On approximating guided waves in plates with thin anisotropic coatings by means of effective boundary conditions

PubMed

Niklasson; Datta; Dunn

2000-09-01

In this paper, effective boundary conditions for elastic wave propagation in plates with thin coatings are derived. These effective boundary conditions are used to obtain an approximate dispersion relation for guided waves in an isotropic plate with thin anisotropic coating layers. The accuracy of the effective boundary conditions is investigated numerically by comparison with exact solutions for two different material systems. The systems considered consist of a metallic core with thin superconducting coatings. It is shown that for wavelengths long compared to the coating thickness there is excellent agreement between the approximate and exact solutions for both systems. Furthermore, numerical results presented might be used to characterize coating properties by ultrasonic techniques.

Thermal conductivity and thermal boundary resistance of atomic layer deposited high-k dielectric aluminum oxide, hafnium oxide, and titanium oxide thin films on silicon

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Scott, Ethan A.; Gaskins, John T.; King, Sean W.; Hopkins, Patrick E.

2018-05-01

The need for increased control of layer thickness and uniformity as device dimensions shrink has spurred increased use of atomic layer deposition (ALD) for thin film growth. The ability to deposit high dielectric constant (high-k) films via ALD has allowed for their widespread use in a swath of optical, optoelectronic, and electronic devices, including integration into CMOS compatible platforms. As the thickness of these dielectric layers is reduced, the interfacial thermal resistance can dictate the overall thermal resistance of the material stack compared to the resistance due to the finite dielectric layer thickness. Time domain thermoreflectance is used to interrogate both the thermal conductivity and the thermal boundary resistance of aluminum oxide, hafnium oxide, and titanium oxide films on silicon. We calculate a representative design map of effective thermal resistances, including those of the dielectric layers and boundary resistances, as a function of dielectric layer thickness, which will be of great importance in predicting the thermal resistances of current and future devices.

The effect of small streamwise velocity distortion on the boundary layer flow over a thin flat plate with application to boundary layer stability theory

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Goldstein, M. E.; Leib, S. J.; Cowley, S. J.

1990-01-01

Researchers show how an initially linear spanwise disturbance in the free stream velocity field is amplified by leading edge bluntness effects and ultimately leads to a small amplitude but linear spanwise motion far downstream from the edge. This spanwise motion is imposed on the boundary layer flow and ultimately causes an order-one change in its profile shape. The modified profiles are highly unstable and can support Tollmein-Schlichting wave growth well upstream of the theoretical lower branch of the neutral stability curve for a Blasius boundary layer.

Separated flows receptivity for external disturbances

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zanin, B. Yu.

2017-10-01

Results of experimental investigations of the flow over a straight-wing model in a low-turbulence wind tunnel are reported. The influence of a turbulent wake due to a thin filament on the structure of boundary layer on the model surface was examined. Also the fishing line was installed in the test section of the wind tunnel and the effect of line on the boundary-layer flow structure is considered. Flow visualization in boundary layer and hot-wire measurements were performed. The wake and the grid substantially modified the boundary layer flow pattern: the separation disappeared from the wing surface, and the formation of longitudinal structures was observed.

Epitaxial thin films

DOEpatents

Hunt, Andrew Tye; Deshpande, Girish; Lin, Wen-Yi; Jan, Tzyy-Jiuan

2006-04-25

Epitatial thin films for use as buffer layers for high temperature superconductors, electrolytes in solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC), gas separation membranes or dielectric material in electronic devices, are disclosed. By using CCVD, CACVD or any other suitable deposition process, epitaxial films having pore-free, ideal grain boundaries, and dense structure can be formed. Several different types of materials are disclosed for use as buffer layers in high temperature superconductors. In addition, the use of epitaxial thin films for electrolytes and electrode formation in SOFCs results in densification for pore-free and ideal gain boundary/interface microstructure. Gas separation membranes for the production of oxygen and hydrogen are also disclosed. These semipermeable membranes are formed by high-quality, dense, gas-tight, pinhole free sub-micro scale layers of mixed-conducting oxides on porous ceramic substrates. Epitaxial thin films as dielectric material in capacitors are also taught herein. Capacitors are utilized according to their capacitance values which are dependent on their physical structure and dielectric permittivity. The epitaxial thin films of the current invention form low-loss dielectric layers with extremely high permittivity. This high permittivity allows for the formation of capacitors that can have their capacitance adjusted by applying a DC bias between their electrodes.

Computation of airfoil buffet boundaries

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Levy, L. L., Jr.; Bailey, H. E.

1981-01-01

The ILLIAC IV computer has been programmed with an implicit, finite-difference code for solving the thin layer compressible Navier-Stokes equation. Results presented for the case of the buffet boundaries of a conventional and a supercritical airfoil section at high Reynolds numbers are found to be in agreement with experimentally determined buffet boundaries, especially at the higher freestream Mach numbers and lower lift coefficients where the onset of unsteady flows is associated with shock wave-induced boundary layer separation.

Air flow in the boundary layer near a plate

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Dryden, Hugh L

1937-01-01

The published data on the distribution of speed near a thin flat plate with sharp leading edge placed parallel to the flow (skin friction plate) are reviewed and the results of some additional measurements are described. The purpose of the experiments was to study the basic phenomena of boundary-layer flow under simple conditions.

Epitaxially influenced boundary layer model for size effect in thin metallic films

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bažant, Zdeněk P.; Guo, Zaoyang; Espinosa, Horacio D.; Zhu, Yong; Peng, Bei

2005-04-01

It is shown that the size effect recently observed by Espinosa et al., [J. Mech. Phys. Solids51, 47 (2003)] in pure tension tests on free thin metallic films can be explained by the existence of a boundary layer of fixed thickness, located at the surface of the film that was attached onto the substrate during deposition. The boundary layer is influenced by the epitaxial effects of crystal growth on the dislocation density and texture (manifested by prevalent crystal plane orientations). This influence is assumed to cause significantly elevated yield strength. Furthermore, the observed gradual postpeak softening, along with its size independence, which is observed in short film strips subjected to pure tension, is explained by slip localization, originating at notch-like defects, and by damage, which can propagate in a stable manner when the film strip under pure tension is sufficiently thin and short. For general applications, the present epitaxially influenced boundary layer model may be combined with the classical strain-gradient plasticity proposed by Gao et al., [J. Mech. Phys. Solids 47, 1239 (1999)], and it is shown that this combination is necessary to fit the test data on both pure tension and bending of thin films by one and the same theory. To deal with films having different crystal grain sizes, the Hall-Petch relation for the yield strength dependence on the grain size needs to be incorporated into the combined theory. For very thin films, in which a flattened grain fills the whole film thickness, the Hall-Petch relation needs a cutoff, and the asymptotic increase of yield strength with diminishing film thickness is then described by the extension of Nix's model of misfit dislocations by Zhang and Zhou [J. Adv. Mater. 38, 51 (2002)]. The final result is a proposal of a general theory for strength, size effect, hardening, and softening of thin metallic films.

Lubricated immersed boundary method in two dimensions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fai, Thomas G.; Rycroft, Chris H.

2018-03-01

Many biological examples of fluid-structure interaction, including the transit of red blood cells through the narrow slits in the spleen and the intracellular trafficking of vesicles into dendritic spines, involve the near-contact of elastic structures separated by thin layers of fluid. Motivated by such problems, we introduce an immersed boundary method that uses elements of lubrication theory to resolve thin fluid layers between immersed boundaries. We demonstrate 2nd-order accurate convergence for simple two-dimensional flows with known exact solutions to showcase the increased accuracy of this method compared to the standard immersed boundary method. Motivated by the phenomenon of wall-induced migration, we apply the lubricated immersed boundary method to simulate an elastic vesicle near a wall in shear flow. We also simulate the dynamics of a vesicle traveling through a narrow channel and observe the ability of the lubricated method to capture the vesicle motion on relatively coarse fluid grids.

Quantifying resistances across nanoscale low- and high-angle interspherulite boundaries in solution-processed organic semiconductor thin films.

PubMed

Lee, Stephanie S; Mativetsky, Jeffrey M; Loth, Marsha A; Anthony, John E; Loo, Yueh-Lin

2012-11-27

The nanoscale boundaries formed when neighboring spherulites impinge in polycrystalline, solution-processed organic semiconductor thin films act as bottlenecks to charge transport, significantly reducing organic thin-film transistor mobility in devices comprising spherulitic thin films as the active layers. These interspherulite boundaries (ISBs) are structurally complex, with varying angles of molecular orientation mismatch along their lengths. We have successfully engineered exclusively low- and exclusively high-angle ISBs to elucidate how the angle of molecular orientation mismatch at ISBs affects their resistivities in triethylsilylethynyl anthradithiophene thin films. Conductive AFM and four-probe measurements reveal that current flow is unaffected by the presence of low-angle ISBs, whereas current flow is significantly disrupted across high-angle ISBs. In the latter case, we estimate the resistivity to be 22 MΩμm(2)/width of the ISB, only less than a quarter of the resistivity measured across low-angle grain boundaries in thermally evaporated sexithiophene thin films. This discrepancy in resistivities across ISBs in solution-processed organic semiconductor thin films and grain boundaries in thermally evaporated organic semiconductor thin films likely arises from inherent differences in the nature of film formation in the respective systems.

An Innovative Flow-Measuring Device: Thermocouple Boundary Layer Rake

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Hwang, Danny P.; Fralick, Gustave C.; Martin, Lisa C.; Wrbanek, John D.; Blaha, Charles A.

2001-01-01

An innovative flow-measuring device, a thermocouple boundary layer rake, was developed. The sensor detects the flow by using a thin-film thermocouple (TC) array to measure the temperature difference across a heater strip. The heater and TC arrays are microfabricated on a constant-thickness quartz strut with low heat conductivity. The device can measure the velocity profile well into the boundary layer, about 65 gm from the surface, which is almost four times closer to the surface than has been possible with the previously used total pressure tube.

Wall Turbulence with Designer Properties: Identification, Characterization and Manipulation of Energy Pathways

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-02-26

zero-pressure- gradient boundary layer to develop over a flat plate . As shown in figure 6.1, the flat plate contains an insert to allow for a thin...B. J. ‘Triadic scale interactions in a turbulent boundary layer ’ J. Fluid Mech., 767, R4 (2015). 6. Luhar, M., Sharma, A. S. & McKeon, B. J. ‘A... boundary layer ’, Paper H22.00003, 68th Meeting of the American Physical Society Division of Fluid Dynamics, Boston, MA, Nov., 2015.  Duvvuri

Kelvin-Helmholtz instability of a thin liquid sheet: Effect of the gas-boundary layer

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tirumkudulu, Mahesh

2017-11-01

It is well known that when a thin liquid sheet moves with respect to a surrounding gas phase, the liquid sheet is susceptible to the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability. Here, flow in both the liquid and the gas phases are assumed to be inviscid. In this work, we include exactly via a perturbation analysis, the influence of the growing boundary layer in the gas phase in the base flow and show that both temporal and spatial growth rates obtained from the linear stability analysis are significantly reduced due to the presence of the boundary layer. These results are in line with the simulation results of Lozano et al. and Tammisola et al.. We conclude with the implication of these results on the break-up of radially expanding liquid sheets. Funding from IIT Bombay, CSIR India, and Trinity College, Cambridge University is acknowledged.

Investigations on entropy layer along hypersonic hyperboloids using a defect boundary layer

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Brazier, J. P.; Aupoix, B.; Cousteix, J.

1992-01-01

A defect approach coupled with matched asymptotic expansions is used to derive a new set of boundary layer equations. This method ensures a smooth matching of the boundary layer with the inviscid solution. These equations are solved to calculate boundary layers over hypersonic blunt bodies involving the entropy gradient effect. Systematic comparisons are made for both axisymmetric and plane flows in several cases with different Mach and Reynolds numbers. After a brief survey of the entropy layer characteristics, the defect boundary layer results are compared with standard boundary layer and full Navier-Stokes solutions. The entropy gradient effects are found to be more important in the axisymmetric case than in the plane one. The wall temperature has a great influence on the results through the displacement effect. Good predictions can be obtained with the defect approach over a cold wall in the nose region, with a first order solution. However, the defect approach gives less accurate results far from the nose on axisymmetric bodies because of the thinning of the entropy layer.

A Novel Light Trapping Phenomenon in Fluid Media.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Devlin, J. C.; Tolles, W. M.

1979-01-01

Describes an experiment on light trapping in thin liquid films. Injection of a thin layer of solution at the boundary of a moving solvent is utilized to create a thin fluid sheet having an index of refraction greater than that of the surrounding medium. (Author/SA)

Flow and Turbulence Modeling and Computation of Shock Buffet Onset for Conventional and Supercritical Airfoils

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Bartels, Robert E.

1998-01-01

Flow and turbulence models applied to the problem of shock buffet onset are studied. The accuracy of the interactive boundary layer and the thin-layer Navier-Stokes equations solved with recent upwind techniques using similar transport field equation turbulence models is assessed for standard steady test cases, including conditions having significant shock separation. The two methods are found to compare well in the shock buffet onset region of a supercritical airfoil that involves strong trailing-edge separation. A computational analysis using the interactive-boundary layer has revealed a Reynolds scaling effect in the shock buffet onset of the supercritical airfoil, which compares well with experiment. The methods are next applied to a conventional airfoil. Steady shock-separated computations of the conventional airfoil with the two methods compare well with experiment. Although the interactive boundary layer computations in the shock buffet region compare well with experiment for the conventional airfoil, the thin-layer Navier-Stokes computations do not. These findings are discussed in connection with possible mechanisms important in the onset of shock buffet and the constraints imposed by current numerical modeling techniques.

Influence of bulk turbulence and entrance boundary layer thickness on the curved duct flow field

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Crawford, R. A.

1988-01-01

The influence of bulk turbulence and boundary layer thickness on the secondary flow development in a square, 90 degree turning duct was investigated. A three-dimensional laser velocimetry system was utilized to measure the mean and fluctuating components of velocity at six cross-planes in the duct. The results from this investigation, with entrance boundary layer thickness of 20 percent, were compared with the thin boundary layer results documented in NASA CR-174811. The axial velocity profiles, cross-flow velocities, and turbulence intensities were compared and evaluated with regard to the influence of bulk turbulence intensity and boundary layer thickness, and the influence was significant. The results of this investigation expand the 90 degree curved duct experimental data base to higher turbulence levels and thicker entrance boundary layers. The experimental results provide a challenging benchmark data base for computational fluid dynamics code development and validation. The variation of inlet bulk turbulence intensity provides additional information to aid in turbulence model evaluation.

Role of boundary layer diffusion in vapor deposition growth of chalcogenide nanosheets: the case of GeS.

PubMed

Li, Chun; Huang, Liang; Snigdha, Gayatri Pongur; Yu, Yifei; Cao, Linyou

2012-10-23

We report a synthesis of single-crystalline two-dimensional GeS nanosheets using vapor deposition processes and show that the growth behavior of the nanosheet is substantially different from those of other nanomaterials and thin films grown by vapor depositions. The nanosheet growth is subject to strong influences of the diffusion of source materials through the boundary layer of gas flows. This boundary layer diffusion is found to be the rate-determining step of the growth under typical experimental conditions, evidenced by a substantial dependence of the nanosheet's size on diffusion fluxes. We also find that high-quality GeS nanosheets can grow only in the diffusion-limited regime, as the crystalline quality substantially deteriorates when the rate-determining step is changed away from the boundary layer diffusion. We establish a simple model to analyze the diffusion dynamics in experiments. Our analysis uncovers an intuitive correlation of diffusion flux with the partial pressure of source materials, the flow rate of carrier gas, and the total pressure in the synthetic setup. The observed significant role of boundary layer diffusions in the growth is unique for nanosheets. It may be correlated with the high growth rate of GeS nanosheets, ~3-5 μm/min, which is 1 order of magnitude higher than other nanomaterials (such as nanowires) and thin films. This fundamental understanding of the effect of boundary layer diffusions may generally apply to other chalcogenide nanosheets that can grow rapidly. It can provide useful guidance for the development of general paradigms to control the synthesis of nanosheets.

Fuselage Boundary Layer Ingestion Propulsion Applied to a Thin Haul Commuter Aircraft for Optimal Efficiency

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Mikic, Gregor Veble; Stoll, Alex; Bevirt, JoeBen; Grah, Rok; Moore, Mark D.

2016-01-01

Theoretical and numerical aspects of aerodynamic efficiency of propulsion systems are studied. Focus is on types of propulsion that closely couples to the aerodynamics of the complete vehicle. We discuss the effects of local flow fields, which are affected both by conservative flow acceleration as well as total pressure losses, on the efficiency of boundary layer immersed propulsion devices. We introduce the concept of a boundary layer retardation turbine that helps reduce skin friction over the fuselage. We numerically investigate efficiency gains offered by boundary layer and wake interacting devices. We discuss the results in terms of a total energy consumption framework and show that efficiency gains offered depend on all the elements of the propulsion system.

Optical measurements of degradation in aircraft boundary layers

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Kelsall, D.

1980-01-01

Visible wavelength measurements of the degradation of optical beams when transmitted through the thin aerodynamic boundary layers around an aircraft are reviewed. The measured results indicated degradation levels for the KC-135 airplanes between 0.10 to 0.13 lambda increasing to 0.18 lambda (rms wavefront distortion). For the Lear Jet, degradation with a 25 mm diameter optics was roughly 0.07 lambda. The corresponding infinite aperture degradation levels are also calculated. The corresponding measured correlation lengths of roughly 12 mm for the KC-135 aircraft and 6 mm for the Lear Jet scale to roughly 20 and 25 mm, respectively, for infinite apertures. These boundary layer correlation lengths do not appear to reflect the different boundary layer thicknesses on the two different aircraft.

Prediction and measurement of heat transfer rates for the shock-induced unsteady laminar boundary layer on a flat plate

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Cook, W. J.

1972-01-01

The unsteady laminar boundary layer induced by the flow-initiating shock wave passing over a flat plate mounted in a shock tube was theoretically and experimentally studied in terms of heat transfer rates to the plate for shock speeds ranging from 1.695 to 7.34 km/sec. The theory presented by Cook and Chapman for the shock-induced unsteady boundary layer on a plate is reviewed with emphasis on unsteady heat transfer. A method of measuring time-dependent heat-transfer rates using thin-film heat-flux gages and an associated data reduction technique are outlined in detail. Particular consideration is given to heat-flux measurement in short-duration ionized shocktube flows. Experimental unsteady plate heat transfer rates obtained in both air and nitrogen using thin-film heat-flux gages generally agree well with theoretical predictions. The experimental results indicate that the theory continues to predict the unsteady boundary layer behavior after the shock wave leaves the trailing edge of the plate even though the theory is strictly applicable only for the time interval in which the shock remains on the plate.

Thin-layer approximation and algebraic model for separated turbulent flows

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Baldwin, B.; Lomax, H.

1978-01-01

An algebraic turbulence model for two- and three-dimensional separated flows is specified that avoids the necessity for finding the edge of the boundary layer. Properties of the model are determined and comparisons made with experiment for an incident shock on a flat plate, separated flow over a compression corner, and transonic flow over an airfoil. Separation and reattachment points from numerical Navier-Stokes solutions agree with experiment within one boundary-layer thickness. Use of law-of-the-wall boundary conditions does not alter the predictions significantly. Applications of the model to other cases are contained in companion papers.

A study of the effect of a boundary layer profile on the dynamic response and acoustic radiation of flat panels. Ph.D. Thesis - Virginia Univ.

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Mixson, J. S.

1973-01-01

The response of a thin, elastic plate to a harmonic force which drives the plate from below and a compressible air stream with a viscous boundary layer flowing parallel to the upper surface along the length was investigated. Equations governing the forced response of the coupled plate-aerodynamic system are derived along with appropriate boundary conditions. Calculations of basic solution parameters for a linear velocity profile and for a Blasius profile showed that the same system response could be obtained from each profile if appropriate values of boundary layer thickness were chosen for each profile.

Method for transition prediction in high-speed boundary layers, phase 2

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Herbert, T.; Stuckert, G. K.; Lin, N.

1993-09-01

The parabolized stability equations (PSE) are a new and more reliable approach to analyzing the stability of streamwise varying flows such as boundary layers. This approach has been previously validated for idealized incompressible flows. Here, the PSE are formulated for highly compressible flows in general curvilinear coordinates to permit the analysis of high-speed boundary-layer flows over fairly general bodies. Vigorous numerical studies are carried out to study convergence and accuracy of the linear-stability code LSH and the linear/nonlinear PSE code PSH. Physical interfaces are set up to analyze the M = 8 boundary layer over a blunt cone calculated by using a thin-layer Navier Stokes (TNLS) code and the flow over a sharp cone at angle of attack calculated using the AFWAL parabolized Navier-Stokes (PNS) code. While stability and transition studies at high speeds are far from routine, the method developed here is the best tool available to research the physical processes in high-speed boundary layers.

Experimental plasma studies

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Dunn, M. G.

1972-01-01

The rate coefficients for the reactions C(+) + e(-) + e(-) yields C + e(-) and CO(+) + e(-) yields C + O were measured over the electron temperature range of approximately 1500 deg K to 7000 deg K. The measurements were performed in CO that had expanded from equilibrium reservoir conditions of 7060 deg K at 17.3 atm pressure and from 6260 deg K at 10.0 atm pressure. Two RAM flight probes were used to measure electron density and electron temperature in the expanding flow of a shock tunnel. Experiments were performed in the inviscid flow with both probes and in the nozzle-wall boundary layer with the constant bias-voltage probe. The distributions of electron density and electron temperature were independently measured using voltage-swept thin-wire probes. Thin-wire Langmuir probes were also used to measure the electron-density and electron-temperature distributions in the boundary layer of a sharp flat plate located on the nozzle centerline. Admittance measurements were performed with the RAM C and RAM C-C S-band antennas in the presence of an ionized boundary layer.

Subduction and Restratification Along an Eddy Edge: The Role of Ekman Dynamics and Submesoscale Processes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lucas, A.; Sengupta, D.; D'Asaro, E. A.; Nash, J. D.; Shroyer, E.; Mahadevan, A.; Tandon, A.; MacKinnon, J. A.; Pinkel, R.

2016-02-01

The exchange of heat between the atmosphere and ocean depends sensitively on the structure and extent of the oceanic boundary layer. Heat fluxes into and out of the ocean in turn influence atmospheric processes, and, in the northern Indian Ocean, impact the dominant regional weather pattern (the southwest Monsoon). In late 2015, measurements of the physical structure of the oceanic boundary layer were collected from a pair of research vessels and an array of autonomous assets in the Bay of Bengal as part of an India-U.S. scientific collaboration. Repeated CTD casts by a specialized shipboard system to 200m with a repeat rate of <3 min and a lateral spacing of < 200m, as well as near-surface sampling acoustic current profilers, showed how on the edge of an oceanic mesoscale eddy, the interaction of the mesoscale strain field, Ekman dynamics, and nonlinear submesoscale processes acted to subduct relative saline water under a very thin layer of fresher water derived from riverine sources. Our detailed surveys of the front between the overriding thin, fresh layer, and subducting adjacent more saline water demonstrated the important of small-scale physical dynamics to frontal slumping and the resulting re-stratification processes. These processes were strongly 3-dimensional and time-dependent. Such dynamics ultimately influence air-sea interactions by creating strongly stratified and very thin oceanic boundary layers in the Bay of Bengal, and allow the development of strong, persistent subsurface temperature maxima.

Effect of Al doping on performance of ZnO thin film transistors

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dong, Junchen; Han, Dedong; Li, Huijin; Yu, Wen; Zhang, Shendong; Zhang, Xing; Wang, Yi

2018-03-01

In this work, we investigate the Aluminum-doped Zinc Oxide (AZO) thin films and their feasibility as the active layer for thin film transistors (TFTs). A comparison on performance is made between the AZO TFTs and ZnO TFTs. The electrical properties such as saturation mobility, subthreshold swing, and on-to-off current ratio are improved when AZO is utilized as the active layer. Oxygen component of the thin film materials indicates that Al is the suppressor for oxygen defect in active layer, which improves the subthreshold swing. Moreover, based on band structure analyzation, we observe that the carrier concentration of AZO is higher than ZnO, leading to the enhancement of saturation mobility. The microstructure of the thin films convey that the AZO films exhibit much smaller grain boundaries than ZnO films, which results in the lower off-state current and higher on-to-off current ratio of AZO TFTs. The AZO thin films show huge potential to be the active layer of TFTs.

Vortex Shedding Characteristics of the Wake of a Thin Flat Plate with a Circular Trailing Edge

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Rai, Man Mohan

2018-01-01

The near and very near wake of a thin flat plate with a circular trailing edge are investigated with direct numerical simulations (DNS). Data obtained for two different Reynolds numbers (based on plate thickness, D) are the main focus of this study. The separating boundary layers are turbulent in both cases. An earlier investigation of one of the cases (Case F) showed shed vortices in the wake that were about 1.0 D to 4.0 D in spanwise length. Considerable variation in both the strength and frequency of these shed vortices was observed. One objective of the present investigation is to determine the important contributors to this variability in strength and frequency of shed vortices and their finite spanwise extent. Analysis of the data shows that streamwise vortices in the separating boundary layer play an important role in strengthening/weakening of the shed vortices and that high/low-speed streaks in the boundary layer are important contributors to variability in shedding frequency. Both these features of the boundary layer contribute to the finite extent of the vortices in the spanwise direction. The second plate DNS (Case G, with 40 percent of the plate thickness of Case F) shows that while shedding intensity is weaker than obtained in Case F, many of the wake features are similar to that of Case F. This is important in understanding the path to the wake of the thin plate with a sharp trailing edge where shedding is absent. Here we also test the efficacy of a functional relationship between the shedding frequency and the Reynolds numbers based on the boundary layer momentum thickness (Re (sub theta) and D (Re (sub D)); data for developing this behavioral model is from Cases F & G and five earlier DNSs of the flat plate wake.

Dynamo Tests for Stratification Below the Core-Mantle Boundary

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Olson, P.; Landeau, M.

2017-12-01

Evidence from seismology, mineral physics, and core dynamics points to a layer with an overall stable stratification in the Earth's outer core, possibly thermal in origin, extending below the core-mantle boundary (CMB) for several hundred kilometers. In contrast, energetic deep mantle convection with elevated heat flux implies locally unstable thermal stratification below the CMB in places, consistent with interpretations of non-dipole geomagnetic field behavior that favor upwelling flows below the CMB. Here, we model the structure of convection and magnetic fields in the core using numerical dynamos with laterally heterogeneous boundary heat flux in order to rationalize this conflicting evidence. Strongly heterogeneous boundary heat flux generates localized convection beneath the CMB that coexists with an overall stable stratification there. Partially stratified dynamos have distinctive time average magnetic field structures. Without stratification or with stratification confined to a thin layer, the octupole component is small and the CMB magnetic field structure includes polar intensity minima. With more extensive stratification, the octupole component is large and the magnetic field structure includes intense patches or high intensity lobes in the polar regions. Comparisons with the time-averaged geomagnetic field are generally favorable for partial stratification in a thin layer but unfavorable for stratification in a thick layer beneath the CMB.

Predicting the flow & noise of a rotor in a turbulent boundary layer using an actuator disk -- RANS approach

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Buono, Armand C.

The numerical method presented in this study attempts to predict the mean, non-uniform flow field upstream of a propeller partially immersed in a thick turbulent boundary layer with an actuator disk using CFD based on RANS in ANSYS FLUENT. Three different configurations, involving an infinitely thin actuator disk in the freestream (Configuration 1), an actuator disk near a wall with a turbulent boundary layer (Configuration 2), and an actuator disk with a hub near a wall with a turbulent boundary layer (Configuration 3), were analyzed for a variety of advance ratios ranging from J = 0.48 to J =1.44. CFD results are shown to be in agreement with previous works and validated with experimental data of reverse flow occurring within the boundary layer above the flat plate upstream of a rotor in the Virginia Tech's Stability Wind Tunnel facility. Results from Configuration 3 will be used in future aero-acoustic computations.

A model of the wall boundary layer for ducted propellers

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Eversman, Walter; Moehring, Willi

1987-01-01

The objective of the present study is to include a representation of a wall boundary layer in an existing finite element model of the propeller in the wind tunnel environment. The major consideration is that the new formulation should introduce only modest alterations in the numerical model and should still be capable of producing economical predictions of the radiated acoustic field. This is accomplished by using a stepped approximation in which the velocity profile is piecewise constant in layers. In the limit of infinitesimally thin layers, the velocity profile of the stepped approximation coincides with that of the continuous profile. The approach described here could also be useful in modeling the boundary layer in other duct applications, particularly in the computation of the radiated acoustic field for sources contained in a duct.

A study of juncture flow in the NASA Langley 0.3-meter transonic cryogenic tunnel

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Chokani, Ndaona

1992-01-01

A numerical investigation of the interaction between a wind tunnel sidewall boundary layer and a thin low-aspect-ratio wing has been performed for transonic speeds and flight Reynolds numbers. A three-dimensional Navier-Stokes code was applied to calculate the flow field. The first portion of the investigation examined the capability of the code to calculate the flow around the wing, with no sidewall boundary layer present. The second part of the research examined the effect of modeling the sidewall boundary layer. The results indicated that the sidewall boundary layer had a strong influence on the flow field around the wing. The viscous sidewall computations accurately predicted the leading edge suction peaks, and the strong adverse pressure gradients immediately downstream of the leading edge. This was in contrast to the consistent underpredictions of the free-air computations. The low momentum of the sidewall boundary layer resulted in higher pressures in the juncture region, which decreased the favorable spanwise pressure gradient. This significantly decreased the spanwise migration of the wing boundary layer. The computations indicated that the sidewall boundary layer remained attached for all cases examined. Weak vortices were predicted in both the upper and lower surface juncture regions. These vortices are believed to have been generated by lateral skewing of the streamlines in the approaching boundary layer.

CFL3D Contribution to the AIAA Supersonic Shock Boundary Layer Interaction Workshop

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Rumsey, Christopher L.

2010-01-01

This paper documents the CFL3D contribution to the AIAA Supersonic Shock Boundary Layer Interaction Workshop, held in Orlando, Florida in January 2010. CFL3D is a Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes code. Four shock boundary layer interaction cases are computed using a one-equation turbulence model widely used for other aerodynamic problems of interest. Two of the cases have experimental data available at the workshop, and two of the cases do not. The effect of grid, flux scheme, and thin-layer approximation are investigated. Comparisons are made to the available experimental data. All four cases exhibit strong three-dimensional behavior in and near the interaction regions, resulting from influences of the tunnel side-walls.

Boundary layer effects on liners for aircraft engines

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gabard, Gwénaël

2016-10-01

The performance of acoustic treatments installed on aircraft engines is strongly influenced by the boundary layer of the grazing flow on the surface of the liner. The parametric study presented in this paper illustrates the extent of this effect and identifies when it is significant. The acoustic modes of a circular duct with flow are calculated using a finite difference method. The parameters are representative of the flow conditions, liners and sound fields found in current turbofan engines. Both the intake and bypass ducts are considered. Results show that there is a complex interplay between the boundary layer thickness, the direction of propagation and the liner impedance and that the boundary layer can have a strong impact on liner performance for typical configurations (including changes of the order of 30 dB on the attenuation of modes associated with tonal fan noise). A modified impedance condition including the effect of a small but finite boundary layer thickness is considered and compared to the standard Myers condition based on an infinitely thin boundary layer. We show how this impedance condition can be implemented in a mode calculation method by introducing auxiliary variables. This condition is able to capture the trends associated with the boundary layer effects and in most cases provides improved predictions of liner performance.

X-ray monochromators for high-power synchrotron radiation sources

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hart, Michael

1990-11-01

Exact solutions to the problems of power flow from a line source of heat into a semicylinder and of uniform heat flow normal to a flat surface are discussed. These lead to bounds on feasible designs and the boundary layer problem can be placed in proper perspective. While finite element calculations are useful if the sample boundaries are predefined, they are much less help in establishing design principles. Previous work on hot beam X-ray crystal optics has emphasised the importance of coolant hydraulics and boundary layer heat transfer. Instead this paper emphasises the importance of the elastic response of crystals to thermal strainfields and the importance of maintaining the Darwin reflectivity. The conclusions of this design study are that the diffracting crystal region should be thin, but not very thin, similar in area to the hot beam footprint, part of a thin-walked buckling crystal box and remote from the support to which the crystal is rigidly clamped. Prototype 111 and 220 cooled silicon crystals tested at the National Synchrotron Light Source at Brookhaven have almost perfect rocking curves under a beam heat load of {1}/{3}kW.

Report and Analysis of the May 1979 Marine Surface Layer Micrometeorological Experiment at San Nicolas Island, California.

DTIC Science & Technology

1981-12-31

November of 1976 by the National Oceano - graphic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). The -arameter Typical Measurement Accurac maximum and minimum tide... sols using Thin Plastic Scintillators," Nucl. Layer," Boundary-Layer Meteorol., 18, 107-127. Instrum. Methods 108, 467-470. Kidwell, KB., & W.R. Seguin

A Classification of Subaqueous Density Flows Based on Transformations From Proximal to Distal Regions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hermidas, Navid; Eggenhuisen, Joris; Luthi, Stefan; Silva Jacinto, Ricardo; Toth, Ferenc; Pohl, Florian

2017-04-01

Transformations of a subaqueous density flow from proximal to distal regions are investigated. A classification of these transformations based on the state of the free shear and boundary layers and existence of a plug layer during transition from a debris flow to a turbidity current is presented. A connection between the emplaced deposit by the flow and the relevant flow type is drawn through the results obtained from a series of laboratory flume experiments. These were performed using 9%, 15%, and 21% sediment mixture concentrations composed of sand, silt, clay, and tap water, on varying bed slopes of 6°, 8°, and 9.5°, and with discharge rates of 10[m3/h] and 15[m3/h]. Stress-controlled rheometry experiments were performed on the mixtures to obtain apparent viscosity data. A classification was developed based on the imposed flow conditions, where a cohesive flow may fall within one of five distinct flow types: 1) a cohesive plug flow (PF) with a laminar free shear and boundary layers, 2) a top transitional plug flow (TTPF) containing a turbulent free shear layer, a plug layer, and a laminar boundary layer, 3) a complete transitional plug flow (CTPF) consisting of a turbulent free shear and boundary layers and a plug, 4) a transitional turbidity current (TTC) with a turbulent free shear layer and a laminar boundary layer, and, 5) a completely turbulent turbidity current (TC). During the experiments, flow type PF resulted in en masse deposition of a thick uniform ungraded muddy sand mixture, which was emplaced once the yield stress overcame the gravitational forces within the tail region of the flow. Flow type TTPF resulted in deposition of a thin ungraded basal clean sand layer during the run. This layer was covered by a muddy sand deposit from the tail. Flow type TTC did not deposit any sediment during the run. A uniform muddy sand mixture was emplaced by the tail of the flow. Flow type TC resulted in deposition of poorly sorted massive bottom sand layer. This layer was overlain by either a muddy sand mixture or a sand and silt planar lamination. Flow type CTPF was not observed during the experiments. Furthermore, it was observed that flows which are in transition from a TTC to a TTPF result in a thin bottom clean sand layer covered by a banded transitional interval. This was overlain by a muddy sand layer and a very thin clean sand layer, resulting from traction by dilute turbulent wake. In all cases a mud cap was emplaced on top of the deposit after the runs were terminated.

Photovoltaic devices comprising zinc stannate buffer layer and method for making

DOEpatents

Wu, Xuanzhi; Sheldon, Peter; Coutts, Timothy J.

2001-01-01

A photovoltaic device has a buffer layer zinc stannate Zn.sub.2 SnO.sub.4 disposed between the semiconductor junction structure and the transparent conducting oxide (TCO) layer to prevent formation of localized junctions with the TCO through a thin window semiconductor layer, to prevent shunting through etched grain boundaries of semiconductors, and to relieve stresses and improve adhesion between these layers.

Si-Doping Effects in Cu(In,Ga)Se2 Thin Films and Applications for Simplified Structure High-Efficiency Solar Cells.

PubMed

Ishizuka, Shogo; Koida, Takashi; Taguchi, Noboru; Tanaka, Shingo; Fons, Paul; Shibata, Hajime

2017-09-13

We found that elemental Si-doped Cu(In,Ga)Se 2 (CIGS) polycrystalline thin films exhibit a distinctive morphology due to the formation of grain boundary layers several tens of nanometers thick. The use of Si-doped CIGS films as the photoabsorber layer in simplified structure buffer-free solar cell devices is found to be effective in enhancing energy conversion efficiency. The grain boundary layers formed in Si-doped CIGS films are expected to play an important role in passivating CIGS grain interfaces and improving carrier transport. The simplified structure solar cells, which nominally consist of only a CIGS photoabsorber layer and a front transparent and a back metal electrode layer, demonstrate practical application level solar cell efficiencies exceeding 15%. To date, the cell efficiencies demonstrated from this type of device have remained relatively low, with values of about 10%. Also, Si-doped CIGS solar cell devices exhibit similar properties to those of CIGS devices fabricated with post deposition alkali halide treatments such as KF or RbF, techniques known to boost CIGS device performance. The results obtained offer a new approach based on a new concept to control grain boundaries in polycrystalline CIGS and other polycrystalline chalcogenide materials for better device performance.

Boundary-Layer Effects on Acoustic Transmission Through Narrow Slit Cavities.

PubMed

Ward, G P; Lovelock, R K; Murray, A R J; Hibbins, A P; Sambles, J R; Smith, J D

2015-07-24

We explore the slit-width dependence of the resonant transmission of sound in air through both a slit array formed of aluminum slats and a single open-ended slit cavity in an aluminum plate. Our experimental results accord well with Lord Rayleigh's theory concerning how thin viscous and thermal boundary layers at a slit's walls affect the acoustic wave across the whole slit cavity. By measuring accurately the frequencies of the Fabry-Perot-like cavity resonances, we find a significant 5% reduction in the effective speed of sound through the slits when an individual viscous boundary layer occupies only 5% of the total slit width. Importantly, this effect is true for any airborne slit cavity, with the reduction being achieved despite the slit width being on a far larger scale than an individual boundary layer's thickness. This work demonstrates that the recent prevalent loss-free treatment of narrow slit cavities within acoustic metamaterials is unrealistic.

Opposed-flow flame spread and extinction in mixed-convection boundary layers

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Altenkirch, R. A.; Wedha-Nayagam, M.

1989-01-01

Experimental data for flame spread down thin fuel samples in an opposing, mixed-convection, boundary-layer flow are analyzed to determine the gas-phase velocity that characterizes how the flame reacts as it spreads toward the leading edge of the fuel sample into a thinning boundary layer. In the forced-flow limit where the cube of the Reynolds number divided by the Grashof number, Re exp 3/Gr, is large, L(q)/L(e), where L(q) is a theoretical flame standoff distance at extinction and L(e) is the measured distance from the leading edge of the sample where extinction occurs, is found to be proportional to Re exp n with n = -0.874 and Re based on L(e). The value of n is established by the character of the flow field near the leading edge of the flame. The Re dependence is used, along with a correction for the mixed-convection situation where Re exp 3/Gr is not large, to construct a Damkohler number with which the measured spread rates correlate for all values of Re exp 3/Gr.

Carrier mobility enhancement of nano-crystalline semiconductor films: Incorporation of redox -relay species into the grain boundary interface

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Desilva, L. A.; Bandara, T. M. W. J.; Hettiarachchi, B. H.; Kumara, G. R. A.; Perera, A. G. U.; Rajapaksa, R. M. G.; Tennakone, K.

Dye-sensitized and perovskite solar cells and other nanostructured heterojunction electronic devices require securing intimate electronic contact between nanostructured surfaces. Generally, the strategy is solution phase coating of a hole -collector over a nano-crystalline high-band gap n-type oxide semiconductor film painted with a thin layer of the light harvesting material. The nano-crystallites of the hole - collector fills the pores of the painted oxide surface. Most ills of these devices are associated with imperfect contact and high resistance of the hole conducting layer constituted of nano-crystallites. Denaturing of the delicate light harvesting material forbid sintering at elevated temperatures to reduce the grain boundary resistance. It is found that the interfacial and grain boundary resistance can be significantly reduced via incorporation of redox species into the interfaces to form ultra-thin layers. Suitable redox moieties, preferably bonded to the surface, act as electron transfer relays greatly reducing the film resistance offerring a promising method of enhancing the effective hole mobility of nano-crystalline hole-collectors and developing hole conductor paints for application in nanostructured devices.

Three-dimensional MHD (magnetohydrodynamic) flows in rectangular ducts of liquid-metal-cooled blankets

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Hua, T.Q.; Walker, J.S.; Picologlou, B.F.

1988-07-01

Magnetohydrodynamic flows of liquid metals in rectangular ducts with thin conducting walls in the presence of strong nonuniform transverse magnetic fields are examined. The interaction parameter and Hartmann number are assumed to be large, whereas the magnetic Reynolds number is assumed to be small. Under these assumptions, viscous and inertial effects are confined in very thin boundary layers adjacent to the walls. A significant fraction of the fluid flow is concentrated in the boundary layers adjacent to the side walls which are parallel to the magnetic field. This paper describes the analysis and numerical methods for obtaining 3-D solutions formore » flow parameters outside these layers, without solving explicitly for the layers themselves. Numerical solutions are presented for cases which are relevant to the flows of liquid metals in fusion reactor blankets. Experimental results obtained from the ALEX experiments at Argonne National Laboratory are used to validate the numerical code. In general, the agreement is excellent. 5 refs., 14 figs.« less

Theoretical model for thin ferroelectric films and the multilayer structures based on them

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Starkov, A. S.; Pakhomov, O. V.; Starkov, I. A.

2013-06-01

A modified Weiss mean-field theory is used to study the dependence of the properties of a thin ferroelectric film on its thickness. The possibility of introducing gradient terms into the thermodynamic potential is analyzed using the calculus of variations. An integral equation is introduced to generalize the well-known Langevin equation to the case of the boundaries of a ferroelectric. An analysis of this equation leads to the existence of a transition layer at the interface between ferroelectrics or a ferroelectric and a dielectric. The permittivity of this layer is shown to depend on the electric field direction even if the ferroelectrics in contact are homogeneous. The results obtained in terms of the Weiss model are compared with the results of the models based on the correlation effect and the presence of a dielectric layer at the boundary of a ferroelectric and with experimental data.

Microstructural Evolution during Mid-Crustal Shear Zone Thickening and Thinning, Mount Irene Detachment Zone, Fiordland, New Zealand

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Negrini, M.; Smith, S. A. F.; Scott, J.; Rooney, J. S.; Demurtas, M.

2016-12-01

Recent work has shown that ductile shear zones experience cyclic variations in stress and strain rate due to, for example, elastic loading from earthquake slip on brittle faults or the presence of rigid particles and asperities within the shear zone. Such non-steady state flow conditions can promote microstructural changes including a decrease in grain sizes followed by a switch in the main deformation mechanisms. Understanding the microstructural changes that occur during non steady-state deformation is therefore critical in evaluating shear zone rheology. The Mount Irene shear zone formed during Cretaceous extension in the middle crust and was active at temperatures of 600°C and pressures of 6 kbar. The shear zone localized in a basal calcite marble layer typically 3-5 m thick containing hundreds of thin (mm-cm) calc-silicate bands that are now parallel to the shear zone boundaries. The lower boundary of the shear zone preserves meter-scale undulations that cause the shear zone to be squeezed in to regions that are <1.5 m thick. The calc-silicate bands act as "flow markers" and allow individual shear zone layers to be traced continuously through thick and thin regions, implying that the mylonites experienced cyclic variations in stress and strain rate. Calc-mylonite samples collected from the same layer close to the base of the shear zone reveal that layer thinning was accompanied by progressive microstructural changes including intense twinning, stretching and flattening of large calcite porphyroclasts as well as the development of interconnected networks of recrystallized calcite aggregates. EBSD analysis shows that the recrystallized aggregates contain polygonal calcite grains with microstructures (e.g. grain quadruple junctions) similar to those reported for neighbor-switching processes associated with grain boundary sliding and superplasticity. Ongoing and future work will utilize samples from across the full thickness of the shear zone to determine key microstructural changes and deformation mechanisms that accommodated shear zone thinning and thickening during non-steady state deformation.

A survey of heating and turbulent boundary layer characteristics of several hypersonic research aircraft configurations

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Lawing, P. L.

1981-01-01

Four of the configurations investigated during a proposed NASA-Langley hypersonic research aircraft program were selected for phase-change-paint heat-transfer testing and forebody boundary layer pitot surveys. In anticipation of future hypersonic aircraft, both published and unpublished data and results are reviewed and presented with the purpose of providing a synoptic heat-transfer data base from the research effort. Engineering heat-transfer predictions are compared with experimental data on both a global and a local basis. The global predictions are shown to be sufficient for purposes of configuration development, and even the local predictions can be adequate when interpreted in light of the proper flow field. In that regard, cross flow in the forebody boundary layers was examined for significant heating and aerodynamic effect on the scramjet engines. A design philosophy which evolved from the research airplane effort is used to design a forebody shape that produces thin, uniform, forebody boundary layers on a hypersonic airbreathing missile. Finally, heating/boundary layer phenomena which are not predictable with state-of-the-art knowledge and techniques are shown and discussed.

Electroneutral models for dynamic Poisson-Nernst-Planck systems

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Song, Zilong; Cao, Xiulei; Huang, Huaxiong

2018-01-01

The Poisson-Nernst-Planck (PNP) system is a standard model for describing ion transport. In many applications, e.g., ions in biological tissues, the presence of thin boundary layers poses both modeling and computational challenges. In this paper, we derive simplified electroneutral (EN) models where the thin boundary layers are replaced by effective boundary conditions. There are two major advantages of EN models. First, it is much cheaper to solve them numerically. Second, EN models are easier to deal with compared to the original PNP system; therefore, it would also be easier to derive macroscopic models for cellular structures using EN models. Even though the approach used here is applicable to higher-dimensional cases, this paper mainly focuses on the one-dimensional system, including the general multi-ion case. Using systematic asymptotic analysis, we derive a variety of effective boundary conditions directly applicable to the EN system for the bulk region. This EN system can be solved directly and efficiently without computing the solution in the boundary layer. The derivation is based on matched asymptotics, and the key idea is to bring back higher-order contributions into the effective boundary conditions. For Dirichlet boundary conditions, the higher-order terms can be neglected and the classical results (continuity of electrochemical potential) are recovered. For flux boundary conditions, higher-order terms account for the accumulation of ions in boundary layer and neglecting them leads to physically incorrect solutions. To validate the EN model, numerical computations are carried out for several examples. Our results show that solving the EN model is much more efficient than the original PNP system. Implemented with the Hodgkin-Huxley model, the computational time for solving the EN model is significantly reduced without sacrificing the accuracy of the solution due to the fact that it allows for relatively large mesh and time-step sizes.

Polycrystalline Superconducting Thin Films: Texture Control and Critical Current Density

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yang, Feng

1995-01-01

The growth processes of polycrystalline rm YBa_2CU_3O_{7-X} (YBCO) and yttria-stabilized-zirconia (YSZ) thin films have been developed. The effectiveness of YSZ buffer layers on suppression of the reaction between YBCO thin films and metallic substrates was carefully studied. Grown on the chemically inert surfaces of YSZ buffer layers, YBCO thin films possessed good quality of c-axis alignment with the c axis parallel to the substrate normal, but without any preferred in-plane orientations. This leads to the existence of a large percentage of the high-angle grain boundaries in the YBCO films. The critical current densities (rm J_{c}'s) found in these films were much lower than those in single crystal YBCO thin films, which was the consequence of the weak -link effect of the high-angle grain boundaries in these films. It became clear that the in-plane alignment is vital for achieving high rm J_{c }s in polycrystalline YBCO thin films. To induce the in-plane alignment, ion beam-assisted deposition (IBAD) technique was integrated into the conventional pulsed laser deposition process for the growth of the YSZ buffer layers. It was demonstrated that using IBAD the in-plane orientations of the YSZ grains could be controlled within a certain range of a common direction. This ion -bombardment induced in-plane texturing was explained using the anisotropic sputtering yield theory. Our observations and analyses have provided valuable information on the optimization of the IBAD process, and shed light on the texturing mechanism in YSZ. With the in-plane aligned YSZ buffer layers, YBCO thin films grown on metallic substrates showed improved rm J_{c}s. It was found that the in-plane alignment of YSZ and that of YBCO were closely related. A direct correlation was revealed between the rm J_{c} value and the degree of the in-plane alignment for the YBCO thin films. To explain this correlation, a numerical model was applied to multi-grain superconducting paths with different textures to determine the expected rm J_{c}s. The good agreement between the experimental data and numerical results confirmed that the rm J_{c} improvement directly resulted from the reduction of the number of high-angle grain boundaries in the in-plane aligned polycrystalline YBCO thin films, and provided a guideline on the further improvement of the rm J_ {c}s of polycrystalline YBCO thin films.

A depth-of-field limited particle image velocimetry technique applied to oscillatory boundary layer flow over a porous bed

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lara, J. L.; Cowen, E. A.; Sou, I. M.

2002-06-01

Boundary layer flows are ubiquitous in the environment, but their study is often complicated by their thinness, geometric irregularity and boundary porosity. In this paper, we present an approach to making laboratory-based particle image velocimetry (PIV) measurements in these complex flow environments. Clear polycarbonate spheres were used to model a porous and rough bed. The strong curvature of the spheres results in a diffuse volume illuminated region instead of the more traditional finite and thin light sheet illuminated region, resulting in the imaging of both in-focus and significantly out-of-focus particles. Results of a traditional cross-correlation-based PIV-type analysis of these images demonstrate that the mean and turbulent features of an oscillatory boundary layer driven by a free-surface wave over an irregular-shaped porous bed can be robustly measured. Measurements of the mean flow, turbulent intensities, viscous and turbulent stresses are presented and discussed. Velocity spectra have been calculated showing an inertial subrange confirming that the PIV analysis is sufficiently robust to extract turbulence. The presented technique is particularly well suited for the study of highly dynamic free-surface flows that prevent the delivery of the light sheet from above the bed, such as swash flows.

“Lidar Investigations of Aerosol, Cloud, and Boundary Layer Properties Over the ARM ACRF Sites”

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Ferrare, Richard; Turner, David

2015-01-13

Project goals; Characterize the aerosol and ice vertical distributions over the ARM NSA site, and in particular to discriminate between elevated aerosol layers and ice clouds in optically thin scattering layers; Characterize the water vapor and aerosol vertical distributions over the ARM Darwin site, how these distributions vary seasonally, and quantify the amount of water vapor and aerosol that is above the boundary layer; Use the high temporal resolution Raman lidar data to examine how aerosol properties vary near clouds; Use the high temporal resolution Raman lidar and Atmospheric Emitted Radiance Interferometer (AERI) data to quantify entrainment in optically thinmore » continental cumulus clouds; and Use the high temporal Raman lidar data to continue to characterize the turbulence within the convective boundary layer and how the turbulence statistics (e.g., variance, skewness) is correlated with larger scale variables predicted by models.« less

Heat-flux gage measurements on a flat plate at a Mach number of 4.6 in the VSD high speed wind tunnel, a feasibility test (LA28). [wind tunnel tests of measuring instruments for boundary layer flow

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1975-01-01

The feasibility of employing thin-film heat-flux gages was studied as a method of defining boundary layer characteristics at supersonic speeds in a high speed blowdown wind tunnel. Flow visualization techniques (using oil) were employed. Tabulated data (computer printouts), a test facility description, and photographs of test equipment are given.

Interferometric data for a shock-wave/boundary-layer interaction

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Dunagan, Stephen E.; Brown, James L.; Miles, John B.

1986-01-01

An experimental study of the axisymmetric shock-wave / boundary-layer strong interaction flow generated in the vicinity of a cylinder-cone intersection was conducted. The study data are useful in the documentation and understanding of compressible turbulent strong interaction flows, and are part of a more general effort to improve turbulence modeling for compressible two- and three-dimensional strong viscous/inviscid interactions. The nominal free stream Mach number was 2.85. Tunnel total pressures of 1.7 and 3.4 atm provided Reynolds number values of 18 x 10(6) and 36 x 10(6) based on model length. Three cone angles were studied giving negligible, incipient, and large scale flow separation. The initial cylinder boundary layer upstream of the interaction had a thickness of 1.0 cm. The subsonic layer of the cylinder boundary layer was quite thin, and in all cases, the shock wave penetrated a significant portion of the boundary layer. Owing to the thickness of the cylinder boundary layer, considerable structural detail was resolved for the three shock-wave / boundary-layer interaction cases considered. The primary emphasis was on the application of the holographic interferometry technique. The density field was deduced from an interferometric analysis based on the Able transform. Supporting data were obtained using a 2-D laser velocimeter, as well as mean wall pressure and oil flow measurements. The attached flow case was observed to be steady, while the separated cases exhibited shock unsteadiness. Comparisons with Navier-Stokes computations using a two-equation turbulence model are presented.

Thermal boundary layer profiles in turbulent Rayleigh-Benard convection

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tong, Penger; Wang, Yin; He, Xiaozhou

2015-11-01

We have studied the mean temperature boundary layer profile T(z) and root-mean-square (rms) temperature profile S(z) in turbulent Rayleigh-Benard convection along the central axis z of a convection cell, which has a thin vertical disk shape with an inner diameter D = 18 cm. The temperature measurements were made at fixed Prandtl numbers Pr = 4.3 and Pr = 7.6 and with the Rayleigh number Ra varied in the range between 1 ×109 and 1 ×1010 . The measured T(z) for different values of Pr and Ra can all be well described by the newly proposed boundary layer model with a parameter c varying from 1 to 2.1. The measured rms temperature profile S(z) is found to be a single-peaked function with the peak position located at z ~= 0 . 8 δ , where δ is the boundary layer thickness. The measured S(z) has two separate scaling lengths. Within the boundary layer, it scales with δ and can be fitted to a power law, S (z) ~(z / δ) α with α ~= 0 . 6 . Outside the boundary layer, it scales with the cell size D and follows a different power law, S (z) ~(z / D) β , with β = - 0 . 42 . This work was supported by the Research Grants Council of Hong Kong SAR.

Continuous modeling of a grain boundary in MgO and its disclination induced grain-boundary migration mechanism

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Cordier, P.; Sun, X.; Taupin, V.; Fressengeas, C.

2016-12-01

Grain boundaries (GBs) are thin material layers where the lattice rotates from one orientation to the next one within a few nanometers. Because they treat these layers as infinitely thin interfaces, large-scale polycrystalline representations fail to describe their structure. Conversely, atomistic representations provide a detailed description of the GBs, but their character remains discrete and not prone to coarse-graining procedures. Continuum descriptions based on kinematic and crystal defect fields defined at interatomic scale are appealing because they can provide smooth and thorough descriptions of GBs, recovering in some sense the atomistic description and potentially serving as a basis for coarse-grained polycrystalline representations. In this work, a crossover between atomistic description and continuous representation of a MgO tilt boundary in polycrystals is set-up to model the periodic arrays of structural units by using dislocation and disclination dipole arrays along GBs. The strain, rotation, curvature, disclination and dislocation density fields are determined in the boundary area by using the discrete atomic positions generated by molecular dynamics simulations. Then, this continuous disclination/dislocation model is used as part of the initial conditions in elasto-plastic continuum mechanics simulations to investigate the shear-coupled boundary migration of tilt boundaries. The present study leads to better understanding of the structure and mechanical architecture of grain boundaries.

The Ekman Layer and Why Tea Leaves Go to the Center of the Cup

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Heavers, Richard M.; Dapp, Rachel M.

2010-01-01

Consider a transparent, cylindrical container filled with water and sitting in the center of a record player turntable. When the turntable is started suddenly, the container rotates with the turntable, but the bulk of the fluid initially remains at rest. A thin ([approximately]1 mm) viscous boundary layer (Ekman layer) forms almost immediately at…

High temperature superconductor step-edge Josephson junctions using Ti-Ca-Ba-Cu-O

DOEpatents

Ginley, David S.; Hietala, Vincent M.; Hohenwarter, Gert K. G.; Martens, Jon S.; Plut, Thomas A.; Tigges, Chris P.; Vawter, Gregory A.; Zipperian, Thomas E.

1994-10-25

A process for formulating non-hysteretic and hysteretic Josephson junctions using HTS materials which results in junctions having the ability to operate at high temperatures while maintaining high uniformity and quality. The non-hysteretic Josephson junction is formed by step-etching a LaAlO.sub.3 crystal substrate and then depositing a thin film of TlCaBaCuO on the substrate, covering the step, and forming a grain boundary at the step and a subsequent Josephson junction. Once the non-hysteretic junction is formed the next step to form the hysteretic Josephson junction is to add capacitance to the system. In the current embodiment, this is accomplished by adding a thin dielectric layer, LaA1O.sub.3, followed by a cap layer of a normal metal where the cap layer is formed by first depositing a thin layer of titanium (Ti) followed by a layer of gold (Au). The dielectric layer and the normal metal cap are patterned to the desired geometry.

Analysis of the electromagnetic scattering from an inlet geometry with lossy walls

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Myung, N. H.; Pathak, P. H.; Chunang, C. D.

1985-01-01

One of the primary goals is to develop an approximate but sufficiently accurate analysis for the problem of electromagnetic (EM) plane wave scattering by an open ended, perfectly-conducting, semi-infinite hollow circular waveguide (or duct) with a thin, uniform layer of lossy or absorbing material on its inner wall, and with a simple termination inside. The less difficult but useful problem of the EM scattering by a two-dimensional (2-D), semi-infinite parallel plate waveguide with an impedance boundary condition on the inner walls was chosen initially for analysis. The impedance boundary condition in this problem serves to model a thin layer of lossy dielectric/ferrite coating on the otherwise perfectly-conducting interior waveguide walls. An approximate but efficient and accurate ray solution was obtained recently. That solution is presently being extended to the case of a moderately thick dielectric/ferrite coating on the walls so as to be valid for situations where the impedance boundary condition may not remain sufficiently accurate.

Damping of quasi-two-dimensional internal wave attractors by rigid-wall friction

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Beckebanze, F.; Brouzet, C.; Sibgatullin, I. N.; Maas, L. R. M.

2018-04-01

The reflection of internal gravity waves at sloping boundaries leads to focusing or defocusing. In closed domains, focusing typically dominates and projects the wave energy onto 'wave attractors'. For small-amplitude internal waves, the projection of energy onto higher wave numbers by geometric focusing can be balanced by viscous dissipation at high wave numbers. Contrary to what was previously suggested, viscous dissipation in interior shear layers may not be sufficient to explain the experiments on wave attractors in the classical quasi-2D trapezoidal laboratory set-ups. Applying standard boundary layer theory, we provide an elaborate description of the viscous dissipation in the interior shear layer, as well as at the rigid boundaries. Our analysis shows that even if the thin lateral Stokes boundary layers consist of no more than 1% of the wall-to-wall distance, dissipation by lateral walls dominates at intermediate wave numbers. Our extended model for the spectrum of 3D wave attractors in equilibrium closes the gap between observations and theory by Hazewinkel et al. (2008).

Boundary layers at the interface of two different shear flows

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Weidman, Patrick D.; Wang, C. Y.

2018-05-01

We present solutions for the boundary layer between two uniform shear flows flowing in the same direction. In the upper layer, the flow has shear strength a, fluid density ρ1, and kinematic viscosity ν1, while the lower layer has shear strength b, fluid density ρ2, and kinematic viscosity ν2. Similarity transformations reduce the boundary-layer equations to a pair of ordinary differential equations governed by three dimensionless parameters: the shear strength ratio γ = b/a, the density ratio ρ = ρ2/ρ1, and the viscosity ratio ν = ν2/ν1. Further analysis shows that an affine transformation reduces this multi-parameter problem to a single ordinary differential equation which may be efficiently integrated as an initial-value problem. Solutions of the original boundary-value problem are shown to agree with the initial-value integrations, but additional dual and quadruple solutions are found using this method. We argue on physical grounds and through bifurcation analysis that these additional solutions are not tenable. The present problem is applicable to the trailing edge flow over a thin airfoil with camber.

Analytic corrections to CFD heating predictions accounting for changes in surface catalysis

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Gnoffo, Peter A.; Inger, George R.

1996-01-01

Integral boundary-layer solution techniques applicable to the problem of determining aerodynamic heating rates of hypersonic vehicles in the vicinity of stagnation points and windward centerlines are briefly summarized. A new approach for combining the insight afforded by integral boundary-layer analysis with comprehensive (but time intensive) computational fluid dynamic (CFD) flowfield solutions of the thin-layer Navier-Stokes equations is described. The approach extracts CFD derived quantities at the wall and at the boundary layer edge for inclusion in a post-processing boundary-layer analysis. It allows a designer at a workstation to address two questions, given a single CFD solution. (1) How much does the heating change for a thermal protection system with different catalytic properties than was used in the original CFD solution? (2) How does the heating change at the interface of two different TPS materials with an abrupt change in catalytic efficiency? The answer to the second question is particularly important, because abrupt changes from low to high catalytic efficiency can lead to localized increase in heating which exceeds the usually conservative estimate provided by a fully catalytic wall assumption.

Bubble dynamics in a compressible liquid in contact with a rigid boundary

PubMed Central

Wang, Qianxi; Liu, Wenke; Zhang, A. M.; Sui, Yi

2015-01-01

A bubble initiated near a rigid boundary may be almost in contact with the boundary because of its expansion and migration to the boundary, where a thin layer of water forms between the bubble and the boundary thereafter. This phenomenon is modelled using the weakly compressible theory coupled with the boundary integral method. The wall effects are modelled using the imaging method. The numerical instabilities caused by the near contact of the bubble surface with the boundary are handled by removing a thin layer of water between them and joining the bubble surface with its image to the boundary. Our computations correlate well with experiments for both the first and second cycles of oscillation. The time history of the energy of a bubble system follows a step function, reducing rapidly and significantly because of emission of shock waves at inception of a bubble and at the end of collapse but remaining approximately constant for the rest of the time. The bubble starts being in near contact with the boundary during the first cycle of oscillation when the dimensionless stand-off distance γ = s/Rm < 1, where s is the distance of the initial bubble centre from the boundary and Rm is the maximum bubble radius. This leads to (i) the direct impact of a high-speed liquid jet on the boundary once it penetrates through the bubble, (ii) the direct contact of the bubble at high temperature and high pressure with the boundary, and (iii) the direct impingement of shock waves on the boundary once emitted. These phenomena have clear potential to damage the boundary, which are believed to be part of the mechanisms of cavitation damage. PMID:26442148

Fluid-membrane tethers: minimal surfaces and elastic boundary layers.

PubMed

Powers, Thomas R; Huber, Greg; Goldstein, Raymond E

2002-04-01

Thin cylindrical tethers are common lipid bilayer membrane structures, arising in situations ranging from micromanipulation experiments on artificial vesicles to the dynamic structure of the Golgi apparatus. We study the shape and formation of a tether in terms of the classical soap-film problem, which is applied to the case of a membrane disk under tension subject to a point force. A tether forms from the elastic boundary layer near the point of application of the force, for sufficiently large displacement. Analytic results for various aspects of the membrane shape are given.

Stuffed MO layer as a diffusion barrier in metallizations for high temperature electronics

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Boah, J. K.; Russell, V.; Smith, D. P.

1981-01-01

Auger electron spectroscopy was employed to characterize the diffusion barrier properties of molybdenum in the CrSi2/Mo/Au metallization system. The barrier action of Mo was demonstrated to persist even after 2000 hours annealing time at 300 C in a nitrogen ambient. At 340 C annealing temperature, however, rapid interdiffusion was observed to have occurred between the various metal layers after only 261 hours. The presence of controlled amounts of oxygen in the Mo layer is believed to be responsible for suppressing the short circuit interdiffusion between the thin film layers. Above 340 C, its is believed that the increase in the oxygen mobility led to deterioration of its stuffing action, resulting in the rapid interdiffusion of the thin film layers along grain boundaries.

Bending Boundary Layers in Laminated-Composite Circular Cylindrical Shells

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Nemeth, Michael P.; Smeltzer, Stanley S., III

2000-01-01

An analytical, parametric study of the attenuation of bending boundary layers or edge effects in balanced and unbalanced, symmetrically and unsymmetrically laminated thin cylindrical shells is presented for nine contemporary material systems. The analysis is based on the linear Sanders-Koiter shell equations and specializations to the Love-Kirchhoff shell equations and Donnell's equations are included. Two nondimensional parameters are identified that characterize and quantify the effects of laminate orthotropy and laminate anisotropy on the bending boundary-layer decay length in a very general and encompassing manner. A substantial number of structural design technology results are presented for a wide range of laminated-composite cylinders. For all the laminate constructions considered, the results show that the differences between results that were obtained with the Sanders-Koiter shell equations, the Love-Kirchhoff shell equations, and Donnell's equations are negligible. The results also show that the effect of anisotropy in the form of coupling between pure bending and twisting has a negligible effect on the size of the bending boundary-layer decay length of the balanced, symmetrically laminated cylinders considered. Moreover, the results show that coupling between the various types of shell anisotropies has a negligible effect on the calculation of the bending boundary-layer decay length in most cases. The results also show that in some cases neglecting the shell anisotropy results in underestimating the bending boundary-layer decay length and in other cases it results in an overestimation.

Shock-like structures in the tropical cyclone boundary layer

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Williams, Gabriel J.; Taft, Richard K.; McNoldy, Brian D.; Schubert, Wayne H.

2013-06-01

This paper presents high horizontal resolution solutions of an axisymmetric, constant depth, slab boundary layer model designed to simulate the radial inflow and boundary layer pumping of a hurricane. Shock-like structures of increasing intensity appear for category 1-5 hurricanes. For example, in the category 3 case, the u>(∂u/∂r>) term in the radial equation of motion produces a shock-like structure in the radial wind, i.e., near the radius of maximum tangential wind the boundary layer radial inflow decreases from approximately 22 m s-1 to zero over a radial distance of a few kilometers. Associated with this large convergence is a spike in the radial distribution of boundary layer pumping, with updrafts larger than 22 m s-1 at a height of 1000 m. Based on these model results, it is argued that observed hurricane updrafts of this magnitude so close to the ocean surface are attributable to the dry dynamics of the frictional boundary layer rather than moist convective dynamics. The shock-like structure in the boundary layer radial wind also has important consequences for the evolution of the tangential wind and the vertical component of vorticity. On the inner side of the shock the tangential wind tendency is essentially zero, while on the outer side of the shock the tangential wind tendency is large due to the large radial inflow there. The result is the development of a U-shaped tangential wind profile and the development of a thin region of large vorticity. In many respects, the model solutions resemble the remarkable structures observed in the boundary layer of Hurricane Hugo (1989).

Nonuniform concentration - A mechanism for drag reduction.

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Rivard, W. C.; Kulinski, E. S.

