[Third World cities: points of accumulation, centers of distribution].

PubMed

Armstrong, W R; Mcgee, T G

1985-01-01

Attention was called over 3 decades ago to the very rapid growth of Third World cities and the significance of the differences between their patterns of urbanization and those of industrialized countries. Their demographic growth occurred much faster and depended much more heavily on high fertility, their economies were geared more to export of raw materials than to manufacturing and were unable to create massive numbers of jobs to absorb the growing labor force except in the unproductive tertiary sector, and it appeared unlikely that they would be able to produce entrepreneurial classes of their own. Several economic developments during the 1970s affected the world economy and the patterns of urbanization of the Third World: the decline of the principal capitalist economies and the multiple increases in the price of oil, the floating exchange rate, the considerable increase in consumer goods, and the increasing costs of labor in industrialized countries, among others, created new conditions. World economic interdependence, international control of investment and exchange, and volume and mobility of capital increased at a time of rapid economic growth in some Third World countries, especially those whose governments took an aggressive role in promoting growth and investment. Some Third World cities now seem to be developing according to a more western model, but the same cannot be said of all Third World countries, and international economic evolution appears to have led to increasing polarization between countries as well as within them. The 1 domain where a certain convergence has occurred is consumption, beginning with the privileged classes and filtering to the lower income groups. Consumption of collective and individual consumer goods, which is concentrated in the largest cities, increases dependence on imports, technology, knowledge, and usually debt. The modern productive sector and its distribution activities become implanted in the cities to such a degree that it becomes more and more difficult for the consumption needs of regional cities and rural areas to be satisfied except through manufactured products from the capitalist sector of the principal city or through imports from industrial countries. Despite the fact that some Third World cities will be enormous by the year 2000 and that their social structures and labor forces will not closely resemble those of European cities, the thesis of "pseudourbanization" appears invalid for several reasons: the model of sectorial changes in the European labor force was not followed by the industrializing countries of North America; some Third World countries (excluding India and China) appear able to absorb most of their surplus rural population into the modern sector, and Third World cities appear less and less to be merely centers of culture. New research during the 1970s on Third World urbanization contributed several crucial elements to the analysis: recognition that insertion of developing countries into the international economic order has been a major influence on their urbanization patterns, appreciation of the role of migration in urbanization, realization of the potential role of the state in mitigating spatial and structural inequalities created by the urbanization process, and recognition of the need for more detailed microeconomic studies and construction of more elaborate models of Third World economies.

The Tangled World of Teacher Debt: Clashing Rules and Uncertain Benefits for Federal Student-Loan Subsidies

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Delisle, Jason; Holt, Alexander

2017-01-01

The world of student loans and debt forgiveness for teachers is a patchwork of overlapping programs, contradictory regulations, and expensive subsidies that date back to Dwight D. Eisenhower's signing of the National Defense Education Act of 1958. The 60-year experiment in using federal loan dollars to encourage students to become teachers could…

Debt swapping as a tool for economic and social stabilization in Russia's closed nuclear cities (briefing paper)

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

JL Fuller; KM Leek

2000-03-08

The next great issue on the Russian landscape will be management of its foreign debt. In the near future the United States will be called upon to lead an international program of debt restructuring to assist Russia in overcoming the burden of its debt trap. With debt service obligations equal to 50{percent} of 1999 revenues, Russia has virtually no chance of sustaining a program of economic recovery without debt relief (Hardt, 1999). With some form of debt restructuring a foregone conclusion, Russia, the United States, and world community have a vital stake in searching for creative ways to transform themore » inevitability of debt restructuring into something of value and constructive to Russia and the problems it faces. This was the rationale behind debt-for-nature swaps which emerged in the early 1980s in Latin American and Eastern Europe as a means of relieving developing nations of their crippling foreign debt. Debt-for-nature swaps served both domestic and international needs by converting a portion of foreign debt, often at steep discounts, into local currency that was then used to fund programs to preserve the environment. The debt swap mechanism provides the prospect of getting something of real value where nothing is expected. The Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) has proposed to use the same model to synergistically capitalize defense threat reduction activities and environmental remediation within Russia's closed nuclear cities. Preventing the emigration of nuclear technology, expertise, and hardware from these cities to subnational groups and countries of proliferation concern is one of the world's foremost pressing problems. It is in the best national security interest of the United states to assist Russia in overcoming the legacy of the Cold War by helping to address the catastrophic environmental and public health effects of nuclear production that negatively impact economic stabilization.« less

Financial Barriers for Students with Non-Apparent Disabilities within Canadian Postsecondary Education

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Chambers, Tony; Bolton, Melissa; Sukhai, Mahadeo A.

2013-01-01

This study examined the education-related debt, sources of debt, and the process of acquiring accommodations for students with non-apparent (such as learning disabilities and mental health disabilities) and apparent disabilities in Canadian postsecondary education. A third group emerged during analyses, students with medical disabilities, which…

31 CFR 337.14 - Address for further information.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 31 Money and Finance: Treasury 2 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Address for further information. 337.14 Section 337.14 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued... obtained from the Bureau of the Public Debt, Office of Public Debt Accounting, 200 Third Street, P.O. Box...

Development, dependence, and gender inequality in the Third World.

PubMed

Marshall, S E

1985-06-01

While there has been much recent empirical investigation of the relationship between economic development, dependence, and income inequality, the issue of gender inequality has received less systematic attention. This exploratory study is a cross-sectional investigation of the effects of industrialization and investment, debt, and export dependency on levels of female education, and on rates of female economic participation, both absolutely and relative to male rates in 60 less developed countries. Although some of the macroeconomic indicators emerge as significant predictors of gender inequality in several of the regression equations, the most important explanatory variable is cultural region. These findings fail to lend strong empirical support to either the modernization or the dependency/world system theoretical perspective. The concluding discussion speculates on the interpretation of the research findings, offers some observations on the conceptual distinctions between class and gender stratification, and suggestions some directions for future research.

Scale-invariant properties of public-debt growth

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Petersen, A. M.; Podobnik, B.; Horvatic, D.; Stanley, H. E.

2010-05-01

Public debt is one of the important economic variables that quantitatively describes a nation's economy. Because bankruptcy is a risk faced even by institutions as large as governments (e.g., Iceland), national debt should be strictly controlled with respect to national wealth. Also, the problem of eliminating extreme poverty in the world is closely connected to the study of extremely poor debtor nations. We analyze the time evolution of national public debt and find "convergence": initially less-indebted countries increase their debt more quickly than initially more-indebted countries. We also analyze the public debt-to-GDP ratio {\\cal R} , a proxy for default risk, and approximate the probability density function P({\\cal R}) with a Gamma distribution, which can be used to establish thresholds for sustainable debt. We also observe "convergence" in {\\cal R} : countries with initially small {\\cal R} increase their {\\cal R} more quickly than countries with initially large {\\cal R} . The scaling relationships for debt and {\\cal R} have practical applications, e.g. the Maastricht Treaty requires members of the European Monetary Union to maintain {\\cal R} < 0.6 .

Total recall. [Refinancing of debt by utilities

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Hemptstead, J.

1994-02-15

The dramatic rally in the US treasury markets in 1992 and 1993 offered utility treasurers a unique opportunity to radically restructure their outstanding debt profiles by redeeming and refunding callable and refundable bonds. Since January 1991, utility companies have issued over $100 billion of nonconvertible debt securities; 53 percent of these companies indicated [open quotes]refinancing fixed income securities[close quotes] as the primary use of proceeds. After approximately 18 months of heavy refunding activity, utility treasurers have nearly exhausted the supply of currently callable debt and are now looking at alternative methods of reducing their embedded cost of debt and increasingmore » cash flows. The two most common methods are to repurchase highest-cost noncallable and/or currently nonrefundable bonds through [open quotes]open-market repurchases[close quotes] and [open quotes]tender offers.[close quotes] A third, less popular and less used, method is the [open quotes]defeasance[close quotes]. This article describes the advantages, disadvantages, and economic effects of these three types of financing.« less

For Working-Age Cancer Survivors, Medical Debt And Bankruptcy Create Financial Hardships.

PubMed

Banegas, Matthew P; Guy, Gery P; de Moor, Janet S; Ekwueme, Donatus U; Virgo, Katherine S; Kent, Erin E; Nutt, Stephanie; Zheng, Zhiyuan; Rechis, Ruth; Yabroff, K Robin

2016-01-01

The rising medical costs associated with cancer have led to considerable financial hardship for patients and their families in the United States. Using data from the LIVESTRONG 2012 survey of 4,719 cancer survivors ages 18-64, we examined the proportions of survivors who reported going into debt or filing for bankruptcy as a result of cancer, as well as the amount of debt incurred. Approximately one-third of the survivors had gone into debt, and 3 percent had filed for bankruptcy. Of those who had gone into debt, 55 percent incurred obligations of $10,000 or more. Cancer survivors who were younger, had lower incomes, and had public health insurance were more likely to go into debt or file for bankruptcy, compared to those who were older, had higher incomes, and had private insurance, respectively. Future longitudinal population-based studies are needed to improve understanding of financial hardship among US working-age cancer survivors throughout the cancer care trajectory and, ultimately, to help stakeholders develop evidence-based interventions and policies to reduce the financial hardship of cancer. Project HOPE—The People-to-People Health Foundation, Inc.

Gambling on growth.

PubMed

Feeney, A

1990-01-01

When the assumption is made that economic growth must be increased by 10% to accommodate population increases and to reduce poverty, the question is raised as to whether or not sustainable development is possible. The human population increased 3 times since 1900, and global economic activity has increased 7 times faster than population. Use of fossil fuels has increased by 30 times, and industrial production has increased by 50 times. The by-products of population growth and economic activity are loss of tropical rainforests; species extinction; desertification in Africa, India, and the US; toxic and radioactive pollution; and greenhouse warming and ozone depletion. The atmosphere's stability and human habitation is threatened. Sustainable development, as defined by the World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED) in "Our Common Future," is meeting present needs but not at the expense of future needs. Economic growth must proceed at different rates in different countries to close the gap between the rich and poor. Economic expansion has been criticized by the president of Negative Population Growth and the Environmental Defense Fund's coordinator of reform for the World Bank's environmental policies and Third World countries. US government response during the Reagan administration has been indifference, while support has come from the World Resources Institute, the Worldwatch Institute, the US National Wildlife Federation, and the Population Reference Bureau. Recent support has come from signers of the "G-7 Summit" and from IBM and the Dow Chemical Company. A few shared tenets are 1) that economic development is not sustainable, 2) environmental reforms are necessary to make development sustainable, 3) a trade-off is needed to increase Third World energy use, and 4) population must be stabilized. Many proposals have been offered including reducing population to 2 billion, or 40% of the current level. Reducing poverty globally is an environmentally sound policy. High tariffs and protectionism, debt payments, and International Monetary Fund structural adjustment programs have made the situation worse for the Third World. Many suggestions have been made to correct the poverty imbalance, including no growth or steady state economics.

The burden of debt for Canadian dental students: part 3. Student indebtedness, sources of funding and the influence of socioeconomic status on debt.

PubMed

Matthew, Ian R; Walton, Joanne N; Dumaresq, Cheryl; Sudmant, Walter

2006-11-01

In recent years, tuition fees at most universities across Canada have increased substantially, particularly in professional programs such as dentistry. Anecdotal evidence suggests that these increases have a significant adverse impact on the educational experience of dental students. In January 2004, students at Canada's 10 dental schools were invited to participate in a survey on costs, debt and other factors related to attending dental school in Canada. This third article in a series of 4 examines the effects of funding sources and socioeconomic status (SES) on dental students' debt. The survey provided key information about the costs of attending dental school and the levels of debt among dental students across Canada. Choice of school and year of study had a significant effect on the overall costs of attending dental school, and dental students' costs were largely financed by private loans or other forms of debt. Canadian dental students' average debt varied between 24,000 to 26,000 dollars per annum, depending on their year of study. Key determinants of borrowing included type of residence, SES, total costs, and number of dependents. Students who lived at home or with relatives borrowed significantly less than those who were renting. Parents' SES was related to students' access to forms of educational funding that result in no debt burden. SES also played a role in determining the likelihood of a student pursuing further professional education.

A Neural Network Approach to Estimating the Allowance for Bad Debt

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Joyner, Donald Thomas

2011-01-01

The granting of credit is a necessary risk of doing business. If companies only accepted cash, sales would be negatively impacted. In a perfect world, all consumers would pay their bills when they become due. However, the fact is that some consumers do default on debt. Companies are willing to accept default risk because the value of defaults does…

The World Debt Crisis and Its Resolution. Foreign Agricultural Economic Report No. 231.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Shane, Mathew; Stallings, David

The conclusion of this study of 79 developing countries was that forgiving some of the indebtedness of developing countries may stimulate mutually beneficial trade among all nations. the international debt-repayment problems of Poland in 1981 and was followed by problems in Mexico, Brazil, and Argentina in 1982. This crisis has proven to be a more…

2006 Harben Lecture. World poverty and population health: the need for sustainable change.

PubMed

Aitsi-Selmi, Amina

2008-06-01

Despite important recent initiatives to improve the health of the most disadvantaged in the world (the Millennium Development Goals, debt cancellation campaigns), poverty and preventable diseases still plague many parts of the globe. Sub-Saharan Africa remains one of the most severely affected. It is the only region in the world where life expectancy has not seen much improvement. Some countries have employed strategies of investment in public services, such as education, with positive results (e.g. the 'tiger economies'). Others have tried to follow prescribed strategies from global institutions such as the International Monetary Fund and World Bank with varying degrees of success. Sustainable development will require continuous commitment from donors and recipients to long-term strategies. Oxfam believes investment in public services and education is key to sustainability, in combination with more effective debt cancellation. These concepts are explored in the 2006 Harben Lecture given by Barbara Stocking, Director of Oxfam.

Expressions of Student Debt Aversion and Tolerance among Academically Able Young People in Low-Participation English Schools

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Jones, Steven

2016-01-01

The 2012 rise in student fees, from £3375 to £9000 per year, made England one of the costliest places to attend university in the world. Drawing on evidence from higher attaining young people attending low-participation schools, this paper renews established types of student debt aversion and tolerance, with sensitivity towards whether they…

PROCEDURE FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT OF COMMUNITY JUNIOR COLLEGES IN ARKANSAS.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Arkansas State Commission on Coordination of Higher Educational Finance, Little Rock.

CRITERIA FOR ESTABLISHMENT OF JUNIOR COLLEGE DISTRICTS IN ARKANSAS INCLUDE (1) A PROJECTED ENROLLMENT OF AT LEAST 300 FULL TIME EQUIVALENT STUDENTS IN THE THIRD YEAR OF OPERATION, (2) ASSESSED VALUATION ADEQUATE TO PROVIDE FROM LOCAL PROPERTY TAXES ONE-THIRD OF THE ANNUAL OPERATING COST AND THE TOTAL DEBT SERVICE REQUIREMENTS FOR CAPITAL OUTLAY,…

Making sense of the global economy: 10 resources for health promoters.

PubMed

Mohindra, K S; Labonté, Ronald

2010-09-01

Population health is shaped by more than local or national influences-the global matters. Health promotion practitioners and researchers increasingly are challenged to engage with upstream factors related to the global economy, such as global prescriptions for national macroeconomic policies, debt relief and international trade. This paper identifies 10 books (A Brief History of Neoliberalism, Bad Samaritans: The Myth of Free Trade and the Secret History of Capitalism, The World is Not Flat: Inequality and Injustice in Our Global Economy, Globalization and its Discontents, The Debt Threat: How Debt is Destroying the Developing World, Global Woman: Nannies, Maids, and Sex Workers in the New Economy, A Race Against Time, Globalization and Health: An Introduction, Global Public Goods for Health: Health Economics and Public Health Perspectives, Trade and Health: Seeking Common Ground) and several key reports that we found to be particularly useful for understanding the global economy's effects on people's health. We draw attention to issues helpful in understanding the present global financial crisis.

Cointegration analysis and influence rank—A network approach to global stock markets

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yang, Chunxia; Chen, Yanhua; Niu, Lei; Li, Qian

2014-04-01

In this paper, cointegration relationships among 26 global stock market indices over the periods of sub-prime and European debt crisis and their influence rank are investigated by constructing and analyzing directed and weighted cointegration networks. The obtained results are shown as follows: the crises have changed cointegration relationships among stock market indices, their cointegration relationship increased after the Lehman Brothers collapse, while the degree of cointegration gradually decreased from the sub-prime to European debt crisis. The influence of US, Japan and China market indices are entirely distinguished over different periods. Before European debt crisis US stock market is a ‘global factor’ which leads the developed and emerging markets, while the influence of US stock market decreased evidently during the European debt crisis. Before sub-prime crisis, there is no significant evidence to show that other stock markets co-move with China stock market, while it becomes more integrated with other markets during the sub-prime and European debt crisis. Among developed and emerging stock markets, the developed stock markets lead the world stock markets before European debt crisis, while due to the shock of sub-prime and European debt crisis, their influences decreased and emerging stock markets replaced them to lead global stock markets.

76 FR 20450 - Submission for OMB Review; Comment Request

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-04-12

... participate in U.S. Treasury Securities Auctions via TAPPS Link. Affected Public: Private Sector: Businesses... of the Public Debt, 200 Third Street, Parkersburg, West Virginia 26106; (304) 480-8112. OMB Reviewer...

A history of medical student debt: observations and implications for the future of medical education.

PubMed

Greysen, S Ryan; Chen, Candice; Mullan, Fitzhugh

2011-07-01

Over the last 50 years, medical student debt has become a problem of national importance, and obtaining medical education in the United States has become a loan-dependent, individual investment. Although this phenomenon must be understood in the general context of U.S. higher education as well as economic and social trends in late-20th-century America, the historical problem of medical student debt requires specific attention for several reasons. First, current mechanisms for students' educational financing may not withstand debt levels above a certain ceiling which is rapidly approaching. Second, there are no standards for costs of medical school attendance, and these can vary dramatically between different schools even within a single city. Third, there is no consensus on the true cost of educating a medical student, which limits accountability to students and society for these costs. Fourth, policy efforts to improve physician workforce diversity and mitigate shortages in the primary care workforce are inhibited by rising levels of medical student indebtedness. Fortunately, the current effort to expand the U.S. physician workforce presents a unique opportunity to confront the unsustainable growth of medical student debt and explore new approaches to the financing of medical students' education.

Taking the pulse: medical student workforce intentions and the impact of debt.

