suspected overdose patients in the ED.

HIV testing experience of drug users in Bali, Indonesia.

PubMed

Sagung Sawitri, A A; Sumantera, G M; Wirawan, D N; Ford, K; Lehman, E

2006-08-01

Recently, large increases have been noted in injection drug use and HIV prevalence among drug users in Indonesia. The objective of this study was to examine the experience of drug users with HIV testing in Bali, Indonesia. In-depth interviews were conducted with a sample of 40 drug users who had injected heroin in the Denpasar, Bali area. The users' experience with testing highlighted the importance of pre- and post-test counselling that provides clear information, confidentiality and assistance in developing social support.

A Laminated Microfluidic Device for Comprehensive Preclinical Testing in the Drug ADME Process

PubMed Central

An, Fan; Qu, Yueyang; Luo, Yong; Fang, Ning; Liu, Yang; Gao, Zhigang; Zhao, Weijie; Lin, Bingcheng

2016-01-01

New techniques are urgently needed to replace conventional long and costly pre-clinical testing in the new drug administration process. In this study, a laminated microfluidic device was fabricated to mimic the drug ADME response test in vivo. This proposed device was loaded and cultured with functional cells for drug response investigation and organ tissues that are involved in ADME testing. The drug was introduced from the top of the device and first absorbed by the Caco-2 cell layer, and then metabolized by the primary hepatocyte layer. It subsequently interacted with the MCF-7 cell layer, distributed in the lung, heart and fat tissues, and was finally eliminated through the dialysis membrane. Throughout this on-chip ADME process, the proposed device can be used as a reliable tool to simultaneously evaluate the drug anti-tumor activity, hepatotoxicity and pharmacokinetics. Furthermore, this device was proven to be able to reflect the hepatic metabolism of a drug, drug distribution in the target tissues, and the administration method of a drug. Furthermore, this microdevice is expected to reduce the number of drug candidates and accelerate the pre-clinical testing process subject to animal testing upon adaptation in new drug discovery. PMID:27122192

A Laminated Microfluidic Device for Comprehensive Preclinical Testing in the Drug ADME Process.

PubMed

An, Fan; Qu, Yueyang; Luo, Yong; Fang, Ning; Liu, Yang; Gao, Zhigang; Zhao, Weijie; Lin, Bingcheng

2016-04-28

New techniques are urgently needed to replace conventional long and costly pre-clinical testing in the new drug administration process. In this study, a laminated microfluidic device was fabricated to mimic the drug ADME response test in vivo. This proposed device was loaded and cultured with functional cells for drug response investigation and organ tissues that are involved in ADME testing. The drug was introduced from the top of the device and first absorbed by the Caco-2 cell layer, and then metabolized by the primary hepatocyte layer. It subsequently interacted with the MCF-7 cell layer, distributed in the lung, heart and fat tissues, and was finally eliminated through the dialysis membrane. Throughout this on-chip ADME process, the proposed device can be used as a reliable tool to simultaneously evaluate the drug anti-tumor activity, hepatotoxicity and pharmacokinetics. Furthermore, this device was proven to be able to reflect the hepatic metabolism of a drug, drug distribution in the target tissues, and the administration method of a drug. Furthermore, this microdevice is expected to reduce the number of drug candidates and accelerate the pre-clinical testing process subject to animal testing upon adaptation in new drug discovery.

78 FR 25282 - Agency Information Collection Activities: Proposed Collection; Comment Request

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-04-30

... Project: Mandatory Guidelines for Federal Workplace Drug Testing Programs (OMB No. 0930-0158)--Revision SAMHSA's Mandatory Guidelines for Federal Workplace Drug Testing Programs will request OMB approval for the Federal Drug Testing Custody and Control Form for federal agency and federally regulated drug...

49 CFR 40.149 - May the MRO change a verified drug test result?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 49 Transportation 1 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false May the MRO change a verified drug test result? 40... § 40.149 May the MRO change a verified drug test result? (a) As the MRO, you may change a verified test... positive. You would change X's test result from positive to negative and contact Y to conduct a...

49 CFR 40.201 - What problems always cause a drug test to be cancelled and may result in a requirement for...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 49 Transportation 1 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false What problems always cause a drug test to be cancelled and may result in a requirement for another collection? 40.201 Section 40.201 Transportation Office of the Secretary of Transportation PROCEDURES FOR TRANSPORTATION WORKPLACE DRUG AND ALCOHOL TESTING PROGRAMS Problems in Drug Tests § 40.201 Wha...

21 CFR 20.105 - Testing and research conducted by or with funds provided by the Food and Drug Administration.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 1 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Testing and research conducted by or with funds... Categories of Records § 20.105 Testing and research conducted by or with funds provided by the Food and Drug Administration. (a) Any list that may be prepared by the Food and Drug Administration of testing and research...