1972-01-01

A large reduction in drag coefficient has been observed in certain external flows of aqueous solutions with high molecular weight polymer additives. A change in the near wake configuration is phenomenologically responsible for the drag reduction, but the underlying mechanism is presently unknown. An analogy to known phenomena in particulate suspensions is drawn which suggests nonuniform concentration of the polymer additive as an explanation. An analysis of the boundary layer on a sphere with varying viscosity was made to investigate the effect. The results indicate early transition to turbulence for concentration variations whose length scale is small compared with the momentum boundary layer thickness. Stabilization and delayed transition are indicated for thicker concentration layers. Observations are suggested for the thin concentration layers.

A novel investigation of a micropolar fluid characterized by nonlinear constitutive diffusion model in boundary layer flow and heat transfer.

PubMed

Sui, Jize; Zhao, Peng; Cheng, Zhengdong; Zheng, Liancun; Zhang, Xinxin

2017-02-01

The rheological and heat-conduction constitutive models of micropolar fluids (MFs), which are important non-Newtonian fluids, have been, until now, characterized by simple linear expressions, and as a consequence, the non-Newtonian performance of such fluids could not be effectively captured. Here, we establish the novel nonlinear constitutive models of a micropolar fluid and apply them to boundary layer flow and heat transfer problems. The nonlinear power law function of angular velocity is represented in the new models by employing generalized " n -diffusion theory," which has successfully described the characteristics of non-Newtonian fluids, such as shear-thinning and shear-thickening fluids. These novel models may offer a new approach to the theoretical understanding of shear-thinning behavior and anomalous heat transfer caused by the collective micro-rotation effects in a MF with shear flow according to recent experiments. The nonlinear similarity equations with a power law form are derived and the approximate analytical solutions are obtained by the homotopy analysis method, which is in good agreement with the numerical solutions. The results indicate that non-Newtonian behaviors involving a MF depend substantially on the power exponent n and the modified material parameter [Formula: see text] introduced by us. Furthermore, the relations of the engineering interest parameters, including local boundary layer thickness, local skin friction, and Nusselt number are found to be fitted by a quadratic polynomial to n with high precision, which enables the extraction of the rapid predictions from a complex nonlinear boundary-layer transport system.

A novel investigation of a micropolar fluid characterized by nonlinear constitutive diffusion model in boundary layer flow and heat transfer

PubMed Central

Zhao, Peng; Cheng, Zhengdong; Zheng, Liancun; Zhang, Xinxin

2017-01-01

The rheological and heat-conduction constitutive models of micropolar fluids (MFs), which are important non-Newtonian fluids, have been, until now, characterized by simple linear expressions, and as a consequence, the non-Newtonian performance of such fluids could not be effectively captured. Here, we establish the novel nonlinear constitutive models of a micropolar fluid and apply them to boundary layer flow and heat transfer problems. The nonlinear power law function of angular velocity is represented in the new models by employing generalized “n-diffusion theory,” which has successfully described the characteristics of non-Newtonian fluids, such as shear-thinning and shear-thickening fluids. These novel models may offer a new approach to the theoretical understanding of shear-thinning behavior and anomalous heat transfer caused by the collective micro-rotation effects in a MF with shear flow according to recent experiments. The nonlinear similarity equations with a power law form are derived and the approximate analytical solutions are obtained by the homotopy analysis method, which is in good agreement with the numerical solutions. The results indicate that non-Newtonian behaviors involving a MF depend substantially on the power exponent n and the modified material parameter K0 introduced by us. Furthermore, the relations of the engineering interest parameters, including local boundary layer thickness, local skin friction, and Nusselt number are found to be fitted by a quadratic polynomial to n with high precision, which enables the extraction of the rapid predictions from a complex nonlinear boundary-layer transport system. PMID:28344433

The Western North American Cretaceous-Tertiary (K-T) boundary interval and its content of shock-metamorphosed minerals: Implications concerning the K-T boundary impact-extinction theory

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Izett, G. A.

1988-01-01

At 20 sites in the Raton Basin of Colorado and New Mexico, and at several other sites in Wyoming, Montana, and Canada, a pair of claystone units, an Ir abundance anomaly, and a concentration of shock-metamorphosed minerals mark the palynological K-T boundary. The K-T boundary claystone, which is composed of kaolinite and small amounts of illite/smectite mixed-layer clay, is similar in most respects to kaolinite tonstein layers in coal beds. At some, but not all, K-T boundary localities, the boundary claystone contains solid kaolinite and hollow and solid goyazite spherules, 0.05 to 1.2 mm in diameter. The upper unit, the K-T boundary impact layer, consists chiefly of kaolinite and various amounts of illite/smectite mixed-layer clay. The impact layer and boundary claystone are similar chemically, except that the former has slightly more Fe, K, Ba, Cr, Cu, Li, V, and Zn than the latter. The facts that the boundary claystone and impact layer contain anomalous amounts of Ir, comprise a stratigraphic couplet at Western North American sites, and form thin, discrete layers, similar to air-fall units (volcanic or impact), suggest that the claystone units are of impact origin. Significantly, the impact layer contains as much as 2 percent clastic mineral grains, about 30 percent of which contain multiple sets of shock lamellae. Only one such concentration of shocked minerals has been found near the K-T boundary. The type of K-T boundary shock-metamorphosed materials (quartzite and metaquartzite) in the impact layer and the lack of shock lamellae in quartz and feldspar of pumice lapilli and granitic xenoliths in air-fall pumice units of silicic tuffs, such as the Bishop Tuff, eliminate the possibility that the shock-metamorphosed minerals in the K-T impact layer are of volcanic origin. The global size distribution and abundance of shock-metamorphosed mineral grains suggest that the K-T impact occurred in North America.

High temperature superconductor step-edge Josephson junctions using Ti-Ca-Ba-Cu-O

DOEpatents

Ginley, D.S.; Hietala, V.M.; Hohenwarter, G.K.G.; Martens, J.S.; Plut, T.A.; Tigges, C.P.; Vawter, G.A.; Zipperian, T.E.

1994-10-25

A process is disclosed for formulating non-hysteretic and hysteretic Josephson junctions using HTS materials which results in junctions having the ability to operate at high temperatures while maintaining high uniformity and quality. The non-hysteretic Josephson junction is formed by step-etching a LaAlO[sub 3] crystal substrate and then depositing a thin film of TlCaBaCuO on the substrate, covering the step, and forming a grain boundary at the step and a subsequent Josephson junction. Once the non-hysteretic junction is formed the next step to form the hysteretic Josephson junction is to add capacitance to the system. In the current embodiment, this is accomplished by adding a thin dielectric layer, LaA1O[sub 3], followed by a cap layer of a normal metal where the cap layer is formed by first depositing a thin layer of titanium (Ti) followed by a layer of gold (Au). The dielectric layer and the normal metal cap are patterned to the desired geometry. 8 figs.

Rosenzweig instability in a thin layer of a magnetic fluid

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Korovin, V. M.

2013-12-01

A simple mathematical model of the initial stage of nonlinear evolution of the Rosenzweig instability in a thin layer of a nonlinearly magnetized viscous ferrofluid coating a horizontal nonmagnetizable plate is constructed on the basis of the system of equations and boundary conditions of ferrofluid dynamics. A dispersion relation is derived and analyzed using the linearized equations of this model. The critical magnetization of the initial layer with a flat free surface, the threshold wavenumber, and the characteristic time of evolution of the most rapidly growing mode are determined. The equation for the neutral stability curve, which is applicable for any physically admissible law of magnetization of a ferrofluid, is derived analytically.

Additive erosion reduction influences in the turbulent boundary layer

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Buckingham, A. C.

1981-05-01

Results of a sequence of flow, heat and mass transfer calculations are presented which theoretically characterize the erosive environment at the wall surface of refractory metal coated and uncoated gun barrels. The theoretical results include analysis of the wall surface temperature, heat flux, and shear stress time histories on thin (10 mil.) Cr, Mo, Nb, and Ta plated steel barrel walls as uncoated steel walls. The calculations combine effects of a number of separate processes which were previously (and purposely) studied individually. These include solid particle additive concentrations, gas wall thermochemical influences, and transient turbulent wall boundary layer flow with multicomponent molecular diffusion and reactions from interaction of propellant combustion and the eroding surface. The boundary layer model includes particulate additive concentrations as well as propellant combustion products, considered for the present to be in the local thermochemical equilibrium.

Geometric shape control of thin film ferroelectrics and resulting structures

DOEpatents

McKee, Rodney A.; Walker, Frederick J.

2000-01-01

A monolithic crystalline structure and a method of making involves a semiconductor substrate, such as silicon, and a ferroelectric film, such as BaTiO.sub.3, overlying the surface of the substrate wherein the atomic layers of the ferroelectric film directly overlie the surface of the substrate. By controlling the geometry of the ferroelectric thin film, either during build-up of the thin film or through appropriate treatment of the thin film adjacent the boundary thereof, the in-plane tensile strain within the ferroelectric film is relieved to the extent necessary to permit the ferroelectric film to be poled out-of-plane, thereby effecting in-plane switching of the polarization of the underlying substrate material. The method of the invention includes the steps involved in effecting a discontinuity of the mechanical restraint at the boundary of the ferroelectric film atop the semiconductor substrate by, for example, either removing material from a ferroelectric film which has already been built upon the substrate, building up a ferroelectric film upon the substrate in a mesa-shaped geometry or inducing the discontinuity at the boundary by ion beam deposition techniques.

Computation of turbulent flow in a thin liquid layer of fluid involving a hydraulic jump

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Rahman, M. M.; Faghri, A.; Hankey, W. L.

1991-01-01

Numerically computed flow fields and free surface height distributions are presented for the flow of a thin layer of liquid adjacent to a solid horizontal surface that encounters a hydraulic jump. Two kinds of flow configurations are considered: two-dimensional plane flow and axisymmetric radial flow. The computations used a boundary-fitted moving grid method with a k-epsilon model for the closure of turbulence. The free surface height was determined by an optimization procedure which minimized the error in the pressure distribution on the free surface. It was also checked against an approximate procedure involving integration of the governing equations and use of the MacCormack predictor-corrector method. The computed film height also compared reasonably well with previous experiments. A region of recirculating flow was found to be present adjacent to the solid boundary near the location of the jump, which was caused by a rapid deceleration of the flow.

Finite strain calculations of continental deformation. I - Method and general results for convergent zones. II - Comparison with the India-Asia collision zone

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Houseman, G.; England, P.

1986-01-01

The present investigation has the objective to perform numerical experiments on a rheologically simple continuum model for the continental lithosphere. It is attempted to obtain a better understanding of the dynamics of continental deformation. Calculations are presented of crustal thickness distributions, stress, strain, strain rate fields, latitudinal displacements, and finite rotations, taking into account as basis a model for continental collision which treats the litoshphere as a thin viscous layer subject to indenting boundary conditions. The results of this paper support the conclusions of England and McKenzie (1982) regarding the role of gravity in governing the deformation of a thin viscous layer subject to indenting boundary conditions. The results of the experiments are compared with observations of topography, stress and strain rate fields, and palaeomagnetic latitudinal displacements in Asia.

All-metal superconducting planar microwave resonator

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Horsley, Matt; Pereverzev, Sergey; Dubois, Jonathon; Friedrich, Stephan; Qu, Dongxia; Libby, Steve; Lordi, Vincenzo; Carosi, Gianpaolo; Stoeffl, Wolfgang; Chapline, George; Drury, Owen; Quantum Noise in Superconducting Devices Team

There is common agreement that noise and resonance frequency jitter in superconducting microwave planar resonators are caused by presence of two-level systems, or fluctuators, in resonator materials- in dielectric substrate, in superconducting and dielectric layers and on the boundaries and interfaces. Scaling of noise with device dimensions indicate that fluctuators are likely concentrated around boundaries; physical nature of those fluctuators remains unclear. The presence of dielectrics is not necessary for the superconducting device functionality, and one can ask question about properties of all-metal device, where dielectric substrate and oxide films on metal are absent. Resonator made from of thin conducting layer with cuts in it is usually called slot line resonator. We report on the design, fabrication and initial testing of multiple split rings slot line resonator made out of thin molybdenum plate. This work is being funded as part of a three year strategic initiative (LDRD 16-SI-004) to better understand noise in superconducting devices.

A search for evidence of large body Earth impacts associated with biological crisis zones in the fossil record

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Orth, C. J.; Gilmore, J. S.; Knight, J. D.

1985-01-01

The natural history of the Earth, how the present plant and animal species developed, how others completely died out, etc., was studied. The rock strata sampled and studied were at the time of deposition at sea bottom. It was found that, exactly at the stratigraphic level corresponding to the extinction, a thin clay layer was greatly enriched in the the rare element iridium. It was hypothesized that the excess irridium at the boundary came from a large steroid like object that hit the earth, and that the impact of this object threw up a dust cloud dense enough and long lasting enough to bring about the extinction of a wide variety of plants and animals, producing the unique break in in the fossil record, the cretaceous-tertiary boundary. The same iridium and platinum metals enrichement are found in a thin clay layer that corresponds with the boundary as difined by sudden radical changes in plant populations. The irridium enrichement is confirmed at other fresh water origin rites in the Raton Basin.

Deleterious localized stress fields: the effects of boundaries and stiffness tailoring in anisotropic laminated plates

PubMed Central

Weaver, P. M.

2016-01-01

The safe design of primary load-bearing structures requires accurate prediction of stresses, especially in the vicinity of geometric discontinuities where deleterious three-dimensional stress fields can be induced. Even for thin-walled structures significant through-thickness stresses arise at edges and boundaries, and this is especially precarious for laminates of advanced fibre-reinforced composites because through-thickness stresses are the predominant drivers in delamination failure. Here, we use a higher-order equivalent single-layer model derived from the Hellinger–Reissner mixed variational principle to examine boundary layer effects in laminated plates comprising constant-stiffness and variable-stiffness laminae and deforming statically in cylindrical bending. The results show that zigzag deformations, which arise due to layerwise differences in the transverse shear moduli, drive boundary layers towards clamped edges and are therefore critically important in quantifying localized stress gradients. The relative significance of the boundary layer scales with the degree of layerwise anisotropy and the thickness to characteristic length ratio. Finally, we demonstrate that the phenomenon of alternating positive and negative transverse shearing deformation through the thickness of composite laminates, previously only observed at clamped boundaries, can also occur at other locations as a result of smoothly varying the material properties over the in-plane dimensions of the laminate. PMID:27843401

A numerical method for electro-kinetic flow with deformable fluid interfaces

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Booty, Michael; Ma, Manman; Siegel, Michael

2013-11-01

We consider two-phase flow of ionic fluids whose motion is driven by an imposed electric field. At a fluid interface, a screening cloud of ions develops and forms an electro-chemical double layer or Debye layer. The imposed field acts on this induced charge distribution, resulting in a strong slip flow near the interface. We formulate a ``hybrid'' or multiscale numerical method in the thin Debye layer limit that incorporates an asymptotic analysis of the electrostatic potential and fluid dynamics in the Debye layer into a boundary integral solution of the full moving boundary problem. Results of the method are presented that show time-dependent deformation and steady state drop interface shapes when the timescale for charge-up of the Debye layer is either much less than or comparable to the timescale of the flow.

An evaluation of three two-dimensional computational fluid dynamics codes including low Reynolds numbers and transonic Mach numbers

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Hicks, Raymond M.; Cliff, Susan E.

1991-01-01

Full-potential, Euler, and Navier-Stokes computational fluid dynamics (CFD) codes were evaluated for use in analyzing the flow field about airfoils sections operating at Mach numbers from 0.20 to 0.60 and Reynolds numbers from 500,000 to 2,000,000. The potential code (LBAUER) includes weakly coupled integral boundary layer equations for laminar and turbulent flow with simple transition and separation models. The Navier-Stokes code (ARC2D) uses the thin-layer formulation of the Reynolds-averaged equations with an algebraic turbulence model. The Euler code (ISES) includes strongly coupled integral boundary layer equations and advanced transition and separation calculations with the capability to model laminar separation bubbles and limited zones of turbulent separation. The best experiment/CFD correlation was obtained with the Euler code because its boundary layer equations model the physics of the flow better than the other two codes. An unusual reversal of boundary layer separation with increasing angle of attack, following initial shock formation on the upper surface of the airfoil, was found in the experiment data. This phenomenon was not predicted by the CFD codes evaluated.

Effects of nonlocal hydromechanics in a flow in thin channels

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Aydagulov, R. R.; Ganiev, O. R.

2017-04-01

An approach to viscous friction is described as nonlocal momentum exchange between different layers of a fluid. The Navier-Stokes equations are replaced by pseudo-differential equations hyperbolic in time. In this case, instead of zero velocity on the boundary, a nonlocal nonlinear boundary condition is set in the form of the velocity dependence of the coefficient before the intensity of the momentum exchange with the boundary. The non-newtonian character of the viscosity of water is shown in experiments with thin insulin needles and explained by the nonlinear character of the momentum exchange of water with the boundary. The calculations agree very well both with our experiments and with the experiments of other authors. Calculations show that the flow decreases more than one-and-a-half times in comparison with the Poiseuille flow for channels with a diameter of 360-390 μm, which is confirmed in experiments.

Climate Change and Wildlife in the Northern Rockies Region [Chapter 9

Treesearch

Kevin S. McKelvey; Polly C. Buotte

2018-01-01

Temperature and moisture affect organisms through their operational environment and the thin boundary layer immediately above their tissues, and these effects are measured at short time scales. When a human (a mammal) wearing a dark insulative layer walks outdoors on a cold but sunny day, he or she feels warm because energy from the sun is interacting with the dark...

Effects of surface cooling and of roughness on the heating (including transition) to the windward plane-of-symmetry of the shuttle orbiter

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Bertin, J. J.; Idar, E. S., III; Galanski, S. R.

1977-01-01

The theoretical heat-transfer distributions are compared with experimental heat-transfer distributions obtained in Tunnel B at AEDC using a 0.0175 scale model of the space shuttle orbiter configuration for which the first 80% of the windward surface was roughened by a simulated tile misalignment. The theoretical solutions indicate that thinning the boundary layer by surface cooling increased the nondimensionalized value of the local heat-transfer coefficient. Tile misalignment did not significantly affect the heat-transfer rate in regions where the boundary layer was either laminar or turbulent.

Nonlinear spatial evolution of inviscid instabilities on hypersonic boundary layers

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Wundrow, David W.

1996-01-01

The spatial development of an initially linear vorticity-mode instability on a compressible flat-plate boundary layer is considered. The analysis is done in the framework of the hypersonic limit where the free-stream Mach number M approaches infinity. Nonlinearity is shown to become important locally, in a thin critical layer, when sigma, the deviation of the phase speed from unity, becomes o(M(exp -8/7)) and the magnitude of the pressure fluctuations becomes 0(sigma(exp 5/2)M(exp 2)). The unsteady flow outside the critical layer takes the form of a linear instability wave but with its amplitude completely determined by the nonlinear flow within the critical layer. The coupled set of equations which govern the critical-layer dynamics reflect a balance between spatial-evolution, (linear and nonlinear) convection and nonlinear vorticity-generation terms. The numerical solution to these equations shows that nonlinear effects produce a dramatic reduction in the instability-wave amplitude.

Unsteady turbulent boundary layers in swimming rainbow trout.

PubMed

Yanase, Kazutaka; Saarenrinne, Pentti

2015-05-01

The boundary layers of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, swimming at 1.02±0.09 L s(-1) (mean±s.d., N=4), were measured by the particle image velocimetry (PIV) technique at a Reynolds number of 4×10(5). The boundary layer profile showed unsteadiness, oscillating above and beneath the classical logarithmic law of the wall with body motion. Across the entire surface regions that were measured, local Reynolds numbers based on momentum thickness, which is the distance that is perpendicular to the fish surface through which the boundary layer momentum flows at free-stream velocity, were greater than the critical value of 320 for the laminar-to-turbulent transition. The skin friction was dampened on the convex surface while the surface was moving towards a free-stream flow and increased on the concave surface while retreating. These observations contradict the result of a previous study using different species swimming by different methods. Boundary layer compression accompanied by an increase in local skin friction was not observed. Thus, the overall results may not support absolutely the Bone-Lighthill boundary layer thinning hypothesis that the undulatory motions of swimming fish cause a large increase in their friction drag because of the compression of the boundary layer. In some cases, marginal flow separation occurred on the convex surface in the relatively anterior surface region, but the separated flow reattached to the fish surface immediately downstream. Therefore, we believe that a severe impact due to induced drag components (i.e. pressure drag) on the swimming performance, an inevitable consequence of flow separation, was avoided. © 2015. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd.

Progress on Acoustic Measurements of the Bulk Viscosity of Near-Critical Xenon (BVX)

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Gillis, Keith A.; Shinder, Iosif I.; Moldover, Michael R.; Zimmerli, Gregory A.

2004-01-01

We plan to determine the bulk viscosity of xenon 10 times closer [in reduced temperature tau = (T-Tc)/Tc] to its liquid-vapor critical point than ever before. (Tc is the critical temperature.) To do so, we must measure the dispersion and attenuation of sound at frequencies 1/100 of those used previously. In general, sound attenuation has contributions from the bulk viscosity acting throughout the volume of the xenon as well as contributions from the thermal conductivity and the shear viscosity acting within thin thermoacoustic boundary layers at the interface between the xenon and the solid walls of the resonator. Thus, we can determine the bulk viscosity only when the boundary layer attenuation is small and well understood. We present a comparison of calculations and measurements of sound attenuation in the acoustic boundary layer of xenon near its liquid-vapor critical point.

Grain Boundary Induced Bias Instability in Soluble Acene-Based Thin-Film Transistors

PubMed Central

Nguyen, Ky V.; Payne, Marcia M.; Anthony, John E.; Lee, Jung Hun; Song, Eunjoo; Kang, Boseok; Cho, Kilwon; Lee, Wi Hyoung

2016-01-01

Since the grain boundaries (GBs) within the semiconductor layer of organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) have a strong influence on device performance, a substantial number of studies have been devoted to controlling the crystallization characteristics of organic semiconductors. We studied the intrinsic effects of GBs within 5,11-bis(triethylsilylethynyl) anthradithiophene (TES-ADT) thin films on the electrical properties of OFETs. The GB density was easily changed by controlling nulceation event in TES-ADT thin films. When the mixing time was increased, the number of aggregates in as-spun TES-ADT thin films were increased and subsequent exposure of the films to 1,2-dichloroethane vapor led to a significant increase in the number of nuleation sites, thereby increasing the GB density of TES-ADT spherulites. The density of GBs strongly influences the angular spread and crystallographic orientation of TES-ADT spherulites. Accordingly, the FETs with higher GB densities showed much poorer electrical characteristics than devices with lower GB density. Especially, GBs provide charge trapping sites which are responsible for bias-stress driven electrical instability. Dielectric surface treatment with a polystyrene brush layer clarified the GB-induced charge trapping by reducing charge trapping at the semiconductor-dielectric interface. Our study provides an understanding on GB induced bias instability for the development of high performance OFETs. PMID:27615358

Grain Boundary Induced Bias Instability in Soluble Acene-Based Thin-Film Transistors.

PubMed

Nguyen, Ky V; Payne, Marcia M; Anthony, John E; Lee, Jung Hun; Song, Eunjoo; Kang, Boseok; Cho, Kilwon; Lee, Wi Hyoung

2016-09-12

Since the grain boundaries (GBs) within the semiconductor layer of organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) have a strong influence on device performance, a substantial number of studies have been devoted to controlling the crystallization characteristics of organic semiconductors. We studied the intrinsic effects of GBs within 5,11-bis(triethylsilylethynyl) anthradithiophene (TES-ADT) thin films on the electrical properties of OFETs. The GB density was easily changed by controlling nulceation event in TES-ADT thin films. When the mixing time was increased, the number of aggregates in as-spun TES-ADT thin films were increased and subsequent exposure of the films to 1,2-dichloroethane vapor led to a significant increase in the number of nuleation sites, thereby increasing the GB density of TES-ADT spherulites. The density of GBs strongly influences the angular spread and crystallographic orientation of TES-ADT spherulites. Accordingly, the FETs with higher GB densities showed much poorer electrical characteristics than devices with lower GB density. Especially, GBs provide charge trapping sites which are responsible for bias-stress driven electrical instability. Dielectric surface treatment with a polystyrene brush layer clarified the GB-induced charge trapping by reducing charge trapping at the semiconductor-dielectric interface. Our study provides an understanding on GB induced bias instability for the development of high performance OFETs.

Generic instabilities in a fluid membrane coupled to a thin layer of ordered active polar fluid.

PubMed

Sarkar, Niladri; Basu, Abhik

2013-08-01

We develop an effective two-dimensional coarse-grained description for the coupled system of a planar fluid membrane anchored to a thin layer of polar ordered active fluid below. The macroscopic orientation of the active fluid layer is assumed to be perpendicular to the attached membrane. We demonstrate that activity or nonequilibrium drive of the active fluid makes such a system generically linearly unstable for either signature of a model parameter [Formula: see text] [Formula: see text] that characterises the strength of activity. Depending upon boundary conditions and within a range of the model parameters, underdamped propagating waves may be present in our model. We discuss the phenomenological significance of our results.

Recombination activity of grain boundaries in high-performance multicrystalline Si during solar cell processing

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Adamczyk, Krzysztof; Søndenâ, Rune; Stokkan, Gaute; Looney, Erin; Jensen, Mallory; Lai, Barry; Rinio, Markus; Di Sabatino, Marisa

2018-02-01

In this work, we applied internal quantum efficiency mapping to study the recombination activity of grain boundaries in High Performance Multicrystalline Silicon under different processing conditions. Wafers were divided into groups and underwent different thermal processing, consisting of phosphorus diffusion gettering and surface passivation with hydrogen rich layers. After these thermal treatments, wafers were processed into heterojunction with intrinsic thin layer solar cells. Light Beam Induced Current and Electron Backscatter Diffraction were applied to analyse the influence of thermal treatment during standard solar cell processing on different types of grain boundaries. The results show that after cell processing, most random-angle grain boundaries in the material are well passivated, but small-angle grain boundaries are not well passivated. Special cases of coincidence site lattice grain boundaries with high recombination activity are also found. Based on micro-X-ray fluorescence measurements, a change in the contamination level is suggested as the reason behind their increased activity.

Asynchronous Communication of TLNS3DMB Boundary Exchange

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Hammond, Dana P.

1997-01-01

This paper describes the recognition of implicit serialization due to coarse-grain, synchronous communication and demonstrates the conversion to asynchronous communication for the exchange of boundary condition information in the Thin-Layer Navier Stokes 3-Dimensional Multi Block (TLNS3DMB) code. The implementation details of using asynchronous communication is provided including buffer allocation, message identification, and barrier control. The IBM SP2 was used for the tests presented.

Downstream boundary effects on the frequency of self-excited oscillations in transonic diffuser flows

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hsieh, T.

1986-10-01

Investigation of downstream boundary effects on the frequency of self-excited oscillations in two-dimensional, separated transonic diffuser flows were conducted numerically by solving the compressible, Reynolds-averaged, thin-layer Navier-Stokes equation with two equation turbulence models. It was found that the flow fields are very sensitive to the location of the downstream boundary. Extension of the diffuser downstream boundary significantly reduces the frequency and amplitude of oscillations for pressure, velocity, and shock. The existence of a suction slot in the experimental setpup obscures the physical downstream boundary and therefore presents a difficulty for quantitative comparisons between computation and experiment.

Numerical methods for stiff systems of two-point boundary value problems

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Flaherty, J. E.; Omalley, R. E., Jr.

1983-01-01

Numerical procedures are developed for constructing asymptotic solutions of certain nonlinear singularly perturbed vector two-point boundary value problems having boundary layers at one or both endpoints. The asymptotic approximations are generated numerically and can either be used as is or to furnish a general purpose two-point boundary value code with an initial approximation and the nonuniform computational mesh needed for such problems. The procedures are applied to a model problem that has multiple solutions and to problems describing the deformation of thin nonlinear elastic beam that is resting on an elastic foundation.

Application of an Engineering Inviscid-Boundary Layer Method to Slender Three-Dimensional Vehicle Forebodies

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Riley, Christopher J.

1993-01-01

An engineering inviscid-boundary layer method has been modified for application to slender three-dimensional (3-D) forebodies which are characteristic of transatmospheric vehicles. An improved shock description in the nose region has been added to the inviscid technique which allows the calculation of a wider range of body geometries. The modified engineering method is applied to the perfect gas solution over a slender 3-D configuration at angle of attack. The method predicts surface pressures and laminar heating rates on the windward side of the vehicle that compare favorably with numerical solutions of the thin-layer Navier-Stokes equations. These improvements extend the 3-D capabilities of the engineering method and significantly increase its design applications.

Depth resolved lattice-charge coupling in epitaxial BiFeO3 thin film

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Lee, Hyeon Jun; Lee, Sung Su; Kwak, Jeong Hun

2016-12-01

For epitaxial films, a critical thickness (t c) can create a phenomenological interface between a strained bottom layer and a relaxed top layer. Here, we present an experimental report of how the tc in BiFeO 3 thin films acts as a boundary to determine the crystalline phase, ferroelectricity, and piezoelectricity in 60 nm thick BiFeO 3/SrRuO 3/SrTiO 3 substrate. We found larger Fe cation displacement of the relaxed layer than that of strained layer. In the time-resolved X-ray microdiffraction analyses, the piezoelectric response of the BiFeO 3 film was resolved into a strained layer with an extremely low piezoelectric coefficientmore » of 2.4 pm/V and a relaxed layer with a piezoelectric coefficient of 32 pm/V. The difference in the Fe displacements between the strained and relaxed layers is in good agreement with the differences in the piezoelectric coefficient due to the electromechanical coupling.« less

Depth resolved lattice-charge coupling in epitaxial BiFeO3 thin film

PubMed Central

Lee, Hyeon Jun; Lee, Sung Su; Kwak, Jeong Hun; Kim, Young-Min; Jeong, Hu Young; Borisevich, Albina Y.; Lee, Su Yong; Noh, Do Young; Kwon, Owoong; Kim, Yunseok; Jo, Ji Young

2016-01-01

For epitaxial films, a critical thickness (tc) can create a phenomenological interface between a strained bottom layer and a relaxed top layer. Here, we present an experimental report of how the tc in BiFeO3 thin films acts as a boundary to determine the crystalline phase, ferroelectricity, and piezoelectricity in 60 nm thick BiFeO3/SrRuO3/SrTiO3 substrate. We found larger Fe cation displacement of the relaxed layer than that of strained layer. In the time-resolved X-ray microdiffraction analyses, the piezoelectric response of the BiFeO3 film was resolved into a strained layer with an extremely low piezoelectric coefficient of 2.4 pm/V and a relaxed layer with a piezoelectric coefficient of 32 pm/V. The difference in the Fe displacements between the strained and relaxed layers is in good agreement with the differences in the piezoelectric coefficient due to the electromechanical coupling. PMID:27929103

Rod-shaped cavitation bubble structure in ultrasonic field.

PubMed

Bai, Lixin; Wu, Pengfei; Liu, Huiyu; Yan, Jiuchun; Su, Chang; Li, Chao

2018-06-01

Rod-shaped cavitation bubble structure in thin liquid layers in ultrasonic field is investigated experimentally. It is found that cavitation structure successively experiences several stages with the change of the thickness of the thin liquid layer. Rod-shaped structure is a stable structure of the boundary between the cavitation cloud region and the non-cavitation liquid region, which can be formed in two different ways. Cavitation bubbles in a thin liquid layer have a distribution in the thickness direction. The rod-shaped structures tend to crosslink with each other to form stable Y-branch structures. The angle of the Y-branch structure is Gauss distribution with mathematical expectation μ = 119.93. A special rod-shaped cavitation structure with source is also investigated in detail. Due to the pressure gradient in the normal direction, the primary Bjerknes force causes the bubbles in the rod-shaped structure on both sides to converge to the axis. The secondary Bjerknes forces between the bubbles also make the cluster converge, so the large bubbles which are attached to the radiating surface tend to align themselves along the central line. According to the formula deduced in this paper, the variation of curvature of curved rod-shaped structure is qualitatively analyzed. The Y-branch structure of cavitation cloud and Plateau boundary of soap bubbles are compared. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

White dwarf stars with chemically stratified atmospheres

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Muchmore, D.

1982-01-01

Recent observations and theory suggest that some white dwarfs may have chemically stratified atmospheres - thin layers of hydrogen lying above helium-rich envelopes. Models of such atmospheres show that a discontinuous temperature inversion can occur at the boundary between the layers. Model spectra for layered atmospheres at 30,000 K and 50,000 K tend to have smaller decrements at 912 A, 504 A, and 228 A than uniform atmospheres would have. On the basis of their continuous extreme ultraviolet spectra, it is possible to distinguish observationally between uniform and layered atmospheres for hot white dwarfs.

The history and fate of three families of lithosphere on Earth

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lee, C. T.

2016-12-01

Based on compilations of surface heat flux to constrain the thermal boundary layer thickness, lithosphere thickness can be shown to have a trimodal distribution. In ocean basins, lithosphere thickness ranges from thin (<10 km) beneath young ocean basins, which dominate, to thick (<100 km) beneath old ocean basins, which are rare due to subduction. Continents have thicker lithospheres and define two additional peaks: 30%, reflecting most of the Archean cratons, are 180-220 km thick and 60% are 90-140 km thick. While ocean basins subduct after their lithospheres grow thick, continents do not, despite their thicker lithospheres. The insubductibility of continents is because the buoyancy of thick crust compensates for the thick cold lithosphere and because continental thermal boundary layers do not grow indefinitely. Lithospheric growth is understood to be limited by the onset of small-scale convective instabilities, but why then do continental lithospheres have two different critical thicknesses? Initial thickness, at the time of formation, is critical. Continental lithospheres less than 120 km thick are subject to magmatic modification (refertilization) in the form of thermo-chemical erosion, which gradually thins the lithosphere. Lithospheres greater than 120 km appear to be relatively immune to significant lithospheric thinning. This may in part be because refertilization-driven destabilization does not occur since deep melting is suppressed beneath thick lithosphere. To resist thermal thinning, it seems necessary that anomalously thick lithospheres were born with intrinsic strength, widely hypothesized to have been imparted by the unusual petrogenesis of cratonic mantle, wherein high degrees of melting early in Earth's history resulted in the formation of a dehydrated and strong chemical boundary layer. Another possibility is that cratonic mantle is characterized by the strengthening effects of larger grain size, owing to the high degrees of melting that decrease the number of clinopyroxene pinning points. In summary, a lithosphere's fate depends on the nature of its origin. Continental lithospheres born thick will have long, boring lives, continental lithospheres born thin will be forever tormented, and oceanic lithospheres are fated to have calm but brief lives at the Earth's surface.

The Effect of Interface Cracks on the Electrical Performance of Solar Cells

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kim, Hansung; Tofail, Md. Towfiq; John, Ciby

2018-04-01

Among a variety of solar cell types, thin-film solar cells have been rigorously investigated as cost-effective and efficient solar cells. In many cases, flexible solar cells are also fabricated as thin films and undergo frequent stress due to the rolling and bending modes of applications. These frequent motions result in crack initiation and propagation (including delamination) in the thin-film solar cells, which cause degradation in efficiency. Reliability evaluation of solar cells is essential for developing a new type of solar cell. In this paper, we investigated the effect of layer delamination and grain boundary crack on 3D thin-film solar cells. We used finite element method simulation for modeling of both electrical performance and cracked structure of 3D solar cells. Through simulations, we quantitatively calculated the effect of delamination length on 3D copper indium gallium diselenide (CIGS) solar cell performance. Moreover, it was confirmed that the grain boundary of CIGS could improve the solar cell performance and that grain boundary cracks could decrease cell performance by altering the open circuit voltage. In this paper, the investigated material is a CIGS solar cell, but our method can be applied to general polycrystalline solar cells.

Mantle updrafts and mechanisms of oceanic volcanism.

PubMed

Anderson, Don L; Natland, James H

2014-10-14

Convection in an isolated planet is characterized by narrow downwellings and broad updrafts--consequences of Archimedes' principle, the cooling required by the second law of thermodynamics, and the effect of compression on material properties. A mature cooling planet with a conductive low-viscosity core develops a thick insulating surface boundary layer with a thermal maximum, a subadiabatic interior, and a cooling highly conductive but thin boundary layer above the core. Parts of the surface layer sink into the interior, displacing older, colder material, which is entrained by spreading ridges. Magma characteristics of intraplate volcanoes are derived from within the upper boundary layer. Upper mantle features revealed by seismic tomography and that are apparently related to surface volcanoes are intrinsically broad and are not due to unresolved narrow jets. Their morphology, aspect ratio, inferred ascent rate, and temperature show that they are passively responding to downward fluxes, as appropriate for a cooling planet that is losing more heat through its surface than is being provided from its core or from radioactive heating. Response to doward flux is the inverse of the heat-pipe/mantle-plume mode of planetary cooling. Shear-driven melt extraction from the surface boundary layer explains volcanic provinces such as Yellowstone, Hawaii, and Samoa. Passive upwellings from deeper in the upper mantle feed ridges and near-ridge hotspots, and others interact with the sheared and metasomatized surface layer. Normal plate tectonic processes are responsible both for plate boundary and intraplate swells and volcanism.

Mantle updrafts and mechanisms of oceanic volcanism

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Anderson, Don L.; Natland, James H.

2014-10-01

Convection in an isolated planet is characterized by narrow downwellings and broad updrafts-consequences of Archimedes' principle, the cooling required by the second law of thermodynamics, and the effect of compression on material properties. A mature cooling planet with a conductive low-viscosity core develops a thick insulating surface boundary layer with a thermal maximum, a subadiabatic interior, and a cooling highly conductive but thin boundary layer above the core. Parts of the surface layer sink into the interior, displacing older, colder material, which is entrained by spreading ridges. Magma characteristics of intraplate volcanoes are derived from within the upper boundary layer. Upper mantle features revealed by seismic tomography and that are apparently related to surface volcanoes are intrinsically broad and are not due to unresolved narrow jets. Their morphology, aspect ratio, inferred ascent rate, and temperature show that they are passively responding to downward fluxes, as appropriate for a cooling planet that is losing more heat through its surface than is being provided from its core or from radioactive heating. Response to doward flux is the inverse of the heat-pipe/mantle-plume mode of planetary cooling. Shear-driven melt extraction from the surface boundary layer explains volcanic provinces such as Yellowstone, Hawaii, and Samoa. Passive upwellings from deeper in the upper mantle feed ridges and near-ridge hotspots, and others interact with the sheared and metasomatized surface layer. Normal plate tectonic processes are responsible both for plate boundary and intraplate swells and volcanism.

Mantle updrafts and mechanisms of oceanic volcanism

PubMed Central

Anderson, Don L.; Natland, James H.

2014-01-01

Convection in an isolated planet is characterized by narrow downwellings and broad updrafts—consequences of Archimedes’ principle, the cooling required by the second law of thermodynamics, and the effect of compression on material properties. A mature cooling planet with a conductive low-viscosity core develops a thick insulating surface boundary layer with a thermal maximum, a subadiabatic interior, and a cooling highly conductive but thin boundary layer above the core. Parts of the surface layer sink into the interior, displacing older, colder material, which is entrained by spreading ridges. Magma characteristics of intraplate volcanoes are derived from within the upper boundary layer. Upper mantle features revealed by seismic tomography and that are apparently related to surface volcanoes are intrinsically broad and are not due to unresolved narrow jets. Their morphology, aspect ratio, inferred ascent rate, and temperature show that they are passively responding to downward fluxes, as appropriate for a cooling planet that is losing more heat through its surface than is being provided from its core or from radioactive heating. Response to doward flux is the inverse of the heat-pipe/mantle-plume mode of planetary cooling. Shear-driven melt extraction from the surface boundary layer explains volcanic provinces such as Yellowstone, Hawaii, and Samoa. Passive upwellings from deeper in the upper mantle feed ridges and near-ridge hotspots, and others interact with the sheared and metasomatized surface layer. Normal plate tectonic processes are responsible both for plate boundary and intraplate swells and volcanism. PMID:25201992

Scattering of elastic waves from thin shapes in three dimensions using the composite boundary integral equation formulation

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Liu, Y.; Rizzo, F.J.

1997-08-01

In this paper, the composite boundary integral equation (BIE) formulation is applied to scattering of elastic waves from thin shapes with small but {ital finite} thickness (open cracks or thin voids, thin inclusions, thin-layer interfaces, etc.), which are modeled with {ital two surfaces}. This composite BIE formulation, which is an extension of the Burton and Miller{close_quote}s formulation for acoustic waves, uses a linear combination of the conventional BIE and the hypersingular BIE. For thin shapes, the conventional BIE, as well as the hypersingular BIE, will degenerate (or nearly degenerate) if they are applied {ital individually} on the two surfaces. Themore » composite BIE formulation, however, will not degenerate for such problems, as demonstrated in this paper. Nearly singular and hypersingular integrals, which arise in problems involving thin shapes modeled with two surfaces, are transformed into sums of weakly singular integrals and nonsingular line integrals. Thus, no finer mesh is needed to compute these nearly singular integrals. Numerical examples of elastic waves scattered from penny-shaped cracks with varying openings are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the composite BIE formulation. {copyright} {ital 1997 Acoustical Society of America.}« less

Hypersonic aerodynamic characteristics of a family of power-law, wing body configurations

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Townsend, J. C.

1973-01-01

The configurations analyzed are half-axisymmetric, power-law bodies surmounted by thin, flat wings. The wing planform matches the body shock-wave shape. Analytic solutions of the hypersonic small disturbance equations form a basis for calculating the longitudinal aerodynamic characteristics. Boundary-layer displacement effects on the body and the wing upper surface are approximated. Skin friction is estimated by using compressible, laminar boundary-layer solutions. Good agreement was obtained with available experimental data for which the basic theoretical assumptions were satisfied. The method is used to estimate the effects of power-law, fineness ratio, and Mach number variations at full-scale conditions. The computer program is included.

Demonstrating antiphase domain boundary-free GaAs buffer layer on zero off-cut Si (0 0 1) substrate for interfacial misfit dislocation GaSb film by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ha, Minh Thien Huu; Hoang Huynh, Sa; Binh Do, Huy; Nguyen, Tuan Anh; Luc, Quang Ho; Chang, Edward Yi

2017-08-01

High quality 40 nm GaSb thin film was grown on the zero off-cut Si (0 0 1)-oriented substrate using metalorganic chemical vapor deposition with the temperature-graded GaAs buffer layer. The growth time of the GaAs nucleation layer, which was deposited at a low temperature of 490 °C, is systematically investigated in this paper. Cross-sections of the high resolution transmission electron microscopy images indicate that the GaAs compound formed 3D-islands first before to quasi-2D islands, and finally formed uniform GaAs layer. The optimum thickness of the 490 °C-GaAs layer was found to be 10 nm to suppress the formation of antiphase domain boundaries (APDs). The thin GaAs nucleation layer had a root-mean-square surface roughness of 0.483 nm. This allows the continued high temperature GaAs buffer layer to be achieved with low threading dislocation density of around 7.1  ×  106 cm-2 and almost invisible APDs. Finally, a fully relaxed GaSb film was grown on the top of the GaAs/Si heterostructure using interfacial misfit dislocation growth mode. These results indicate that the GaSb epitaxial layer can be grown on Si substrate with GaAs buffer layer for future p-channel metal-oxide-semiconductor field effect transistors (MOSFETs) applications.

Epitaxial Ba2IrO4 thin-films grown on SrTiO3 substrates by pulsed laser deposition

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Nichols, J.; Korneta, O. B.; Terzic, J.; Cao, G.; Brill, J. W.; Seo, S. S. A.

2014-03-01

We have synthesized epitaxial Ba2IrO4 (BIO) thin-films on SrTiO3 (001) substrates by pulsed laser deposition and studied their electronic structure by dc-transport and optical spectroscopic experiments. We have observed that BIO thin-films are insulating but close to the metal-insulator transition boundary with significantly smaller transport and optical gap energies than its sister compound, Sr2IrO4. Moreover, BIO thin-films have both an enhanced electronic bandwidth and electronic-correlation energy. Our results suggest that BIO thin-films have great potential for realizing the interesting physical properties predicted in layered iridates.

Enhanced viscous flow drag reduction using acoustic excitation

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Nagel, R. T.

1988-01-01

Large eddy break up devices (LEBUs) constitute a promising method of obtaining drag reduction in a turbulent boundary layer. Enhancement of the LEBU effectiveness by exciting its trailing edge with acoustic waves phase locked to the large scale structure influencing the momentum transfer to the wall is sought. An initial estimate of the required sound pressure level for an effective pulse was obtained by considering the magnitude of the pressure perturbations at the near wake of a thin plate in inviscid flow. Detailed skin friction measurments were obtained in the flow region downstream of a LEBU excited with acoustic waves. The data are compared with skin friction measurements of a simply manipulated flow, without acoustic excitation and with a plain flow configuration. The properties and the scales of motion in the flow regime downstream of the acoustically excited LEBU are studied. A parametric study based upon the characteristics of the acoustic input was pursued in addition to the careful mapping of the drag reduction phenomenon within the acoustically manipulated boundary layer. This study of boundary layer manipulation has lead to improved skin friction drag reduction and further understanding of the turbulent boundary layer.

Numerical simulation of the supersonic boundary layer interaction with arbitrary oriented acoustic waves

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Semenov, A. N.; Gaponov, S. A.

2017-10-01

Based the direct numerical simulation in the paper the supersonic flow around of the infinitely thin plate, which was perturbed by the acoustic wave, was investigated. Calculations carried out in the case of small perturbations at the Mach number M=2 and Reynold's numbers Re<600. It is established that the velocity perturbation amplitude within the boundary layer is greater than the amplitude of the external acoustic wave in several times, the maximum amplitude growth is reached 10. At the small sliding and incidence angles the velocity perturbations amplitude increased monotonously with Reynold's numbers. At rather great values of these angles there are maxima in dependences of the velocity perturbations amplitude on the Reynold's number. The oscillations exaltation in the boundary layer by the sound wave more efficiently if the plate is irradiated from above. At the fixed Reynolds's number and frequency there are critical values of the sliding and incidence angles (χ, φ) at which the disturbances excited by a sound wave are maxima. At M=2 it takes place at χ≈ φ ≈30°. The excitation efficiency of perturbations in the boundary layer increases with the Mach number, and it decreases with a frequency.

Vehicle cabin cooling system for capturing and exhausting heated boundary layer air from inner surfaces of solar heated windows

DOEpatents

Farrington, Robert B.; Anderson, Ren

2001-01-01

The cabin cooling system includes a cooling duct positioned proximate and above upper edges of one or more windows of a vehicle to exhaust hot air as the air is heated by inner surfaces of the windows and forms thin boundary layers of heated air adjacent the heated windows. The cabin cooling system includes at least one fan to draw the hot air into the cooling duct at a flow rate that captures the hot air in the boundary layer without capturing a significant portion of the cooler cabin interior air and to discharge the hot air at a point outside the vehicle cabin, such as the vehicle trunk. In a preferred embodiment, the cooling duct has a cross-sectional area that gradually increases from a distal point to a proximal point to the fan inlet to develop a substantially uniform pressure drop along the length of the cooling duct. Correspondingly, this cross-sectional configuration develops a uniform suction pressure and uniform flow rate at the upper edge of the window to capture the hot air in the boundary layer adjacent each window.

Analytic Corrections to CFD Heating Predictions Accounting for Changes in Surface Catalysis. Part II

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Gnoffo, Peter A.; Inger, George R.

1996-01-01

A new approach for combining the insight afforded by integral boundary-layer analysis with comprehensive (but time intensive) computational fluid dynamic (CFD) flowfield solutions of the thin-layer Navier-Stokes equations is described. The approach extracts CFD derived quantities at the wall and at the boundary layer edge for inclusion in a post-processing boundary-layer analysis. It allows a designer at a work-station to address two questions, given a single CFD solution. (1) How much does the heating change for a thermal protection system (TPS) with different catalytic properties than was used in the original CFD solution? (2) How does the heating change at the interface of two different TPS materials with an abrupt change in catalytic efficiency? The answer to the second question is particularly important, because abrupt changes from low to high catalytic efficiency can lead to localized increase in heating which exceeds the usually conservative estimate provided by a fully catalytic wall assumption. Capabilities of this approach for application to Reusable Launch Vehicle (RLV) design are demonstrated. If the definition of surface catalysis is uncertain early in the design process, results show that fully catalytic wall boundary conditions provide the best baseline for CFD design points.

Swept shock/boundary layer interaction experiments in support of CFD code validation

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Settles, G. S.; Lee, Y.

1992-01-01

Research on the topic of shock wave/turbulent boundary-layer interaction was carried out during the past three years at the Penn State Gas Dynamics Laboratory. This report describes the experimental research program which provides basic knowledge and establishes new data on heat transfer in swept shock wave/boundary-layer interactions. An equilibrium turbulent boundary-layer on a flat plate is subjected to impingement by swept planar shock waves generated by a sharp fin. Five different interactions with fin angle ranging from 10 deg to 20 deg at freestream Mach numbers of 3.0 and 4.0 produce a variety of interaction strengths from weak to very strong. A foil heater generates a uniform heat flux over the flat plate surface, and miniature thin-film-resistance sensors mounted on it are used to measure the local surface temperature. The heat convection equation is then solved for the heat transfer distribution within an interaction, yielding a total uncertainty of about +/- 10 percent. These experimental data are compared with the results of numerical Navier-Stokes solutions which employ a k-epsilon turbulence model. Finally, a simplified form of the peak heat transfer correlation for fin interactions is suggested.

Buckling transition and boundary layer in non-Euclidean plates.

PubMed

Efrati, Efi; Sharon, Eran; Kupferman, Raz

2009-07-01

Non-Euclidean plates are thin elastic bodies having no stress-free configuration, hence exhibiting residual stresses in the absence of external constraints. These bodies are endowed with a three-dimensional reference metric, which may not necessarily be immersible in physical space. Here, based on a recently developed theory for such bodies, we characterize the transition from flat to buckled equilibrium configurations at a critical value of the plate thickness. Depending on the reference metric, the buckling transition may be either continuous or discontinuous. In the infinitely thin plate limit, under the assumption that a limiting configuration exists, we show that the limit is a configuration that minimizes the bending content, among all configurations with zero stretching content (isometric immersions of the midsurface). For small but finite plate thickness, we show the formation of a boundary layer, whose size scales with the square root of the plate thickness and whose shape is determined by a balance between stretching and bending energies.

Gate-bias and temperature dependence of charge transport in dinaphtho[2,3-b:2‧,3‧-d]thiophene thin-film transistors with MoO3/Au electrodes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Shaari, Safizan; Naka, Shigeki; Okada, Hiroyuki

2018-04-01

We investigated the gate-bias and temperature dependence of the voltage-current (V-I) characteristics of dinaphtho[2,3-b:2‧,3‧-d]thiophene with MoO3/Au electrodes. The insertion of the MoO3 layer significantly improved the device performance. The temperature dependent V-I characteristics were evaluated and could be well fitted by the Schottky thermionic emission model with barrier height under forward- and reverse-biased regimes in the ranges of 33-57 and 49-73 meV, respectively. However, at a gate voltage of 0 V, at which a small activation energy was obtained, we needed to consider another conduction mechanism at the grain boundary. From the obtained results, we concluded that two possible conduction mechanisms governed the charge injection at the metal electrode-organic semiconductor interface: the Schottky thermionic emission model and the conduction model in the organic thin-film layer and grain boundary.

Experimental study of thermocapillary flows in a thin liquid layer with heat fluxes imposed on the free surface

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Lai, Chun-Liang; Greenberg, Paul S.; Chai, An-Ti

1988-01-01

To study thermocapillary flows in a two-dimensional thin liquid layer with heat fluxes imposed on the free surface experimentally, a long tray configuration was employed to simulate the infinite layer. The surface temperature distribution due to thermocapillary convective for different flow regimes was measured and compared with theoretical predictions. A short tray configuration was also employed to study the end wall effects (insulating or conducting). The results show that for a strong convection flow with an insulating wall as the boundary the surface temperature distribution became quite uniform. Consequently, the thermocapillary driving force was greatly reduced. On the other hand, a strong fluid motion always existed adjacent to the conducting wall because of the large surface temperature gradient near the wall.

Tomography reveals buoyant asthenosphere accumulating beneath the Juan de Fuca plate

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hawley, William B.; Allen, Richard M.; Richards, Mark A.

2016-09-01

The boundary between Earth’s strong lithospheric plates and the underlying mantle asthenosphere corresponds to an abrupt seismic velocity decrease and electrical conductivity increase with depth, perhaps indicating a thin, weak layer that may strongly influence plate motion dynamics. The behavior of such a layer at subduction zones remains unexplored. We present a tomographic model, derived from on- and offshore seismic experiments, that reveals a strong low-velocity feature beneath the subducting Juan de Fuca slab along the entire Cascadia subduction zone. Through simple geodynamic arguments, we propose that this low-velocity feature is the accumulation of material from a thin, weak, buoyant layer present beneath the entire oceanic lithosphere. The presence of this feature could have major implications for our understanding of the asthenosphere and subduction zone dynamics.

On radiative heat transfer in stagnation point flow of MHD Carreau fluid over a stretched surface

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Khan, Masood; Sardar, Humara; Mudassar Gulzar, M.

2018-03-01

This paper investigates the behavior of MHD stagnation point flow of Carreau fluid in the presence of infinite shear rate viscosity. Additionally heat transfer analysis in the existence of non-linear radiation with convective boundary condition is performed. Moreover effects of Joule heating is observed and mathematical analysis is presented in the presence of viscous dissipation. The suitable transformations are employed to alter the leading partial differential equations to a set of ordinary differential equations. The subsequent non-straight common ordinary differential equations are solved numerically by an effective numerical approach specifically Runge-Kutta Fehlberg method alongside shooting technique. It is found that the higher values of Hartmann number (M) correspond to thickening of the thermal and thinning of momentum boundary layer thickness. The analysis further reveals that the fluid velocity is diminished by increasing the viscosity ratio parameter (β∗) and opposite trend is observed for temperature profile for both hydrodynamic and hydromagnetic flows. In addition the momentum boundary layer thickness is increased with velocity ratio parameter (α) and opposite is true for thermal boundary layer thickness.

Effect of interface-dependent crystalline boundary on sub-threshold characteristics in a solution-processed 6,13-bis(triisopropylsilylethynyl)-pentacene thin-film transistor

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kwon, Jin-Hyuk; Kang, In Man; Bae, Jin-Hyuk

2014-03-01

We demonstrate how the sub-threshold characteristics are affected by the density of crystalline domain boundaries directly governed by an organic semiconductor (OSC) - a gate insulator interface in a solution-processed 6,13-bis(triisopropylsilylethynyl)-pentacene (TIPS-pentacene) thin-film transistor (TFT). For generation of an engineered interface, a self assembled monolayer of octadecyltricholorosilane (OTS) was produced between a solution processed TIPS-pentacene film and a silicon dioxide layer. The interfacial charge trap density (Ntrap) deduced from the sub-threshold characteristics was significantly minimized after OTS treatment due to reduced crystal domain boundaries in the TIPS-pentacene film. In addition, the carrier mobility exhibits a value twice as large by OTS treatment. It is found that less crystal domain boundaries in the solution-processed OSC obtained from the engineered interface play an important role in inducing improved sub-threshold characteristics together with increased carrier mobility in organic TFTs.

The fix for tough spots

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Anders, John B.; Walsh, Michael J.; Bushnell, Dennis M.

1988-01-01

Modern turbulence-control techniques are discussed. Particular atention is given to retrofit techniques such as riblets and large-eddy breakup (LEBU) devices which use passive elements suitable for a variety of existing vehicles with minimum added complexity. Riblets are small flow-aligned grooves in the aircraft skin that damp turbulence and reduce skin friction; the mechanism of riblet drag reduction derives from the enhancement of turbulence-altering, transverse viscous forces by strong spanwise surface geometry gradients. LEBUs are thin plates or ribbons suspended in a turbulent boundary layer to sever or break up the large vortices that form the convoluted outer edge of the layer. Other turbulence-control techniques are discussed, including one that involves the injection of control vortices into the turbulent boundary layer to modify or substitute for large-eddy structures.

Epitaxial growth and physical properties of ternary nitride thin films by polymer-assisted deposition

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Enriquez, Erik; Zhang, Yingying; Chen, Aiping; Bi, Zhenxing; Wang, Yongqiang; Fu, Engang; Harrell, Zachary; Lü, Xujie; Dowden, Paul; Wang, Haiyan; Chen, Chonglin; Jia, Quanxi

2016-08-01

Epitaxial layered ternary metal-nitride FeMoN2, (Fe0.33Mo0.67)MoN2, CoMoN2, and FeWN2 thin films have been grown on c-plane sapphire substrates by polymer-assisted deposition. The ABN2 layer sits on top of the oxygen sublattices of the substrate with three possible matching configurations due to the significantly reduced lattice mismatch. The doping composition and elements affect not only the out-of-plane lattice parameters but also the temperature-dependent electrical properties. These films have resistivity in the range of 0.1-1 mΩ.cm, showing tunable metallic or semiconducting behaviors by adjusting the composition. A modified parallel connection channel model has been used to analyze the grain boundary and Coulomb blockade effect on the electrical properties. The growth of the high crystallinity layered epitaxial thin films provides an avenue to study the composition-structure-property relationship in ABN2 materials through A and B-site substitution.

Local Deplanation Of Double Reinforced Beam Cross Section Under Bending

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Baltov, Anguel; Yanakieva, Ana

2015-12-01

Bending of beams, double reinforced by means of thin composite layers, is considered in the study. Approximate numerical solution is proposed, considering transitional boundary areas, where smooth quadratic transition of the elasticity modulus and deformations take place. Deplanation of the cross section is also accounted for in the areas. Their thickness is found equalizing the total stiffness of the cross section and the layer stiffness. Deplanation of the cross section of the transitional area is determined via the longitudinal deformation in the reinforcing layer, accounting for the equilibrium between the internal and the external moment, generated by the longitudinal stresses in the cross section. A numerical example is given as an illustration demonstrating model's plausibility. The model allows the design and the calculation of recycled concrete beams double reinforced by means of thin layers. The approach is in agreement with modern design of nearly zero energy buildings (NZEB).

Multiscale Currents Observed by MMS in the Flow Braking Region

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Nakamura, Rumi; Varsani, Ali; Genestreti, Kevin J.; Le Contel, Olivier; Nakamura, Takuma; Baumjohann, Wolfgang; Nagai, Tsugunobu; Artemyev, Anton; Birn, Joachim; Sergeev, Victor A.; Apatenkov, Sergey; Ergun, Robert E.; Fuselier, Stephen A.; Gershman, Daniel J.; Giles, Barbara J.; Khotyaintsev, Yuri V.; Lindqvist, Per-Arne; Magnes, Werner; Mauk, Barry; Petrukovich, Anatoli; Russell, Christopher T.; Stawarz, Julia; Strangeway, Robert J.; Anderson, Brian; Burch, James L.; Bromund, Ken R.; Cohen, Ian; Fischer, David; Jaynes, Allison; Kepko, Laurence; Le, Guan; Plaschke, Ferdinand; Reeves, Geoff; Singer, Howard J.; Slavin, James A.; Torbert, Roy B.; Turner, Drew L.

2018-02-01

We present characteristics of current layers in the off-equatorial near-Earth plasma sheet boundary observed with high time-resolution measurements from the Magnetospheric Multiscale mission during an intense substorm associated with multiple dipolarizations. The four Magnetospheric Multiscale spacecraft, separated by distances of about 50 km, were located in the southern hemisphere in the dusk portion of a substorm current wedge. They observed fast flow disturbances (up to about 500 km/s), most intense in the dawn-dusk direction. Field-aligned currents were observed initially within the expanding plasma sheet, where the flow and field disturbances showed the distinct pattern expected in the braking region of localized flows. Subsequently, intense thin field-aligned current layers were detected at the inner boundary of equatorward moving flux tubes together with Earthward streaming hot ions. Intense Hall current layers were found adjacent to the field-aligned currents. In particular, we found a Hall current structure in the vicinity of the Earthward streaming ion jet that consisted of mixed ion components, that is, hot unmagnetized ions, cold E × B drifting ions, and magnetized electrons. Our observations show that both the near-Earth plasma jet diversion and the thin Hall current layers formed around the reconnection jet boundary are the sites where diversion of the perpendicular currents take place that contribute to the observed field-aligned current pattern as predicted by simulations of reconnection jets. Hence, multiscale structure of flow braking is preserved in the field-aligned currents in the off-equatorial plasma sheet and is also translated to ionosphere to become a part of the substorm field-aligned current system.

Influence of incoherent twin boundaries on the electrical properties of β-Ga2O3 layers homoepitaxially grown by metal-organic vapor phase epitaxy

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fiedler, A.; Schewski, R.; Baldini, M.; Galazka, Z.; Wagner, G.; Albrecht, M.; Irmscher, K.

2017-10-01

We present a quantitative model that addresses the influence of incoherent twin boundaries on the electrical properties in β-Ga2O3. This model can explain the mobility collapse below a threshold electron concentration of 1 × 1018 cm-3 as well as partly the low doping efficiency in β-Ga2O3 layers grown homoepitaxially by metal-organic vapor phase epitaxy on (100) substrates of only slight off-orientation. A structural analysis by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) reveals a high density of twin lamellae in these layers. In contrast to the coherent twin boundaries parallel to the (100) plane, the lateral incoherent twin boundaries exhibit one dangling bond per unit cell that acts as an acceptor-like electron trap. Since the twin lamellae are thin, we consider the incoherent twin boundaries to be line defects with a density of 1011-1012 cm-2 as determined by TEM. We estimate the influence of the incoherent twin boundaries on the electrical transport properties by adapting Read's model of charged dislocations. Our calculations quantitatively confirm that the mobility reduction and collapse as well as partly the compensation are due to the presence of twin lamellae.

Heat Shield Cavity Parametric Experimental Aeroheating for a Proposed Mars Smart Lander Aeroshell

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Liechty, Derek S.; Hollis, Brian R.

2002-01-01

The proposed Mars Smart Lander is to be attached through its aeroshell to the main spacecraft bus, thereby producing cavities in the heat shield. To study the effects these cavities will have on the heating levels experienced by the heat shield, an experimental aeroheating investigation was performed at the NASA Langley Research Center in the 20-Inch Mach 6 Air Tunnel. The effects of Reynolds number, angle-of-attack, and cavity size and location on aero-heating levels and distributions were determined and are presented. To aid the discussion on the effects of the cavities, laminar, thin-layer Navier-Stokes flow field solutions were post-processed to calculate relevant boundary layer properties such as boundary layer height and momentum thickness, edge Mach number, and streamwise pressure gradient. It was found that the effect of the cavities varies with angle-of-attack, freestream Reynolds number, and cavity size and location. The presence of a cavity raised the downstream heating rates by as much as 325% as a result of boundary layer transition.

Aircraft Boundary-layer Measurements in the Gulf of Tehuantepec

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Friehe, Carl; Melville, W. K.

2005-11-01

Airborne flux, meteorological, and wave measurements were made from the NSF/NCAR EC130Q aircraft in the Gulf of Tehuantepec under strong boundary-layer gap winds up to 25 m/sec at 33 m height. Statistics of flux estimates were obtained from multiple 33-m tracks flown under reasonably stationary and homogeneous conditions. Flux divergence was obtained from stack patterns flown at various distances from shore. Tracks flown at 33 m between the stacks provided the pressure gradient and advection terms in the momentum balance. Near shore, flux divergence was important and approximately balanced by the pressure gradient and advective terms; off-shore (400 km), divergence was small and again approximately in balance with the other two terms. Data from dropsondes and the Scanning Aerosol Backscatter LIDAR (SABL) revealed that the internal boundary layer initially thins off-shore as the gap wind field spreads horizontally, and then thickens due to turbulent mixing and possible hydraulic effects. Supported by NSF Division of Ocean Sciences.

Sound transmission through double cylindrical shells lined with porous material under turbulent boundary layer excitation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhou, Jie; Bhaskar, Atul; Zhang, Xin

2015-11-01

This paper investigates sound transmission through double-walled cylindrical shell lined with poroelastic material in the core, excited by pressure fluctuations due to the exterior turbulent boundary layer (TBL). Biot's model is used to describe the sound wave propagating in the porous material. Three types of constructions, bonded-bonded, bonded-unbonded and unbonded-unbonded, are considered in this study. The power spectral density (PSD) of the inner shell kinetic energy is predicted for two turbulent boundary layer models, different air gap depths and three types of polyimide foams, respectively. The peaks of the inner shell kinetic energy due to shell resonance, hydrodynamic coincidence and acoustic coincidence are discussed. The results show that if the frequency band over the ring frequency is of interest, an air gap, even if very thin, should exist between the two elastic shells for better sound insulation. And if small density foam has a high flow resistance, a superior sound insulation can still be maintained.

Thermal Convection in a Creeping Solid With Melting/Freezing Interfaces at Either or Both Boundaries

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Labrosse, S.; Morison, A.; Deguen, R.; Alboussiere, T.; Tackley, P. J.; Agrusta, R.

2017-12-01

Thermal convection in the solid mantles of the Earth, other terrestrial planets and icy satellites sets in while it is still crystallising from a liquid layer (see abstract by Morison et al, this conference). The existence of an ocean (water or magma) either or both below and above the solid mantle modifies the conditions applying at the boundary since matter can flow through it by changing phase. Adapting the boundary conditions developed for the dynamics of the inner core by Deguen et al (GJI 2013) to the plane layer and the spherical shell, we solve the linear stability problem and obtain weakly non-linear solutions as well as direct numerical solutions in both geometries, with a liquid-solid phase change at either or both boundaries. The phase change boundary condition is controlled by a dimensionless number, Φ , which when small, allows easy flow through the boundary while the classical non-penetrating boundary condition is recovered for large values. If both boundaries have a phase change, the preferred wavelength of the flow is large, i.e. λ ∝Φ -1/2 in a plane layer and degree 1 in a spherical shell, and the critical Rayleigh number is of order Φ . The heat transfer efficiency, as measured by the dependence of the Nusselt number on the Rayleigh number also increases indefinitely for decreasing values of Φ . If only one boundary has a phase change condition, the critical wavelength is increased by about a factor 2 and the critical Rayleigh number is decreased by about a factor 4. The dynamics is controlled entirely by the boundary layer opposite to the phase change interface and the geometry of the flow. This model provides a natural explanation for the emergence of degree 1 convection in thin ice layers and implies a style of early mantle dynamics on Earth very different from what is classically envisioned.

Growth of C60 thin films on Al2O3/NiAl(100) at early stages

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hsu, S.-C.; Liao, C.-H.; Hung, T.-C.; Wu, Y.-C.; Lai, Y.-L.; Hsu, Y.-J.; Luo, M.-F.