PubMed

Perry, William R G; Wilkinson, Tim J

2010-07-16

To define what factors are important to medical students as they make decisions about where they will live, work and train after graduation, and to explore the effects of student debt A mixed quantitative-qualitative questionnaire to all 5th and 6th year medical students residing in New Zealand in 2008. Questions related to students' perspectives of the workforce, debt, and workforce intentions. 372 medical students completed the survey (55% response rate from those in NZ at the time of the survey). Fifty-two percent of students planned to leave New Zealand at the start of PGY2 or 3. The average debt was $75,752. Thirty-six percent said their debt would influence their choice of vocation, 39% their choice of location of work in New Zealand and 64% their choice of locality of work in the world. Twenty-six percent and 25% believed that they would be valued by the hospital management and government respectively. Students most commonly cited financial incentives to work overseas and to locum. Strategies to counter emigration trends in the New Zealand health workforce need an holistic approach. Debt levels need to be countered, and the perceived lack of value of graduates needs to be rectified.

NATO Contributions to European Environmental Security

DTIC Science & Technology

1993-12-30

World Bank , World Development Report 1992: Development and the Environment, New York: Oxford University Press, 1992, p. 7. 33. Ibid., p. 32. 34. Ibid., p...Bureau of Mines, Interview, Washington, DC, September 2, 1993. 38. Directorate of Intelligence, p. 62. 39. The World Bank , The World Debt Tables, 1992...93: External Finance For Developing Countries, Vol. 1, Analysis and Summary Tables, Washington: The World Bank , 1993, p. 29. See also, Louis Uchitelle

7 CFR 4290.550 - Prior approval of secured third-party debt of RBICs.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... BUSINESS-COOPERATIVE SERVICE AND RURAL UTILITIES SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE RURAL BUSINESS... expansion of the scope of a security interest or lien. For purposes of this paragraph (b), “expansion of the...

A Study of the Less-Developed-Countries Debt Crisis in Mexico and Subsequent Economic Policies

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-09-01

August, 1982, the Finance Minister of Mexico, Silvia Herzog informed the International Monetary Fund that Mexico was unable to meet its principle ...world. A principle cause of the 1983 debt crisis proved to be the ability of Mexico to borrow considerable sums of capital from the international...environment that is favorable to the accumulation of human knowledge.”30 Additionally, studies conducted by “Barro (1991), Mankiw , Romer, and Well (1992

Female medical students may accrue less student loan debt than their male colleagues in New Zealand.

PubMed

McHardy, Karina M; Janssen, Anna; Poole, Phillippa J

2008-05-09

To quantify the current level of actual student loan debt in New Zealand (NZ) medical students at the time of graduation, and to investigate how debt burden relates to gender and ethnicity. A questionnaire was distributed to all graduating students from The University of Auckland's School of Medicine in November 2006. This study looked specifically at debt attributable to a New Zealand Government Student Loan (NZGSL). The response rate was 88%. Eighty-seven percent of NZ residents in the survey had a NZGSL. Nearly three-quarters of all students (73%) reported a total NZGSL of over $45,000, with one-third reporting a total greater than $75,000. Overall, males appeared to have different borrowing behaviours than their female counterparts, as reflected in their higher loan totals. Females were also more likely to report that they had no student loan, despite comparable access to parental financial support, part-time work, and scholarships. The reported loan sizes of Maori and Pacific Island students did not differ significantly from those of other ethnicities. Only 11% of study respondents reported that the burden of a student loan had a significant impact on future career decisions. For the majority of Auckland medical graduates, student debt is significant and continues to be a burdensome issue. There appear to be differences in the borrowing behaviours of males and females in the medical school programme, while different ethnicities have similar debt burdens.

A global synthesis of plant extinction rates in urban areas.

PubMed

Hahs, Amy K; McDonnell, Mark J; McCarthy, Michael A; Vesk, Peter A; Corlett, Richard T; Norton, Briony A; Clemants, Steven E; Duncan, Richard P; Thompson, Ken; Schwartz, Mark W; Williams, Nicholas S G

2009-11-01

Plant extinctions from urban areas are a growing threat to biodiversity worldwide. To minimize this threat, it is critical to understand what factors are influencing plant extinction rates. We compiled plant extinction rate data for 22 cities around the world. Two-thirds of the variation in plant extinction rates was explained by a combination of the city's historical development and the current proportion of native vegetation, with the former explaining the greatest variability. As a single variable, the amount of native vegetation remaining also influenced extinction rates, particularly in cities > 200 years old. Our study demonstrates that the legacies of landscape transformations by agrarian and urban development last for hundreds of years, and modern cities potentially carry a large extinction debt. This finding highlights the importance of preserving native vegetation in urban areas and the need for mitigation to minimize potential plant extinctions in the future.

13 CFR 107.570 - Restrictions on third-party debt of issuers of Participating Securities.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... Small Business; (2) The funds are borrowed from a regulated financial institution or a regulated credit company (or, if approved by SBA on a case-by-case basis, from non-regulated lenders including shareholders...

13 CFR 108.550 - Prior approval of secured third-party debt of NMVC companies.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... ADMINISTRATION NEW MARKETS VENTURE CAPITAL (âNMVCâ) PROGRAM Managing the Operations of a NMVC Company Borrowing... total outstanding borrowings (not including Leverage) to exceed 50 percent of your Leverageable Capital. Voluntary Decrease in Regulatory Capital ...

Just Say "Charge It!"

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Yarema, Connie H.; Sampson, John H.

2001-01-01

Describes a credit-card-debt activity that allows students to increase their awareness of underlying mathematical concepts relevant to the world of commerce and personal finance through learning geometric and arithmetic sequences. (KHR)

The Berlin-Baghdad Railway as a cause of World War I.

DTIC Science & Technology

1984-01-01

complex succession of events which culminated in a world war, and for this Serbian nationalism was ultimately responsible." - 12 - The essence of...and began to cut loose from Turkey (Brandenburg, [ 12 ]). The French and English began working together against Germany in the Public Debt Administration...Rivalry 12 . Brandenburg, Erich. From Bismarck to the World War: A History of German Foreign Policy, 1870-1914. London, 1927. (Brandenburg briefly

Reproductive health, population growth, economic development and environmental change.

PubMed

Lincoln, D W

1993-01-01

World population will increase by 1000 million, or by 20%, within 10 years. Ninety-five per cent of this increase will occur in the South, in areas that are already economically, environmentally and politically fragile. Morbidity and mortality associated with reproduction will be greater in the current decade than in any period in human history. Annually, 40-60 million pregnancies will be terminated and 5-10 million children will die within one year of birth. AIDS-related infections, e.g. tuberculosis, will undermine health care in Africa (and elsewhere) and in places AIDS-related deaths will decimate the work-force. The growth in population and associated morbidity will inhibit global economic development and spawn new problems. The key issues are migration, the spread of disease, the supply of water and the degradation of land, and fiscal policies with respect to family planning, pharmaceuticals and Third-World debt. Full education, particularly of women, and more effective family planning in the South have the power to unlock the problem. Failure will see the developed countries, with their 800 million population, swamped by the health, economic and environmental problems of the South, with its projected population of 5400 million people for the year 2000.

24 CFR 17.60 - Scope and definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... information on consumers for the purpose of providing consumer reports to third parties, and that uses any means or facility of interstate commerce for the purpose of preparing or furnishing consumer reports... Postal Rate Commission. Claim means the same as Debt. Consumer Reporting Agency means: (1) Any person...

Condemning Students to Debt: College Loans and Public Policy.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Fossey, Richard, Ed.; Bateman, Mark, Ed.

The 10 chapters of this book on the effects of the federal student loan program focus on five major issues: first, that expanding access to postsecondary education is in the national interest; second, the inconsistency in student loan policy; third, increasing federal regulation of higher education; fourth, the fact that rising costs are making…

Returning Education to Layering Horizons?

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Ranson, Stewart

2010-01-01

The author considers the prospect that the new Liberal-Conservative coalition Government will use the crisis of the largest public debt since the Second World War to contract and restructure education and public services, and discusses what cuts and changes are likely to happen.

76 FR 1666 - Proposed Collection; Comment Request for Form 15597

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-01-11

... at a third party foreclosure sale. If the IRS has filed a ``Notice of Federal Tax Lien'' publically notifying a taxpayer's creditors that the taxpayer owes the IRS a tax debt, AND a creditor senior to the IRS...) THEN the IRS tax claim is discharged or removed from the property (if the appropriate foreclosure rules...

26 CFR 1.166-10 - Reserve for guaranteed debt obligations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... of a second person to pay a third person. It does not include duties based solely on moral or good... actual real or tangible personal property. If the value of the other property is not greater than 20 percent of the total sales price, including the value of all related services other than financing...

26 CFR 1.166-10 - Reserve for guaranteed debt obligations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... of a second person to pay a third person. It does not include duties based solely on moral or good... actual real or tangible personal property. If the value of the other property is not greater than 20 percent of the total sales price, including the value of all related services other than financing...

26 CFR 1.166-10 - Reserve for guaranteed debt obligations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... of a second person to pay a third person. It does not include duties based solely on moral or good... actual real or tangible personal property. If the value of the other property is not greater than 20 percent of the total sales price, including the value of all related services other than financing...

Federal-Loan Changes May Curb Graduate Study

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Patton, Stacey

2012-01-01

As the nation's student-loan debt surpasses the $1-trillion mark, alarming students, parents, and politicians, few are thinking about the effects it is having on people like Michael J. Trivette, a 28-year-old graduate student in higher education at the University of Georgia. Two-thirds of Ph.D. and other doctoral students and nearly three-quarters…

77 FR 5090 - Proposed Collection: Comment Request

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-02-01

... required by the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995, Public Law 104-13 (44 U.S.C. 3506(c)(2)(A)). Currently the... all written comments to Bureau of the Public Debt, Bruce A. Sharp, 200 Third Street A4-A, Parkersburg, WV 26106-1328, or bruce.sharp@bpd.treas.gov . The opportunity to make comments online is also...

77 FR 19057 - Proposed Collection: Comment Request

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-03-29

... required by the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995, Public Law 104-13 (44 U.S.C. 3506(c)(2)(A). Currently the... of consideration. ADDRESSES: Direct all written comments to Bureau of the Public Debt, Bruce A. Sharp, 200 Third Street A4-A, Parkersburg, WV 26106-1328, or bruce.sharp@bpd.treas.gov . The opportunity to...

77 FR 32178 - Proposed Collection: Comment Request

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-05-31

... required by the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995, Public Law 104-13 (44 U.S.C. 3506(c)(2)(A). Currently the... comments to Bureau of the Public Debt, Bruce A. Sharp, 200 Third Street A4-A, Parkersburg, WV 26106-1328, or bruce.sharp@bpd.treas.gov . The opportunity to make comments online is also available at www...

77 FR 43430 - Proposed Collection: Comment Request

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-07-24

... required by the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995, Public Law 104-13 (44 U.S.C. 3506(c)(2)(A). Currently the... comments to Bureau of the Public Debt, Bruce A. Sharp, 200 Third Street A4-A, Parkersburg, WV 26106-1328, or bruce.sharp@bpd.treas.gov . The opportunity to make comments online is also available at www...

76 FR 26801 - Proposed Collection: Comment Request

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-05-09

... required by the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995, Public Law 104-13 (44 U.S.C. 3506(c)(2)(A). Currently the... to Bureau of the Public Debt, Bruce A. Sharp, 200 Third Street, Avery 4-A, Parkersburg, WV 26106- 5312, or e-mail to Bruce.Sharp@bpd.treas.gov . FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Requests for additional...

78 FR 25535 - Proposed Collection; Comment Request

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-05-01

... required by the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995, Public Law 104-13 (44 U.S.C. 3506(c)(2)(A). Currently the... written comments to Bureau of the Public Debt, Bruce A. Sharp, 200 Third Street A4-A, Parkersburg, WV 26106-1328, or bruce.sharp@bpd.treas.gov . The opportunity to make comments online is also available at...

78 FR 149 - Proposed Collection: Comment Request

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-01-02

... required by the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995, Public Law 104-13 (44 U.S.C. 3506(c)(2)(A). Currently the... consideration. ADDRESSES: Direct all written comments to Bureau of the Public Debt, Bruce A. Sharp, 200 Third Street A4-A, Parkersburg, WV 26106-1328, or bruce.sharp@bpd.treas.gov . The opportunity to make comments...

76 FR 61479 - Proposed Collection: Comment Request

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-10-04

... required by the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995, Public Law 104-13 (44 U.S.C. 3506(c)(2)(A). Currently the... written comments to Bureau of the Public Debt, Bruce A. Sharp, 200 Third Street A4-A, Parkersburg, WV 26106-1328, or bruce.sharp@bpd.treas.gov . The opportunity to make comments online is also available at...

77 FR 13175 - Proposed Collection: Comment Request

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-03-05

... required by the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995, Public Law 104-13 (44 U.S.C. 3506(c)(2)(A). Currently the... Bureau of the Public Debt, Bruce A. Sharp, 200 Third Street A4-A, Parkersburg, WV 26106-1328, or bruce.sharp@bpd.treas.gov . The opportunity to make comments online is also available at www.pracomment.gov...

77 FR 13176 - Proposed Collection: Comment Request

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-03-05

... 104-13 (44 U.S.C. 3506(c)(2)(A). Currently the Bureau of the Public Debt within the Department of the.... Sharp, 200 Third Street A4-A, Parkersburg, WV 26106-1328, or bruce.sharp@bpd.treas.gov . The opportunity...: Requests for additional information or copies should be directed to Bruce A. Sharp, Bureau of the Public...

78 FR 22040 - Proposed Collection; Comment Request

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-04-12

... required by the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995, Public Law 104-13 (44 U.S.C. 3506(c)(2)(A)). Currently the... Bureau of the Public Debt, Bruce A. Sharp, 200 Third Street A4-A, Parkersburg, WV 26106-1328, or bruce.sharp@bpd.treas.gov . The opportunity to make comments online is also available at www.pracomment.gov...

77 FR 74053 - Proposed Collection: Comment Request

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-12-12

... required by the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995, Public Law 104-13 (44 U.S.C. 3506(c)(2)(A). Currently the... consideration. ADDRESSES: Direct all written comments to Bureau of the Public Debt, Bruce A. Sharp, 200 Third Street A4-A, Parkersburg, WV 26106-1328, or bruce.sharp@bpd.treas.gov . The opportunity to make comments...

76 FR 26802 - Proposed Collection: Comment Request

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-05-09

... required by the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995, Public Law 104-13 (44 U.S.C. 3506(c)(2)(A). Currently the... to Bureau of the Public Debt, Bruce A. Sharp, 200 Third Street, Avery 4-A, Parkersburg, WV 26106- 5312, or e-mail to Bruce.Sharp@bpd.treas.gov FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Requests for additional...

78 FR 25534 - Proposed Collection; Comment Request

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-05-01

... required by the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995, Public Law 104-13 (44 U.S.C. 3506(c)(2)(A). Currently the... to Bureau of the Public Debt, Bruce A. Sharp, 200 Third Street A4-A, Parkersburg, WV 26106-1328, or bruce.sharp@bpd.treas.gov . The opportunity to make comments online is also available at www.pracomment...

78 FR 21706 - Proposed Collection; Comment Request

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-04-11

... required by the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995, Public Law 104-13 (44 U.S.C. 3506(c)(2)(A). Currently the... Public Debt, Bruce A. Sharp, 200 Third Street A4-A, Parkersburg, WV 26106-1328, or bruce.sharp@bpd.treas... INFORMATION CONTACT: Requests for additional information or copies should be directed to Bruce A. Sharp...

77 FR 60026 - Proposed Collection: Comment Request

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-10-01

... required by the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995, Public Law 104-13 (44 U.S.C. 3506(c)(2)(A). Currently the... Public Debt, Bruce A. Sharp, 200 Third Street A4-A, Parkersburg, WV 26106-1328, or bruce.sharp@bpd.treas... INFORMATION CONTACT: Requests for additional information or copies should be directed to Bruce A. Sharp...

77 FR 65248 - Proposed Collection: Comment Request

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-10-25

... required by the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995, Public Law 104-13 (44 U.S.C. 3506(c)(2)(A). Currently the... consideration. ADDRESSES: Direct all written comments to Bureau of the Public Debt, Bruce A. Sharp, 200 Third Street A4-A, Parkersburg, WV 26106-1328, or bruce.sharp@bpd.treas.gov . The opportunity to make comments...

77 FR 19057 - Proposed Collection: Comment Request

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-03-29

... required by the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995, Public Law 104-13 (44 U.S.C. 3506(c)(2)(A). Currently the... comments to Bureau of the Public Debt, Bruce A. Sharp, 200 Third Street A4-A, Parkersburg, WV 26106-1328, or bruce.sharp@bpd.treas.gov . The opportunity to make comments online is also available at www...

77 FR 32181 - Proposed Collection: Comment Request

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-05-31

... required by the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995, Public Law 104-13 (44 U.S.C. 3506(c)(2)(A)). Currently the... of consideration. ADDRESSES: Direct all written comments to Bureau of the Public Debt, Bruce A. Sharp, 200 Third Street A4-A, Parkersburg, WV 26106-1328, or bruce.sharp@bpd.treas.gov . The opportunity to...

77 FR 43430 - Proposed Collection: Comment Request

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-07-24

... required by the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995, Public Law 104-13 (44 U.S.C. 3506(c)(2)(A). Currently the... consideration. ADDRESSES: Direct all written comments to Bureau of the Public Debt, Bruce A. Sharp, 200 Third Street A4-A, Parkersburg, WV 26106-1328, or bruce.sharp@bpd.treas.gov . The opportunity to make comments...

77 FR 13175 - Proposed Collection: Comment Request

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-03-05

... required by the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995, Public Law 104-13 (44 U.S.C. 3506(c)(2)(A). Currently the... written comments to Bureau of the Public Debt, Bruce A. Sharp, 200 Third Street A4-A, Parkersburg, WV 26106-1328, or bruce.sharp@bpd.treas.gov . The opportunity to make comments online is also available at...

77 FR 32179 - Proposed Collection: Comment Request

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-05-31

... required by the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995, Public Law 104-13 (44 U.S.C. 3506(c)(2)(A). Currently the.... ADDRESSES: Direct all written comments to Bureau of the Public Debt, Bruce A. Sharp, 200 Third Street A4-A, Parkersburg, WV 26106-1328, or bruce.sharp@bpd.treas.gov . The opportunity to make comments online is also...

77 FR 19058 - Proposed Collection: Comment Request

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-03-29

... required by the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995, Public Law 104-13 (44 U.S.C. 3506(c)(2)(A). Currently the...: Direct all written comments to Bureau of the Public Debt, Bruce A. Sharp, 200 Third Street A4-A, Parkersburg, WV 26106-1328, or bruce.sharp@bpd.treas.gov . The opportunity to make comments online is also...

77 FR 69547 - Proposed Collection: Comment Request

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-11-19

... required by the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995, Public Law 104-13 (44 U.S.C. 3506(c)(2)(A). Currently the.... ADDRESSES: Direct all written comments to Bureau of the Public Debt, Bruce A. Sharp, 200 Third Street A4-A, Parkersburg, WV 26106-1328, or bruce.sharp@bpd.treas.gov . The opportunity to make comments online is also...