21 CFR 20.105 - Testing and research conducted by or with funds provided by the Food and Drug Administration.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Testing and research conducted by or with funds... Categories of Records § 20.105 Testing and research conducted by or with funds provided by the Food and Drug Administration. (a) Any list that may be prepared by the Food and Drug Administration of testing and research...

Presumptive and Confirmatory Drug Tests

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Anderson, Craig

2005-01-01

The majority of drug testings are first done with some kind of qualitative presumptive tests. After the qualitative presumptive tests are performed, a confirmatory test is necessary which demonstrates to the students the rigor needed to conclusively identify a substance.

A Review of Guidelines on Home Drug Testing Websites for Parents

PubMed Central

Washio, Yukiko; Fairfax-Columbo, Jaymes; Ball, Emily; Cassey, Heather; Arria, Amelia M.; Bresani, Elena; Curtis, Brenda L.; Kirby, Kimberly C.

2014-01-01

Purpose To update and extend prior work reviewing websites that discuss home drug testing for parents and assess the quality of information that the websites provide to assist them to decide when and how to use home drug testing. Methods We conducted a world-wide web search that identified eight websites providing information for parents on home drug testing. We assessed the information on the sites using checklist developed with field experts in adolescent substance abuse and psychosocial interventions that focus on urine testing. Results None of the websites covered all of items on the 24-item checklist, and only three covered at least half of the items (12, 14, and 21 items, respectively). The five remaining websites covered less than half the checklist items. The mean number of items covered by the websites was 11. Conclusions Among the websites that we reviewed, few provided thorough information to parents regarding empirically-supported strategies to effectively use drug testing to intervene on adolescent substance use. Furthermore, most websites did not provide thorough information regarding the risks and benefits to inform parents’ decision to use home drug testing. Empirical evidence regarding efficacy, benefits, risks, and limitations of home drug testing is needed. PMID:25026103

78 FR 39190 - Revisions to Fitness for Duty Programs' Drug Testing Requirements

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-07-01

...-0225] RIN 3150-AI67 Revisions to Fitness for Duty Programs' Drug Testing Requirements AGENCY: Nuclear... regarding drug testing requirements in NRC licensees' fitness for duty programs. The regulatory basis...

What's the agreement between self-reported and biochemical verification of drug use? A look at permanent supportive housing residents.

PubMed

Rendon, Alexis; Livingston, Melvin; Suzuki, Sumihiro; Hill, Whitney; Walters, Scott

2017-07-01

Self-reported substance use is commonly used as an outcome measure in treatment research. We evaluated the validity of self-reported drug use in a sample of 334 adults with mental health problems who were residing in supportive housing programs. The primary analysis was the calculation of the positive predictive values (PPVs) of self-report compared to an oral fluid test taken at the same time. A sensitivity analysis compared the positive predictive values of two self-reported drug use histories: biological testing window (ranging between the past 96h to 30days depending on drug type) or the full past 90-day comparison window (maximum length recorded during interview). A multivariable logistic regression was used to predict discordance between self-report and the drug test for users. Self-reported drug use and oral fluid drug tests were compared to determine the positive predictive value for amphetamines/methamphetamines/PCP (47.1% agreement), cocaine (43.8% agreement), and marijuana (69.7% agreement) drug tests. Participants who misreported their drug use were more likely to be older, non-White, have no medical insurance, and not report any alcohol use. In general, amphetamine/methamphetamine/PCP and cocaine use was adequately captured by the biological test, while marijuana use was best captured by a combination of self-report and biological data. Using the full past 90day comparison window resulted in higher concordance with the oral fluid drug test, indicating that self-reported drug use in the past 90days may be a proxy for drug use within the biological testing window. Self-report has some disadvantages when used as the sole measure of drug use in this population. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

[Threat of drug addiction in the army].

PubMed

Jedrzejczak, Marian; Kocur, Józef

2003-01-01

Drug addiction belongs to those phenomena of social pathology with complex canses, mechanisms and conditionings. Drug addiction mainly concerns young people, also those from the military environment despite the fact that recruitment boards consider detected drug addicts-conscripts to be completely or temporarily unfit for service. The aim of this study is to assess the scale of drug addiction among soldiers taking into account the reasons and range of the phenomenon. Using the method of the auditorial questionnaire, the tests were carried out on the amount trial among servicemen using anonymous questionnaires. The tests were performed in 1996 and the trial consisted of 552 soldiers and then they were repeated using the same questionnaire among 682 soldiers in 2001. It was found that in the years 1996-2001 the number of soldiers using psychoactive agents increased threefold. Marijuana and amphetamine were the most frequently used drugs. Nearly half of the soldiers tested think that in the army there are no problems with the supply with drugs, and over half of those who take drugs are of the opinion that drugs do not disturb their ability to service. Of the tests point to the following conclusions: in 2001 16.6% of the tested soldiers confessed to having contact with drugs, in 1996 this result was 5.1%. Marijuana and amphetamine still are the most popular among active soldiers. Although majority of servicemen consider taking drugs as a negative phenomenon, every tenth tested soldier pointed to positive effects of their taking. First contacts with drugs the tested soldiers had as early as in secondary school (58.3%), whereas as many as 25% of the tested subjects reported that they had the first contact with drugs in the army.