2018-03-01

The growth of thin films of C60 on Al2O3/NiAl(100) at the earliest stage was studied with scanning tunneling microscopy and synchrotron-based photoelectron spectroscopy under ultrahigh-vacuum conditions. C60 molecules, deposited from the vapor onto an ordered thin film of Al2O3/NiAl(100) at 300 K, nucleated into nanoscale rectangular islands, with their longer sides parallel to direction either [010] or [001] of NiAl. The particular island shape resulted because C60 diffused rapidly, and adsorbed and nucleated preferentially on the protrusion stripes of the crystalline Al2O3 surface. The monolayer C60 film exhibited linear protrusions of height 1-3 Å, due to either the structure of the underlying Al2O3 or the lattice mismatch at the boundaries of the coalescing C60 islands; such protrusions governed also the growth of the second layer. The second layer of the C60 film grew only for a C60 coverage >0.60 ML, implying a layer-by-layer growth mode, and also ripened in rectangular shapes. The thin film of C60 was thermally stable up to 400 K; above 500 K, the C60 islands dissociated and most C60 desorbed.

Universal dispersion model for characterization of optical thin films over wide spectral range: Application to magnesium fluoride

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Franta, Daniel; Nečas, David; Giglia, Angelo; Franta, Pavel; Ohlídal, Ivan

2017-11-01

Optical characterization of magnesium fluoride thin films is performed in a wide spectral range from far infrared to extreme ultraviolet (0.01-45 eV) utilizing the universal dispersion model. Two film defects, i.e. random roughness of the upper boundaries and defect transition layer at lower boundary are taken into account. An extension of universal dispersion model consisting in expressing the excitonic contributions as linear combinations of Gaussian and truncated Lorentzian terms is introduced. The spectral dependencies of the optical constants are presented in a graphical form and by the complete set of dispersion parameters that allows generating tabulated optical constants with required range and step using a simple utility in the newAD2 software package.

A boundary-integral representation for biphasic mixture theory, with application to the post-capillary glycocalyx

PubMed Central

Sumets, P. P.; Cater, J. E.; Long, D. S.; Clarke, R. J.

2015-01-01

We describe a new boundary-integral representation for biphasic mixture theory, which allows us to efficiently solve certain elastohydrodynamic–mobility problems using boundary element methods. We apply this formulation to model the motion of a rigid particle through a microtube which has non-uniform wall shape, is filled with a viscous Newtonian fluid, and is lined with a thin poroelastic layer. This is relevant to scenarios such as the transport of small rigid cells (such as neutrophils) through microvessels that are lined with an endothelial glycocalyx layer (EGL). In this context, we examine the impact of geometry upon some recently reported phenomena, including the creation of viscous eddies, fluid flux into the EGL, as well as the role of the EGL in transmitting mechanical signals to the underlying endothelial cells. PMID:26345494

Properties of the Equatorial Magnetotail Flanks ˜50-200 RE Downtail

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Artemyev, A. V.; Angelopoulos, V.; Runov, A.; Wang, C.-P.; Zelenyi, L. M.

2017-12-01

In space, thin boundaries separating plasmas with different properties serve as a free energy source for various plasma instabilities and determine the global dynamics of large-scale systems. In planetary magnetopauses and shock waves, classical examples of such boundaries, the magnetic field makes a significant contribution to the pressure balance and plasma dynamics. The configuration and properties of such boundaries have been well investigated and modeled. However, much less is known about boundaries that form between demagnetized plasmas where the magnetic field is not important for pressure balance. The most accessible example of such a plasma boundary is the equatorial boundary layer of the Earth's distant magnetotail. Rather, limited measurements since its first encounter in the late 1970s by the International Sun-Earth Explorer-3 spacecraft revealed the basic properties of this boundary, but its statistical properties and structure have not been studied to date. In this study, we use Geotail and Acceleration, Reconnection, Turbulence and Electrodynamics of the Moon's Interaction with the Sun (ARTEMIS) missions to investigate the equatorial boundary layer from lunar orbit (˜55 Earth radii, RE, downtail) to as far downtail as ˜200 RE. Although the magnetic field has almost no effect on the structure of the boundary layer, the layer separates well the hot, rarefied plasma sheet from dense cold magnetosheath plasmas. We suggest that the most important role in plasma separation is played by polarization electric fields, which modify the efficiency of magnetosheath ion penetration into the plasma sheet. We also show that the total energies (bulk flow plus thermal) of plasma sheet ions and magnetosheath ions are very similar; that is, magnetosheath ion thermalization (e.g., via ion scattering by magnetic field fluctuations) is sufficient to produce hot plasma sheet ions without any additional acceleration.

Strain localization in thin films of Bi(Fe,Mn)O 3 due to the formation of stepped Mn 4+-rich antiphase boundaries

DOE PAGES

MacLaren, I.; Sala, B.; Andersson, S. M. L.; ...

2015-10-17

Here, the atomic structure and chemistry of thin films of Bi(Fe,Mn)O 3 (BFMO) films with a target composition of Bi 2FeMnO 6 on SrTiO 3 are studied using scanning transmission electron microscopy imaging and electron energy loss spectroscopy. It is shown that Mn4+-rich antiphase boundaries are locally nucleated right at the film substrate and then form stepped structures that are approximately pyramidal in three dimensions. These have the effect of confining the material below the pyramids in a highly strained state with an out-of-plane lattice parameter close to 4.1 Å. Outside the area enclosed by the antiphase boundaries, the out-of-planemore » lattice parameter is much closer to bulk values for BFMO. This suggests that to improve the crystallographic perfection of the films whilst retaining the strain state through as much of the film as possible, ways need to be found to prevent nucleation of the antiphase boundaries. Since the antiphase boundaries seem to form from the interaction of Mn with the Ti in the substrate, one route to perform this would be to grow a thin buffer layer of pure BiFeO 3 on the SrTiO 3 substrate to minimise any Mn-Ti interactions.« less

A numerical solution of the Navier-Stokes equations for chemically nonequilibrium, merged stagnation shock layers on spheres and two-dimensional cylinders in air

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Johnston, K. D.; Hendricks, W. L.

1978-01-01

Results of solving the Navier-Stokes equations for chemically nonequilibrium, merged stagnation shock layers on spheres and two-dimensional cylinders are presented. The effects of wall catalysis and slip are also examined. The thin shock layer assumption is not made, and the thick viscous shock is allowed to develop within the computational domain. The results show good comparison with existing data. Due to the more pronounced merging of shock layer and boundary layer for the sphere, the heating rates for spheres become higher than those for cylinders as the altitude is increased.

Tomography reveals buoyant asthenosphere accumulating beneath the Juan de Fuca plate.

PubMed

Hawley, William B; Allen, Richard M; Richards, Mark A

2016-09-23

The boundary between Earth's strong lithospheric plates and the underlying mantle asthenosphere corresponds to an abrupt seismic velocity decrease and electrical conductivity increase with depth, perhaps indicating a thin, weak layer that may strongly influence plate motion dynamics. The behavior of such a layer at subduction zones remains unexplored. We present a tomographic model, derived from on- and offshore seismic experiments, that reveals a strong low-velocity feature beneath the subducting Juan de Fuca slab along the entire Cascadia subduction zone. Through simple geodynamic arguments, we propose that this low-velocity feature is the accumulation of material from a thin, weak, buoyant layer present beneath the entire oceanic lithosphere. The presence of this feature could have major implications for our understanding of the asthenosphere and subduction zone dynamics. Copyright © 2016, American Association for the Advancement of Science.

Theory of Multifarious Quantum Phases and Large Anomalous Hall Effect in Pyrochlore Iridate Thin Films

PubMed Central

Hwang, Kyusung; Kim, Yong Baek

2016-01-01

We theoretically investigate emergent quantum phases in the thin film geometries of the pyrochore iridates, where a number of exotic quantum ground states are proposed to occur in bulk materials as a result of the interplay between electron correlation and strong spin-orbit coupling. The fate of these bulk phases as well as novel quantum states that may arise only in the thin film platforms, are studied via a theoretical model that allows layer-dependent magnetic structures. It is found that the magnetic order develop in inhomogeneous fashions in the thin film geometries. This leads to a variety of magnetic metal phases with modulated magnetic ordering patterns across different layers. Both the bulk and boundary electronic states in these phases conspire to promote unusual electronic properties. In particular, such phases are akin to the Weyl semimetal phase in the bulk system and they would exhibit an unusually large anomalous Hall effect. PMID:27418293

Microstructures and rheology of a calcite-shale thrust fault

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wells, Rachel K.; Newman, Julie; Wojtal, Steven

2014-08-01

A thin (˜2 cm) layer of extensively sheared fault rock decorates the ˜15 km displacement Copper Creek thrust at an exposure near Knoxville, TN (USA). In these ultrafine-grained (<0.3 μm) fault rocks, interpenetrating calcite grains form an interconnected network around shale clasts. One cm below the fault rock layer, sedimentary laminations in non-penetratively deformed footwall shale are cut by calcite veins, small faults, and stylolites. A 350 μm thick calcite vein separates the fault rocks and footwall shale. The vein is composed of layers of (1) coarse calcite grains (>5 μm) that exhibit a lattice preferred orientation (LPO) with pores at twin-twin and twin-grain boundary intersections, and (2) ultrafine-grained (0.3 μm) calcite that exhibits interpenetrating grain boundaries, four-grain junctions and lacks a LPO. Coarse calcite layers crosscut ultrafine-grained layers indicating intermittent vein formation during shearing. Calcite in the fault rock layer is derived from vein calcite and grain-size reduction of calcite took place by plasticity-induced fracture. The ultrafine-grained calcite deformed primarily by diffusion-accommodated grain boundary sliding and formed an interconnected network around shale clasts within the shear zone. The interconnected network of ultrafine-grained calcite indicates that calcite, not shale, was the weak phase in this fault zone.

Physics and Chemistry of MW Laser-induced Discharge in Gas Flows and Plasma Jets

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-12-01

with the large scaled flow pulsations . In 3.3 the results of numerical modeling of a thin low-density heated channel of limited length – shock layer...in Fig. 3.2.13. The red points correspond to the values of time moments for Fig. 3.2.11, 12. Mechanism of heated area boundary pulsations ...Mechanism of heated area boundary pulsations is analogical to described above mechanism of the bow shock position pulsations and is connected with

Understanding luminescence properties of grain boundaries in GaN thin films and their atomistic origin

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yoo, Hyobin; Yoon, Sangmoon; Chung, Kunook; Kang, Seoung-Hun; Kwon, Young-Kyun; Yi, Gyu-Chul; Kim, Miyoung

2018-03-01

We report our findings on the optical properties of grain boundaries in GaN films grown on graphene layers and discuss their atomistic origin. We combine electron backscatter diffraction with cathodoluminescence to directly correlate the structural defects with their optical properties, enabling the high-precision local luminescence measurement of the grain boundaries in GaN films. To further understand the atomistic origin of the luminescence properties, we carefully probed atomic core structures of the grain boundaries by exploiting aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy. The atomic core structures of grain boundaries show different ordering behaviors compared with those observed previously in threading dislocations. Energetics of the grain boundary core structures and their correlation with electronic structures were studied by first principles calculation.

Three-dimensional thin film for lithium-ion batteries and supercapacitors.

PubMed

Yang, Yang; Peng, Zhiwei; Wang, Gunuk; Ruan, Gedeng; Fan, Xiujun; Li, Lei; Fei, Huilong; Hauge, Robert H; Tour, James M

2014-07-22

Three-dimensional heterogeneously nanostructured thin-film electrodes were fabricated by using Ta2O5 nanotubes as a framework to support carbon-onion-coated Fe2O3 nanoparticles along the surface of the nanotubes. Carbon onion layers function as microelectrodes to separate the two different metal oxides and form a nanoscale 3-D sandwich structure. In this way, space-charge layers were formed at the phase boundaries, and it provides additional energy storage by charge separation. These 3-D nanostructured thin films deliver both excellent Li-ion battery properties (stabilized at 800 mAh cm(–3)) and supercapacitor (up to 18.2 mF cm(–2)) performance owing to the synergistic effects of the heterogeneous structure. Thus, Li-ion batteries and supercapacitors are successfully assembled into the same electrode, which is promising for next generation hybrid energy storage and delivery devices.

Effects of enviromentally imposed roughness on airfoil performance

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Cebeci, Tuncer

1987-01-01

The experimental evidence for the effects of rain, insects, and ice on airfoil performance are examined. The extent to which the available information can be incorporated in a calculation method in terms of change of shape and surface roughness is discussed. The methods described are based on the interactive boundary layer procedure of Cebeci or on the thin layer Navier Stokes procedure developed at NASA. Cases presented show that extensive flow separation occurs on the rough surfaces.

The Production of Turbulence in Boundary Layers -- The Role of Microscale Coherent Motions.

DTIC Science & Technology

1987-06-01

unstable and it breaks up as it moves away from the wall. The wall layer must be thin and vortex stretching, due to inviscid image effects, dominate...how a Typical eddy ultimately creates the long streaks is not clear. It is entirely possible that the viscous image of the rolled up vorticity forms...clarified, especially the formation of the long streaky structure, and secondary hairpin vorticity. It appears that the outer region microscale coherent

EBIC/TEM investigations of defects in solar silicon ribbon materials

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Ast, D. G.

1981-01-01

Transmission electron microscopy was used to investigate the defect structure of edge defined film growth (EFG) material, web dentritic ribbons (WEB), and ribbon to ribbon recrystallized material (RTR). The most common defects in all these materials are coherent first order twin boundaries. These coherent twins can be very thin, a few atomic layers. Bundles of the twins which contain odd numbers of twins will in optical images appear as a seemingly single first twin boundary. First-order coherent twin boundaries are not electrically active, except at locations where they contain intrinsic (grain boundary) dislocations. These dislocations take up small deviations from the ideal twin relation and play the same role in twin boundaries as conventional and play the some role in twin boundaries as conventional edge and screw dislocations in small angle tilt and twist boundaries.

Advanced subgrid-scale modeling for convection-dominated species transport at fluid interfaces with application to mass transfer from rising bubbles

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Weiner, Andre; Bothe, Dieter

2017-10-01

This paper presents a novel subgrid scale (SGS) model for simulating convection-dominated species transport at deformable fluid interfaces. One possible application is the Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS) of mass transfer from rising bubbles. The transport of a dissolving gas along the bubble-liquid interface is determined by two transport phenomena: convection in streamwise direction and diffusion in interface normal direction. The convective transport for technical bubble sizes is several orders of magnitude higher, leading to a thin concentration boundary layer around the bubble. A true DNS, fully resolving hydrodynamic and mass transfer length scales results in infeasible computational costs. Our approach is therefore a DNS of the flow field combined with a SGS model to compute the mass transfer between bubble and liquid. An appropriate model-function is used to compute the numerical fluxes on all cell faces of an interface cell. This allows to predict the mass transfer correctly even if the concentration boundary layer is fully contained in a single cell layer around the interface. We show that the SGS-model reduces the resolution requirements at the interface by a factor of ten and more. The integral flux correction is also applicable to other thin boundary layer problems. Two flow regimes are investigated to validate the model. A semi-analytical solution for creeping flow is used to assess local and global mass transfer quantities. For higher Reynolds numbers ranging from Re = 100 to Re = 460 and Péclet numbers between Pe =104 and Pe = 4 ṡ106 we compare the global Sherwood number against correlations from literature. In terms of accuracy, the predicted mass transfer never deviates more than 4% from the reference values.

Multiscale Currents Observed by MMS in the Flow Braking Region.

PubMed

Nakamura, Rumi; Varsani, Ali; Genestreti, Kevin J; Le Contel, Olivier; Nakamura, Takuma; Baumjohann, Wolfgang; Nagai, Tsugunobu; Artemyev, Anton; Birn, Joachim; Sergeev, Victor A; Apatenkov, Sergey; Ergun, Robert E; Fuselier, Stephen A; Gershman, Daniel J; Giles, Barbara J; Khotyaintsev, Yuri V; Lindqvist, Per-Arne; Magnes, Werner; Mauk, Barry; Petrukovich, Anatoli; Russell, Christopher T; Stawarz, Julia; Strangeway, Robert J; Anderson, Brian; Burch, James L; Bromund, Ken R; Cohen, Ian; Fischer, David; Jaynes, Allison; Kepko, Laurence; Le, Guan; Plaschke, Ferdinand; Reeves, Geoff; Singer, Howard J; Slavin, James A; Torbert, Roy B; Turner, Drew L

2018-02-01

We present characteristics of current layers in the off-equatorial near-Earth plasma sheet boundary observed with high time-resolution measurements from the Magnetospheric Multiscale mission during an intense substorm associated with multiple dipolarizations. The four Magnetospheric Multiscale spacecraft, separated by distances of about 50 km, were located in the southern hemisphere in the dusk portion of a substorm current wedge. They observed fast flow disturbances (up to about 500 km/s), most intense in the dawn-dusk direction. Field-aligned currents were observed initially within the expanding plasma sheet, where the flow and field disturbances showed the distinct pattern expected in the braking region of localized flows. Subsequently, intense thin field-aligned current layers were detected at the inner boundary of equatorward moving flux tubes together with Earthward streaming hot ions. Intense Hall current layers were found adjacent to the field-aligned currents. In particular, we found a Hall current structure in the vicinity of the Earthward streaming ion jet that consisted of mixed ion components, that is, hot unmagnetized ions, cold E × B drifting ions, and magnetized electrons. Our observations show that both the near-Earth plasma jet diversion and the thin Hall current layers formed around the reconnection jet boundary are the sites where diversion of the perpendicular currents take place that contribute to the observed field-aligned current pattern as predicted by simulations of reconnection jets. Hence, multiscale structure of flow braking is preserved in the field-aligned currents in the off-equatorial plasma sheet and is also translated to ionosphere to become a part of the substorm field-aligned current system.

Precambrian crust and lithosphere beneath the Northern Canadian Cordillera discovered by LITHOPROBE seismic reflection profiling

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Clowes, R. M.; Cook, F. A.; Snyder, D. B.; van der Velden, A. J.; Hall, K. W.; Erdmer, P.; Evenchick, C. A.

2003-04-01

The Cordillera in northern Canada is underlain by westward tapering layers that can be followed from outcrops of Proterozoic strata in the Foreland Belt to the lowermost crust of the orogenic interior, a distance of as much as 500 km across strike. The layering was discovered on two new deep seismic reflection profiles in the Yukon (Line 3; ~650 km) and northern British Columbia (Line 2; ~1245 km in two segments) that were acquired as part of the LITHOPROBE Slave - Northern Cordillera Lithospheric Evolution (SNORCLE) transect. Along Line 3, the layering is visible between 5.0 and 12.0 s (~15 to 36 km depth). It is followed southwestward for nearly 650 km (~500 km across strike) and thins to less than 1.0 s (~3.0-3.5 km thickness) near the Moho at the Yukon-Alaska international boundary. Farther south, along Line 2, the upper part of the layering correlates with outcrops of Proterozoic (1.76-1.0 Ga) strata on the east. Near the outcrop, the layering is >15 km thick. It projects westward into the middle and lower crust for ~700 km (~300 km across strike) where it disappears as a thin taper at the base of the crust. The layering is disrupted at the Tintina fault zone, a late to post-orogenic strike-slip fault with up to 800 km of displacement, which appears as a vertical zone of little reflectivity on both profiles (~300 km apart). The base of the layered reflection zone coincides with the Moho, which exhibits variable character and undulates in a series of broad (~150 km) arches. Although the mantle is generally non-reflective, an event dips eastward from ~14.0 s (~45 km) at the western end of Line 3 near the coast to ~21.0 s (73 km depth) beneath exposed Eocene magmatic rocks. It is interpreted as a relict subduction surface of the Kula plate. Some implications of the interpretation of Proterozoic layered rocks beneath most of the northern Cordillera are: (1) ancient North American crust and lithosphere project westward beneath most of the Northern Cordillera, (2) the detachments that carry deformed rocks the northern Canadian Cordillera are largely confined to the crust above the layering, and (3) rocks of most of the accreted terranes overlie the layering. Most of the accreted rocks thus appear to be thin (<10 km thick), far-traveled flakes. However, one major terrane, Stikinia, may thicken westward as the underlying layered zone thins such that the lower crustal layering disappears beneath the northeastern portion of Stikinia; the boundary between Stikinia and adjacent rocks to the east may be a crustal-scale tectonic wedge above the deep layering.

High-temperature deformation and microstructural analysis for Si3N4-Sc2O3

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Cheong, Deock-Soo; Sanders, William A.

1990-01-01

It was indicated that Si3N4 doped with Sc2O3 may exhibit high temperature mechanical properties superior to Si3N4 systems with various other oxide sintered additives. High temperature deformation of samples was studied by characterizing the microstructures before and after deformation. It was found that elements of the additive, such as Sc and O, exist in small amounts at very thin grain boundary layers and most of them stay in secondary phases at triple and multiple grain boundary junctions. These secondary phases are devitrified as crystalline Sc2Si2O7. Deformation of the samples was dominated by cavitational processes rather than movements of dislocations. Thus the excellent deformation resistance of the samples at high temperature can be attributed to the very small thickness of the grain boundary layers and the crystalline secondary phase.

High-temperature deformation and microstructural analysis for silicon nitride-scandium(III) oxide

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Cheong, Deock-Soo; Sanders, William A.

1992-01-01

It was indicated that Si3N4 doped with Sc2O3 may exhibit high temperature mechanical properties superior to Si3N4 systems with various other oxide sintered additives. High temperature deformation of samples was studied by characterizing the microstructures before and after deformation. It was found that elements of the additive, such as Sc and O, exist in small amounts at very thin grain boundary layers and most of them stay in secondary phases at tripple and multiple grain boundary junctions. These secondary phases are devitrified as crystalline Sc2Si2O7. Deformation of the samples was dominated by cavitational processes rather than movements of dislocations. Thus the excellent deformation resistance of the samples at high temperature can be attributed to the very small thickness of the grain boundary layers and the crystalline secondary phase.

Three-component seismic data in thin interbedded reservoir exploration

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhang, Li-Yan; Wang, Yan-Chun; Pei, Jiang-Yun

2015-03-01

We present the first successful application of three-component seismic data to thin interbedded reservoir characterization in the Daqing placanticline of the LMD oilfield. The oilfield has reached the final high water cut stage and the principal problem is how to recognize the boundaries of sand layers that are thicker than 2 m. Conventional interpretation of single PP-wave seismic data results in multiple solutions, whereas the introduction of PS-wave enhances the reliability of interpretation. We analyze the gas reservoir characteristics by joint PP- and PS-waves, and use the amplitude and frequency decomposition attributes to delineate the gas reservoir boundaries because of the minimal effect of fluids on S-wave. We perform joint inversion of PP- and PS-waves to obtain V P/ V S, λρ, and µ ρ and map the lithology changes by using density, λρ, and µ ρ. The 3D-3C attribute λρ slices describe the sand layers distribution, while considering the well log data, and point to favorable region for tapping the remaining oil.

Boundary layers at a dynamic interface: Air-sea exchange of heat and mass

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Szeri, Andrew J.

2017-04-01

Exchange of mass or heat across a turbulent liquid-gas interface is a problem of critical interest, especially in air-sea transfer of natural and anthropogenic gases involved in the study of climate. The goal in this research area is to determine the gas flux from air to sea or vice versa. For sparingly soluble nonreactive gases, this is controlled by liquid phase turbulent velocity fluctuations that act on the thin species concentration boundary layer on the liquid side of the interface. If the fluctuations in surface-normal velocity w' and gas concentration c' are known, then it is possible to determine the turbulent contribution to the gas flux. However, there is no suitable fundamental direct approach in the general case where neither w' nor c' can be easily measured. A new approach is presented to deduce key aspects about the near-surface turbulent motions from measurements that can be taken by an infrared (IR) camera. An equation is derived with inputs being the surface temperature and heat flux, and a solution method developed for the surface-normal strain experienced over time by boundary layers at the interface. Because the thermal and concentration boundary layers experience the same near-surface fluid motions, the solution for the surface-normal strain determines the gas flux or gas transfer velocity. Examples illustrate the approach in the cases of complete surface renewal, partial surface renewal, and insolation. The prospects for use of the approach in flows characterized by sheared interfaces or rapid boundary layer straining are explored.

Advances and challenges in periodic forcing of the turbulent boundary layer on a body of revolution

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kornilov, V. I.; Boiko, A. V.

2018-04-01

The effectiveness of local forcing by periodic blowing/suction through a thin transverse slot to alter the properties of an incompressible turbulent boundary layer is considered. In the first part of the review the effectiveness of the forcing through a single slot is discussed. Analysis of approaches for experimental modeling of the forcing, including those on flat plate, is given. Some ambiguities in simulating such flows are reviewed. The main factors affecting the structure of the forced flow are analyzed. In the second part the effectiveness of the forcing on a body of revolution by periodic blowing/suction through a series of transverse annular slots is discussed. The focus is the structure, properties, and main regularities of the forced flows in a wide range of variable conditions and basic parameters such as the Reynolds number, the dimensionless amplitude of the forced signal, and the frequency of the forced signal. The effect of the forcing on skin-friction in the turbulent boundary layer is clearly revealed. A phase synchronism of blowing/suction using an independent control of the forcing through the slots provides an additional skin friction reduction at distances up to 5-6 boundary layer displacement thicknesses upstream of an annular slot. The local skin friction reduction under the effect of periodic blowing/suction is stipulated by a dominating influence of an unsteady coherent vortex formed in the boundary layer, the vortex propagating downstream promoting a shift of low-velocity fluid further from the wall, a formation of a retarded region at the wall, and hence, a thickening of the viscous sublayer.

Epitaxial growth and physical properties of ternary nitride thin films by polymer-assisted deposition

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Enriquez, Erik M.; Zhang, Yingying; Chen, Aiping

2016-08-26

Epitaxial layered ternary metal-nitride FeMoN 2, (Fe 0.33 Mo 0.67)MoN 2, CoMoN 2, and FeWN 2 thin films have been grown on c-plane sapphire substrates by polymer-assisted deposition. The ABN 2 layer sits on top of the oxygen sublattices of the substrate with three possible matching configurations due to the significantly reduced lattice mismatch. The doping composition and elements affect not only the out-of-plane lattice parameters but also the temperature-dependent electrical properties. These films have resistivity in the range of 0.1–1 mΩ·cm, showing tunable metallic or semiconducting behaviors by adjusting the composition. A modified parallel connection channel model has beenmore » used to analyze the grain boundary and Coulomb blockade effect on the electrical properties. Furthermore, the growth of the high crystallinity layered epitaxial thin films provides an avenue to study the composition-structure-property relationship in ABN 2 materials through A and B-site substitution.« less

Cross-flow vortex structure and transition measurements using multi-element hot films

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Agarwal, Naval K.; Mangalam, Siva M.; Maddalon, Dal V.; Collier, Fayette S., Jr.

1991-01-01

An experiment on a 45-degree swept wing was conducted to study three-dimensional boundary-layer characteristics using surface-mounted, micro-thin, multi-element hot-film sensors. Cross-flow vortex structure and boundary-layer transition were measured from the simultaneously acquired signals of the hot films. Spanwise variation of the root-mean-square (RMS) hot-film signal show a local minima and maxima. The distance between two minima corresponds to the stationary cross-flow vortex wavelength and agrees with naphthalene flow-visualization results. The chordwise and spanwise variation of amplified traveling (nonstationary) cross-flow disturbance characteristics were measured as Reynolds number was varied. The frequency of the most amplified cross-flow disturbances agrees with linear stability theory.

Integrating Epitaxial-Like Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 Thin-Film into Silicon for Next-Generation Ferroelectric Field-Effect Transistor

PubMed Central

Park, Jae Hyo; Kim, Hyung Yoon; Jang, Gil Su; Seok, Ki Hwan; Chae, Hee Jae; Lee, Sol Kyu; Kiaee, Zohreh; Joo, Seung Ki

2016-01-01

The development of ferroelectric random-access memory (FeRAM) technology with control of grain boundaries would result in a breakthrough for new nonvolatile memory devices. The excellent piezoelectric and electrical properties of bulk ferroelectrics are degraded when the ferroelectric is processed into thin films because the grain boundaries then form randomly. Controlling the nature of nucleation and growth are the keys to achieving a good crystalline thin-film. However, the sought after high-quality ferroelectric thin-film has so far been thought to be impossible to make, and research has been restricted to atomic-layer deposition which is extremely expensive and has poor reproducibility. Here we demonstrate a novel epitaxial-like growth technique to achieve extremely uniform and large rectangular-shaped grains in thin-film ferroelectrics by dividing the nucleation and growth phases. With this technique, it is possible to achieve 100-μm large uniform grains, even made available on Si, which is large enough to fabricate a field-effect transistor in each grain. The electrical and reliability test results, including endurance and retention test results, were superior to other FeRAMs reported so far and thus the results presented here constitute the first step toward the development of FeRAM using epitaxial-like ferroelectric thin-films. PMID:27005886

Spectroscopic ellipsometry data inversion using constrained splines and application to characterization of ZnO with various morphologies

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gilliot, Mickaël; Hadjadj, Aomar; Stchakovsky, Michel

2017-11-01

An original method of ellipsometric data inversion is proposed based on the use of constrained splines. The imaginary part of the dielectric function is represented by a series of splines, constructed with particular constraints on slopes at the node boundaries to avoid well-know oscillations of natural splines. The nodes are used as fit parameters. The real part is calculated using Kramers-Kronig relations. The inversion can be performed in successive inversion steps with increasing resolution. This method is used to characterize thin zinc oxide layers obtained by a sol-gel and spin-coating process, with a particular recipe yielding very thin layers presenting nano-porosity. Such layers have particular optical properties correlated with thickness, morphological and structural properties. The use of the constrained spline method is particularly efficient for such materials which may not be easily represented by standard dielectric function models.

Effect of stress nonhomogeneity on the shear melting of a thin boundary lubrication layer.

PubMed

Lyashenko, Iakov A; Filippov, Alexander E; Popov, Mikhail; Popov, Valentin L

2016-11-01

We consider the dynamical properties of boundary lubrication in contact between two atomically smooth solid surfaces separated by an ultrathin layer of lubricant. In contrast to previous works on this topic, we explicitly consider the heterogeneity of tangential stresses, which arises in a contact of elastic bodies that are moved tangentially relative to each other. To describe phase transitions between structural states of the lubricant we use an approach based on the field theory of phase transitions. It is assumed that the lubricant layer, when stressed, can undergo a shear-melting transition of first or second order. While solutions for the homogeneous system can be easily obtained analytically, the kinetics of the phase transitions in the spatially heterogeneous system can only be studied numerically. In our numerical experiments melting of the lubricant layer starts from the outer boundary of contact and propagates to its center. The melting wave is followed by a wave of solidification. This process repeats itself periodically, following the stick-slip pattern that is characteristic of such systems. Depending on the thermodynamic and kinetic parameters of the model, different modes of sliding with almost complete or only partial intermediate solidification are possible.

Airborne lidar observations of Saharan dust during FENNEC

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Marenco, Franco; Garcia-Carreras, Luis; Rosenberg, Phil; McQuaid, Jim

2013-04-01

In June 2011 and June 2012, the Facility for Airborne Atmospheric Measurements (FAAM) BAe-146 research aircraft took part in the Fennec campaign. The main purpose was to quantify and model boundary layer and aerosol processes over the Saharan "heat low" region, the greatest dust region during summer. Although the central Sahara is extremely remote, the meteorology of this region is vital in driving the West African monsoon, and the dry and dusty air layers are closely related to the formation of Atlantic tropical cyclones. In this presentation, we shall characterise these air layers using data collected with the on-board lidar together with dropsondes. The interpretation of lidar signals in this particular geometry represents a challenge (nadir observations of thick layers), but we shall show that a suitable data inversion framework is possible under certain assumptions. The quality of the lidar data will be assessed using in-situ data from the nephelometer and optical particle counters. Deep air layers containing dust have been observed up to altitude of 5-6 km above mean sea level. The analysis of temperature and dew point profiles are used to identify the boundary layer and residual layer tops, and in conjunction with lidar observations this serves to quantify the dust content of both layers. An aerosol-laden residual layer is usually found during the campaign at an altitude of 2-6 km in the morning hours, with little aerosol below. The aerosol in the boundary layer is seen to develop later when solar heating of the surface induces turbulence until in the late afternoon the top of the boundary layer reaches up to ~ 6 km. Clouds embedded in aerosol layers and aerosol-cloud interactions have also been revealed. Dust aerosol has been observed in most cases, but a thin polluted non-dusty layer has been observed during one flight.

3D critical layers in fully-developed turbulent flows

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Saxton-Fox, Theresa; McKeon, Beverley

2016-11-01

Recent work has shown that 3D critical layers drive self-sustaining behavior of exact coherent solutions of the Navier-Stokes equations (Wang et al. 2007; Hall and Sherwin 2010; Park and Graham 2015). This study investigates the role of 3D critical layers in fully-developed turbulent flows. 3D critical layer effects are identified in instantaneous snapshots of turbulent boundary layers in both experimental and DNS data (Wu et al. 2014). Additionally, a 3D critical layer effect is demonstrated to appear using only a few resolvent response modes from the resolvent analysis of McKeon and Sharma 2010, with phase relationships appropriately chosen. Connections are sought to the thin shear layers observed in turbulent boundary layers (Klewicki and Hirschi 2004; Eisma et al. 2015) and to amplitude modulation observations (Mathis et al. 2009; Duvvuri and McKeon 2014). This research is made possible by the Department of Defense through the National Defense & Engineering Graduate Fellowship (NDSEG) Program and by the Air Force Office of Scientific Research Grant # FA9550-12-1-0060. The support of the Center for Turbulence Research (CTR) summer program at Stanford is gratefully acknowledged.

Obtaining Large Columnar CdTe Grains and Long Lifetime on CdSe, MgZnO, or CdS Layers

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Amarasinghe, Mahisha; Colegrove, Eric M; Moseley, John

CdTe solar cells have reached efficiencies comparable to multicrystalline silicon and produce electricity at costs competitive with traditional energy sources. Recent efficiency gains have come partly from shifting from the traditional CdS window layer to new materials such as CdSe and MgZnO, yet substantial headroom still exists to improve performance. Thin film technologies including Cu(In,Ga)Se2, perovskites, Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4, and CdTe inherently have many grain boundaries that can form recombination centers and impede carrier transport; however, grain boundary engineering has been difficult and not practical. In this work, it is demonstrated that wide columnar grains reaching through the entire CdTe layer canmore » be achieved by aggressive postdeposition CdTe recrystallization. This reduces the grain structure constraints imposed by nucleation on nanocrystalline window layers and enables diverse window layers to be selected for other properties critical for electro-optical applications. Computational simulations indicate that increasing grain size from 1 to 7 um can be equivalent to decreasing grain-boundary recombination velocity by three orders of magnitude. Here, large high-quality grains enable CdTe lifetimes exceeding 50 ns.« less

Transonic Shock Oscillations and Wing Flutter Calculated with an Interactive Boundary Layer Coupling Method

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Edwards, John W.

1996-01-01

A viscous-inviscid interactive coupling method is used for the computation of unsteady transonic flows involving separation and reattachment. A lag-entrainment integral boundary layer method is used with the transonic small disturbance potential equation in the CAP-TSDV (Computational Aeroelasticity Program - Transonic Small Disturbance) code. Efficient and robust computations of steady and unsteady separated flows, including steady separation bubbles and self-excited shock-induced oscillations are presented. The buffet onset boundary for the NACA 0012 airfoil is accurately predicted and shown computationally to be a Hopf bifurcation. Shock-induced oscillations are also presented for the 18 percent circular arc airfoil. The oscillation onset boundaries and frequencies are accurately predicted, as is the experimentally observed hysteresis of the oscillations with Mach number. This latter stability boundary is identified as a jump phenomenon. Transonic wing flutter boundaries are also shown for a thin swept wing and for a typical business jet wing, illustrating viscous effects on flutter and the effect of separation onset on the wing response at flutter. Calculations for both wings show limit cycle oscillations at transonic speeds in the vicinity of minimum flutter speed indices.

Numerical simulation of steady supersonic flow. [spatial marching

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Schiff, L. B.; Steger, J. L.

1981-01-01

A noniterative, implicit, space-marching, finite-difference algorithm was developed for the steady thin-layer Navier-Stokes equations in conservation-law form. The numerical algorithm is applicable to steady supersonic viscous flow over bodies of arbitrary shape. In addition, the same code can be used to compute supersonic inviscid flow or three-dimensional boundary layers. Computed results from two-dimensional and three-dimensional versions of the numerical algorithm are in good agreement with those obtained from more costly time-marching techniques.

Large-eddy simulation of flow around an airfoil on a structured mesh

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Kaltenbach, Hans-Jakob; Choi, Haecheon

1995-01-01

The diversity of flow characteristics encountered in a flow over an airfoil near maximum lift taxes the presently available statistical turbulence models. This work describes our first attempt to apply the technique of large-eddy simulation to a flow of aeronautical interest. The challenge for this simulation comes from the high Reynolds number of the flow as well as the variety of flow regimes encountered, including a thin laminar boundary layer at the nose, transition, boundary layer growth under adverse pressure gradient, incipient separation near the trailing edge, and merging of two shear layers at the trailing edge. The flow configuration chosen is a NACA 4412 airfoil near maximum lift. The corresponding angle of attack was determined independently by Wadcock (1987) and Hastings & Williams (1984, 1987) to be close to 12 deg. The simulation matches the chord Reynolds number U(sub infinity)c/v = 1.64 x 10(exp 6) of Wadcock's experiment.

Thin Sheet Modeling for the Seismogenic Crust of Western North America: How Strong is the top Slice of "Sandwich Bread" Above the "Jelly"?

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Klein, E. C.; Holt, W. E.; Flesch, L. M.; Haines, A. J.

2006-12-01

The "jelly sandwich" and "crème brûlée" models divides continental lithosphere into distinct rheological layers. Dynamic models from thin sheet approximations provide estimates of the total strength of the lithosphere, but only to a thickness governed by the degree of mechanical coupling between rheological layers. If either the "jelly sandwich" or the "crème brûlée" model of the lithosphere is appropriate for the diffuse plate boundary zone setting of western North America, we expect a sharp contrast or decoupling between the strong upper crust ("bread") layer overlying the weak lower crustal ("jelly") layer. We examine the strength of the upper crust with and without strength contribution from the lower crust using thin sheet modeling methodologies. We use seismically defined densities to constrain vertical integrals of vertical stress (GPE) within the crust. Neglecting stresses due to flexure as well as shear stresses at the base of the crustal layer, lateral differences in GPE within the layer, are balanced solely by gradients in horizontal deviatoric stress [Flesch et al., 2001, 2006]. We solve the force-balance equations for the minimum deviatoric stress field associated with gradients of GPE. This deviatoric stress field calibrates the magnitude of deviatoric stresses within the seismogenic layer. We then solve for stress field boundary conditions associated with the stress field contributions from sources outside the modeled region that together with the minimum solution from GPE differences provide a best match with stress field indicators within western North America. In order to infer appropriate stress field indicators we develop a long-term kinematic strain rate and velocity field model. Where we use this strain rate field we assume that the relationship between deviatoric stress directions and kinematic strain rate directions is isotropic. In our calculations the seismogenic layer extends from the surface to either a uniform depth below sea level or to a variable depth below sea level constrained by heat flow. For the case of a long-term seismogenic layer with a uniform base 20 km below sea level, the long-term vertically integrated deviatoric stress magnitudes range between 0.05-0.75x10^{12} N/m, while the long-term vertically integrated strength magnitudes of the layer are of the order of 0.05-1.5x10^{12} N/m. These strength values constrain low long-term friction coefficients of 0.02-0.30 under hydrostatic to wet conditions in the Basin and Range region. We test the sensitivity of our solutions to different assumed brittle-ductile transition depths and find that coefficients of friction on faults, along with magnitudes of vertically integrated strength, are relatively insensitive to these assumed layer thicknesses. Moreover, through this sensitivity modeling we find evidence that our assumption of decoupling is valid for most of the Basin and Range region in that we find evidence for diminishing contributions to crustal strength with depth. We model the interface between the upper and lower crust by parameterization of a variable seismogenic thickness in the thin sheet equations. This allows us to estimate the strength of the top slice of "bread" without the incorporation of any "jelly". We find that most of the long-term strength of the crust within the diffuse plate boundary zone of western North America resides in the seismogenic layer of the upper crust.

Effects of variable thermal diffusivity on the structure of convection

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Shcheritsa, O. V.; Getling, A. V.; Mazhorova, O. S.

2018-03-01

The structure of multiscale convection in a thermally stratified plane horizontal fluid layer is investigated by means of numerical simulations. The thermal diffusivity is assumed to produce a thin boundary sublayer convectively much more unstable than the bulk of the layer. The simulated flow is a superposition of cellular structures with three different characteristic scales. In contrast to the largest convection cells, the smaller ones are localised in the upper portion of the layer. The smallest cells are advected by the larger-scale convective flows. The simulated flow pattern qualitatively resembles that observed on the Sun.

Dynamics Evolution Investigation of Mack Mode Instability in a Hypersonic Boundary Layer by Bicoherence Spectrum Analysis

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Han, Jian; Jiang, Nan

2012-07-01

The instability of a hypersonic boundary layer on a cone is investigated by bicoherence spectrum analysis. The experiment is conducted at Mach number 6 in a hypersonic wind tunnel. The time series signals of instantaneous fluctuating surface-thermal-flux are measured by Pt-thin-film thermocouple temperature sensors mounted at 28 stations on the cone surface along streamwise direction to investigate the development of the unstable disturbances. The bicoherence spectrum analysis based on wavelet transform is employed to investigate the nonlinear interactions of the instability of Mack modes in hypersonic laminar boundary layer transition. The results show that wavelet bicoherence is a powerful tool in studying the unstable mode nonlinear interaction of hypersonic laminar-turbulent transition. The first mode instability gives rise to frequency shifts to higher unstable modes at the early stage of hypersonic laminar-turbulent transition. The modulations subsequently lead to the second mode instability occurrence. The second mode instability governs the last stage of instability and final breakdown to turbulence with multi-scale disturbances growth.

Laminar boundary layer near the rotating end wall of a confined vortex

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Shakespeare, W. J.; Levy, E. K.

1982-06-01

The results of an experimental and theoretical investigation of the fluid mechanics in a confined vortex are discussed with particular emphasis on behavior away from the axis of symmetry and near the end walls. The vortex is generated in a rotating cylindrical chamber with an exit opening in one end. Both end walls rotate. For the range of flow rates and swirl ratios (S between 1 and 5) of interest here, the flow field far from the end walls behaves as inviscid and irrotational; and the end wall boundary layers are thin and laminar. Measurements and calculations of tangential and radial velocity in the end wall region show the development of a secondary flow resulting in a strong velocity 'overshoot' in the radial component. Results illustrating the nature of the velocity variations on the end walls are presented; and it is shown that the mass flow rate through the end wall boundary layers, while only a small fraction of the total flow, increases with increasing swirl and with decreasing total flow rate through the chamber.

Sound Transmission through Cylindrical Shell Structures Excited by Boundary Layer Pressure Fluctuations

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Tang, Yvette Y.; Silcox, Richard J.; Robinson, Jay H.

1996-01-01

This paper examines sound transmission into two concentric cylindrical sandwich shells subject to turbulent flow on the exterior surface of the outer shell. The interior of the shells is filled with fluid medium and there is an airgap between the shells in the annular space. The description of the pressure field is based on the cross-spectral density formulation of Corcos, Maestrello, and Efimtsov models of the turbulent boundary layer. The classical thin shell theory and the first-order shear deformation theory are applied for the inner and outer shells, respectively. Modal expansion and the Galerkin approach are used to obtain closed-form solutions for the shell displacements and the radiation and transmission pressures in the cavities including both the annular space and the interior. The average spectral density of the structural responses and the transmitted interior pressures are expressed explicitly in terms of the summation of the cross-spectral density of generalized force induced by the boundary layer turbulence. The effects of acoustic and hydrodynamic coincidences on the spectral density are observed. Numerical examples are presented to illustrate the method for both subsonic and supersonic flows.

Skin friction enhancement in a model problem of undulatory swimming

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ehrenstein, Uwe; Eloy, Christophe

2013-10-01

To calculate the energy costs of swimming, it is crucial to evaluate the drag force originating from skin friction. In this paper we examine the assumption, known as the 'Bone-Lighthill boundary-layer thinning hypothesis', that undulatory swimming motions induce a drag increase because of the compression of the boundary layer. Studying analytically an incoming flow along a flat plate moving at a normal velocity as a limit case of a yawed cylinder in uniform flow under the laminar boundary layer assumption, we demonstrate that the longitudinal drag scales as the square root of the normal velocity component. This analytical prediction is interpreted in the light of a three-dimensional numerical simulation result for a plate of finite length and width. An analogous two-dimensional Navier-Stokes problem by artificially accelerating the flow in a channel of finite height is proposed and solved numerically, showing the robustness of the analytical results. Solving the problem for an undulatory plate motion similar to fish swimming, we find a drag enhancement which can be estimated to be of the order of 20 %.

Model of skin friction enhancement in undulatory swimming

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ehrenstein, Uwe; Eloy, Christophe

2012-11-01

To estimate the energetic cost of undulatory swimming, it is crucial to evaluate the drag forces originating from skin friction. This topic has been controversial for decades, some claiming that animals use ingenious mechanisms to reduce the drag and others hypothesizing that the undulatory motion induces a drag increase because of the compression of the boundary layers. In this paper, we examine this latter hypothesis, known as the ``Bone-Lighthill boundary-layer thinning hypothesis''. Considering a plate of section s moving perpendicular to itself at velocity U⊥ and applying the boundary-layer approximation for the incoming flow, the drag force per unit surface is shown to scale as √{U⊥ / s }. An analogous two-dimensional Navier-Stokes problem by artificially accelerating the flow in a channel of finite height is solved numerically, showing the robustness of the analytical results. Solving the problem for an undulatory plate motion similar to fish swimming, we find a drag enhancement which can be estimated to be of the order of 20 to 100%, depending on the geometry and the motion. M.J. Lighthill, Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 179, 125 (1971).

Experimental Investigation of Soil and Atmospheric Conditions on the Momentum, Mass, and Thermal Boundary Layers Above the Land Atmosphere Interface

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Trautz, A.; Smits, K. M.; Illangasekare, T. H.; Schulte, P.

2014-12-01

The purpose of this study is to investigate the impacts of soil conditions (i.e. soil type, saturation) and atmospheric forcings (i.e. velocity, temperature, relative humidity) on the momentum, mass, and temperature boundary layers. The atmospheric conditions tested represent those typically found in semi-arid and arid climates and the soil conditions simulate the three stages of evaporation. The data generated will help identify the importance of different soil conditions and atmospheric forcings with respect to land-atmospheric interactions which will have direct implications on future numerical studies investigating the effects of turbulent air flow on evaporation. The experimental datasets generated for this study were performed using a unique climate controlled closed-circuit wind tunnel/porous media facility located at the Center for Experimental Study of Subsurface Environmental Processes (CESEP) at the Colorado School of Mines. The test apparatus consisting of a 7.3 m long porous media tank and wind tunnel, were outfitted with a sensor network to carefully measure wind velocity, air and soil temperature, relative humidity, soil moisture, and soil air pressure. Boundary layer measurements were made between the heights of 2 and 500 mm above the soil tank under constant conditions (i.e. wind velocity, temperature, relative humidity). The soil conditions (e.g. soil type, soil moisture) were varied between datasets to analyze their impact on the boundary layers. Experimental results show that the momentum boundary layer is very sensitive to the applied atmospheric conditions and soil conditions to a much less extent. Increases in velocity above porous media leads to momentum boundary layer thinning and closely reflect classical flat plate theory. The mass and thermal boundary layers are directly dependent on both atmospheric and soil conditions. Air pressure within the soil is independent of atmospheric temperature and relative humidity - wind velocity and soil moisture effects were observed. This data provides important insight into future work of accurately modeling the exchange processes associated with evaporation under various turbulent atmospheric conditions.

The Influence of Low Wall Temperature on Boundary-Layer Transition and Local Heat Transfer on 2-Inch-Diameter Hemispheres at a Mach Number of 4.95 and a Reynolds Number per Foot of 73.2 x 10(exp 6)

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Cooper, Morton; Mayo, Edward E.; Julius, Jerome D.

1960-01-01

Measurements of the location of boundary-layer transition and the local heat transfer have been made on 2-inch-diameter hemispheres in the Langley gas dynamics laboratory at a Mach number of 4.95, a Reynolds number per foot of 73.2 x 10(exp 6), and a stagnation temperature of approximately 400 F. The transient-heating thin-skin calorimeter technique was used, and the initial values of the wall-to-stream stagnation- temperature ratios were 0.16 (cold-model tests) and 0.65 (hot-model test). During two of the four cold tests, the boundary-layer flow changed from turbulent to laminar over large regions of the hemisphere as the model heated. On the basis of a detailed consideration of the magnitude of roughness possibly present during these two cold tests, it appears that this destabilizing effect of low wall temperatures (cooling) was not caused by roughness as a dominant influence. This idea of a decrease in boundary-layer stability with cooling has been previously suggested. (See, for example, NASA Memorandum 10-8-58E.) For the laminar data obtained during the early part of the hot test, the correlation of the local-heating data with laminar theory was excellent.

Saskatchewan

Atmospheric Science Data Center

2013-04-17

... accentuated by a thin layer of snow enable a network of rivers, roads, and farmland boundaries to stand out clearly in these ... the top. The junction of the Assiniboine and Qu'Apelle Rivers in the bottom part of the images is just east of the ... data were obtained from the NASA Langley Research Center Atmospheric Science Data Center in Hampton, VA. Image credit: ...

Two-Flux and Green's Function Method for Transient Radiative Transfer in a Semi-Transparent Layer

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Siegel, Robert

1995-01-01

A method using a Green's function is developed for computing transient temperatures in a semitransparent layer by using the two-flux method coupled with the transient energy equation. Each boundary of the layer is exposed to a hot or cold radiative environment, and is heated or cooled by convection. The layer refractive index is larger than one, and the effect of internal reflections is included with the boundaries assumed diffuse. The analysis accounts for internal emission, absorption, heat conduction, and isotropic scattering. Spectrally dependent radiative properties are included, and transient results are given to illustrate two-band spectral behavior with optically thin and thick bands. Transient results using the present Green's function method are verified for a gray layer by comparison with a finite difference solution of the exact radiative transfer equations; excellent agreement is obtained. The present method requires only moderate computing times and incorporates isotropic scattering without additional complexity. Typical temperature distributions are given to illustrate application of the method by examining the effect of strong radiative heating on one side of a layer with convective cooling on the other side, and the interaction of strong convective heating with radiative cooling from the layer interior.

Nonequilibrium thermodynamics and boundary conditions for reaction and transport in heterogeneous media

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gaspard, Pierre; Kapral, Raymond

2018-05-01

Nonequilibrium interfacial thermodynamics is formulated in the presence of surface reactions for the study of diffusiophoresis in isothermal systems. As a consequence of microreversibility and Onsager-Casimir reciprocal relations, diffusiophoresis, i.e., the coupling of the tangential components of the pressure tensor to the concentration gradients of solute species, has a reciprocal effect where the interfacial currents of solutes are coupled to the slip velocity. The presence of surface reactions is shown to modify the diffusiophoretic and reciprocal effects at the fluid-solid interface. The thin-layer approximation is used to describe the solution flowing near a reactive solid interface. Analytic formulas describing the diffusiophoretic and reciprocal effects are deduced in the thin-layer approximation and tested numerically for the Poiseuille flow of a solution between catalytic planar surfaces.

Zeroth order Fabry-Perot resonance enabled ultra-thin perfect light absorber using percolation aluminum and silicon nanofilms

DOE PAGES

Mirshafieyan, Seyed Sadreddin; Luk, Ting S.; Guo, Junpeng

2016-03-04

Here, we demonstrated perfect light absorption in optical nanocavities made of ultra-thin percolation aluminum and silicon films deposited on an aluminum surface. The total layer thickness of the aluminum and silicon films is one order of magnitude less than perfect absorption wavelength in the visible spectral range. The ratio of silicon cavity layer thickness to perfect absorption wavelength decreases as wavelength decreases due to the increased phase delays at silicon-aluminum boundaries at shorter wavelengths. It is explained that perfect light absorption is due to critical coupling of incident wave to the fundamental Fabry-Perot resonance mode of the structure where themore » round trip phase delay is zero. Simulations were performed and the results agree well with the measurement results.« less

EIDOSCOPE: particle acceleration at plasma boundaries

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Vaivads, A.; Andersson, G.; Bale, S. D.; Cully, C. M.; De Keyser, J.; Fujimoto, M.; Grahn, S.; Haaland, S.; Ji, H.; Khotyaintsev, Yu. V.; Lazarian, A.; Lavraud, B.; Mann, I. R.; Nakamura, R.; Nakamura, T. K. M.; Narita, Y.; Retinò, A.; Sahraoui, F.; Schekochihin, A.; Schwartz, S. J.; Shinohara, I.; Sorriso-Valvo, L.

2012-04-01

We describe the mission concept of how ESA can make a major contribution to the Japanese Canadian multi-spacecraft mission SCOPE by adding one cost-effective spacecraft EIDO (Electron and Ion Dynamics Observatory), which has a comprehensive and optimized plasma payload to address the physics of particle acceleration. The combined mission EIDOSCOPE will distinguish amongst and quantify the governing processes of particle acceleration at several important plasma boundaries and their associated boundary layers: collisionless shocks, plasma jet fronts, thin current sheets and turbulent boundary layers. Particle acceleration and associated cross-scale coupling is one of the key outstanding topics to be addressed in the Plasma Universe. The very important science questions that only the combined EIDOSCOPE mission will be able to tackle are: 1) Quantitatively, what are the processes and efficiencies with which both electrons and ions are selectively injected and subsequently accelerated by collisionless shocks? 2) How does small-scale electron and ion acceleration at jet fronts due to kinetic processes couple simultaneously to large scale acceleration due to fluid (MHD) mechanisms? 3) How does multi-scale coupling govern acceleration mechanisms at electron, ion and fluid scales in thin current sheets? 4) How do particle acceleration processes inside turbulent boundary layers depend on turbulence properties at ion/electron scales? EIDO particle instruments are capable of resolving full 3D particle distribution functions in both thermal and suprathermal regimes and at high enough temporal resolution to resolve the relevant scales even in very dynamic plasma processes. The EIDO spin axis is designed to be sun-pointing, allowing EIDO to carry out the most sensitive electric field measurements ever accomplished in the outer magnetosphere. Combined with a nearby SCOPE Far Daughter satellite, EIDO will form a second pair (in addition to SCOPE Mother-Near Daughter) of closely separated satellites that provides the unique capability to measure the 3D electric field with high accuracy and sensitivity. All EIDO instrumentation are state-of-the-art technology with heritage from many recent missions. The EIDOSCOPE orbit will be close to equatorial with apogee 25-30 RE and perigee 8-10 RE. In the course of one year the orbit will cross all the major plasma boundaries in the outer magnetosphere; bow shock, magnetopause and magnetotail current sheets, jet fronts and turbulent boundary layers. EIDO offers excellent cost/benefits for ESA, as for only a fraction of an M-class mission cost ESA can become an integral part of a major multi-agency L-class level mission that addresses outstanding science questions for the benefit of the European science community.

Numerical studies of porous airfoils in transonic flow. Ph.D. Thesis. Final Report, 1 Jun. 1985 - 31 Aug. 1986

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Chow, C. Y.

1986-01-01

A numerical tool is constructed to examine the effects of a porous surface on transonic airfoil performance and to help understand the flow structure of passive shockwave/boundary layer interactions. The porous region is located near the shock with a cavity underneath it. This study is composed of two parts. Solved in the first part, with an inviscid-flow approach, is the transonic full-potential equation associated with transpiration boundary conditions which are obtained from porosity modeling. The numerical results indicate that a porous airfoil has a wave drag lower than that of a solid airfoil. The observed lambda-shock structure in the wind-tunnel testing can be predicted. Furthermore, the lift could be increased with an appropriate porosity distribution. In the second part of this work, the modified version of either an interactive boundary layer (IBL) algorithm or a thin-layer Navier-Stokes (TLNS) algorithm is used to study the outer flow, while a stream-function formulation is used to model the inner flow in the shallow cavity. The coupling procedure at the porous surface is based on Darcy's law and the assumption of a constant total pressure in the cavity. In addition, a modified Baldwin-Lomax turbulence model is used to describe the transpired turbulent boundary layer in the TLNS approach, while the Cebeci turbulence model is used in the IBL approach. According to the present analysis, a porous surface can reduce the wave drag appreciably, but can also increase the viscous losses. As has been observed experimentally, the numerical results indicate that the total drag is reduced at higher Mach numbers and increased at lower Mach numbers when the angles of attack are small. Furthermore, the streamline pattern of passive shock/boundary layer interaction are revealed.

Melting Behavior of Al/Pb/Sn/Al Multilayered Thin Films

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Khan, Patan Yousaf; Devi, M. Manolata; Biswas, Krishanu

2015-09-01

Metals or alloy nanoparticles (NPs) have been reported to exhibit superheating on melting when coated with higher melting point material or embedded in a matrix. This is due to the suppression of the heterogeneous nucleation of the melt at the epitaxial interface. For 2D thin films, this necessary condition is not feasible because even if a thin film is sandwiched between higher melting temperature materials with coherent interfaces, the heterogeneous nucleation of melt is possible at various detects. However, it has earlier been reported that 2D thin films of the pure metal sandwiched by other materials can exhibit superheating by suppression of melt growth. In order to probe this effect in case of alloy thin films, the present investigation has been carried out on Pb/Sn multilayers sandwiched between Al layers. The present study shows that such sandwiched thin films prepared by accumulative roll bonding process cause the formation of biphasic NPs in the intermixed region of Pb and Sn. Al layers undergo severe plastic deformation, leading to the generation of dislocations and sub-grain boundaries. DSC (differential canning calorimeter) thermograms of the films indicate superheating of 3 K to 6 K (or 3 °C to 6 °C). Theoretical analysis using currently available literatures has been carried out to justify the finding in the present investigation.

Laminar superlayer at the turbulence boundary.

PubMed

Holzner, M; Lüthi, B

2011-04-01

In this Letter we present results from particle tracking velocimetry and direct numerical simulation that are congruent with the existence of a laminar superlayer, as proposed in the pioneering work of Corrsin and Kistler (NACA, Technical Report No. 1244, 1955). We find that the local superlayer velocity is dominated by a viscous component and its magnitude is comparable to the characteristic velocity of the smallest scales of motion. This slow viscous process involves a large surface area so that the global rate of turbulence spreading is set by the largest scales of motion. These findings are important for a better understanding of mixing of mass and momentum in a variety of flows where thin layers of shear exist. Examples are boundary layers, clouds, planetary atmospheres, and oceans. © 2011 American Physical Society

Flutter Sensitivity to Boundary Layer Thickness, Structural Damping, and Static Pressure Differential for a Shuttle Tile Overlay Repair Concept

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Scott, Robert C.; Bartels, Robert E.

2009-01-01

This paper examines the aeroelastic stability of an on-orbit installable Space Shuttle patch panel. CFD flutter solutions were obtained for thick and thin boundary layers at a free stream Mach number of 2.0 and several Mach numbers near sonic speed. The effect of structural damping on these flutter solutions was also examined, and the effect of structural nonlinearities associated with in-plane forces in the panel was considered on the worst case linear flutter solution. The results of the study indicated that adequate flutter margins exist for the panel at the Mach numbers examined. The addition of structural damping improved flutter margins as did the inclusion of nonlinear effects associated with a static pressure difference across the panel.

Laser skin friction measurements and CFD comparison of weak-to-strong swept shock/boundary-layer interactions

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Kim, K.-S.; Lee, Y.; Alvi, F. S.; Settles, G. S.; Horstman, C. C.

1990-01-01

A joint experimental and computational study of skin friction in weak-to-strong swept shock wave/turbulent boundary-layer interactions has been carried out. A planar shock wave is generated by a sharp fin at angles of attack alpha = 10 deg and 16 deg at M(infinity) = 3 and 16 and 20 deg at M(infinity) = 4. Measurements are made using the Laser Interferometer Skin Friction meter, which optically detects the rate of thinning of an oil film applied to the test surface. The results show a systematic rise in the peak c(f) at the rear part of the interaction, where the separated flow atttaches. For the stronget case studied, this peak is an order of magnitude higher than the incoming freestream c(f)level.

Solid-state dewetting of Au-Ni bi-layer films mediated through individual layer thickness and stacking sequence

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Herz, Andreas; Theska, Felix; Rossberg, Diana; Kups, Thomas; Wang, Dong; Schaaf, Peter

2018-06-01

In the present work, the solid-state dewetting of Au-Ni bi-layer thin films deposited on SiO2/Si is systematically studied with respect to individual layer thickness and stacking sequence. For this purpose, a rapid heat treatment at medium temperatures is applied in order to examine void formation at the early stages of the dewetting. Compositional variations are realized by changing the thickness ratio of the bi-layer films, while the total thickness is maintained at 20 nm throughout the study. In the event of Au/Ni films annealed at 500 °C, crystal voids exposing the substrate are missing regardless of chemical composition. In reverse order, the number of voids per unit area in two-phase Au-Ni thin films is found to be governed by the amount of Au-rich material. At higher temperatures up to 650 °C, a decreased probability of nucleation comes at the expense of a major portion of cavities, resulting in the formation of bubbles in 15 nm Ni/5 nm Au bi-layers. Film buckling predominantly occurred at phase boundaries crossing the bubbles.

Marine boundary layer cloud regimes and POC formation in an LES coupled to a bulk aerosol scheme

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Berner, A. H.; Bretherton, C. S.; Wood, R.; Muhlbauer, A.

2013-07-01

A large-eddy simulation (LES) coupled to a new bulk aerosol scheme is used to study long-lived regimes of aerosol-boundary layer cloud-precipitation interaction and the development of pockets of open cells (POCs) in subtropical stratocumulus cloud layers. The aerosol scheme prognoses mass and number concentration of a single log-normal accumulation mode with surface and entrainment sources, evolving subject to processing of activated aerosol and scavenging of dry aerosol by cloud and rain. The LES with the aerosol scheme is applied to a range of steadily-forced simulations idealized from a well-observed POC case. The long-term system evolution is explored with extended two-dimensional simulations of up to 20 days, mostly with diurnally-averaged insolation. One three-dimensional two-day simulation confirms the initial development of the corresponding two-dimensional case. With weak mean subsidence, an initially aerosol-rich mixed layer deepens, the capping stratocumulus cloud slowly thickens and increasingly depletes aerosol via precipitation accretion, then the boundary layer transitions within a few hours into an open-cell regime with scattered precipitating cumuli, in which entrainment is much weaker. The inversion slowly collapses for several days until the cumulus clouds are too shallow to efficiently precipitate. Inversion cloud then reforms and radiatively drives renewed entrainment, allowing the boundary layer to deepen and become more aerosol-rich, until the stratocumulus layer thickens enough to undergo another cycle of open-cell formation. If mean subsidence is stronger, the stratocumulus never thickens enough to initiate drizzle and settles into a steady state. With lower initial aerosol concentrations, this system quickly transitions into open cells, collapses, and redevelops into a different steady state with a shallow, optically thin cloud layer. In these steady states, interstitial scavenging by cloud droplets is the main sink of aerosol number. The system is described in a reduced two-dimensional phase plane with inversion height and boundary-layer average aerosol concentrations as the state variables. Simulations with a full diurnal cycle show similar evolutions, except that open-cell formation is phase-locked into the early morning hours. The same steadily-forced modeling framework is applied to the development and evolution of a POC and the surrounding overcast boundary layer. An initial aerosol perturbation applied to a portion of the model domain leads that portion to transition into open-cell convection, forming a POC. Reduced entrainment in the POC induces a negative feedback between areal fraction covered by the POC and boundary layer depth changes. This stabilizes the system by controlling liquid water path and precipitation sinks of aerosol number in the overcast region, while also preventing boundary-layer collapse within the POC, allowing the POC and overcast to coexist indefinitely in a quasi-steady equilibrium.

Crystalline orientation engineering and charge transport in thin film YBa(2)Cu(3)O(7-x) superconducting surface-coated conductors

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chudzik, Michael Patrick

The weak-link behavior of grain boundaries in polycrystalline high-T c superconductors adversely affects the current density in these materials. The development of wire technology based on polycrystalline high-Tc materials requires understanding and controlling the development of low-angle grain boundaries in these conductors. The research goal is to comprehensively examine the methodology in fabrication and characterization to understand the structure-transport correlation in YBa2Cu3O 7-x (YBCO) surface-coated conductors. High current density YBCO coated conductors were fabricated and characterized as candidates for second generation high-Tc wire technology. Critical current densities (Jc) greater than 1 x 106 A/cm2 at 77 K and zero magnetic field were obtained using thin films epitaxially grown by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) and pulsed laser deposition (PLD) on oriented buffer layers. The biaxially textured oxide buffer layers were deposited by ion-beam-assisted deposition (IBAD). The transport properties of coated conductors were evaluated in high magnetic fields for intrinsic and extrinsic flux vortex pinning effects for improved high-field properties. Transport Jc's of these coated conductors at 7 tesla (77 K) were measured at values greater than 105 A/cm 2 with the magnetic field perpendicular to the YBCO c-axis (B⊥ c) in both MOCVD and PLD derived conductors. The Jc's in B || c orientation fell an order of magnitude lower at 7 tesla to values near 10 4 A/cm2 due to decreased intrinsic flux pinning. The critical current densities as a function of grain boundary misorientation were found to deviate from the general trend determined for single grain boundary junctions, due to the mosaic structure, which allows meandering current flow. Extensive parametric investigations of relevant thin film growth techniques were utilized to establish growth-property relationships that led to optimized fabrication of high-Tc conductors. The work contained in this dissertation successfully addresses the challenge in engineering low-angle grain boundary polycrystalline conductors for high-current high-field applications and develops a structure-property correlation, which is essential for advancing this technology.

Influence of the morphology of the copper(II) phthalocyanine thin film on the performance of organic field-effect transistors

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Xu, Jing; Liu, Xueqiang; Wang, Hailong; Hou, Wenlong; Zhao, Lele; Zhang, Haiquan

2017-01-01

Organic thin-film transistors (OTFTs) with high crystallization copper phthalocyanine (CuPc) active layers were fabricated. The performance of CuPc OTFTs was studied without and with treatment by Solvent Vapor Annealing on CuPc film. The values of the threshold voltage without and with solvent-vapor annealing are -17 V and -10.5 V respectively. The field-effect mobility values in saturation region of CuPc thin-film transistors without and with Solvent Vapor Annealing are 0.00027 cm2/V s and 0.0025 cm2/V s respectively. Meanwhile, the high crystallization of the CuPc film with a larger grain size and less grain boundaries can be observed by investigating the morphology of the CuPc active layer through scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. The experimental results showed the decreased of the resistance of the conducting channel, that led to a performance improvement of the OTFTs.

A Piezoelectroluminescent Fiber-Optical Sensor for Diagnostics of the 3D Stress State in Composite Structures

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pan'kov, A. A.