77 FR 32180 - Proposed Collection: Comment Request

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-05-31

... required by the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995, Public Law 104-13 (44 U.S.C. 3506(c)(2)(A). Currently the... the Public Debt, Bruce A. Sharp, 200 Third Street A4-A, Parkersburg, WV 26106-1328, or bruce.sharp@bpd... INFORMATION CONTACT: Requests for additional information or copies should be directed to Bruce A. Sharp...

Quality of life, burnout, educational debt, and medical knowledge among internal medicine residents.

PubMed

West, Colin P; Shanafelt, Tait D; Kolars, Joseph C

2011-09-07

Physician distress is common and has been associated with negative effects on patient care. However, factors associated with resident distress and well-being have not been well described at a national level. To measure well-being in a national sample of internal medicine residents and to evaluate relationships with demographics, educational debt, and medical knowledge. Study of internal medicine residents using data collected on 2008 and 2009 Internal Medicine In-Training Examination (IM-ITE) scores and the 2008 IM-ITE survey. Participants were 16,394 residents, representing 74.1% of all eligible US internal medicine residents in the 2008-2009 academic year. This total included 7743 US medical graduates and 8571 international medical graduates. Quality of life (QOL) and symptoms of burnout were assessed, as were year of training, sex, medical school location, educational debt, and IM-ITE score reported as percentage of correct responses. Quality of life was rated "as bad as it can be" or "somewhat bad" by 2402 of 16,187 responding residents (14.8%). Overall burnout and high levels of emotional exhaustion and depersonalization were reported by 8343 of 16,192 (51.5%), 7394 of 16,154 (45.8%), and 4541 of 15,737 (28.9%) responding residents, respectively. In multivariable models, burnout was less common among international medical graduates than among US medical graduates (45.1% vs 58.7%; odds ratio, 0.70 [99% CI, 0.63-0.77]; P < .001). Greater educational debt was associated with the presence of at least 1 symptom of burnout (61.5% vs 43.7%; odds ratio, 1.72 [99% CI, 1.49-1.99]; P < .001 for debt >$200,000 relative to no debt). Residents reporting QOL "as bad as it can be" and emotional exhaustion symptoms daily had mean IM-ITE scores 2.7 points (99% CI, 1.2-4.3; P < .001) and 4.2 points (99% CI, 2.5-5.9; P < .001) lower than those with QOL "as good as it can be" and no emotional exhaustion symptoms, respectively. Residents reporting debt greater than $200,000 had mean IM-ITE scores 5.0 points (99% CI, 4.4-5.6; P < .001) lower than those with no debt. These differences were similar in magnitude to the 4.1-point (99% CI, 3.9-4.3) and 2.6-point (99% CI, 2.4-2.8) mean differences associated with progressing from first to second and second to third years of training, respectively. In this national study of internal medicine residents, suboptimal QOL and symptoms of burnout were common. Symptoms of burnout were associated with higher debt and were less frequent among international medical graduates. Low QOL, emotional exhaustion, and educational debt were associated with lower IM-ITE scores.

Environmental economics reality check: a case study of the Abanico Medicinal Plant and Organic Agriculture Microenterprise Project.

PubMed

Isla, Ana; Thompson, Shirley

2003-01-01

This paper presents a case study of the Abanico Medicinal Plant and Organic Agriculture Microenterprise Project in the Arenal Conservation Area, Costa Rica. Microenterprise is the Sustainable Development and the Women in Development model for gender equity and environment of the World Bank, International Monetary Fund and large non-government organizations, like the World Wildlife Fund-Canada. The authors of this paper argue that debt-for-nature investment in microenterprise and ecological economic models are not distinct from neoclassical economic and development models that created the environmental, social and cultural crises in the first place. This case study shows that the world market accommodates only one model of development: unsustainable export-oriented production based on flexible labour markets, low wages, indebtedness and low cost production. Working standards in those micro-enterprises are eroded due to many factors,including indebtedness. What happened at a national level in non-industrial countries with the international debt crisis is now mirrored in individual indebtedness through microenterprise. Is current development policy creating a new form of indentured servitude? Medicinal plants, prior to commodification, were a source of women's power and upon commodification in international development projects, are the source of their exploitation.

JPRS Report, Soviet Union, World Economy and International Affairs, No. 4, April 1988.

DTIC Science & Technology

1988-08-03

platform of the group of UN socialist states which presented at the session a joint memoran- dum on this question. I would not either dramatize or...threats to mankind (an "ecospasm," the unsettled state of international economic relations, including foreign debt, nonequivalent commodity exchange...mechanisms. When we speak of a nuclear-free, nonvio- lent world, it is inconceivable without the controlling influence of the United Nations. [Question

Interrogating inclusive development in India's transition process.

PubMed

Chakrabarti, Anjan; Dhar, Anup

2012-12-01

This paper makes two related contributions. First, the dual economic structure underlying development is shown as producing a distinct conception of other comprising of a devalued third world which is foregrounded and world of the third which is excluded. This dyad of inclusion-exclusion of other is produced in relation to the centers of capitalism and modernism. The category of third world helps to displace the language-experience-logic-ethos of the other a la world of the third such that development works over and transforms world of the third, but via the trope of a devalued third world. We then use this framework to explore the relation of global capitalism with world of the third in the Indian context, a relation that is shown to be two fold. There is on one hand an attempt to dismantle world of the third as part of the development trope of overcoming the third world. On the other, through inclusive development, an attempt is made to directly intervene in the economy of world of the third so as to address the problems of income inequality and social exclusion, again under the trope of uplifting the devalued third world.

Developmental Education and Student Debt: Remediation's Uncertain Impact on Financial and Academic Outcomes. Research Report

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Fernandez, Chris; Barone, Sandra; Klepfer, Kasey

2014-01-01

Developmental education is integral to higher education in the United States. In academic year (AY) 2011-12, about one-third of all first-year undergraduates and 40 percent of first-year community college students were enrolled in at least one developmental course (NPSAS:12). Generally, students who fail to achieve adequate scores on placement…

The costs and financing of perinatal care in the United States.

PubMed Central

Long, S H; Marquis, M S; Harrison, E R

1994-01-01

OBJECTIVES. The purpose of this study was to estimate the aggregate annual costs of maternal and infant health care and to describe the flow of funds that finance that care. METHODS. Estimates of costs and financing based on household and provider surveys, third-party claims data, and hospital discharge data were combined into a single, best estimate. RESULTS. The total cost of perinatal care in 1989 was $27.8 billion, or $6850 per mother-infant pair. Payments made directly by patients or third parties for this care totaled $25.4 billion, or about 7% of personal health care spending by the nonaged population. Payments were less than costs because they did not include a value for direct delivery care or for bad debt and charity care, which accounted for $2.4 billion. Private insurance accounted for about 63% of total payments, and Medicaid accounted for 17% of the total. CONCLUSIONS. National health reform would provide windfall receipts to hospitals, which would receive payment for the considerable bad debt and charity care they provide. Reform might also provide short-term gains to providers as private payment rates are substituted for those of Medicaid. PMID:8092374

31 CFR 344.3 - What provisions apply to the SLGSafe Service?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... to the SLGSafe Service? (a) What is the SLGSafe Service? SLGSafe is a secure Internet site on the World Wide Web through which subscribers submit SLGS securities transactions. SLGSafe Internet... (Continued) FISCAL SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY BUREAU OF THE PUBLIC DEBT U.S. TREASURY SECURITIES...

31 CFR 344.3 - What provisions apply to the SLGSafe Service?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... to the SLGSafe Service? (a) What is the SLGSafe Service? SLGSafe is a secure Internet site on the World Wide Web through which subscribers submit SLGS securities transactions. SLGSafe Internet... (Continued) FISCAL SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY BUREAU OF THE PUBLIC DEBT U.S. TREASURY SECURITIES...

A Stay-Rich View of the New Global Economy

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Trusteeship, 2011

2011-01-01

Major demographic changes around the world. Disproportionate sovereign debt. A shift from North America, Western Europe, and Japan to emerging economies as centers of growth. Unprecedented levels of market risk and volatility. The structure of the global economy is undergoing significant changes. Michael Oyster, managing principal of Fund…

26 CFR 1.382-3 - Definitions and rules relating to a 5-percent shareholder.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... for debt. A third public group owns the 250 shares that are not treated as acquired by Public L in the... the provisions of paragraph (a)(1)(i) of this section. Example 1. (i) L corporation has 1,000 shares..., pursuant to their understanding, the members of the Group purchase 600 shares of L common stock from the...

Gas projects surge in the Middle East as governments seek new revenue sources

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Williams, M.D.

The rapid development of natural gas and condensate reserves in the Middle East results from a simple motivation: the desire of governments to earn revenues. For the past decade, Middle East governments have run budget deficits, which they funded by drawing down foreign assets and issuing debt. Now in the process of structural economic reform, they have begun to use an under-utilized resource--natural gas, of which Middle East governments own about one third of the world`s reserves. Governments receive revenues from several sources in natural gas developments, which makes the projects very attractive. Revenue comes from the sale of themore » natural gas in the domestic market and, if exported, the international market; the sale of associated condensates; the additional exports of crude oil or refined products if natural gas is substituted for refined products in domestic markets; the increased sale of crude oil if natural gas is injected into reservoirs to maintain pressure; and the sale of petrochemicals where natural gas is used as feedstock. Large projects under way in the Middle East highlight the consequences of multiple revenue sources and interlinked costs of natural gas and condensate development. Other countries in the region are undertaking similar projects, so examples cited represent only a portion of what is occurring. The paper describes Abu Dhabi, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and Iran.« less

Debt-for-nature swaps: A new strategy for protecting environmental interests in developing nations

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Hamlin, T.B.

1989-01-01

Nature swaps are a generally well-conceived approach to mitigating the destruction of environmentally sensitive areas in developing nations while remaining sensitive to the economic needs of developing countries. They allow developing countries to dedicate some of their debt repayment to local projects, thus benefiting both their economies and the environment. Swaps also help them obtain assistance from environmental organizations in developed nations to manage their own natural resources. Environmentalists, through the purchase of steeply discounted debt, maximize their investment in tropical forest preservation. In addition they can strengthen environmental organizations in developing nations by including local environmentalists in both policymore » decisionmaking and the implementation of conservation projects. Debt-for-nature swaps also keep the subject of tropical deforestation on the agenda of the international community and offer small international lending institutions a socially redeeming means of removing bad loans from their ledgers. Finally, each government's authority to choose its own development objectives is only slightly encumbered by sharing decisionmaking authority with the environmentalists. Essentially, the swapping governments have agreed to cooperate. consequently, tropical forests only have as much protection as the tropical states desire. This does not mean that swaps are of little moment. Hopefully, collaboration between conservationists in the developed world and leaders of the developing nations will contribute to a constructive framework for future efforts to preserve the earth's tropical forests.« less

Global Tuition Pricing: An In-Depth Analysis

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Cupp, Jason W.

2012-01-01

This study was conducted to determine if there is a relationship between select pricing schemes used throughout the world and positive social outcomes. The rising costs of college tuition and escalating student debt has raised the concern about how students should pay for financing their education and whether the current system is the most…

Evolution in a fully constituted world: Charles Darwin's debts towards a static world in the Origin of Species (1859).

PubMed

Delisle, Richard G

2014-01-01

The Transformist Revolution was a long intellectual quest that has expanded from the 18th century to today. One area of inquiry after another has confronted the necessity of recasting its object of study under an evolutionary view: human history, geology, biology, astronomy, etc. No single scholar fully managed to make the transition from a static worldview to an evolutionary one during his or her own lifetime; Charles Darwin is no exception. Many versions of evolutionism were proposed during this revolution, versions offering all sorts of compromises between old and new views. Not sufficiently acknowledged in the historiography is the profoundness of Darwin's debts towards the old static view. As a dual child of the Scientific Revolution and natural theology, Darwin inherited key concepts such as stability, completeness, timelessness, unity, permanence, and uniformity. Darwin took these concepts into consideration while erecting his theory of biological evolution. Unsurprisingly, this theory was ill-equipped to embrace the directionality, historicity, and novelty that came along with a new evolutionary world. This paper analyses a fundamental idea at the heart of Darwin's Origins of Species (1859) inherited from a static, stable, and machine-like conception of the world: the notion of a fully constituted world. Although in principle antithetical to the very idea of evolution itself, Darwin found a way to 'loosen up' this notion so as to retain it in a way that allows for some kind of evolutionary change. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Developing Better Methods for Obtaining Long-Term (Debt) Financing for Expansion of Physical Facilities at Small, Nonprofit, Traditional Midwestern Colleges.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Westin, Charles A.

This research explored the problem of private colleges borrowing money to pay for construction of needed buildings. The study revealed that most colleges had borrowed money in the past for construction. About two-thirds of those foresaw further construction, and one-half of those who planned to build also planned to borrow to meet part of the cost…

Selling written-off A/R.

PubMed

Czerwinski, Robert; Friend, Peter M

2008-09-01

There are several things to consider in selling written-off A/R to a third party: Know how the purchase is being financed. Ensure the hospital has the ability to review collection policies that will be used. Arrive at a price via a sophisticated analysis of the debt, not by an arbitrary number. Insist on receiving detailed reports on collection success on an ongoing basis. Develop some type of profit-sharing arrangement.

Attractiveness of family medicine for medical students: influence of research and debt.

PubMed

Vanasse, Alain; Orzanco, Maria Gabriela; Courteau, Josiane; Scott, Sarah

2011-06-01

To examine the association between students' personal characteristics, backgrounds, and medical schools and their intention to enter a family medicine (FM) specialty. Descriptive study using data from the 2007 National Physician Survey. Canada. Clinical (n=1109) and preclinical (n=829) medical student respondents to the 2007 National Physician Survey. The main variable was hoping to enter an FM specialty, and 40 independent variables were included in regression and classification-tree models. Fewer than 1 medical student in 3 (30.2% at the preclinical level and 31.4% at the clinical level) hoped to enter into an FM career. Those who did were more likely to be female, were slightly older, were more frequently married or living with partners, were typically born in Canada, and were more likely to have previous exposure to non-urban environments. The most important predictor for both populations was the debt related to medical studies, which acted in the opposite direction of whether or not students were interested in research. Students interested in research were attracted by specialties with high earning potential, while those not interested in research looked for short residency programs, such as FM, so they could begin to pay off debt sooner. Therefore, the interest in research appears to be inversely related to the choice of FM. Less than one-third of medical students were looking for residencies in FM in Canada. This is far below the goals of 45% set at the national level and 50% set by some provinces like Quebec. Debt and interest in research have strong influences on the choice of residency by medical students.

Three essays in corporate finance: Examining the influence of government ownership and evaluating crude oil arbitrage

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Holland, Kateryna

The aim of this dissertation is twofold: first, to evaluate how governments influence firms in which they invest (chapters one and two), and second, to examine arbitrage in the crude oil market by investigating the relationship between crude oil inventories, physical prices, and financial prices (chapter three). In the first chapter (The Wealth Effects of Government Investment in Publicly Traded Firms), I study how government share ownership affects shareholder wealth. I find that government investments with higher likelihood of political interference have a negative influence on shareholder wealth, while the opposite is true for government investments with economic objectives. In the second chapter (Government Ownership and the Cost of Debt: Evidence form Government Investment in Publicly Traded Firms), I investigate how government share ownership affects the cost of debt of publicly traded firms. I find that government ownership generally leads to a higher cost of debt, except for times of economic and firm distress, when the value of the implicit government guarantee is associated with a reduction in the cost of debt. In the third chapter (Financial Trading, Spot Oil Prices, and Inventory: Evidence from the U.S. Crude Oil Market), I confirm the existence of an active cash and carry market in crude oil in Cushing, OK, the main U.S. crude oil futures settlement location. In other words, crude oil inventories in Cushing, but not in any other U.S. crude oil storage locations, are explained by the spread between the financial and the physical price of oil in addition to operational factors.

A Search Past Silence: The Literacy of Young Black Men. Language & Literacy

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kirkland, David E.

2013-01-01

This beautifully written book argues that educators need to understand the social worlds and complex literacy practices of African-American males in order to pay the increasing educational debt we owe all youth and break the school-to-prison pipeline. Moving portraits from the lives of six friends bring to life the structural characteristics and…

Poverty Reduction in Zambia: A Conceptual Analysis of the Zambian Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Imboela, Bruce Lubinda

2005-01-01

Poverty reduction strategy papers (PRSPs) present a recipient country's program of intent for the utilization of World Bank loans and grants to alleviate debt under the bank's programs of action for poverty reduction in highly indebted poor countries (HIPCs). This article argues that structural transformation is a prerequisite for poverty…

The Great Mistake: How We Wrecked Public Universities and How We Can Fix Them

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Newfield, Christopher

2016-01-01

Higher education in America, still thought to be the world leader, is in crisis. University students are falling behind their international peers in attainment, while suffering from unprecedented student debt. For over a decade, the realm of American higher education has been wracked with self-doubt and mutual recrimination, with no clear…

Practical Secondary Education: Planning for Cost-Effectiveness in Less Developed Countries.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Chisman, Dennis

Public pressure for expansion of secondary and higher education has forced governments of several developing countries to urgently seek ways to meet this demand. Many of these countries have been hard hit by debt and high world interest rates. At their 1984 conference, Commonwealth Ministers of Education requested the Secretariat to examine ways…

Latino High School Students' Pursuit of Postsecondary Education

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Orozco, Luis Antonio, Jr.

2017-01-01

The continual rise of student loan debt seems to show the world that students are willing to do whatever it takes to become successful in life. However, when they have completed the requirement for the degree many question if the whole journey was worth it. The purpose of this quantitative causal-comparative study was to examine the potential…

The Challenge to Promote Understanding of and Change Attitudes toward the Third World.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Drake, Christine

Results of a survey of college students to determine attitude change toward the Third World as a result of their participation in classes taught by faculty members involved in a Third World Faculty Development Seminar are discussed. Faculty from many disciplines participated in the seminar and then integrated Third World materials into their…

Planning and Organizing the Postwar Air Force 1943-1947,

DTIC Science & Technology

1982-01-01

power and air organization as formed over the decades since World War 1. These had great influence after World War 11 on the collective frame of mind of...author in the collections of’ the Air Force Chief’s of’ Staff. A special debt is due Larry Paszek. f’or his persistent search for photos, and F his...FIfil ’Nc Hranch ,ince 1970. During,- 1959-1966. he had been hi’t4orian at Stratee-i, \\it Commiand Hleadquartters. Offutt AFB3. Nebraska. Mr. \\\\ odk hold

Globalisation, complex humanitarian emergencies and health.