14 CFR 120.35 - Testing for prohibited drugs.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Testing for prohibited drugs. 120.35... (CONTINUED) AIR CARRIERS AND OPERATORS FOR COMPENSATION OR HIRE: CERTIFICATION AND OPERATIONS DRUG AND... for prohibited drugs. (a) Each certificate holder or operator shall test each of its employees who...

14 CFR 120.35 - Testing for prohibited drugs.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Testing for prohibited drugs. 120.35... (CONTINUED) AIR CARRIERS AND OPERATORS FOR COMPENSATION OR HIRE: CERTIFICATION AND OPERATIONS DRUG AND... for prohibited drugs. (a) Each certificate holder or operator shall test each of its employees who...

14 CFR 120.35 - Testing for prohibited drugs.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Testing for prohibited drugs. 120.35... (CONTINUED) AIR CARRIERS AND OPERATORS FOR COMPENSATION OR HIRE: CERTIFICATION AND OPERATIONS DRUG AND... for prohibited drugs. (a) Each certificate holder or operator shall test each of its employees who...

75 FR 41488 - Agency Information Collection Activities: Submission for OMB Review; Comment Request

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-07-16

.... Project: Mandatory Guidelines for Federal Workplace Drug Testing Programs (OMB No. 0930-0158)--Revision SAMHSA's Mandatory Guidelines for Federal Workplace Drug Testing Programs will request OMB approval for the Federal Drug Testing Custody and Control Form for Federal agency and federally regulated drug...

49 CFR 219.903 - Retention of drug testing records.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 49 Transportation 4 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Retention of drug testing records. 219.903 Section... ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION CONTROL OF ALCOHOL AND DRUG USE Recordkeeping Requirements § 219.903 Retention of drug testing records. (a) General requirement. In addition to the records required to be kept...

49 CFR 219.903 - Retention of drug testing records.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 49 Transportation 4 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Retention of drug testing records. 219.903 Section... ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION CONTROL OF ALCOHOL AND DRUG USE Recordkeeping Requirements § 219.903 Retention of drug testing records. (a) General requirement. In addition to the records required to be kept...

49 CFR 219.903 - Retention of drug testing records.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 49 Transportation 4 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Retention of drug testing records. 219.903 Section... ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION CONTROL OF ALCOHOL AND DRUG USE Recordkeeping Requirements § 219.903 Retention of drug testing records. (a) General requirement. In addition to the records required to be kept...

49 CFR 219.903 - Retention of drug testing records.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 49 Transportation 4 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Retention of drug testing records. 219.903 Section... ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION CONTROL OF ALCOHOL AND DRUG USE Recordkeeping Requirements § 219.903 Retention of drug testing records. (a) General requirement. In addition to the records required to be kept...

49 CFR 219.903 - Retention of drug testing records.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 49 Transportation 4 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Retention of drug testing records. 219.903 Section... ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION CONTROL OF ALCOHOL AND DRUG USE Recordkeeping Requirements § 219.903 Retention of drug testing records. (a) General requirement. In addition to the records required to be kept...

[Pathogenic Mechanism and Diagnostic Testing for Drug Allergies].

PubMed

Uno, Katsuji

2018-01-01

　Three stages of the pathogenic mechanism of drug allergies can be considered: antigen formation, immune reaction and inflammation/disorder reaction. Drugs are thought to form 4 types of antigens: drug only, polymers, drug-carrier conjugates, and metabolite-carrier complexes. Antigens are recognized by B cell receptors and T cell receptors. Helper T cells (Th) are differentiated into four subsets, namely, Th1, Th2, Th17 and regulatory T cells (Treg). Th1 produces interleukin (IL)-2 and interferon (IFN)-γ, and activates macrophages and cytotoxic T cells (Tc). Macrophages induce type IV allergies, and Tc lead to serious type IV allergies. On the other hand, Th2 produces IL-4, IL-5, and IL-6, etc., and activates B cells. B cells produce IgE antibodies, and the IgE antibody affects mast cells and induces type I allergies. Activated eosinophil leads to the chronic state of type I allergy. Diagnostic testing for allergenic drugs is necessary for patients with drug allergies. Because in vivo diagnostic tests for allergenic drugs are associated with a risk and burden to the patient, in vitro allergy tests are recommended to identify allergenic drugs. In allergy tests performed in vitro, cytological tests are more effective than serological tests, and the leukocyte migration test (LMT) presently has the highest efficacy. An LMT-chamber is better than LMT-agarose in terms of usability and sensitivity, and it can detect about 80% of allergenic drugs.