2018-05-01

The mathematical model of a piezoelectroluminescent fiber-optical sensor is developed for diagnostics of the 3D stress state of composite structures. The sensor model is a coaxial sector-compound layered cylinder consisting of a central optical fiber with electroluminescent and piezoelectric layers and an external uniform elastic buffer layer. The electroluminescent and piezoelectric layers are separated by radial-longitudinal boundaries, common for both layers, into geometrically equal six "measuring elements" — cylindrical two-layered sectors. The directions of 3D polarization of the piezoelectric phases and the frequencies of luminous efficacy of the electroluminescent phases are different in each sector. In the sensor, a thin translucent "internal" controlling electrode is located between the optical fiber and the electroluminescent layer, and the piezoelectric layer is coated by a thin "external" controlling electrode. The results of numerical modeling of the nonuniform coupled electroelastic fields of the piezoelectroluminescent fiber-optical sensor in the loaded "representative volume" of a composite, taking into account the action of the controlling voltage on the internal and external electrodes, of a numerical calculation of "informative and controlling coefficients" of the sensor, and of testing of an arbitrary 3D stress of state of a unidirectional glass-fiber plastic by the finite-element method are presented.

Skin friction measurement in complex flows using thin oil film techniques

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1994-01-01

The NASA Grant NAG2-261 was initiated to support a program of research to study complex flows that occur in flight and laboratory experiments by building, testing and optimizing an on-board technique for direct measurement of surface shear stress using thin oil film techniques. The program of research has proceeded under the supervision of the NASA Ames Research Center and with further cooperation from the NASA Ames-Dryden and NASA Langley Research Centers. In accordance with the original statement of work, the following research milestones were accomplished: (1) design and testing of an internally mounted one-directional skin friction meter to demonstrate the feasibility of the concept; (2) design and construction of a compact instrument capable of measuring skin friction in two directions; (3) study of transitional and fully turbulent boundary layers over a flat plate with and without longitudinal pressure gradients utilizing the compact two-directional skin friction meter; (4) study of the interaction between a turbulent boundary layer and a shock wave generated by a compression corner using the two-directional meter; and (5) flight qualification of the compact meter and accompanying electronic and pneumatic systems, preliminary installation into flight test fixture.

Parametric Excitation of Marangoni Instability in a Heated Thin Layer Covered by Insoluble Surfactant

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mikishev, Alexander B.; Nepomnyashchy, Alexander A.

2018-05-01

The paper presents the analysis of the impact of vertical periodic vibrations on the long-wavelength Marangoni instability in a liquid layer with poorly conducting boundaries in the presence of insoluble surfactant on the deformable gas-liquid interface. The layer is subject to a uniform transverse temperature gradient. Linear stability analysis is performed in order to find critical values of Marangoni numbers for both monotonic and oscillatory instability modes. Longwave asymptotic expansions are used. At the leading order, the critical values are independent on vibration parameters; at the next order of approximation we obtained the rise of stability thresholds due to vibration.

New Growth Mode through Decorated Twin Boundaries

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Bleikamp, Sebastian; Thoma, Arne; Polop, Celia

2006-03-24

Scanning tunneling microscopy and low energy electron diffraction were used to investigate the growth of partly twinned Ir thin films on Ir(111). A transition from the expected layer-by-layer to a defect dominated growth mode with a fixed lateral length scale and increasing roughness is observed. During growth, the majority of the film is stably transformed to twinned stacking. This transition is initiated by the energetic avoidance of the formation of intrinsic stacking faults compared to two independent twin faults. The atomistic details of the defect kinetics are outlined.

New growth mode through decorated twin boundaries.

PubMed

Bleikamp, Sebastian; Thoma, Arne; Polop, Celia; Pirug, Gerhard; Linke, Udo; Michely, Thomas

2006-03-24

Scanning tunneling microscopy and low energy electron diffraction were used to investigate the growth of partly twinned Ir thin films on Ir(111). A transition from the expected layer-by-layer to a defect dominated growth mode with a fixed lateral length scale and increasing roughness is observed. During growth, the majority of the film is stably transformed to twinned stacking. This transition is initiated by the energetic avoidance of the formation of intrinsic stacking faults compared to two independent twin faults. The atomistic details of the defect kinetics are outlined.

Complementary velocity and heat transfer measurements in a rotating turbine cooling passage

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bons, Jeffrey Peter

An experimental investigation was conducted on the internal flowfield of a simulated turbine blade cooling passage. The passage is of a square cross-section and was manufactured from quartz for optical accessibility. Velocity measurements were taken using Particle Image Velocimetry for both heated and non-heated cases. Thin film resistive heaters on the four passage walls allow heat to be added to the coolant flow without obstructing laser access. Under the same conditions, an infrared detector with associated optics collected wall temperature data for use in calculating local Nusselt number. The test section was operated with radial outward flow and at values of Reynolds number, Rotation number, and density ratio typical of applications. Velocity data for the non-heated case document the evolution of the Coriolis-induced double vortex. The vortex has the effect of increasing the leading side boundary layer thickness while decreasing the trailing side boundary layer thickness. Also, the streamwise component of the Coriolis acceleration creates a thinned side wall boundary layer. These data reveal an unsteady, turbulent flowfield in the cooling passage. Velocity data for the heated case show a strongly distorted streamwise profile indicative of a buoyancy effect on the leading side. The Coriolis vortex is the mechanism for the accumulation of stagnant flow on the leading side of the passage. Heat transfer data show a maximum factor of two difference in the Nusselt number from trailing side to leading side. An estimate of this heat transfer disparity based on the measured boundary layer edge velocity yields approximately the same factor of two. A momentum integral model was developed for data interpretation which accounts for Coriolis and buoyancy effects. Calculated streamwise profiles and secondary flows match the experimental data well. The model, the velocity data, and the heat transfer data combine to suggest the presence of separated flow on the leading wall starting at about five passage widths for the conditions studied. (Copies available exclusively from MIT Libraries, Rm. 14-0551, Cambridge, MA 02139-4307. Ph. 617-253-5668; Fax 617-253-1690.)

Effective Boundary Conditions for Continuum Method of Investigation of Rarefied Gas Flow over Blunt Body

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Brykina, I. G.; Rogov, B. V.; Semenov, I. L.; Tirskiy, G. A.

2011-05-01

Super- and hypersonic rarefied gas flow over blunt bodies is investigated by using asymptotically correct viscous shock layer (VSL) model with effective boundary conditions and thin viscous shock layer model. Correct shock and wall conditions for VSL are proposed with taking into account terms due to the curvature which are significant at low Reynolds number. These conditions improve original Davis's VSL model [1]. Numerical calculation of Krook equation [2] is carried out to verify continuum results. Continuum numerical and asymptotic solutions are compared with kinetic solution, free-molecule flow solution and with DSMC solutions [3, 4, 5] over a wide range of free-stream Knudsen number Kn∞. It is shown that taking into account terms with shock and surface curvatures have a pronounced effect on skin friction and heat-transfer in transitional flow regime. Using the asymptotically correct VSL model with effective boundary conditions significantly extends the range of its applicability to higher Kn∞ numbers.

Understanding the Spatiotemporal Structures in Atmosphere-Land Surface Exchange at the Jülich Observatory for Cloud Evolution

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Marke, T.; Crewell, S.; Loehnert, U.; Rascher, U.; Schween, J. H.

2015-12-01

This study aims at identifying spatial and temporal patterns of surface-atmosphere exchange parameters from highly-resolved and long-term observations. For this purpose, a combination of continuous ground-based measurements and dedicated aircraft campaigns using state-of-the-art remote sensing instrumentation at the Jülich Observatory for Cloud Evolution (JOYCE) is available. JOYCE provides a constantly growing multi-year data set for detailed insight into boundary layer processes and patterns related to surface conditions since 2011. The JOYCE site is embedded in a rural environment with different crop types. The availability of a scanning microwave radiometer and cloud radar is a unique component of JOYCE. The hemispheric scans of the ground-based radiometer allow the identification and quantification of horizontal gradients in water vapor and liquid water path measurements. How these gradients are connected to near-surface fluxes and the topography depending on the mean wind flow and surface fluxes is investigated by exploring the long-term data set. Additionally, situations with strong coupling to the surface can be identified by observing the atmospheric turbulence and stability within the boundary layer, using different lidar systems. Furthermore, the influence of thin liquid water clouds, which are typical for the boundary layer development, on the radiation field and the interaction with the vegetation is examined. Applying a synergistic statistical retrieval approach, using passive microwave and infrared observations, shows an improvement in retrieving thin liquid cloud microphysical properties. The role of vegetation is assessed by exploiting the time series of the sun-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF) signal measured at the ground level using automated measurements. For selected case studies, a comparison to maps of hyperspectral reflectance and SIF obtained from an airborne high-resolution imaging spectrometer is realized.

Architecture of the Interface between the Perovskite and Hole-Transport Layers in Perovskite Solar Cells.

PubMed

Moriya, Masahiro; Hirotani, Daisuke; Ohta, Tsuyoshi; Ogomi, Yuhei; Shen, Qing; Ripolles, Teresa S; Yoshino, Kenji; Toyoda, Taro; Minemoto, Takashi; Hayase, Shuzi

2016-09-22

The interface between the perovskite (PVK, CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 ) and hole-transport layers in perovskite solar cells is discussed. The device architecture studied is as follows: F-doped tin oxide (FTO)-coated glass/compact TiO 2 /mesoporous TiO 2 /PVK/2,2',7,7'-tetrakis-(N,N-di-4-methoxyphenylamino)-9,9'-spirobifluorene (Spiro-MeOTAD)/Au. After a thin layer of 4,4,4-trifluorobutylammonium iodide (TFBA) was inserted at the interface between PVK and Spiro-MeOTAD, the photovoltaic efficiency increased from 11.6-14.5 % to 15.1-17.6 %. TFBA (10 ppm) was added in the PVK solution before coating. Owing to the low surface tension of TFBA, TFBA rose to the surface of the PVK layer spontaneously during spin-coating to make a thin organic layer. The PVK grain boundaries also seemed to be passivated with the addition of TFBA. However, large differences in Urbach energies and valence band energy level were not observed for the PVK layer with and without the addition of TFBA. The charge recombination time constant between the PVK and the Spiro-MeOTAD became slower (from 8.4 to 280 μsec) after 10 ppm of TFBA was added in the PVK. The experimental results using TFBA conclude that insertion of a very thin layer at the interface between PVK and Spiro-MeOTAD is effective for suppressing charge recombination and increasing photovoltaic performances. © 2016 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Boundaries of dreams, boundaries of dreamers: thin and thick boundaries as a new personality measure.

PubMed

Hartmann, E

1989-11-01

Previous work by the author and his collaborators on frequent nightmare sufferers demonstrated that these people had striking personality characteristics which could be called "thin boundaries" in a number of different senses. In order to measure thin and thick boundaries, a 145-item questionnaire, the Boundary Questionnaire, has been developed which has now been taken by over 1,000 persons. Preliminary results are presented indicating that, as predicted a priori, several new groups of nightmare sufferers and groups of art students scored usually "thin," whereas a group of naval officers had usually "thick" boundaries. Overall, thinness on the Boundary Questionnaire correlated highly positively (r = .40) with frequency of dream recall and also significantly (r = .16) with length of sleep.

Microstructural and rheological evolution of calcite mylonites during shear zone thinning: Constraints from the Mount Irene shear zone, Fiordland, New Zealand

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Negrini, Marianne; Smith, Steven A. F.; Scott, James M.; Tarling, Matthew S.

2018-01-01

Layers of calc-mylonite in the Mount Irene shear zone, Fiordland, New Zealand, show substantial variations in thickness due to deflection of the shear zone boundaries around wall rock asperities. In relatively thick parts (c. 2.6 m) of the shear zone, calcite porphyroclasts are internally strained, contain abundant subgrain boundaries and have a strong shape preferred orientation (SPO) and crystallographic preferred orientation (CPO), suggesting that deformation occurred mainly by dislocation creep involving subgrain-rotation recrystallization. In relatively thin parts (c. 1.5 m) of the shear zone, aggregates of fine-grained recrystallized calcite surrounding flattened porphyroclasts have a weak SPO and CPO, and contain polygonal calcite grains with low degrees of internal misorientation. The recrystallized aggregates also contain microstructures (e.g. grain quadruple junctions, randomized misorientation axes) similar to those reported for neighbor-switching processes during grain-boundary sliding. Comparison of subgrain sizes in the porphyroclasts to published grain-size differential-stress relationships indicates that stresses and strain rates were substantially higher in relatively thin parts of the shear zone. The primary microstructural response to higher stresses and strain rates was an increase in the amount of recrystallization to produce aggregates that deformed by grain-boundary sliding. However, even after the development of interconnected networks of recrystallized grains, dislocation creep by subgrain-rotation recrystallization continued to occur within porphyroclasts. This behavior suggests that the bulk rheology of shear zones undergoing thinning and thickening can be controlled by concomitant grain-size insensitive and grain-size sensitive mechanisms. Overall, our observations show that shear zone thickness variations at constant P-T can result in highly variable stresses and strain rates, which in turn modifies microstructure, deformation mechanism and shear zone rheology.

probing the atmosphere with high power, high resolution radars

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Hardy, K. R.; Katz, I.

1969-01-01

Observations of radar echoes from the clear atmosphere are presented and the scattering mechanisms responsible for the two basic types of clear-air echoes are discussed. The commonly observed dot echo originates from a point in space and usually shows little variation in echo intensity over periods of about 0.1 second. The second type of clear-air radar echo appears diffuse in space, and signal intensities vary considerably over periods of less than 0.1 second. The echoes often occur in thin horizontal layers or as boundaries of convective activity; these are characterized by sharp gradients of refractive index. Some features of clear-air atmospheric structures as observed with radar are presented. These structures include thin stable inversions, convective thermals, Benard convection cells, breaking gravity waves, and high tropospheric layers which are sufficiently turbulent to affect aircraft.

Competing disturbance amplification mechanisms in two-fluid boundary layers

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Saha, Sandeep; Page, Jacob; Zaki, Tamer

2015-11-01

The linear stability of boundary layers above a thin wall film of lower viscosity is analyzed. Appropriate choice of the film thickness and viscosity excludes the possibility of interfacial instabilities. Transient amplification of disturbances is therefore the relevant destabilizing influence, and can take place via three different mechanisms in the two-fluid configuration. Each is examined in detail by solving an initial value problem whose initial condition comprises a pair of appropriately chosen eigenmodes from the discrete, continuous and interface modes. Two regimes are driven by the lift-up mechanism: (i) The response to a streamwise vortex and (ii) the normal vorticity generated by a stable Tollmien-Schlichting wave. Both are damped due to the film. The third regime is associated with the wall-normal vorticity that is generated by the interface displacement. It can lead to appreciable streamwise velocity disturbances in the near-wall region at relatively low viscosity ratios. The results demonstrate that a wall film can stabilize the early linear stages of boundary-layer transition, and explain the observations from the recent nonlinear direct numerical simulations of this configuration by Jung & Zaki (J. Fluid Mech., vol 772, 2015, 330-360).

A viscous flow study of shock-boundary layer interaction, radial transport, and wake development in a transonic compressor

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Hah, Chunill; Reid, Lonnie

1991-01-01

A numerical study based on the 3D Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equation has been conducted to investigate the detailed flow physics inside a transonic compressor. 3D shock structure, shock-boundary layer interaction, flow separation, radial mixing, and wake development are all investigated at design and off-design conditions. Experimental data based on laser anemometer measurements are used to assess the overall quality of the numerical solution. An additional experimental study to investigate end-wall flow with a hot-film was conducted, and these results are compared with the numerical results. Detailed comparison with experimental data indicates that the overall features of the 3D shock structure, the shock-boundary layer interaction, and the wake development are all calculated very well in the numerical solution. The numerical results are further analyzed to examine the radial mixing phenomena in the transonic compressor. A thin sheet of particles is injected in the numerical solution upstream of the compressor. The movement of particles is traced with a 3D plotting package. This numerical survey of tracer concentration reveals the fundamental mechanisms of radial transport in this transonic compressor.

Flow Visualization by Elastic Light Scattering in the Boundary Layer of a Supersonic Flow

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Herring, G. C.; Hillard, Mervin E., Jr.

2000-01-01

We demonstrate instantaneous flow visualization of the boundary layer region of a Mach 2.5 supersonic flow over a flat plate that is interacting with an impinging shock wave. Tests were performed in the Unitary Plan Wind Tunnel (UPWT) at NASA Langley Research Center. The technique is elastic light scattering using 10-nsec laser pulses at 532 nm. We emphasize that no seed material of any kind, including water (H2O), is purposely added to the flow. The scattered light comes from a residual impurity that normally exists in the flow medium after the air drying process. Thus, the technique described here differs from the traditional vapor-screen method, which is typically accomplished by the addition of extra H2O vapor to the airflow. The flow is visualized with a series of thin two-dimensional light sheets (oriented perpendicular to the streamwise direction) that are located at several positions downstream of the leading edge of the model. This geometry allows the direct observation of the unsteady flow structure in the spanwise dimension of the model and also allows the indirect observation of the boundary layer growth in the streamwise dimension.

Analytical Studies of Boundary Layer Generated Aircraft Interior Noise

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Howe, M. S.; Shah, P. L.

1997-01-01

An analysis is made of the "interior noise" produced by high, subsonic turbulent flow over a thin elastic plate partitioned into "panels" by straight edges transverse to the mean flow direction. This configuration models a section of an aircraft fuselage that may be regarded as locally flat. The analytical problem can be solved in closed form to represent the acoustic radiation in terms of prescribed turbulent boundary layer pressure fluctuations. Two cases are considered: (i) the production of sound at an isolated panel edge (i.e., in the approximation in which the correlation between sound and vibrations generated at neighboring edges is neglected), and (ii) the sound generated by a periodic arrangement of identical panels. The latter problem is amenable to exact analytical treatment provided the panel edge conditions are the same for all panels. Detailed predictions of the interior noise depend on a knowledge of the turbulent boundary layer wall pressure spectrum, and are given here in terms of an empirical spectrum proposed by Laganelli and Wolfe. It is expected that these analytical representations of the sound generated by simplified models of fluid-structure interactions can used to validate more general numerical schemes.

Boundary-layer transition on a flared cone in a Mach 6 quiet wind tunnel

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hofferth, Jerrod; Saric, William

2010-11-01

The Mach 6 Quiet Tunnel at Texas A&M is a low-disturbance blowdown facility suitable for boundary-layer stability and transition research. Following its reactivation in 2009, initial testing confirmed the presence of low-disturbance (< 0.1% Pt^'/Pt) freestream flow at select locations on the centerline of the nozzle for settling chamber pressures up to 10 atm, and a fully-traversed freestream flow-quality assessment is currently underway. As a third performance benchmark to complement these direct measurements, the present work measures the transition location on the NASA Langley 93-10 flared-cone model. This model has a 0.5m length, beginning as a 5^o half-angle circular cone. At the X=254mm station, a flare of surface radius 2.35m begins which is intended to induce transition within the quiet test core. Boundary-layer transition is detected on the thin-walled model by an observed surface temperature rise using an array of 51 embedded thermocouples. Transition data are presented for a sharp (2.5 μm) nose-tip radius case for comparison with the Lachowicz & Chokani (1996 data). Data for larger-radius nose-tips are also presented.

Pressure and heating-rate distributions on a corrugated surface in a supersonic turbulent boundary layer

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Sawyer, J. W.

1977-01-01

Drag and heating rates on wavy surfaces typical of current corrugated plate designs for thermal protection systems were determined experimentally. Pressure-distribution, heating-rate, and oil-flow tests were conducted in the Langley Unitary Plan wind tunnel at Mach numbers of 2.4 and 4.5 with the corrugated surface exposed to both thick and thin turbulent boundary layers. Tests were conducted with the corrugations at cross-flow angles from 0 deg to 90 deg to the flow. Results show that for cross-flow angles of 30 deg or less, the pressure drag coefficients are less than the local flat-plate skin-friction coefficients and are not significantly affected by Mach number, Reynolds number, or boundary-layer thickness over the ranges investigated. For cross-flow angles greater than 30 deg, the drag coefficients increase significantly with cross-flow angle and moderately with Reynolds number. Increasing the Mach number causes a significant reduction in the pressure drag. The average and peak heating penalties due to the corrugated surface are small for cross-flow angles of 10 deg or less but are significantly higher for the larger cross-flow angles.

A new flux-conserving numerical scheme for the steady, incompressible Navier-Stokes equations

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Scott, James R.

1994-01-01

This paper is concerned with the continued development of a new numerical method, the space-time solution element (STS) method, for solving conservation laws. The present work focuses on the two-dimensional, steady, incompressible Navier-Stokes equations. Using first an integral approach, and then a differential approach, the discrete flux conservation equations presented in a recent paper are rederived. Here a simpler method for determining the flux expressions at cell interfaces is given; a systematic and rigorous derivation of the conditions used to simulate the differential form of the governing conservation law(s) is provided; necessary and sufficient conditions for a discrete approximation to satisfy a conservation law in E2 are derived; and an estimate of the local truncation error is given. A specific scheme is then constructed for the solution of the thin airfoil boundary layer problem. Numerical results are presented which demonstrate the ability of the scheme to accurately resolve the developing boundary layer and wake regions using grids which are much coarser than those employed by other numerical methods. It is shown that ten cells in the cross-stream direction are sufficient to accurately resolve the developing airfoil boundary layer.

Large deflection random response of cross-ply laminated plates with elastically restrained edges and initial imperfections

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Prasad, C. B.; Mei, Chuh

1988-01-01

The large deflection random response of symmetrically laminated cross-ply rectangular thin plates subjected to random excitation is studied. The out-of-plane boundary conditions are such that all the edges are rigidly supported against translation, but elastically restrained against rotation. The plate is also assumed to have a small initial imperfection. The assumed membrane boundary conditions are such that all the edges are free from normal and tangential forces in the plane of the plate. Mean-square deflections and mean-square strains are determined for a three-layered cross-ply laminate.

How to interpret current-voltage relationships of blocking grain boundaries in oxygen ionic conductors.

PubMed

Kim, Seong K; Khodorov, Sergey; Chen, Chien-Ting; Kim, Sangtae; Lubomirsky, Igor

2013-06-14

A new model based on a linear diffusion equation is proposed to explain the current-voltage characteristics of blocking grain boundaries in Y-doped CeO2 in particular. One can also expect that the model can be applicable to the ionic conductors with blocking grain boundaries, in general. The model considers an infinitely long chain of identical grains separated by grain boundaries, which are treated as regions in which depletion layers of mobile ions are formed due to trapping of immobile charges that do not depend on the applied voltage as well as temperature. The model assumes that (1) the grain boundaries do not represent physical blocking layers, which implies that if there is a second phase at the grain boundaries, then it is too thin to impede ion diffusion and (2) the ions follow Boltzmann distribution throughout the materials. Despite its simplicity, the model successfully reproduces the "power law": current proportional to voltage power n and illustrated with the experimental example of Y-doped ceria. The model also correctly predicts that the product nT, where T is the temperature in K, is constant and is proportional to the grain boundary potential as long as the charge at the grain boundaries remains trapped. The latter allows its direct determination from the current-voltage characteristics and promises considerable simplification in the analysis of the electrical characteristics of the grain boundaries with respect to the models currently in use.

Seismic velocities at the core-mantle boundary inferred from P waves diffracted around the core

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sylvander, Matthieu; Ponce, Bruno; Souriau, Annie

1997-05-01

The very base of the mantle is investigated with core-diffracted P-wave (P diff) travel times published by the International Seismological Centre (ISC) for the period 1964-1987. Apparent slownesses are computed for two-station profiles using a difference method. As the short-period P diff mostly sample a very thin layer above the core-mantle boundary (CMB), a good approximation of the true velocity structure at the CMB can be derived from the apparent slownesses. More than 27000 profiles are built, and this provides an unprecedented P diff sampling of the CMB. The overall slowness distribution has an average value of 4.62 s/deg, which corresponds to a velocity more than 4% lower than that of most mean radial models. An analysis of the residuals of absolute ISC P and P diff travel times is independently carried out and confirms this result. It also shows that the degree of heterogeneities is significantly higher at the CMB than in the lower mantle. A search for lateral velocity variations is then undertaken; a first large-scale investigation reveals the presence of coherent slowness anomalies of very large dimensions of the order of 3000 km at the CMB. A tomographic inversion is then performed, which confirms the existence of pronounced (±8-10%) lateral velocity variations and provides a reliable map of the heterogeneities in the northern hemisphere. The influence of heterogeneity in the overlying mantle, of noise in the data and of CMB topography is evaluated; it seemingly proves minor compared with the contribution of heterogeneities at the CMB. Our results support the rising idea of a thin, low-velocity laterally varying boundary layer at the base of the D″ layer. The two principal candidate interpretations are the occurrence of partial melting, or the presence of a chemically distinct layer, featuring infiltrated core material.

Morphological impact of zinc oxide layers on the device performance in thin-film transistors.

PubMed

Faber, Hendrik; Klaumünzer, Martin; Voigt, Michael; Galli, Diana; Vieweg, Benito F; Peukert, Wolfgang; Spiecker, Erdmann; Halik, Marcus

2011-03-01

Zinc oxide thin-films are prepared either by spin coating of an ethanolic dispersion of nanoparticles (NP, diameter 5 nm) or by spray pyrolysis of a zinc acetate dihydrate precursor. High-resolution electron microscopy studies reveal a monolayer of particles for the low temperature spin coating approach and larger crystalline domains of more than 30 nm for the spray pyrolysis technique. Thin-film transistor devices (TFTs) based on spray pyrolysis films exhibit higher electron mobilities of up to 24 cm2 V(-1) s(-1) compared to 0.6 cm2 V(-1) s(-1) for NP based TFTs. These observations were dedicated to a reduced number of grain boundaries within the transistor channel.

A comparison of no-slip, stress-free and inviscid models of rapidly rotating fluid in a spherical shell

PubMed Central

Livermore, Philip W.; Bailey, Lewis M.; Hollerbach, Rainer

2016-01-01

We investigate how the choice of either no-slip or stress-free boundary conditions affects numerical models of rapidly rotating flow in Earth’s core by computing solutions of the weakly-viscous magnetostrophic equations within a spherical shell, driven by a prescribed body force. For non-axisymmetric solutions, we show that models with either choice of boundary condition have thin boundary layers of depth E1/2, where E is the Ekman number, and a free-stream flow that converges to the formally inviscid solution. At Earth-like values of viscosity, the boundary layer thickness is approximately 1 m, for either choice of condition. In contrast, the axisymmetric flows depend crucially on the choice of boundary condition, in both their structure and magnitude (either E−1/2 or E−1). These very large zonal flows arise from requiring viscosity to balance residual axisymmetric torques. We demonstrate that switching the mechanical boundary conditions can cause a distinct change of structure of the flow, including a sign-change close to the equator, even at asymptotically low viscosity. Thus implementation of stress-free boundary conditions, compared with no-slip conditions, may yield qualitatively different dynamics in weakly-viscous magnetostrophic models of Earth’s core. We further show that convergence of the free-stream flow to its asymptotic structure requires E ≤ 10−5. PMID:26980289

Free vibrations of thin-walled semicircular graphite-epoxy composite frames

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Carden, Huey D.; Noor, Ahmed K.; Peters, Jeanne M.

1990-01-01

A detailed study is made of the effects of variations in lamination and material parameters of thin walled composite frames on their vibrational characteristics. The structures considered are semicircular thin walled frames with I and J sections. The flanges and webs of the frames are modeled by using 2-D shell and plate finite elements. A mixed formulation is used with the fundamental unknowns consisting of both the generalized displacements and stress resultants in the frame. The frequencies and modes predicted by the 2-D finite element model are compared with those obtained from experiments, as well as with the predictions of a non-dimensional thin walled beam finite element model. A detailed study is made of the sensitivity of the vibrational response to variations in the fiber orientation, material properties of the individual layers, and boundary conditions.

Free vibrations of thin-walled semicircular graphite-epoxy composite frames

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Noor, Ahmed K.; Carden, Huey D.; Peters, Jeanne M.

1990-01-01

A detailed study is made of the effects of variations in lamination and material parameters of thin walled composite frames on their vibrational characteristics. The structures considered are semicircular thin walled frames with I and J sections. The flanges and webs of the frames are modelled by using 2-D shell and plate finite elements. A mixed formulation is used with the fundamental unknowns consisting of both the generalized displacements and stress resultants in the frames. The frequencies and modes predicted by the 2-D finite element model are compared with those obtained from experiments, as well as with the predictions of a 1-D thin walled beam finite element model. A detailed study is made of the sensitivity of the vibrational response to variations in the fiber orientation, material properties of the individual layers, and boundary conditions.

Non-wetting surface-driven high-aspect-ratio crystalline grain growth for efficient hybrid perovskite solar cells

DOE PAGES

Bi, Cheng; Wang, Qi; Shao, Yuchuan; ...

2015-07-20

Large-aspect-ratio grains are needed in polycrystalline thin-film solar cells for reduced charge recombination at grain boundaries; however, the grain size in organolead trihalide perovskite (OTP) films is generally limited by the film thickness. Here we report the growth of OTP grains with high average aspect ratio of 2.3–7.9 on a wide range of non-wetting hole transport layers (HTLs), which increase nucleus spacing by suppressing heterogeneous nucleation and facilitate grain boundary migration in grain growth by imposing less drag force. The reduced grain boundary area and improved crystallinity dramatically reduce the charge recombination in OTP thin films to the level inmore » OTP single crystals. Combining the high work function of several HTLs, a high stabilized device efficiency of 18.3% in low-temperature-processed planar-heterojunction OTP devices under 1 sun illumination is achieved. As a result, this simple method in enhancing OTP morphology paves the way for its application in other optoelectronic devices for enhanced performance.« less

ZnO nanostructures as electron extraction layers for hybrid perovskite thin films

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Nikolaidou, Katerina; Sarang, Som; Tung, Vincent; Lu, Jennifer; Ghosh, Sayantani

Optimum interaction between light harvesting media and electron transport layers is critical for the efficient operation of photovoltaic devices. In this work, ZnO layers of different morphologies are implemented as electron extraction and transport layers for hybrid perovskite CH3NH3PbI3 thin films. These include nanowires, nanoparticles, and single crystalline film. Charge transfer at the ZnO/perovskite interface is investigated and compared through ultra-fast characterization techniques, including temperature and power dependent spectroscopy, and time-resolved photoluminescence. The nanowires cause an enhancement in perovskite emission, which may be attributed to increased scattering and grain boundary formation. However, the ZnO layers with decreasing surface roughness exhibit better electron extraction, as inferred from photoluminescence quenching, reduction in the number of bound excitons, and reduced exciton lifetime in CH3NH3PbI3 samples. This systematic study is expected to provide an understanding of the fundamental processes occurring at the ZnO-CH3NH3PbI3 interface and ultimately, provide guidelines for the ideal configuration of ZnO-based hybrid Perovskite devices. This research was supported by National Aeronautics and Space administration (NASA) Grant No: NNX15AQ01A.

Channelized ice melting in the ocean boundary layer beneath Pine Island Glacier, Antarctica.

PubMed

Stanton, T P; Shaw, W J; Truffer, M; Corr, H F J; Peters, L E; Riverman, K L; Bindschadler, R; Holland, D M; Anandakrishnan, S

2013-09-13

Ice shelves play a key role in the mass balance of the Antarctic ice sheets by buttressing their seaward-flowing outlet glaciers; however, they are exposed to the underlying ocean and may weaken if ocean thermal forcing increases. An expedition to the ice shelf of the remote Pine Island Glacier, a major outlet of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet that has rapidly thinned and accelerated in recent decades, has been completed. Observations from geophysical surveys and long-term oceanographic instruments deployed down bore holes into the ocean cavity reveal a buoyancy-driven boundary layer within a basal channel that melts the channel apex by 0.06 meter per day, with near-zero melt rates along the flanks of the channel. A complex pattern of such channels is visible throughout the Pine Island Glacier shelf.

The inviscid axisymmetric stability of the supersonic flow along a circular cylinder

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Duck, Peter W.

1990-01-01

The supersonic flow past a thin straight circular cylinder is investigated. The associated boundary-layer flow (i.e. the velocity and temperature field) is computed; the asymptotic, far downstream solution is obtained, and compared with the full numerical results. The inviscid, linear, axisymmetric (temporal) stability of this boundary layer is also studied. A so-called 'doubly generalized' inflexion condition is derived, which is a condition for the existence of so-called 'subsonic' neutral modes. The eigenvalue problem (for the complex wavespeed) is computed for two free-stream Mach numbers (2.8 and 3.8), and this reveals that curvature has a profound effect on the stability of the flow. The first unstable inviscid mode is seen to disappear rapidly as curvature is introduced, while the second (and generally the most important) mode suffers a substantially reduced amplification rate.

The inviscid axisymmetric stability of the supersonic flow along a circular cylinder

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Duck, Peter W.

1989-01-01

The supersonic flow past a thin straight circular cylinder is investigated. The associated boundary layer flow (i.e., the velocity and temperature field) is computed; the asymptotic, far downstream solution is obtained, and compared with the full numerical results. The inviscid, linear, axisymmetric (temporal) stability of this boundary layer is also studied. A so called doubly generalized inflexion condition is derived, which is a condition for the existence of so called subsonic neutral modes. The eigenvalue problem (for the complex wavespeed) is computed for two freestream Mach numbers (2.8 and 3.8), and this reveals that curvature has a profound effect on the stability of the flow. The first unstable inviscid mode is seen to rapidly disappear as curvature is introduced, while the second (and generally the most important) mode suffers a substantially reduced amplification rate.

Matrix operator theory of radiative transfer. 2: scattering from maritime haze.

PubMed

Kattawar, G W; Plass, G N; Catchings, F E

1973-05-01

Matrix operator theory is used to calculate the reflected and transmitted radiance of photons that have interacted with plane-parallel maritime haze layers. The results are presented for three solar zenith angles, three values of the surface albedo, and a range of optical thicknesses from very thin to very thick. The diffuse flux at the lower boundary and the cloud albedo are tabulated. The forward peak and other features in the single scattered phase function cause the radiance in many cases to be very different from that for Rayleigh scattering. In particular the variation of the radiance with both the zenith or nadir angle and the azimuthal angle is more marked and the relative limb darkening under very thick layers is greater for haze M than for Rayleigh scattering. The downward diffuse flux at the lower boundary for A = 0 is always greater and the cloud albedo is always less for haze M than for Rayleigh layers.

Turbulent properties of oceanic near-surface stable boundary layers subject to wind, fresh water, and thermal forcing.

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

St. Laurent, Louis; Clayson, Carol Anne

2015-04-01

The near-surface oceanic boundary layer is generally regarded as convectively unstable due to the effects of wind, evaporation, and cooling. However, stable conditions also occur often, when rain or low-winds and diurnal warming provide buoyancy to a thin surface layer. These conditions are prevalent in the tropical and subtropical latitude bands, and are underrepresented in model simulations. Here, we evaluate cases of oceanic stable boundary layers and their turbulent processes using a combination of measurements and process modeling. We focus on the temperature, salinity and density changes with depth from the surface to the upper thermocline, subject to the influence of turbulent processes causing mixing. The stabilizing effects of freshwater from rain as contrasted to conditions of high solar radiation and low winds will be shown, with observations providing surprising new insights into upper ocean mixing in these regimes. Previous observations of freshwater lenses have demonstrated a maximum of dissipation near the bottom of the stable layer; our observations provide a first demonstration of a similar maximum near the bottom of the solar heating-induced stable layer and a fresh-water induced barrier layer. Examples are drawn from recent studies in the tropical Atlantic and Indian oceans, where ocean gliders equipped with microstructure sensors were used to measure high resolution hydrographic properties and turbulence levels. The limitations of current mixing models will be demonstrated. Our findings suggest that parameterizations of near-surface mixing rates during stable stratification and low-wind conditions require considerable revision, in the direction of larger diffusivities.

CFL3D User's Manual (Version 5.0)

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Krist, Sherrie L.; Biedron, Robert T.; Rumsey, Christopher L.

1998-01-01

This document is the User's Manual for the CFL3D computer code, a thin-layer Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes flow solver for structured multiple-zone grids. Descriptions of the code's input parameters, non-dimensionalizations, file formats, boundary conditions, and equations are included. Sample 2-D and 3-D test cases are also described, and many helpful hints for using the code are provided.

Dynamic High-Pressure Behavior of Hierarchical Heterogeneous Geological Materials

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-04-01

sandwiched between two 25µm FEP copolymer layers attached to the copper driver plate . The total package thickness with thin-film epoxy on all bonding...public release. 3 OUTLINE Page # ABSTRACT 2 1. BACKGROUND 4 2. CHARACTERISTICS OF SAND INVESTIGATED 8 3. PLATE ...constituents, phases, inter-phase boundaries ; distributions in shock states; as well as the structural evolutions which can result in strain

Nanopore Measurements of Filamentous Viruses Reveal a Sub-nanometer-Scale Stagnant Fluid Layer.

PubMed

McMullen, Angus J; Tang, Jay X; Stein, Derek

2017-11-28

We report measurements and analyses of nanopore translocations by fd and M13, two related strains of filamentous virus that are identical except for their charge densities. The standard continuum theory of electrokinetics greatly overestimates the translocation speed and the conductance associated with counterions for both viruses. Furthermore, fd and M13 behave differently from one another, even translocating in opposite directions under certain conditions. This cannot be explained by Manning-condensed counterions or a number of other proposed models. Instead, we argue that these anomalous findings are consequences of the breakdown of the validity of continuum hydrodynamics at the scale of a few molecular layers. Next to a polyelectrolyte, there exists an extra-viscous, sub-nanometer-thin boundary layer that has a giant influence on the transport characteristics. We show that a stagnant boundary layer captures the essential hydrodynamics and extends the validity of the electrokinetic theory beyond the continuum limit. A stagnant layer with a thickness of about half a nanometer consistently improves predictions of the ionic current change induced by virus translocations and of the translocation velocity for both fd and M13 over a wide range of nanopore dimensions and salt concentrations.

Deposition and characterization of silicon thin-films by aluminum-induced crystallization

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ebil, Ozgenc

Polycrystalline silicon (poly-Si) as a thin-film solar cell material could have major advantages compared to non-silicon thin-film technologies. In theory, thin-film poly-Si may retain the performance and stability of c-Si while taking advantage of established manufacturing techniques. However, poly-Si films deposited onto foreign substrates at low temperatures typically have an average grain size of 10--50 nm. Such a grain structure presents a potential problem for device performance since it introduces an excessive number of grain boundaries which, if left unpassivated, lead to poor solar cell properties. Therefore, for optimum device performance, the grain size of the poly-Si film should be at least comparable to the thickness of the films. For this project, the objectives were the deposition of poly-Si thin-films with 2--5 mum grain size on glass substrates using in-situ and conventional aluminum-induced crystallization (AIC) and the development of a model for AIC process. In-situ AIC experiments were performed using Hot-Wire Chemical Vapor Deposition (HWCVD) both above and below the eutectic temperature (577°C) of Si-Al binary system. Conventional AIC experiments were performed using a-Si layers deposited on aluminum coated glass substrates by Electron-beam deposition, Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition (PECVD) and HWCVD. Continuous poly-Si films with an average grain size of 10 mum on glass substrates were achieved by both in-situ and conventional aluminum-induced crystallization of Si below eutectic temperature. The grain size was determined by three factors; the grain structure of Al layer, the nature of the interfacial oxide, and crystallization temperature. The interface oxide was found to be crucial for AIC process but not necessary for crystallization itself. The characterization of interfacial oxide layer formed on Al films revealed a bilayer structure containing Al2O3 and Al(OH)3 . The effective activation energy for AIC process was determined to be 0.9 eV and depended on the nature of the interfacial oxide layer. Poly-Si layers prepared by AIC technique can be used as seed layers for epitaxial growth of bulk Si layer or as back contacts in c-Si based solar cells.

Shed vortex structure and phase-averaged velocity statistics in symmetric/asymmetric turbulent flat plate wakes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Rai, Man Mohan

2018-05-01

The near wake of a flat plate is investigated via direct numerical simulations. Many earlier experimental investigations have used thin plates with sharp trailing edges and turbulent boundary layers to create the wake. This results in large θ/DTE values (θ is the boundary layer momentum thickness toward the end of the plate and DTE is the trailing edge thickness). In the present study, the emphasis is on relatively thick plates with circular trailing edges (CTEs) resulting in θ/D values less than one (D is the plate thickness and the diameter of the CTE) and vigorous vortex shedding. The Reynolds numbers based on the plate length and D are 1.255 × 106 and 10 000, respectively. Two cases are computed: one with turbulent boundary layers on both the upper and lower surfaces of the plate (statistically the same, symmetric wake, Case TT) and the other with turbulent and laminar boundary layers on the upper and lower surfaces, respectively (asymmetric case, Case TL). The data and understanding obtained are of considerable engineering interest, particularly in turbomachinery where the pressure side of an airfoil can remain laminar or transitional because of a favorable pressure gradient and the suction side is turbulent. Shed-vortex structure and phase-averaged velocity statistics obtained in the two cases are compared here. The upper negative shed vortices in Case TL (turbulent separating boundary layer) are weaker than the lower positive ones (laminar separating boundary layer) at inception (a factor of 1.27 weaker in terms of peak phase-averaged spanwise vorticity at the first appearance of a peak). The upper vortices weaken rapidly as they travel downstream. A second feature of interest in Case TL is a considerable increase in the peak phase-averaged, streamwise normal intensity (random component) with increasing streamwise distance (x/D) that occurs near the positive vortex cores. This behavior is observed for a few diameters in the near wake. This is counter to Case TT where the peak value essentially decreases with increasing x/D. Both these effects are examined in detail, and the important contributors are identified.

Interaction of Particles and Turbulence in the Solar Nebula

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Dacles-Mariani, Jennifer S.; Dobrovolskis, A. R.; Cuzzi, J. N.; DeVincenzi, Donald L. (Technical Monitor)

1996-01-01

The most widely accepted theories for the formation of the Solar system claim that small solid particles continue to settle into a thin layer at the midplane of the Solar nebula until it becomes gravitationally unstable and collapses directly into km-sized planetesimals. This scenario has been challenged on at least two grounds: (1) due to turbulence, the particles may not settle into a thin layer, and (2) a thin layer may not be unstable. The Solar nebula contains at least three sources of turbulence: radial shear, vertical shear, and thermal convection. The first of these is small and probably negligible, while the last is poorly understood. However, the second contribution is likely to be substantial. The particle-rich layer rotates at nearly the Keplerian speed, but the surrounding gaseous nebula rotates slower because it is partly supported by pressure. The resulting shear generates a turbulent boundary layer which stirs the particles away from the midplane, and forestalls gravitational instability. Our previous work used a 'zero-equation' (Prandtl) model to predict the intensity of shear-generated turbulence, and enabled us to demonstrate numerically that settling of particles to the midplane is self-limiting. However, we neglected the possibility that mass loading by particles might damp the turbulence. To explore this, we have developed a more sophisticated 'one-equation' model which incorporates local generation, transport, and dissipation of turbulence, as well as explicit damping of turbulence by particles. We also include a background level of global turbulence to represent other sources. Our results indicate that damping flattens the distribution of particles somewhat, but that background turbulence thickens the particle layer.

Molecular carbon isotope variations in core samples taken at the Permian-Triassic boundary layers in southern China

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, Ruiliang; Zhang, Shuichang; Brassell, Simon; Wang, Jiaxue; Lu, Zhengyuan; Ming, Qingzhong; Wang, Xiaomei; Bian, Lizeng

2012-07-01

Stable carbon isotope composition (δ13C) of carbonate sediments and the molecular (biomarker) characteristics of a continuous Permian-Triassic (PT) layer in southern China were studied to obtain geochemical signals of global change at the Permian-Triassic boundary (PTB). Carbonate carbon isotope values shifted toward positive before the end of the Permian period and then shifted negative above the PTB into the Triassic period. Molecular carbon isotope values of biomarkers followed the same trend at and below the PTB and remained negative in the Triassic layer. These biomarkers were acyclic isoprenoids, ranging from C15 to C40, steranes (C27 dominates) and terpenoids that were all significantly more abundant in samples from the Permian layer than those from the Triassic layer. The Triassic layer was distinguished by the dominance of higher molecular weight (waxy) n-alkanes. Stable carbon isotope values of individual components, including n-alkanes and acyclic isoprenoids such as phytane, isop-C25, and squalane, are depleted in δ13C by up to 8-10‰ in the Triassic samples as compared to the Permian. Measured molecular and isotopic variations of organic matter in the PT layers support the generally accepted view of Permian oceanic stagnation followed by a massive upwelling of toxic deep waters at the PTB. A series of large-scale (global) outgassing events may be associated with the carbon isotope shift we measured. This is also consistent with the lithological evidence we observed of white thin-clay layers in this region. Our findings, in context with a generally accepted stagnant Permian ocean, followed by massive upwelling of toxic deep waters might be the major causes of the largest global mass extinction event that occurred at the Permian-Triassic boundary.

Molten salt corrosion of SiC: Pitting mechanism

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Jacobson, N. S.; Smialek, J. L.

1985-01-01

Thin films of Na2SO4 and Na2CO3 at 1000 C lead to severe pitting of sintered alpha-SiC. These pits are important as they cause a strength reduction in this material. The growth of product layers is related to pit formation for the Na2CO3 case. The early reaction stages involve repeated oxidation and dissolution to form sodium silicate. This results in severe grain boundary attack. After this a porous silica layer forms between the sodium silicate melt and the SiC. The pores in this layer appear to act as paths for the melt to reach the SiC and create larger pits.

Inner Core Rotation from Geomagnetic Westward Drift and a Stationary Spherical Vortex in Earth's Core

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Voorhies, Coerte V.

1998-01-01

The idea that geomagnetic westward drift indicates convective leveling of the planetary momentum gradient within Earth's core is pursued in search of a differentially rotating mean state, upon which various oscillations and secular effects might be superimposed. The desired state conforms to roughly spherical boundary conditions, minimizes dissipative interference with convective cooling in the bulk of the core, yet may aid core cooling by depositing heat in the uppermost core and lower mantle. The variational calculus of stationary dissipation applied to a spherical vortex within the core yields an interesting differential rotation profile, akin to spherical Couette flow bounded by thin Hartmann layers. Four boundary conditions are required. To concentrate shear induced dissipation near the core-mantle boundary, these are taken to be: (i) no-slip at the core-mantle interface; (ii) geomagnetically estimated bulk westward flow at the base of the core-mantle boundary layer; (iii) no-slip at the inner-outer core interface; and, to describe magnetic locking of the inner core to the deep outer core; (iv) hydrodynamically stress-free at the inner-outer core boundary. By boldly assuming the axial core angular momentum anomaly to be zero, the super-rotation of the inner core relative to the mantle is calculated to be at most 1.5 deg./yr.

Inner Core Rotation from Geomagnetic Westward Drift and a Stationary Spherical Vortex in Earth's Core

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Voorhies, C. V.

1999-01-01

The idea that geomagnetic westward drift indicates convective leveling of the planetary momentum gradient within Earth's core is pursued in search of a differentially rotating mean state, upon which various oscillations and secular effects might be superimposed. The desired state conforms to roughly spherical boundary conditions, minimizes dissipative interference with convective cooling in the bulk of the core, yet may aide core cooling by depositing heat in the uppermost core and lower mantle. The variational calculus of stationary dissipation applied to a spherical vortex within the core yields an interesting differential rotation profile akin to spherical Couette flow bounded by thin Hartmann layers. Four boundary conditions are required. To concentrate shear induced dissipation near the core-mantle boundary, these are taken to be: (i) no-slip at the core-mantle interface; (ii) geomagnetically estimated bulk westward flow at the base of the core-mantle boundary layer; (iii) no-slip at the inner-outer core interface; and, to describe magnetic locking of the inner core to the deep outer core, (iv) hydrodynamically stress-free at the inner-outer core boundary. By boldly assuming the axial core angular momentum anomaly to be zero, the super-rotation of the inner core is calculated to be at most 1.5 degrees per year.

The onset of electrohydrodynamic instability in isoelectric focusing

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Baygents, James C.

1993-01-01

The onset of electrohydrodynamic motion associated with the imposition of an electric field across a thin layer of liquid has been investigated for the case in which the electrical conductivity varies linearly over the depth of the layer. The variation of the conductivity is due to concentration gradients in the charge-carrying solutes and its spatio-temporal evolution is represented by a convective-diffusion equation. When the viscous relaxation time is long compared to the time for charge relaxation, the analysis reveals that the neutral stability curves for the layer can be characterized by three dimensionless parameters: Ra(sub e) is equivalent to d(epsilon)E(sup 2, sub 0) Delta sigma/mu K(sub eff) sigma(sub 0), an electrical Rayleigh number; delta sigma/sigma(sub 0), the relative conductivity increment; and alpha, the transverse wave number of the disturbance. Here d is the thickness, epsilon is the dielectric constant, and mu is the viscosity of layer, E(sub 0) is the applied field strength at the lower conductivity boundary, and K(sub eff) is an effective diffusivity associated with the Brownian motion of the charge-carrying solutes. With viscous-stress-free boundaries, at which the electrical conductivity and the normal component of the electric field are prescribed, the critical Ra(sub e) is 1.504 x 10(exp 4) at a critical transverse wave number of 1.97 when Delta sigma/sigma(sub 0) is 10. As Delta sigma/sigma(sub 0) increases, the critical Ra(sub e) increases and shifts to shorter wavelength disturbances; the critical imposed field strength, however, passes through a minimum because the lower-conductivity boundary exerts a considerable stabilizing influence in the presence of steep conductivity gradients. Similar trends were obtained for liquid layers with rigid boundaries.

Refined Models for an Analysis of Internal and External Buckling Modes of a Monolayer in a Layered Composite

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Paimushin, V. N.

2017-11-01

For an analysis of internal and external buckling modes of a monolayer inside or at the periphery of a layered composite, refined geometrically nonlinear equations are constructed. They are based on modeling the monolayer as a thin plate interacting with binder layers at the points of boundary surfaces. The binder layer is modeled as a transversely soft foundation. It is assumed the foundations, previously compressed in the transverse direction (the first loading stage), have zero displacements of its external boundary surfaces at the second loading stage, but the contact interaction of the plate with foundations occurs without slippage or delamination. The deformation of the plate at a medium flexure is described by geometrically nonlinear relations of the classical plate theory based on the Kirchhoff-Love hypothesis (the first variant) or the refined Timoshenko model with account of the transverse shear and compression (the second variant). The foundation is described by linearized 3D equations of elasticity theory, which are simplified within the framework of the model of a transversely soft layer. Integrating the linearized equations along the transverse coordinate and satisfying the kinematic joining conditions of the plate with foundations, with account of their initial compression in the thickness direction, a system of 2D geometrically nonlinear equations and appropriate boundary conditions are derived. These equations describe the contact interaction between elements of the deformable system. The relations obtained are simplified for the case of a symmetric stacking sequence.

Nonlinear development and secondary instability of Gortler vortices in hypersonic flows

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Fu, Yibin B.; Hall, Philip

1991-01-01

In a hypersonic boundary layer over a wall of variable curvature, the region most susceptible to Goertler vortices is the temperature adjustment layer over which the basic state temperature decreases monotonically to its free stream value. Except for a special wall curvature distribution, the evolution of Goertler vortices trapped in the temperature adjustment layer will in general be strongly affected by the boundary layer growth through the O(M sup 3/2) curvature of the basic state, where M is the free stream Mach number. Only when the local wavenumber becomes as large as of order M sup 3/8, do nonparallel effects become negligible in the determination of stability properties. In the latter case, Goertler vortices will be trapped in a thin layer of O(epsilon sup 1/2) thickness which is embedded in the temperature adjustment layer; here epsilon is the inverse of the local wavenumber. A weakly nonlinear theory is presented in which the initial nonlinear development of Goertler vortices in the neighborhood of the neutral position is studied and two coupled evolution equations are derived. From these, it can be determined whether the vortices are decaying or growing depending on the sign of a constant which is related to wall curvature and the basic state temperature.

Variable Thermal-Force Bending of a Three-Layer Bar with a Compressible Filler

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Starovoitov, E. I.; Leonenko, D. V.

2017-11-01

Deformation of a three-layer elastoplastic bar with a compressible filler in a temperature field is considered. To describe the kinematics of a pack asymmetric across its thickness, the hypothesis of broken line is accepted, according to which the Bernoulli hypothesis is true in thin bearing layers, and the Timoshenko hypothesis is valid for a filler compressible across the its thickness, with a linear approximation of displacements across the layer thickness. The work of filler in the tangential direction is taken into account. The physical stress-strain relations correspond to the theory of small elastoplastic deformations. Temperature variations are calculated from a formula obtained by averaging the thermophysical properties of layer materials across the bar thickness. Using the variational method, a system of differential equilibrium equations is derived. On the boundary, the kinematic conditions of simply supported ends of the bar are assumed. The solution of the boundary problem is reduced to the search for four functions, namely, deflections and longitudinal displacements of median surfaces of the bearing layers. An analytical solution is derived by the method of elastic solutions with the use of the Moskvitin theorem on variable loadings. Its numerical analysis is performed for the cases of continuous and local loads.

How experimentally to detect a solitary superconductivity in dirty ferromagnet-superconductor trilayers?

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Avdeev, Maxim V.; Proshin, Yurii N.

2017-10-01

We theoretically study the proximity effect in the thin-film layered ferromagnet (F) - superconductor (S) heterostructures in F1F2S design. We consider the boundary value problem for the Usadel-like equations in the case of so-called ;dirty; limit. The ;latent; superconducting pairing interaction in F layers taken into account. The focus is on the recipe of experimental preparation the state with so-called solitary superconductivity. We also propose and discuss the model of the superconducting spin valve based on F1F2S trilayers in solitary superconductivity regime.

Aerosol characteristics in the entrainment interface layer in relation to the marine boundary layer and free troposphere

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dadashazar, Hossein; Braun, Rachel A.; Crosbie, Ewan; Chuang, Patrick Y.; Woods, Roy K.; Jonsson, Haflidi H.; Sorooshian, Armin

2018-02-01

This study uses airborne data from two field campaigns off the California coast to characterize aerosol size distribution characteristics in the entrainment interface layer (EIL), a thin and turbulent layer above marine stratocumulus cloud tops, which separates the stratocumulus-topped boundary layer (STBL) from the free troposphere (FT). The vertical bounds of the EIL are defined in this work based on considerations of buoyancy and turbulence using thermodynamic and dynamic data. Aerosol number concentrations are examined from three different probes with varying particle diameter (Dp) ranges: > 3 nm, > 10 nm, and 0.11-3.4 µm. Relative to the EIL and FT layers, the sub-cloud (SUB) layer exhibited lower aerosol number concentrations and higher surface area concentrations. High particle number concentrations between 3 and 10 nm in the EIL are indicative of enhanced nucleation, assisted by high actinic fluxes, cool and moist air, and much lower surface area concentrations than the STBL. Slopes of number concentration versus altitude in the EIL were correlated with the particle number concentration difference between the SUB and lower FT layers. The EIL aerosol size distribution was influenced by varying degrees from STBL aerosol versus subsiding FT aerosol depending on the case examined. These results emphasize the important role of the EIL in influencing nucleation and aerosol-cloud-climate interactions.

Electrical detection of electron-spin-echo envelope modulations in thin-film silicon solar cells

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fehr, M.; Behrends, J.; Haas, S.; Rech, B.; Lips, K.; Schnegg, A.

2011-11-01

Electrically detected electron-spin-echo envelope modulations (ED-ESEEM) were employed to detect hyperfine interactions between nuclear spins and paramagnetic sites, determining spin-dependent transport processes in multilayer thin-film microcrystalline silicon solar cells. Electrical detection in combination with a modified Hahn-echo sequence was used to measure echo modulations induced by 29Si, 31P, and 1H nuclei weakly coupled to electron spins of paramagnetic sites in the amorphous and microcrystalline solar cell layers. In the case of CE centers in the μc-Si:H i-layer, the absence of 1H ESEEM modulations indicates that the adjacencies of CE centers are depleted from hydrogen atoms. On the basis of this result, we discuss several models for the microscopic origin of the CE center and conclusively assign those centers to coherent twin boundaries inside of crystalline grains in μc-Si:H.

Imbibition with swelling: Capillary rise in thin deformable porous media

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kvick, Mathias; Martinez, D. Mark; Hewitt, Duncan R.; Balmforth, Neil J.

2017-07-01

The imbibition of a liquid into a thin deformable porous substrate driven by capillary suction is considered. The substrate is initially dry and has uniform porosity and thickness. Two-phase flow theory is used to describe how the liquid flows through the pore space behind the wetting front when out-of-plane deformation of the solid matrix is considered. Neglecting gravity and evaporation, standard shallow-layer scalings are used to construct a reduced model of the dynamics. The model predicts convergence to a self-similar behavior in all regions except near the wetting front, where a boundary layer arises whose structure narrows with the advance of the front. Over time, the rise height approaches the similarity scaling of t1 /2, as in the classical Washburn or BCLW law. The results are compared with a series of laboratory experiments using cellulose paper sheets, which provide qualitative agreement.

Evidence for Cu2-xSe platelets at grain boundaries and within grains in Cu(In,Ga)Se2 thin films

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Simsek Sanli, E.; Ramasse, Q. M.; Mainz, R.; Weber, A.; Abou-Ras, D.; Sigle, W.; van Aken, P. A.

2017-07-01

Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS)-based solar cells reach high power-conversion efficiencies of above 22%. In this work, a three-stage co-evaporation method was used for their fabrication. During the growth stages, the stoichiometry of the absorbers changes from Cu-poor ([Cu]/([In] + [Ga]) < 1) to Cu-rich ([Cu]/([In] + [Ga]) > 1) and finally becomes Cu-poor again when the growth process is completed. It is known that, according to the Cu-In-Ga-Se phase diagram, a Cu-rich growth leads to the presence of Cu2-xSe (x = 0-0.25), which is assumed to assist in recrystallization, grain growth, and defect annihilation in the CIGS layer. So far, Cu2-xSe precipitates with spatial extensions on the order of 10-100 nm have been detected only in Cu-rich CIGS layers. In the present work, we report Cu2-xSe platelets with widths of only a few atomic planes at grain boundaries and as inclusions within grains in a polycrystalline, Cu-poor CIGS layer, as evidenced by high-resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM). The chemistry of the Cu-Se secondary phase was analyzed by electron energy-loss spectroscopy, and STEM image simulation confirmed the identification of the detected phase. These results represent additional experimental evidence for the proposed topotactical growth model for Cu-Se-assisted CIGS thin-film formation under Cu-rich conditions.

Breakup of a thin drop under a stagnation point flow

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hooshanginejad, Alireza; Lee, Sungyon; Shelley, Michael

2017-11-01

Recent studies by Hooshanginejad and Lee (2017) have demonstrated complex depinning behaviors of a partially wetting droplet under wind. Motivated by this study, we examine the coupled evolution of a 2D thin drop and external wind, when it is initially held against a fast stagnation point flow. Our drop lubrication model employs the potential flow and Prandtl boundary layer theory for outer flow to compute the internal drop flow corresponding to drop deformations. Furthermore, both the analytical and numerical steady state solutions provide a partial prediction for the drop's final shape and help identify the range of droplet sizes that undergo a breakup for the given flow condition.

Cloud System Evolution in the Trades—CSET

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Albrecht, B. A.; Zuidema, P.; Bretherton, C. S.; Wood, R.; Ghate, V. P.

2015-12-01

The Cloud System Evolution in the Trades (CSET) study was designed to describe and explain the evolution of the boundary layer aerosol, cloud, and thermodynamic structures along trajectories within the north-Pacific trade-winds. The observational component of this study centered on 7 round-trips made by the NSF NCAR Gulfstream V (GV) between Sacramento, CA and Kona, Hawaii between 1 July and 15 August 2015. The CSET observing strategy used a Lagrangian approach to sample aerosol, cloud, and boundary layer properties upwind from the transition zone over the North Pacific and to resample these areas two days later. GFS forecast trajectories were used to plan the outbound flight to Hawaii and then updated forecast trajectories helped set the return flight plan two days later. Two key elements of the CSET observing system were the newly developed HIAPER Cloud Radar (HCR) and the HIAPER Spectral Resolution Lidar (HSRL). Together they provided unprecedented characterizations of aerosol, cloud and precipitation structures. A full suite of probes on the aircraft were used for in situ measurements of aerosol, cloud, precipitation, and turbulence properties during the low-level aircraft profiling portions of the flights. A wide range of boundary layer structures and aerosol, cloud, and precipitation conditions were observed during CSET. The cloud systems sampled included solid stratocumulus infused with smoke from Canadian wildfires, mesoscale (100-200 km) cloud-precipitation complexes, and patches of shallow cumuli in environments with accumulation mode aerosol concentrations of less than 50 cm-3. Ultra clean layers (UCLs with accumulation mode concentrations of less than 10 cm-3) were observed frequently near the top of the boundary layer and were often associated with shallow, gray (optically thin) layered clouds—features that are the subject of focused investigations by the CSET science team. The extent of aerosol, cloud, drizzle and boundary layer sampling that was made over open areas of the North Pacific along 2-day trajectories during CSET is unprecedented and will enable focused modeling studies of cloud system evolution and the role of aerosol-cloud-precipitation interactions in that evolution.

STEM and APT characterization of scale formation on a La,Hf,Ti-doped NiCrAl model alloy.

PubMed

Unocic, Kinga A; Chen, Yimeng; Shin, Dongwon; Pint, Bruce A; Marquis, Emmanuelle A

2018-06-01

A thermally grown scale formed on a cast NiCrAl model alloy doped with lanthanum, hafnium, and titanium was examined after isothermal exposure at 1100 °C for 100 h in dry flowing O 2 to understand the dopant segregation along scale grain boundaries. The complex scale formed on the alloy surface was composed of two types of substrates: phase-dependent, thin (<250 nm) outer layers and a columnar-grained ∼3.5 μm inner alumina layer. Two types of oxides formed between the inner and outer scale layers: small (3-15 nm) La 2 O 3 and larger (≤50 nm) HfO 2 oxide precipitates. Nonuniform distributions of the hafnium, lanthanum, and titanium dopants were observed along the inner scale grain boundaries, with hafnium dominating in most of the grain boundaries of α-Al 2 O 3. The concentration of reactive elements (RE) seemed to strongly depend on the grain boundary structure. The level of titanium grain boundary segregation in the inner scale decreased toward the model alloy (substrate), confirming the fast outward diffusion of titanium. Hafnium was also observed at the metal-scale interface and in the γ' (Ni 3 Al) phase of the alloy. High-resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) confirmed the substitution of REs for aluminum atoms at the scale grain boundaries, consistent with both the semiconducting band structure and the site-blocking models. Both STEM and atom probe tomography allowed quantification of REs along the scale grain boundaries across the scale thickness. Analysis of the scale morphology after isothermal exposure in flowing oxygen revealed a myriad of new precipitate phases, RE segregation dependence on grain boundary type, and atomic arrangement along scale grain boundaries, which is expected to influence the scale growth rate, stability, and mechanical properties. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Photoexcited Carrier Dynamics of Cu 2S Thin Films

DOE PAGES

Riha, Shannon C.; Schaller, Richard D.; Gosztola, David J.; ...

2014-11-11

Copper sulfide is a simple binary material with promising attributes for low-cost thin film photovoltaics. However, stable Cu 2S-based device efficiencies approaching 10% free from cadmium have yet to be realized. In this paper, transient absorption spectroscopy is used to investigate the dynamics of the photoexcited state of isolated Cu 2S thin films prepared by atomic layer deposition or vapor-based cation exchange of ZnS. While a number of variables including film thickness, carrier concentration, surface oxidation, and grain boundary passivation were examined, grain structure alone was found to correlate with longer lifetimes. A map of excited state dynamics is deducedmore » from the spectral evolution from 300 fs to 300 μs. Finally, revealing the effects of grain morphology on the photophysical properties of Cu 2S is a crucial step toward reaching high efficiencies in operationally stable Cu 2S thin film photovoltaics.« less

The numerical model of multi-layer insulation with a defined wrapping pattern immersed in superfluid helium

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Malecha, Ziemowit; Lubryka, Eliza

2017-11-01

The numerical model of thin layers, characterized by a defined wrapping pattern can be a crucial element of many computational problems related to engineering and science. A motivating example is found in multilayer electrical insulation, which is an important component of superconducting magnets and other cryogenic installations. The wrapping pattern of the insulation can significantly affect heat transport and the performance of the considered instruments. The major objective of this study is to develop the numerical boundary conditions (BC) needed to model the wrapping pattern of thin insulation. An example of the practical application of the proposed BC includes the heat transfer of Rutherford NbTi cables immersed in super-fluid helium (He II) across thin layers of electrical insulation. The proposed BC and a mathematical model of heat transfer in He II are implemented in the open source CFD toolbox OpenFOAM. The implemented mathematical model and the BC are compared in the experiments. The study confirms that the thermal resistance of electrical insulation can be lowered by implementing the proper wrapping pattern. The proposed BC can be useful in the study of new patterns for wrapping schemes. The work has been supported by statutory funds from Polish Ministry for Science and Higher Education for the year of 2017.

High temperature thermocouple and heat flux gauge using a unique thin film-hardware hot juncture

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Liebert, C. H.; Holanda, R.; Hippensteele, S. A.; Andracchio, C. A.

1984-01-01

A special thin film-hardware material thermocouple (TC) and heat flux gauge concept for a reasonably high temperature and high flux flat plate heat transfer experiment was fabricated and tested to gauge temperatures of 911 K. This concept was developed for minimal disturbance of boundary layer temperature and flow over the plates and minimal disturbance of heat flux through the plates. Comparison of special heat flux gauge Stanton number output at steady-state conditions with benchmark literature data was good and agreement was within a calculated uncertainty of the measurement system. Also, good agreement of special TC and standard TC outputs was obtained and the results are encouraging. Oxidation of thin film thermoelements was a primary failure mode after about 5 of operation.

High-temperature thermocouple and heat flux gauge using a unique thin film-hardware hot junction

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Liebert, C. H.; Holanda, R.; Hippensteele, S. A.; Andracchio, C. A.

1985-01-01

A special thin film-hardware material thermocouple (TC) and heat flux gauge concept for a reasonably high temperature and high flux flat plate heat transfer experiment was fabricated and tested to gauge temperatures of 911 K. This concept was developed for minimal disturbance of boundary layer temperature and flow over the plates and minimal disturbance of heat flux through the plates. Comparison of special heat flux gauge Stanton number output at steady-state conditions with benchmark literature data was good and agreement was within a calculated uncertainty of the measurement system. Also, good agreement of special TC and standard TC outputs was obtained and the results are encouraging. Oxidation of thin film thermoelements was a primary failure mode after about 5 of operation.

Turbulence modeling for hypersonic flight

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Bardina, Jorge E.

1992-01-01

The objective of the present work is to develop, verify, and incorporate two equation turbulence models which account for the effect of compressibility at high speeds into a three dimensional Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes code and to provide documented model descriptions and numerical procedures so that they can be implemented into the National Aerospace Plane (NASP) codes. A summary of accomplishments is listed: (1) Four codes have been tested and evaluated against a flat plate boundary layer flow and an external supersonic flow; (2) a code named RANS was chosen because of its speed, accuracy, and versatility; (3) the code was extended from thin boundary layer to full Navier-Stokes; (4) the K-omega two equation turbulence model has been implemented into the base code; (5) a 24 degree laminar compression corner flow has been simulated and compared to other numerical simulations; and (6) work is in progress in writing the numerical method of the base code including the turbulence model.