PubMed

O'Dempsey, T J D; Munslow, B

2006-01-01

A new political economy of conflict has emerged in the aftermath of colonialism and the Cold War. Complex political emergencies have been simmering in the post-colonial world for more than three decades. Intra-country armed conflict, often combined with natural disasters, at present contributes to the displacement of over 20 million people world-wide. The international community remains profoundly uncomfortable with the complex political emergencies of the new era, torn between the respect for national sovereignty upon which the international political system of the United Nations and other agencies is built, and the growth of concern with human rights and a burgeoning International Humanitarian Law. Globalisation may have brought many benefits to some but there are also many losers. The Word Bank and the International Monetary Fund imposed structural adjustment policies to ensure debt repayment and economic restructuring that have resulted in a net reduction in expenditure on health, education and development. A downward spiral has been created of debt, disease, malnutrition, missed education, economic entrapment, poverty, powerlessness, marginalization, migration and instability. Africa's complex political emergencies are particularly virulent and tenacious. Three examples that are among the most serious humanitarian emergencies to have faced the world in recent times--those in Angola, the Democratic Republic of Congo and Sudan--are reviewed here in detail. The political evolution of these emergencies and their impact on the health of the affected populations are also explored.

Debt relief and public health spending in heavily indebted poor countries.

PubMed Central

Gupta, Sanjeev; Clements, Benedict; Guin-Siu, Maria Teresa; Leruth, Luc

2002-01-01

The Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) Initiative, which was launched in 1996, is the first comprehensive effort by the international community to reduce the external debt of the world's poorest countries. The Initiative will generate substantial savings relative to current and past public spending on health and education in these countries. Although there is ample scope for raising public health spending in heavily indebted poor countries, it may not be advisable to spend all the savings resulting from HIPC resources for this purpose. Any comprehensive strategy for tackling poverty should also focus on improving the efficiency of public health outlays and on reallocating funds to programmes that are most beneficial to the poor. In order to ensure that debt relief increases poverty-reducing spending and benefits the poor, all such spending, not just that financed by HIPC resources, should be tracked. This requires that countries improve all aspects of their public expenditure management. In the short run, heavily indebted poor countries can take some pragmatic tracking measures based on existing public expenditure management systems, but in the longer run they should adopt a more comprehensive approach so as to strengthen their budget formulation, execution, and reporting systems. PMID:11953794

Poverty crisis in the Third World: the contradictions of World Bank policy.

PubMed

Burkett, P

1991-01-01

Politicians, the mainstream media, and orthodox social science have all been telling us of a final victory of capitalism over socialism, suggesting that capitalism is the only viable option for solving the world's problems. Yet, the global capitalist system is itself entering the third decade of a profound structural crisis, the costs of which have been borne largely by the exploited and oppressed peoples of the underdeveloped periphery. While the World Bank's latest World Development Report recognizes the current poverty crisis in the third world, its "two-part strategy" for alleviating poverty is based on an inadequate analysis of how peripheral capitalist development marginalizes the basic needs of the third world poor. Hence, the World Bank's assertion that free-market policies are consistent with effective antipoverty programs does not confront the class structures and global capitalist interests bound up with the reproduction of mass poverty in the third world. The World Bank's subordination of the basic needs of the poor to free-market adjustments and reforms in fact suggests that the real purpose of its "two-part strategy" is to ensure continued extraction of surplus from third world countries by maintaining the basic structure of imperialist underdevelopment.

International Economic Diplomacy: A Guide to the Global Economy: The Issues, Institutions, and Influences.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

United Nations Association of the United States of America, New York, NY.

This guide is designed to help teachers to prepare students for the rapidly arriving new world order through study of market economics and the global economy. The central section of the guide presents 10 case studies that describe a range of international economic concepts: (1) Debt and Oil; (2) Trade and Protection; (3) Foreign Exchange; (4)…

The Pension Pac-Man: How Pension Debt Eats Away at Teacher Salaries

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Aldeman, Chad

2016-01-01

Why aren't teacher salaries rising? This puzzle can be explained by three trends eating into teachers' take-home pay: rising health care costs, declining student/teacher ratios, and rising retirement costs. Retirement costs are the most hidden of these three factors. The result is that most teachers are getting the worst of both worlds. Teachers…

20 CFR 408.950 - Will we accept a compromise settlement of an overpayment debt or suspend or terminate collection...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

...' Benefits SOCIAL SECURITY ADMINISTRATION SPECIAL BENEFITS FOR CERTAIN WORLD WAR II VETERANS Underpayments... (31 CFR 900.3 and parts 902 and 903). (c) Effect of compromise, suspension or termination. When we... accordance with provisions of the Social Security Act, other laws, and the standards set forth in 31 CFR...

Why do vulnerability cycles matter in financial networks?

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Silva, Thiago Christiano; Tabak, Benjamin Miranda; Guerra, Solange Maria

2017-04-01

We compare two widely employed models that estimate systemic risk: DebtRank and Differential DebtRank. We show that not only network cyclicality but also the average vulnerability of banks are essential concepts that contribute to widening the gap in the systemic risk estimates of both approaches. We find that systemic risk estimates are the same whenever the network has no cycles. However, in case the network presents cyclicality, then we need to inspect the average vulnerability of banks to estimate the underestimation gap. We find that the gap is small regardless of the cyclicality of the network when its average vulnerability is large. In contrast, the observed gap follows a quadratic behavior when the average vulnerability is small or intermediate. We show results using an econometric exercise and draw guidelines both on artificial and real-world financial networks.

Financing Solar PV at Government Sites with PPAs and Public Debt (Brochure)

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Not Available

2011-11-01

Historically, state and local governmental agencies have employed one of two models to deploy solar photovoltaic (PV) projects: (1) self-ownership (financed through a variety of means) or (2) third-party ownership through a power purchase agreement (PPA). Morris County, New Jersey, administrators recently pioneered a way to combine many of the benefits of self-ownership and third-party PPAs through a bond-PPA hybrid, frequently referred to as the Morris Model. At the request of the Department of Energy's Solar Market Transformation group, NREL examined the hybrid model. This fact sheet describes how the hybrid model works, assesses the model's relative advantages and challengesmore » as compared to self-ownership and the third-party PPA model, provides a quick guide to project implementation, and assesses the replicability of the model in other jurisdictions across the United States.« less

Financing Solar PV at Government Sites with PPAs and Public Debt (Brochure)

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Not Available

2011-12-01

Historically, state and local governmental agencies have employed one of two models to deploy solar photovoltaic (PV) projects: (1) self-ownership (financed through a variety of means) or (2) third-party ownership through a power purchase agreement (PPA). Morris County, New Jersey, administrators recently pioneered a way to combine many of the benefits of self-ownership and third-party PPAs through a bond-PPA hybrid, frequently referred to as the Morris Model. At the request of the Department of Energy?s Solar Market Transformation group, NREL examined the hybrid model. This fact sheet describes how the hybrid model works, assesses the model?s relative advantages and challengesmore » as compared to self-ownership and the third-party PPA model, provides a quick guide to project implementation, and assesses the replicability of the model in other jurisdictions across the United States.« less

Problems and Prospects of the Whole Language Approach to Literacy Education in the Depressed Economies of the Third World: The Nigerian Experience.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Onukaogu, C. E.

Whole language has the potential to boost literacy in Third World countries like Nigeria, where the language curriculum has not been given the political and economic support it deserves. The economic depression in the Third World may not allow for a robust development of whole language. One effect of the decay of education in the Third World is…

Mass Communications in the Third World: Some Ethical Considerations.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Lent, John A.

In the past five years, unprecedented discussion and analysis have been focused on mass media in the third world. Common topics include development journalism, the New Information Order, cultural invasion and exchange, and ruralization of media. Ethical considerations for first world involvement in third world media have arisen in several areas.…

5 CFR 835.602 - Past-due legally enforceable debt.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... REGULATIONS (CONTINUED) DEBT COLLECTION Collection of Debts by Federal Tax Refund Offset § 835.602 Past-due legally enforceable debt. A past-due legally enforceable debt for referral to the IRS is a debt that— (a... 5 Administrative Personnel 2 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Past-due legally enforceable debt. 835...

Navajo Mineral Development

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Ruffing, Lorraine Turner

1978-01-01

Comparing the resource development of the Navajo Nation with that of Third World countries, this article examines Navajo-Third World similarities in terms of various decision-making alternatives such as transitional corporations and the new forms of agreements now used by Third World countries. (JC)

China: Unfolding the Paper Dragon

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-03-23

accompanied Chinese economic prosperity. In the following decade, China has devalued its currency , purchased debt around the world, and used coercive...partners.79 Nations protest China‟s currency devaluation practice, because it makes China‟s exports cheaper and foreign imports more expensive...as the IMF . Consequently, Nigeria ‟s late president Umaru Yar‟Adua canceled a number of the projects.90 The seeds of corruption have grown into

Egypt: Background and U.S. Relations

DTIC Science & Technology

2006-06-14

genital mutilation (FGM) remained a serious problem due to widespread cultural acceptance, despite the government’s attempts to eliminate the practice... female ) Unemployment Rate: 15%-20% (est.) External Debt: (as % of GDP) $33 billion 37.8% Source: U.S. Central Intelligence Agency World Factbook 2005. CRS...group’s members have been detained. In May 2005, female Kefaya activists accused Egyptian police officers of sexually assaulting female protesters

An analysis of the potential for achieving the fourth millennium development goal in SSA with domestic resources.

PubMed

O'Hare, Bernadette; Makuta, Innocent

2015-02-25

The importance of good health is reflected in the fact that more than half of the eight Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) are aimed at improving health status. Goal 4 (MDG4) aims to reduce child mortality. The progress indicator for goal 4 is the under-five mortality rate (U5M), with a targeted reduction of two thirds by 2015 from 1990 levels. This paper seeks to compare the time (in years) Sub Saharan African (SSA) countries will take to reach their MDG4 target at the current rate of decline, and the time it could have taken to reach their target if domestic resources had not been lost through illicit financial flows, corruption and servicing of debt since 2000. We estimate the amount by which the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita would increase (in percentage terms) if losses of resource through illicit financial flows, corruption and debt servicing, were reduced. Using the income elasticity of U5M, a metric which reports the percentage change in U5M for a one percent change in GDP per capita, we estimate the potential gains in the annual reduction of the under-five mortality if these resource losses were reduced. At the current rate of reduction in U5M, nine countries out of this sample of 36 SSA countries (25%) will achieve their MDG4 target by 2015. In the absence of the leakages (IFF, corruption and debt service) 30 out of 36 (83%) would reach their MDG4 target by 2015 and all except one country, Zimbabwe would have achieved their MDG4 by 2017 (97%). In view of the uncertainty of the legitimacy of African debts we have also provided results where we excluded debt repayment from our analysis. Most countries would have met MDG4 target by curtailing these outflows. In order to release latent resources in SSA for development, action will be needed both by African countries and internationally. We consider that stemming these outflows, and thereby reducing the need for aid, can be achieved with a more transparent global financial system.

Latin America’s Debt Crisis: A United States Foreign Policy Challenge

DTIC Science & Technology

1989-05-01

products that can successfully compete with those from the United States. Latin American export items such as coffee, 41 sugar, cocoa and bananas have also...become increasingly significant as an important economic market for US exports . The region now accounts for up to a third of our total annual exports . (35...region is best exemplified in the 1981 through 1983 drop 3 in U.S. exports to Latin America <from $39 billion to $22.6 billion respectively). That drop

Educational Debt in the Context of Career Planning: A Qualitative Exploration of Medical Student Perceptions.

PubMed

Phillips, Julie P; Wilbanks, Deana M; Salinas, Diana F; Doberneck, Diane M

2016-01-01

Phenomenon: Medical students in the United States face increasing educational debt because medical education costs have risen while public investment in higher education has declined. Contemporary students borrow more money and accumulate debt far surpassing that of previous generations of physicians, and both interest rates and terms of loan repayment have changed significantly in the last decade. As a result, the experiences of medical students differ from the experiences of physician educators. Little is known about how contemporary medical students view their debt in the context of career planning. Understanding contemporary U.S. medical students' lived experiences of educational debt is important, because high debt levels may affect medical students' well-being and professional development. The study's purpose was to explore contemporary students' views of their debt in the context of career planning. In 2012, 2nd-year medical students enrolled in a health policy course at one medical school were invited to write an essay about how debt influences their career choices. The authors analyzed 132 essays using immersion and crystallization and iterative, team-based coding. Code-recode strategies, member checking, and reflexivity ensured validity and rigor. Three themes emerged about the meaning of debt: debt symbolizes lack of social investment, debt reinforces a sense of entitlement, and debt is a collective experience. Four approaches to debt management emerged: anticipation, avoidance, acceptance, and disempowerment. Insights: Medical students' views of debt are more complex than previously reported. Medical educators should recognize that many students experience debt as a stressor, acknowledge students' emotions about debt, and invite discussion about the culture of entitlement in medical education and how this culture affects students' professionalism. At the same time, educators should emphasize that students have many repayment options and that regardless of specialty choice, most physicians repay their debts without significant difficulty. Further exploration is needed of the relationships between the amount of debt owed, students' attitudes toward their debt, and other student characteristics. Because students experience debt in a range of ways, more nuanced approaches to understanding and reframing student perceptions of debt are necessary.

Financial Assets [share, bonds] & Ancylia

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Maksoed, Wh-

2016-11-01

Instead Elaine Scarry: "Thermonuclear monarchy" reinvent Carry Nation since Aug 17, 1965 the Republic of Indonesia's President speech: "Reach to the Star", for "cancellation" usually found in External Debt herewith retrieved from "the Window of theWorld": Ancylia, feast in March, a month named after Mars, the god of war. "On March 19 they used to put on their biggest performance of gymnastics in order to "bribe" their god for another good year", further we have vacancy & "vacuum tube"- Bulat Air karena Pembuluh, Bulat Kata karena Mufakat" proverb from Minangkabau, West Sumatra. Follows March 19, 1984 are first prototype flight of IAI Astra Jet as well as March 19, 2012 invoice accompanies Electric car Kujang-193, Fainancial Assets [share, bonds] are the answer for "infrastructure" & state owned enterprises assets to be hedged first initial debt per capita accordances. Heartfelt gratitudes to HE. Mr. Ir. Sarwono Kusumaatmadja/PT. Smartfren INDONESIA.

United States defense policy and the Third World - the development of doctrine, 1962-1985

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Corcoran, E.F.

Conducting a study covering more than two decades of United States defense policy and the development of doctrine towards the Third World is an ambitious project. Nevertheless, there is a continuum from President Kennedy to President Reagan in the decision-making process and application of resources towards United States involvement in the less developed world. The incumbent president is perhaps closer to Kennedy in his world view of the root causes of instability and unrest in the Third World, specifically communist inspired and supported subversive insurgency. This calls for examination in view of the significant variations in the emphasis given tomore » US security interests in the Third World from Kennedy to Reagan. Each president since Kennedy has been faced with the problem of subversive insurgencies in the less developed world, inspired and supported by the communists both internally and externally. The Soviet Union is on record in vowing to support so called Wars of National Liberation in the Third World. Each president has had to deal with such threats to US security interests in the Third World. How each president from Kennedy to Reagan has dealt with such threats, and the conclusion that Reagan has resurrected much of the Kennedy US counterinsurgency doctrine, is the crux of this examination.« less

Debt and foregone medical care.

PubMed

Kalousova, Lucie; Burgard, Sarah A

2013-06-01

Most American households carry debt, yet we have little understanding of how debt influences health behavior, especially health care seeking. We examined associations between foregone medical care and debt using a population-based sample of 914 southeastern Michigan residents surveyed in the wake of the late-2000s recession. Overall debt and ratios of debt to income and debt to assets were positively associated with foregoing medical or dental care in the past 12 months, even after adjusting for the poorer socioeconomic and health characteristics of those foregoing care and for respondents' household incomes and net worth. These overall associations were driven largely by credit card and medical debt, while housing debt and automobile and student loans were not associated with foregoing care. These results suggest that debt is an understudied aspect of health stratification.

A systematic review of financial debt in adolescents and young adults: prevalence, correlates and associations with crime.

PubMed

Hoeve, Machteld; Stams, Geert Jan J M; van der Zouwen, Marion; Vergeer, Margaretha; Jurrius, Kitty; Asscher, Jessica J

2014-01-01

Financial debt in young people has increased in recent years. Because debt may have severe consequences, and it may enhance criminal behavior, insight into the prevalence and determinants of debt and its association with crime is important. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of 36 manuscripts to examine the prevalence of financial debt (k = 23), correlates and risk factors of debt (k = 16), and associations between debt and criminal behavior in adolescents and young adults (k = 8). Findings revealed that the prevalence of debt is substantial among young people; on average, 49% reported to have at least some debt, 22% had financial problems. Older participants and ethnic minorities were found to have higher levels of debt than younger and indigenous counterparts. Females had more financial problems and higher student loans. Low self-esteem, a pro-debt attitude (of young people and their parents), lack of perceived control towards financial management, poor social functioning, financial stress and external locus of control were found to have the strongest associations with debt. Studies reported strong associations between debt and crime. Particularly, strong associations were found between serious and persistent crime in young people and later (young adult) debt or financial problems.

A Systematic Review of Financial Debt in Adolescents and Young Adults: Prevalence, Correlates and Associations with Crime

PubMed Central

Hoeve, Machteld; Stams, Geert Jan J. M.; van der Zouwen, Marion; Vergeer, Margaretha; Jurrius, Kitty; Asscher, Jessica J.

2014-01-01

Financial debt in young people has increased in recent years. Because debt may have severe consequences, and it may enhance criminal behavior, insight into the prevalence and determinants of debt and its association with crime is important. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of 36 manuscripts to examine the prevalence of financial debt (k = 23), correlates and risk factors of debt (k = 16), and associations between debt and criminal behavior in adolescents and young adults (k = 8). Findings revealed that the prevalence of debt is substantial among young people; on average, 49% reported to have at least some debt, 22% had financial problems. Older participants and ethnic minorities were found to have higher levels of debt than younger and indigenous counterparts. Females had more financial problems and higher student loans. Low self-esteem, a pro-debt attitude (of young people and their parents), lack of perceived control towards financial management, poor social functioning, financial stress and external locus of control were found to have the strongest associations with debt. Studies reported strong associations between debt and crime. Particularly, strong associations were found between serious and persistent crime in young people and later (young adult) debt or financial problems. PMID:25136797

Higher Education Co-operation and Western Dominance of Knowledge Creation and Flows in Third World Countries.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Selvaratnam, Viswanathan

1988-01-01

Third World adoption of the Western university and the accompanying Eurocentric system of information flow is criticized as sometimes being counterproductive and alien to developing nations. The potential for a self-reliant, interdependent higher education system among Third World countries is discussed. (MSE)

Endogenous fertility, Ricardian equivalence, and debt management policy.

PubMed

Lapan, H E; Enders, W

1990-03-01

This paper develops a model in which dynastic families optimally determine fertility. Government debt represents a tax on future generations and on childbearing; the Ricardian Equivalence Hypothesis does not hold. Debt is welfare reducing in that it distorts the fertility decision. An increase in government debt induces a decline in fertility and an increase in the steady state capital/labor ratio. If a government inherits an existing stock of debt, the 1st-best policy is to eliminate the debt immediately. In other situations the optimal debt management policy will not, in general, entail a total elimination of the debt.