Laboratory and clinical evaluation of on-site urine drug testing.

PubMed

Beck, Olof; Carlsson, Sten; Tusic, Marinela; Olsson, Robert; Franzen, Lisa; Hulten, Peter

2014-11-01

Products for on-site urine drug testing offer the possibility to perform screening for drugs of abuse directly at the point-of-care. This is a well-established routine in emergency and dependency clinics but further evaluation of performance is needed due to inherent limitations with the available products. Urine drug testing by an on-site product was compared with routine laboratory methods. First, on-site testing was performed at the laboratory in addition to the routine method. Second, the on-site testing was performed at a dependency clinic and urine samples were subsequently sent to the laboratory for additional analytical investigation. The on-site testing products did not perform with assigned cut-off levels. The subjective reading between the presence of a spot (i.e. negative test result) being present or no spot (positive result) was difficult in 3.2% of the cases, and occurred for all parameters. The tests performed more accurately in drug negative samples (specificity 96%) but less accurately for detecting positives (sensitivity 79%). Of all incorrect results by the on-site test the proportion of false negatives was 42%. The overall agreement between on-site and laboratory testing was 95% in the laboratory study and 98% in the clinical study. Although a high degree of agreement was observed between on-site and routine laboratory urine drug testing, the performance of on-site testing was not acceptable due to significant number of false negative results. The limited sensitivity of on-site testing compared to laboratory testing reduces the applicability of these tests.

76 FR 35678 - SPF Labeling and Testing Requirements and Drug Facts Labeling for Over-the-Counter Sunscreen Drug...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-06-17

... [Docket No. FDA-2011-N-0449] SPF Labeling and Testing Requirements and Drug Facts Labeling for Over-the... testing requirements for over-the-counter (OTC) sunscreen products containing specified ingredients and... techniques, when appropriate, and other forms of information technology. SPF Labeling and Testing...

21 CFR 862.1370 - Human growth hormone test system.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 8 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Human growth hormone test system. 862.1370 Section 862.1370 Food and Drugs FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES... Systems § 862.1370 Human growth hormone test system. (a) Identification. A human growth hormone test...

21 CFR 862.1370 - Human growth hormone test system.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 8 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Human growth hormone test system. 862.1370 Section 862.1370 Food and Drugs FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES... Systems § 862.1370 Human growth hormone test system. (a) Identification. A human growth hormone test...

77 FR 126 - Current List of Laboratories and Instrumented Initial Testing Facilities Which Meet Minimum...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-01-03

... Engage in Urine Drug Testing for Federal Agencies AGENCY: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services... certified to meet the standards of the Mandatory Guidelines for Federal Workplace Drug Testing Programs... ``Mandatory Guidelines for Federal Workplace Drug Testing Programs'', as amended in the revisions listed above...

Drug Testing High School Athletes and the Fourth Amendment.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Bjorklun, Eugene C.

1993-01-01

Examines recent court decisions regarding the legality of drug-testing programs aimed at student athletes. Concludes the drug-testing programs will be upheld if the program is narrowly drawn with regard to the student population; aims at limited and achievable goals; involves random selection of students for testing; and imposes penalties…

10 CFR 26.65 - Pre-access drug and alcohol testing.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 10 Energy 1 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Pre-access drug and alcohol testing. 26.65 Section 26.65 Energy NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION FITNESS FOR DUTY PROGRAMS Granting and Maintaining Authorization § 26.65 Pre-access drug and alcohol testing. (a) Purpose. This section contains pre-access testing...

[Validity evidence of the Health-Related Quality of Life for Drug Abusers Test based on the Biaxial Model of Addiction].

PubMed

Lozano, Oscar M; Rojas, Antonio J; Pérez, Cristino; González-Sáiz, Francisco; Ballesta, Rosario; Izaskun, Bilbao

2008-05-01

The aim of this work is to show evidence of the validity of the Health-Related Quality of Life for Drug Abusers Test (HRQoLDA Test). This test was developed to measure specific HRQoL for drugs abusers, within the theoretical addiction framework of the biaxial model. The sample comprised 138 patients diagnosed with opiate drug dependence. In this study, the following constructs and variables of the biaxial model were measured: severity of dependence, physical health status, psychological adjustment and substance consumption. Results indicate that the HRQoLDA Test scores are related to dependency and consumption-related problems. Multiple regression analysis reveals that HRQoL can be predicted from drug dependence, physical health status and psychological adjustment. These results contribute empirical evidence of the theoretical relationships established between HRQoL and the biaxial model, and they support the interpretation of the HRQoLDA Test to measure HRQoL in drug abusers, thus providing a test to measure this specific construct in this population.