Air-Sea Interaction in the Gulf of Tehuantepec

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Khelif, D.; Friehe, C. A.; Melville, W. K.

2007-05-01

Measurements of meteorological fields and turbulence were made during gap wind events in the Gulf of Tehuantepec using the NSF C-130 aircraft. The flight patterns started at the shore and progressed to approximately 300km offshore with low-level (30m) tracks, stacks and soundings. Parameterizations of the wind stress, sensible and latent heat fluxes were obtained from approximately 700 5 km low-level tracks. Structure of the marine boundary layer as it evolved off-shore was obtained with stack patterns, aircraft soundings and deployment of dropsondes. The air-sea fluxes approximately follow previous parameterizations with some evidence of the drag coefficient leveling out at about 20 meters/sec with the latent heat flux slightly increasing. The boundary layer starts at shore as a gap wind low-level jet, thins as the jet expands out over the gulf, exhibits a hydraulic jump, and then increases due to turbulent mixing.

Mechanical behaviour near grain boundaries of He-implanted UO2 ceramic polycrystals

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ibrahim, M.; Castelier, É.; Palancher, H.; Bornert, M.; Caré, S.; Micha, J.-S.

2017-01-01

For studying the micromechanical behaviour of UO2 and characterising the intergranular interaction, polycrystals are implanted with helium ions, inducing strains in a thin surface layer. Laue X-ray micro-diffraction is used to measure the strain field in this implanted layer with a spatial resolution of about 1 μm. It allows a 2D mapping of the strain field in a dozen of grains. These measurements show that the induced strain depends mainly on the crystal orientation, and can be evaluated by a semi-analytical mechanical model. A mechanical interaction of the neighbouring grains has also been evidenced near the grain boundaries, which has been well reproduced by a finite element model. This interaction is shown to increase with the implantation energy (i.e. the implantation depth): it can be neglected at low implantation energy (60 keV), but not at higher energy (500 keV).

Effects of surface poisons on the oxidation of binary alloys

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Hagan, P.S.; Polizzotti, R.S.; Luckman, G.

1985-10-01

A system of reaction-diffusion equations describing the oxidation of binary alloys in environments containing small amounts of surface poisons is analyzed. These poisons reduce the oxygen flux into the alloy, which causes the alloy to oxidize in two stages.During the initial stage, the oxidation reaction occurs in a stationary boundary layer at the alloy surface. Consequently, a thin zone containing a very high concentration of the metal oxide is created at the alloy surface. During the second stage, the oxidation reaction occurs in a moving boundary layer. This leads to a Stefan problem, which is analyzed by using asymptotic andmore » numerical techniques. By comparing the solutions to those of alloys in unpoisoned environments, it is concluded that surface poisons can lead to the formation of protective external oxide scales in alloys which would not normally form such scales. 11 references.« less

Navier-Stokes calculations on multi-element airfoils using a chimera-based solver

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Jasper, Donald W.; Agrawal, Shreekant; Robinson, Brian A.

1993-01-01

A study of Navier-Stokes calculations of flows about multielement airfoils using a chimera grid approach is presented. The chimera approach utilizes structured, overlapped grids which allow great flexibility of grid arrangement and simplifies grid generation. Calculations are made for two-, three-, and four-element airfoils, and modeling of the effect of gap distance between elements is demonstrated for a two element case. Solutions are obtained using the thin-layer form of the Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes equations with turbulence closure provided by the Baldwin-Lomax algebraic model or the Baldwin-Barth one equation model. The Baldwin-Barth turbulence model is shown to provide better agreement with experimental data and to dramatically improve convergence rates for some cases. Recently developed, improved farfield boundary conditions are incorporated into the solver for greater efficiency. Computed results show good comparison with experimental data which include aerodynamic forces, surface pressures, and boundary layer velocity profiles.

Investigation of an Oscillating Surface Plasma for Turbulent Drag Reduction

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Wilkinson, Stephen P.

2003-01-01

An oscillating, weakly ionized surface plasma has been investigated for use in turbulent boundary layer viscous drag reduction. The study was based on reports showing that mechanical spanwise oscillations of a wall can reduce viscous drag due to a turbulent boundary layer by up to 40%. It was hypothesized that the plasma induced body force in high electric field gradients of a surface plasma along strip electrodes could also be configured to oscillate the flow. Thin dielectric panels with millimeter-scale, flush- mounted, triad electrode arrays with one and two-phase high voltage excitation were tested. Results showed that while a small oscillation could be obtained, the effect was lost at a low frequency (less than 100Hz). Furthermore, a mean flow was generated during the oscillation that complicates the effect. Hot-wire and pitot probe diagnostics are presented along with phase-averaged images revealing plasma structure.

Thermo-Osmotic Flow in Thin Films.

PubMed

Bregulla, Andreas P; Würger, Alois; Günther, Katrin; Mertig, Michael; Cichos, Frank

2016-05-06

We report on the first microscale observation of the velocity field imposed by a nonuniform heat content along the solid-liquid boundary. We determine both radial and vertical velocity components of this thermo-osmotic flow field by tracking single tracer nanoparticles. The measured flow profiles are compared to an approximate analytical theory and to numerical calculations. From the measured slip velocity we deduce the thermo-osmotic coefficient for both bare glass and Pluronic F-127 covered surfaces. The value for Pluronic F-127 agrees well with Soret data for polyethylene glycol, whereas that for glass differs from literature values and indicates the complex boundary layer thermodynamics of glass-water interfaces.

ELLIPSOMETRY OF ELECTROCHEMICAL SURFACE LAYERS

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Muller, R.H.

1977-06-01

Ellipsometry is concerned with the analysis and interpretation of changes in the state of polarization caused by reflection. The technique has found increasing interest in recent years for the measurement of thin films because it is unusually sensitive, disturbs the object minimally and can be applied to surfaces contained in any optically transparent medium. Film thicknesses amenable to measurement range from fractional monoatomic coverage to microscopic thicknesses. The measurement of changes in the state of polarization of light due to reflection provides an unusually sensitive tool for observing surface layers in any optically transparent environment. A fast, self-compensating ellipsometer hasmore » been used to observe the electrochemical formation of reacted surface layers. The optical effect of mass-transport boundary layers and component imperfections have been taken into account in the interpretation of results.« less

Impurity distribution and microstructure of Ga-doped ZnO films grown by molecular beam epitaxy

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kvit, A. V.; Yankovich, A. B.; Avrutin, V.; Liu, H.; Izyumskaya, N.; Özgür, Ü.; Morkoç, H.; Voyles, P. M.

2012-12-01

We report microstructural characterization of heavily Ga-doped ZnO (GZO) thin films on GaN and sapphire by aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy. Growth under oxygen-rich and metal-rich growth conditions leads to changes in the GZO polarity and different extended defects. For GZO layers on sapphire, the primary extended defects are voids, inversion domain boundaries, and low-angle grain boundaries. Ga doping of ZnO grown under metal-rich conditions causes a switch from pure oxygen polarity to mixed oxygen and zinc polarity in small domains. Electron energy loss spectroscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy spectrum imaging show that Ga is homogeneous, but other residual impurities tend to accumulate at the GZO surface and at extended defects. GZO grown on GaN on c-plane sapphire has Zn polarity and no voids. There are misfit dislocations at the interfaces between GZO and an undoped ZnO buffer layer and at the buffer/GaN interface. Low-angle grain boundaries are the only threading microstructural defects. The potential effects of different extended defects and impurity distributions on free carrier scattering are discussed.

Comparison of a simulated velocity profile of a turbulent boundary layer with measurements obtained by Femtosecond Laser Electronic Excitation Tagging (FLEET)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

New-Tolley, Matthew; Zhang, Yibin; Shneider, Mikhail; Miles, Richard

2017-11-01

Accurate velocimetry measurements of turbulent flows are essential for improving our understanding of turbulent phenomena and validating numerical approaches. Femtosecond Laser Electronic Excitation Tagging (FLEET) is an unseeded molecular tagging method for velocimetry measurements in flows which contain nitrogen. A femtosecond laser pulse is used to ionize and dissociate nitrogen molecules within its focal zone. The decaying plasma fluoresces in the visible and infrared spectrum over a period of microseconds which allows the displacement of the tagged region to be photographed to determine velocity. This study compares the experimental and numerical advection of the tagged region in a turbulent boundary layer generated by a supersonic flow over a flat plate. The tagged region in the simulation is approximated as an infinitely thin cylinder while the flow field is generated using the steady state boundary layer equations with an algebraic turbulence model. This approximation is justified by previous computational analyses, using an unsteady three-dimensional Navier-Stokes solver, which indicate that the radial perturbations of the tagged region are negligible compared to its translation. This research was conducted with government support from the Air Force Office of Scientific Research under Dr. Ivett Leyva and the Army Research Office under Dr. Matthew Munson.

Diffusion barrier properties of single- and multilayered quasi-amorphous tantalum nitride thin films against copper penetration

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chen, G. S.; Chen, S. T.

2000-06-01

Tantalum-related thin films containing different amounts of nitrogen are sputter deposited at different argon-to-nitrogen flow rate ratios on (100) silicon substrates. Using x-ray diffractometry, transmission electron microscopy, composition and resistivity analyses, and bending-beam stress measurement technique, this work examines the impact of varying the nitrogen flow rate, particularly on the crystal structure, composition, resistivity, and residual intrinsic stress of the deposited Ta2N thin films. With an adequate amount of controlled, reactive nitrogen in the sputtering gas, thin films of the tantalum nitride of nominal formula Ta2N are predominantly amorphous and can exist over a range of nitrogen concentrations slightly deviated from stoichiometry. The single-layered quasi-amorphous Ta2N (a-Ta2N) thin films yield intrinsic compressive stresses in the range 3-5 GPa. In addition, the use of the 40-nm-thick a-Ta2N thin films with different nitrogen atomic concentrations (33% and 36%) and layering designs as diffusion barriers between silicon and copper are also evaluated. When subjected to high-temperature annealing, the single-layered a-Ta2N barrier layers degrade primarily by an amorphous-to-crystalline transition of the barrier layers. Crystallization of the single-layered stoichiometric a-Ta2N (Ta67N33) diffusion barriers occurs at temperatures as low as 450 °C. Doing so allows copper to preferentially penetrate through the grain boundaries or thermal-induced microcracks of the crystallized barriers and react with silicon, sequentially forming {111}-facetted pyramidal Cu3Si precipitates and TaSi2 Overdoping nitrogen into the amorphous matrix can dramatically increase the crystallization temperature to 600 °C. This temperature increase slows down the inward diffusion of copper and delays the formation of both silicides. The nitrogen overdoped Ta2N (Ta64N36) diffusion barriers can thus be significantly enhanced so as to yield a failure temperature 100 °C greater than that of the Ta67N33 diffusion barriers. Moreover, multilayered films, formed by alternately stacking the Ta67N33 and Ta64N36 layers with an optimized bilayer thickness (λ) of 10 nm, can dramatically reduce the intrinsic compressive stress to only 0.7 GPa and undergo high-temperature annealing without crystallization. Therefore, the Ta67N33/Ta64N36 multilayered films exhibit a much better barrier performance than the highly crystallization-resistant Ta64N36 single-layered films.

Fabrication of Hadfield-Cored Multi-layer Steel Sheet by Roll-Bonding with 1.8-GPa-Strength-Grade Hot-Press-Forming Steel

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chin, Kwang-Geun; Kang, Chung-Yun; Park, Jaeyeong; Lee, Sunghak

2018-03-01

An austenitic Hadfield steel was roll-bonded with a 1.8-GPa-strength-grade martensitic hot-press-forming (HPF) steel to fabricate a multi-layer steel (MLS) sheet. Near the Hadfield/HPF interface, the carburized and decarburized layers were formed by the carbon diffusion from the Hadfield (1.2%C) to HPF (0.35%C) layers, and could be regarded as kinds of very thin multi-layers of 35 μm in thickness. The tensile test and fractographic data indicated that the MLS sheet was fractured abruptly within the elastic range by the intergranular fracture occurred in the carburized layer. This was because C was mainly segregated at prior austenite grain boundaries in the carburized layer, which weakened grain boundaries to induce the intergranular fracture. In order to solve the intergranular facture problem, the MLS sheet was tempered at 200 °C. The stress-strain curve of the tempered MLS sheet lay between those of the HPF and Hadfield sheets, and a rule of mixtures was roughly satisfied. Tensile properties of the MLS sheet were dramatically improved after the tempering, and the intergranular fracture was erased completely. In particular, the yield strength up to 1073 MPa along with the high strain hardening and excellent ductility of 32.4% were outstanding because the yield strength over 1 GPa was hardly achieved in conventional austenitic steels.

Fabrication of Hadfield-Cored Multi-layer Steel Sheet by Roll-Bonding with 1.8-GPa-Strength-Grade Hot-Press-Forming Steel

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chin, Kwang-Geun; Kang, Chung-Yun; Park, Jaeyeong; Lee, Sunghak

2018-05-01

An austenitic Hadfield steel was roll-bonded with a 1.8-GPa-strength-grade martensitic hot-press-forming (HPF) steel to fabricate a multi-layer steel (MLS) sheet. Near the Hadfield/HPF interface, the carburized and decarburized layers were formed by the carbon diffusion from the Hadfield (1.2%C) to HPF (0.35%C) layers, and could be regarded as kinds of very thin multi-layers of 35 μm in thickness. The tensile test and fractographic data indicated that the MLS sheet was fractured abruptly within the elastic range by the intergranular fracture occurred in the carburized layer. This was because C was mainly segregated at prior austenite grain boundaries in the carburized layer, which weakened grain boundaries to induce the intergranular fracture. In order to solve the intergranular facture problem, the MLS sheet was tempered at 200 °C. The stress-strain curve of the tempered MLS sheet lay between those of the HPF and Hadfield sheets, and a rule of mixtures was roughly satisfied. Tensile properties of the MLS sheet were dramatically improved after the tempering, and the intergranular fracture was erased completely. In particular, the yield strength up to 1073 MPa along with the high strain hardening and excellent ductility of 32.4% were outstanding because the yield strength over 1 GPa was hardly achieved in conventional austenitic steels.

Unconventional Nanoscale Photoresponse and Degradation Process in Hybrid Organic-inorganic Perovskites.

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chu, Zhaodong; Yang, Mengjin; Schulz, Philip; Wu, Di; Zhu, Kai; Li, Xiaoqin; Lai, Keji

The remarkable performance of organic-inorganic perovskite solar cells (PSCs) is challenging the dogma that solution-processed thin films are inevitably associated with inferior energy conversion efficiencies. The surprisingly low impact of polycrystallinity on the film quality highlights the unusual photo-response of intrinsic defects and grain boundaries in these materials. Here, we report the first quantitative nanoscale photoconductivity imaging on methylammonium lead triiodide (MAPbI3) thin films by microwave impedance microscopy with light stimulation. The local photoconductivity as a function of the above-gap laser power is consistent with the high carrier mobility and long lifetime of MAPbI3. The photo-response is largely uniform across grains and grain boundaries, which is direct evidence on the inherently benign nature of microstructures in the perovskite thin films. For encapsulated MAPbI3 films, the observed long-term degradation in photoconductivity begins with the disintegration of large grains due to the diffusion of water molecules through the capping layer. Our work suggests that the striking PSC performance is deeply rooted in the nanoscale optoelectronic properties of MAPbI3. We gratefully acknowledge financial support from NSF EFMA-1542747.

Diffusion boundary layers ameliorate the negative effects of ocean acidification on the temperate coralline macroalga Arthrocardia corymbosa.

PubMed

Cornwall, Christopher E; Boyd, Philip W; McGraw, Christina M; Hepburn, Christopher D; Pilditch, Conrad A; Morris, Jaz N; Smith, Abigail M; Hurd, Catriona L

2014-01-01

Anthropogenically-modulated reductions in pH, termed ocean acidification, could pose a major threat to the physiological performance, stocks, and biodiversity of calcifiers and may devalue their ecosystem services. Recent debate has focussed on the need to develop approaches to arrest the potential negative impacts of ocean acidification on ecosystems dominated by calcareous organisms. In this study, we demonstrate the role of a discrete (i.e. diffusion) boundary layer (DBL), formed at the surface of some calcifying species under slow flows, in buffering them from the corrosive effects of low pH seawater. The coralline macroalga Arthrocardia corymbosa was grown in a multifactorial experiment with two mean pH levels (8.05 'ambient' and 7.65 a worst case 'ocean acidification' scenario projected for 2100), each with two levels of seawater flow (fast and slow, i.e. DBL thin or thick). Coralline algae grown under slow flows with thick DBLs (i.e., unstirred with regular replenishment of seawater to their surface) maintained net growth and calcification at pH 7.65 whereas those in higher flows with thin DBLs had net dissolution. Growth under ambient seawater pH (8.05) was not significantly different in thin and thick DBL treatments. No other measured diagnostic (recruit sizes and numbers, photosynthetic metrics, %C, %N, %MgCO3) responded to the effects of reduced seawater pH. Thus, flow conditions that promote the formation of thick DBLs, may enhance the subsistence of calcifiers by creating localised hydrodynamic conditions where metabolic activity ameliorates the negative impacts of ocean acidification.

Applications of the conjugate gradient FFT method in scattering and radiation including simulations with impedance boundary conditions

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Barkeshli, Kasra; Volakis, John L.

1991-01-01

The theoretical and computational aspects related to the application of the Conjugate Gradient FFT (CGFFT) method in computational electromagnetics are examined. The advantages of applying the CGFFT method to a class of large scale scattering and radiation problems are outlined. The main advantages of the method stem from its iterative nature which eliminates a need to form the system matrix (thus reducing the computer memory allocation requirements) and guarantees convergence to the true solution in a finite number of steps. Results are presented for various radiators and scatterers including thin cylindrical dipole antennas, thin conductive and resistive strips and plates, as well as dielectric cylinders. Solutions of integral equations derived on the basis of generalized impedance boundary conditions (GIBC) are also examined. The boundary conditions can be used to replace the profile of a material coating by an impedance sheet or insert, thus, eliminating the need to introduce unknown polarization currents within the volume of the layer. A general full wave analysis of 2-D and 3-D rectangular grooves and cavities is presented which will also serve as a reference for future work.

Microstructural Changes During Plastic Deformation and Corrosion Properties of Biomedical Co-20Cr-15W-10Ni Alloy Heat-Treated at 873 K

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ueki, Kosuke; Ueda, Kyosuke; Nakai, Masaaki; Nakano, Takayoshi; Narushima, Takayuki

2018-04-01

Microstructural changes were observed during the plastic deformation of ASTM F90 Co-20Cr-15W-10Ni (mass pct) alloy heat-treated at 873 K (600 °C) for 14.4 ks, and analyzed by electron backscatter diffraction and in situ X-ray diffraction techniques. The obtained results revealed that the area fraction of the ɛ-phase (f ɛ ) in the as-received alloy was higher than that in the heat-treated alloy in the low-to-middle strain region (≤ 50 pct), whereas the f ɛ of the heat-treated alloy was higher than that of the as-received alloy at the fracture point. During plastic deformation, the ɛ-phase was preferentially formed at the twin boundaries of the heat-treated alloy rather than at the grain boundaries. According to the transmission electron microscopy observations, the thin ɛ-phase layer formed due to the alloy heat treatment acted as the origin of deformation twinning, which decreased the stress concentration at the grain boundaries. The results of anodic polarization testing showed that neither the heat treatment at 873 K (600 °C) nor plastic deformation affected the alloy corrosion properties. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study proving that the formation of a thin ɛ-phase layer during the low-temperature heat treatment of the studied alloy represents an effective method for the enhancement of the alloy ductility without sacrificing its strength and corrosion properties.

Microstructural Changes During Plastic Deformation and Corrosion Properties of Biomedical Co-20Cr-15W-10Ni Alloy Heat-Treated at 873 K

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ueki, Kosuke; Ueda, Kyosuke; Nakai, Masaaki; Nakano, Takayoshi; Narushima, Takayuki

2018-06-01

Microstructural changes were observed during the plastic deformation of ASTM F90 Co-20Cr-15W-10Ni (mass pct) alloy heat-treated at 873 K (600 °C) for 14.4 ks, and analyzed by electron backscatter diffraction and in situ X-ray diffraction techniques. The obtained results revealed that the area fraction of the ɛ-phase ( f ɛ ) in the as-received alloy was higher than that in the heat-treated alloy in the low-to-middle strain region (≤ 50 pct), whereas the f ɛ of the heat-treated alloy was higher than that of the as-received alloy at the fracture point. During plastic deformation, the ɛ-phase was preferentially formed at the twin boundaries of the heat-treated alloy rather than at the grain boundaries. According to the transmission electron microscopy observations, the thin ɛ-phase layer formed due to the alloy heat treatment acted as the origin of deformation twinning, which decreased the stress concentration at the grain boundaries. The results of anodic polarization testing showed that neither the heat treatment at 873 K (600 °C) nor plastic deformation affected the alloy corrosion properties. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study proving that the formation of a thin ɛ-phase layer during the low-temperature heat treatment of the studied alloy represents an effective method for the enhancement of the alloy ductility without sacrificing its strength and corrosion properties.

Spin-dependent heat transport and thermal boundary resistance

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jeong, Taehee

In this thesis, thermal conductivity change depending on the magnetic configurations has been studied. In order to make different magnetic configurations, we developed a spin valve structure, which has high MR ratio and low saturation field. The high MR ratio was achieved using Co/Cu multilayer and 21A or 34A thick Cu layer. The low saturation field was obtained by implementing different coercivities of the successive ferromagnetic layers. For this purpose, Co/Cu/Cu tri-layered structure was used with the thicknesses of the Co layers; 15 A and 30 A. For the thermal conductivity measurement, a three-omega method was employed with a thermally isolated microscale rod. We fabricated the microscale rod using optical lithography and MEMS process. Then the rod was wire-bonded to a chip-carver for further electrical measurement. For the thermal conductivity measurement, we built the three-omega measurement system using two lock-in amplifiers and two differential amplifiers. A custom-made electromagnet was added to the system to investigate the impact of magnetic field. We observed titanic thermal conductivity change depending on the magnetic configurations of the Co/Cu/Co multilayer. The thermal conductivity change was closely correlated with that of the electric conductivity in terms of the spin orientation, but the thermal conductivity was much more sensitive than that of the electric conductivity. The relative thermal conductivity change was 50% meanwhile that of electric resistivity change was 8.0%. The difference between the two ratios suggests that the scattering mechanism for charge and heat transport in the Co/Cu/Co multilayer is different. The Lorentz number in Weidemann-Franz law is also spin-dependent. Thermal boundary resistance between metal and dielectrics was also studied in this thesis. The thermal boundary resistance becomes critical for heat transport in a nanoscale because the thermal boundary resistance can potentially determine overall heat transport in thin film structures. A transient theraroreflectance (TTR) technique can be used for measuring the thermal conductivity of thin films in cross-sectional direction. In this study, a pump-probe scheme was employed for the TTR technique. We built an optical pump-probe system by using a nanosecond pulse laser for pumping and a continuous-wave laser for probing. A short-time heating event occured at the surface of a sample by shining a laser pulse on the surface. Then the time-resolved thermoreflectance signals were detected using a photodetector and an oscilloscope. The increased temperature decreases slowly and its thermal decay depends on the thermal properties of a sample. Since the reflectivity is linearly proportional to the temperature, the time-resolved thermoreflectance signals have the information of the thermal properties of a sample. In order to extract the thermal properties of a sample, a thermal analysis was performed by fitting the experimental data with thermal models. We developed 2-layered and 3-layered thermal models using the analogies between thermal conduction and electric conduction and a transmission-line concept. We used two sets of sample structures: Au/SiNx/Si substrate and Au/CoFe/SiNx/Si substrate with various thickness of SiN x layer. Using the pump-probe system, we measured the time-resolved thermoreflectance signals for each sample. Then, the thermal conductivity and thermal boundary resistance were obtained by fitting the experimental data with the thermal models. The thermal conductivity of SiNx films was measured to be 2.0 W/mK for both structures. In the case of the thermal boundary resistance, it was 0.81x10-5 m 2K/W at the Au/SiNx interface and 0.54x10 -5 m2K/W at the CoFe/SiNx interface, respectively. The difference of the thermal boundary resistance between Au/SiNx and CoFe/SiNx might be came from the different phonon dispersion of Au and CoFe. The thermal conductivity did not depend on the thickness of SiNx films in the thickness range of 50-200nm. However, the thermal boundary resistance at metal/SiNx interfaces will impact overall thermal conduction when the thickness of SiNx thin films is in a nanometer order. For example, apparent thermal conductivity of SiN x film becomes half of the intrinsic thermal conductivity when the thickness decreases to 16nm. Therefore, it is advised that the thermal boundary resistance between metal and dielectrics should be counted in nano-scale electronic devices. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)

Finite element stress analysis of idealized composite damage zones

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Obrien, D.; Herakovich, C. T.

1978-01-01

A quasi three dimensional finite element stress analysis of idealized damage zones in composite laminates is presented. The damage zones consist of a long centered groove or cutout extending one or two layers in depth from both top and bottom surfaces of a thin composite laminate. Elastic results are presented for compressive loading of four and eight layer laminates. It is shown that a boundary layer exists near the cutout edge similar to that previously shown to exist along free edges. The cutout is shown to produce significant interlaminar stresses in the interior of the laminate away from free cutout edges. The interlaminar stresses are also shown to contribute to failure which is defined using the Tsai-Wu failure criteria.

Effects of surface roughness on an adverse-pressure-gradient separating turbulent boundary layer

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wu, Wen; Piomelli, Ugo; Turbulence Simulation; Modelling Laboratory Team

2017-11-01

Separating turbulent boundary layers over smooth and rough flat plates are investigated by large-eddy simulations. A suction-blowing velocity distribution is imposed at the top boundary to produce an adverse-to-favourable pressure gradient and a closed separation bubble. Sandgrain roughness in the fully-rough regime is modelled by an immersed boundary method. In the rough-wall case, streamline detachment occurs earlier and the separation region is substantially larger due to the momentum deficit caused by the roughness. The adverse pressure gradient decreases the form drag and causes a thin reversed-flow region below the roughness crest, so that Cf = 0 does not coincide with the detachment of the flow from the surface. The wake regions behind roughness elements affect the intermittency of the near-wall flow, so that upstream of the detachment point the flow can be reversed half of the time, but its average is positive. The separated shear layer exhibits higher turbulent kinetic energy (TKE); the growth of the TKE there begins earlier relative to the separation point, and the peak TKE occurs close to the separation point. The momentum deficit caused by the roughness, again, plays a critical role in these changes. The authors acknowledge the support from Hydro-Québec and the NSERC Collaborative Research & Development program (CRDPJ 418786-11). The simulations were performed at CAC Queen't site. UP also thanks the support of Canada Research Chair Program.

Superconducting critical fields of alkali and alkaline-earth intercalates of MoS2

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Woollam, J. A.; Somoano, R. B.

1976-01-01

Results are reported for measurements of the critical-field anisotropy and temperature dependence of group-VIB semiconductor MoS2 intercalated with the alkali and alkaline-earth metals Na, K, Rb, Cs, and Sr. The temperature dependences are compared with present theories on the relation between critical field and transition temperature in the clean and dirty limits over the reduced-temperature range from 1 to 0.1. The critical-field anisotropy data are compared with predictions based on coupled-layers and thin-film ('independent-layers') models. It is found that the critical-field boundaries are steep in all cases, that the fields are greater than theoretical predictions at low temperatures, and that an unusual positive curvature in the temperature dependence appears which may be related to the high anisotropy of the layer structure. The results show that materials with the largest ionic intercalate atom diameters and hexagonal structures (K, Rb, and Cs compounds) have the highest critical temperatures, critical fields, and critical-boundary slopes; the critical fields of these materials are observed to exceed the paramagnetic limiting fields.

Three Dimensional Viscous Flow Field in an Axial Flow Turbine Nozzle Passage

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Ristic, D.; Lakshminarayana, B.

1997-01-01

The objective of this investigation is experimental and computational study of three dimensional viscous flow field in the nozzle passage of an axial flow turbine stage. The nozzle passage flow field has been measured using a two sensor hot-wire probe at various axial and radial stations. In addition, two component LDV measurements at one axial station (x/c(sum m) = 0.56) were performed to measure the velocity field. Static pressure measurements and flow visualization, using a fluorescent oil technique, were also performed to obtain the location of transition and the endwall limiting streamlines. A three dimensional boundary layer code, with a simple intermittency transition model, was used to predict the viscous layers along the blade and endwall surfaces. The boundary layers on the blade surface were found to be very thin and mostly laminar, except on the suction surface downstream of 70% axial chord. Strong radial pressure gradient, especially close to the suction surface, induces strong cross flow components in the trailing edge regions of the blade. On the end-walls the boundary layers were much thicker, especially near the suction corner of the casing surface, caused by secondary flow. The secondary flow region near the suction-casing surface corner indicates the presence of the passage vortex detached from the blade surface. The corner vortex is found to be very weak. The presence of a closely spaced rotor downstream (20% of the nozzle vane chord) introduces unsteadiness in the blade passage. The measured instantaneous velocity signal was filtered using FFT square window to remove the periodic unsteadiness introduced by the downstream rotor and fans. The filtering decreased the free stream turbulence level from 2.1% to 0.9% but had no influence on the computed turbulence length scale. The computation of the three dimensional boundary layers is found to be accurate on the nozzle passage blade surfaces, away from the end-walls and the secondary flow region. On the nozzle passage endwall surfaces the presence of strong pressure gradients and secondary flow limit the validity of the boundary layer code.

Junction formation of Cu3BiS3 investigated by Kelvin probe force microscopy and surface photovoltage measurements

PubMed Central

Mesa, Fredy; Chamorro, William; Vallejo, William; Baier, Robert; Dittrich, Thomas; Grimm, Alexander; Lux-Steiner, Martha C

2012-01-01

Summary Recently, the compound semiconductor Cu3BiS3 has been demonstrated to have a band gap of ~1.4 eV, well suited for photovoltaic energy harvesting. The preparation of polycrystalline thin films was successfully realized and now the junction formation to the n-type window needs to be developed. We present an investigation of the Cu3BiS3 absorber layer and the junction formation with CdS, ZnS and In2S3 buffer layers. Kelvin probe force microscopy shows the granular structure of the buffer layers with small grains of 20–100 nm, and a considerably smaller work-function distribution for In2S3 compared to that of CdS and ZnS. For In2S3 and CdS buffer layers the KPFM experiments indicate negatively charged Cu3BiS3 grain boundaries resulting from the deposition of the buffer layer. Macroscopic measurements of the surface photovoltage at variable excitation wavelength indicate the influence of defect states below the band gap on charge separation and a surface-defect passivation by the In2S3 buffer layer. Our findings indicate that Cu3BiS3 may become an interesting absorber material for thin-film solar cells; however, for photovoltaic application the band bending at the charge-selective contact has to be increased. PMID:22497001

Junction formation of Cu(3)BiS(3) investigated by Kelvin probe force microscopy and surface photovoltage measurements.

PubMed

Mesa, Fredy; Chamorro, William; Vallejo, William; Baier, Robert; Dittrich, Thomas; Grimm, Alexander; Lux-Steiner, Martha C; Sadewasser, Sascha

2012-01-01

Recently, the compound semiconductor Cu(3)BiS(3) has been demonstrated to have a band gap of ~1.4 eV, well suited for photovoltaic energy harvesting. The preparation of polycrystalline thin films was successfully realized and now the junction formation to the n-type window needs to be developed. We present an investigation of the Cu(3)BiS(3) absorber layer and the junction formation with CdS, ZnS and In(2)S(3) buffer layers. Kelvin probe force microscopy shows the granular structure of the buffer layers with small grains of 20-100 nm, and a considerably smaller work-function distribution for In(2)S(3) compared to that of CdS and ZnS. For In(2)S(3) and CdS buffer layers the KPFM experiments indicate negatively charged Cu(3)BiS(3) grain boundaries resulting from the deposition of the buffer layer. Macroscopic measurements of the surface photovoltage at variable excitation wavelength indicate the influence of defect states below the band gap on charge separation and a surface-defect passivation by the In(2)S(3) buffer layer. Our findings indicate that Cu(3)BiS(3) may become an interesting absorber material for thin-film solar cells; however, for photovoltaic application the band bending at the charge-selective contact has to be increased.

Single-Column Model Simulations of Subtropical Marine Boundary-Layer Cloud Transitions Under Weakening Inversions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Neggers, R. A. J.; Ackerman, A. S.; Angevine, W. M.; Bazile, E.; Beau, I.; Blossey, P. N.; Boutle, I. A.; de Bruijn, C.; Cheng, A.; van der Dussen, J.; Fletcher, J.; Dal Gesso, S.; Jam, A.; Kawai, H.; Cheedela, S. K.; Larson, V. E.; Lefebvre, M.-P.; Lock, A. P.; Meyer, N. R.; de Roode, S. R.; de Rooy, W.; Sandu, I.; Xiao, H.; Xu, K.-M.

2017-10-01

Results are presented of the GASS/EUCLIPSE single-column model intercomparison study on the subtropical marine low-level cloud transition. A central goal is to establish the performance of state-of-the-art boundary-layer schemes for weather and climate models for this cloud regime, using large-eddy simulations of the same scenes as a reference. A novelty is that the comparison covers four different cases instead of one, in order to broaden the covered parameter space. Three cases are situated in the North-Eastern Pacific, while one reflects conditions in the North-Eastern Atlantic. A set of variables is considered that reflects key aspects of the transition process, making use of simple metrics to establish the model performance. Using this method, some longstanding problems in low-level cloud representation are identified. Considerable spread exists among models concerning the cloud amount, its vertical structure, and the associated impact on radiative transfer. The sign and amplitude of these biases differ somewhat per case, depending on how far the transition has progressed. After cloud breakup the ensemble median exhibits the well-known "too few too bright" problem. The boundary-layer deepening rate and its state of decoupling are both underestimated, while the representation of the thin capping cloud layer appears complicated by a lack of vertical resolution. Encouragingly, some models are successful in representing the full set of variables, in particular, the vertical structure and diurnal cycle of the cloud layer in transition. An intriguing result is that the median of the model ensemble performs best, inspiring a new approach in subgrid parameterization.

Engineering materials properties and process technologies for electronic and energy applications

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hailey, Anna Kathryn

In this thesis, we pushed the boundaries of knowledge toward exciting new alternatives in the fields of electronic materials and energy. In Part 1, we focused on organic semiconductors, assessing how disorder on different length scales impacts the electrical properties in organic thin-film transistors (OTFTs). We first explored the effect of disorder at the molecular scale due to the coexistence of isomers in thin films. By blending fractional quantities of syn and anti isomers of triethylsilylethynyl anthradithiophene (TES ADT), we found that the electrical properties of devices comprising the anti isomer plummet to that of syn after the addition of only 10% syn. Through single-crystal computational analysis, we determined that the addition of syn disorders the two-dimensional electronic coupling between anti molecules, thereby increasing charge trapping and decreasing mobilities in OTFTs with increasing syn concentrations in the active layers. We also elucidated the impact of disorder stemming from boundaries between crystalline superstructures in polycrystalline thin films. By measuring the electrical characteristics of OTFTs across interspherulite boundaries (ISBs) in TES ADT and rubrene thin films, we found the energy barriers for charge transport across ISBs to be more akin to those found across the boundaries between polymer crystallites than between conventional molecular-semiconductor grains. In contrast to sharp, creviced grain boundaries, ISBs presumably comprise trapped molecules that electrically connect neighboring spherulites, as polymer chains connect crystallites in polymer-semiconductor thin films. In Part 2, we turned our focus to the production of alternative liquid fuels, evaluating process designs to produce "drop-in" replacement diesel and gasoline from non-food biomass and domestic natural gas. By considering the storage of captured byproduct CO2 in nearby depleted shale-gas wells, these processes produce liquid fuels with low-to-negative lifecycle greenhouse-gas emissions. We assessed the economics of these processes under a range of effective emissions prices, finding that fuels from first-of-a-kind facilities will compete with petroleum-derived fuels when the prices of crude oil and emissions are at least 100/bbl and 250/tCO2,eq, respectively. Since "learning by doing" facilitates economic competitiveness, we estimate that fuels from future plants will compete at oil prices as low as $85/bbl without any emissions price.

Climatic Implications of the Observed Temperature Dependence of the Liquid Water Path of Low Clouds in the Southern Great Plains

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

DelGenio, Anthony

1999-01-01

Satellite observations of low-level clouds have challenged the assumption that adiabatic liquid water content combined with constant physical thickness will lead to a negative cloud optics feedback in a decadal climate change. We explore the reasons for the satellite results using four years of surface remote sensing data from the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program Cloud and Radiation Testbed site in the Southern Great Plains of the United States. We find that low cloud liquid water path is approximately invariant with temperature in winter but decreases strongly with temperature in summer, consistent with the satellite inferences at this latitude. This behavior occurs because liquid water content shows no detectable temperature dependence while cloud physical thickness decreases with warming. Thinning of clouds with warming is observed on seasonal, synoptic, and diurnal time scales; it is most obvious in the warm sectors of baroclinic waves. Although cloud top is observed to slightly descend with warming, the primary cause of thinning, is the ascent of cloud base due to the reduction in surface relative humidity and the concomitant increase in the lifting condensation level of surface air. Low cloud liquid water path is not observed to be a continuous function of temperature. Rather, the behavior we observe is best explained as a transition in the frequency of occurrence of different boundary layer types. At cold temperatures, a mixture of stratified and convective boundary layers is observed, leading to a broad distribution of liquid water path values, while at warm temperatures, only convective boundary layers with small liquid water paths, some of them decoupled, are observed. Our results, combined with the earlier satellite inferences, imply that the commonly quoted 1.5C lower limit for the equilibrium global climate sensitivity to a doubling of CO2 which is based on models with near-adiabatic liquid water behavior and constant physical thickness, should be revised upward.

Climatic Implications of the Observed Temperature Dependence of the Liquid Water Path of Low Clouds in the Southern Great Plains

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

DelGenio, Anthony D.; Wolf, Audrey B.

1999-01-01

Satellite observations of low-level clouds have challenged the assumption that adiabatic liquid water content combined with constant physical thickness will lead to a negative cloud optics feedback in a decadal climate change. We explore the reasons for the satellite results using four years of surface remote sensing data from the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program Cloud and Radiation Testbed site in the Southern Great Plains of the United States. We find that low cloud liquid water path is approximately invariant with temperature in winter but decreases strongly with temperature in summer, consistent with the satellite inferences at this latitude. This behavior occurs because liquid water content shows no detectable temperature dependence while cloud physical thickness decreases with warming. Thinning of clouds with warming is observed on seasonal, synoptic, and diurnal time scales; it is most obvious in the warm sectors of baroclinic waves. Although cloud top is observed to slightly descend with warming, the primary cause of thinning is the ascent of cloud base due to the reduction in surface relative humidity and the concomitant increase in the lifting condensation level of surface air. Low cloud liquid water path is not observed to be a continuous function of temperature. Rather, the behavior we observe is best explained as a transition in the frequency of occurrence of different boundary layer types: At cold temperatures, a mixture of stratified and convective boundary layers is observed, leading to a broad distribution of liquid water path values, while at warm temperatures, only convective boundary layers with small liquid water paths, some of them decoupled, are observed. Our results, combined with the earlier satellite inferences, imply that the commonly quoted 1.50 C lower limit for the equilibrium global climate sensitivity to a doubling of CO2, which is based on models with near-adiabatic liquid water behavior and constant physical thickness, should be revised upward.

A 3-D Navier-Stokes CFD study of turbojet/ramjet nozzle plume interactions at Mach 3.0 and comparison with data

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Chang, Ing; Hunter, Louis G.

1995-01-01

Advanced airbreathing propulsion systems used in Mach 4-6 mission scenarios, usually consist of a single integrated turboramjet or as in this study, a turbojet housed in an upper bay with a separate ramjet housed in a lower bay. As the engines transition from turbojet to ramjet, there is an operational envelope where both engines operate simultaneously. One nozzle concept under consideration has a common nozzle, where the plumes from the turbojet and ramjet interact with one another as they expand to ambient conditions. In this paper, the two plumes interact at the end of a common 2-D cowl, when they both reach an approximate Mach 3.0 condition and then jointly expand to Mach 3.6 at the common nozzle exit plane. At this condition, the turbojet engine operated at a higher NPR than the ramjet, where the turbojet overpowers the ramjet plume, deflecting it approximately 12 degrees downward and in turn the turbojet plume is deflected 6 degrees upward. In the process, shocks were formed at the deflections and a shear layer formed at the confluence of the two jets. This particular case was experimentally tested and the data used to compare with the PARC3D code with k-kl two equation turbulence model. The 2-D and 3-D centerline CFD solutions are in good agreement, but as the CFD solutions approach the outer sidewall, a slight variance occurs. The outer wall boundary layers are thin and do not present much of an interaction, however, where the confluence interaction shocks interact with the thin boundary layer on the outer wall, strong vortices run down each shock causing substantial disturbances in the boundary layer. These disturbances amplify somewhat as they propagate downstream axially from the confluence point. The nozzle coefficient (CFG) is reduced 1/2 percent as a result of this sidewall interaction, from 0.9850 to 0.9807. This three-dimensional reduction is in better agreement with the experimental value of 0.9790.

Periodic unsteady effects on turbulent boundary layer transport and heat transfer: An experimental investigation in a cylinder-wall junction flow

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Xie, Qi

Heat transfer in a turbulent boundary layer downstream of junction with a cylinder has many engineering applications including controlling heat transfer to the endwall in gas turbine passages and cooling of protruding electronic chips. The main objective of this research is to study the fundamental process of heat transport and wall heat transfer in a turbulent three-dimensional flow superimposed with local large-scale periodic unsteadiness generated by vortex shedding from the cylinder. Direct measurements of the Reynolds heat fluxes (/line{utheta},\\ /line{vtheta}\\ and\\ /line{wtheta}) and time-resolved wall heat transfer rate will provide insight into unsteady flow behavior and data for advanced turbulence models for numerical simulation of complex engineering flows. Experiments were conducted in an open-circuit, low-speed wind tunnel. Reynolds stresses and heat fluxes were obtained from turbulent heat-flux probes which consisted of two hot wires, arranged in an X-wire configuration, and a cold wire located in front of the X-wire. Thin-film surface heat flux sensors were designed for measuring time-resolved wall heat flux. A reference probe and conditional-sampling technique connected the flow field dynamics to wall heat transfer. An event detecting and ensemble-averaging method was developed to separate effects of unsteadiness from those of background turbulence. Results indicate that unsteadiness affects both heat transport and wall heat transfer. The flow behind the cylinder can be characterized by three regions: (1) Wake region, where unsteadiness is observed to have modest effect; (2) Unsteady region, where the strongest unsteadiness effect is found; (3) Outer region, where the flow approaches the two-dimensional boundary-layer behavior. Vortex shedding from both sides of the cylinder contributes to mixing enhancement in the wake region. Unsteadiness contributes up to 51% of vertical and 59% of spanwise turbulent heat fluxes in the unsteady region. The instantaneous wall Stanton number increased up to 100% compared with an undisturbed flow. Large-scale fluctuations of wall Stanton number were due to the periodic thinning and thickening of the thermal layer caused by periodic vertical velocity fluctuations. This suggests that the outerlayer motion affects near-wall flow behavior and wall heat transfer.

Effect of blood flow on near-the-wall mass transport of drugs and other bioactive agents: a simple formula to estimate boundary layer concentrations.

PubMed

Rugonyi, Sandra

2008-04-01

Transport of bioactive agents through the blood is essential for cardiovascular regulatory processes and drug delivery. Bioactive agents and other solutes infused into the blood through the wall of a blood vessel or released into the blood from an area in the vessel wall spread downstream of the infusion/release region and form a thin boundary layer in which solute concentration is higher than in the rest of the blood. Bioactive agents distributed along the vessel wall affect endothelial cells and regulate biological processes, such as thrombus formation, atherogenesis, and vascular remodeling. To calculate the concentration of solutes in the boundary layer, researchers have generally used numerical simulations. However, to investigate the effect of blood flow, infusion rate, and vessel geometry on the concentration of different solutes, many simulations are needed, leading to a time-consuming effort. In this paper, a relatively simple formula to quantify concentrations in a tube downstream of an infusion/release region is presented. Given known blood-flow rates, tube radius, solute diffusivity, and the length of the infusion region, this formula can be used to quickly estimate solute concentrations when infusion rates are known or to estimate infusion rates when solute concentrations at a point downstream of the infusion region are known. The developed formula is based on boundary layer theory and physical principles. The formula is an approximate solution of the advection-diffusion equations in the boundary layer region when solute concentration is small (dilute solution), infusion rate is modeled as a mass flux, and there is no transport of solute through the wall or chemical reactions downstream of the infusion region. Wall concentrations calculated using the formula developed in this paper were compared to the results from finite element models. Agreement between the results was within 10%. The developed formula could be used in experimental procedures to evaluate drug efficacy, in the design of drug-eluting stents, and to calculate rates of release of bioactive substances at active surfaces using downstream concentration measurements. In addition to being simple and fast to use, the formula gives accurate quantifications of concentrations and infusion rates under steady-state and oscillatory flow conditions, and therefore can be used to estimate boundary layer concentrations under physiological conditions.

Shed Vortex Structure and Phase-Averaged Velocity Statistics in Symmetric/Asymmetric Turbulent Flat Plate Wakes

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Rai, Man Mohan

2017-01-01

The near wake of a flat plate is investigated via direct numerical simulations (DNS). Many earlier experimental investigations have used thin plates with sharp trailing edges and turbulent boundary layers to create the wake. This results in large theta divided by D (sub TE) values (theta is the boundary layer momentum thickness towards the end of the plate and D (sub TE) is the trailing edge thickness). In the present study the emphasis is on relatively thick plates with circular trailing edges (CTE) resulting in theta divided by D values less than one (D is the plate thickness and the diameter of the CTE), and vigorous vortex shedding. The Reynolds numbers based on the plate length and D are 1.255 x 10 (sup 6) and 10,000, respectively. Two cases are computed; one with turbulent boundary layers on both the upper and lower surfaces of the plate (statistically the same, symmetric wake, Case TT) and, a second with turbulent and laminar boundary layers on the upper and lower surfaces, respectively (asymmetric case, Case TL). The data and understanding obtained is of considerable engineering interest, particularly in turbomachinery where the pressure side of an airfoil can remain laminar or transitional because of a favorable pressure gradient and the suction side is turbulent. Shed-vortex structure and phase-averaged velocity statistics obtained in the two cases are compared here. The upper negative shed vortices in Case TL (turbulent separating boundary layer) are weaker than the lower positive ones (laminar separating boundary layer) at inception (a factor 1.27 weaker in terms of peak phase-averaged spanwise vorticity at first appearance of a peak). The upper vortices weaken rapidly as they travel downstream. A second feature of interest in Case TL is a considerable increase in the peak phase-averaged, streamwise normal intensity (random component) with increasing streamwise distance (x divided by D) that occurs nears the positive vortex cores. This behavior is observed for a few diameters in the near wake. This is counter to Case TT where the peak value essentially decreases with increasing x divided by D. Both these effects are examined in detail and the important contributors are identified.

Vertical thermodynamic structure of the troposphere during the Norwegian young sea ICE expedition (N-ICE2015)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kayser, Markus; Maturilli, Marion; Graham, Robert M.; Hudson, Stephen R.; Rinke, Annette; Cohen, Lana; Kim, Joo-Hong; Park, Sang-Jong; Moon, Woosok; Granskog, Mats A.

2017-10-01

The Norwegian young sea ICE (N-ICE2015) expedition was designed to investigate the atmosphere-snow-ice-ocean interactions in the young and thin sea ice regime north of Svalbard. Radiosondes were launched twice daily during the expedition from January to June 2015. Here we use these upper air measurements to study the multiple cyclonic events observed during N-ICE2015 with respect to changes in the vertical thermodynamic structure, moisture content, and boundary layer characteristics. We provide statistics of temperature inversion characteristics, static stability, and boundary layer extent. During winter, when radiative cooling is most effective, we find the strongest impact of synoptic cyclones. Changes to thermodynamic characteristics of the boundary layer are associated with transitions between the radiatively "clear" and "opaque" atmospheric states. In spring, radiative fluxes warm the surface leading to lifted temperature inversions and a statically unstable boundary layer. Further, we compare the N-ICE2015 static stability distributions to corresponding profiles from ERA-Interim reanalysis, from the closest land station in the Arctic North Atlantic sector, Ny-Ålesund, and to soundings from the SHEBA expedition (1997/1998). We find similar stability characteristics for N-ICE2015 and SHEBA throughout the troposphere, despite differences in location, sea ice thickness, and snow cover. For Ny-Ålesund, we observe similar characteristics above 1000 m, while the topography and ice-free fjord surrounding Ny-Ålesund generate great differences below. The long-term radiosonde record (1993-2014) from Ny-Ålesund indicates that during the N-ICE2015 spring period, temperatures were close to the climatological mean, while the lowest 3000 m were 1-3°C warmer than the climatology during winter.

Testing and Performance Verification of a High Bypass Ratio Turbofan Rotor in an Internal Flow Component Test Facility

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

VanZante, Dale E.; Podboy, Gary G.; Miller, Christopher J.; Thorp, Scott A.

2009-01-01

A 1/5 scale model rotor representative of a current technology, high bypass ratio, turbofan engine was installed and tested in the W8 single-stage, high-speed, compressor test facility at NASA Glenn Research Center (GRC). The same fan rotor was tested previously in the GRC 9x15 Low Speed Wind Tunnel as a fan module consisting of the rotor and outlet guide vanes mounted in a flight-like nacelle. The W8 test verified that the aerodynamic performance and detailed flow field of the rotor as installed in W8 were representative of the wind tunnel fan module installation. Modifications to W8 were necessary to ensure that this internal flow facility would have a flow field at the test package that is representative of flow conditions in the wind tunnel installation. Inlet flow conditioning was designed and installed in W8 to lower the fan face turbulence intensity to less than 1.0 percent in order to better match the wind tunnel operating environment. Also, inlet bleed was added to thin the casing boundary layer to be more representative of a flight nacelle boundary layer. On the 100 percent speed operating line the fan pressure rise and mass flow rate agreed with the wind tunnel data to within 1 percent. Detailed hot film surveys of the inlet flow, inlet boundary layer and fan exit flow were compared to results from the wind tunnel. The effect of inlet casing boundary layer thickness on fan performance was quantified. Challenges and lessons learned from testing this high flow, low static pressure rise fan in an internal flow facility are discussed.

Planar Reflection of Gaseous Detonations

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Damazo, Jason Scott

Pipes containing flammable gaseous mixtures may be subjected to internal detonation. When the detonation normally impinges on a closed end, a reflected shock wave is created to bring the flow back to rest. This study built on the work of Karnesky (2010) and examined deformation of thin-walled stainless steel tubes subjected to internal reflected gaseous detonations. A ripple pattern was observed in the tube wall for certain fill pressures, and a criterion was developed that predicted when the ripple pattern would form. A two-dimensional finite element analysis was performed using Johnson-Cook material properties; the pressure loading created by reflected gaseous detonations was accounted for with a previously developed pressure model. The residual plastic strain between experiments and computations was in good agreement. During the examination of detonation-driven deformation, discrepancies were discovered in our understanding of reflected gaseous detonation behavior. Previous models did not accurately describe the nature of the reflected shock wave, which motivated further experiments in a detonation tube with optical access. Pressure sensors and schlieren images were used to examine reflected shock behavior, and it was determined that the discrepancies were related to the reaction zone thickness extant behind the detonation front. During these experiments reflected shock bifurcation did not appear to occur, but the unfocused visualization system made certainty impossible. This prompted construction of a focused schlieren system that investigated possible shock wave-boundary layer interaction, and heat-flux gauges analyzed the boundary layer behind the detonation front. Using these data with an analytical boundary layer solution, it was determined that the strong thermal boundary layer present behind the detonation front inhibits the development of reflected shock wave bifurcation.

Cracking of coated materials under transient thermal stresses

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Rizk, A. A.; Erdogan, Fazil

1988-01-01

The crack problem for a relatively thin layer bonded to a very thick substrate under thermal shock conditions is considered. The effect of surface cooling rate is studied by assuming the temperature boundary condition to be a ramp function. Among the crack geometries considered are the edge crack in the coating layer, the broken layer, the edge crack going through the interface, the undercoat crack in the substrate and the embedded crack crossing the interface. The primary calculated quantity is the stress intensity factor at various singular points and the main variables are the relative sizes and locations of cracks, the time, and the duration of the cooling ramp. The problem is solved and rather extensive results are given for two material pairs, namely a stainless steel layer welded on a ferritic medium and a ceramic coating on a steel substrate.

Cracking of coated materials under transient thermal stresses

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Rizk, A. A.; Erdogan, F.

1989-01-01

The crack problem for a relatively thin layer bonded to a very thick substrate under thermal shock conditions is considered. The effect of surface cooling rate is studied by assuming the temperature boundary condition to be a ramp function. Among the crack geometries considered are the edge crack in the coating layer, the broken layer, the edge crack going through the interface, the undercoat crack in the substrate and the embedded crack crossing the interface. The primary calculated quantity is the stress intensity factor at various singular points and the main variables are the relative sizes and locations of cracks, the time, and the duration of the cooling ramp. The problem is solved and rather extensive results are given for two material pairs, namely a stainless steel layer welded on a ferritic medium and a ceramic coating on a steel substrate.

Imaging the Hydrogen Absorption Dynamics of Individual Grains in Polycrystalline Palladium Thin Films in 3D

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Yau, Allison; Harder, Ross J.; Kanan, Matthew W.

Defects such as dislocations and grain boundaries often control the properties of polycrystalline materials. In nanocrystalline materials, investigating this structure-function relationship while preserving the sample remains challenging because of the short length scales and buried interfaces involved. Here we use Bragg coherent diffractive imaging to investigate the role of structural inhomogeneity on the hydriding phase transformation dynamics of individual Pd grains in polycrystalline films in three-dimensional detail. In contrast to previous reports on single- and polycrystalline nanoparticles, we observe no evidence of a hydrogen-rich surface layer and consequently no size dependence in the hydriding phase transformation pressure over a 125-325more » nm size range. We do observe interesting grain boundary dynamics, including reversible rotations of grain lattices while the material remains in the hydrogen-poor phase. The mobility of the grain boundaries, combined with the lack of a hydrogen-rich surface layer, suggests that the grain boundaries are acting as fast diffusion sites for the hydrogen atoms. Such hydrogen-enhanced plasticity in the hydrogen poor phase provides insight into the switch from the size-dependent behavior of single-crystal nanoparticles to the lower transformation pressures of polycrystalline materials and may play a role in hydrogen embrittlement.« less

Fast-sausage oscillations in coronal loops with smooth boundary

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lopin, I.; Nagorny, I.

2014-12-01

Aims: The effect of the transition layer (shell) in nonuniform coronal loops with a continuous radial density profile on the properties of fast-sausage modes are studied analytically and numerically. Methods: We modeled the coronal waveguide as a structured tube consisting of a cord and a transition region (shell) embedded within a magnetic uniform environment. The derived general dispersion relation was investigated analytically and numerically in the context of frequency, cut-off wave number, and the damping rate of fast-sausage oscillations for various values of loop parameters. Results: The frequency of the global fast-sausage mode in the loops with a diffuse (or smooth) boundary is determined mainly by the external Alfvén speed and longitudinal wave number. The damping rate of such a mode can be relatively low. The model of coronal loop with diffuse boundary can support a comparatively low-frequency, global fast-sausage mode of detectable quality without involving extremely low values of the density contrast. The effect of thin transition layer (corresponds to the loops with steep boundary) is negligible and produces small reductions of oscillation frequency and relative damping rate in comparison with the case of step-function density profile. Seismological application of obtained results gives the estimated Alfvén speed outside the flaring loop about 3.25 Mm/s.

Effects of A Weak Crustal Layer in a Transtensional Pull-Apart Basin: Results from a Scaled Physical Modeling Study

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dooley, T. P.; Monastero, F. C.; McClay, K. R.

2007-12-01

Results of scaled physical models of a releasing bend in the transtensional, dextral strike-slip Coso geothermal system located in the southwest Basin and Range, U.S.A., are instructive for understanding crustal thinning and heat flow in such settings. The basic geometry of the Coso system has been approximated to a 30? dextral releasing stepover. Twenty-four model runs were made representing successive structural iterations that attempted to replicate geologic structures found in the field. The presence of a shallow brittle-ductile transition in the field known from a well-documented seismic-aseismic boundary, was accommodated by inclusion of layers of silicone polymer in the models. A single polymer layer models a conservative brittle-ductile transition in the Coso area at a depth of 6 km. Dual polymer layers impose a local elevation of the brittle-ductile transition to a depth of 4 km. The best match to known geologic structures was achieved with a double layer of silicone polymers with an overlying layer of 100 µm silica sand, a 5° oblique divergent motion across the master strike-slip faults, and a thin-sheet basal rubber décollement. Variation in the relative displacement of the two base plates resulted in some switching in basin symmetry, but the primary structural features remained essentially the same. Although classic, basin-bounding sidewall fault structures found in all pull-apart basin analog models formed in our models, there were also atypical complex intra-basin horst structures that formed where the cross-basin fault zone is situated. These horsts are flanked by deep sedimentary basins that were the locus of maximum crustal thinning accomplished via high-angle extensional and oblique-extensional faults that become progressively more listric with depth as the brittle-ductile transition was approached. Crustal thinning was as much as 50% of the original model depth in dual polymer models. The weak layer at the base of the upper crust appears to focus brittle deformation and facilitate formation of listric normal faults. The implications of these modeling efforts are that: 1) Releasing stepovers that have associated weak upper crust will undergo a more rapid rate of crustal thinning due to the strain focusing effect of this ductile layer; 2) The origin of listric normal faults in these analog models is related to the presence of the weak, ductile layer; and, 3) Due to high dilatency related to major intra-basin extension these stepover structures can be the loci for high heat flow.

Mineralogic evidence for an impact event at the cretaceous-tertiary boundary

USGS Publications Warehouse

Bohor, B.F.; Foord, E.E.; Modreski, P.J.; Triplehorn, Don M.

1984-01-01

A thin claystone layer found in nonmarine rocks at the palynological Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary in eastern Montana contains an anomalously high value of iridium. The nonclay fraction is mostly quartz with minor feldspar, and some of these grains display planar features. These planar features are related to specific crystallographic directions in the quartz lattice. The shocked quartz grains also exhibit asterism and have lowered refractive indices. All these mineralogical features are characteristic of shock metamorphism and are compelling evidence that the shocked grains are the product of a high velocity impact between a large extraterrestrial body and the earth. The shocked minerals represent silicic target material injected into the stratosphere by the impact of the projectile.

Domain switching kinetics in ferroelectric-resistive BiFeO3 thin film memories

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Meng, Jianwei; Jiang, Jun; Geng, Wenping; Chen, Zhihui; Zhang, Wei; Jiang, Anquan

2015-02-01

We fabricated (00l) BiFeO3 (BFO) thin films in different growth modes on SrRuO3/SrTiO3 substrates using a pulsed laser deposition technique. X-ray diffraction patterns show an out-of-plane lattice constant of 4.03 Å and ferroelectric polarization of 82 µC/cm2 for the BFO thin film in a layer-by-layer growth mode (2D-BFO), larger than 3.96 Å and 51 µC/cm2 for the thin film in the 3D-island formation growth mode (3D-BFO). The 2D-BFO thin film at 300 K shows switchable on/off diode currents upon polarization flipping near a negative coercive voltage, which is nevertheless absent from the above 3D-BFO thin film. From a positive-up-negative-down pulse characterization technique, we measured domain switching current transients as well as polarization-voltage (Pf-Vf) hysteresis loops in both semiconducting thin films. Pf-Vf hysteresis loops after 1 µs-retention time show the preferred domain orientation pointing to bottom electrodes in a 3D-BFO thin film. The poor retention of the domains pointing to top electrodes can be improved considerably in a 2D-BFO thin film. From these measurements, we extracted domain switching time dependence of coercive voltage at temperatures of 78-300 K. From these dependences, we found coercive voltages in semiconducting ferroelectric thin films much higher than those in insulating thin films, disobeying the traditional Merz equation. Finally, an equivalent resistance model in description of free-carrier compensation of the front domain boundary charge is developed to interpret this difference. This equivalent resistance can be coincidently extracted either from domain switching time dependence of coercive voltage or from applied voltage dependence of domain switching current, which drops almost linearly with the temperature until down to 0 in a ferroelectric insulator at 78 K.

On the possibility of an alpha-sq omega-type dynamo in a thin layer inside the sun

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Choudhuri, Arnab Rai

1990-01-01

If the solar dynamo operates in a thin layer of 10,000-km thickness at the interface between the convection zone and the radiative core, using the facts that the dynamo should have a period of 22 years and a half-wavelength of 40 deg in the theta-direction, it is possible to impose restrictions on the values which various dynamo parameters are allowed to have. It is pointed out that the dynamo should be of alpha-sq omega nature, and kinematical calculations are presented for free dynamo waves and for dynamos in thin rectangular slabs with appropriate boundary conditions. An alpha-sq omega dynamo is expected to produce a significant poloidal field which does not leak to the solar surface. It is found that the turbulent diffusity eta and alpha-coefficient are restricted to values within about a factor of 10, the median values being eta of about 10 to the 10th sq cm/sec and alpha of about 10 cm/sec. On the basis of mixing length theory, it is pointed out that such values imply a reasonable turbulent velocity of the order 30 m/s, but rather small turbulent length scales like 300 km.

Reduction of Orifice-Induced Pressure Errors

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Plentovich, Elizabeth B.; Gloss, Blair B.; Eves, John W.; Stack, John P.

1987-01-01

Use of porous-plug orifice reduces or eliminates errors, induced by orifice itself, in measuring static pressure on airfoil surface in wind-tunnel experiments. Piece of sintered metal press-fitted into static-pressure orifice so it matches surface contour of model. Porous material reduces orifice-induced pressure error associated with conventional orifice of same or smaller diameter. Also reduces or eliminates additional errors in pressure measurement caused by orifice imperfections. Provides more accurate measurements in regions with very thin boundary layers.

Effective one-dimensional images of arterial trees in the cardiovascular system

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kozlov, V. A.; Nazarov, S. A.

2017-03-01

An exponential smallness of the errors in the one-dimensional model of the Stokes flow in a branching thin vessel with rigid walls is achieved by introducing effective lengths of the one-dimensional image of internodal fragments of vessels. Such lengths are eluated through the pressure-drop matrix at each node describing the boundary-layer phenomenon. The medical interpretation and the accessible generalizations of the result, in particular, for the Navier-Stokes equations are presented.

Modeling and stabilization results for a charge or current-actuated active constrained layer (ACL) beam model with the electrostatic assumption

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Özer, Ahmet Özkan

2016-04-01

An infinite dimensional model for a three-layer active constrained layer (ACL) beam model, consisting of a piezoelectric elastic layer at the top and an elastic host layer at the bottom constraining a viscoelastic layer in the middle, is obtained for clamped-free boundary conditions by using a thorough variational approach. The Rao-Nakra thin compliant layer approximation is adopted to model the sandwich structure, and the electrostatic approach (magnetic effects are ignored) is assumed for the piezoelectric layer. Instead of the voltage actuation of the piezoelectric layer, the piezoelectric layer is proposed to be activated by a charge (or current) source. We show that, the closed-loop system with all mechanical feedback is shown to be uniformly exponentially stable. Our result is the outcome of the compact perturbation argument and a unique continuation result for the spectral problem which relies on the multipliers method. Finally, the modeling methodology of the paper is generalized to the multilayer ACL beams, and the uniform exponential stabilizability result is established analogously.

System for analysis of explosives

DOEpatents

Haas, Jeffrey S [San Ramon, CA

2010-06-29

A system for analysis of explosives. Samples are spotted on a thin layer chromatography plate. Multi-component explosives standards are spotted on the thin layer chromatography plate. The thin layer chromatography plate is dipped in a solvent mixture and chromatography is allowed to proceed. The thin layer chromatography plate is dipped in reagent 1. The thin layer chromatography plate is heated. The thin layer chromatography plate is dipped in reagent 2.

Electron collection theory for a D-region subsonic blunt electrostatic probe

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Wai-Kwong Lai, T.

1974-01-01

Blunt probe theory for subsonic flow in a weakly ionized and collisional gas is reviewed, and an electron collection theory for the relatively unexplored case, Deybye length approximately 1, which occurs in the lower ionosphere (D-region), is developed. It is found that the dimensionless Debye length is no longer an electric field screening parameter, and the space charge field effect can be negelected. For ion collection, Hoult-Sonin theory is recognized as a correct description of the thin, ion density-perturbed layer adjacent the blunt probe surface. The large volume with electron density perturbed by a positively biased probe renders the usual thin boundary layer analysis inapplicable. Theories relating free stream conditions to the electron collection rate for both stationary and moving blunt probes are obtained. A model based on experimental nonlinear electron drift velocity data is proposed. For a subsonically moving probe, it is found that the perturbed region can be divided into four regions with distinct collection mechanisms.

On the Formation Mechanism of Interference Rings in the Ablation Area on the Condensed Medium Surface under Irradiation with Femtosecond Laser Pulses

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bykovskii, N. E.; Senatskii, Yu. V.

2018-02-01

The dynamics of Newton interference rings appearing in the ablation area on the surface of various condensed media under irradiation with femtosecond laser pulses is analyzed (according to published data on fs ablation). The data on the refractive index evolution in the expanding material cloud from the metal, semiconductor, and dielectric surface, obtained by interference pattern processing. The mechanism of the concentration of the energy absorbed by a medium from the laser beam in the thin layer under the irradiated sample surface is considered. The appearance of the inner layer with increased energy release explains why the ablation process from the metal, semiconductor, and dielectric surface, despite the differences in their compositions and radiation absorption mechanisms, occurs similarly, i.e., with the formation of a thin shell at the outer ablation cloud boundary, which consists of a condensed medium reflecting radiation and, together with the target surface, forms a structure necessary for interference formation.

Stability of cavitation structures in a thin liquid layer.