Iraq’s Debt Relief: Procedure and Potential Implications for International Debt Relief

DTIC Science & Technology

2008-10-02

Order Code RL33376 Iraq’s Debt Relief: Procedure and Potential Implications for International Debt Relief Updated October 2, 2008 Martin A. Weiss...4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE Iraq?s Debt Relief: Procedure and Potential Implications for International Debt Relief 5a. CONTRACT NUMBER 5b. GRANT NUMBER...b. ABSTRACT unclassified c. THIS PAGE unclassified Standard Form 298 (Rev. 8-98) Prescribed by ANSI Std Z39-18 Iraq’s Debt Relief: Procedure

11 CFR 111.51 - Debts that are covered.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

...)) Collection of Debts Arising From Enforcement and Administration of Campaign Finance Laws § 111.51 Debts that... antitrust laws. (4) Debts under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986. (5) Debts between the Commission and...

11 CFR 111.51 - Debts that are covered.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

...)) Collection of Debts Arising From Enforcement and Administration of Campaign Finance Laws § 111.51 Debts that... antitrust laws. (4) Debts under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986. (5) Debts between the Commission and...

11 CFR 111.51 - Debts that are covered.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

...)) Collection of Debts Arising From Enforcement and Administration of Campaign Finance Laws § 111.51 Debts that... antitrust laws. (4) Debts under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986. (5) Debts between the Commission and...

11 CFR 111.51 - Debts that are covered.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

...)) Collection of Debts Arising From Enforcement and Administration of Campaign Finance Laws § 111.51 Debts that... antitrust laws. (4) Debts under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986. (5) Debts between the Commission and...

20 CFR 366.2 - Past-due legally enforceable debt.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... COLLECTION OF DEBTS BY FEDERAL TAX REFUND OFFSET § 366.2 Past-due legally enforceable debt. A past-due legally enforceable debt which may be referred to the Internal Revenue Service is a debt: (a) Which arose... 20 Employees' Benefits 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Past-due legally enforceable debt. 366.2...

45 CFR 2506.4 - What types of debts are excluded from these regulations?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 45 Public Welfare 4 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false What types of debts are excluded from these...) CORPORATION FOR NATIONAL AND COMMUNITY SERVICE COLLECTION OF DEBTS Introduction § 2506.4 What types of debts are excluded from these regulations? The following types of debts are excluded: (a) Debts or claims...

45 CFR 2506.4 - What types of debts are excluded from these regulations?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 45 Public Welfare 4 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false What types of debts are excluded from these...) CORPORATION FOR NATIONAL AND COMMUNITY SERVICE COLLECTION OF DEBTS Introduction § 2506.4 What types of debts are excluded from these regulations? The following types of debts are excluded: (a) Debts or claims...

Student Debt and the Class of 2015. 11th Annual Report

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Cochrane, Debbie; Cheng, Diane

2016-01-01

Student Debt and the Class of 2015 is the eleventh annual report on the student loan debt of recent graduates from four-year colleges, documenting the rise in student loan debt and variation among states as well as colleges. This report includes policy recommendations to address rising student debt and reduce debt burdens, including collecting…

Plundering the poor: the role of the World Bank in the Third World.

PubMed

Feder, E

1983-01-01

The World Bank, the most important so-called development assistance agency, annually dispenses billions of dollars to Third World governments, ostensibly to "develop" their economics through a variety of loan projects. But even a superficial analysis reveals that the Bank is the perfect mechanism to help (i.e., subsidize) the large transnational corporations from the industrial countries to expand their industrial, commercial, and financial activities in the Third World, at the expense of the latter and particularly at the expense of the rural and urban proletariat. This article discusses Cheryl Payer's recent book, The World Bank: A Critical Analysis, in which she analyzes the Bank's role in the Third World and sets forth the major reasons why poverty, hunger, and malnutrition, as well as unemployment, and all the adverse social phenomena associated with them, are on the increase.

Effect of Educational Debt on Emergency Medicine Residents: A Qualitative Study Using Individual Interviews.

PubMed

Young, Timothy P; Brown, Madison M; Reibling, Ellen T; Ghassemzadeh, Sassan; Gordon, Dawn M; Phan, Tammy H; Thomas, Tamara L; Brown, Lance

2016-10-01

In 2001, less than 20% of emergency medicine residents had more than $150,000 of educational debt. Our emergency medicine residents anecdotally reported much larger debt loads. Surveys have reported that debt affects career and life choices. Qualitative approaches are well suited to explore how and why such complex phenomena occur. We aim to gain a better understanding of how our emergency medicine residents experience debt. We conducted individual semistructured interviews with emergency medicine residents. We collected self-reported data related to educational debt and asked open-ended questions about debt influence on career choices, personal life, future plans, and financial decisions. We undertook a structured thematic analysis using a qualitative approach based in the grounded theory method. Median educational debt was $212,000. Six themes emerged from our analysis: (1) debt influenced career and life decisions by altering priorities; (2) residents experienced debt as a persistent source of background stress and felt powerless to change it; (3) residents made use of various techniques to negotiate debt in order to focus on day-to-day work; (4) personal debt philosophy, based on individual values and obtained from family, shaped how debt affected each individual; (5) debt had a normative effect and was acculturated in residency; and (6) residents reported a wide range of financial knowledge, but recognized its importance to career success. Our emergency medicine residents' debt experience is complex and involves multiple dimensions. Given our current understanding, simple solutions are unlikely to be effective in adequately addressing this issue. Copyright © 2016 American College of Emergency Physicians. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Transgenic Crops to Address Third World Hunger? A Critical Analysis

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Rosset, Peter M.

2005-01-01

Industry and mainstream research and policy institutions often suggest that transgenic crop varieties can raise the productivity of poor third world farmers, feed the hungry, and reduce poverty. These claims are critically evaluated by examining global-hunger data, the constraints that affect the productivity of small farmers in the third world,…

The Third World: Exploring U.S. Interests. Headline Series No. 259.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Sewell, John W.; Mathieson, John A.

This booklet examines the emergence of the so-called 'third world' of developing nations in the 1980s. The third world nations are widely diverse in history and culture, economic structure and political orientation. These new developing countries can affect the interests of the United States in significant ways, either individually or…

15 CFR 19.8 - When will Commerce entities suspend or terminate debt collection on a Commerce debt?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 15 Commerce and Foreign Trade 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false When will Commerce entities suspend or terminate debt collection on a Commerce debt? 19.8 Section 19.8 Commerce and Foreign Trade Office of the Secretary of Commerce COMMERCE DEBT COLLECTION Procedures To Collect Commerce Debts § 19.8 When will...

15 CFR 19.8 - When will Commerce entities suspend or terminate debt collection on a Commerce debt?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 15 Commerce and Foreign Trade 1 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false When will Commerce entities suspend or terminate debt collection on a Commerce debt? 19.8 Section 19.8 Commerce and Foreign Trade Office of the Secretary of Commerce COMMERCE DEBT COLLECTION Procedures To Collect Commerce Debts § 19.8 When will...

15 CFR 19.8 - When will Commerce entities suspend or terminate debt collection on a Commerce debt?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 15 Commerce and Foreign Trade 1 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false When will Commerce entities suspend or terminate debt collection on a Commerce debt? 19.8 Section 19.8 Commerce and Foreign Trade Office of the Secretary of Commerce COMMERCE DEBT COLLECTION Procedures To Collect Commerce Debts § 19.8 When will...

15 CFR 19.8 - When will Commerce entities suspend or terminate debt collection on a Commerce debt?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 15 Commerce and Foreign Trade 1 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false When will Commerce entities suspend or terminate debt collection on a Commerce debt? 19.8 Section 19.8 Commerce and Foreign Trade Office of the Secretary of Commerce COMMERCE DEBT COLLECTION Procedures To Collect Commerce Debts § 19.8 When will...

15 CFR 19.8 - When will Commerce entities suspend or terminate debt collection on a Commerce debt?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 15 Commerce and Foreign Trade 1 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false When will Commerce entities suspend or terminate debt collection on a Commerce debt? 19.8 Section 19.8 Commerce and Foreign Trade Office of the Secretary of Commerce COMMERCE DEBT COLLECTION Procedures To Collect Commerce Debts § 19.8 When will...

Poverty Levels and Debt Indicators among Low-Income Households before and after the Great Recession

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kim, Kyoung Tae; Wilmarth, Melissa J.; Henager, Robin

2017-01-01

This study analyzed the debt profile of low-income households before and after the Great Recession using the 2007, 2010, and 2013 Survey of Consumer Finances (SCF). We used Heckman selection models to investigate three debt characteristics: (a) the amount of debt, (b) debt-to-income ratio, and (c) debt delinquency. Before and after the Great…

36 CFR 1011.8 - When will the Presidio Trust suspend or terminate debt collection on a debt?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 36 Parks, Forests, and Public Property 3 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false When will the Presidio Trust... PRESIDIO TRUST DEBT COLLECTION Procedures To Collect Presidio Trust Debts § 1011.8 When will the Presidio Trust suspend or terminate debt collection on a debt? If, after pursuing all appropriate means of...

Heterogeneity and differentiation: the end for the Third World??

PubMed

Abdalla, I

1978-01-01

Dependence, with all its corollaries, is the common denominator of Third World countries. Comprehensive decolonization is the only way out. New categories and classifications, i.e., OPEC countries and NICs (Newly Industrialized Countries), fall short of destroying the fundamental community of condition and goal. China is not a Third World country. The case for heterogeneity of Third World countries is a faulty one. The average per capita GNP of the higher income group in 1975 was $1,270.00 against $142.70 for the lower income group, 8.9 times lower. Among OECD countries, Switzerland's per capita is 9.3 times Turkey's, yet no one speaks of heterogeneity within OECD. Development can, and should, proceed according to the conditions of each nation, but differences cannot and should not overshadow the commonality of interests in the Third World.

Images of World Society: A Third World View.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Gopal, Sarvepalli

1982-01-01

Discusses conditions in the Third World which prevent the development of a harmonious world society. The effects of nationalism, nuclear proliferation, racism, political and economic inequities, and social and religious conservatism on the growth of a global outlook are considered. (AM)

7 CFR 1956.102 - Application of policies.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

...) PROGRAM REGULATIONS (CONTINUED) DEBT SETTLEMENT Debt Settlement-Community and Business Programs § 1956.102 Application of policies. (a) General. If a debt is eligible for settlement, the debt settlement authorities of... in connection with debt settlement will adhere strictly to the authorizations, requirements, and...

7 CFR 1956.102 - Application of policies.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

...) PROGRAM REGULATIONS (CONTINUED) DEBT SETTLEMENT Debt Settlement-Community and Business Programs § 1956.102 Application of policies. (a) General. If a debt is eligible for settlement, the debt settlement authorities of... in connection with debt settlement will adhere strictly to the authorizations, requirements, and...

7 CFR 1956.102 - Application of policies.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

...) PROGRAM REGULATIONS (CONTINUED) DEBT SETTLEMENT Debt Settlement-Community and Business Programs § 1956.102 Application of policies. (a) General. If a debt is eligible for settlement, the debt settlement authorities of... in connection with debt settlement will adhere strictly to the authorizations, requirements, and...

7 CFR 1956.102 - Application of policies.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

...) PROGRAM REGULATIONS (CONTINUED) DEBT SETTLEMENT Debt Settlement-Community and Business Programs § 1956.102 Application of policies. (a) General. If a debt is eligible for settlement, the debt settlement authorities of... in connection with debt settlement will adhere strictly to the authorizations, requirements, and...

The World – Socio-economically and politically: What you need to know

PubMed Central

Ausman, James I.

2013-01-01

The gravest challenge facing the USA and the nations of the world is the coming economic crisis of the world economies, if present policies are pursued. Few are aware or believe that this event could happen. The spread of centralized government control of the economies, the growth of the welfare state worldwide, the expenditures on entitlements beyond what any nation or even most states can afford, the cost of wars, the rapidly climbing debt of the USA and other countries and their inability to pay for these excessive expenses, the actions of many countries to print “fiat” (false) money to pay for their debts, the raising of taxes to pay for these debts, the rise in immigration to developed countries from the undeveloped world, the associated costs to their societies of this immigration, the promises made by politicians to get elected that cannot be fulfilled, and the desire of the public to have what they want, now, paid for by credit cards (debt), are all contributing to the coming economic crisis. The unfunded promised benefits to the citizens of the USA in Medicare, Medicaid, Social Security, and pensions plus the USA debt amount to about $140 trillion. The total value of all the assets of all the people in the USA is $99 trillion dollars. So, one can see that the people of the USA do not have the resources to pay their expenses. Besides, these entitlements, the rest of the expenses are paid for with borrowed or printed (fiat) money that has little chance of being repaid unless perhaps by subsequent generations or by increases in taxes. Efforts to correct this coming economic crisis by austerity and sacrifice have been rejected by the public and the politicians worldwide. The Governments and the Press have participated in deception of the public about these issues in order to maintain their positions of power, for the truth would destroy them. No solution is in sight except more spending and valueless money printing. This unchecked desire for more of everything without the responsibility to work or pay for these entitlements, has touched many countries and people with a few exceptions. This problem is the result of a worldwide breakdown of ethics and morality in society and a desire of the few for centralized control and power over the people. No country has instituted a solution to these problems that results in reducing expenditures or the growing debts. As many have stated in this paper, this policy cannot be sustained. The result of this scenario will be a worldwide economic crisis. Fundamental to this impending economic crisis is the failure of centrally controlled economies and socialistic programs. Those selected groups, who benefit from having control, are the politicians, bankers, some selected industry leaders, and socialist planners, who will stop at nothing to maintain power and control over the people. Liberty of the people is in jeopardy worldwide. Read the evidence presented and decide if this summary is correct. The troubling question is, “What will happen if the world economy collapses?” Will this crisis be a time for the few to take more control of the people through fear, crisis decisions, misinformation, prevention of the public from protecting themselves with guns, and pervasive spying technology on each citizen or will more democratic governments arise from the failure of centralized control, the welfare state, and the loss of liberty? Such crises have been repeated throughout 4000 years of recorded history. What happened in those past times? Read the quotations of Vladimir Lenin, developer of Marxism–Leninism, the foundation of Communism and judge what you have read from his statements. An alternative to this dismal scenario is little discussed also in the Press. Why not? In the past 150 years, the alternative has happened with a rapid growth in democracy, communications technology, and life expectancy from advances in science and medicine. To unleash this huge human potential, at this time, will require individual freedom to create and innovate with the opportunity for risk and reward in an environment aided by unrestrictive governments even at the community and organizational levels. History records the success of the alternatives in the great leadership and creativity of humankind. The USA and the world are at the critical choice for their futures. We are experiencing the results of centrally controlling governments worldwide that are not working. Is it time for an alternative option? Read the evidence in this paper and decide for yourself. Reading this paper will take you time, but you will not read all of this information elsewhere. It is key to your future. Decide for yourself what you should do after reading it. The URLs of many of the references are included so that you can read further about the many subjects presented yourself. PMID:24231906

The World - Socio-economically and politically: What you need to know.

PubMed

Ausman, James I

2013-01-01

The gravest challenge facing the USA and the nations of the world is the coming economic crisis of the world economies, if present policies are pursued. Few are aware or believe that this event could happen. The spread of centralized government control of the economies, the growth of the welfare state worldwide, the expenditures on entitlements beyond what any nation or even most states can afford, the cost of wars, the rapidly climbing debt of the USA and other countries and their inability to pay for these excessive expenses, the actions of many countries to print "fiat" (false) money to pay for their debts, the raising of taxes to pay for these debts, the rise in immigration to developed countries from the undeveloped world, the associated costs to their societies of this immigration, the promises made by politicians to get elected that cannot be fulfilled, and the desire of the public to have what they want, now, paid for by credit cards (debt), are all contributing to the coming economic crisis. The unfunded promised benefits to the citizens of the USA in Medicare, Medicaid, Social Security, and pensions plus the USA debt amount to about $140 trillion. The total value of all the assets of all the people in the USA is $99 trillion dollars. So, one can see that the people of the USA do not have the resources to pay their expenses. Besides, these entitlements, the rest of the expenses are paid for with borrowed or printed (fiat) money that has little chance of being repaid unless perhaps by subsequent generations or by increases in taxes. Efforts to correct this coming economic crisis by austerity and sacrifice have been rejected by the public and the politicians worldwide. The Governments and the Press have participated in deception of the public about these issues in order to maintain their positions of power, for the truth would destroy them. No solution is in sight except more spending and valueless money printing. This unchecked desire for more of everything without the responsibility to work or pay for these entitlements, has touched many countries and people with a few exceptions. This problem is the result of a worldwide breakdown of ethics and morality in society and a desire of the few for centralized control and power over the people. No country has instituted a solution to these problems that results in reducing expenditures or the growing debts. As many have stated in this paper, this policy cannot be sustained. The result of this scenario will be a worldwide economic crisis. Fundamental to this impending economic crisis is the failure of centrally controlled economies and socialistic programs. Those selected groups, who benefit from having control, are the politicians, bankers, some selected industry leaders, and socialist planners, who will stop at nothing to maintain power and control over the people. Liberty of the people is in jeopardy worldwide. Read the evidence presented and decide if this summary is correct. The troubling question is, "What will happen if the world economy collapses?" Will this crisis be a time for the few to take more control of the people through fear, crisis decisions, misinformation, prevention of the public from protecting themselves with guns, and pervasive spying technology on each citizen or will more democratic governments arise from the failure of centralized control, the welfare state, and the loss of liberty? Such crises have been repeated throughout 4000 years of recorded history. What happened in those past times? Read the quotations of Vladimir Lenin, developer of Marxism-Leninism, the foundation of Communism and judge what you have read from his statements. An alternative to this dismal scenario is little discussed also in the Press. Why not? In the past 150 years, the alternative has happened with a rapid growth in democracy, communications technology, and life expectancy from advances in science and medicine. To unleash this huge human potential, at this time, will require individual freedom to create and innovate with the opportunity for risk and reward in an environment aided by unrestrictive governments even at the community and organizational levels. History records the success of the alternatives in the great leadership and creativity of humankind. The USA and the world are at the critical choice for their futures. We are experiencing the results of centrally controlling governments worldwide that are not working. Is it time for an alternative option? Read the evidence in this paper and decide for yourself. Reading this paper will take you time, but you will not read all of this information elsewhere. It is key to your future. Decide for yourself what you should do after reading it. The URLs of many of the references are included so that you can read further about the many subjects presented yourself.

Clinically Competent and Fiscally at Risk: Impact of Debt and Financial Parameters on the Surgical Resident.