Role of Urine Drug Testing in the Current Opioid Epidemic.

PubMed

Mahajan, Gagan

2017-12-01

While the evidence for urine drug testing for patients on chronic opioid therapy is weak, the guidelines created by numerous medical societies and state and federal regulatory agencies recommend that it be included as one of the tools used to monitor patients for compliance with chronic opioid therapy. To get the most comprehensive results, clinicians should order both an immunoassay screen and confirmatory urine drug test. The immunoassay screen, which can be performed as an in-office point-of-care test or as a laboratory-based test, is a cheap and convenient study to order. Limitations of an immunoassay screen, however, include having a high threshold of detectability and only providing qualitative information about a select number of drug classes. Because of these restrictions, clinicians should understand that immunoassay screens have high false-positive and false-negative rates. Despite these limitations, though, the results can assist the clinician with making preliminary treatment decisions. In comparison, a confirmatory urine drug test, which can only be performed as a laboratory-based test, has a lower threshold of detectability and provides both qualitative and quantitative information. A urine drug test's greater degree of specificity allows for a relatively low false-negative and false-positive rate in contrast to an immunoassay screen. Like any other diagnostic test, an immunoassay screen and a confirmatory urine drug test both possess limitations. Clinicians must keep this in mind when interpreting an unexpected test result and consult with their laboratory when in doubt about the meaning of the test result to avoid making erroneous decisions that negatively impact both the patient and clinician.

Workplace drug testing in Italy: findings about second-stage testing.

PubMed

Vignali, Claudia; Stramesi, Cristiana; Morini, Luca; San Bartolomeo, Paolo; Groppi, Angelo

2015-03-01

Workplace Drug Testing (WDT) in Italy includes two levels of monitoring: a first stage concerning drug testing on urine samples and a second involving both urine and hair analysis. The second stage is performed only on workers who tested positive at the first level. We analyzed urine and hair specimens from 120 workers undergoing second-level testing between 2009 and 2012. Eighty percent of them had tested positive for cannabinoids during the first level analysis, and 15.8% for cocaine. Both urine and hair samples were analyzed in order to find the following drugs of abuse: amphetamines, buprenorphine, cannabinoids, cocaine, ecstasy, methadone, and opiates. Urine analyses were performed by immunological screening (EMIT); urine confirmatory tests and hair analyses were performed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). As regards second-stage testing on urine samples, 71.2% of workers were always negative, whereas 23.9% tested positive at least once for cannabinoids and 2.5% for cocaine. Hair analyses produced surprising results: 61.9% of hair samples tested negative, only 6.2% tested positive for cannabinoids, whereas 28.8% tested positive for cocaine. These findings confirm that second-level surveillance of WDT, which includes hair analysis, is very effective because it highlights drug intake - sometimes heavy - that cannot be revealed only through urine analyses. The employees for whom drug addiction is proved can begin rehabilitation, while keeping their job. Eventually, our results confirmed the widespread and undeclared use of cocaine in Italy. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Perceptions of genetic testing and genomic medicine among drug users.

PubMed

Perlman, David C; Gelpí-Acosta, Camila; Friedman, Samuel R; Jordan, Ashly E; Hagan, Holly

2015-01-01

Genetic testing will soon enter care for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV), and for addiction. There is a paucity of data on how to disseminate genetic testing into healthcare for marginalized populations. We explored drug users' perceptions of genetic testing. Six focus groups were conducted with 34 drug users recruited from syringe exchange programmes and an HIV clinic between May and June 2012. Individual interviews were conducted with participants reporting previous genetic testing. All participants expressed acceptance of genetic testing to improve care, but most had concerns regarding confidentiality and implications for law enforcement. Most expressed more comfort with genetic testing based on individual considerations rather than testing based on race/ethnicity. Participants expressed comfort with genetic testing in medical care rather than drug treatment settings and when specifically asked permission, with peer support, and given a clear rationale. Although participants understood the potential value of genetic testing, concerns regarding breaches in confidentiality and discrimination may reduce testing willingness. Safeguards against these risks, peer support, and testing in medical settings based on individual factors and with clear rationales provided may be critical in efforts to promote acceptance of genetic testing among drug users. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Importance of Urinary Drug Screening in the Multiple Sleep Latency Test and Maintenance of Wakefulness Test.