PubMed

Wu, Pengfei; Bai, Lixin; Lin, Weijun; Yan, Jiuchun

2017-09-01

The inception and evolution of acoustic cavitation structures in thin liquid layers under different conditions and perturbations are investigated experimentally with high speed photography. The stability and characterization of cavitation structures are quantified by image analysis methods. It is found that cavitation structures (shape of bubble cloud and number of bubbles) are stable under unaltered experimental conditions, and the cavitation bubble cloud will return to the original structure and remain stable even in the face of large perturbations. When the experimental conditions are altered (for example, acoustic intensity, cavitation nuclei, boundary), the cavitation structures will vary correspondingly. Further analysis implies that the stability of cavitation structures is closely related to the number of bubbles in the cavitation bubble cloud. There are two mechanisms acting simultaneously in the cavitation bubble cloud evolution, one "bubble production" and the other "bubble disappearance". We propose that the two mechanisms acting together constitute the most likely explanation for the stability of cavitation structures and their transformation. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

On the tectonics of Venus

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Arkani-Hamed, Jafar

1993-02-01

The thermal evolution and mechanical properties of a mechanical boundary layer of mantle convection are calculated for three Venus models—cold, Earth-like, and hot—with temperatures of 1300°C, 1400°C, and 1500°C, respectively at the base of their thermal boundary layers. The mechanical boundary layers consist of a basaltic crust with thicknesses of 3 km, 9 km, and 18 km, and depleted periodotitic mantle with thicknesses of 37 km, 65 km, and 90 km, respectively. The thin crust of the cold Venus model couples tightly to the underlying mantle and produces a single competent layer, whereas the thicker crust of the other models has a weak lower part that decouples the crust from the mantle. The characteristic wavelengths (10-20 km) of the banded terrains of tesserae surrounding Ishtar Terra can be explained by the buckling of the crusts of all three Venus models as long as their mechanical boundary layers are older than approximately 150 m.a., implying that the observed wavelengths provide no constraint on the thickness and age of the Venusian crust that is older than approximately 150 m.a. Shortening of the basaltic crust, however, cannot produce surface elevations higher than about 2 km on Venus, because basalt in the lower crust transforms to high-density eclogite, which sinks into the mantle. Therefore, Lakshmi Planum and the surrounding mountains probably contain lower-density material and are analogous to continental masses on the Earth. The ridge spacings of the northern ridge belt can be interpreted as being caused by faulting of the depleted mantle of the cold and Earth-like Venus models if the mechanical boundary layer is older than about 100 m.a. and 200 m.a., respectively. The hot model, however, cannot account for the formation of the ridge belt. Besides the characteristic wavelengths of the banded terrains and spacings of the ridge belts, the cold Venus model seems to account for many other features on Venus. The dynamic support of the surface topography of tesserae requires a convergence velocity of less than 0.1 cm year -1 for the mechanical boundary layer of the cold Venus model. This very low velocity is supported by the spatially random distribution of craters on Venus. Furthermore, the lack of pervasive volcanism on Venus in approximately the last 500 m.y., the lack of an internal magnetic field of Venus, and the lack of an oceanic type ridge system on Venus support the cold Venus model.

Determining the efficiency of subjecting finely dispersed emulsions to physical coagulation in a packed layer under turbulent conditions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Laptev, A. G.; Basharov, M. M.; Farakhova, A. I.

2013-09-01

The process through which small droplets contained in emulsions are physically coagulated on the surface of random packing elements is considered. The theory of turbulent migration of a finely dispersed phase is used for determining the coagulation efficiency. Expressions for calculating coagulation efficiency and turbulent transfer rate are obtained by applying models of a turbulent boundary layer. An example of calculating the enlargement of water droplets in hydrocarbon medium represented by a wide fraction of light hydrocarbons (also known as natural gas liquid) is given. The process flowchart of a system for removing petroleum products from effluent waters discharged from the Kazan TETs-1 cogeneration station is considered. Replacement of the mechanical filter by a thin-layer settler with a coagulator is proposed.

On using surface-source downhole-receiver logging to determine seismic slownesses

USGS Publications Warehouse

Boore, D.M.; Thompson, E.M.

2007-01-01

We present a method to solve for slowness models from surface-source downhole-receiver seismic travel-times. The method estimates the slownesses in a single inversion of the travel-times from all receiver depths and accounts for refractions at layer boundaries. The number and location of layer interfaces in the model can be selected based on lithologic changes or linear trends in the travel-time data. The interfaces based on linear trends in the data can be picked manually or by an automated algorithm. We illustrate the method with example sites for which geologic descriptions of the subsurface materials and independent slowness measurements are available. At each site we present slowness models that result from different interpretations of the data. The examples were carefully selected to address the reliability of interface-selection and the ability of the inversion to identify thin layers, large slowness contrasts, and slowness gradients. Additionally, we compare the models in terms of ground-motion amplification. These plots illustrate the sensitivity of site amplifications to the uncertainties in the slowness model. We show that one-dimensional site amplifications are insensitive to thin layers in the slowness models; although slowness is variable over short ranges of depth, this variability has little affect on ground-motion amplification at frequencies up to 5 Hz.

The looped adhesive strip: An example of coplanar delamination interaction

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Bottega, W. J.

1990-01-01

The phenomenon of peeling and debonding of thin layers is a subject of interest to those concerned with adhesives, thin films, and layered materials. In recent years much attention has been focused on such problems as a result of increased interest and application of advanced composites and thin film coatings. A related problem which is of interest for its own sake but also represents a simple example of a tangled adhesive strip and of coplanar delamination interaction, is the problem of a looped adhesive strip. This is the subject of the present study. Researchers consider here the problem of an elastic strip which possesses an adherend on (at least) one of its surfaces. If the strip is deformed so that two portions of such a surface are brought into contact, a position of the strip becomes bonded and a loop is formed. Researchers are interested in determining the equilibrium configuration of such a strip and investigating the behavior of the strip when its edges are pulled apart. The problem is approached as a moving interior boundary problem in the calculus of variations with the strip modeled as an inextensible elastica and the bond strength characterized by its surface energy. A Griffith type energy criterion is employed for debonding, and solutions corresponding to the problem of interest obtained. The solution obtained will be seen to predict the interesting phenomenon of bond point propagation, as well as the more standard peeling type behavior. Numerical results demonstrating the phenomena of interest are presented as well and will be seen to reveal both stable and unstable propagation of the boundaries of the bonded portion of the strip, depending upon the loading conditions.

Carbonate pseudotachylite? from a Miocene extensional detachment, W. Cyclades, Greece.

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Rice, A. Hugh N.; Grasemann, Bernhard

2016-04-01

Most pseudotachylites, both impact- and fault-related, occur in silicate-rich rocks, typically with 'granitoid' compositions. Examples of melting in carbonate rocks, excluding magmatic sources, are restricted to impact-events, except for a carbonate pseudotachylite in the Canalone Fault, S. Italy (Viganò et al. 2011). Another potential example of carbonate pseudotachylite, shown here, comes from the Miocene-aged W. Cycladic Detachment System, in Greece. Top-SSE ductile to brittle movement on this detachment, with a maximum displacement estimated at tens of kilometers, exhumed of HP-rocks. The carbonate pseudotachylite occurs within an <200 mm thick zone of cataclasites developed between footwall carbonate ultramylonites, containing thin layers and cm-scale boudins of quartzite, and hanging wall breccias; no contacts with the footwall ultramylonites or hanging wall breccias has been found (yet). The cataclasite zone, which can be traced along-strike for at least 90 m, over ~20 m elevation, comprises several distinct layers. In the sample described, five layers occur. The lowest (A; >43 mm thick), consists of dark (hematitic) red, ultra-fine grained unlayered carbonate with up to 40x10 mm rather rounded clasts of earlier generations of cataclasite, many with a quartzite composition. These clasts are fractured and partially separated, with a fine red carbonate matrix. No layering of the matrix or clasts is apparent. The clasts become finer and more abundant towards the boundary with Layer B. Layers B and D (~57 & ~20 mm thick) dominantly comprises protocataclasite with greyish quartz fragments separated by a carbonate matrix along narrow fractures. Zone C and E (~23 m & >15 mm thick) comprise pale pink carbonate-dominated rocks with abundant <30x5 mm-sized red carbonate clasts (+/- quartz fragments) of earlier cataclasite generations. These elongate clasts lie parallel to the overall banding, which is parallel to the ultramylonitic foliation (detachment surface). Smaller clasts are markedly more rounded and comprise carbonate and quartzite material and may have darker (?reaction) rims. No layering is seen in the pale pink groundmass although this is present in some elongate clasts. All layer boundaries are irregular and no principle slip surfaces have been seen. Injection veins from 1 to 9 mm wide and up to at least 100 mm long derive from the central layer (C), cutting the overall layering at a high angle and branching in several places. These veins contain clasts comparable to those in Layer C. Both thick and thin injection-veins are rimmed by impersistent white calcite suggesting that injection was associated with precipitation of calcite. Whether Layer C (and perhaps E also) is a carbonate pseudotachylite is unknown. Although the injection veins are suggestive of this, these also occur in conjunction with ultracataclasites (Craddock et al. 2012). The irregular boundaries between the layers and the lack of any principal slip surfaces might indicate decarbonation and/or fluidization of gouge layer (Rowe and Griffith, 2015). Finally, abundant tubules, with rounded profiles and mostly sub-circular shapes up to 1.2 mm across, occur in Layers C and E, and less so D; these could be interpreted to reflect vents formed by partial carbonate degassing during melting.

Complementary Characterization of Cu(In,Ga)Se₂ Thin-Film Photovoltaic Cells Using Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry, Auger Electron Spectroscopy, and Atom Probe Tomography.

PubMed

Jang, Yun Jung; Lee, Jihye; Jeong, Jeung-Hyun; Lee, Kang-Bong; Kim, Donghwan; Lee, Yeonhee

2018-05-01

To enhance the conversion performance of solar cells, a quantitative and depth-resolved elemental analysis of photovoltaic thin films is required. In this study, we determined the average concentration of the major elements (Cu, In, Ga, and Se) in fabricated Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS) thin films, using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy, X-ray fluorescence, and wavelengthdispersive electron probe microanalysis. Depth profiling results for CIGS thin films with different cell efficiencies were obtained using secondary ion mass spectrometry and Auger electron spectroscopy to compare the atomic concentrations. Atom probe tomography, a characterization technique with sub-nanometer resolution, was used to obtain three-dimensional elemental mapping and the compositional distribution at the grain boundaries (GBs). GBs are identified by Na increment accompanied by Cu depletion and In enrichment. Segregation of Na atoms along the GB had a beneficial effect on cell performance. Comparative analyses of different CIGS absorber layers using various analytical techniques provide us with understanding of the compositional distributions and structures of high efficiency CIGS thin films in solar cells.

Three-dimensional turbulent boundary layers; Proceedings of the Symposium, Berlin, West Germany, March 29-April 1, 1982

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fernholz, H. H.; Krause, E.

Papers are presented on recent research concerning three-dimensional turbulent boundary layers. Topics examined include experimental techniques in three-dimensional turbulent boundary layers, turbulence measurements in ship-model flow, measurements of Reynolds-stress profiles in the stern region of a ship model, the effects of crossflow on the vortex-layer-type three-dimensional flow separation, and wind tunnel investigations of some three-dimensional separated turbulent boundary layers. Also examined are three-dimensional boundary layers in turbomachines, the boundary layers on bodies of revolution spinning in axial flows, the effect on a developed turbulent boundary layer of a sudden local wall motion, three-dimensional turbulent boundary layer along a concave wall, the numerical computation of three-dimensional boundary layers, a numerical study of corner flows, three-dimensional boundary calculations in design aerodynamics, and turbulent boundary-layer calculations in design aerodynamics. For individual items see A83-47012 to A83-47036

Thermal conductivity in nanocrystalline-SiC/C superlattices

DOE PAGES

Habermehl, S.; Serrano, J. R.

2015-11-17

We reported the formation of thin film superlattices consisting of alternating layers of nitrogen-doped SiC (SiC:N) and C. Periodically terminating the SiC:N surface with a graphitic C boundary layer and controlling the SiC:N/C thickness ratio yield nanocrystalline SiC grains ranging in size from 365 to 23 nm. Frequency domain thermo-reflectance is employed to determine the thermal conductivity, which is found to vary from 35.5 W m -1 K -1 for monolithic undoped α-SiC films to 1.6 W m -1 K -1 for a SiC:N/C superlattice with a 47 nm period and a SiC:N/C thickness ratio of 11. A series conductancemore » model is employed to explain the dependence of the thermal conductivity on the superlatticestructure. Our results indicate that the thermal conductivity is more dependent on the SiC:N/C thickness ratio than the SiC:N grain size, indicative of strong boundary layerphonon scattering.« less

Slantwise convection on fluid planets: Interpreting convective adjustment from Juno observations

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

O'Neill, M. E.; Kaspi, Y.; Galanti, E.

2016-12-01

NASA's Juno mission provides unprecedented microwave measurements that pierce Jupiter's weather layer and image the transition to an adiabatic fluid below. This region is expected to be highly turbulent and complex, but to date most models use the moist-to-dry transition as a simple boundary. We present simple theoretical arguments and GCM results to argue that columnar convection is important even in the relatively thin boundary layer, particularly in the equatorial region. We first demonstrate how surface cooling can lead to very horizontal parcel paths, using a simple parcel model. Next we show the impact of this horizontal motion on angular momentum flux in a high-resolution Jovian model. The GCM is a state-of-the-art modification of the MITgcm, with deep geometry, compressibility and interactive two-stream radiation. We show that slantwise convection primarily mixes fluid along columnar surfaces of angular momentum, and discuss the impacts this should have on lapse rate interpretation of both the Galileo probe sounding and the Juno microwave observations.

On multiple solutions of non-Newtonian Carreau fluid flow over an inclined shrinking sheet

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Khan, Masood; Sardar, Humara; Gulzar, M. Mudassar; Alshomrani, Ali Saleh

2018-03-01

This paper presents the multiple solutions of a non-Newtonian Carreau fluid flow over a nonlinear inclined shrinking surface in presence of infinite shear rate viscosity. The governing boundary layer equations are derived for the Carreau fluid with infinite shear rate viscosity. The suitable transformations are employed to alter the leading partial differential equations to a set of ordinary differential equations. The consequential non-linear ODEs are solved numerically by an active numerical approach namely Runge-Kutta Fehlberg fourth-fifth order method accompanied by shooting technique. Multiple solutions are presented graphically and results are shown for various physical parameters. It is important to state that the velocity and momentum boundary layer thickness reduce with increasing viscosity ratio parameter in shear thickening fluid while opposite trend is observed for shear thinning fluid. Another important observation is that the wall shear stress is significantly decreased by the viscosity ratio parameter β∗ for the first solution and opposite trend is observed for the second solution.

Analysis of a high speed civil transport configuration at subsonic flow conditions using a Navier-Stokes solver

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Lessard, Victor R.

1993-01-01

Computations of three dimensional vortical flows over a generic High Speed Civil Transport (HSCT) configuration with an aspect ratio of 3.04 are performed using a thin-layer Navier-Stokes solver. The HSCT cruise configuration is modeled without leading or trailing edge flap deflections and without engine nacelles. The flow conditions, which correspond to tests done in the NASA Langley 8-Foot Transonic Pressure Tunnel (TPT), are a subsonic Mach number of 0.3 and Reynolds number of 4.4 million for a range-of-attack (-.23 deg to 17.78 deg). The effects of the farfield boundary location with respect to the body are investigated. The boundary layer is assumed turbulent and simulated using an algebraic turbulence model. The key features of the vortices and their interactions are captured. Grid distribution in the vortex regions is critical for predicting the correct induced lift. Computed forces and surface pressures compare reasonably well with the experimental TPT data.

Quantitative evaluation of spatial scale of carrier trapping at grain boundary by GHz-microwave dielectric loss spectroscopy

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Choi, W.; Tsutsui, Y.; Miyakai, T.; Sakurai, T.; Seki, S.

2017-11-01

Charge carrier mobility is an important primary parameter for the electronic conductive materials, and the intrinsic limit of the mobility has been hardly access by conventional direct-current evaluation methods. In the present study, intra-grain hole mobility of pentacene thin films was estimated quantitatively using microwave-based dielectric loss spectroscopy (time-resolved microwave conductivity measurement) in alternating current mode of charge carrier local motion. Metal-insulator-semiconductor devices were prepared with different insulating polymers or substrate temperature upon vacuum deposition of the pentacene layer, which afforded totally four different grain-size conditions of pentacene layers. Under the condition where the local motion was determined by interfacial traps at the pentacene grain boundaries (grain-grain interfaces), the observed hole mobilities were plotted against the grain sizes, giving an excellent correlation fit successfully by a parabolic function representative of the boarder length. Consequently, the intra-grain mobility and trap-release time of holes were estimated as 15 cm2 V-1 s-1 and 9.4 ps.

Three-dimensional baroclinic instability of a Hadley cell for small Richardson number

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Antar, B. N.; Fowlis, W. W.

1985-01-01

A three-dimensional, linear stability analysis of a baroclinic flow for Richardson number, Ri, of order unity is presented. The model considered is a thin horizontal, rotating fluid layer which is subjected to horizontal and vertical temperature gradients. The basic state is a Hadley cell which is a solution of the complete set of governing, nonlinear equations and contains both Ekman and thermal boundary layers adjacent to the rigid boundaries; it is given in a closed form. The stability analysis is also based on the complete set of equations; and perturbation possessing zonal, meridional, and vertical structures were considered. Numerical methods were developed for the stability problem which results in a stiff, eighth-order, ordinary differential eigenvalue problem. The previous work on three-dimensional baroclinic instability for small Ri was extended to a more realistic model involving the Prandtl number, sigma, and the Ekman number, E, and to finite growth rates and a wider range of the zonal wavenumber.

Nanosecond Time-Resolved Microscopic Gate-Modulation Imaging of Polycrystalline Organic Thin-Film Transistors

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Matsuoka, Satoshi; Tsutsumi, Jun'ya; Matsui, Hiroyuki; Kamata, Toshihide; Hasegawa, Tatsuo

2018-02-01

We develop a time-resolved microscopic gate-modulation (μ GM ) imaging technique to investigate the temporal evolution of the channel current and accumulated charges in polycrystalline pentacene thin-film transistors (TFTs). A time resolution of as high as 50 ns is achieved by using a fast image-intensifier system that could amplify a series of instantaneous optical microscopic images acquired at various time intervals after the stepped gate bias is switched on. The differential images obtained by subtracting the gate-off image allows us to acquire a series of temporal μ GM images that clearly show the gradual propagation of both channel charges and leaked gate fields within the polycrystalline channel layers. The frontal positions for the propagations of both channel charges and leaked gate fields coincide at all the time intervals, demonstrating that the layered gate dielectric capacitors are successively transversely charged up along the direction of current propagation. The initial μ GM images also indicate that the electric field effect is originally concentrated around a limited area with a width of a few micrometers bordering the channel-electrode interface, and that the field intensity reaches a maximum after 200 ns and then decays. The time required for charge propagation over the whole channel region with a length of 100 μ m is estimated at about 900 ns, which is consistent with the measured field-effect mobility and the temporal-response model for organic TFTs. The effect of grain boundaries can be also visualized by comparison of the μ GM images for the transient and the steady states, which confirms that the potential barriers at the grain boundaries cause the transient shift in the accumulated charges or the transient accumulation of additional charges around the grain boundaries.

High-Area-Ratio Rocket Nozzle at High Combustion Chamber Pressure: Experimental and Analytical Validation

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Jankovsky, Robert S.; Smith, Timothy D.; Pavli, Albert J.

1999-01-01

Experimental data were obtained on an optimally contoured nozzle with an area ratio of 1025:1 and on a truncated version of this nozzle with an area ratio of 440:1. The nozzles were tested with gaseous hydrogen and liquid oxygen propellants at combustion chamber pressures of 1800 to 2400 psia and mixture ratios of 3.89 to 6.15. This report compares the experimental performance, heat transfer, and boundary layer total pressure measurements with theoretical predictions of the current Joint Army, Navy, NASA, Air Force (JANNAF) developed methodology. This methodology makes use of the Two-Dimensional Kinetics (TDK) nozzle performance code. Comparisons of the TDK-predicted performance to experimentally attained thrust performance indicated that both the vacuum thrust coefficient and the vacuum specific impulse values were approximately 2.0-percent higher than the turbulent prediction for the 1025:1 configurations, and approximately 0.25-percent higher than the turbulent prediction for the 440:1 configuration. Nozzle wall temperatures were measured on the outside of a thin-walled heat sink nozzle during the test fittings. Nozzle heat fluxes were calculated front the time histories of these temperatures and compared with predictions made with the TDK code. The heat flux values were overpredicted for all cases. The results range from nearly 100 percent at an area ratio of 50 to only approximately 3 percent at an area ratio of 975. Values of the integral of the heat flux as a function of nozzle surface area were also calculated. Comparisons of the experiment with analyses of the heat flux and the heat rate per axial length also show that the experimental values were lower than the predicted value. Three boundary layer rakes mounted on the nozzle exit were used for boundary layer measurements. This arrangement allowed total pressure measurements to be obtained at 14 different distances from the nozzle wall. A comparison of boundary layer total pressure profiles and analytical predictions show good agreement for the first 0.5 in. from the nozzle wall; but the further into the core flow that measurements were taken, the more that TDK overpredicted the boundary layer thickness.

Models of non-Newtonian Hele-Shaw flow

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Kondic, L.; Palffy-Muhoray, P.; Shelley, M.J.

1996-11-01

We study the Saffman-Taylor instability of a non-Newtonian fluid in a Hele-Shaw cell. Using a fluid model with shear-rate dependent viscosity, we derive a Darcy{close_quote}s law whose viscosity depends upon the squared pressure gradient. This yields a natural, nonlinear boundary value problem for the pressure. A model proposed recently by Bonn {ital et} {ital al}. [Phys. Rev. Lett. {bold 75}, 2132 (1995)] follows from this modified law. For a shear-thinning liquid, our derivation shows strong constraints upon the fluid viscosity{emdash} strong shear-thinning does not allow the construction of a unique Darcy{close_quote}s law, and is related to the appearance of slipmore » layers in the flow. For a weakly shear-thinning liquid, we calculate corrections to the Newtonian instability of an expanding bubble in a radial cell. {copyright} {ital 1996 The American Physical Society.}« less

Development of an ultra-thin film comprised of a graphene membrane and carbon nanotube vein support.

PubMed

Lin, Xiaoyang; Liu, Peng; Wei, Yang; Li, Qunqing; Wang, Jiaping; Wu, Yang; Feng, Chen; Zhang, Lina; Fan, Shoushan; Jiang, Kaili

2013-01-01

Graphene, exhibiting superior mechanical, thermal, optical and electronic properties, has attracted great interest. Considering it being one-atom-thick, and the reduced mechanical strength at grain boundaries, the fabrication of large-area suspended chemical vapour deposition graphene remains a challenge. Here we report the fabrication of an ultra-thin free-standing carbon nanotube/graphene hybrid film, inspired by the vein-membrane structure found in nature. Such a square-centimetre-sized hybrid film can realize the overlaying of large-area single-layer chemical vapour deposition graphene on to a porous vein-like carbon nanotube network. The vein-membrane-like hybrid film, with graphene suspended on the carbon nanotube meshes, possesses excellent mechanical performance, optical transparency and good electrical conductivity. The ultra-thin hybrid film features an electron transparency close to 90%, which makes it an ideal gate electrode in vacuum electronics and a high-performance sample support in transmission electron microscopy.

Origin of high carrier mobility and low residual stress in RF superimposed DC sputtered Al doped ZnO thin film for next generation flexible devices

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kumar, Naveen; Dubey, Ashish; Bahrami, Behzad; Venkatesan, S.; Qiao, Qiquan; Kumar, Mukesh

2018-04-01

In this work, the energy and flux of high energetic ions were controlled by RF superimposed DC sputtering process to increase the grain size and suppress grain boundary potential with minimum residual stress in Al doped ZnO (AZO) thin film. AZO thin films were deposited at different RF/(RF + DC) ratios by keeping total power same and were investigated for their electrical, optical, structural and nanoscale grain boundaries potential. All AZO thin film showed high crystallinity and orientation along (002) with peak shift as RF/(RF + DC) ratio increased from 0.0, pure DC, to 1.0, pure RF. This peak shift was correlated with high residual stress in as-grown thin film. AZO thin film grown at mixed RF/(RF + DC) of 0.75 showed high electron mobility, low residual stress and large crystallite size in comparison to other AZO thin films. The nanoscale grain boundary potential was mapped using Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy in all AZO thin film and it was observed that carrier mobility is controlled not only by grains size but also by grain boundary potential. The XPS analysis confirms the variation in oxygen vacancies and zinc interstitials which explain the origin of low grain boundaries potential and high carrier mobility in AZO thin film deposited at 0.75 RF/(RF + DC) ratio. This study proposes a new way to control the grain size and grain boundary potential to further tune the optoelectronic-mechanical properties of AZO thin films for next generation flexible and optoelectronic devices.

Interference Thin Films for Spectral Filtering, Polarizing, Phase Retarding, and Intensity Splitting of FUV Radiation.

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kim, Jongmin

The development of thin film technology for the far ultraviolet (FUV: 120~220 nm) has not progressed as rapidly as in the visible and infrared regions because substrate and thin film materials exhibit absorption characteristics that complicate the design process. Mathematically, these absorbing materials can be treated in the same manner as non-absorbing materials if a complex representation of the optical constants is used. Realization of higher throughput can be achieved by operating in a reflective rather than a transmissive mode. The spectral filter II -stack design method obtains a high reflectance by minimizing absorptance in the high refractive index layer while maintaining the constructive interference between reflected waves at the boundary of HL pairs. Reflective polarizers are designed by inducing transmission and absorption of the p-polarized light. Utilizing a MgF_2/Al/MgF _2 three layer structure on a thick Al layer as a substrate, high s-polarization reflectance (>88%) and a high degree of polarization (>99%) are obtained. Out-of-band rejection in the spectral filter and the degree of polarization in the polarizer are significantly improved by combining multiple reflectors in tandem. The high-low absorbing material boundaries in the MgF_2/Al/MgF_2 structure are also useful for obtaining phase retardance between s and p-polarized reflected fields. Two equations established by the ideal quarterwave retarder (QWR) requirement and electric field relations are used to determine the MgF_2 layer thicknesses to achieve excellent QWR performances. Calculated results show that a high reflectance for both polarizations (>80%) and almost 90^circ of phase retardance are possible. Discrepancies between the designed and measured polarizer performance are mainly caused by Al layer oxidation during fabrication in a conventional high vacuum chamber. XPS depth profiling is used to analyze the oxidation and the results show that oxidized layer thicknesses are greater than typically reported from optical techniques. A method is established to predict the maximum oxygen concentration at each Al interface based only on the pressure to rate ratio during film deposition. Along with polarizers and retarders, beam-splitters are also difficult to make due to absorption; and transparent conductive coatings have not been studied in the FUV region. A beam-splitter with improved TR product (transmittance times reflectance: TR = 0.20, 0.18) is designed with a dielectric multilayer. It is found that Cr is a significantly better film material for transparent conductive coatings than indium-tin-oxide (ITO) in the FUV region.

Prediction of charge mobility in organic semiconductors with consideration of the grain-size effect

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Park, Jin Woo; Lee, Kyu Il; Choi, Youn-Suk; Kim, Jung-Hwa; Jeong, Daun; Kwon, Young-Nam; Park, Jong-Bong; Ahn, Ho Young; Park, Jeong-Il; Lee, Hyo Sug; Shin, Jaikwang

2016-09-01

A new computational model to predict the hole mobility of poly-crystalline organic semiconductors in thin film was developed (refer to Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2016, DOI: 10.1039/C6CP02993K). Site energy differences and transfer integrals in crystalline morphologies of organic molecules were obtained from quantum chemical calculation, in which the periodic boundary condition was efficiently applied to capture the interactions with the surrounding molecules in the crystalline organic layer. Then the parameters were employed in kinetic Monte Carlo (kMC) simulations to estimate the carrier mobility. Carrier transport in multiple directions has been considered in the kMC simulation to mimic polycrystalline characteristic in thin-film condition. Furthermore, the calculated mobility was corrected with a calibration equation based on the microscopic images of thin films to take the effect of grain boundary into account. As a result, good agreement was observed between the predicted and measured hole mobility values for 21 molecular species: the coefficient of determination (R2) was estimated to be 0.83 and the mean absolute error was 1.32 cm2 V-1 s-1. This numerical approach can be applied to any molecules for which crystal structures are available and will provide a rapid and precise way of predicting the device performance.

Assessing Uncertainties in Boundary Layer Transition Predictions for HIFiRE-1 at Non-zero Angles of Attack

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Marek, Lindsay C.

2011-01-01

Boundary layer stability was analyzed for the HIFiRE-1 flight vehicle geometry for ground tests conducted at the CUBRC LENS I hypersonic shock test facility and the Langley Research Center (LaRC) 20- inch Mach 6 Tunnel. Boundary layer stability results were compared to transition onset location obtained from discrete heat transfer measurements from thin film gauges during the CUBRC test and spatially continuous heat transfer measurements from thermal phosphor paint data during the LaRC test. The focus of this analysis was on conditions at non-zero angles of attack as stability analysis has already been performed at zero degrees angle of attack. Also, the transition onset data obtained during flight testing was at nonzero angles of attack, so this analysis could be expanded in the future to include the results of the flight test data. Stability analysis was performed using the 2D parabolized stability software suite STABL (Stability and Transition Analysis for Hypersonic Boundary Layers) developed at the University of Minnesota and the mean flow solutions were computed using the DPLR finite volume Navier-Stokes computational fluid dynamics (CFD) solver. A center line slice of the 3D mean flow solution was used for the stability analysis to incorporate the angle of attack effects while still taking advantage of the 2D STABL software suite. The N-factors at transition onset and the value of Re(sub theta)/M(sub e), commonly used to predict boundary layer transition onset, were compared for all conditions analyzed. Ground test data was analyzed at Mach 7.2 and Mach 6.0 and angles of attack of 1deg, 3deg and 5deg. At these conditions, the flow was found to be second mode dominant for the HIFiRE-1 slender cone geometry. On the leeward side of the vehicle, a strong trend of transition onset location with angle of attack was observed as the boundary layer on the leeward side of the vehicle developed inflection points at streamwise positions on the vehicle that correlated to angle of attack. Inflection points are a strong instability mechanism that lead to rapid breakdown and transition to turbulence. The transition onset location on the windward side of the vehicle displayed no trend with angle of attack or freestream Reynolds number and transition was observed farther down the vehicle than observed on the leeward side of the vehicle. In analysis of both windward and leeward sides of the vehicle, use of the N factor methodology to develop trends to predict boundary layer transition onset showed improvements over the Re(sub theta)/M(sub e) empirical correlation methodology. Stronger correlations and less scatter in the data were observed when using the N factor method for these cases.

21 CFR 862.2270 - Thin-layer chromatography system for clinical use.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 8 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Thin-layer chromatography system for clinical use... Instruments § 862.2270 Thin-layer chromatography system for clinical use. (a) Identification. A thin-layer... a mixture. The mixture of compounds is absorbed onto a stationary phase or thin layer of inert...

Selective reflection by deteriorated phase accumulation in Fabry-Perot cavity with aperiodic metallic nanomesh entry windows

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sun, Tianyi; Guo, Chuanfei; Kempa, Krzysztof; Ren, Zhifeng

2014-03-01

A Fabry-Perot reflection filter, consisting of semi-transparent metal and dielectric layers on opaque metals, is featured by selective absorption determined by the phase difference of waves from the two interfaces. In such systems, semi-transparency is usually realized by layers of reflective metals thinner than the penetration depth of the light. Here we present a filter cavity with entry windows not made of traditional thin layers, but of aperiodic metallic random nanomeshes thicker than the penetration depth, fabricated by grain boundary lithography. It is shown that due to the deteriorated phase caused by the interface between the random nanomesh and the dielectric layer, the width and location of the resonances can be tuned by metallic coverage. Further experiments show that this phenomenon can be used in designing aperiodic plasmonic metamaterial structures for visible and infrared applications.

Automated retinal layer segmentation and characterization

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Luisi, Jonathan; Briley, David; Boretsky, Adam; Motamedi, Massoud

2014-05-01

Spectral Domain Optical Coherence Tomography (SD-OCT) is a valuable diagnostic tool in both clinical and research settings. The depth-resolved intensity profiles generated by light backscattered from discrete layers of the retina provide a non-invasive method of investigating progressive diseases and injury within the eye. This study demonstrates the application of steerable convolution filters capable of automatically separating gradient orientations to identify edges and delineate tissue boundaries. The edge maps were recombined to measure thickness of individual retinal layers. This technique was successfully applied to longitudinally monitor changes in retinal morphology in a mouse model of laser-induced choroidal neovascularization (CNV) and human data from age-related macular degeneration patients. The steerable filters allow for direct segmentation of noisy images, while novel recombination of weaker segmentations allow for denoising post-segmentation. The segmentation before denoising strategy allows the rapid detection of thin retinal layers even under suboptimal imaging conditions.

Single-Column Model Simulations of Subtropical Marine Boundary-Layer Cloud Transitions Under Weakening Inversions: SCM SIMULATIONS OF CLOUD TRANSITIONS

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Neggers, R. A. J.; Ackerman, A. S.; Angevine, W. M.

Results are presented of the GASS/EUCLIPSE single-column model inter-comparison study on the subtropical marine low-level cloud transition. A central goal is to establish the performance of state-of-the-art boundary-layer schemes for weather and climate mod- els for this cloud regime, using large-eddy simulations of the same scenes as a reference. A novelty is that the comparison covers four different cases instead of one, in order to broaden the covered parameter space. Three cases are situated in the North-Eastern Pa- cific, while one reflects conditions in the North-Eastern Atlantic. A set of variables is considered that reflects key aspects of the transitionmore » process, making use of simple met- rics to establish the model performance. Using this method some longstanding problems in low level cloud representation are identified. Considerable spread exists among models concerning the cloud amount, its vertical structure and the associated impact on radia- tive transfer. The sign and amplitude of these biases differ somewhat per case, depending on how far the transition has progressed. After cloud breakup the ensemble median ex- hibits the well-known “too few too bright” problem. The boundary layer deepening rate and its state of decoupling are both underestimated, while the representation of the thin capping cloud layer appears complicated by a lack of vertical resolution. Encouragingly, some models are successful in representing the full set of variables, in particular the verti- cal structure and diurnal cycle of the cloud layer in transition. An intriguing result is that the median of the model ensemble performs best, inspiring a new approach in subgrid pa- rameterization.« less

Method of transferring a thin crystalline semiconductor layer

DOEpatents

Nastasi, Michael A [Sante Fe, NM; Shao, Lin [Los Alamos, NM; Theodore, N David [Mesa, AZ

2006-12-26

A method for transferring a thin semiconductor layer from one substrate to another substrate involves depositing a thin epitaxial monocrystalline semiconductor layer on a substrate having surface contaminants. An interface that includes the contaminants is formed in between the deposited layer and the substrate. Hydrogen atoms are introduced into the structure and allowed to diffuse to the interface. Afterward, the thin semiconductor layer is bonded to a second substrate and the thin layer is separated away at the interface, which results in transferring the thin epitaxial semiconductor layer from one substrate to the other substrate.

High-performance FeSe0.5Te0.5 thin films fabricated on less-well-textured flexible coated conductor templates

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Xu, Zhongtang; Yuan, Pusheng; Ma, Yanwei; Cai, Chuanbing

2017-03-01

We report on the transport properties of FeSe0.5Te0.5 (FST) thin films fabricated on less-well-textured flexible coated conductor templates with LaMnO3 (LMO) as buffer layers using pulsed laser deposition. The LMO buffer layers exhibit large in-plane misalignment of ˜7.72°, which is unfavorable for cuprate-coated conductors due to the high grain boundaries. The FST thin films show a superconducting transition temperature of 16.8 K, higher than that of bulk materials due to the compressive strain between LMO and FST. Atomic force microscopy observations reveal that island-like features appear at the surfaces of both LMO and FST, confirming the island growth mode. A self-field transport critical-current density of up to 0.43 MA cm-2 at 4.2 K has been observed in FST thin films, which is much higher than that in powder-in-tube processed FST tapes. The films are capable of carrying current densities of over 105 A cm-2 in the whole applied magnetic field up to 9 T, showing great potential for high-field applications. The results indicate that, for FST, highly textured metal tapes are not needed to produce coated conductors with high performance, which is of great advantage over cuprate-coated conductors.

Effect Of Impurity On Cu Electromigration

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hu, C.-K.; Angyal, M.; Baker, B. C.; Bonilla, G.; Cabral, C.; Canaperi, D. F.; Choi, S.; Clevenger, L.; Edelstein, D.; Gignac, L.; Huang, E.; Kelly, J.; Kim, B. Y.; Kyei-Fordjour, V.; Manikonda, S. L.; Maniscalco, J.; Mittal, S.; Nogami, T.; Parks, C.; Rosenberg, R.; Simon, A.; Xu, Y.; Vo, T. A.; Witt, C.

2010-11-01

The impact of the existence of Cu grain boundaries on the degradation of Cu interconnect lifetime at the 45 nm technology node and beyond has suggested that improved electromigra-tion in Cu grain boundaries has become increasingly important. In this paper, solute effects of non-metallic (C, Cl, O and S) and metallic (Al, Co, In, Mg, Sn, and Ti) impurities on Cu elec-tromigration were investigated. The Cu alloy interconnects were fabricated by adjusting Cu electroplating solutions or by depositing a Cu alloy seed, a thin film layer of impurity, an alloy liner, or a metal cap. A large variation of Cu grain structure in the samples was achieved by adjusting the wafer fabrication process steps. The non-metallic impurities were found to be less than 0.1% in the electroplated Cu with no effect on Cu electromigration lifetimes. Most of the metallic impurities reduced Cu interface and grain boundary mass flows and enhanced Cu lifetime, but Al, Co, and Mg impurities did not mitigate Cu grain boundary diffusion.

Kinetic model for thin film stress including the effect of grain growth

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chason, Eric; Engwall, A. M.; Rao, Z.; Nishimura, T.

2018-05-01

Residual stress during thin film deposition is affected by the evolution of the microstructure. This can occur because subsurface grain growth directly induces stress in the film and because changing the grain size at the surface affects the stress in new layers as they are deposited. We describe a new model for stress evolution that includes both of these effects. It is used to explain stress in films that grow with extensive grain growth (referred to as zone II) so that the grain size changes throughout the thickness of the layer as the film grows. Equations are derived for different cases of high or low atomic mobility where different assumptions are used to describe the diffusion of atoms that are incorporated into the grain boundary. The model is applied to measurements of stress and grain growth in evaporated Ni films. A single set of model parameters is able to explain stress evolution in films grown at multiple temperatures and growth rates. The model explains why the slope of the curvature measurements changes continuously with thickness and attributes it to the effect of grain size on new layers deposited on the film.

Energetics and optimum motion of oscillating lifting surfaces of finite span

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Ahmadi, A. R.; Widnall, S. E.

1986-01-01

In certain modes of animal propulsion in nature, such as bird flight and fish swimming, the efficiency compared to man-made vehicles is very high. In such cases, wing and tail motions are typically associated with relatively high Reynolds numbers, where viscous effects are confined to a thin boundary layer at the surface and a thin trailing wake. The propulsive forces, which are generated primarily by the inertial forces, can be calculated from potential-flow theory using linearized unsteady-wing theory (for small-amplitude oscillations). In the present study, a recently developed linearized, low-frequency, unsteady lifting-line theory is employed to calculate the (sectional and total) energetic quantities and optimum motion of an oscillating wing of finite span.

Velocity and bottom-stress measurements in the bottom boundary layer, outer Norton Sound, Alaska.

USGS Publications Warehouse

Cacchione, D.A.; Drake, D.E.; Wiberg, P.

1982-01-01

We have used long-term measurements of near-bottom velocities at four heights above the sea floor in Norton Sound, Alaska, to compute hourly values of shear velocity u., roughness and bottom-drag coefficient. Maximum sediment resuspension and transport, predicted for periods when the computed value of u. exceeds a critical level, occur during peak tidal currents associated with spring tides. The fortnightly variation in u. is correlated with a distinct nepheloid layer that intensifies and thickens during spring tides and diminishes and thins during neap tides. The passage of a storm near the end of the experiment caused significantly higher u. values than those found during fair weather.-from Authros

Atmospheric monitoring in MAGIC and data corrections

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fruck, Christian; Gaug, Markus

2015-03-01

A method for analyzing returns of a custom-made "micro"-LIDAR system, operated alongside the two MAGIC telescopes is presented. This method allows for calculating the transmission through the atmospheric boundary layer as well as thin cloud layers. This is achieved by applying exponential fits to regions of the back-scattering signal that are dominated by Rayleigh scattering. Making this real-time transmission information available for the MAGIC data stream allows to apply atmospheric corrections later on in the analysis. Such corrections allow for extending the effective observation time of MAGIC by including data taken under adverse atmospheric conditions. In the future they will help reducing the systematic uncertainties of energy and flux.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Mirshafieyan, Seyed Sadreddin; Luk, Ting S.; Guo, Junpeng

Here, we demonstrated perfect light absorption in optical nanocavities made of ultra-thin percolation aluminum and silicon films deposited on an aluminum surface. The total layer thickness of the aluminum and silicon films is one order of magnitude less than perfect absorption wavelength in the visible spectral range. The ratio of silicon cavity layer thickness to perfect absorption wavelength decreases as wavelength decreases due to the increased phase delays at silicon-aluminum boundaries at shorter wavelengths. It is explained that perfect light absorption is due to critical coupling of incident wave to the fundamental Fabry-Perot resonance mode of the structure where themore » round trip phase delay is zero. Simulations were performed and the results agree well with the measurement results.« less

Numerical analysis of flow about a total temperature sensor

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Von Lavante, Ernst; Bruns, Russell L., Jr.; Sanetrik, Mark D.; Lam, Tim

1989-01-01

The unsteady flowfield about an airfoil-shaped inlet temperature sensor has been investigated using the thin-layer and full Navier-Stokes equations. A finite-volume formulation of the governing equations was used in conjunction with a Runge-Kutta time stepping scheme to analyze the flow about the sensor. Flow characteristics for this configuration were established at Mach numbers of 0.5 and 0.8 for different Reynolds numbers. The results were obtained for configurations of increasing complexity; important physical phenomena such as shock formation, boundary-layer separation, and unsteady wake formation were noted. Based on the computational results, recommendations for further study and refinement of the inlet temperature sensor were made.

Parameter Estimation for a Thin Layer by Measuring Temperature Induced by a Heat Source

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-01-01

Abdelrazaq, The solution of heat conduction equation with mixed boundary conditions, J. Math. Stat. 2 ( 2006 ) 346-350. [2] R. T. Al-Khairy and Z. M. Al-Ofey...Appl. Math. 2009 (2009) Article ID 604695. [3] G. Araya and G. Gutierrez, Analytical solution for a transient, three-dimensional temperature...distribution due to a moving laser beam, Int. J. Heat and Mass Transfer 49 ( 2006 ) 4124-4131. [4] M. Bertolotti and C. Sibilia, Depth and velocity of the

A laser interferometer for measuring skin friction in three-dimensional flows

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Monson, D. J.

1983-01-01

A new, nonintrusive method is described for measuring skin friction in three-dimensional flows with unknown direction. The method uses a laser interferometer to measure the changing slope of a thin oil film applied to a surface experiencing shear stress. The details of the method are described, and skin friction measurements taken in a swirling three-dimensional boundary-layer flow are presented. Comparisons between analytical results and experimental values from the laser interferometer method and from a bidirectional surface-fence gauge are made.

Llinas’ Phase Reset Mechanism Delays the Onset of Chaos in Shark and Dolphin Wall Turbulence

DTIC Science & Technology

2014-02-10

eruption due to plate tectonics . (The plate becomes locally thin and is unable to prevent the high-pressure hot magma from erupting.) The vorticity...flat plate value. The spacing between riblet peaks s+= 10 is used unless noted. KM gives the "strength" of the riblets, where the terms "weak" and...exhibit spanwise variations in skin friction coefficients and integral boundary layer properties, even in flat plate experiments where great care has

The Role of Boundary Layer Capacitance at Blocking Electrodes in the Interpretation of Dielectric Cure Data in Adhesives.

DTIC Science & Technology

1984-05-31

INTEPRETATION OF DI.ECLIRC CURE DATA IN ADHESIVES D. I. Day*, T. I. Lewis**. H. L. Leoe, and S. D. Seturia Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer...are geometry-independent. However, one result of the present paper is to show that the conventional practice of placing a thin release film , which...noted that the smallest of these spacings (achieved by using KaptonR film spacers) is much less than that typically used with parallel plates. No

Computation of the unsteady facilitated transport of oxygen in hemoglobin

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Davis, Sanford

1990-01-01

The transport of a reacting permeant diffusing through a thin membrane is extended to more realistic dissociation models. A new nonlinear analysis of the reaction-diffusion equations, using implicit finite-difference methods and direct block solvers, is used to study the limits of linearized and equilibrium theories. Computed curves of molecular oxygen permeating through hemoglobin solution are used to illustrate higher-order reaction models, the effect of concentration boundary layers at the membrane interfaces, and the transient buildup of oxygen flux.

Triboelectric generator

DOEpatents

Wang, Zhong L; Fan, Fengru; Lin, Long; Zhu, Guang; Pan, Caofeng; Zhou, Yusheng

2015-11-03

A generator includes a thin first contact charging layer and a thin second contact charging layer. The thin first contact charging layer includes a first material that has a first rating on a triboelectric series. The thin first contact charging layer has a first side with a first conductive electrode applied thereto and an opposite second side. The thin second contact charging layer includes a second material that has a second rating on a triboelectric series that is more negative than the first rating. The thin first contact charging layer has a first side with a first conductive electrode applied thereto and an opposite second side. The thin second contact charging layer is disposed adjacent to the first contact charging layer so that the second side of the second contact charging layer is in contact with the second side of the first contact charging layer.

Biocide squirting from an elastomeric tri-layer film.

PubMed

Sonntag, Philippe; Hoerner, Pierre; Cheymol, André; Argy, Gilles; Riess, Gérard; Reiter, Günter

2004-05-01

Protective layers typically act in a passive way by simply separating two sides. Protection is only efficient as long as the layers are intact. If a high level of protection has to be achieved by thin layers, complementary measures need to be in place to ensure safety, even after breakage of the layer-an important issue in medical applications. Here, we present a novel approach for integrating a biocide liquid into a protective film (about 300-500 microm thick), which guarantees that a sufficient amount of biocide is rapidly released when the film is punctured. The film is composed of a middle layer, containing the liquid in droplet-like compartments, sandwiched between two elastomeric boundary layers. When the film is punctured, the liquid squirts out of the middle layer. A theoretical model was used to determine the size and density of droplets that are necessary to ensure a sufficient quantity of biocide is expelled from an adequately elastic matrix to provide protection at the site of damage. We demonstrate the utility of this approach for the fabrication of surgical gloves.

Modification of electron states in CdTe absorber due to a buffer layer in CdTe/CdS solar cells

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Fedorenko, Y. G., E-mail: y.fedorenko@liverpool.ac.uk; Major, J. D.; Pressman, A.

2015-10-28

By application of the ac admittance spectroscopy method, the defect state energy distributions were determined in CdTe incorporated in thin film solar cell structures concluded on ZnO, ZnSe, and ZnS buffer layers. Together with the Mott-Schottky analysis, the results revealed a strong modification of the defect density of states and the concentration of the uncompensated acceptors as influenced by the choice of the buffer layer. In the solar cells formed on ZnSe and ZnS, the Fermi level and the energy position of the dominant deep trap levels were observed to shift closer to the midgap of CdTe, suggesting the mid-gapmore » states may act as recombination centers and impact the open-circuit voltage and the fill factor of the solar cells. For the deeper states, the broadening parameter was observed to increase, indicating fluctuations of the charge on a microscopic scale. Such changes can be attributed to the grain-boundary strain and the modification of the charge trapped at the grain-boundary interface states in polycrystalline CdTe.« less

Constraint on subsurface structures beneath Reiner Gamma on the Moon using the Kaguya Lunar Radar Sounder

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bando, Yuichi; Kumamoto, Atsushi; Nakamura, Norihiro

2015-07-01

Reiner Gamma is a sinuous feature in Oceanus Procellarum; it has a higher reflectance of the visible wavelength than the surrounding flat mare basalt, and displays a high crustal magnetic field. Previous studies relating to the origin of Reiner Gamma have provided contradictory depths of magnetic source bodies in the lunar crust as either shallow or deep. If a shallow ejecta layer existed beneath the Reiner Gamma formation, a subsurface lithological boundary between the denser mare basalt and the less dense ejecta blanket would be expected. This study examines subsurface stratifications using the Lunar Radar Sounder (LRS) onboard the Kaguya spacecraft. Taking into account the LRS-determined dielectric constants, the influence of surface clutter, and the energy loss of the LRS radar pulses in the high frequency band (5 MHz), no evidence was found of subsurface boundaries down to a depth of 1000-m at Reiner Gamma. Given the LRS range resolution of 75-m, the source of the magnetic anomaly is considered to be either strongly magnetized thin breccia layers at depths shallower than 75-m, or less magnetized thick layers at depths deeper than 1000-m.

Correlative multi-scale characterization of a fine grained Nd-Fe-B sintered magnet.

PubMed

Sasaki, T T; Ohkubo, T; Hono, K; Une, Y; Sagawa, M

2013-09-01

The Nd-rich phases in pressless processed fine grained Nd-Fe-B sintered magnets have been characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and three dimensional atom probe tomography (3DAP). The combination of the backscattered electron (BSE) and in-lens secondary electron (IL-SE) images in SEM led to an unambiguous identification of four types of Nd-rich phases, NdOx, Ia3 type phase, which is isostructural to Nd₂O₃, dhcp-Nd and Nd₁Fe₄B₄. In addition, the 3DAP analysis of thin Nd-rich grain boundary layer indicate that the coercivity has a close correlation with the chemistry of the grain boundary phase. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Growth of Fault-Cored Anticlines by Flexural Slip Folding: Analysis by Boundary Element Modeling

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Johnson, Kaj M.

2018-03-01

Fault-related folds develop due to a combination of slip on the associated fault and distributed deformation off the fault. Under conditions that are sufficient for sedimentary layering to act as a stack of mechanical layers with contact slip, buckling can dramatically amplify the folding process. We develop boundary element models of fault-related folding of viscoelastic layers embedded with a reverse fault to examine the influence of such layering on fold growth. The strength of bedding contacts, the thickness and stiffness of layering, and fault geometry all contribute significantly to the resulting fold form. Frictional contact strength between layers controls the degree of localization of slip within fold limbs; high contact friction in relatively thin bedding tends to localize bedding slip within narrow kink bands on fold limbs, and low contact friction tends to produce widespread bedding slip and concentric fold form. Straight ramp faults tend to produce symmetric folds, whereas listric faults tend to produce asymmetric folds with short forelimbs and longer backlimbs. Fault-related buckle folds grow exponentially with time under steady loading rates. At early stages of folding, fold growth is largely attributed to slip on the fault, but as the fold increases amplitude, a larger portion of the fold growth is attributed to distributed slip across bedding contacts on the limbs of the fold. An important implication for geologic and earthquake studies is that not all surface deformation associated with blind reverse faults may be attributed to slip on the fault during earthquakes.

In situ X-ray diffraction and the evolution of polarization during the growth of ferroelectric superlattices

DOE PAGES

Bein, Benjamin; Hsing, Hsiang-Chun; Callori, Sara J.; ...

2015-12-04

In the epitaxially strained ferroelectric thin films and superlattices, the ferroelectric transition temperature can lie above the growth temperature. Ferroelectric polarization and domains should then evolve during the growth of a sample, and electrostatic boundary conditions may play an important role. In this work, ferroelectric domains, surface termination, average lattice parameter and bilayer thickness are simultaneously monitored using in situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction during the growth of BaTiO 3/SrTiO 3 superlattices on SrTiO 3 substrates by off-axis radio frequency magnetron sputtering. The technique used allows for scan times substantially faster than the growth of a single layer of material. Effectsmore » of electric boundary conditions are investigated by growing the same superlattice alternatively on SrTiO 3 substrates and 20 nm SrRuO 3 thin films on SrTiO 3 substrates. Our experiments provide important insights into the formation and evolution of ferroelectric domains when the sample is ferroelectric during the growth process.« less

Nucleation-controlled low-temperature solid-phase crystallization for Sn-doped polycrystalline-Ge film on insulator with high carrier mobility (˜550 cm2/V s)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Xu, Chang; Gao, Hongmiao; Sugino, Takayuki; Miyao, Masanobu; Sadoh, Taizoh

2018-06-01

High-speed thin-film transistors (TFTs) are required to develop the next generation of electronics, such as three-dimensional large-scale integrated circuits and advanced system-in-displays. For this purpose, high-carrier-mobility semiconductor films on insulator structures should be fabricated with low-temperature processing conditions (≤500 °C). To achieve this, we investigate solid-phase crystallization of amorphous-GeSn (a-GeSn) films (Sn concentration: 2% and thickness: 50-200 nm) on insulating substrates, where thin a-Si under-layers (thickness: 0-20 nm) are introduced between a-GeSn films and insulating substrates. The GeSn films are polycrystallized by annealing (450 °C, 20 h) for all samples irrespective of a-GeSn and a-Si thickness conditions, while the Si films remain amorphous. Analysis of crystal structures of GeSn films (thickness: 50 nm) reveals that grain sizes decrease from ˜10 μm to 2-3 μm by the introduction of a-Si under-layers (thickness: 3-20 nm). This phenomenon is attributed to the change in dominant nucleation sites from the interface to the bulk, which significantly decreases grain-boundary scattering of carriers through a decrease in the barrier heights at grain boundaries. Bulk-nucleation further becomes dominant by increasing the GeSn film thickness. As a result, a high carrier mobility of ˜550 cm2/V s is realized for GeSn films (thickness: 100 nm) grown with a-Si under-layers. This mobility is the largest among ever reported data for Ge and GeSn grown on an insulator. This technique will facilitate realization of high-speed TFTs for use in the next generation of electronics.

Faunal and erosional events in the Eastern Tethyan Sea across the K/T boundary

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Keller, G.; Benjamini, C.

1988-01-01

A regional pattern of three closely spaced erosional events at and above the K/T boundary was determined from six Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary sections in the Negev of Israel. The sections were collected from locations throughout the central and northern Negev. All sections are lithologically similar. The Maastrichtian consists of a sequence of limestone beds intercalated with thin marly beds. In some sections, the last limestone bed is followed by 1 to 2 m of calcareous marls grading upwards into several meters of grey shale. In other sections the limestone bed is followed directly by grey shale with the contact containing particles of limestone and marl. A 5 to 20 cm thick dark grey organic-rich clay layer is present about 1.5 to 2.5 m above the base of the grey shale. The grey shale grades upwards into increasingly carbonate rich marls. No unconformities are apparent in field outcrops. During field collection the dark grey clay layer was believed to represent the K/T boundary clay. Microfossil analysis however identified the boundary at the base of the grey shale. The black shale represents a low productivity anoxic event similar to, but younger than, the K/T boundary clay in other K/T boundary sections. High resolution planktic foraminiferal and carbonate analysis of these sections (at 5 to 10 cm intervals) yield surprising results. The K/T boundary is marked by an erosional event which removed part or all of the uppermost Maastrichtian marls above the last limestone bed. Percent carbonate data for four Negev sections are illustrated and show the regional similarities in carbonate sedimentation. Faunal and carbonate data from the Negev sections thus show three closely spaced short erosional events at the K/T boundary and within the first 50,000 to 100,000 years of the Danian. These K/T boundary erosional events may represent global climatic or paleoceanographic events.

Discussion of boundary-layer characteristics near the casing of an axial-flow compressor

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Mager, Artur; Mahoney, John J; Budinger, Ray E

1951-01-01

Boundary-layer velocity profiles on the casing of an axial-flow compressor behind the guide vanes and rotor were measured and resolved into two components: along the streamline of the flow and perpendicular to it. Boundary-layer thickness and the deflection of the boundary layer at the wall were the generalizing parameters. By use of these results and the momentum-integral equations, the characteristics of boundary on the walls of axial-flow compressor are qualitatively discussed. Important parameters concerning secondary flow in the boundary layer appear to be turning of the flow and the product of boundary-layer thickness and streamline curvature outside the boundary layer. Two types of separation are shown to be possible in three dimensional boundary layer.

Toward Adequate Operation of Amorphous Oxide Thin-Film Transistors for Low-Concentration Gas Detection.

PubMed

Kim, Kyung Su; Ahn, Cheol Hyoun; Jung, Sung Hyeon; Cho, Sung Woon; Cho, Hyung Koun

2018-03-28

We suggest the use of a thin-film transistor (TFT) composed of amorphous InGaZnO (a-IGZO) as a channel and a sensing layer for low-concentration NO 2 gas detection. Although amorphous oxide layers have a restricted surface area when reacting with NO 2 gas, such TFT sensors have incomparable advantages in the aspects of electrical stability, large-scale uniformity, and the possibility of miniaturization. The a-IGZO thin films do not possess typical reactive sites and grain boundaries, so that the variation in drain current of the TFTs strictly originates from oxidation reaction between channel surface and NO 2 gas. Especially, the sensing data obtained from the variation rate of drain current makes it possible to monitor efficiently and quickly the variation of the NO 2 concentration. Interestingly, we found that enhancement-mode TFT (EM-TFT) allows discrimination of the drain current variation rate at NO 2 concentrations ≤10 ppm, whereas a depletion-mode TFT is adequate for discriminating NO 2 concentrations ≥10 ppm. This discrepancy is attributed to the ratio of charge carriers contributing to gas capture with respect to total carriers. This capacity for the excellent detection of low-concentration NO 2 gas can be realized through (i) three-terminal TFT gas sensors using amorphous oxide, (ii) measurement of the drain current variation rate for high selectivity, and (iii) an EM mode driven by tuning the electrical conductivity of channel layers.

The Formation of Boundary Clinopyroxenes and Associated Glass Veins in Type B1 CAIs

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Paque, J M; Beckett, J R; Ishii, H A

2008-05-18

We used focused ion beam thin section preparation and scanning transmission electron microscopy (FIB/STEM) to examine the interfacial region between spinel and host melilite for three spinel grains, two from the mantle and one from the core of an Allende type B1 inclusion, and a second pair of spinel grains from a type B1 inclusion from the Leoville carbonaceous chondrite. The compositions of boundary clinopyroxenes decorating spinel surfaces are generally consistent with those of coarser clinopyroxenes from the same region of the inclusion, suggesting little movement of spinels between mantle and core regions after the formation of boundary clinopyroxenes. Themore » host melilite displays no anomalous compositions near the interface, and anorthite or other late-stage minerals are not observed, suggesting that crystallization of residual liquid was not responsible for the formation of boundary clinopyroxenes. Allende spinels display either direct spinel-melilite contact or an intervening boundary clinopyroxene between the two phases. In the core, boundary clinopyroxene is mantled by a thin (1-2 {micro}m thick) layer of normally zoned (X{sub Ak} increasing away from the melilite-clinopyroxene contact) melilite with X{sub Ak} matching that of the host melilite at the melilite-melilite contact. In the mantle, X{sub Ak} near boundary spinels is constant. Spinels in a Leoville type B1 inclusion are more complex with boundary clinopyroxene, as observed in Allende, but also variable amounts of glass ({approx}1 {micro}m width), secondary calcite, perovskite, and an unknown Mg-, Al-, OH-rich and Ca-, Si-poor crystalline phase that may be a layered double hydrate. Glass compositions are consistent to first order with a precursor consisting mostly of Mg-carpholite or sudoite with some aluminous diopside. One possible scenario of formation for the glass veins is that open system alteration of melilite produced a porous, hydrated aggregate of Mg-carpholite or sudoite + aluminous diopside that was shock melted and quenched to a glass. The unknown crystalline phase may be a shocked remnant of the precursor phase assemblage but is more likely to have formed later by alteration of the glass. Calcite appears to be an opportunistic fracture filling that postdated all major shock events. Boundary clinopyroxenes probably share a common origin with coarser-grained pyroxenes from the same region of the inclusion. In the mantle, these crystals may represent clinopyroxene crystallized in Ti-rich liquids caused by the direct dissolution of perovskite and an associated Sc-Zr-rich phase or as a reaction product between dissolving perovskite and liquid (i.e., indirect dissolution of perovskite). In the core, any perovskite and associated Ti-enriched liquids that may have originally been present disappeared before the growth of boundary clinopyroxene.« less

TEM Study of Intergranular Fluid Distributions in Rocks at a Nanometer Scale

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hiraga, T.; Anderson, I. M.; Kohlstedt, D. L.

2002-12-01

The distribution of intergranular fluids in rocks plays an essential role in fluid migration and rock rheology. Structural and chemical analyses with sub-nanometer resolution is possible with transmission and scanning-transmission electron microscopy; therefore, it is possible to perform the fine-scale structural analyses required to determine the presence or absence of very thin fluid films along grain boundaries. For aqueous fluids in crustal rocks, Hiraga et al. (2001) observed a fluid morphology controlled by the relative values of the solid-solid and solid-fluid interfacial energies, which resulted in well-defined dihedral angles. Their high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observations demonstrate that grain boundaries are tight even at a nanometer scale, consistent with the absence of aqueous fluid films. For partially molten ultra-mafic rocks, two conflicting conclusions have been reached: nanometer-thick melt films wet grain boundaries (Drury and Fitz Gerald 1996; De Kloe et al. 2000) versus essentially all grain boundaries are melt-free (Vaughan et al. 1982; Kohlstedt 1990). To resolve this conflict, Hiraga et al. (2002) examined grain boundaries in quenched partially molten peridotites. Their observations demonstrate the following: (i) Although a small fraction of the grains are separated by relatively thick (~1 μm) layers of melt, lattice fringe images obtained with a high-resolution TEM reveal that most of the remaining boundaries do not contain a thin amorphous phase. (ii) In addition, the composition of olivine-olivine grain boundaries was analyzed with a nano-beam analytical scanning TEM with a probe size of <2 nm. Although the grain boundaries contained no melt film, the concentration of Ca, Al and Ti were enhanced near the boundaries. The segregation of these elements to the grain boundaries formed enriched regions <7 nm wide. A similar pattern of chemical segregation was detected in subsolidus systems. Creep experiments on the partially molten rocks that were analyzed in this study reveal little weakening even at melt contents approaching 4 vol%, consistent with our observations of melt-free grain boundaries.

Numerical model for the evaluation of Earthquake effects on a magmatic system.

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Garg, Deepak; Longo, Antonella; Papale, Paolo

2016-04-01

A finite element numerical model is presented to compute the effect of an Earthquake on the dynamics of magma in reservoirs with deformable walls. The magmatic system is hit by a Mw 7.2 Earthquake (Petrolia/Capo Mendocina 1992) with hypocenter at 15 km diagonal distance. At subsequent times the seismic wave reaches the nearest side of the magmatic system boundary, travels through the magmatic fluid and arrives to the other side of the boundary. The modelled physical system consists in the magmatic reservoir with a thin surrounding layer of rocks. Magma is considered as an homogeneous multicomponent multiphase Newtonian mixture with exsolution and dissolution of volatiles (H2O+CO2). The magmatic reservoir is made of a small shallow magma chamber filled with degassed phonolite, connected by a vertical dike to a larger deeper chamber filled with gas-rich shoshonite, in condition of gravitational instability. The coupling between the Earthquake and the magmatic system is computed by solving the elastostatic equation for the deformation of the magmatic reservoir walls, along with the conservation equations of mass of components and momentum of the magmatic mixture. The characteristic elastic parameters of rocks are assigned to the computational domain at the boundary of magmatic system. Physically consistent Dirichlet and Neumann boundary conditions are assigned according to the evolution of the seismic signal. Seismic forced displacements and velocities are set on the part of the boundary which is hit by wave. On the other part of boundary motion is governed by the action of fluid pressure and deviatoric stress forces due to fluid dynamics. The constitutive equations for the magma are solved in a monolithic way by space-time discontinuous-in-time finite element method. To attain additional stability least square and discontinuity capturing operators are included in the formulation. A partitioned algorithm is used to couple the magma and thin layer of rocks. The magmatic system is highly disturbed during the maximum amplitude of the seismic wave, showing random to oscillatory velocity and pressure, after which it follows the natural dynamic state of gravitational destabilization. The seismic disturbance remarkably triggers propagation of pressure waves at magma sound speed, reflecting from bottom to top, left and right of the magmatic system. A signal analysis of the frequency energy content is reported.

Use of XPS to clarify the Hall coefficient sign variation in thin niobium layers buried in silicon

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Demchenko, Iraida N.; Lisowski, Wojciech; Syryanyy, Yevgen; Melikhov, Yevgen; Zaytseva, Iryna; Konstantynov, Pavlo; Chernyshova, Maryna; Cieplak, Marta Z.

2017-03-01

Si/Nb/Si trilayers formed with 9.5 and 1.3 nm thick niobium layer buried in amorphous silicon were prepared by magnetron sputtering and studied using XPS depth-profile techniques in order to investigate the change of Hall coefficient sign with thickness. The analysis of high-resolution (HR) XPS spectra revealed that the thicker layer sample has sharp top interface and metallic phase of niobium, thus holes dominate the transport. In contrast, the analysis indicates that the thinner layer sample has a Nb-rich mixed alloy formation at the top interface. The authors suggest that the main effect leading to a change of sign of the Hall coefficient for the thinner layer sample (which is negative contrary to the positive sign for the thicker layer sample) may be related to strong boundary scattering enhanced by the presence of silicon ions in the layer close to the interface/s. The depth-profile reconstruction was performed by SESSA software tool confirming that it can be reliably used for quantitative analysis/interpretation of experimental XPS data.

Decontamination of chemical tracers in droplets by a submerging thin film flow

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Landel, Julien R.; McEvoy, Harry; Dalziel, Stuart B.

2016-11-01

We investigate the decontamination of chemical tracers contained in small viscous drops by a submerging falling film. This problem has applications in the decontamination of hazardous chemicals, following accidental releases or terrorist attacks. Toxic droplets lying on surfaces are cleaned by spraying a liquid decontaminant over the surface. The decontaminant film submerges the droplets, without detaching them, in order to neutralize toxic chemicals in the droplets. The decontamination process is controlled by advection, diffusion and reaction processes near the drop-film interface. Chemical tracers dissolve into the film flow forming a thin diffusive boundary layer at the interface. The chemical tracers are then neutralized through a reaction with a chemical decontaminant transported in the film. We assume in this work that the decontamination process occurs mainly in the film phase owing to low solubility of the decontaminant in the drop phase. We analyze the impact of the reaction time scale, assuming first-order reaction, in relation with the characteristic advection and diffusion time scales in the case of a single droplet. Using theoretical, numerical and experimental means, we find that the reaction time scale need to be significantly smaller than the characteristic time scale in the diffusive boundary layer in order to enhance noticeably the decontamination of a single toxic droplet. We discuss these results in the more general case of the decontamination of a large number of droplets. This material is based upon work supported by the Defense Threat Reduction Agency under Contract No. HDTRA1-12-D-0003-0001.