PubMed

Tevis, Sarah E; Rogers, Andrew P; Carchman, Evie H; Foley, Eugene F; Harms, Bruce A

2018-05-31

While the costs of medical training continue to increase, surgeon income and personal financial decisions may be challenged to manage this expanding debt burden. We sought to characterize the financial liability, assets, income, and debt of surgical residents, and evaluate the necessity for additional financial training. All surgical trainees at a single academic center completed a detailed survey. Questions focused on issues related to debt, equity, cash flow, financial education, and fiscal parameters. Responses were used to calculate debt-to-asset and debt-to-income ratios. Predictors of moderate risk debt-to-asset ratio (0.5 to 0.9), high risk debt-to-asset ratio (≥0.9), and high risk debt-to-income ratio (>0.4) were evaluated. All analyses were performed in SPSS v.21. One hundred five trainees completed the survey (80% response rate), with 38% of respondents reporting greater than $200,000 in educational debt. Overall, 82% of respondents had a moderate or high risk debt-to-asset ratio. Residency program, year, sex, and perception of financial knowledge did not correlate with high risk debt-to-asset ratio. Residents with high debt-to-asset ratios were more likely to have a high level of concern about debt (52% vs 0%, p < 0.001) when compared with residents who had low debt-to-asset ratios. The majority (79%) of respondents felt strongly that inclusion of additional financial training in residency education is a critical need. In a climate of increasingly delayed financial gratification, surgical trainees are on critically unstable financial footing. There is a major gap in current surgical education that requires reassessment for the long-term financial health of residents. Copyright © 2018 American College of Surgeons. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Associations Between Pharmacy Students' Attitudes Toward Debt, Stress, and Student Loans.

PubMed

Chisholm-Burns, Marie A; Spivey, Christina A; Jaeger, Melanie C; Williams, Jennifer

2017-09-01

Objective. To assess graduating pharmacy students' attitudes toward debt and determine associations with stress, student loan debt, financial need, current employment, post-graduation plans, and expected length of time to repay loans. Methods. Survey was conducted using an attitudes-toward-debt scale (sub-scales: tolerant attitudes toward debt; contemplation and knowledge about loans; fear of debt), Perceived Stress Scale, and questions concerning current employment, estimated total student loan debt, post-graduation plans, and expected length of time to repay loans. Federal loan data were collected using financial aid records. Independent samples t -test, ANOVA, and Pearson's r correlations were conducted. Results. There were 147 students (96.7%) who participated. The majority were female (59.2%), white (69.4%), and had federal student loans (90.5%). Mean total loan amount was $153,276 (SD $59,810), which included federal students loans accumulated before and during pharmacy school. No significant differences were noted on attitudes toward debt or stress based on whether respondents had federal student loans. Greater "fear of debt" was correlated with increased stress, estimated total student loan debt, total federal loan debt, and pharmacy school loan debt. Greater "contemplation and knowledge about loans" was correlated with lower estimated total student loan debt, total federal loan amount, and pharmacy school loan amount. Students with higher "contemplation and knowledge" scores expected to repay loans within a shorter time frame than students with lower scores. Conclusion. Increased fear of debt was related to greater perceived stress and higher student loan amounts borrowed, while increased contemplation and knowledge about loans was associated with lower amounts borrowed. Educational programming concerning loans, debt, and personal financial management may help reduce stress and amount borrowed.

The association of debt financing with not-for-profit hospitals' operational and capital-investment efficiency.

PubMed

Magnus, Stephen A; Wheeler, John R C; Smith, Dean G

2004-01-01

Increased debt in companies can motivate both operational and capital-investment efficiency. This positive influence of debt is attributed to creditors' oversight of corporate behavior and the need to generate cash flows to service debt. Our study investigates whether debt has a similar relationship with efficiency in not-for-profit hospitals. Using statistical analysis of a database of audited financial statements of not-for-profit hospitals, we test whether debt is associated with six distinct measures of operational and capital-investment efficiency. We find that debt either has no association with efficiency or predicts decreased efficiency. Possible explanations are that creditors' oversight is less tight in the not-for-profit setting and that debt may at times motivate excessive capital investment because of a legal requirement to tie tax-exempt debt with a capital-investment project.

Pharmacy Students' Attitudes Toward Debt.

PubMed

Park, Taehwan; Yusuf, Akeem A; Hadsall, Ronald S

2015-05-25

To examine pharmacy students' attitudes toward debt. Two hundred thirteen pharmacy students at the University of Minnesota were surveyed using items designed to assess attitudes toward debt. Factor analysis was performed to identify common themes. Subgroup analysis was performed to examine whether students' debt-tolerant attitudes varied according to their demographic characteristics, past loan experience, monthly income, and workload. Principal component extraction with varimax rotation identified 3 factor themes accounting for 49.0% of the total variance: tolerant attitudes toward debt (23.5%); contemplation and knowledge about loans (14.3%); and fear of debt (11.2%). Tolerant attitudes toward debt were higher if students were white or if they had had past loan experience. These 3 themes in students' attitudes toward debt were consistent with those identified in previous research. Pharmacy schools should consider providing a structured financial education to improve student management of debt.

24 CFR 242.1 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

.... Debt service coverage ratio is a measure of a hospital's ability to pay interest and principal with cash generated from current operations. Debt service ratio is calculated as follows: Debt Service Coverage Ratio (total debt service coverage on all long-term capital debt) equals the excess of revenues...

24 CFR 242.1 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

.... Debt service coverage ratio is a measure of a hospital's ability to pay interest and principal with cash generated from current operations. Debt service ratio is calculated as follows: Debt Service Coverage Ratio (total debt service coverage on all long-term capital debt) equals the excess of revenues...

The Rise and Fall of Democracies in Third World Societies. Studies in Third World Societies. Publication Number Twenty-Seven.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Sutlive, Vinson H. Ed.; And Others

Topics concerned with the experiments and problems of self-rule in Third World societies are presented in nine essays. The essays are: (1) "Democracy in Iran: The Untenable Dream" (John D. Stempel); (2) "Afghanistan's Struggle for National Liberation" (Hafizullah Emadi); (3) "Turkey's Experience with Political…

Medical student debt at the Christchurch School of Medicine. The New Zealand Wellbeing, Intentions, Debt and Experiences (WIDE) survey of medical students pilot study. Results part I.

PubMed

Gill, D; Palmer, C; Mulder, R; Wilkinson, T

2001-10-26

To determine the level and sources of medical student debt at the Christchurch School of Medicine. A questionnaire, The New Zealand Wellbeing, Intentions, Debt, and Experiences (WIDE) Survey of Medical Students, was developed and administered to all 204 medical students at the Christchurch School of Medicine and Health Sciences. Included were questions on student demographics, sources and levels of debt, parental financial support, and student perceptions of their debt. The response rate was 88%. International students, whose debt was with an overseas government, and students with mortgages were excluded from the data analysis. The combined total debt for the remaining 165 students was $7775000 with $6290000 (81%) owed to the Government Students Loans scheme. One quarter of 6th year medical students had a debt over $83250, 50% had a debt over $70000, and 75% had a debt over $50000. Student allowances were inaccessible to 64% of 4th and 5th year students and part-time employment during term-time was common. Lack of funds was reported to impair full participation in the medical course. The majority of medical students at the Christchurch School of Medicine accumulate high levels of debt, mainly dtrough the Government Student Loans scheme, during their medical training.

Evaluating the underlying factors behind variable rate debt.

PubMed

McCue, Michael J; Kim, Tae Hyun Tanny

2007-01-01

Recent trends show a greater usage of variable rate debt among health care bond issues. In 2004, 63.4% of the total health care bonds issued were variable rate compared with 30.6% in 1995 (Fitch Ratings, 2005). The purpose of this study is to gain a better understanding of the underlying factors, credit spread, issue characteristics, and issuer factors behind why hospitals and health system borrowers select variable rate debt compared with fixed rate debt. From 2000 to 2004, this study sampled 230 newly issued tax-exempt bonds issued by acute care hospitals and health care systems that included both variable and fixed rate debt issues. Using a logistic regression model, hospitals with variable rate debt issues were assigned a value of 1, whereas hospitals with fixed rate debt issues were assigned a value of 0. This study found a positive association between bond insurance and variable rate debt and a negative association between callable feature and variable rate debt. Facilities located in certificate-of-need states that possessed higher case mix acuity, earned higher profit margins, generated higher debt service coverage, and held less debt were more likely to issue variable rate debt. Overall, hospital managers and board members of hospitals possessing a strong financial performance have an interest in utilizing variable rate debt to lower their cost of capital. In addition, this outcome may also reflect that investment bankers are doing a better job in educating senior hospital management about the interest rate savings benefit of variable rate compared with fixed rate debt.

[Children's conditions. Peace should be used for the children's advantage].

PubMed

Neertoft, S

1990-02-28

It is estimated that about half of the budgets of underdeveloped countries are spent on armaments and repayments of debt. These two essentially unproductive activities cost an average of $500/family in underdeveloped countries each year. At the same time about 8000 children die each day for lack of vaccination. About 7000 children die each day from dehydration as a result of diarrhea and about 6000 children die each day from lung inflammation. The solutions to these health problems are well known and would cost only about what the USSR spends on vodka or what tobacco companies in the US spend on cigarette advertising. It would amount to 10% of the European Economic Community's support to agriculture and about 2% of what developing countries altogether spend on armaments. UNICEF, the UN children's organization, in its 1990 report on the state of the world's children estimates that about 40,000 children die each day worldwide from preventable causes and that many more live undernourished in poor health, physically and mentally unable to sustain the level of capability that they were born with. With military expenditures falling, there is hope that the peace dividend can be diverted to improve the world level of health care. If the debt crisis could be solved, a cut of only 5-10% in military expenditures would produce about $50 billion which could be used in the poorest parts of the world during the next 10 years to cover the most fundamental needs for food, pure drinking water, health care and education.

Socioeconomic obstacles to HIV prevention and treatment in developing countries: the roles of the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank.

PubMed

Lurie, P; Hintzen, P; Lowe, R A

1995-06-01

This paper explores the socioeconomic obstacles to HIV prevention and treatment in developing countries. The opening sections explain the historical origins of structural adjustment programs and their characteristics. Structural adjustment programs undermine the social fabric of many developing countries, and potentially promote behaviors which place people at increased risk of HIV infection. The authors discuss the declining sustainability of the rural subsistence economy, development of a transportation infrastructure, migration and urbanization, and reductions in spending on health and social services. Social and economic interventions are needed to stem the spread of HIV and care for those who are already infected. While a substantial amount of biomedical research has been conducted, socioeconomic aspects of the AIDS epidemic have often been ignored. For HIV transmission in developing countries to be substantially reduced, economic policies which may have promoted the spread of disease must be modified. An alternative development strategy consists of satisfying people's basic human needs, shifting from an export-driven economy to diversified agricultural production in the interest of securing regional self-sufficiency, supporting marginal producers and subsistence farmers, and placing greater emphasis upon human resource development in developing countries. Moreover, the IMF and World Bank need to change their policy to one which is truly about cooperative development, while the charters of the IMF and World Bank need to be altered to permit the cancellation or rescheduling of debt. These institutions should also play a leading role in the restructuring of debt owed to private lenders.

12 CFR 32.5 - Combination rules.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... debt restructuring approved by the OCC, upon request by a bank for application of the non combination... external debt management; and (D) Whether the restructuring includes features of debt or debt-service... generally liable for the debts or actions of the partnership, joint venture, or association, and those...

12 CFR 32.5 - Combination rules.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... debt restructuring approved by the OCC, upon request by a bank for application of the non combination... external debt management; and (D) Whether the restructuring includes features of debt or debt-service... generally liable for the debts or actions of the partnership, joint venture, or association, and those...

USSR Report, World Economy and International Relations, No. 1, January 1987

DTIC Science & Technology

1987-05-22

food, ecology . The gap in the levels of economic development between states is becoming increasingly threatening, and the developing countries’ debt...practice of the safe development of nuclear power engineering. To "star wars," it proposes "star peace," that is, interaction in peaceful space, the...electric power engineering, industry and municipal services. Thus the construction of new heat and electric power plants using fuel oil was

Miscalculated Ambiguity: The Effects of US Nuclear Declaratory Policy on Deterrence and Nonproliferation

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-06-01

Business, Sports , Entertainment and Video News. http://edition.cnn.com/2010/ US /08/27/debt.security.mullen/index.html (accessed March 23, 2011). 70...sole-purpose policy would also vastly enhance US nonproliferation efforts. This policy would increase US legitimacy as the leader of the...March 29, 2011). 93 "Iran Ridicules Obama Nuclear Policy - USATODAY.com." News, Travel, Weather, Entertainment , Sports , Technology, U.S. & World

Africa Knowledge, Data Source, and Analytic Effort (KDAE) Exploration

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-08-20

The World Bank’s web site contains a substantial amount of data, organized by 18 broad topic areas like Agriculture and Rural Development, Education...wb.indicators) <- c(" Agriculture & Rural Development", "Aid Effectiveness", "Climate Change", "Economic Policy & External Debt", "Education", "Energy...Services,Equality))) IV. Model Building #### Function to iterate regression models IOT pick the best ones 75 library(MASS) data.best

An Assessment of Debt-for-Education Swaps. Case Studies on Swap Initiatives between Germany and Indonesia and between Spain and El Salvador

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Cassimon, Danny; Essers, Dennis; Renard, Robrecht

2011-01-01

A decade has passed since participants in the World Education Forum committed themselves to achieve, by 2015, the six Education for All (EFA) goals under the Dakar Framework for Action. Despite significant progress, some of the goals are likely to be missed by a large margin. Besides the absence of a well co-ordinated multi-donor approach in…

PV Project Finance in the United States, 2016

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Feldman, David; Lowder, Travis; Schwabe, Paul

This brief is a compilation of data points and market insights that reflect the state of the project finance market for solar photovoltaic (PV) assets in the United States as of the third quarter of 2016. This information can generally be used as a simplified benchmark of the costs associated with securing financing for solar PV as well as the cost of the financing itself (i.e., the cost of capital). Three sources of capital are considered -- tax equity, sponsor equity, and debt -- across three segments of the PV marketplace.

Urbanisation, poverty and employment: the large metropolis in the third world.

PubMed

Singh, A

1992-01-01

"The main purpose of this paper is to provide an overall review of the chief analytical as well as economic policy issues in relation to Third World cities in the light of the available theoretical and empirical studies on urbanisation, poverty and employment in the developing countries.... Part I...provides basic information on urbanisation in the Third World...[and] outlines the nature and extent of urban poverty in these large cities and considers the impact of the world economic crisis on the urban poor. Part II of the paper discusses the most important structural features of urbanisation in relation to economic development....Finally, Part III briefly examines policy issues in relation to urbanisation and poverty in the Third World's large cities." excerpt

Shift work, night work and sleep disorders among pastry cookers and shopkeepers in France: a cross-sectional survey

PubMed Central

Pepin, Emilie; Gillet, Pascal; Sauvet, Fabien; Gomez-Merino, Danielle; Thaon, Isabelle; Chennaoui, Mounir; Leger, Damien

2018-01-01

Objective Most research on night and shift work focuses on employee health in large companies, primarily in the healthcare and transportation sectors. However, many night workers work on their own or in small businesses related to services or food. This survey focuses on sleep habits and disorders concerning night work in pastry production and sales. Methods An epidemiological telephone cross-sectional survey of night shift workers and their sleep habits was proposed to all employers and employees in the French pastry industry via their insurance health prevention company. Sleep logs allow us to estimate the total sleep time (TST) on workdays and enquire on napping episodes and length. In order to estimate the ideal TST, we added a question on the ideal amount of sleep the subjects need to be in good shape in the morning. We also define sleep debt as the difference between the ideal TST and TST on workdays, and considered a sleep debt when the difference was above 60 min and severe sleep debt above 90 min. Finally we retained subjects as long sleepers for those with a TSTof more than 7 hours and short sleepers when TST was under 5 hours. Insomnia, sleepiness and sleep apnoea have been defined based on the International Classification of Sleep Disorders-Third Edition and the classification of mental disorders (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-Fifth Edition). Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression models were applied to investigate the association with short TST, long TST, sleep debt and napping. Results We analysed 2622 complete questionnaires from 1313 men and 1309 women aged 22–50 years old. 1397 workers began work before 07:00, whereas 1225 began later. The 24-hour TST was 6.7±1.4 hours, whereas the ideal TST was 7.0±1.2 hours. Severe sleep debt (>90 min) was reported by 6% women versus 5% men, whereas moderate sleep debt (>60 min) was reported by 11.5% women versus 9.3% men. Napping is one way to improve 24-hour TST for 58% of pastry producers (75±13 min) and 23% of shopkeepers (45±8 min). Nevertheless, 26.2% of the respondents complained of chronic insomnia, especially women aged 45–54 years old (31%). Finally, 29.6% had evocative criteria for obstructive sleep apnoea, although only 9.1% had a high score on the Berlin Questionnaire. Conclusion Our study demonstrates that both pastry producers and shopkeepers can have disturbed sleep schedules and a high prevalence of sleep disorders, although many have used napping as a behavioural countermeasure to fight sleep debt. The results of our survey lead us to conclude that, besides the need to take care of night workers in big industries, more information and occupational prevention must be focused on night workers in individual and small businesses. PMID:29743318

12 CFR 615.5502 - Issuance of global debt securities.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 12 Banks and Banking 7 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Issuance of global debt securities. 615.5502... AFFAIRS, LOAN POLICIES AND OPERATIONS, AND FUNDING OPERATIONS Global Debt Securities § 615.5502 Issuance of global debt securities. (a) The Funding Corporation may provide for the sale of global debt...

12 CFR 615.5502 - Issuance of global debt securities.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 12 Banks and Banking 7 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Issuance of global debt securities. 615.5502... AFFAIRS, LOAN POLICIES AND OPERATIONS, AND FUNDING OPERATIONS Global Debt Securities § 615.5502 Issuance of global debt securities. (a) The Funding Corporation may provide for the sale of global debt...

12 CFR 615.5502 - Issuance of global debt securities.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 12 Banks and Banking 7 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Issuance of global debt securities. 615.5502... AFFAIRS, LOAN POLICIES AND OPERATIONS, AND FUNDING OPERATIONS Global Debt Securities § 615.5502 Issuance of global debt securities. (a) The Funding Corporation may provide for the sale of global debt...

12 CFR 615.5502 - Issuance of global debt securities.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 12 Banks and Banking 6 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Issuance of global debt securities. 615.5502... AFFAIRS, LOAN POLICIES AND OPERATIONS, AND FUNDING OPERATIONS Global Debt Securities § 615.5502 Issuance of global debt securities. (a) The Funding Corporation may provide for the sale of global debt...

29 CFR 20.2 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Definitions. For purposes of this subpart— (a) The term commercial debt means any non-tax business debt in...) The term consumer debt means any non-tax debt of an individual in excess of $100, arising from loans—loan guarantees, overpayments, fines, penalties, or other causes. (c) A debt is considered delinquent...

41 CFR 105-56.010 - Deductions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... delinquent non-tax debt owed to the United States. GSA will pursue, when appropriate, such debt collection... of any nature. If the debt cannot be satisfied from subsequent payments, then the debt will be...) Types of collection. A debt may be collected in one lump sum or in installments. Collection will be by...