PubMed

Anniss, Angela M; Young, Alan; O'Driscoll, Denise M

2016-12-15

Multiple sleep latency testing (MSLT) and the maintenance of wakefulness test (MWT) are gold-standard objective tests of daytime sleepiness and alertness; however, there is marked variability in their interpretation and practice. This study aimed to determine the incidence of positive drug screens and their influence on MSLT, MWT, and polysomnographic variables. All patients attending Eastern Health Sleep Laboratory for MSLT or MWT over a 21-mo period were included in the study. Urinary drug screening for amphetamines, barbiturates, benzodiazepines, cannabinoids, cocaine, methadone, and opiates was performed following overnight polysomnography (PSG). Demographics and PSG variables were compared. Of 69 studies, MSLT (43) and MWT (26), 16% of patients had positive urinary drug screening (7 MSLT; 4 MWT). Drugs detected included amphetamines, cannabinoids, opiates, and benzodiazepines. No patient self-reported use of these medications prior to testing. No demographic, MSLT or MWT PSG data or overnight PSG data showed any statistical differences between positive and negative drug screen groups. Of seven MSLT patients testing positive for drug use, one met criteria for the diagnosis of narcolepsy and five for idiopathic hypersomnia. On MWT, three of the four drug-positive patients had a history of a motor vehicle accident and two patients were occupational drivers. These findings indicate drug use is present in patients attending for daytime testing of objective sleepiness and wakefulness. These data support routine urinary drug screening in all patients undergoing MSLT or MWT studies to ensure accurate interpretation in the context of illicit and prescription drug use. © 2016 American Academy of Sleep Medicine

49 CFR 40.193 - What happens when an employee does not provide a sufficient amount of urine for a drug test?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... sufficient amount of urine for a drug test? 40.193 Section 40.193 Transportation Office of the Secretary of... § 40.193 What happens when an employee does not provide a sufficient amount of urine for a drug test... sufficient amount of urine to permit a drug test (i.e., 45 mL of urine). (b) As the collector, you must do...

49 CFR 40.193 - What happens when an employee does not provide a sufficient amount of urine for a drug test?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... sufficient amount of urine for a drug test? 40.193 Section 40.193 Transportation Office of the Secretary of... § 40.193 What happens when an employee does not provide a sufficient amount of urine for a drug test... sufficient amount of urine to permit a drug test (i.e., 45 mL of urine). (b) As the collector, you must do...

49 CFR 40.193 - What happens when an employee does not provide a sufficient amount of urine for a drug test?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... sufficient amount of urine for a drug test? 40.193 Section 40.193 Transportation Office of the Secretary of... § 40.193 What happens when an employee does not provide a sufficient amount of urine for a drug test... sufficient amount of urine to permit a drug test (i.e., 45 mL of urine). (b) As the collector, you must do...

49 CFR 40.193 - What happens when an employee does not provide a sufficient amount of urine for a drug test?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... sufficient amount of urine for a drug test? 40.193 Section 40.193 Transportation Office of the Secretary of... § 40.193 What happens when an employee does not provide a sufficient amount of urine for a drug test... sufficient amount of urine to permit a drug test (i.e., 45 mL of urine). (b) As the collector, you must do...

[Simple method for precognition of drug interaction between oral iron and phenolic hydroxyl group-containing drugs].

PubMed

Sunagane, Nobuyoshi; Yoshinobu, Etsuko; Murayama, Nobuko; Terawaki, Yasufumi; Kamimura, Naoki; Uruno, Tsutomu

2005-02-01

In the present study, we devised a simple method for detecting the drug interaction between oral iron preparations and phenolic hydroxyl group-containing drugs, using the coloring reaction as indicator, due to the formation of complexes or chelates. In the method, oral iron preparations and test drugs in amounts as much as single dose for adults were added to 10 ml of purified water to make sample suspensions for testing. Thirty minutes after mixing an oral iron suspension and a test drug suspension, the change of color in the mixture was observed macroscopically and graded as 0 to 3, with a marked color change judged as grade 3 and no color change as grade 0. Screening of 14 test drugs commonly used orally was carried out. When using sodium ferrous citrate preparations as oral iron, 5 were classified as grade 3, 2 as grade 2, 4 as grade 1, and 3 as grade 0, respectively. To verify usefulness of the method, the interactions suggested by screening were pharmacokinetically assessed by measuring serum concentrations of the drug in mice. When a levodopa or droxidopa preparation, judged as grade 3 in screening, was concomitantly administered with an iron preparation, a significant reduction in bioavailability of the test drug was observed, indicating possible drug interaction between the test drug and oral iron. Combined administration of an acetaminophen preparation, judged as grade 1, and oral iron preparation showed no influence on the bioavailability of the test drug, implying no detectable interactions between them. In conclusion, the simple method devised in the present study is useful for precognition of drug interactions between oral iron preparations and phenolic hydroxyl group-containing drugs, and the drugs with a higher grade in screening may induce drug interactions with oral iron.