The accuracy of tomographic particle image velocimetry for measurements of a turbulent boundary layer

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Atkinson, Callum; Coudert, Sebastien; Foucaut, Jean-Marc; Stanislas, Michel; Soria, Julio

2011-04-01

To investigate the accuracy of tomographic particle image velocimetry (Tomo-PIV) for turbulent boundary layer measurements, a series of synthetic image-based simulations and practical experiments are performed on a high Reynolds number turbulent boundary layer at Reθ = 7,800. Two different approaches to Tomo-PIV are examined using a full-volume slab measurement and a thin-volume "fat" light sheet approach. Tomographic reconstruction is performed using both the standard MART technique and the more efficient MLOS-SMART approach, showing a 10-time increase in processing speed. Random and bias errors are quantified under the influence of the near-wall velocity gradient, reconstruction method, ghost particles, seeding density and volume thickness, using synthetic images. Experimental Tomo-PIV results are compared with hot-wire measurements and errors are examined in terms of the measured mean and fluctuating profiles, probability density functions of the fluctuations, distributions of fluctuating divergence through the volume and velocity power spectra. Velocity gradients have a large effect on errors near the wall and also increase the errors associated with ghost particles, which convect at mean velocities through the volume thickness. Tomo-PIV provides accurate experimental measurements at low wave numbers; however, reconstruction introduces high noise levels that reduces the effective spatial resolution. A thinner volume is shown to provide a higher measurement accuracy at the expense of the measurement domain, albeit still at a lower effective spatial resolution than planar and Stereo-PIV.

Modeling of oxidation of aluminum nanoparticles by using Cabrera Mott Model

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ramazanova, Zamart; Zyskin, Maxim; Martirosyan, Karen

2012-10-01

Our research focuses on modeling new Nanoenergetic Gas-Generator (NGG) formulations that rapidly release a large amount of gaseous products and generates shock and pressure waves. Nanoenergetic thermite reagents include mixtures of Al and metal oxides such as bismuth trioxide and iodine pentoxide. The research problem is considered a spherically symmetric case and used the Cabrera Mott oxidation model to describe the kinetics of oxide growth on spherical Al nanoparticles for evaluating reaction time which a process of the reaction with oxidizer happens on the outer part of oxide layer of aluminum ions are getting in contact with an oxidizing agent and react. We assumed that a ball of Al of radius 20 to 50 nm is covered by a thin oxide layer 2-4 nm and is surrounded by abundant amount of oxygen stored by oxidizers. The ball is rapidly heated up to ignition temperature to initiate self-sustaining oxidation reaction. As a result highly exothermic reaction is generated. In the oxide layer of excess concentrations of electrons and ions are dependent on the electric field potential with the corresponding of the Gibbs factors and that it conducts to the solution of a nonlinear Poisson equation for the electric field potential in a moving boundary domain. Motion of the boundary is determined by the gradient of a solution on the boundary. We investigated oxidation model numerically, using the COMSOL software utilizing finite element analysis. The computing results demonstrate that oxidation rate increases with the decreasing particle radius.

Comparison of Methods for Determining Boundary Layer Edge Conditions for Transition Correlations

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Liechty, Derek S.; Berry, Scott A.; Hollis, Brian R.; Horvath, Thomas J.

2003-01-01

Data previously obtained for the X-33 in the NASA Langley Research Center 20-Inch Mach 6 Air Tunnel have been reanalyzed to compare methods for determining boundary layer edge conditions for use in transition correlations. The experimental results were previously obtained utilizing the phosphor thermography technique to monitor the status of the boundary layer downstream of discrete roughness elements via global heat transfer images of the X-33 windward surface. A boundary layer transition correlation was previously developed for this data set using boundary layer edge conditions calculated using an inviscid/integral boundary layer approach. An algorithm was written in the present study to extract boundary layer edge quantities from higher fidelity viscous computational fluid dynamic solutions to develop transition correlations that account for viscous effects on vehicles of arbitrary complexity. The boundary layer transition correlation developed for the X-33 from the viscous solutions are compared to the previous boundary layer transition correlations. It is shown that the boundary layer edge conditions calculated using an inviscid/integral boundary layer approach are significantly different than those extracted from viscous computational fluid dynamic solutions. The present results demonstrate the differences obtained in correlating transition data using different computational methods.

Thermal conductivity measurement of amorphous dielectric multilayers for phase-change memory power reduction

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fong, S. W.; Sood, A.; Chen, L.; Kumari, N.; Asheghi, M.; Goodson, K. E.; Gibson, G. A.; Wong, H.-S. P.

2016-07-01

In this work, we investigate the temperature-dependent thermal conductivities of few nanometer thick alternating stacks of amorphous dielectrics, specifically SiO2/Al2O3 and SiO2/Si3N4. Experiments using steady-state Joule-heating and electrical thermometry, while using a micro-miniature refrigerator over a wide temperature range (100-500 K), show that amorphous thin-film multilayer SiO2/Si3N4 and SiO2/Al2O3 exhibit through-plane room temperature effective thermal conductivities of about 1.14 and 0.48 W/(m × K), respectively. In the case of SiO2/Al2O3, the reduced conductivity is attributed to lowered film density (7.03 → 5.44 × 1028 m-3 for SiO2 and 10.2 → 8.27 × 1028 m-3 for Al2O3) caused by atomic layer deposition of thin-films as well as a small, finite, and repeating thermal boundary resistance (TBR) of 1.5 m2 K/GW between dielectric layers. Molecular dynamics simulations reveal that vibrational mismatch between amorphous oxide layers is small, and that the TBR between layers is largely due to imperfect interfaces. Finally, the impact of using this multilayer dielectric in a dash-type phase-change memory device is studied using finite-element simulations.

Low stress polysilicon film and method for producing same

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Heuer, Arthur H. (Inventor); Kahn, Harold (Inventor); Yang, Jie (Inventor)

2001-01-01

Multi-layer assemblies of polysilicon thin films having predetermined stress characteristics and techniques for forming such assemblies are disclosed. In particular, a multi-layer assembly of polysilicon thin film may be produced that has a stress level of zero, or substantially so. The multi-layer assemblies comprise at least one constituent thin film having a tensile stress and at least one constituent thin film having a compressive stress. The thin films forming the multi-layer assemblies may be disposed immediately adjacent to one another without the use of intermediate layers between the thin films.

Low stress polysilicon film and method for producing same

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Heuer, Arthur H. (Inventor); Kahn, Harold (Inventor); Yang, Jie (Inventor)

2002-01-01

Multi-layer assemblies of polysilicon thin films having predetermined stress characteristics and techniques for forming such assemblies are disclosed. In particular, a multi-layer assembly of polysilicon thin film may be produced that has a stress level of zero, or substantially so. The multi-layer assemblies comprise at least one constituent thin film having a tensile stress and at least one constituent thin film having a compressive stress. The thin films forming the multi-layer assemblies may be disposed immediately adjacent to one another without the use of intermediate layers between the thin films.

Growth of long triisopropylsilylethynyl pentacene (TIPS-PEN) nanofibrils in a polymer thin film during spin-coating.

PubMed

Park, Minwoo; Min, Yuho; Lee, Yu-Jeong; Jeong, Unyong

2014-03-01

This study demonstrates the growth of long triisopropylsilyethynyl pentacene (TIPS-PEN) nanofibrils in a thin film of a crystalline polymer, poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL). During spin-coating, TIPS-PEN molecules are locally extracted around the PCL grain boundaries and they crystallize into [010] direction forming long nanofibrils. Molecular weight of PCL and weight fraction (α) of TIPS-PEN in PCL matrix are key factors to the growth of nanofibrils. Long high-quality TIPS-PEN nanofibrils are obtained with high-molecular-weight PCL and at the α values in the range of 0.03-0.1. The long nanofibrils are used as an active layer in a field-effect organic transistor. © 2014 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Separation behavior of boundary layers on three-dimensional wings

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Stock, H. W.

1981-01-01

An inverse boundary layer procedure for calculating separated, turbulent boundary layers at infinitely long, crabbing wing was developed. The procedure was developed for calculating three dimensional, incompressible turbulent boundary layers was expanded to adiabatic, compressible flows. Example calculations with transsonic wings were made including viscose effects. In this case an approximated calculation method described for areas of separated, turbulent boundary layers, permitting calculation of this displacement thickness. The laminar boundary layer development was calculated with inclined ellipsoids.

Thermodynamic evaluation of transonic compressor rotors using the finite volume approach

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Nicholson, S.; Moore, J.

1986-01-01

A method was developed which calculates two-dimensional, transonic, viscous flow in ducts. The finite volume, time marching formulation is used to obtain steady flow solutions of the Reynolds-averaged form of the Navier Stokes equations. The entire calculation is performed in the physical domain. The method is currently limited to the calculation of attached flows. The features of the current method can be summarized as follows. Control volumes are chosen so that smoothing of flow properties, typically required for stability, is now needed. Different time steps are used in the different governing equations to improve the convergence speed of the viscous calculations. A new pressure interpolation scheme is introduced which improves the shock capturing ability of the method. A multi-volume method for pressure changes in the boundary layer allows calculations which use very long and thin control volumes. A special discretization technique is also used to stabilize these calculations. A special formulation of the energy equation is used to provide improved transient behavior of solutions which use the full energy equation. The method is then compared with a wide variety of test cases. The freestream Mach numbers range from 0.075 to 2.8 in the calculations. Transonic viscous flow in a converging diverging nozzle is calculated with the method; the Mach number upstream of the shock is approximately 1.25. The agreement between the calculated and measured shock strength and total pressure losses is good. Essentially incompressible turbulent boundary layer flow in a adverse pressure gradient is calculated and the computed distribution of mean velocity and shear stress are in good agreement with the measurements. At the other end of the Mach number range, a flat plate turbulent boundary layer with a freestream Mach number of 2.8 is calculated using the full energy equation; the computed total temperature distribution and recovery factor agree well with the measurements when a variable Prandtl number is used through the boundary layer.

Patch testing with thin-layer chromatograms of chamomile tea in patients allergic to sesquiterpene lactones.

PubMed

Lundh, Kerstin; Gruvberger, Birgitta; Möller, Halvor; Persson, Lena; Hindsén, Monica; Zimerson, Erik; Svensson, Ake; Bruze, Magnus

2007-10-01

Patients with contact allergy to sesquiterpene lactones (SLs) are usually hypersensitive to Asteraceae plant products such as herbal teas. The objective of this study was to show sensitizers in chamomile tea by patch testing with thin-layer chromatograms. Tea made from German chamomile was separated by thin-layer chromatography. Strips of the thin-layer chromatograms were used for patch testing SL-positive patients. 15 (43%) of 35 patients tested positively to 1 or more spots on the thin-layer chromatogram, with many individual reaction patterns. Patch testing with thin-layer chromatograms of German chamomile tea showed the presence of several allergens.

Wake Management Strategies for Reduction of Turbomachinery Fan Noise

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Waitz, Ian A.

1998-01-01

The primary objective of our work was to evaluate and test several wake management schemes for the reduction of turbomachinery fan noise. Throughout the course of this work we relied on several tools. These include 1) Two-dimensional steady boundary-layer and wake analyses using MISES (a thin-shear layer Navier-Stokes code), 2) Two-dimensional unsteady wake-stator interaction simulations using UNSFLO, 3) Three-dimensional, steady Navier-Stokes rotor simulations using NEWT, 4) Internal blade passage design using quasi-one-dimensional passage flow models developed at MIT, 5) Acoustic modeling using LINSUB, 6) Acoustic modeling using VO72, 7) Experiments in a low-speed cascade wind-tunnel, and 8) ADP fan rig tests in the MIT Blowdown Compressor.

Selective Nanoscale Mass Transport across Atomically Thin Single Crystalline Graphene Membranes.

PubMed

Kidambi, Piran R; Boutilier, Michael S H; Wang, Luda; Jang, Doojoon; Kim, Jeehwan; Karnik, Rohit

2017-05-01

Atomically thin single crystals, without grain boundaries and associated defect clusters, represent ideal systems to study and understand intrinsic defects in materials, but probing them collectively over large area remains nontrivial. In this study, the authors probe nanoscale mass transport across large-area (≈0.2 cm 2 ) single-crystalline graphene membranes. A novel, polymer-free picture frame assisted technique, coupled with a stress-inducing nickel layer is used to transfer single crystalline graphene grown on silicon carbide substrates to flexible polycarbonate track etched supports with well-defined cylindrical ≈200 nm pores. Diffusion-driven flow shows selective transport of ≈0.66 nm hydrated K + and Cl - ions over ≈1 nm sized small molecules, indicating the presence of selective sub-nanometer to nanometer sized defects. This work presents a framework to test the barrier properties and intrinsic quality of atomically thin materials at the sub-nanometer to nanometer scale over technologically relevant large areas, and suggests the potential use of intrinsic defects in atomically thin materials for molecular separations or desalting. © 2017 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Evaluation of thermal stability in spectrally selective few-layer metallo-dielectric structures for solar thermophotovoltaics

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Shimizu, Makoto; Kohiyama, Asaka; Yugami, Hiroo

2018-06-01

The thermal stability of spectrally selective few-layer metallo-dielectric structures is evaluated to analyze their potential as absorber and emitter materials in solar thermophotovoltaic (STPV) systems. High-efficiency (e.g., STPV) systems require materials with spectrally selective properties, especially at high temperatures (>1273 K). Aiming to develop such materials for high-temperature applications, we propose a few-layer structure composed of a refractory metal (i.e., Mo) nanometric film sandwiched between the layers of a dielectric material (i.e., hafnium oxide, HfO2) deposited on a Mo bulk substrate. In vacuum conditions (<5 × 10-2 Pa), the few-layer structure shows thermal stability at 1423 K for at least 1 h. At 1473 K, the spectral selectivity was degraded. This could have been caused by the oxidation of the Mo thin film by the residual oxygen through the grain boundaries of the upper HfO2 layer. This experiment showed the potential stability of few-layer structures for applications working at temperatures greater than 1273 K as well as the degradation mechanism of the few-layer structure. This characteristic is expected to help improve the thermal stability in few-layer structures further.

Improvement of corrosion resistance of NiTi sputtered thin films by anodization

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bayat, N.; Sanjabi, S.; Barber, Z. H.

2011-08-01

Anodization of sputtered NiTi thin films has been studied in 1 M acetic acid at 23 °C for different voltages from 2 to 10 V. The morphology and cross-sectional structures of the untreated and anodized surfaces were investigated by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). The results show that increasing anodization voltage leads to film surface roughening and unevenness. It can be seen that the thickness of the anodized layer formed on the NiTi surface is in the nanometer range. The corrosion resistance of anodized thin films was studied by potentiodynamic scan (PDS) and impedance spectroscopy (EIS) techniques in Hank's solution at 310 K (37 °C). It was shown that the corrosion resistance of the anodized film surface improved with increasing voltage to 6 V. Anodization of austenitic sputtered NiTi thin films has also been studied, in the same anodizing conditions, at 4 V. Comparison of anodized sputtered NiTi thin films with anodized austenitic shape memory films illustrate that the former are more corrosion resistant than the latter after 1 h immersion in Hank's solution, which is attributed to the higher grain boundary density to quickly form a stable and protective passive film.

Orbiter Entry Aeroheating Working Group Viscous CFD Boundary Layer Transition Trailblazer Solutions

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Wood, William A.; Erickson, David W.; Greene, Francis A.

2007-01-01

Boundary layer transition correlations for the Shuttle Orbiter have been previously developed utilizing a two-layer boundary layer prediction technique. The particular two-layer technique that was used is limited to Mach numbers less than 20. To allow assessments at Mach numbers greater than 20, it is proposed to use viscous CFD to the predict boundary layer properties. This report addresses if the existing Orbiter entry aeroheating viscous CFD solutions, which were originally intended to be used for heat transfer rate predictions, adequately resolve boundary layer edge properties and if the existing two-layer results could be leveraged to reduce the number of needed CFD solutions. The boundary layer edge parameters from viscous CFD solutions are extracted along the wind side centerline of the Space Shuttle Orbiter at reentry conditions, and are compared with results from the two-layer boundary layer prediction technique. The differences between the viscous CFD and two-layer prediction techniques vary between Mach 6 and 18 flight conditions and Mach 6 wind tunnel conditions, and there is not a straightforward scaling between the viscous CFD and two-layer values. Therefore: it is not possible to leverage the existing two-layer Orbiter flight boundary layer data set as a substitute for a viscous CFD data set; but viscous CFD solutions at the current grid resolution are sufficient to produce a boundary layer data set suitable for applying edge-based boundary layer transition correlations.

Ray-theory approach to electrical-double-layer interactions.

PubMed

Schnitzer, Ory

2015-02-01

A novel approach is presented for analyzing the double-layer interaction force between charged particles in electrolyte solution, in the limit where the Debye length is small compared with both interparticle separation and particle size. The method, developed here for two planar convex particles of otherwise arbitrary geometry, yields a simple asymptotic approximation limited to neither small zeta potentials nor the "close-proximity" assumption underlying Derjaguin's approximation. Starting from the nonlinear Poisson-Boltzmann formulation, boundary-layer solutions describing the thin diffuse-charge layers are asymptotically matched to a WKBJ expansion valid in the bulk, where the potential is exponentially small. The latter expansion describes the bulk potential as superposed contributions conveyed by "rays" emanating normally from the boundary layers. On a special curve generated by the centers of all circles maximally inscribed between the two particles, the bulk stress-associated with the ray contributions interacting nonlinearly-decays exponentially with distance from the center of the smallest of these circles. The force is then obtained by integrating the traction along this curve using Laplace's method. We illustrate the usefulness of our theory by comparing it, alongside Derjaguin's approximation, with numerical simulations in the case of two parallel cylinders at low potentials. By combining our result and Derjaguin's approximation, the interaction force is provided at arbitrary interparticle separations. Our theory can be generalized to arbitrary three-dimensional geometries, nonideal electrolyte models, and other physical scenarios where exponentially decaying fields give rise to forces.

Effect of Magnetic Twist on Nonlinear Transverse Kink Oscillations of Line-tied Magnetic Flux Tubes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Terradas, J.; Magyar, N.; Van Doorsselaere, T.

2018-01-01

Magnetic twist is thought to play an important role in many structures of the solar atmosphere. One of the effects of twist is to modify the properties of the eigenmodes of magnetic tubes. In the linear regime standing kink solutions are characterized by a change in polarization of the transverse displacement along the twisted tube. In the nonlinear regime, magnetic twist affects the development of shear instabilities that appear at the tube boundary when it is oscillating laterally. These Kelvin–Helmholtz instabilities (KHI) are produced either by the jump in the azimuthal component of the velocity at the edge of the sharp boundary between the internal and external part of the tube or by the continuous small length scales produced by phase mixing when there is a smooth inhomogeneous layer. In this work the effect of twist is consistently investigated by solving the time-dependent problem including the process of energy transfer to the inhomogeneous layer. It is found that twist always delays the appearance of the shear instability, but for tubes with thin inhomogeneous layers the effect is relatively small for moderate values of twist. On the contrary, for tubes with thick layers, the effect of twist is much stronger. This can have some important implications regarding observations of transverse kink modes and the KHI itself.

On the nonlinear development of the most unstable Goertler vortex mode

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Denier, James P.; Hall, Philip

1991-01-01

The nonlinear development of the most unstable Gortler vortex mode in boundary layer flows over curved walls is investigated. The most unstable Gortler mode is confined to a viscous wall layer of thickness O(G -1/5) and has spanwise wavelength O(G 11/5); it is, of course, most relevant to flow situations where the Gortler number G is much greater than 1. The nonlinear equations covering the evolution of this mode over an O(G -3/5) streamwise lengthscale are derived and are found to be of a fully nonparallel nature. The solution of these equations is achieved by making use of the numerical scheme used by Hall (1988) for the numerical solution of the nonlinear Gortler equations valid for O(1) Gortler numbers. Thus, the spanwise dependence of the flow is described by a Fourier expansion, whereas the streamwise and normal variations of the flow are dealt with by employing a suitable finite difference discretization of the governing equations. Our calculations demonstrate that, given a suitable initial disturbance, after a brief interval of decay, the energy in all the higher harmonics grows until a singularity is encountered at some downstream position. The structure of the flowfield as this singularity is approached suggests that the singularity is responsible for the vortices, which are initially confined to the thin viscous wall layer, moving away from the wall and into the core of the boundary layer.

A Study of Baroclinic Instability Induced Convergence Near the Bottom Using Water Age Simulations

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhang, Wenxia; Hetland, Robert D.

2018-03-01

Baroclinic instability of lateral density gradients gives way to lateral buoyancy transport, which often results in convergence of buoyancy transport. Along a sloping bottom, the induced convergence can force upward extension of bottom water. Eddy transport induced convergence at the bottom and the consequent suspended layers of bottom properties are investigated using a three-dimensional idealized model. Motivated by the distinct characteristics of intrusions over the Texas-Louisiana shelf, a series of configurations are performed with the purpose of identifying parameter impacts on the intensity of eddy transport. This study uses the "horizontal slope Burger number" as the predominant parameter; the parameter is functioned with SH=SRi-1/2=δ/Ri to identify formation of baroclinic instability, where S is the slope Burger number, δ is the slope parameter, and Ri is the Richardson number, previously shown to be the parameter that predicts the intensity of baroclinic instability on the shelf. Intrusion spreads into the interior abutting a layer that is characterized by degraded vertical stratification; a thickening in the bottom boundary layer colocates with the intrusion, which usually thins at either edge of the intrusion because of a density barrier in association with concentrated isopycnals. The intensity of convergence degrades and bottom tracer fluxes reduce linearly with increased SH on logarithmic scales, and the characteristics of bottom boundary layer behavior and the reversal in alongshore current tend to vanish.

Ambient CdCl{sub 2} treatment on CdS buffer layer for improved performance of Sb{sub 2}Se{sub 3} thin film photovoltaics

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Wang, Liang; Luo, Miao; Qin, Sikai

2015-10-05

Antimony selenide (Sb{sub 2}Se{sub 3}) is appealing as a promising light absorber because of its intrinsically benign grain boundaries, suitable band gap (∼1.1 eV), strong absorption coefficient, and relatively environmentally friendly constituents. Recently, we achieved a certified 5.6% efficiency Sb{sub 2}Se{sub 3} thin film solar cell with the assistance of ambient CdCl{sub 2} treatment on the CdS buffer layer. Here, we focused on investigating the underlying mechanism from a combined materials and device physics perspective applying current density-voltage (J-V) fitting analysis, atomic force microscope, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, fluorescence, and UV–Vis transmission spectroscopy. Our results indicated that ambient CdCl{sub 2} treatment onmore » CdS film not only improved CdS grain size and quality, but also incorporated Cl and more O into the film, both of which can significantly improve the heterojunction quality and device performance of CdS/Sb{sub 2}Se{sub 3} solar cells.« less

Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Perovskite with Controlled Dopant Modification and Application in Photovoltaic Device.

PubMed

Zhao, Wangen; Yang, Dong; Liu, Shengzhong Frank

2017-07-01

Organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite as a kind of promising photovoltaic material is booming due to its low-cost, high defect tolerance, and easy fabrication, which result in the huge potential in industrial production. In the pursuit of high efficiency photovoltaic devices, high-quality absorbing layer is essential. Therefore, developing organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite thin films with good coverage, improved uniformity, and crystalline in a single pass deposition is of great concern in realizing good performance of perovskite thin-film solar cell. Here, it is found that the introduction of suitable amounts of LiI plays a dramatically positive role in enlarging the grain size and reducing the grain boundaries of absorbing layer. In addition, the carrier lifetime and built-in potential of the LiI doped perovskite device are observed to increase. Thus, it leads to about 15% gain in solar cell efficiency comparing to that without the LiI doping. Meanwhile, a hysteresis reduction is observed and 18.16% power conversion efficiency is achieved in LiI doped perovskite device, as well. © 2017 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Microscopic observation of laser glazed yttria-stabilized zirconia coatings

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Morks, M. F.; Berndt, C. C.; Durandet, Y.; Brandt, M.; Wang, J.

2010-08-01

Thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) are frequently used as insulation system for hot components in gas-turbine, combustors and power plant industries. The corrosive gases which come from combustion of low grade fuels can penetrate into the TBCs and reach the metallic components and bond coat and cause hot corrosion and erosion damage. Glazing the top coat by laser beam is advanced approach to seal TBCs surface. The laser beam has the advantage of forming a dense thin layer composed of micrograins. Plasma-sprayed yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) coating was glazed with Nd-YAG laser at different operating conditions. The surface morphologies, before and after laser treatment, were investigated by scanning electron microscopy. Laser beam assisted the densification of the surface by remelting a thin layer of the exposed surface. The laser glazing converted the rough surface of TBCs into smooth micron-size grains with size of 2-9 μm and narrow grain boundaries. The glazed surfaces showed higher Vickers hardness compared to as-sprayed coatings. The results revealed that the hardness increases as the grain size decreases.

Amorphous silicon Schottky barrier solar cells incorporating a thin insulating layer and a thin doped layer

DOEpatents

Carlson, David E.

1980-01-01

Amorphous silicon Schottky barrier solar cells which incorporate a thin insulating layer and a thin doped layer adjacent to the junction forming metal layer exhibit increased open circuit voltages compared to standard rectifying junction metal devices, i.e., Schottky barrier devices, and rectifying junction metal insulating silicon devices, i.e., MIS devices.

Absence of morphotropic phase boundary effects in BiFeO3-PbTiO3 thin films grown via a chemical multilayer deposition method

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gupta, Shashaank; Bhattacharjee, Shuvrajyoti; Pandey, Dhananjai; Bansal, Vipul; Bhargava, Suresh K.; Peng, Ju Lin; Garg, Ashish

2011-07-01

We report an unusual behavior observed in (BiFeO3)1- x -(PbTiO3) x (BF- xPT) thin films prepared using a multilayer chemical solution deposition method. Films of different compositions were grown by depositing several bilayers of BF and PT precursors of varying BF and PT layer thicknesses followed by heat treatment in air. X-ray diffraction showed that samples of all compositions show mixing of two compounds resulting in a single-phase mixture, also confirmed by transmission electron microscopy. In contrast to bulk compositions, samples show a monoclinic (MA-type) structure suggesting disappearance of the morphotropic phase boundary (MPB) at x=0.30 as observed in the bulk. This is accompanied by the lack of any enhancement of the remanent polarization at the MPB, as shown by the ferroelectric measurements. Magnetic measurements showed an increase in the magnetization of the samples with increasing BF content. Significant magnetization in the samples indicates melting of spin spirals in the BF- xPT films, arising from a random distribution of iron atoms. Absence of Fe2+ ions was corroborated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements. The results illustrate that thin film processing methodology significantly changes the structural evolution, in contrast to predictions from the equilibrium phase diagram, besides modifying the functional characteristics of the BP- xPT system dramatically.

Calculation methods for compressible turbulent boundary layers, 1976

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Bushnell, D. M.; Cary, A. M., Jr.; Harris, J. E.

1977-01-01

Equations and closure methods for compressible turbulent boundary layers are discussed. Flow phenomena peculiar to calculation of these boundary layers were considered, along with calculations of three dimensional compressible turbulent boundary layers. Procedures for ascertaining nonsimilar two and three dimensional compressible turbulent boundary layers were appended, including finite difference, finite element, and mass-weighted residual methods.

Cloud System Evolution in the Trades (CSET): Airborne sampling of Lagrangian airmass evolution in the Northeast Pacific stratocumulus-cumulus transition

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bretherton, Christopher; Wood, Robert; Albrecht, Bruce; Zuidema, Paquita; Ghate, Virendra; Mohrmann, Johannes; Oh, Kuan-Ting; Blossey, Peter

2017-04-01

The CSET field study in July-August 2015 over the Northeast Pacific ocean was motivated by a need for more in-situ sampling of the subtropical stratocumulus to cumulus (Sc-Cu) transition zones. One goal was comprehensive documentation of observational cases suitable for detailed intercomparison with large-eddy simulation models run following Lagrangian air columns and global models run in a hindcast mode. A second goal was to understand the role of aerosol and precipitation processes in this transition. The U.S. National Science Foundation G-V, equipped with cloud, aerosol, turbulence probes, a multispectral lidar, a cloud radar, and dropsondes, flew seven missions consisting of an outbound leg from northern California to Hawaii and a return leg two days later. Each mission was based on forecast air trajectories within the boundary layer; the goal was to sample a 2000-km long vertical curtain of boundary-layer air on the outbound leg and resample the advected position of that curtain on the return leg, using ramped sawtooths. In this way, most missions successfully captured the Lagrangian Sc-Cu transition. While CSET sampled diverse aerosol conditions, including the interaction of the boundary layer with smoke plumes from massive forest fires, lower tropospheric stability was the primary control on cloud cover. Mesoscale cloud organization was ubiquitous. Toward Hawaii, clusters of 2 km deep precipitating shallow cumulus and patchy thin stratiform 'veil cloud' with extremely low droplet concentrations were embedded in ultraclean layers at the trade inversion. These were separated by drier regions of suppressed convection. LES and parcel modeling plausibly explain these features.

Microstructure study of ZnO thin films on Si substrate grown by MOCVD

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Huang, Jingyun; Ye, Zhizhen; Lu, Huanming; Wang, Lei; Zhao, Binghui; Li, Xianhang

2007-08-01

The microstructure of zinc oxide thin films on silicon substrates grown by metalorganic chemical vapour deposition (MOCVD) was characterized. The cross-sectional bright-field transmission electron microscopy (TEM) image showed that small ZnO columnar grains were embedded into large columnar grains, and the selected-area electron diffraction pattern showed that the ZnO/Si thin films were nearly c-axis oriented. The deviation angle along the ZnO (0 0 0 1) direction with respect to the growth direction of Si (1 0 0) was no more than 5°. The [0 0 0 1]-tilt grain boundaries in ZnO/Si thin films were investigated symmetrically by plan-view high resolution TEM. The boundaries can be classified into three types: low-angle boundaries described as an irregular array of edge dislocations, boundaries of near 30° angle with (1\\,0\\,\\bar{1}\\,0) facet structures and large-angle boundaries with symmetric structure which could be explained by a low Σ coincident site lattice structure mode. The research was useful to us for finding optimized growth conditions to improve ZnO/Si thin film quality.

Effects of channel thickness on oxide thin film transistor with double-stacked channel layer

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lee, Kimoon; Kim, Yong-Hoon; Yoon, Sung-Min; Kim, Jiwan; Oh, Min Suk

2017-11-01

To improve the field effect mobility and control the threshold voltage ( V th ) of oxide thin film transistors (TFTs), we fabricated the oxide TFTs with double-stacked channel layers which consist of thick Zn-Sn-O (ZTO) and very thin In-Zn-O (IZO) layers. We investigated the effects of the thickness of thin conductive layer and the conductivity of thick layer on oxide TFTs with doublestacked channel layer. When we changed the thickness of thin conductive IZO channel layer, the resistivity values were changed. This resistivity of thin channel layer affected on the saturation field effect mobility and the off current of TFTs. In case of the thick ZTO channel layer which was deposited by sputtering in Ar: O2 = 10: 1, the device showed better performances than that which was deposited in Ar: O2 = 1: 1. Our TFTs showed high mobility ( μ FE ) of 40.7 cm2/Vs and V th of 4.3 V. We assumed that high mobility and the controlled V th were caused by thin conductive IZO layer and thick stable ZTO layer. Therefore, this double-stacked channel structure can be very promising way to improve the electrical characteristics of various oxide thin film transistors.

Electron beam-induced radiation damage: the bubbling response in amorphous dried sodium phosphate buffer.

PubMed

Massover, William H

2010-06-01

Irradiation of an amorphous layer of dried sodium phosphate buffer (pH = 7.0) by transmission electron microscopy (100-120 kV) causes rapid formation of numerous small spherical bubbles [10-100 A (= 1-10 nm)] containing an unknown gas. Bubbling is detected even with the first low-dose exposure. In a thin layer (ca. 100-150 A), bubbling typically goes through nucleation, growth, possible fusion, and end-state, after which further changes are not apparent; co-irradiated adjacent areas having a slightly smaller thickness never develop bubbles. In moderately thicker regions (ca. over 200 A), there is no end-state. Instead, a complex sequence of microstructural changes is elicited during continued intermittent high-dose irradiation: nucleation, growth, early simple fusions, a second round of extensive multiple fusions, general reduction of matrix thickness (producing flattening and expansion of larger bubbles, occasional bubble fission, and formation of very large irregularly-shaped bubbles by a third round of compound fusion events), and slow shrinkage of all bubbles. The ongoing lighter appearance of bubble lumens, maintenance of their rounded shape, and extensive changes in size and form indicate that gas content continues throughout their surprisingly long lifetime; the thin dense boundary layer surrounding all bubbles is proposed to be the main mechanism for their long lifetime.

Surface Plasmon Polaritons at the Boundary of a Graphene-Based Thin-Layer Medium

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Evseev, D. A.; Sementsov, D. I.

2018-03-01

Properties of surface plasmon polaritons of the TM type at the interface of an isotropic insulator and a periodic graphene-insulator structure have been investigated. It is established that the presence of graphene in this structure allows one to obtain (in certain frequency ranges) negative effective permittivity and implement the condition for the existence of a surface wave that is practically unabsorbed. The influence of the graphene content in the structure on the characteristics of plasmon polaritons (in particular, the possibility of their significant slowing-down) is demonstrated.

MIE Lidar proposed for the German Space Shuttle Mission D2

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Renger, W.; Endemann, M.; Quenzel, H.; Werner, C.

1986-01-01

Firm plans for a second German Spacelab mission (D2-mission), originally scheduled for late 1988 is basically a zero-g mission, but will also include earth observation experiments. On board the D2-facility will allow performance of a number of different measurements with the goal to obtain performance data (cloud top heights, height of the planetary boundary layer, optical thickness, and cloud base height of thin and medium thick clouds, ice/water phase discriminatin for clouds, tropopause height, tropaspheric height, tropospheric aerosols, and stratospheric aerosols.

Quasiperiodic waves at the onset of zero-Prandtl-number convection with rotation.

PubMed

Kumar, Krishna; Chaudhuri, Sanjay; Das, Alaka

2002-02-01

We show the possibility of temporally quasiperiodic waves at the onset of thermal convection in a thin horizontal layer of slowly rotating zero-Prandtl-number Boussinesq fluid confined between stress-free conducting boundaries. Two independent frequencies emerge due to an interaction between straight rolls and waves along these rolls in the presence of Coriolis force, if the Taylor number is raised above a critical value. Constructing a dynamical system for the hydrodynamical problem, the competition between the interacting instabilities is analyzed. The forward bifurcation from the conductive state is self-tuned.

Bounded solutions in a T-shaped waveguide and the spectral properties of the Dirichlet ladder

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Nazarov, S. A.

2014-08-01

The Dirichlet problem is considered on the junction of thin quantum waveguides (of thickness h ≪ 1) in the shape of an infinite two-dimensional ladder. Passage to the limit as h → +0 is discussed. It is shown that the asymptotically correct transmission conditions at nodes of the corresponding one-dimensional quantum graph are Dirichlet conditions rather than the conventional Kirchhoff transmission conditions. The result is obtained by analyzing bounded solutions of a problem in the T-shaped waveguide that the boundary layer phenomenon.

Experimental and Computational Study of Underexpanded Jet Impingement Heat Transfer

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Rufer, Shann J.; Nowak, Robert J.; Daryabeigi, Kamran; Picetti, Donald

2009-01-01

An experiment was performed to assess CFD modeling of a hypersonic-vehicle breach, boundary-layer flow ingestion and internal surface impingement. Tests were conducted in the NASA Langley Research Center 31-Inch Mach 10 Tunnel. Four simulated breaches were tested and impingement heat flux data was obtained for each case using both phosphor thermography and thin film gages on targets placed inside the model. A separate target was used to measure the surface pressure distribution. The measured jet impingement width and peak location are in good agreement with CFD analysis.

Depositing bulk or micro-scale electrodes

DOEpatents

Shah, Kedar G.; Pannu, Satinderpall S.; Tolosa, Vanessa; Tooker, Angela C.; Sheth, Heeral J.; Felix, Sarah H.; Delima, Terri L.

2016-11-01

Thicker electrodes are provided on microelectronic device using thermo-compression bonding. A thin-film electrical conducting layer forms electrical conduits and bulk depositing provides an electrode layer on the thin-film electrical conducting layer. An insulating polymer layer encapsulates the electrically thin-film electrical conducting layer and the electrode layer. Some of the insulating layer is removed to expose the electrode layer.

The effects of inlet turbulence and rotor/stator interactions on the aerodynamics and heat transfer of a large-scale rotating turbine model. Part 4: Aerodynamic data tabulation

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Dring, R. P.; Joslyn, H. D.; Blair, M. F.

1987-01-01

A combined experimental and analytical program was conducted to examine the effects of inlet turbulence and airfoil heat transfer. The experimental portion of the study was conducted in a large-scale (approx. 5X engine), ambient temperature, rotating turbine model configured in both single-stage and stage-and-a-half arrangements. Heat transfer measurements were obtained using low-conductivity airfoils with miniature thermocouples welded to a thin, electrically heated surface skin. Heat transfer data were acquired for various combinations of low or high inlet turbulence intensity, flow coefficient, first stator-rotor axial spacing, Reynolds number and relative circumferential position of the first and second stators. Aerodynamic measurements obtained include distributions of the mean and fluctuating velocities at the turbine inlet and, for each airfoil row, midspan airfoil surface pressures and circumferential distributions of the downstream steady state pressures and fluctuating velocities. Results include airfoil heat transfer predictions produced using existing 2-D boundary layer computation schemes and an examination of solutions of the unsteady boundary layer equations.

THE AXISYMMETRIC FREE-CONVECTION HEAT TRANSFER ALONG A VERTICAL THIN CYLINDER WITH CONSTANT SURFACE TEMPERATURE

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Viskanta, R.

1963-01-01

Laminar free-convection flow produced by a heated, vertical, circular cylinder for which the temperature at the outer surface of the cylinder is assumed to be uniform is analyzed. The solution of the boundary-layer equations was obtained by the perturbation method of Sparrow and Gregg, which is valid only for small values of the axial distance parameter xi ; and the integral method of Hama et al., for large values of the parameter xi . Heat-transfer results were calculated for Prandtl numbers (Pr) of 100, the Nusselt numbers (Nu) for the cylinder were higher than those for the flat plate, andmore » this difference increased as Pr decreased. It was also found that the perturbation method of solution of the free-convection boundary-layer equations becomes useless for small values of Pr because of the slow convergence of the series. The results obtained by the integral method were in good agreement with those calculated by the perturbation method for Pr approximately 1 and 0.1 < xi < 1 only; they deviated considerably for smaller values of xi . (auth)« less

A new scaling law for temperature variance profile in the mixing zone of turbulent Rayleigh-Bénard convection

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, Yin; Xu, Wei; He, Xiao-Zhou; Yik, Hiu-Fai; Wang, Xiao-Ping; Schumacher, Jorg; Tong, Penger

2017-11-01

We report a combined experimental and numerical study of the scaling properties of the temperature variance profile η(z) along the central z axis of turbulent Rayleigh-Bénard convection in a thin disk cell and an upright cylinder of aspect ratio unity. In the mixing zone outside the thermal boundary layer region, the measured η(z) is found to scale with the cell height H in both cells and obey a power law, η(z) (z/H)ɛ, with the obtained values of ɛ being very close to -1. Based on the experimental and numerical findings, we derive a new equation for η(z) in the mixing zone, which has a power-law solution in good agreement with the experimental and numerical results. Our work thus provides a common framework for understanding the effect of boundary layer fluctuations on the scaling properties of the temperature variance profile in turbulent Rayleigh-Bénard convection. This work was supported in part by Hong Kong Research Grants Council.

Boundary layers at a dynamic interface: air-sea exchange of heat and mass

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Szeri, Andrew

2017-11-01

Exchange of mass or heat across a turbulent liquid-gas interface is a problem of critical interest, especially in air-sea transfer of natural and man-made gases involved in climate change. The goal in this research area is to determine the gas flux from air to sea or vice versa. For sparingly soluble non-reactive gases, this is controlled by liquid phase turbulent velocity fluctuations that act on the thin species concentration boundary layer on the liquid side of the interface. If the fluctuations in surface-normal velocity and gas concentration differences are known, then it is possible to determine the turbulent contribution to the gas flux. However, there is no suitable fundamental direct approach in the general case where neither of these quantities can be easily measured. A new approach is presented to deduce key aspects about the near-surface turbulent motions from remote measurements, which allows one to determine the gas transfer velocity, or gas flux per unit area if overall concentration differences are known. The approach is illustrated with conceptual examples.

Convective heat transfer studies at high temperatures with pressure gradient for inlet flow Mach number of 0.45

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Pedrosa, A. C. F.; Nagamatsu, H. T.; Hinckel, J. A.

1984-01-01

Heat transfer measurements were determined for a flat plate with and without pressure gradient for various free stream temperatures, wall temperature ratios, and Reynolds numbers for an inlet flow Mach number of 0.45, which is a representative inlet Mach number for gas turbine rotor blades. A shock tube generated the high temperature and pressure air flow, and a variable geometry test section was used to produce inlet flow Mach number of 0.45 and accelerate the flow over the plate to sonic velocity. Thin-film platinum heat gages recorded the local heat flux for laminar, transition, and turbulent boundary layers. The free stream temperatures varied from 611 R (339 K) to 3840 R (2133 K) for a T(w)/T(r,g) temperature ratio of 0.87 to 0.14. The Reynolds number over the heat gages varied from 3000 to 690,000. The experimental heat transfer data were correlated with laminar and turbulent boundary layer theories for the range of temperatures and Reynolds numbers and the transition phenomenon was examined.

Gate-tunable memristive phenomena mediated by grain boundaries in single-layer MoS2

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sangwan, Vinod K.; Jariwala, Deep; Kim, In Soo; Chen, Kan-Sheng; Marks, Tobin J.; Lauhon, Lincoln J.; Hersam, Mark C.

2015-05-01

Continued progress in high-speed computing depends on breakthroughs in both materials synthesis and device architectures. The performance of logic and memory can be enhanced significantly by introducing a memristor, a two-terminal device with internal resistance that depends on the history of the external bias voltage. State-of-the-art memristors, based on metal-insulator-metal (MIM) structures with insulating oxides, such as TiO2, are limited by a lack of control over the filament formation and external control of the switching voltage. Here, we report a class of memristors based on grain boundaries (GBs) in single-layer MoS2 devices. Specifically, the resistance of GBs emerging from contacts can be easily and repeatedly modulated, with switching ratios up to ˜103 and a dynamic negative differential resistance (NDR). Furthermore, the atomically thin nature of MoS2 enables tuning of the set voltage by a third gate terminal in a field-effect geometry, which provides new functionality that is not observed in other known memristive devices.

A general integral form of the boundary-layer equation for incompressible flow with an application to the calculation of the separation point of turbulent boundary layers

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Tetervin, Neal; Lin, Chia Chiao

1951-01-01

A general integral form of the boundary-layer equation, valid for either laminar or turbulent incompressible boundary-layer flow, is derived. By using the experimental finding that all velocity profiles of the turbulent boundary layer form essentially a single-parameter family, the general equation is changed to an equation for the space rate of change of the velocity-profile shape parameter. The lack of precise knowledge concerning the surface shear and the distribution of the shearing stress across turbulent boundary layers prevented the attainment of a reliable method for calculating the behavior of turbulent boundary layers.

Microgravity Effects on Plant Boundary Layers

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Stutte, Gary; Monje, Oscar

2005-01-01

The goal of these series of experiment was to determine the effects of microgravity conditions on the developmental boundary layers in roots and leaves and to determine the effects of air flow on boundary layer development. It is hypothesized that microgravity induces larger boundary layers around plant organs because of the absence of buoyancy-driven convection. These larger boundary layers may affect normal metabolic function because they may reduce the fluxes of heat and metabolically active gases (e.g., oxygen, water vapor, and carbon dioxide. These experiments are to test whether there is a change in boundary layer associated with microgravity, quantify the change if it exists, and determine influence of air velocity on boundary layer thickness under different gravity conditions.

Method for bonding thin film thermocouples to ceramics

DOEpatents

Kreider, Kenneth G.

1993-01-01

A method is provided for adhering a thin film metal thermocouple to a ceramic substrate used in an environment up to 700 degrees Centigrade, such as at a cylinder of an internal combustion engine. The method includes the steps of: depositing a thin layer of a reactive metal on a clean ceramic substrate; and depositing thin layers of platinum and a platinum-10% rhodium alloy forming the respective legs of the thermocouple on the reactive metal layer. The reactive metal layer serves as a bond coat between the thin noble metal thermocouple layers and the ceramic substrate. The thin layers of noble metal are in the range of 1-4 micrometers thick. Preferably, the ceramic substrate is selected from the group consisting of alumina and partially stabilized zirconia. Preferably, the thin layer of reactive metal is in the range of 0.015-0.030 micrometers (15-30 nanometers) thick. The preferred reactive metal is chromium. Other reactive metals may be titanium or zirconium. The thin layer of reactive metal may be deposited by sputtering in ultra high purity argon in a vacuum of approximately 2 milliTorr (0.3 Pascals).

Current distribution in tissues with conducted electrical weapons operated in drive-stun mode.

PubMed

Panescu, Dorin; Kroll, Mark W; Brave, Michael

2016-08-01

The TASER® conducted electrical weapon (CEW) is best known for delivering electrical pulses that can temporarily incapacitate subjects by overriding normal motor control. The alternative drive-stun mode is less understood and the goal of this paper is to analyze the distribution of currents in tissues when the CEW is operated in this mode. Finite element modeling (FEM) was used to approximate current density in tissues with boundary electrical sources placed 40 mm apart. This separation was equivalent to the distance between drive-stun mode TASER X26™, X26P, X2 CEW electrodes located on the device itself and between those located on the expended CEW cartridge. The FEMs estimated the amount of current flowing through various body tissues located underneath the electrodes. The FEM simulated the attenuating effects of both a thin and of a normal layer of fat. The resulting current density distributions were used to compute the residual amount of current flowing through deeper layers of tissue. Numerical modeling estimated that the skin, fat and skeletal muscle layers passed at least 86% or 91% of total CEW current, assuming a thin or normal fat layer thickness, respectively. The current density and electric field strength only exceeded thresholds which have increased probability for ventricular fibrillation (VFTJ), or for cardiac capture (CCTE), in the skin and the subdermal fat layers. The fat layer provided significant attenuation of drive-stun CEW currents. Beyond the skeletal muscle layer, only fractional amounts of the total CEW current were estimated to flow. The regions presenting risk for VF induction or for cardiac capture were well away from the typical heart depth.

Nanofluid flow and heat transfer in boundary layers: the influence of the concentration diffusion layer on heat transfer enhancement

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Liu, Joseph T. C.; Barbosa Decastilho, Cintia Juliana; Fuller, Mark E.; Sane, Aakash

2017-11-01

The present work uses a perturbation procedure to deduce the small nanoparticle volume concentration conservation equations for momentum, heat and concentration diffusion. Thermal physical variables are obtained from conventional means (mixture and field theories) for alumina-water and gold-water nanofluids. In the case of gold-water nano fluid molecular dynamics results are used to estimate such properties, including transport coefficients. The very thin diffusion layer at large Schmidt numbers is found to have a great impact on the velocity and temperature profiles owing to their dependency on transport properties. This has a profound effect on the conduction surface heat transfer rate enhancement and skin friction suppression for the case of nano fluid concentration withdrawal at the wall, while the diffusional surface heat transfer rate is negligible due to large Schmidt numbers. Possible experimental directed at this interesting phenomenon is suggested.

An integral turbulent kinetic energy analysis of free shear flows

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Peters, C. E.; Phares, W. J.

1973-01-01

Mixing of coaxial streams is analyzed by application of integral techniques. An integrated turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) equation is solved simultaneously with the integral equations for the mean flow. Normalized TKE profile shapes are obtained from incompressible jet and shear layer experiments and are assumed to be applicable to all free turbulent flows. The shear stress at the midpoint of the mixing zone is assumed to be directly proportional to the local TKE, and dissipation is treated with a generalization of the model developed for isotropic turbulence. Although the analysis was developed for ducted flows, constant-pressure flows were approximated with the duct much larger than the jet. The axisymmetric flows under consideration were predicted with reasonable accuracy. Fairly good results were also obtained for the fully developed two-dimensional shear layers, which were computed as thin layers at the boundary of a large circular jet.

Investigation for surface resistance of yttrium-barium-copper-oxide thin films on various substrates for microwave applications

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yao, Hongjun

High temperature superconducting (HTS) materials such as YBCO (Yttrium-Barium-Copper-Oxide) are very attractive in microwave applications because of their extremely low surface resistance. In the proposed all-HTS tunable filter, a layer of HTS thin film on a very thin substrate (100 mum) is needed to act as the toractor that can be rotated to tune the frequency. In order to provide more substrate candidates that meet both electrical and mechanical requirements for this special application, surface resistance of YBCO thin films on various substrates was measured using microstrip ring resonator method. For alumina polycrystalline substrate, a layer of YSZ (Yttrium stabilized Zirconia) was deposited using IBAD (ion beam assisted deposition) method prior to YBCO deposition. The surface resistance of the YBCO thin film on alumina was found to be 22 mO due to high-angle grain boundary problem caused by the mixed in-plane orientations and large FWHM (full width at half maximum) of the thin film. For YBCO thin films on a YSZ single crystal substrate, the surface resistance showed even higher value of 30 mO because of the mixed in-plane orientation problem. However, by annealing the substrate in 200 Torr oxygen at 730°C prior to deposition, the in-plane orientation of YBCO thin films can be greatly improved. Therefore, the surface resistance decreased to 1.4 mO, which is still more than an order higher than the reported best value. The YBCO thin films grown on LaAlO3 single crystal substrate showed perfect in-plane orientation with FWHM less 1°. The surface resistance was as low as 0.032 mO. A tunable spiral resonator made of YBCO thin film on LaAlO3 single crystal substrate demonstrated that the resonant frequency can be tuned in a rang as large as 500 MHz by changing the gap between toractor and substrate. The Q-factor was more than 12,000, which ensured the extraordinarily high sensitivity for the proposed all-HTS tunable filter.

Boundary layers of aqueous surfactant and block copolymer solutions against hydrophobic and hydrophilic solid surfaces

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Steitz, Roland; Schemmel, Sebastian; Shi, Hongwei; Findenegg, Gerhard H.

2005-03-01

The boundary layer of aqueous surfactants and amphiphilic triblock copolymers against flat solid surfaces of different degrees of hydrophobicity was investigated by neutron reflectometry (NR), grazing incidence small angle neutron scattering (GISANS) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Solid substrates of different hydrophobicities were prepared by appropriate surface treatment or by coating silicon wafers with polymer films of different chemical natures. For substrates coated with thin films (20-30 nm) of deuterated poly(styrene) (water contact angle \\theta_{\\mathrm {w}} \\approx 90^\\circ ), neutron reflectivity measurements on the polymer/water interface revealed a water depleted liquid boundary layer of 2-3 nm thickness and a density about 90% of the bulk water density. No pronounced depletion layer was found at the interface of water against a less hydrophobic polyelectrolyte coating (\\theta_{\\mathrm {w}} \\approx 63^\\circ ). It is believed that the observed depletion layer at the hydrophobic polymer/water interface is a precursor of the nanobubbles which have been observed by AFM at this interface. Decoration of the polymer coatings by adsorbed layers of nonionic CmEn surfactants improves their wettability by the aqueous phase at surfactant concentrations well below the critical micellar concentration (CMC) of the surfactant. Here, GISANS experiments conducted on the system SiO2/C8E4/D2O reveal that there is no preferred lateral organization of the C8E4 adsorption layers. For amphiphilic triblock copolymers (PEO-PPO-PEO) it is found that under equilibrium conditions they form solvent-swollen brushes both at the air/water and the solid/water interface. In the latter case, the brushes transform to uniform, dense layers after extensive rinsing with water and subsequent solvent evaporation. The primary adsorption layers maintain properties of the precursor brushes. In particular, their thickness scales with the number of ethylene oxide units (EO) of the block copolymer. In the case of dip-coating without subsequent rinsing, surface patterns of the presumably crystalline polymer on top of the primary adsorption layer develop upon drying under controlled conditions. The morphology depends mainly on the nominal surface coverage with the triblock copolymer. Similar morphologies are found on bare and polystyrene-coated silicon substrates, indicating that the surface patterning is mainly driven by segregation forces within the polymer layers and not by interactions with the substrate.

Boundary layer friction of solvate ionic liquids as a function of potential.

PubMed

Li, Hua; Rutland, Mark W; Watanabe, Masayoshi; Atkin, Rob

2017-07-01

Atomic force microscopy (AFM) has been used to investigate the potential dependent boundary layer friction at solvate ionic liquid (SIL)-highly ordered pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) and SIL-Au(111) interfaces. Friction trace and retrace loops of lithium tetraglyme bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)amide (Li(G4) TFSI) at HOPG present clearer stick-slip events at negative potentials than at positive potentials, indicating that a Li + cation layer adsorbed to the HOPG lattice at negative potentials which enhances stick-slip events. The boundary layer friction data for Li(G4) TFSI shows that at HOPG, friction forces at all potentials are low. The TFSI - anion rich boundary layer at positive potentials is more lubricating than the Li + cation rich boundary layer at negative potentials. These results suggest that boundary layers at all potentials are smooth and energy is predominantly dissipated via stick-slip events. In contrast, friction at Au(111) for Li(G4) TFSI is significantly higher at positive potentials than at negative potentials, which is comparable to that at HOPG at the same potential. The similarity of boundary layer friction at negatively charged HOPG and Au(111) surfaces indicates that the boundary layer compositions are similar and rich in Li + cations for both surfaces at negative potentials. However, at Au(111), the TFSI - rich boundary layer is less lubricating than the Li + rich boundary layer, which implies that anion reorientations rather than stick-slip events are the predominant energy dissipation pathways. This is confirmed by the boundary friction of Li(G4) NO 3 at Au(111), which shows similar friction to Li(G4) TFSI at negative potentials due to the same cation rich boundary layer composition, but even higher friction at positive potentials, due to higher energy dissipation in the NO 3 - rich boundary layer.

Multi-layer assemblies with predetermined stress profile and method for producing same

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Heuer, Arthur H. (Inventor); Kahn, Harold (Inventor); Yang, Jie (Inventor); Phillips, Stephen M. (Inventor)

2003-01-01

Multi-layer assemblies of polysilicon thin films having predetermined stress characteristics and techniques for forming such assemblies are disclosed. In particular, a multi-layer assembly of polysilicon thin films may be produced that has a stress level of zero, or substantially so. The multi-layer assemblies comprise at least one constituent thin film having a tensile stress and at least one constituent thin film having a compressive stress. The thin films forming the multi-layer assemblies may be disposed immediately adjacent to one another without the use of intermediate layers between the thin films. Multi-layer assemblies exhibiting selectively determinable overall bending moments are also disclosed. Selective production of overall bending moments in microstructures enables manufacture of such structures with a wide array of geometrical configurations.

Photon migration in non-scattering tissue and the effects on image reconstruction

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dehghani, H.; Delpy, D. T.; Arridge, S. R.

1999-12-01

Photon propagation in tissue can be calculated using the relationship described by the transport equation. For scattering tissue this relationship is often simplified and expressed in terms of the diffusion approximation. This approximation, however, is not valid for non-scattering regions, for example cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) below the skull. This study looks at the effects of a thin clear layer in a simple model representing the head and examines its effect on image reconstruction. Specifically, boundary photon intensities (total number of photons exiting at a point on the boundary due to a source input at another point on the boundary) are calculated using the transport equation and compared with data calculated using the diffusion approximation for both non-scattering and scattering regions. The effect of non-scattering regions on the calculated boundary photon intensities is presented together with the advantages and restrictions of the transport code used. Reconstructed images are then presented where the forward problem is solved using the transport equation for a simple two-dimensional system containing a non-scattering ring and the inverse problem is solved using the diffusion approximation to the transport equation.

Turbulent Combustion Study of Scramjet Problem

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-08-01

boundary layer model for 2D simulations of a supersonic flat plate boundary layer . The inflow O2 has an average density of...flow above the flat plate has a transition from a laminar boundary layer to a turbulent boundary layer at a position downstream from the inlet. The...δ. Chapman [13] estimated the number of cells need to resolve the outer layer is proportional to Re0.4 for flat plat boundary layer and

Apparatus and processes for the mass production of photovoltaic modules

DOEpatents

Barth, Kurt L [Ft. Collins, CO; Enzenroth, Robert A [Fort Collins, CO; Sampath, Walajabad S [Fort Collins, CO

2007-05-22

An apparatus and processes for large scale inline manufacturing of CdTe photovoltaic modules in which all steps, including rapid substrate heating, deposition of CdS, deposition of CdTe, CdCl.sub.2 treatment, and ohmic contact formation, are performed within a single vacuum boundary at modest vacuum pressures. A p+ ohmic contact region is formed by subliming a metal salt onto the CdTe layer. A back electrode is formed by way of a low cost spray process, and module scribing is performed by means of abrasive blasting or mechanical brushing through a mask. The vacuum process apparatus facilitates selective heating of substrates and films, exposure of substrates and films to vapor with minimal vapor leakage, deposition of thin films onto a substrate, and stripping thin films from a substrate. A substrate transport apparatus permits the movement of substrates into and out of vacuum during the thin film deposition processes, while preventing the collection of coatings on the substrate transport apparatus itself.

Apparatus and processes for the mass production of photovotaic modules

DOEpatents

Barth, Kurt L.; Enzenroth, Robert A.; Sampath, Walajabad S.

2002-07-23

An apparatus and processes for large scale inline manufacturing of CdTe photovoltaic modules in which all steps, including rapid substrate heating, deposition of CdS, deposition of CdTe, CdCl.sub.2 treatment, and ohmic contact formation, are performed within a single vacuum boundary at modest vacuum pressures. A p+ ohmic contact region is formed by subliming a metal salt onto the CdTe layer. A back electrode is formed by way of a low cost spray process, and module scribing is performed by means of abrasive blasting or mechanical brushing through a mask. The vacuum process apparatus facilitates selective heating of substrates and films, exposure of substrates and films to vapor with minimal vapor leakage, deposition of thin films onto a substrate, and stripping thin films from a substrate. A substrate transport apparatus permits the movement of substrates into and out of vacuum during the thin film deposition processes, while preventing the collection of coatings on the substrate transport apparatus itself.

The Formation, Transport Properties and Microstructure of 45 Degrees (001) Tilt Grain Boundaries in Yttrium BARIUM(2) COPPER(3) OXYGEN(7-X) Thin Films

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Vuchic, Boris Vukan

1995-01-01

Most high angle grain boundaries in high-T _{c} superconductors exhibit weak link behavior. The Josephson-like properties of these grain boundaries can be used for many device applications such as superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUIDs). The structure-property relationship of different types of 45 ^circ (001) YBa_2 Cu_3O_{7-x} thin film grain boundary junctions are examined to study their weak link nature. A technique, termed sputter-induced epitaxy, is developed to form 45^circ (001) tilt grain boundaries in YBa_2Cu _3O_{7-x} thin films on (100) MgO substrates. A low voltage ion bombardment pre-growth substrate treatment is used to modify the epitaxial orientation relationship between the thin film and the substrate in selected regions. By modifying the orientation of the thin film, grain boundary junctions can be placed in any configuration on the substrate. A variety of pre-growth sputtering conditions in conjunction with atomic force microscopy and Rutherford backscatter spectrometry are used to determine the role of the ions in modifying the substrate surface. Sputter-induced epitaxy is extended to a multilayer MgO/LaAlO_3 substrate, allowing integration of the sputter -induced epitaxy junctions into multilayer structures. The low temperature transport properties of the sputter-induced epitaxy junctions and a set of bi-epitaxial grain boundaries are studied. Individual grain boundaries are isolated and characterized for resistance vs. temperature, current vs. voltage as a function of temperature and magnetic field behavior. Resistive and superconducting grain boundaries are compared. Microstructural analysis is performed using scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and high resolution electron microscopy (HREM). Marked differences are observed in the microstructure of resistive and superconducting grain boundaries. HREM studies suggest the importance of the local atomic scale structure of the grain boundary in transport properties. A phenomenological grain boundary model is proposed to describe the structure -property relationship of the boundaries.

Optical Properties of Hybrid Inorganic/Organic Thin Film Encapsulation Layers for Flexible Top-Emission Organic Light-Emitting Diodes.

PubMed

An, Jae Seok; Jang, Ha Jun; Park, Cheol Young; Youn, Hongseok; Lee, Jong Ho; Heo, Gi-Seok; Choi, Bum Ho; Lee, Choong Hun

2015-10-01

Inorganic/organic hybrid thin film encapsulation layers consist of a thin Al2O3 layer together with polymer material. We have investigated optical properties of thin film encapsulation layers for top-emission flexible organic light-emitting diodes. The transmittance of hybrid thin film encapsulation layers and the electroluminescent spectrum of organic light-emitting diodes that were passivated by hybrid organic/inorganic thin film encapsulation layers were also examined as a function of the thickness of inorganic Al203 and monomer layers. The number of interference peaks, their intensity, and their positions in the visible range can be controlled by varying the thickness of inorganic Al2O3 layer. On the other hand, changing the thickness of monomer layer had a negligible effect on the optical properties. We also verified that there is a trade-off between transparency in the visible range and the permeation of water vapor in hybrid thin film encapsulation layers. As the number of dyads decreased, optical transparency improved while the water vapor permeation barrier was degraded. Our study suggests that, in top-emission organic light-emitting diodes, the thickness of each thin film encapsulation layer, in particular that of the inorganic layer, and the number of dyads should be controlled for highly efficient top-emission flexible organic light-emitting diodes.

Approximate Solution Methods for Spectral Radiative Transfer in High Refractive Index Layers

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Siegel, R.; Spuckler, C. M.

1994-01-01

Some ceramic materials for high temperature applications are partially transparent for radiative transfer. The refractive indices of these materials can be substantially greater than one which influences internal radiative emission and reflections. Heat transfer behavior of single and laminated layers has been obtained in the literature by numerical solutions of the radiative transfer equations coupled with heat conduction and heating at the boundaries by convection and radiation. Two-flux and diffusion methods are investigated here to obtain approximate solutions using a simpler formulation than required for exact numerical solutions. Isotropic scattering is included. The two-flux method for a single layer yields excellent results for gray and two band spectral calculations. The diffusion method yields a good approximation for spectral behavior in laminated multiple layers if the overall optical thickness is larger than about ten. A hybrid spectral model is developed using the two-flux method in the optically thin bands, and radiative diffusion in bands that are optically thick.

Ac electroosmotic flows above coplanar electrodes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kweon Suh, Yong

2009-03-01

Interactive numerical method has been proposed to calculate the ac electroosmotic flows above a pair of coplanar electrodes. The thin electrical triple layer (ETL) has been modeled by an asymptotic theory developed by the authors. The model corresponds to a simple dynamic equation for the surface charge density representing the integrated charge over the inner layer. Interactive calculation of the dynamic equation and the Laplace equation for several periods of ac frequency then yielded steady-state distribution of potential and the potential drop across the Stern and inner layers. The Smoluchowski's slip velocity was then determined from those two set of data and used as the boundary condition for the calculation of the Stokes' flow above the electrodes. We have shown that our solutions compared well with the experimental data reported in the literature. We investigated the effect of various parameters on the slip velocity distribution, such as the ac frequency, the electrode length, the effective Stern-layer thickness and the adsorption coefficients.

Enhancing sound absorption and transmission through flexible multi-layer micro-perforated structures.

PubMed

Bravo, Teresa; Maury, Cédric; Pinhède, Cédric

2013-11-01

Theoretical and experimental results are presented into the sound absorption and transmission properties of multi-layer structures made up of thin micro-perforated panels (ML-MPPs). The objective is to improve both the absorption and insulation performances of ML-MPPs through impedance boundary optimization. A fully coupled modal formulation is introduced that predicts the effect of the structural resonances onto the normal incidence absorption coefficient and transmission loss of ML-MPPs. This model is assessed against standing wave tube measurements and simulations based on impedance translation method for two double-layer MPP configurations of relevance in building acoustics and aeronautics. Optimal impedance relationships are proposed that ensure simultaneous maximization of both the absorption and the transmission loss under normal incidence. Exhaustive optimization of the double-layer MPPs is performed to assess the absorption and/or transmission performances with respect to the impedance criterion. It is investigated how the panel volumetric resonances modify the excess dissipation that can be achieved from non-modal optimization of ML-MPPs.

Confined Electroconvective and Flexoelectric Instabilities Deep in the Freedericksz State of Nematic CB7CB.

PubMed

Krishnamurthy, Kanakapura S; Palakurthy, Nani Babu; Yelamaggad, Channabasaveshwar V

2017-06-01

We report wormlike flexoelectric structures evolving deep in the Freedericksz state of a nematic layer of the liquid crystal cyanobiphenyl-(CH2) 7 -cyanobiphenyl. They form in the predominantly splay-bend thin boundary layers and are built up of solitary flexoelectric domains of the Bobylev-Pikin type. Their formation is possibly triggered by the gradient flexoelectric surface instability that remains optically discernible up to unusually high frequencies. The threshold voltage at which the worms form scales as square root of the frequency; in their extended state, worms often appear as labyrinthine structures on a section of loops that separate regions of opposite director deviation. Such asymmetric loops are also derived through pincement-like dissociation of ring-shaped walls. Formation of isolated domains of bulk electroconvection precedes the onset of surface instabilities. In essence, far above the Freedericksz threshold, the twisted nematic layer behaves as a combination of two orthogonally oriented planar half-layers destabilized by localized flexoelectric distortion.

Deterioration of reflecting coatings by intermetallic diffusion.

PubMed

Hunter, W R; Mikes, T L; Hass, G

1972-07-01

Gold diffraction gratings overcoated with Al + MgF(2) to increase their efficiency in the vacuum ultraviolet suffered a severe loss in efficiency within six months to a year after coating; for example, from 50% to 2% at lambda1216 A. The cause of this loss was assumed to be interdiffusion of Au and Al; therefore, a more complete study of Au-Al film combinations was performed. The coatings were aged at room and elevated temperatures. Reflectance measurements were made in the visible and vacuum ultraviolet spectral regions. For wavelengths longer than lambda900 A, the measurements show very little change until the diffusion boundary reaches the penetration depth of the radiation. If Al is the first surface layer, however, reflectance measurements at lambda584 A permit measuring the progress of the diffusion boundary toward the Al surface because of the low absorptance of Al at this wavelength. Interdiffusion can be effectively eliminated by the use of thin dielectric layers uch as SiO and the natural oxide of Al. Such protected coatings have been exposed for one week at a temperature of 170 degrees C with no visible sign of diffusion, whereas a similar coating without the barrier layer would become useless in less than 1 h. Some preliminary studies have been made with Pt-Al film combinations.

Cooperative tin oxide fullerene electron selective layers for high-performance planar perovskite solar cells

DOE PAGES

Ke, Weijun; Zhao, Dewei; Xiao, Chuanxiao; ...