48 CFR 32.606 - Debt collection.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 1 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Debt collection. 32.606... REQUIREMENTS CONTRACT FINANCING Contract Debts 32.606 Debt collection. (a) If the contractor has not liquidated the debt within 30 days of the date due or requested installment payments or deferment of collection...

12 CFR 541.7 - Corporate debt security.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 12 Banks and Banking 6 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Corporate debt security. 541.7 Section 541.7... AFFECTING FEDERAL SAVINGS ASSOCIATIONS § 541.7 Corporate debt security. The term corporate debt security..., note and/or debenture which is commonly regarded as a debt security and is not predominantly...

12 CFR 141.7 - Corporate debt security.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 12 Banks and Banking 1 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Corporate debt security. 141.7 Section 141.7... AFFECTING FEDERAL SAVINGS ASSOCIATIONS § 141.7 Corporate debt security. The term corporate debt security..., note and/or debenture which is commonly regarded as a debt security and is not predominantly...

12 CFR 541.7 - Corporate debt security.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 12 Banks and Banking 6 2014-01-01 2012-01-01 true Corporate debt security. 541.7 Section 541.7... AFFECTING FEDERAL SAVINGS ASSOCIATIONS § 541.7 Corporate debt security. The term corporate debt security..., note and/or debenture which is commonly regarded as a debt security and is not predominantly...

12 CFR 141.7 - Corporate debt security.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 12 Banks and Banking 1 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Corporate debt security. 141.7 Section 141.7... AFFECTING FEDERAL SAVINGS ASSOCIATIONS § 141.7 Corporate debt security. The term corporate debt security..., note and/or debenture which is commonly regarded as a debt security and is not predominantly...

12 CFR 541.7 - Corporate debt security.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 12 Banks and Banking 5 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Corporate debt security. 541.7 Section 541.7... AFFECTING FEDERAL SAVINGS ASSOCIATIONS § 541.7 Corporate debt security. The term corporate debt security..., note and/or debenture which is commonly regarded as a debt security and is not predominantly...

12 CFR 141.7 - Corporate debt security.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 12 Banks and Banking 1 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Corporate debt security. 141.7 Section 141.7... AFFECTING FEDERAL SAVINGS ASSOCIATIONS § 141.7 Corporate debt security. The term corporate debt security..., note and/or debenture which is commonly regarded as a debt security and is not predominantly...

12 CFR 541.7 - Corporate debt security.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 12 Banks and Banking 5 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Corporate debt security. 541.7 Section 541.7... AFFECTING FEDERAL SAVINGS ASSOCIATIONS § 541.7 Corporate debt security. The term corporate debt security..., note and/or debenture which is commonly regarded as a debt security and is not predominantly...

12 CFR 541.7 - Corporate debt security.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 12 Banks and Banking 6 2013-01-01 2012-01-01 true Corporate debt security. 541.7 Section 541.7... AFFECTING FEDERAL SAVINGS ASSOCIATIONS § 541.7 Corporate debt security. The term corporate debt security..., note and/or debenture which is commonly regarded as a debt security and is not predominantly...

Debt and Foregone Medical Care

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kalousova, Lucie; Burgard, Sarah A.

2013-01-01

Most American households carry debt, yet we have little understanding of how debt influences health behavior, especially health care seeking. We examined associations between foregone medical care and debt using a population-based sample of 914 southeastern Michigan residents surveyed in the wake of the late-2000s recession. Overall debt and…

Rethinking Student Loan Debt: Tools and Strategies for Debt Management.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Mason, Susan G.

2001-01-01

Analyzes student loan debt at the University of Missouri-St. Louis School of Optometry, showing the need for a comprehensive debt management program. Presents a model for determining manageable amounts of student loan debt developed from conventional lending criteria and data on earnings for optometrists. (EV)

How well is debt managed by nonprofits?

PubMed

Tuckman, H P; Chang, C F

1993-01-01

Little is known about why nonprofits accrue debt, how much they owe, and whether the funds they borrow are used productively. This article distinguishes between productive, problematic, and deferred debt. Employing a data base representative of 114,726 tax-filing charitable nonprofits in the United States in 1986, it examines the pervasiveness of nonprofit debt and the relation between this debt and nonprofit financial health. The analysis finds that over 70 percent of the nonprofits hold debt, the distribution of this debt is highly concentrated, and the level of debt and leverage varies with asset size and type of activity. Nonprofits with higher leverage and absolute debt levels are financially healthier than those with lower levels. While the analysis does not determine whether financially stronger nonprofits are better able to borrow, the results support the view that borrowing in the nonprofit sector is economically efficient.

Pharmacy Students’ Attitudes Toward Debt

PubMed Central

Yusuf, Akeem A.; Hadsall, Ronald S.

2015-01-01

Objective. To examine pharmacy students’ attitudes toward debt. Methods. Two hundred thirteen pharmacy students at the University of Minnesota were surveyed using items designed to assess attitudes toward debt. Factor analysis was performed to identify common themes. Subgroup analysis was performed to examine whether students’ debt-tolerant attitudes varied according to their demographic characteristics, past loan experience, monthly income, and workload. Results. Principal component extraction with varimax rotation identified 3 factor themes accounting for 49.0% of the total variance: tolerant attitudes toward debt (23.5%); contemplation and knowledge about loans (14.3%); and fear of debt (11.2%). Tolerant attitudes toward debt were higher if students were white or if they had had past loan experience. Conclusion. These 3 themes in students’ attitudes toward debt were consistent with those identified in previous research. Pharmacy schools should consider providing a structured financial education to improve student management of debt. PMID:26089561

Tough choices in tough times: debt and medication nonadherence.

PubMed

Kalousova, Lucie; Burgard, Sarah A

2014-04-01

Debt is a ubiquitous component of households' financial portfolios. Yet we have scant understanding of how household debt constrains spending on needed health care. Diverse types of debt have different financial properties and recent work has shown that they may have varying implications for spending on needed health care. In this article, we explore the associations between indebtedness and medication nonadherence. First, we consider overall debt levels and then we disaggregate debt into types. We use a population-based sample of 434 residents of southeast Michigan who had been prescribed medications, collected in 2009-2010, the wake of the Great Recession. We find no association between medication nonadherence and total indebtedness. However, when we assess each type of debt separately, we find that having medical or credit card debt is positively associated with medication nonadherence, even net of household income, net worth, and other characteristics. Furthermore, patients with greater amounts of medical or credit card debt are more likely to be nonadherent than those with less. Our results suggest that credit card debt and medical debt may have serious implications for the relative affordability of prescription medications. These associations have been overlooked in past research and deserve further examination.

Underdevelopment -- Canada and the Third World: A Guide to Resources for Study and Action.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Ontario Inst. for Studies in Education, Toronto. Dept. of History and Philosophy of Education.

This directory is based on the Third World Resource Library's concern to communicate an understanding of under-development and a sense of urgency concerning the disturbing questions involved with the Third World. The goal of this Library is to present a resource guide which conveys some sense of the passion of those who experience the violence…

Associations Between Pharmacy Students’ Attitudes Toward Debt, Stress, and Student Loans

PubMed Central

Spivey, Christina A.; Jaeger, Melanie C.; Williams, Jennifer

2017-01-01

Objective. To assess graduating pharmacy students’ attitudes toward debt and determine associations with stress, student loan debt, financial need, current employment, post-graduation plans, and expected length of time to repay loans. Methods. Survey was conducted using an attitudes-toward-debt scale (sub-scales: tolerant attitudes toward debt; contemplation and knowledge about loans; fear of debt), Perceived Stress Scale, and questions concerning current employment, estimated total student loan debt, post-graduation plans, and expected length of time to repay loans. Federal loan data were collected using financial aid records. Independent samples t-test, ANOVA, and Pearson’s r correlations were conducted. Results. There were 147 students (96.7%) who participated. The majority were female (59.2%), white (69.4%), and had federal student loans (90.5%). Mean total loan amount was $153,276 (SD $59,810), which included federal students loans accumulated before and during pharmacy school. No significant differences were noted on attitudes toward debt or stress based on whether respondents had federal student loans. Greater “fear of debt” was correlated with increased stress, estimated total student loan debt, total federal loan debt, and pharmacy school loan debt. Greater “contemplation and knowledge about loans” was correlated with lower estimated total student loan debt, total federal loan amount, and pharmacy school loan amount. Students with higher “contemplation and knowledge” scores expected to repay loans within a shorter time frame than students with lower scores. Conclusion. Increased fear of debt was related to greater perceived stress and higher student loan amounts borrowed, while increased contemplation and knowledge about loans was associated with lower amounts borrowed. Educational programming concerning loans, debt, and personal financial management may help reduce stress and amount borrowed. PMID:29109558

7 CFR 1951.213 - Debt settlement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 14 2010-01-01 2009-01-01 true Debt settlement. 1951.213 Section 1951.213 Agriculture... and Grants § 1951.213 Debt settlement. Subpart C of part 1956 of this chapter prescribes policies and procedures for debt settlement actions for loans covered under this subpart when it is determined that a debt...

45 CFR 30.13 - Debt reporting and use of credit reporting agencies.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 45 Public Welfare 1 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Debt reporting and use of credit reporting... CLAIMS COLLECTION Standards for the Administrative Collection of Debts § 30.13 Debt reporting and use of... over $100 to credit bureaus or other automated databases. Debts arising under the Social Security Act...

75 FR 31736 - Modifications of Debt Instruments

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-06-04

... that is not debt for Federal income tax purposes, even if the alteration occurs by operation of the... modified debt instrument is debt or some other property right for Federal income tax purposes. However, any... results in an instrument or property right that is not debt for Federal income tax purposes is a [[Page...

45 CFR 32.2 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

...-tax debt to the United States. Delinquent debt means any non-tax debt that has not been paid by the... considered the last day of the period. Debt or claim means an amount of money, funds, or property that has been determined by the Secretary to be owed to the United States by an individual, including debt...

5 CFR 831.1305 - Collection of debts.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 5 Administrative Personnel 2 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Collection of debts. 831.1305 Section 831... (CONTINUED) RETIREMENT Collection of Debts § 831.1305 Collection of debts. (a) Means of collection. Collection of a debt may be made by means of offset under § 831.1306, or under any statutory provision...

20 CFR 367.2 - Past-due legally enforceable debt.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... RECOVERY OF DEBTS OWED TO THE UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT BY ADMINISTRATIVE OFFSET § 367.2 Past-due legally enforceable debt. A past-due legally enforceable debt which may be referred to another governmental agency for... 20 Employees' Benefits 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Past-due legally enforceable debt. 367.2...

26 CFR 1.166-1 - Bad debts.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 26 Internal Revenue 2 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Bad debts. 1.166-1 Section 1.166-1 Internal... TAXES (CONTINUED) Itemized Deductions for Individuals and Corporations § 1.166-1 Bad debts. (a... shall be allowed in respect of bad debts owed to the taxpayer. For this purpose, bad debts shall...

The Race to Refinance Debt: Market Offers Opportunities to Reduce Interest Costs.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

DuPont, Lorrie A.

1992-01-01

In this interest market, colleges and universities could benefit from careful evaluation of debt portfolios. Refinancing debt is an opportunity to lower debt service costs, ease cash flow, change security pledges, eliminate debt service reserves, update bond documents. Timing is important. Existing and new bonds can also be combined…

29 CFR 1650.206 - Notification to Treasury.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... Regulations Relating to Labor (Continued) EQUAL EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY COMMISSION DEBT COLLECTION Procedures... referring a debt to Treasury, EEOC will certify that the debt meets all of the requirements in § 1650.202..., the amount of the debt, the date on which the debt became past-due, and the designation of EEOC as the...

29 CFR 1650.206 - Notification to Treasury.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Regulations Relating to Labor (Continued) EQUAL EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY COMMISSION DEBT COLLECTION Procedures... referring a debt to Treasury, EEOC will certify that the debt meets all of the requirements in § 1650.202..., the amount of the debt, the date on which the debt became past-due, and the designation of EEOC as the...

29 CFR 1650.206 - Notification to Treasury.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... Regulations Relating to Labor (Continued) EQUAL EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY COMMISSION DEBT COLLECTION Procedures... referring a debt to Treasury, EEOC will certify that the debt meets all of the requirements in § 1650.202..., the amount of the debt, the date on which the debt became past-due, and the designation of EEOC as the...

29 CFR 1650.206 - Notification to Treasury.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... Regulations Relating to Labor (Continued) EQUAL EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY COMMISSION DEBT COLLECTION Procedures... referring a debt to Treasury, EEOC will certify that the debt meets all of the requirements in § 1650.202..., the amount of the debt, the date on which the debt became past-due, and the designation of EEOC as the...

29 CFR 1650.206 - Notification to Treasury.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... Regulations Relating to Labor (Continued) EQUAL EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY COMMISSION DEBT COLLECTION Procedures... referring a debt to Treasury, EEOC will certify that the debt meets all of the requirements in § 1650.202..., the amount of the debt, the date on which the debt became past-due, and the designation of EEOC as the...

31 CFR 351.2 - How do I contact Public Debt?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY BUREAU OF THE PUBLIC DEBT OFFERING OF UNITED STATES SAVINGS BONDS, SERIES EE General Information § 351.2 How do I contact Public Debt? You may contact Public Debt by e-mail at [email protected], or by writing to the following address: Bureau of the Public Debt...

The Federal Government Debt: Its Size and Economic Significance

DTIC Science & Technology

2009-03-04

growth is critical to economic stability . As long as the debt grows more rapidly than output, the ratio of debt to gross domestic product (GDP) will rise...the budget deficit, the rate of interest, and the rate of growth in GDP. What matters most, as far as economic stability is concerned, is what...debt and the overall rate of economic growth is critical to economic stability . As long as the debt grows more rapidly than output, the ratio of debt

The Federal Government Debt: Its Size and Economic Significance

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-02-03

growth rate of the federal debt and the overall rate of economic growth is critical to economic stability . As long as the debt grows more rapidly than...most, as far as economic stability is concerned, is what investors believe to be the long-run outlook for the debt-to-GDP ratio. If large deficits...between the growth rate of the federal debt and the overall rate of economic growth is critical to economic stability . As long as the debt grows more

What Can Tobit-Piecewise Regression Tell Us about the Determinants of Household Educational Debt?

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Thipbharos, Titirut

2014-01-01

Educational debt as part of household debt remains a problem for Thailand. The significant factors of household characteristics with regard to educational debt are shown by constructing a Tobit-piecewise regression for three different clusters, namely poor, middle and affluent households in Thailand. It was found that household debt is likely to…

12 CFR 313.122 - Notification of debt to FMS.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... PROCEDURES FOR CORPORATE DEBT COLLECTION Tax Refund Offset § 313.122 Notification of debt to FMS. The FDIC shall notify FMS of the amount of any past due, legally enforceable non-tax debt owed to it by a person, for the purpose of collecting such debt by tax refund offset. Notification and referral to FMS of such...

45 CFR 2506.7 - Why does the Corporation have to collect debts?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... NATIONAL AND COMMUNITY SERVICE COLLECTION OF DEBTS Introduction § 2506.7 Why does the Corporation have to collect debts? Federal agencies are required to try to collect claims or debts of the Federal Government... 45 Public Welfare 4 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Why does the Corporation have to collect debts...

7 CFR 792.20 - Reporting discharged debts to IRS.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... Government's ability to prove its case in court for the full amount of the debt. (2) The amount of a debt... 7 Agriculture 7 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Reporting discharged debts to IRS. 792.20 Section 792..., DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE PROVISIONS COMMON TO MORE THAN ONE PROGRAM DEBT SETTLEMENT POLICIES AND PROCEDURES...

Student Debt and the Class of 2008

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Reed, Matthew; Cheng, Diane

2009-01-01

This paper is the fourth annual report on the student loan debt of new college graduates. This analysis of the most recent available data found that student debt continued to rise even as it got harder for recent graduates to find jobs, and that debt levels vary considerably from state to state and college to college. Nationwide, average debt for…

36 CFR 1011.14 - How will the Presidio Trust report debts to credit bureaus?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 36 Parks, Forests, and Public Property 3 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false How will the Presidio Trust... TRUST DEBT COLLECTION Procedures To Collect Presidio Trust Debts § 1011.14 How will the Presidio Trust report debts to credit bureaus? The Presidio Trust will report delinquent debts to credit bureaus in...

Does student debt affect dental students' and dentists' stress levels?

PubMed

Boyles, J D; Ahmed, B

2017-10-27

Introduction Many studies have shown financial worries and debt to induce stress in individuals, this combined with the existing stress of being a dentist raises the question of how student debt affects students' and dentists' stress levels.Objectives Determine whether student debt has had any noticeable effect on student stress levels; investigate whether student debt has any effect on dentists' career choice; investigate whether the increase in tuition fees has influenced the number of applicants to study dentistry at the University of Birmingham.Method Anonymous questionnaires were completed by 70 4th year and 38 5th year BDS and 22 Dental Core Trainees (DCTs). Participants circled the response which best fitted their situation regarding statements on their level of stress and future career path. Ethical approval granted. Application figures to study dentistry obtained from head of admissions.Results Forty-two percent of males and 63% of females strongly agreed with the statement that having no debt would reduce their stress levels. Of those with debt >£40,000, 11% strongly agreed and 42% agreed that their total amount of student debt causes them stress. Whereas, those whose debt is <£40,000 only 2% strongly agreed and 28% agreed that their total amount of student debt causes them stress. Seventy-seven percent of participants who had parental or family financial support reported this reduced their stress levels. Student debt was found to deter females from undertaking further study more than it deters males (P <0.001). Students with a higher level of debt were more likely to worry about their total student loan(s) (P <0.001). Moreover, students with a higher level of debt were more likely to be stressed about their total student loan(s) (P <0.001). Parental/family contribution to student expenses reduces student stress (P <0.001). Applications to study dentistry since the rise in tuition fees have decreased by 42%.Conclusion Student debt has had an impact on student stress; students reporting a higher level of debt also report more stress and concern about paying off their student debt. Having no student debt would reduce stress levels, although to what extent is undetermined. Applications to study dentistry have fallen since the increase in tuition fees.

26 CFR 1.593-7 - Establishment and treatment of reserves for bad debts.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

....593-10. (2) Bad debt losses. Any bad debt in respect of a nonqualifying loan shall be charged against the reserve for losses on nonqualifying loans, and any bad debt in respect of a qualifying real... option of the taxpayer, however, any bad debt in respect of either class of loans may be charged in whole...

31 CFR 5.2 - Why is the Treasury Department issuing these regulations and what do they cover?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Department employees). (2) This part does not apply to tax debts nor to any debt for which there is an... the Secretary of the Treasury TREASURY DEBT COLLECTION General Provisions § 5.2 Why is the Treasury... collection of Treasury debts. This part also provides procedures for collection of other debts owed to the...