Drug testing in Europe: monitoring results of the Trans European Drug Information (TEDI) project.

PubMed

Brunt, Tibor M; Nagy, Constanze; Bücheli, Alexander; Martins, Daniel; Ugarte, Miren; Beduwe, Cécile; Ventura Vilamala, Mireia

2017-02-01

Drug testing is a harm reduction strategy that has been adopted by certain countries in Europe. Drug users are able to hand in their drugs voluntarily for chemical analysis of composition and dose. Drug users will be alerted about dangerous test results by the drug testing systems directly and through warning campaigns. An international collaborative effort was launched to combine data of drug testing systems, called the Trans European Drug Information (TEDI) project. Drug testing systems of Spain, Switzerland, Belgium, Austria, Portugal, and the Netherlands participated in this project. This study presents results of some of the main illicit drugs encountered: cocaine, ecstasy and amphetamine and also comments on new psychoactive substances (NPS) detected between 2008 and 2013. A total of 45 859 different drug samples were analyzed by TEDI. The drug markets of the distinct European areas showed similarities, but also some interesting differences. For instance, purity of cocaine and amphetamine powders was generally low in Austria, whilst high in Spain and the Netherlands. And the market for ecstasy showed a contrast: whereas in the Netherlands and Switzerland there was predominantly a market for ecstasy tablets, in Portugal and Spain MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine) crystals were much more prevalent. Also, some NPS appearing in ecstasy seemed more specific for one country than another. In general, prevalence of NPS clearly increased between 2008 and 2013. Drug testing can be used to generate a global picture of drug markets and provides information about the pharmacological contents of drugs for the population at risk. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Oral Fluid Testing for Drugs of Abuse

PubMed Central

Bosker, Wendy M.; Huestis, Marilyn A.

2011-01-01

BACKGROUND Oral fluid (OF) is an exciting alternative matrix for monitoring drugs of abuse in workplace, clinical toxicology, criminal justice, and driving under the influence of drugs (DUID) programs. During the last 5 years, scientific and technological advances in OF collection, point-of-collection testing devices, and screening and confirmation methods were achieved. Guidelines were proposed for workplace OF testing by the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, DUID testing by the European Union’s Driving under the Influence of Drugs, Alcohol and Medicines (DRUID) program, and standardization of DUID research. Although OF testing is now commonplace in many monitoring programs, the greatest current limitation is the scarcity of controlled drug administration studies available to guide interpretation. CONTENT This review outlines OF testing advantages and limitations, and the progress in OF that has occurred during the last 5 years in collection, screening, confirmation, and interpretation of cannabinoids, opioids, amphetamines, cocaine, and benzodiazepines. We examine controlled drug administration studies, immunoassay and chromatographic methods, collection devices, point-of-collection testing device performance, and recent applications of OF testing. SUMMARY Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration approval of OF testing was delayed because questions about drug OF disposition were not yet resolved, and collection device performance and testing assays required improvement. Here, we document the many advances achieved in the use of OF. Additional research is needed to identify new bio-markers, determine drug detection windows, characterize OF adulteration techniques, and evaluate analyte stability. Nevertheless, there is no doubt that OF offers multiple advantages as an alternative matrix for drug monitoring and has an important role in DUID, treatment, workplace, and criminal justice programs. PMID:19745062

Prediction of clinical response to drugs in ovarian cancer using the chemotherapy resistance test (CTR-test).

PubMed

Kischkel, Frank Christian; Meyer, Carina; Eich, Julia; Nassir, Mani; Mentze, Monika; Braicu, Ioana; Kopp-Schneider, Annette; Sehouli, Jalid

2017-10-27

In order to validate if the test result of the Chemotherapy Resistance Test (CTR-Test) is able to predict the resistances or sensitivities of tumors in ovarian cancer patients to drugs, the CTR-Test result and the corresponding clinical response of individual patients were correlated retrospectively. Results were compared to previous recorded correlations. The CTR-Test was performed on tumor samples from 52 ovarian cancer patients for specific chemotherapeutic drugs. Patients were treated with monotherapies or drug combinations. Resistances were classified as extreme (ER), medium (MR) or slight (SR) resistance in the CTR-Test. Combination treatment resistances were transformed by a scoring system into these classifications. Accurate sensitivity prediction was accomplished in 79% of the cases and accurate prediction of resistance in 100% of the cases in the total data set. The data set of single agent treatment and drug combination treatment were analyzed individually. Single agent treatment lead to an accurate sensitivity in 44% of the cases and the drug combination to 95% accuracy. The detection of resistances was in both cases to 100% correct. ROC curve analysis indicates that the CTR-Test result correlates with the clinical response, at least for the combination chemotherapy. Those values are similar or better than the values from a publication from 1990. Chemotherapy resistance testing in vitro via the CTR-Test is able to accurately detect resistances in ovarian cancer patients. These numbers confirm and even exceed results published in 1990. Better sensitivity detection might be caused by a higher percentage of drug combinations tested in 2012 compared to 1990. Our study confirms the functionality of the CTR-Test to plan an efficient chemotherapeutic treatment for ovarian cancer patients.