2016-08-17

Both tin oxide (SnO 2) and fullerenes have been reported as electron selective layers (ESLs) for producing efficient lead halide perovskite solar cells. Here, we report that SnO 2 and fullerenes can work cooperatively to further boost the performance of perovskite solar cells. We find that fullerenes can be redissolved during perovskite deposition, allowing ultra-thin fullerenes to be retained at the interface and some dissolved fullerenes infiltrate into perovskite grain boundaries. The SnO 2 layer blocks holes effectively; whereas, the fullerenes promote electron transfer and passivate both the SnO 2/perovskite interface and perovskite grain boundaries. With careful device optimization, themore » best-performing planar perovskite solar cell using a fullerene passivated SnO 2 ESL has achieved a steady-state efficiency of 17.75% and a power conversion efficiency of 19.12% with an open circuit voltage of 1.12 V, a short-circuit current density of 22.61 mA cm -2, and a fill factor of 75.8% when measured under reverse voltage scanning. In conclusion, we find that the partial dissolving of fullerenes during perovskite deposition is the key for fabricating high-performance perovskite solar cells based on metal oxide/fullerene ESLs.« less

Strong enhancement of the luminescence decay time of isoelectronic centers in GaP:N at low temperatures

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

St-Jean, Philippe; Ethier-Majcher, Gabriel; Bergeron, Alaric; Francoeur, Sebastien

2013-03-01

We report (i)- results from ac impedance measurements obtained for intrinsic indium oxide films, grown under O2-rich conditions, (ii)- current-voltage (I-V) curves for p-n homojunctions fabricated by sequential growth of a 200 nm thick p-type In2O3 layer on a 400 nm thick n-type In2O3, and (iii)- capacitance-voltage (C-V) curves for these junctions. Impedance as well as I-V and C-V measurements were performed under UV irradiation and in darkness. We find two distinct contributions to the ac conductivity. One of them is brought about by grain boundaries, and the other one by inversion layers, which are on grain surfaces. In addition, we have found that photocurrents relax extremely slowly in these films. All of this fits consistently within a model in which mobile holes in inversion layers are responsible for p-type dc conductivity in intrinsic indium oxide films grown under O2-rich conditions. Such mechanism might be important in other polycrystalline thin films which have a large number of oxidizing defects at grain boundaries. We acknowledge support from grant MAT2012-38213-C02-01, from the Ministerio de Economia y Competividad, Spain.

Composite polymeric film and method for its use in installing a very-thin polymeric film in a device

DOEpatents

Duchane, D.V.; Barthell, B.L.

1982-04-26

A composite polymeric film and a method for its use in forming and installing a very thin (< 10 ..mu..m) polymeric film are disclosed. The composite film consists of a thin film layer and a backing layer. The backing layer is soluble in a solvent in which the thin film layer is not soluble. In accordance with the method, the composite film is installed in a device in the same position in which it is sought to finally emplace the thin film. The backing layer is then selectiely dissolved in the solvent to leave the insoluble thin film layer as an unbacked film. The method permits a very thin film to e successfully installed in devices where the fragility of the film would preclude handling and installation by conventional methods.

Composite polymeric film and method for its use in installing a very thin polymeric film in a device

DOEpatents

Duchane, David V.; Barthell, Barry L.

1984-01-01

A composite polymeric film and a method for its use in forming and installing a very thin (<10 .mu.m) polymeric film are disclosed. The composite film consists of a thin film layer and a backing layer. The backing layer is soluble in a solvent in which the thin film layer is not soluble. In accordance with the method, the composite film is installed in a device in the same position in which it is sought to finally emplace the thin film. The backing layer is then selectively dissolved in the solvent to leave the insoluble thin film layer as an unbacked film. The method permits a very thin film to be successfully installed in devices where the fragility of the film would preclude handling and installation by conventional methods.

Structure-property relationships in the optimization of polysilicon thin films for electrical recording/stimulation of single neurons.

PubMed

Saha, Rajarshi; Muthuswamy, Jit

2007-06-01

We had earlier demonstrated the use of polysilicon microelectrodes for recording electrical activity from single neurons in vivo. Good machinability and compatibility with CMOS processing further make polysilicon an attractive interface material between biological environments on one hand and MEMS technology and digital circuits on the other hand. In this study, we focus on optimizing the polysilicon thin films for (a) electrical recording and (b) stimulation of single neurons by minimizing its electrochemical impedance spectra and maximizing its charge storage/injection capacity respectively. The structure-property relationships in ion-implanted (phosphorus) LPCVD polysilicon thin films under different annealing and doping conditions were carefully assessed during this optimization process. A 2D model of the polysilicon thin film consisting of 4 grains and 3 grain boundaries was constructed and the effect of grain size and grain boundaries on dc resistivity was simulated using device simulator ATLAS. Optimal processing conditions and doping concentrations resulted in a 10-fold decrease in electrochemical impedance from 1.1 kOmega to 0.1 kOmega at 1 kHz (area of polysilicon interface = 4.8 mm(2)). Subsequent characterizations showed that evolution of secondary grains within the polysilicon thin films at optimal doping and annealing conditions (10(21)/cm(3) of phosphorus and annealed at 1200 degrees C) was responsible for decreasing the impedance. Cyclic voltammetry studies demonstrated that charge storage properties of low doped (10(15)/cm(3)) thin films was 111.4 microC/cm(2) in phosphate buffered saline which compares well with platinum wires (approximately 50 microC/cm(2)) and the double-layered capacitance (C(dl)) could be sustained between -1 to 1 V before breakdown and hydrolysis. We conclude that polysilicon can be optimized for recording and stimulating single neurons and can be a valuable interface material between neurons and CMOS or MEMS devices.

Coercivity enhancement of sintered Nd-Fe-B magnets by chemical bath deposition of TbCl{sub 3}

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Guo, Shuai, E-mail: gshuai@nimte.ac.cn; Zhang, Xiaofeng; Ding, Guangfei

2014-05-07

The chemical bath deposition (CBD) and the grain boundary diffusion method were combined to diffuse the heavy rare earth for obtain the thick magnets with high coercivity and low heavy rare earth. The jet mill powders were soaked into the alcohol solution of 0.2 wt. % TbCl{sub 3}. A thin layer of TbCl{sub 3} was wrapped to the surface of (PrNd){sub 2}Fe{sub 14}B powder particles. The coercivity of magnet is increased from 11.89 kOe to 14.72 kOe without significant reduction of remanence after grain boundary diffusion in the sintering and the annealing processes. The temperature coefficients of the remanence and themore » coercivity are improved by the substitution of PrNd by Tb in the surface of grains. The highly accelerated temperature/humidity stress test (HAST) results indicate that the CBD magnet has poor corrosion resistance, attributing to the present of Cl atoms in the grain boundaries.« less

Free-stream disturbance, continuous Eigenfunctions, boundary-layer instability and transition

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Grosch, C. E.

1980-01-01

A rational foundation is presented for the application of the linear shear flows to transition prediction, and an explicit method is given for carrying out the necessary calculations. The expansions used are shown to be complete. Sample calculations show that a typical boundary layer is very sensitive to vorticity disturbances in the inner boundary layer, near the critical layer. Vorticity disturbances three or four boundary layer thicknesses above the boundary are nearly uncoupled from the boundary layer in that the amplitudes of the discrete Tollmien-Schlicting waves are an extremely small fraction of the amplitude of the disturbance.

Multi-layered, chemically bonded lithium-ion and lithium/air batteries

DOEpatents

Narula, Chaitanya Kumar; Nanda, Jagjit; Bischoff, Brian L; Bhave, Ramesh R

2014-05-13

Disclosed are multilayer, porous, thin-layered lithium-ion batteries that include an inorganic separator as a thin layer that is chemically bonded to surfaces of positive and negative electrode layers. Thus, in such disclosed lithium-ion batteries, the electrodes and separator are made to form non-discrete (i.e., integral) thin layers. Also disclosed are methods of fabricating integrally connected, thin, multilayer lithium batteries including lithium-ion and lithium/air batteries.

Fabrication of low-temperature solid oxide fuel cells with a nanothin protective layer by atomic layer deposition

PubMed Central

2013-01-01

Anode aluminum oxide-supported thin-film fuel cells having a sub-500-nm-thick bilayered electrolyte comprising a gadolinium-doped ceria (GDC) layer and an yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) layer were fabricated and electrochemically characterized in order to investigate the effect of the YSZ protective layer. The highly dense and thin YSZ layer acted as a blockage against electron and oxygen permeation between the anode and GDC electrolyte. Dense GDC and YSZ thin films were fabricated using radio frequency sputtering and atomic layer deposition techniques, respectively. The resulting bilayered thin-film fuel cell generated a significantly higher open circuit voltage of approximately 1.07 V compared with a thin-film fuel cell with a single-layered GDC electrolyte (approximately 0.3 V). PMID:23342963

Analysis of turbulent free-convection boundary layer on flat plate

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Eckert, E R G; Jackson, Thomas W

1950-01-01

A calculation was made for the flow and heat transfer in the turbulent free-convection boundary layer on a vertical flat plate. Formulas for the heat-transfer coefficient, boundary layer thickness, and the maximum velocity in the boundary layer were obtained.

A Novel Inter Core-Cladding Lithium Niobate Thin Film Coated Fiber Modulator/Sensor

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Jamison, Tracee L.; Komriech, Phillip; Yu, Chung

2004-01-01

A fiber modulator/sensor has been fabricated by depositing a lithium niobate sol-gel thin film between the core and cladding of a fiber preform. The preform is then drawn into 125 micron fiber. The proposed design of lithium niobate cylinder fibers can enhance the existing methodology for detecting sound waves under water utilizing the acoustooptic properties of lithium niobate. Upon application of a stress or strain, light propagating inside the core, according to the principle of total internal reflection, escapes, into the cladding because of the photoelastic boundary layer of lithium niobate. Test results of the lithium niobate fiber reveal a reduction in the 1550 nm, 4mW source with applied tension. The source power from an ordinary quartz fiber under the same stress condition remained invariant to applied tension.

Basal-plane thermal conductivity of nanocrystalline and amorphized thin germanane

DOE PAGES

Coloyan, Gabriella; Cultrara, Nicholas D.; Katre, Ankita; ...

2016-09-30

Recently, we synthesized Germanane (GeH), a hydrogen-terminated layered germanium structure. We employed a four-probe thermal transport measurement method to obtain the basal-plane thermal conductivity of thin exfoliated GeH flakes and correlated the measurement results with the crystal structure. Furthermore, the obtained thermal conductivity increases with increasing temperature, suggesting that extrinsic grain boundary and defect scattering dominate intrinsic phonon-phonon scattering. Annealing a polycrystalline GeH sample at 195 C caused it to become amorphous, reducing the room-temperature thermal conductivity from 0.53± 0.03 W m -1 K -1, which is close to the value calculated for 3.3 nm grain size, to 0.29± 0.02more » W m -1 K -1, which approaches the calculated amorphous limit in the basal plane thermal conductivity.« less

Alkali Metal Doping for Improved CH3NH3PbI3 Perovskite Solar Cells.

PubMed

Zhao, Wangen; Yao, Zhun; Yu, Fengyang; Yang, Dong; Liu, Shengzhong Frank

2018-02-01

Organic-inorganic hybrid halide perovskites are proven to be a promising semiconductor material as the absorber layer of solar cells. However, the perovskite films always suffer from nonuniform coverage or high trap state density due to the polycrystalline characteristics, which degrade the photoelectric properties of thin films. Herein, the alkali metal ions which are stable against oxidation and reduction are used in the perovskite precursor solution to induce the process of crystallization and nucleation, then affect the properties of the perovskite film. It is found that the addition of the alkali metal ions clearly improves the quality of perovskite film: enlarges the grain sizes, reduces the defect state density, passivates the grain boundaries, increases the built-in potential ( V bi ), resulting to the enhancement in the power conversion efficiency of perovskite thin film solar cell.

Basal-plane thermal conductivity of nanocrystalline and amorphized thin germanane

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Coloyan, Gabriella; Cultrara, Nicholas D.; Katre, Ankita

Recently, we synthesized Germanane (GeH), a hydrogen-terminated layered germanium structure. We employed a four-probe thermal transport measurement method to obtain the basal-plane thermal conductivity of thin exfoliated GeH flakes and correlated the measurement results with the crystal structure. Furthermore, the obtained thermal conductivity increases with increasing temperature, suggesting that extrinsic grain boundary and defect scattering dominate intrinsic phonon-phonon scattering. Annealing a polycrystalline GeH sample at 195 C caused it to become amorphous, reducing the room-temperature thermal conductivity from 0.53± 0.03 W m -1 K -1, which is close to the value calculated for 3.3 nm grain size, to 0.29± 0.02more » W m -1 K -1, which approaches the calculated amorphous limit in the basal plane thermal conductivity.« less

Wrinkle-free graphene electrodes in zinc tin oxide thin-film transistors for large area applications.

PubMed

Lee, Se-Hee; Kim, Jae-Hee; Park, Byeong-Ju; Park, Jozeph; Kim, Hyun-Suk; Yoon, Soon-Gil

2017-02-17

Wrinkle-free graphene was used to form the source-drain electrodes in thin film transistors based on a zinc tin oxide (ZTO) semiconductor. A 10 nm thick titanium adhesion layer was applied prior to transferring a conductive graphene film on top of it by chemical detachment. The formation of an interlayer oxide between titanium and graphene allows the achievement of uniform surface roughness over the entire substrate area. The resulting devices were thermally treated in ambient air, and a substantial decrease in field effect mobility is observed with increasing annealing temperature. The increase in electrical resistivity of the graphene film at higher annealing temperatures may have some influence, however the growth of the oxide interlayer at the ZTO/Ti boundary is suggested to be most influential, thereby inducing relatively high contact resistance.

Wrinkle-free graphene electrodes in zinc tin oxide thin-film transistors for large area applications

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lee, Se-Hee; Kim, Jae-Hee; Park, Byeong-Ju; Park, Jozeph; Kim, Hyun-Suk; Yoon, Soon-Gil

2017-02-01

Wrinkle-free graphene was used to form the source-drain electrodes in thin film transistors based on a zinc tin oxide (ZTO) semiconductor. A 10 nm thick titanium adhesion layer was applied prior to transferring a conductive graphene film on top of it by chemical detachment. The formation of an interlayer oxide between titanium and graphene allows the achievement of uniform surface roughness over the entire substrate area. The resulting devices were thermally treated in ambient air, and a substantial decrease in field effect mobility is observed with increasing annealing temperature. The increase in electrical resistivity of the graphene film at higher annealing temperatures may have some influence, however the growth of the oxide interlayer at the ZTO/Ti boundary is suggested to be most influential, thereby inducing relatively high contact resistance.

He+ ion irradiation response of Fe–TiO2 multilayers

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Anderoglu, O.; Zhou, M. J.; Zhang, J.

2013-04-01

The accumulation of radiation-induced defect clusters and He bubble formation in He+ ion irradiated nanocrystalline TiO2 and Fe–TiO2 multilayer thin films were investigated using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Prior to ion irradiation it was found that the crystallinity of TiO2 layers depends on the individual layer thickness: While all TiO2 layers are amorphous at 5 nm individual layer thickness, at 100 nm they are crystalline with a rutile polymorph. After He+ irradiation up to ~6 dpa at room temperature, amorphization of TiO2 layers was not observed in both nanocrystalline TiO2 single layers and Fe–TiO2 multilayers. The suppression of radiation-induced amorphizationmore » in TiO2 is interpreted in terms of a high density of defect sinks in these nano-composites in the form of Fe–TiO2 interphase boundaries and columnar grains within each layer with nano-scale intercolumnar porosity. In addition, a high concentration of He is believed to be trapped at these interfaces in the form of sub-nanometer-scale clusters retarding the formation of relatively larger He bubbles that can be resolved in TEM.« less

Observations of the magnetopause current layer: Cases with no boundary layer and tests of recent models

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Eastman, Timothy E.

1995-01-01

Evidence for the probable existence of magnetospheric boundary layers was first presented by Hones, et al. (1972), based on VELA satellite plasma observations (no magnetic field measurements were obtained). This magnetotail boundary layer is now known to be the tailward extension of the high-latitude boundary layer or plasma mantle (first uniquely identified using HEOS 2 plasma and field observations by Rosenbauer et al., 1975) and the low-latitude boundary layer (first uniquely identified using IMP 6 plasma and field observations by Eastman et al., 1976). The magnetospheric boundary layer is the region of magnetosheath-like plasma located Earthward of, but generally contiguous with the magnetopause. This boundary layer is typically identified by comparing low-energy (less than 10 keV) ion spectra across the magnetopause. Low-energy electron measurements are also useful for identifying the boundary layer because the shocked solar wind or magnetosheath has a characteristic spectral signature for electrons as well. However, there are magnetopause crossings where low-energy electrons might suggest a depletion layer outside the magnetopause even though the traditional field-rotation signature indicates that this same region is a boundary layer Earthward of the current layer. Our analyses avoided crossings which exhibit such ambiguities. Pristine magnetopause crossings are magnetopause crossings for which the current layer is well defined and for which there is no adjoining magnetospheric boundary layer as defined above. Although most magnetopause models to date apply to such crossings, few comparisons between such theory and observations of pristine magnetopause crossings have been made because most crossings have an associated magnetospheric boundary layer which significantly affects the applicable boundary conditions for the magnetopause current layer. Furthermore, almost no observational studies of magnetopause microstructure have been done even though key theoretical issues have been discussed for over two decades. This is because plasma instruments deployed prior to the ISEE and AMPTE missions did not have the required time resolution and most ISEE investigations to-date have focused on tests of MHD plasma models, especially reconnection. More recently, many phenomenological and theoretical models have been developed to explain the existence and characteristics of the magnetospheric boundary layers with only limited success to date. The cases with no boundary layer treated in this study provide a contrary set of conditions to those observed with a boundary layer. For the measured parameters of such cases, a successful boundary layer model should predict no plasma penetration across the magnetopause. Thus, this research project provides the first direct observational tests of magnetopause models using pristine magnetopause crossings and provides important new results on magnetopause microstructure and associated kinetic processes.

Thin film electronic devices with conductive and transparent gas and moisture permeation barriers

DOEpatents

Simpson, Lin Jay

2015-07-28

Thin film electronic devices (or stacks integrated with a substrate) that include a permeation barrier formed of a thin layer of metal that provides a light transmitting and electrically conductive layer, wherein the electrical conductive layer is formed on a surface of the substrate or device layer such as a transparent conducting material layer with pin holes or defects caused by manufacturing and the thin layer of metal is deposited on the conductive layer and formed from a self-healing metal that forms self-terminating oxides. A permeation plug or block is formed in or adjacent to the thin film of metal at or proximate to the pin holes to block further permeation of contaminants through the pin holes.

Large area polysilicon films with predetermined stress characteristics and method for producing same

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Heuer, Arthur H. (Inventor); Kahn, Harold (Inventor); Yang, Jie (Inventor); Phillips, Stephen M. (Inventor)

2002-01-01

Multi-layer assemblies of polysilicon thin films having predetermined stress characteristics and techniques for forming such assemblies are disclosed. In particular, a multi-layer assembly of polysilicon thin films may be produced that has a stress level of zero, or substantially so. The multi-layer assemblies comprise at least one constituent thin film having a tensile stress and at least one constituent thin film having a compressive stress. The thin films forming the multi-layer assemblies may be disposed immediately adjacent to one another without the use of intermediate layers between the thin films. Multi-layer assemblies exhibiting selectively determinable overall bending moments are also disclosed. Selective production of overall bending moments in microstructures enables manufacture of such structures with a wide array of geometrical configurations.

Synthesis of millimeter-scale transition metal dichalcogenides single crystals

DOE PAGES

Gong, Yongji; Ye, Gonglan; Lei, Sidong; ...

2016-02-10

The emergence of semiconducting transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) atomic layers has opened up unprecedented opportunities in atomically thin electronics. Yet the scalable growth of TMD layers with large grain sizes and uniformity has remained very challenging. Here is reported a simple, scalable chemical vapor deposition approach for the growth of MoSe2 layers is reported, in which the nucleation density can be reduced from 105 to 25 nuclei cm -2, leading to millimeter-scale MoSe 2 single crystals as well as continuous macrocrystalline films with millimeter size grains. The selective growth of monolayers and multilayered MoSe2 films with well-defined stacking orientation canmore » also be controlled via tuning the growth temperature. In addition, periodic defects, such as nanoscale triangular holes, can be engineered into these layers by controlling the growth conditions. The low density of grain boundaries in the films results in high average mobilities, around ≈42 cm 2 V -1 s -1, for back-gated MoSe 2 transistors. This generic synthesis approach is also demonstrated for other TMD layers such as millimeter-scale WSe 2 single crystals.« less

Electrokinetic transport of rigid macroions in the thin double layer limit: a boundary element approach.

PubMed

Allison, Stuart A; Xin, Yao

2005-08-15

A boundary element (BE) procedure is developed to numerically calculate the electrophoretic mobility of highly charged, rigid model macroions in the thin double layer regime based on the continuum primitive model. The procedure is based on that of O'Brien (R.W. O'Brien, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 92 (1983) 204). The advantage of the present procedure over existing BE methodologies that are applicable to rigid model macroions in general (S. Allison, Macromolecules 29 (1996) 7391) is that computationally time consuming integrations over a large number of volume elements that surround the model particle are completely avoided. The procedure is tested by comparing the mobilities derived from it with independent theory of the mobility of spheres of radius a in a salt solution with Debye-Huckel screening parameter, kappa. The procedure is shown to yield accurate mobilities provided (kappa)a exceeds approximately 50. The methodology is most relevant to model macroions of mean linear dimension, L, with 1000>(kappa)L>100 and reduced absolute zeta potential (q|zeta|/k(B)T) greater than 1.0. The procedure is then applied to the compact form of high molecular weight, duplex DNA that is formed in the presence of the trivalent counterion, spermidine, under low salt conditions. For T4 DNA (166,000 base pairs), the compact form is modeled as a sphere (diameter=600 nm) and as a toroid (largest linear dimension=600 nm). In order to reconcile experimental and model mobilities, approximately 95% of the DNA phosphates must be neutralized by bound counterions. This interpretation, based on electrokinetics, is consistent with independent studies.

Performance Characteristics of Plane-Wall Two-Dimensional Diffusers

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Reid, Elliott G

1953-01-01

Experiments have been made at Stanford University to determine the performance characteristics of plane-wall, two-dimensional diffusers which were so proportioned as to insure reasonable approximation of two-dimensional flow. All of the diffusers had identical entrance cross sections and discharged directly into a large plenum chamber; the test program included wide variations of divergence angle and length. During all tests a dynamic pressure of 60 pounds per square foOt was maintained at the diffuser entrance and the boundary layer there was thin and fully turbulent. The most interesting flow characteristics observed were the occasional appearance of steady, unseparated, asymmetric flow - which was correlated with the boundary-layer coalescence - and the rapid deterioration of flow steadiness - which occurred as soon as the divergence angle for maximum static pressure recovery was exceeded. Pressure efficiency was found to be controlled almost exclusively by divergence angle, whereas static pressure recovery was markedly influenced by area ratio (or length) as well as divergence angle. Volumetric efficiency. diminished as area ratio increased, and at a greater rate with small lengths than with large ones. Large values of the static-pressure-recovery coefficient were attained only with long diffusers of large area ratio; under these conditions pressure efficiency was high and. volumetric efficiency low. Auxiliary tests with asymmetric diffusers demonstrated that longitudinal pressure gradient, rather than wall divergence angle, controlled flow separation. Others showed that the addition of even a short exit duct of uniform section augmented pressure recovery. Finally, it was found that the installation of a thin, central, longitudinal partition suppressed flow separation in short diffusers and thereby improved pressure recovery

Measurements and Modeling of the Mean and Turbulent Flow Structure in High-Speed Rough-Wall Non-Equilibrium Boundary Layers

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-01-25

study builds on three basic bodies of knowledge: (1) supersonic rough wall boundary layers, (2) distorted supersonic turbulent boundary layers, and...with the boundary layer turbulence . The present study showed that secondary distortions associated with such waves significantly affect the transport...38080 14. ABSTRACT The response of a supersonic high Reynolds number turbulent boundary layer flow subjected to mechanical distortions was

Understanding the Fundamental Roles of Momentum and Vorticity Injections in Flow Control

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-09-02

production by pitched and skewed jets in a turbulent boundary layer . AIAA Journal 30, 640–647. DISTRIBUTION A: Distribution approved for public release...adverse pressure gradient along the suction surface, which ultimately results in a separated boundary layer . Such behavior of the boundary layer can... boundary layer either directly or by utilizing free stream momentum to energize the boundary layer (Gad-el-Hak, 2000a). Directly adding momentum to the

Multilayer composites and manufacture of same

DOEpatents

Holesinger, Terry G.; Jia, Quanxi

2006-02-07

The present invention is directed towards a process of depositing multilayer thin films, disk-shaped targets for deposition of multilayer thin films by a pulsed laser or pulsed electron beam deposition process, where the disk-shaped targets include at least two segments with differing compositions, and a multilayer thin film structure having alternating layers of a first composition and a second composition, a pair of the alternating layers defining a bi-layer wherein the thin film structure includes at least 20 bi-layers per micron of thin film such that an individual bi-layer has a thickness of less than about 100 nanometers.

Differentiating submarine channel-related thin-bedded turbidite facies: Outcrop examples from the Rosario Formation, Mexico

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hansen, Larissa; Callow, Richard; Kane, Ian; Kneller, Ben

2017-08-01

Thin-bedded turbidites deposited by sediment gravity flows that spill from submarine channels often contain significant volumes of sand in laterally continuous beds. These can make up over 50% of the channel-belt fill volume, and can thus form commercially important hydrocarbon reservoirs. Thin-bedded turbidites can be deposited in environments that include levees and depositional terraces, which are distinguished on the basis of their external morphology and internal architecture. Levees have a distinctive wedge shaped morphology, thinning away from the channel, and confine both channels (internal levees) and channel-belts (external levees). Terraces are flat-lying features that are elevated above the active channel within a broad channel-belt. Despite the ubiquity of terraces and levees in modern submarine channel systems, the recognition of these environments in outcrop and in the subsurface is challenging. In this outcrop study of the Upper Cretaceous Rosario Formation (Baja California, Mexico), lateral transects based on multiple logged sections of thin-bedded turbidites reveal systematic differences in sandstone layer thicknesses, sandstone proportion, palaeocurrents, sedimentary structures and ichnology between channel-belt and external levee thin-bedded turbidites. Depositional terrace deposits have a larger standard deviation in sandstone layer thicknesses than external levees because they are topographically lower, and experience a wider range of turbidity current sizes overspilling from different parts of the channel-belt. The thickness of sandstone layers within external levees decreases away from the channel-belt while those in depositional terraces are less laterally variable. Depositional terrace environments of the channel-belt are characterized by high bioturbation intensities, and contain distinctive trace fossil assemblages, often dominated by ichnofabrics of the echinoid trace fossil Scolicia. These assemblages contrast with the lower bioturbation intensities that are recorded from external levee environments where Scolicia is typically absent. Multiple blocks of external levee material are observed in the depositional terrace area where the proximal part of the external levee has collapsed into the channel-belt; their presence characterizes the channel-belt boundary zone. The development of recognition criteria for different types of channel-related thin-bedded turbidites is critical for the interpretation of sedimentary environments both at outcrop and in the subsurface, which can reduce uncertainty during hydrocarbon field appraisal and development.

Effect of an isolated semi-arid pine forest on the boundary layer height

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Brugger, Peter; Banerjee, Tirtha; Kröniger, Konstantin; Preisler, Yakir; Rotenberg, Eyal; Tatarinov, Fedor; Yakir, Dan; Mauder, Matthias

2017-04-01

Forests play an important role for earth's climate by influencing the surface energy balance and CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere. Semi-arid forests and their effects on the local and regional climate are studied within the CliFF project (Climate Feedbacks and benefits of semi-arid Forests). This requires understanding of the atmospheric boundary layer over semi-arid forests, because it links the surface and the free atmosphere and determines the exchange of momentum, heat and trace gases. Our study site, Yatir, is a semi-arid isolated pine forest in the Negev desert in Israel. Higher roughness and lower albedo compared to the surrounding shrubland make it interesting to study the influences of the semi-arid Yatir forest on the boundary layer. Previous studies of the forest focused on the energy balance and secondary circulations. This study focuses on the boundary layer structure above the forest, in particular the boundary layer height. The boundary layer height is an essential parameter for many applications (e.g. construction of convective scaling parameters or air pollution modeling). We measured the boundary layer height upwind, over and downwind of the forest. In addition we measured at two sites wind profiles within the boundary layer and turbulent fluxes at the surface. This allows us to quantify the effects of the forest on boundary layer compared to the surrounding shrubland. Results show that the forest increases the boundary layer height in absence of a strong boundary layer top inversion. A model of the boundary layer height based on eddy-covariance data shows some agreement to the measurements, but fails during anticyclonic conditions and the transition to the nocturnal boundary layer. More complex models accounting for large scale influences are investigated. Further influences of the forest and surrounding shrubland on the turbulent transport of energy are discussed in a companion presentation (EGU2017-2219).

Spatial Linear Instability of Confluent Wake/Boundary Layers

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Liou, William W.; Liu, Feng-Jun; Rumsey, C. L. (Technical Monitor)

2001-01-01

The spatial linear instability of incompressible confluent wake/boundary layers is analyzed. The flow model adopted is a superposition of the Blasius boundary layer and a wake located above the boundary layer. The Orr-Sommerfeld equation is solved using a global numerical method for the resulting eigenvalue problem. The numerical procedure is validated by comparing the present solutions for the instability of the Blasius boundary layer and for the instability of a wake with published results. For the confluent wake/boundary layers, modes associated with the boundary layer and the wake, respectively, are identified. The boundary layer mode is found amplified as the wake approaches the wall. On the other hand, the modes associated with the wake, including a symmetric mode and an antisymmetric mode, are stabilized by the reduced distance between the wall and the wake. An unstable mode switching at low frequency is observed where the antisymmetric mode becomes more unstable than the symmetric mode when the wake velocity defect is high.

A nonperturbing boundary-layer transition detection

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ohare, J. E.

1985-01-01

A laser interferometer technique is being applied to the characterization of boundary-layer conditions on models in supersonic and hypersonic wind tunnels in the von Karman Facility at Arnold Engineering Development Center (AEDC). The Boundary-Layer Transition Detector (BLTD), based on lateral interferometry, is applicable for determining the turbulence frequency spectrum of boundary layers in compressible flow. The turbulence, in terms of air density fluctuations, is detected by monitoring interferometric fringe phase shifts (in real time) formed by one beam which passes through the boundary layer and a reference beam which is outside the boundary layer. This technique is nonintrusive to the flow field unlike other commonly used methods such as pitot tube probing and hot-wire anemometry. Model boundary-layer data are presented at Mach 8 and compared with data recorded using other methods during boundary-layer transition from laminar to turbulent flow. Spectra from the BLTD reveal the presence of a high-frequency peak during transition, which is characteristic of spectra obtained with hot wires. The BLTD is described along with operational requirements and limitations.

A Nonperturbing Boundary-Layer Transition Detector

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

O'Hare, J. E.

1986-01-01

A laser interferometer technique is being applied to the characterization of boundary-layer conditions on models in supersonic and hypersonic wind tunnels in the von Kaman Facility at Arnold Engineering Development Center (AEDC). The Boundary-Layer Transition Detector (BLTD), based on lateral interferometry, is applicable for determining the turbulence frequency spectrum of boundary layers in compressible flow. The turbulence, in terms of air density fluctuations, is detected by monitoring interferometric fringe phase shifts (in real time) formed by one beam which passes through the boundary layer and a reference beam which is outside the boundary layer. This technique is nonintrusive to the flow field unlike other commonly used methods such as pitot tube probing and hot-wire anemometry. Model boundary-layer data are presented at Mach 8 and compared with data recorded using other methods during boundary-layer transition from laminar to turbulent flow. Spectra from the BLTD reveal the presence of a high-frequency peak during transition, which is characteristic of spectra obtained with hot wires. The BLTD is described along with operational requirements and limitations.

Comparison of theoretical and experimental boundary-layer development in a Mach 2.5 mixed-compression inlet

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Hingst, W. R.; Towne, C. E.

1974-01-01

An analytical investigation was made of the boundary layer flow in an axisymmetric Mach 2.5 mixed compression inlet, and the results were compared with experimental measurements. The inlet tests were conducted in the Lewis 10- by 10-foot supersonic wind tunnel at a unit Reynolds number of 8.2 million/m. The inlet incorporated porous bleed regions for boundary layer control, and the effect of this bleed was taken into account in the analysis. The experimental boundary layer data were analyzed by using similarity laws from which the skin friction coefficient was obtained. The boundary layer analysis included predictions of laminar and turbulent boundary layer growth, transition, and the effects of the shock boundary layer interactions. In addition, the surface static pressures were compared with those obtained from an inviscid characteristics program. The results of investigation showed that the analytical techniques gave satisfactory predictions of the boundary layer flow except in regions that were badly distorted by the terminal shock.

Boundary layers in centrifugal compressors. [application of boundary layer theory to compressor design

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Dean, R. C., Jr.

1974-01-01

The utility of boundary-layer theory in the design of centrifugal compressors is demonstrated. Boundary-layer development in the diffuser entry region is shown to be important to stage efficiency. The result of an earnest attempt to analyze this boundary layer with the best tools available is displayed. Acceptable prediction accuracy was not achieved. The inaccuracy of boundary-layer analysis in this case would result in stage efficiency prediction as much as four points low. Fluid dynamic reasons for analysis failure are discussed with support from flow data. Empirical correlations used today to circumnavigate the weakness of the theory are illustrated.

Boundary Asymptotic Analysis for an Incompressible Viscous Flow: Navier Wall Laws

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

El Jarroudi, M.; Brillard, A.

2008-06-15

We consider a new way of establishing Navier wall laws. Considering a bounded domain {omega} of R{sup N}, N=2,3, surrounded by a thin layer {sigma}{sub {epsilon}}, along a part {gamma}{sub 2} of its boundary {partial_derivative}{omega}, we consider a Navier-Stokes flow in {omega} union {partial_derivative}{omega} union {sigma}{sub {epsilon}} with Reynolds' number of order 1/{epsilon} in {sigma}{sub {epsilon}}. Using {gamma}-convergence arguments, we describe the asymptotic behaviour of the solution of this problem and get a general Navier law involving a matrix of Borel measures having the same support contained in the interface {gamma}{sub 2}. We then consider two special cases where wemore » characterize this matrix of measures. As a further application, we consider an optimal control problem within this context.« less

Ordered organic-organic multilayer growth

DOEpatents

Forrest, Stephen R.; Lunt, Richard R.

2016-04-05

An ordered multilayer crystalline organic thin film structure is formed by depositing at least two layers of thin film crystalline organic materials successively wherein the at least two thin film layers are selected to have their surface energies within .+-.50% of each other, and preferably within .+-.15% of each other, whereby every thin film layer within the multilayer crystalline organic thin film structure exhibit a quasi-epitaxial relationship with the adjacent crystalline organic thin film.

Ordered organic-organic multilayer growth

DOEpatents

Forrest, Stephen R; Lunt, Richard R

2015-01-13

An ordered multilayer crystalline organic thin film structure is formed by depositing at least two layers of thin film crystalline organic materials successively wherein the at least two thin film layers are selected to have their surface energies within .+-.50% of each other, and preferably within .+-.15% of each other, whereby every thin film layer within the multilayer crystalline organic thin film structure exhibit a quasi-epitaxial relationship with the adjacent crystalline organic thin film.

Boundary-Layer Bypass Transition Over Large-Scale Bodies

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-12-16

shape of the streamwise velocity profile compared to the flat- plate boundary layer. The research showed that the streamwise wavenumber plays a key role...many works on the suppression of the transitional boundary layer. Most of the results in the literature are for the flat- plate boundary layer but the...behaviour of the velocity and pressure changes with the curvature. This work aims to extend the results of the flat- plate boundary layer to a Rankine

Nano-crystalline thin and nano-particulate thick TiO{sub 2} layer: Cost effective sequential deposition and study on dye sensitized solar cell characteristics

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Das, P.; Sengupta, D.; CSIR-Central Mechanical Engineering Research Institute, Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research

Highlights: • Thin TiO{sub 2} layer is deposited on conducting substrate using sol–gel based dip coating. • TiO{sub 2} nano-particles are synthesized using hydrothermal route. • Thick TiO{sub 2} particulate layer is deposited on prepared thin layer. • Dye sensitized solar cells are made using thin and thick layer based photo-anode. • Introduction of thin layer in particulate photo-anode improves the cell efficiency. - Abstract: A compact thin TiO{sub 2} passivation layer is introduced between the mesoporous TiO{sub 2} nano-particulate layer and the conducting glass substrate to prepare photo-anode for dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC). In order to understand the effectmore » of passivation layer, other two DSSCs are also developed separately using TiO{sub 2} nano-particulate and compact thin film based photo-anodes. Nano-particles are prepared using hydrothermal synthesis route and the compact passivation layer is prepared by simply dip coating the precursor sol prepared through wet chemical route. The TiO{sub 2} compact layer and the nano-particles are characterised in terms of their micro-structural features and phase formation behavior. It is found that introduction of a compact TiO{sub 2} layer in between the mesoporous TiO{sub 2} nano-particulate layer and the conducting substrate improves the solar to electric conversion efficiency of the fabricated cell. The dense thin passivation layer is supposed to enhance the photo-excited electron transfer and prevent the recombination of photo-excited electrons.« less

An experimental investigation of a two and a three-dimensional low speed turbulent boundary layer

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Winkelmann, A. E.; Melnik, W. L.

1976-01-01

Experimental studies of a two and a three-dimensional low speed turbulent boundary layer were conducted on the side wall of a boundary layer wind tunnel. The 20 ft. long test section, with a rectangular cross section measuring 17.5 in. x 46 in., produced a 3.5 in. thick turbulent boundary layer at a free stream Reynolds number. The three-dimensional turbulent boundary layer was produced by a 30 deg swept wing-like model faired into the side wall of the test section. Preliminary studies in the two-dimensional boundary layer indicated that the flow was nonuniform on the 46 in. wide test wall. The nonuniform boundary layer is characterized by transverse variations in the wall shear stress and is primarily caused by nonuniformities in the inlet damping screens.

2-D transmitral flows simulation by means of the immersed boundary method on unstructured grids

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Denaro, F. M.; Sarghini, F.

2002-04-01

Interaction between computational fluid dynamics and clinical researches recently allowed a deeper understanding of the physiology of complex phenomena involving cardio-vascular mechanisms. The aim of this paper is to develop a simplified numerical model based on the Immersed Boundary Method and to perform numerical simulations in order to study the cardiac diastolic phase during which the left ventricle is filled with blood flowing from the atrium throughout the mitral valve. As one of the diagnostic problems to be faced by clinicians is the lack of a univocal definition of the diastolic performance from the velocity measurements obtained by Eco-Doppler techniques, numerical simulations are supposed to provide an insight both into the physics of the diastole and into the interpretation of experimental data. An innovative application of the Immersed Boundary Method on unstructured grids is presented, fulfilling accuracy requirements related to the development of a thin boundary layer along the moving immersed boundary. It appears that this coupling between unstructured meshes and the Immersed Boundary Method is a promising technique when a wide range of spatial scales is involved together with a moving boundary. Numerical simulations are performed in a range of physiological parameters and a qualitative comparison with experimental data is presented, in order to demonstrate that, despite the simplified model, the main physiological characteristics of the diastole are well represented. Copyright

An Electrochemical Experiment Using an Optically Transparent Thin Layer Electrode

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

DeAngelis, Thomas P.; Heineman, William R.

1976-01-01

Describes a unified experiment in which an optically transparent thin layer electrode is used to illustrate the techniques of thin layer electrochemistry, cyclic voltammetry, controlled potential coulometry, and spectroelectrochemistry. (MLH)

Rectenna that converts infrared radiation to electrical energy

DOEpatents

Davids, Paul; Peters, David W.

2016-09-06

Technologies pertaining to converting infrared (IR) radiation to DC energy are described herein. In a general embodiment, a rectenna comprises a conductive layer. A thin insulator layer is formed on the conductive layer, and a nanoantenna is formed on the thin insulator layer. The thin insulator layer acts as a tunnel junction of a tunnel diode.

Interaction of Atmospheric Turbulence with Blade Boundary Layer Dynamics on a 5MW Wind Turbine using Blade-Boundary-Layer-Resolved CFD with hybrid URANS-LES.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Vijayakumar, Ganesh; Brasseur, James; Lavely, Adam

We describe the response of the NREL 5 MW wind turbine blade boundary layer to the passage of atmospheric turbulence using blade-boundary-layer-resolved computational fluid dynamics with hybrid URANS-LES modeling.

Cadmium-free junction fabrication process for CuInSe.sub.2 thin film solar cells

DOEpatents

Ramanathan, Kannan V.; Contreras, Miguel A.; Bhattacharya, Raghu N.; Keane, James; Noufi, Rommel

1999-01-01

The present invention provides an economical, simple, dry and controllable semiconductor layer junction forming process to make cadmium free high efficiency photovoltaic cells having a first layer comprised primarily of copper indium diselenide having a thin doped copper indium diselenide n-type region, generated by thermal diffusion with a group II(b) element such as zinc, and a halide, such as chlorine, and a second layer comprised of a conventional zinc oxide bilayer. A photovoltaic device according the present invention includes a first thin film layer of semiconductor material formed primarily from copper indium diselenide. Doping of the copper indium diselenide with zinc chloride is accomplished using either a zinc chloride solution or a solid zinc chloride material. Thermal diffusion of zinc chloride into the copper indium diselenide upper region creates the thin n-type copper indium diselenide surface. A second thin film layer of semiconductor material comprising zinc oxide is then applied in two layers. The first layer comprises a thin layer of high resistivity zinc oxide. The second relatively thick layer of zinc oxide is doped to exhibit low resistivity.

Semiconductor P-I-N detector

DOEpatents

Sudharsanan, Rengarajan; Karam, Nasser H.

2001-01-01

A semiconductor P-I-N detector including an intrinsic wafer, a P-doped layer, an N-doped layer, and a boundary layer for reducing the diffusion of dopants into the intrinsic wafer. The boundary layer is positioned between one of the doped regions and the intrinsic wafer. The intrinsic wafer can be composed of CdZnTe or CdTe, the P-doped layer can be composed of ZnTe doped with copper, and the N-doped layer can be composed of CdS doped with indium. The boundary layers is formed of an undoped semiconductor material. The boundary layer can be deposited onto the underlying intrinsic wafer. The doped regions are then typically formed by a deposition process or by doping a section of the deposited boundary layer.

SUPERSONIC SHEAR INSTABILITIES IN ASTROPHYSICAL BOUNDARY LAYERS

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Belyaev, Mikhail A.; Rafikov, Roman R., E-mail: rrr@astro.princeton.edu

Disk accretion onto weakly magnetized astrophysical objects often proceeds via a boundary layer (BL) that forms near the object's surface, in which the rotation speed of the accreted gas changes rapidly. Here, we study the initial stages of formation for such a BL around a white dwarf or a young star by examining the hydrodynamical shear instabilities that may initiate mixing and momentum transport between the two fluids of different densities moving supersonically with respect to each other. We find that an initially laminar BL is unstable to two different kinds of instabilities. One is an instability of a supersonicmore » vortex sheet (implying a discontinuous initial profile of the angular speed of the gas) in the presence of gravity, which we find to have a growth rate of order (but less than) the orbital frequency. The other is a sonic instability of a finite width, supersonic shear layer, which is similar to the Papaloizou-Pringle instability. It has a growth rate proportional to the shear inside the transition layer, which is of order the orbital frequency times the ratio of stellar radius to the BL thickness. For a BL that is thin compared to the radius of the star, the shear rate is much larger than the orbital frequency. Thus, we conclude that sonic instabilities play a dominant role in the initial stages of nonmagnetic BL formation and give rise to very fast mixing between disk gas and stellar fluid in the supersonic regime.« less

Ferroelectric and piezoelectric responses of (110) and (001)-oriented epitaxial Pb(Zr{sub 0.52}Ti{sub 0.48})O{sub 3} thin films on all-oxide layers buffered silicon

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Vu, Hien Thu; Nguyen, Minh Duc, E-mail: minh.nguyen@itims.edu.vn; Inorganic Materials Science

2015-12-15

Graphical abstract: The cross sections show a very dense structure in the (001)-oriented films (c,d), while an open columnar growth structure is observed in the case of the (110)-oriented films (a,b). The (110)-oriented PZT films show a significantly larger longitudinal piezoelectric coefficient (d33{sub ,f}), but smaller transverse piezoelectric coefficient (d31{sub ,f}) than the (001) oriented films. - Highlights: • We fabricate all-oxide, epitaxial piezoelectric PZT thin films on Si. • The orientation of the films can be controlled by changing the buffer layer stack. • The coherence of the in-plane orientation of the grains and grain boundaries affects the ferroelectricmore » properties. • Good cycling stability of the ferroelectric properties of (001)-oriented PZT thin films. The (110)-oriented PZT thin films show a larger d33{sub ,f} but smaller d31{sub ,f} than the (001)-oriented films. - Abstract: Epitaxial ferroelectric Pb(Zr{sub 0.52}Ti{sub 0.48})O{sub 3} (PZT) thin films were fabricated on silicon substrates using pulsed laser deposition. Depending on the buffer layers and perovskite oxide electrodes, epitaxial films with different orientations were grown. (110)-oriented PZT/SrRuO{sub 3} (and PZT/LaNiO{sub 3}) films were obtained on YSZ-buffered Si substrates, while (001)-oriented PZT/SrRuO{sub 3} (and PZT/LaNiO{sub 3}) were fabricated with an extra CeO{sub 2} buffer layer (CeO{sub 2}/YSZ/Si). There is no effect of the electrode material on the properties of the films. The initial remnant polarizations in the (001)-oriented films are higher than those of (110)-oriented films, but it increases to the value of the (001) films upon cycling. The longitudinal piezoelectric d33{sub ,f} coefficients of the (110) films are larger than those of the (001) films, whereas the transverse piezoelectric d31{sub ,f} coefficients in the (110)-films are less than those in the (001)-oriented films. The difference is ascribed to the lower density (connectivity between grains) of the former films.« less

Practical calculation of laminar and turbulent bled-off boundary layers

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Eppler, R.

1978-01-01

Bleed-off of boundary layer material is shown to be an effective means for reducing drag by conserving the laminar boundary layer and preventing separation of the turbulent boundary layer. The case in which the two effects of bleed-off overlap is examined. Empirical methods are extended to the case of bleed-off. Laminar and turbulent boundary layers are treated simultaneously and the approximation differential equations are solved without an uncertain error. The case without bleed-off is also treated.

Tables for correcting airfoil data obtained in the Langley 0.3-meter transonic cryogenic tunnel for sidewall boundary-layer effects

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Jenkins, R. V.; Adcock, J. B.

1986-01-01

Tables for correcting airfoil data taken in the Langley 0.3-meter Transonic Cryogenic Tunnel for the presence of sidewall boundary layer are presented. The corrected Mach number and the correction factor are minutely altered by a 20 percent change in the boundary layer virtual origin distance. The sidewall boundary layer displacement thicknesses measured for perforated sidewall inserts and without boundary layer removal agree with the values calculated for solid sidewalls.

Tropical Cyclone Induced Air-Sea Interactions Over Oceanic Fronts

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Shay, L. K.

2012-12-01

Recent severe tropical cyclones underscore the inherent importance of warm background ocean fronts and their interactions with the atmospheric boundary layer. Central to the question of heat and moisture fluxes, the amount of heat available to the tropical cyclone is predicated by the initial mixed layer depth and strength of the stratification that essentially set the level of entrainment mixing at the base of the mixed layer. In oceanic regimes where the ocean mixed layers are thin, shear-induced mixing tends to cool the upper ocean to form cold wakes which reduces the air-sea fluxes. This is an example of negative feedback. By contrast, in regimes where the ocean mixed layers are deep (usually along the western part of the gyres), warm water advection by the nearly steady currents reduces the levels of turbulent mixing by shear instabilities. As these strong near-inertial shears are arrested, more heat and moisture transfers are available through the enthalpy fluxes (typically 1 to 1.5 kW m-2) into the hurricane boundary layer. When tropical cyclones move into favorable or neutral atmospheric conditions, tropical cyclones have a tendency to rapidly intensify as observed over the Gulf of Mexico during Isidore and Lili in 2002, Katrina, Rita and Wilma in 2005, Dean and Felix in 2007 in the Caribbean Sea, and Earl in 2010 just north of the Caribbean Islands. To predict these tropical cyclone deepening (as well as weakening) cycles, coupled models must have ocean models with realistic ocean conditions and accurate air-sea and vertical mixing parameterizations. Thus, to constrain these models, having complete 3-D ocean profiles juxtaposed with atmospheric profiler measurements prior, during and subsequent to passage is an absolute necessity framed within regional scale satellite derived fields.

Annual Research Briefs

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Spinks, Debra (Compiler)

1997-01-01

This report contains the 1997 annual progress reports of the research fellows and students supported by the Center for Turbulence Research (CTR). Titles include: Invariant modeling in large-eddy simulation of turbulence; Validation of large-eddy simulation in a plain asymmetric diffuser; Progress in large-eddy simulation of trailing-edge turbulence and aeronautics; Resolution requirements in large-eddy simulations of shear flows; A general theory of discrete filtering for LES in complex geometry; On the use of discrete filters for large eddy simulation; Wall models in large eddy simulation of separated flow; Perspectives for ensemble average LES; Anisotropic grid-based formulas for subgrid-scale models; Some modeling requirements for wall models in large eddy simulation; Numerical simulation of 3D turbulent boundary layers using the V2F model; Accurate modeling of impinging jet heat transfer; Application of turbulence models to high-lift airfoils; Advances in structure-based turbulence modeling; Incorporating realistic chemistry into direct numerical simulations of turbulent non-premixed combustion; Effects of small-scale structure on turbulent mixing; Turbulent premixed combustion in the laminar flamelet and the thin reaction zone regime; Large eddy simulation of combustion instabilities in turbulent premixed burners; On the generation of vorticity at a free-surface; Active control of turbulent channel flow; A generalized framework for robust control in fluid mechanics; Combined immersed-boundary/B-spline methods for simulations of flow in complex geometries; and DNS of shock boundary-layer interaction - preliminary results for compression ramp flow.

Direct imaging of thermally-activated grain-boundary diffusion in Cu/Co/IrMn/Pt exchange-bias structures using atom-probe tomography

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Letellier, F.; Lechevallier, L.; Lardé, R.; Le Breton, J.-M.; Akmaldinov, K.; Auffret, S.; Dieny, B.; Baltz, V.

2014-11-01

Magnetic devices are often subject to thermal processing steps, such as field cooling to set exchange bias and annealing to crystallize amorphous magnetic electrodes. These processing steps may result in interdiffusion and the subsequent deterioration of magnetic properties. In this study, we investigated thermally-activated diffusion in Cu/Co/IrMn/Pt exchange biased polycrystalline thin-film structures using atom probe tomography. Images taken after annealing at 400 °C for 60 min revealed Mn diffusion into Co grains at the Co/IrMn interface and along Pt grain boundaries for the IrMn/Pt stack, i.e., a Harrison type C regime. Annealing at 500 °C showed further Mn diffusion into Co grains. At the IrMn/Pt interface, annealing at 500 °C led to a type B behavior since Mn diffusion was detected both along Pt grain boundaries and also into Pt grains. The deterioration of the films' exchange bias properties upon annealing was correlated to the observed diffusion. In particular, the topmost Pt capping layer thickness turned out to be crucial since a faster deterioration of the exchange bias properties for thicker caps was observed. This is consistent with the idea that Pt acts as a getter for Mn, drawing Mn out of the IrMn layer.

Discussion of Boundary-Layer Characteristics Near the Wall of an Axial-Flow Compressor

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Mager, Artur; Mohoney, John J; Budinger, Ray E

1952-01-01

The boundary-layer velocity profiles in the tip region of an axial-flow compressor downstream of the guide vanes and downstream of the rotor were measured by use of total-pressure and claw-type yaw probes. These velocities were resolved into two components: one along the streamline of the flow outside the boundary layer, and the other perpendicular to it. The affinity among all profiles was thus demonstrated with the boundary-layer thickness and the deflection of the boundary layer at the wall as the generalizing parameters. By use of these results and the momentum-integral equations, boundary-layer characteristics on the walls of an axial-flow compressor were qualitatively evaluated.

The threshold strength of laminar ceramics utilizing molar volume changes and porosity

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pontin, Michael Gene

It has been shown that uniformly spaced thin compressive layers within a ceramic body can arrest the propagation of an otherwise catastrophic crack, producing a threshold strength: a strength below which the probability of failure is zero. Previous work has shown that the threshold strength increases with both the magnitude of the compressive stress and the fracture toughness of the thin layer material, and finite element analysis predicts that the threshold strength can be further increased when the elastic modulus of the compressive layer is much smaller than the thicker layer. The current work describes several new approaches to increase the threshold strength of a laminar ceramic system. The initial method utilized a molar volume expansion within the thin layers, produced by the tetragonal-to-monoclinic phase transformation of unstabilized zirconia during cooling, in order to produce large compressive stresses within the thin layers. High threshold strengths were measured for this system, but they remained relatively constant as the zirconia content was increased. It was determined that microcracking produced during the transformation reduced the magnitude of the compressive stresses, but may also have served to reduce the modulus of the thin compressive layer, providing an additional strengthening mechanism. The second approach studied the addition of porosity to reduce the elastic modulus of the thin compressive layers. A new processing method was created and analyzed, in which thick layers of the laminate were fabricated by tape-casting, and then dip-coated into a slurry, containing rice starch, to create thin porous compressive layers upon densification. The effects of porosity on the residual compressive stress, elastic modulus, and fracture toughness of the thin layers were measured and calculated, and it was found that the elastic modulus mismatch between the thin and thick layers produced a large strengthening effect for volume fractions of porosity below a critical level. Specimens with greater volume fractions of porosity exhibited complete crack arrest, typically followed by non-catastrophic failure, as cracks initiating in adjacent thick layers coalesced by cracking or delamination along the thin porous layers.

Prediction of turbulent shear layers in turbomachines

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Bradshaw, P.

1974-01-01

The characteristics of turbulent shear layers in turbomachines are compared with the turbulent boundary layers on airfoils. Seven different aspects are examined. The limits of boundary layer theory are investigated. Boundary layer prediction methods are applied to analysis of the flow in turbomachines.

Enhanced Performance Consistency in Nanoparticle/TIPS Pentacene-Based Organic Thin Film Transistors

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

He, Zhengran; Xiao, Kai; Durant, William Mark

2011-01-01

In this study, inorganic silica nanoparticles are used to manipulate the morphology of 6,13-bis(triisopropylsilylethynyl)-pentacene (TIPS pentacene) thin films and the performance of solution-processed organic thin-film transistors (OTFTs). This approach is taken to control crystal anisotropy, which is the origin of poor consistency in TIPS pentacene based OTFT devices. Thin film active layers are produced by drop-casting mixtures of SiO{sub 2} nanoparticles and TIPS pentacene. The resultant drop-cast films yield improved morphological uniformity at {approx}10% SiO{sub 2} loading, which also leads to a 3-fold increase in average mobility and nearly 4 times reduction in the ratio of measured mobility standard deviationmore » ({mu}{sub Stdev}) to average mobility ({mu}{sub Avg}). Grazing-incidence X-ray diffraction, scanning and transmission electron microscopy as well as polarized optical microscopy are used to investigate the nanoparticle-mediated TIPS pentacene crystallization. The experimental results suggest that the SiO{sub 2} nanoparticles mostly aggregate at TIPS pentacene grain boundaries, and 10% nanoparticle concentration effectively reduces the undesirable crystal misorientation without considerably compromising TIPS pentacene crystallinity.« less

Characterization of Cu buffer layers for growth of L10-FeNi thin films

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mizuguchi, M.; Sekiya, S.; Takanashi, K.

2010-05-01

A Cu(001) layer was fabricated on a Au(001) layer to investigate the use of Cu as a buffer layer for growing L10-FeNi thin films. The epitaxial growth of a Cu buffer layer was observed using reflection high-energy electron diffraction. The flatness of the layer improved drastically with an increase in the substrate temperature although the layer was an alloy (AuCu3). An FeNi thin film was epitaxially grown on the AuCu3 buffer layer by alternate monatomic layer deposition and the formation of an L10-FeNi ordered alloy was expected. The AuCu3 buffer layer is thus a promising candidate material for the growth of L10-FeNi thin films.

Study of boundary-layer transition using transonic-cone preston tube data

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Reed, T. D.; Moretti, P. M.

1980-01-01

The laminar boundary layer on a 10 degree cone in a transonic wind tunnel was studied. The inviscid flow and boundary layer development were simulated by computer programs. The effects of pitch and yaw angles on the boundary layer were examined. Preston-tube data, taken on the boundary-layer-transition cone in the NASA Ames 11 ft transonic wind tunnel, were used to develope a correlation which relates the measurements to theoretical values of laminar skin friction. The recommended correlation is based on a compressible form of the classical law-of-the-wall. The computer codes successfully simulates the laminar boundary layer for near-zero pitch and yaw angles. However, in cases of significant pitch and/or yaw angles, the flow is three dimensional and the boundary layer computer code used here cannot provide a satisfactory model. The skin-friction correlation is thought to be valid for body geometries other than cones.

Stability of boundary layer flow based on energy gradient theory

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dou, Hua-Shu; Xu, Wenqian; Khoo, Boo Cheong

2018-05-01

The flow of the laminar boundary layer on a flat plate is studied with the simulation of Navier-Stokes equations. The mechanisms of flow instability at external edge of the boundary layer and near the wall are analyzed using the energy gradient theory. The simulation results show that there is an overshoot on the velocity profile at the external edge of the boundary layer. At this overshoot, the energy gradient function is very large which results in instability according to the energy gradient theory. It is found that the transverse gradient of the total mechanical energy is responsible for the instability at the external edge of the boundary layer, which induces the entrainment of external flow into the boundary layer. Within the boundary layer, there is a maximum of the energy gradient function near the wall, which leads to intensive flow instability near the wall and contributes to the generation of turbulence.

Wind and boundary layers in Rayleigh-Bénard convection. II. Boundary layer character and scaling.

PubMed

van Reeuwijk, Maarten; Jonker, Harm J J; Hanjalić, Kemo

2008-03-01

The scaling of the kinematic boundary layer thickness lambda(u) and the friction factor C(f) at the top and bottom walls of Rayleigh-Bénard convection is studied by direct numerical simulation (DNS). By a detailed analysis of the friction factor, a new parameterisation for C(f) and lambda(u) is proposed. The simulations were made of an L/H=4 aspect-ratio domain with periodic lateral boundary conditions at Ra=(10(5), 10(6), 10(7), 10(8)) and Pr=1. The continuous spectrum, as well as significant forcing due to Reynolds stresses, clearly indicates a turbulent character of the boundary layer, while viscous effects cannot be neglected, judging from the scaling of classical integral boundary layer parameters with Reynolds number. Using a conceptual wind model, we find that the friction factor C(f) should scale proportionally to the thermal boundary layer thickness as C(f) proportional variant lambda(Theta)/H, while the kinetic boundary layer thickness lambda(u) scales inversely proportionally to the thermal boundary layer thickness and wind Reynolds number lambda(u)/H proportional variant (lambda(Theta)/H)(-1)Re(-1). The predicted trends for C(f) and lambda(u) are in agreement with DNS results.

Unsteady transonic viscous-inviscid interaction using Euler and boundary-layer equations

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Pirzadeh, Shahyar; Whitfield, Dave

1989-01-01

The Euler code is used extensively for computation of transonic unsteady aerodynamics. The boundary layer code solves the 3-D, compressible, unsteady, mean flow kinetic energy integral boundary layer equations in the direct mode. Inviscid-viscous coupling is handled using porosity boundary conditions. Some of the advantages and disadvantages of using the Euler and boundary layer equations for investigating unsteady viscous-inviscid interaction is examined.

How the venetian blind percept emerges from the laminar cortical dynamics of 3D vision

PubMed Central

Cao, Yongqiang; Grossberg, Stephen

2014-01-01

The 3D LAMINART model of 3D vision and figure-ground perception is used to explain and simulate a key example of the Venetian blind effect and to show how it is related to other well-known perceptual phenomena such as Panum's limiting case. The model proposes how lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) and hierarchically organized laminar circuits in cortical areas V1, V2, and V4 interact to control processes of 3D boundary formation and surface filling-in that simulate many properties of 3D vision percepts, notably consciously seen surface percepts, which are predicted to arise when filled-in surface representations are integrated into surface-shroud resonances between visual and parietal cortex. Interactions between layers 4, 3B, and 2/3 in V1 and V2 carry out stereopsis and 3D boundary formation. Both binocular and monocular information combine to form 3D boundary and surface representations. Surface contour surface-to-boundary feedback from V2 thin stripes to V2 pale stripes combines computationally complementary boundary and surface formation properties, leading to a single consistent percept, while also eliminating redundant 3D boundaries, and triggering figure-ground perception. False binocular boundary matches are eliminated by Gestalt grouping properties during boundary formation. In particular, a disparity filter, which helps to solve the Correspondence Problem by eliminating false matches, is predicted to be realized as part of the boundary grouping process in layer 2/3 of cortical area V2. The model has been used to simulate the consciously seen 3D surface percepts in 18 psychophysical experiments. These percepts include the Venetian blind effect, Panum's limiting case, contrast variations of dichoptic masking and the correspondence problem, the effect of interocular contrast differences on stereoacuity, stereopsis with polarity-reversed stereograms, da Vinci stereopsis, and perceptual closure. These model mechanisms have also simulated properties of 3D neon color spreading, binocular rivalry, 3D Necker cube, and many examples of 3D figure-ground separation. PMID:25309467

How the venetian blind percept emerges from the laminar cortical dynamics of 3D vision.

PubMed

Cao, Yongqiang; Grossberg, Stephen

2014-01-01

The 3D LAMINART model of 3D vision and figure-ground perception is used to explain and simulate a key example of the Venetian blind effect and to show how it is related to other well-known perceptual phenomena such as Panum's limiting case. The model proposes how lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) and hierarchically organized laminar circuits in cortical areas V1, V2, and V4 interact to control processes of 3D boundary formation and surface filling-in that simulate many properties of 3D vision percepts, notably consciously seen surface percepts, which are predicted to arise when filled-in surface representations are integrated into surface-shroud resonances between visual and parietal cortex. Interactions between layers 4, 3B, and 2/3 in V1 and V2 carry out stereopsis and 3D boundary formation. Both binocular and monocular information combine to form 3D boundary and surface representations. Surface contour surface-to-boundary feedback from V2 thin stripes to V2 pale stripes combines computationally complementary boundary and surface formation properties, leading to a single consistent percept, while also eliminating redundant 3D boundaries, and triggering figure-ground perception. False binocular boundary matches are eliminated by Gestalt grouping properties during boundary formation. In particular, a disparity filter, which helps to solve the Correspondence Problem by eliminating false matches, is predicted to be realized as part of the boundary grouping process in layer 2/3 of cortical area V2. The model has been used to simulate the consciously seen 3D surface percepts in 18 psychophysical experiments. These percepts include the Venetian blind effect, Panum's limiting case, contrast variations of dichoptic masking and the correspondence problem, the effect of interocular contrast differences on stereoacuity, stereopsis with polarity-reversed stereograms, da Vinci stereopsis, and perceptual closure. These model mechanisms have also simulated properties of 3D neon color spreading, binocular rivalry, 3D Necker cube, and many examples of 3D figure-ground separation.

Prediction of unsteady separated flows on oscillating airfoils

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Mccroskey, W. J.

1978-01-01

Techniques for calculating high Reynolds number flow around an airfoil undergoing dynamic stall are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on predicting the values of lift, drag, and pitching moments. Methods discussed include: the discrete potential vortex method; thin boundary layer method; strong interaction between inviscid and viscous flows; and solutions to the Navier-Stokes equations. Empirical methods for estimating unsteady airloads on oscillating airfoils are also described. These methods correlate force and moment data from wind tunnel tests to indicate the effects of various parameters, such as airfoil shape, Mach number, amplitude and frequency of sinosoidal oscillations, mean angle, and type of motion.

Spacecraft Observations and Analytic Theory of Crescent-Shaped Electron Distributions in Asymmetric Magnetic Reconnection

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Egedal, J.; Le, A.; Daughton, W.; Wetherton, B.; Cassak, P. A.; Chen, L.-J.; Lavraud, B.; Torbert, R. B.; Dorelli, J.; Gershman, D. J.; Avanov, L. A.

2016-10-01

Supported by a kinetic simulation, we derive an exclusion energy parameter EX providing a lower kinetic energy bound for an electron to cross from one inflow region to the other during magnetic reconnection. As by a Maxwell demon, only high-energy electrons are permitted to cross the inner reconnection region, setting the electron distribution function observed along the low-density side separatrix during asymmetric reconnection. The analytic model accounts for the two distinct flavors of crescent-shaped electron distributions observed by spacecraft in a thin boundary layer along the low-density separatrix.

Percolative effects on noise in pentacene transistors

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Conrad, B. R.; Cullen, W. G.; Yan, W.; Williams, E. D.

2007-12-01

Noise in pentacene thin film transistors has been measured as a function of device thickness from well above the effective conduction channel thickness to only two conducting layers. Over the entire thickness range, the spectral noise form is 1/f, and the noise parameter varies inversely with gate voltage, confirming that the noise is due to mobility fluctuations, even in the thinnest films. Hooge's parameter varies as an inverse power law with conductivity for all film thicknesses. The magnitude and transport characteristics of the spectral noise are well explained in terms of percolative effects arising from the grain boundary structure.

Spacecraft Observations and Analytic Theory of Crescent-Shaped Electron Distributions in Asymmetric Magnetic Reconnection

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Egedal, J.; Le, A.; Daughton, W.; Wetherton, B.; Cassak, P.A.; Chen, L.-J.; Lavraud, B.; Trobert, Roy; Dorelli, J.; Gershman, D. J.;

Skin-friction measurements by laser interferometry

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Kim, K.-S.; Settles, G. S.

1989-01-01

The measurement of skin friction in rapidly distorted compressible flows is difficult, and very few reliable techniques are available. A recent development, the laser interferometer skin friction (LISF) meter, promises to be useful for this purpose. This technique interferometrically measures the time rate of thinning of an oil film applied to an aerodynamic surface. Under the proper conditions the wall shear stress may thus be found directly, without reference to flow properties. The applicability of the LISF meter to supersonic boundary layers is examined experimentally. Its accuracy and repeatability are assessed, and conditions required for its successful application are considered.

The laser interferometer skin-friction meter - A numerical and experimental study

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Murphy, J. D.; Westphal, R. V.

1986-01-01

Limits to the applicability of thin-film lubrication theory are established. The following two problems are considered: (1) the response of the oil film to a time-varying skin friction such as is encountered in turbulent boundary layers, and (2) a 'surface-wave instability' encountered at high skin-friction levels. Results corresponding to the first problem reveal that the laser interferometer skin-friction meter may, in principle, be applied to the measurement of instantaneous skin friction. In addressing the second problem, it is shown that the observed surface waves are not the result of a hydrodynamic instability.