49 CFR 40.99 - How long does the laboratory retain specimens after testing?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... after testing? 40.99 Section 40.99 Transportation Office of the Secretary of Transportation PROCEDURES FOR TRANSPORTATION WORKPLACE DRUG AND ALCOHOL TESTING PROGRAMS Drug Testing Laboratories § 40.99 How long does the laboratory retain specimens after testing? (a) As a laboratory testing the primary...

49 CFR 40.99 - How long does the laboratory retain specimens after testing?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... after testing? 40.99 Section 40.99 Transportation Office of the Secretary of Transportation PROCEDURES FOR TRANSPORTATION WORKPLACE DRUG AND ALCOHOL TESTING PROGRAMS Drug Testing Laboratories § 40.99 How long does the laboratory retain specimens after testing? (a) As a laboratory testing the primary...

49 CFR 40.99 - How long does the laboratory retain specimens after testing?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... after testing? 40.99 Section 40.99 Transportation Office of the Secretary of Transportation PROCEDURES FOR TRANSPORTATION WORKPLACE DRUG AND ALCOHOL TESTING PROGRAMS Drug Testing Laboratories § 40.99 How long does the laboratory retain specimens after testing? (a) As a laboratory testing the primary...

49 CFR 40.99 - How long does the laboratory retain specimens after testing?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... after testing? 40.99 Section 40.99 Transportation Office of the Secretary of Transportation PROCEDURES FOR TRANSPORTATION WORKPLACE DRUG AND ALCOHOL TESTING PROGRAMS Drug Testing Laboratories § 40.99 How long does the laboratory retain specimens after testing? (a) As a laboratory testing the primary...

49 CFR 40.99 - How long does the laboratory retain specimens after testing?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... after testing? 40.99 Section 40.99 Transportation Office of the Secretary of Transportation PROCEDURES FOR TRANSPORTATION WORKPLACE DRUG AND ALCOHOL TESTING PROGRAMS Drug Testing Laboratories § 40.99 How long does the laboratory retain specimens after testing? (a) As a laboratory testing the primary...

Clinical evidence supporting pharmacogenomic biomarker testing provided in US Food and Drug Administration drug labels.

PubMed

Wang, Bo; Canestaro, William J; Choudhry, Niteesh K

2014-12-01

Genetic biomarkers that predict a drug's efficacy or likelihood of toxicity are assuming increasingly important roles in the personalization of pharmacotherapy, but concern exists that evidence that links use of some biomarkers to clinical benefit is insufficient. Nevertheless, information about the use of biomarkers appears in the labels of many prescription drugs, which may add confusion to the clinical decision-making process. To evaluate the evidence that supports pharmacogenomic biomarker testing in drug labels and how frequently testing is recommended. Publicly available US Food and Drug Administration databases. We identified drug labels that described the use of a biomarker and evaluated whether the label contained or referenced convincing evidence of its clinical validity (ie, the ability to predict phenotype) and clinical utility (ie, the ability to improve clinical outcomes) using guidelines published by the Evaluation of Genomic Applications in Practice and Prevention Working Group. We graded the completeness of the citation of supporting studies and determined whether the label recommended incorporation of biomarker test results in therapeutic decision making. Of the 119 drug-biomarker combinations, only 43 (36.1%) had labels that provided convincing clinical validity evidence, whereas 18 (15.1%) provided convincing evidence of clinical utility. Sixty-one labels (51.3%) made recommendations about how clinical decisions should be based on the results of a biomarker test; 36 (30.3%) of these contained convincing clinical utility data. A full description of supporting studies was included in 13 labels (10.9%). Fewer than one-sixth of drug labels contained or referenced convincing evidence of clinical utility of biomarker testing, whereas more than half made recommendations based on biomarker test results. It may be premature to include biomarker testing recommendations in drug labels when convincing data that link testing to patient outcomes do not exist.

49 CFR 655.5 - Stand-down waivers for drug testing.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 49 Transportation 7 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Stand-down waivers for drug testing. 655.5 Section... ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION PREVENTION OF ALCOHOL MISUSE AND PROHIBITED DRUG USE IN TRANSIT OPERATIONS General § 655.5 Stand-down waivers for drug testing. (a) An employer subject to this part may...