47 CFR 1.1917 - Referrals to the Department of Justice and transfer of delinquent debt to the Secretary of Treasury.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... Commission will cease all collection activity related to that debt. (c) All non-tax debts of claims owed to... transfer of delinquent debt to the Secretary of Treasury. 1.1917 Section 1.1917 Telecommunication FEDERAL... of Justice and transfer of delinquent debt to the Secretary of Treasury. (a) Referrals to the...

36 CFR 1011.5 - What interest, penalty charges and administrative costs will the Presidio Trust add to a debt?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... charges and administrative costs will the Presidio Trust add to a debt? 1011.5 Section 1011.5 Parks, Forests, and Public Property PRESIDIO TRUST DEBT COLLECTION Procedures To Collect Presidio Trust Debts § 1011.5 What interest, penalty charges and administrative costs will the Presidio Trust add to a debt...

36 CFR 1011.4 - What notice will the Presidio Trust send to a debtor when collecting a debt?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... PRESIDIO TRUST DEBT COLLECTION Procedures To Collect Presidio Trust Debts § 1011.4 What notice will the Presidio Trust send to a debtor when collecting a debt? (a) Notice requirements. The Presidio Trust will aggressively collect debts. The Presidio Trust will send at least one written notice to a debtor informing the...

Anticipated debt and financial stress in medical students.

PubMed

Morra, Dante J; Regehr, Glenn; Ginsburg, Shiphra

2008-01-01

While medical student debt is increasing, the effect of debt on student well-being and performance remains unclear. As a part of a larger study examining medical student views of their future profession, data were collected to examine the role that current and anticipated debt has in predicting stress among medical students. A survey was administered to medical students in all four years at the University of Toronto. Of the 804 potential respondents across the four years of training, 549 surveys had sufficient data for inclusion in this analysis, for a response rate of 68%. Through multiple regression analysis, we evaluated the correlation between current and anticipated debt and financial stress. Although perceived financial stress correlates with both current and anticipated debt levels, anticipated debt was able to account for an additional 11.5% of variance in reported stress when compared to current debt levels alone. This study demonstrates a relationship between perceived financial stress and debt levels, and suggests that anticipated debt levels might be a more robust metric to capture financial burden, as it standardizes for year of training and captures future financial liabilities (future tuition and other future expenses).

Student Debt Spans Generations: Characteristics of Parents Who Borrow to Pay for Their Children's College Education.

PubMed

Walsemann, Katrina M; Ailshire, Jennifer A

2017-10-01

Discussions of student debt often overlook the debt parents take on to pay for their children's education. We identify characteristics of parents with child-related educational debt among the late baby boom cohort. Data come from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979, a nationally representative sample of individuals born between 1957 and 1964. We restrict our sample to parents who had any children aged ≥17 and answered questions on educational debt during midlife (n = 6,562). Craggit models estimated (a) having any child-related educational debt and (b) the amount of debt owed among debtors. Black parents and parents with more education, higher income, and higher net worth were more likely to report child-related educational debt than White parents and parents with no degree, low-income, or negative net worth. Among debtors, high-income parents had more debt than low-income parents. Our findings suggest concerns about the student debt crisis should extend to aging parents. © The Author 2016. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Gerontological Society of America. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.

FY 2002 Economic Outlook, Highlights from FY 1994 to FY 2001, FY 2002 Baseline Projections

DTIC Science & Technology

2001-01-01

have experienced four straight years of surplus, a stretch of prosperity last seen following World War I. For three years in a row, we have actually... safer . My Administration’s initiatives to reduce crime contributed to the lowest annual serious crime count since 1985. • Giving Americans confidence...Medicare trust funds and offered the hope of paying down the debt with prudent budget policies. The past eight years have also seen remarkable

Weak and Failing States: Evolving Security Threats and U.S. Policy

DTIC Science & Technology

2008-04-18

Instability Task Force, a research group commissioned by the Central Intelligence Agency, found in a 2003 report that terrorists operate in both “ caves ...Bank Support to Low-Income Countries Under Stress (Washington, DC: The World Bank, 2006); Chauvet and Collier, “Helping Hand? Aid to Failing States...income, 50% higher debt-to-gross domestic product ratios, and double the poverty CRS-9 27 See Chauvet and Collier (2004), op. cit.; Francois Bourguignon

Central Asia: Regional Developments and Implications for U.S. Interests

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-09-19

building the previous summer as part of efforts to topple the government. In late 2010, Uzbekistan began a transit slowdown and other economic ...to Afghanistan. After the two sides agreed to a cease-fire, the U.N. Security Council established a small U.N. Mission of Observers in Tajikistan...the wake of the world economic downturn. Russia also stated that it would write off most of a $180 million debt. The United States was notified on

Air Force Basing Strategies in the Western Pacific in Response to Chinese Military Buildup during Fiscal Austerity

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-02-01

CHINESE MILITARY BUILDUP DURING FISCAL AUSTERITY by Timothy M. Swierzbin, Major, USAF A Research Report Submitted to the Faculty In Partial...future of USAF operations in the Asia-Pacific such as drastic military budget austerity and the state of Chinese aggression in the region...around the world to impart various levels of austerity to tackle their national debts. The U.S. was also susceptible to the crisis and the Government

Economic and social implications of aging societies.

PubMed

Harper, Sarah

2014-10-31

The challenge of global population aging has been brought into sharper focus by the financial crisis of 2008. In particular, growing national debt has drawn government attention to two apparently conflicting priorities: the need to sustain public spending on pensions and health care versus the need to reduce budget deficits. A number of countries are consequently reconsidering their pension and health care provisions, which account for up to 40% of all government spending in advanced economies. Yet population aging is a global phenomenon that will continue to affect all regions of the world. By 2050 there will be the same number of old as young in the world, with 2 billion people aged 60 or over and another 2 billion under age 15, each group accounting for 21% of the world's population. Copyright © 2014, American Association for the Advancement of Science.

Students, Teachers, and the Third World in the American College Curriculum. A Guide and Commentary on Innovative Approaches in Undergraduate Education. Occasional Publication No. 19.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Ehrman, Edith; Morehouse, Ward

The purpose of this publication, which is experimental in nature, is to identify important innovations in undergraduate study of Asian and African societies, traditions specifically and the Third World somewhat more generally, and to encourage more interest and dialogue in the imaginative study of the Third World. The publication is arranged into…

Soviet Naval Military and Air Power in the Third World,

DTIC Science & Technology

1984-03-31

enhanced by the impressive Kirov class nucler - powered , guided missile cruiser. This ship is the largest naval vessel built byanynation since World ’W...RD-Rli5e 290 SOVIET NAVAL MILITARY AND AIR POWER IN THE THIRD WORLD i/I (U) KENT STATE UNIV OH LYMAN L LEMNITZER CENTER FOR NATO STUDIES L J ANDOLINO...ii . MICROCOPY RESOLUTION TEST CHART NAh{ThAL BUPIAU OF STANDAR[)S 4 -.1 21 -.!r z r o SOVIET NAVAL MILITARY AND AIR 0’) POWER IN THE THIRD WORLD o by

Public Debt: Private Asset. Government Debt and Its Role in the Economy.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Schilling, Tim

In 1981, the United States reached a dubious economic milestone--the federal debt surpassed one trillion dollars for the first time. It took more than 200 years to build up that much debt. The federal debt doubled to two trillion by 1986, hit the three trillion level in 1990, and stands at an estimated five-and-a-half trillion for 1998. Just as…

Proactive Students in Global Education. Understanding the Third World: A Moving Force in Our Lives. The Teacher.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Peters, Richard Oakes

A global approach to the world's problems is presented, viewing social, cultural, scientific, and humanistic questions as factors in a world that is a single interacting system. It is noted that the basic needs of the third world, which represents nearly half of the world's population, have not been met. A discussion on this topic addresses the…

78 FR 3498 - Debt Management Advisory Committee Meeting

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-01-16

... DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY Departmental Offices Debt Management Advisory Committee Meeting Notice.... of the following debt management advisory committee: Treasury Borrowing Advisory Committee of The... decisions on major financing operations. Historically, this advice has been offered by debt management...

Agricultural Education: Key to Providing Broader Opportunities for Third World Women in Production Agriculture.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Lelle, Mark A.; Holt, Barbara A.

1987-01-01

The authors focus on providing opportunities for women in Third World countries in agriculture. A review of the body of knowledge in agricultural development and of the issues surrounding current world food crises is included. (CH)

77 FR 54862 - Integrated Hedging Transactions of Qualifying Debt

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-09-06

... Integrated Hedging Transactions of Qualifying Debt AGENCY: Internal Revenue Service (IRS), Treasury. ACTION... certain integrated transactions that involve a foreign currency denominated debt instrument and multiple... foreign currency denominated debt instrument and multiple associated hedging transactions. The text of...

45 CFR 1150.30 - Which debts can the Endowment refer to the Treasury for collection by offsetting tax refunds?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... ENDOWMENT FOR THE ARTS COLLECTION OF CLAIMS Tax Refund Offset § 1150.30 Which debts can the Endowment refer... enforceable debt referable to the Treasury for tax refund offset is a debt that is owed to the Endowment and... the Treasury regulations relating to the eligibility of a debt for tax return offset (31 CFR 285.2...

Genetic Counseling Graduate Student Debt: Impact on Program, Career and Life Choices

PubMed Central

Kuhl, Ashley; Reiser, Catherine; Eickhoff, Jens; Petty, Elizabeth M

2015-01-01

The cost of education is rising, increasing student financial aid and debt for students pursuing higher education. A few studies have assessed the impact of student debt in medicine, physical therapy and social work, but little is known about the impact of student debt on genetic counseling students and graduates. To address this gap in knowledge, a web-based study of 408 recent alumni of genetic counseling programs in North America was conducted to assess the impact of student debt on program, career and life choices. Over half (63%; n=256/408) of the participants reported that loans were extremely important in their ability to attend their training program, with most using subsidized loans no longer available to current graduate students. While participants were generally satisfied with their genetic counseling education, 83% (n=282/342) of participants with student debt reported feeling burdened by their debt, which had a median of $40,000-$50,000. This debt is relatively close to the median starting salary reported by survey participants ($45,000-$50,000), breaching the “20-10 rule” that states student debt should not exceed 20% of annual net income. In response to this critical issue, we propose recommendations for the genetic counseling field that may help alleviate student debt impact and burden. PMID:24578121

Pupils' Projects from Zambia. Third World Science. A Collection of Third Form Science Projects from Lubushi Seminary, Kasama, Zambia as Written and Drawn by the Pupils Themselves.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

University Coll. of North Wales, Bangor (United Kingdom). School of Education.

The Third World Science Project (TWSP) is designed to add a multicultural element to existing science syllabi (for students aged 11-16) in the United Kingdom. The project seeks to develop an appreciation of the: boundless facination of the natural world; knowledge, skills, and expertise possessed by men/women everywhere; application of knowledge…

Progress on Establishing a World Education Research Association Continues at Third International Meeting

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Educational Researcher, 2008

2008-01-01

Representatives of 28 education research associations from around the world convened in New York on March 29-30, 2008 at a third meeting to advance the goal of establishing a world education research association (informally called "WERA"). The agenda centered on the nature and form of a world education research association, with discussions…

[Latin America and the crisis (points for the balance of a decade)].

PubMed

Lopez Maya, M

1990-01-01

The decade of the 1980s was catastrophic for the countries of Latin America because of profound transformations in the world economy, which started in the 1970s, the wilting of the state development programs that were imposed after World War II, and the collapse of socialism with the incipient transition to market economies. The crisis started because of the erosion of the world economic system as constituted under the Bretton Woods agreement; the drastic drop in the economic growth of market economies; the increased costs of living and the deterioration of the environment; the decrease in industrial capacity; and the emergence of transnationalization of production. In Latin America, the economic models that had been in place without solving underdevelopment became even more obsolete (import substitution, internal trade, and the role of the state). The crisis of socialism and the rapprochement of eastern European countries to western Europe also affected Latin America (e.g., Germany cancelled 30 mine exploration projects in Bolivia due to investments in East Germany). The structural readjustment policies of the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank resulted in currency devaluations, redistribution of government funds, elimination of various subsidies, reduction of public debt and social expenditures, reduction of public employment, and payment of external debt. The result was more inflation (in Bolivia, Brazil, Peru, and Argentina, inflation rates were 683.7%, 157.1%, 100.1%, and 326.2%, respectively, between 1980 and 1986), unemployment, and poverty in the lost decade of the 1980s. After 1982, state expenditures on roads, education, hospitals, and nutrition declined by 40% in Mexico. Even though most countries returned to democracy in the region, this was at the cost of the increased role of the military and the transnationals. The grand parties collapsed and in Venezuela, Mexico, and Colombia authoritarian tendencies survived into the 1970s degrading democracy. The states' socioeconomic regulatory role has to be redefined.

Rising levels of New Zealand medical student debt.

PubMed

Verstappen, Antonia; Poole, Phillippa

2017-06-16

There is little recent data on the debt levels accrued by New Zealand medical graduates. We aimed to quantify the level of student loan debt accrued by medical graduates upon completion of their medical degree, and to investigate the association of New Zealand Government Student Loan (GSL) debt with gender and age. At graduation each year from 2006-2015, students from one New Zealand medical programme were invited to complete a career intention survey that included information on levels of GSL debt and the number of income sources used. The overall response rate was 83.8%. On average, 92% of domestic students reported having some student loan debt, with 28% a debt of $90,000 or more. The proportion of students reporting a student loan debt of $90,000 or more increased over the period of the study (P<0.0001). While older students were more likely to have a larger student loan debt than younger students, there was no difference in debt levels by gender. Students with larger student loans were more likely to rely on a larger number of financial sources to fund their studies. New Zealand medical students are carrying higher levels of student loan debt year on year. The effect of this on the future medical workforce is not certain; however, this could be negative if graduates choose to enter careers that are more highly paid over areas of high need. The full impact of large loans on individuals and the health system will take years to determine.

Take a Strategic Direction with Debt.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Augustine, John H.

2002-01-01

Offers advice to higher education institutions about financing decisions on their debt portfolios. Addresses developing a debt management framework, factors affecting strategy, interest rate management, establishing a debt management benchmark, and adopting a prospective approach. Sidebars discuss the trade-offs of credit offerings, and…

In Sickness and in Debt: Do Mounting Medical Bills Predict Payday Loan Debt?

PubMed

Bickham, Trey; Lim, Younghee

2015-01-01

Cash-strapped families sometimes turn to small, short-term loans with exorbitant fees—payday loans—to cope with mounting medical bills. Given that about three-fourths of payday loan customers are repeat borrowers, consumer advocates and policymakers have increasingly raised voices of concern about the use of payday loans to finance various household expenses, including, among other things, medical bills. The present study hypothesized that increases in medical debt are associated with increases in payday loan debt among a sample of Chapter 7 bankruptcy filers. The results of a multivariate tobit regression analysis showed that medical debt was associated with increased payday loan debt, controlling for various types of debt and other socioeconomic variables. This article concludes with implications of the results for social work policy- and direct-practice.

The contribution of fiscal/financial decentralization to the debt expansion of the local financing platform

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Huayang, Yin; Di, Zhou; Bing, Cui

2018-02-01

Using soft budget theory to explore the formation mechanism and the deep institutional incentive of the local financing platform debt expansion from the perspective of fiscal / financial decentralization, construct theoretical framework which explain the expansion of local debt financing platform and conduct an empirical test, the results showed that the higher the degree of fiscal decentralization, fiscal autonomy as a soft constraint body of local government the stronger, local financing platform debt scale is greater; the higher the degree of financial decentralization, local government and financial institutions have the higher autonomy with respect to the central, local financing platform debt scale is bigger; financial synergy degree is stronger, local government financial mutual supervision prompted the local government debt more transparency, local debt financing platform size is smaller.

Survey of emergency medicine resident debt status and financial planning preparedness.

PubMed

Glaspy, Jeffrey N; Ma, O John; Steele, Mark T; Hall, Jacqueline

2005-01-01

Most resident physicians accrue significant financial debt throughout their medical and graduate medical education. The objective of this study was to analyze emergency medicine resident debt status, financial planning actions, and educational experiences for financial planning and debt management. A 22-item questionnaire was sent to all 123 Accreditation Council on Graduate Medical Education-accredited emergency medicine residency programs in July 2001. Two follow-up mailings were made to increase the response rate. The survey addressed four areas of resident debt and financial planning: 1) accrued debt, 2) moonlighting activity, 3) financial planning/debt management education, and 4) financial planning actions. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the data. Survey responses were obtained from 67.4% (1,707/2,532) of emergency medicine residents in 89 of 123 (72.4%) residency programs. Nearly one half (768/1,707) of respondents have accrued more than 100,000 dollars of debt. Fifty-eight percent (990/1,707) of all residents reported that moonlighting would be necessary to meet their financial needs, and more than 33% (640/1,707) presently moonlight to supplement their income. Nearly one half (832/1,707) of residents actively invested money, of which online trading was the most common method (23.3%). Most residents reported that they received no debt management education during residency (82.1%) or medical school (63.7%). Furthermore, 79.1% (1,351/1,707) of residents reported that they received no financial planning lectures during residency, although 84.2% (1,438/1,707) reported that debt management and financial planning education should be available during residency. Most emergency medicine residency programs do not provide their residents with financial planning education. Most residents have accrued significant debt and believe that more financial planning and debt management education is needed during residency.

Is Medical Student Choice of a Primary Care Residency Influenced by Debt?

PubMed Central

Kahn, Marc J.; Markert, Ronald J.; Lopez, Fred A.; Specter, Steven; Randall, Howard; Krane, N. Kevin

2006-01-01

Context The average medical student accumulates more than $120,000 in debt upon graduation. Objective The purpose of this study was to investigate whether medical student debt affects residency choice. Design This was a cross-sectional research study. Setting This study was a 5-year analysis of student debt and residency choice for 2001–2005 graduates from 3 US medical schools (n = 2022): Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana; University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida; and Louisiana State University School of Medicine in New Orleans. Main outcome measures Individual student data were collected from offices of financial aid for debt prior to and during medical school to determine total debt at graduation. Total debt (adjusted for inflation) was compared with residency match results coded according to specialties listed in the Graduate Medical Education Directory 2005–2006. Graduates were coded into either primary care (PC) or nonprimary care (NPC) specialty categories. Logistic regression for the choice of a PC residency was used with 4 predictors: (1) total debt, (2) medical school, (3) year of graduation, and (4) number of years of training required for a residency program. Results Mean total debt for the study population was $89,807 (SD = 54,925). Graduates entering PC did not have significantly less total debt than those entering NPC ($87,206 vs $91,430; P = .09). Further, total debt was not a predictor of a PC residency after adjusting for medical school, year of graduation, and years of training in residency (P = .64). Conclusion There is no association between PC residency choice and debt. We conclude that medical students make residency decisions on the basis of a complex set of factors. PMID:17415301

Parental Debt and Children's Socioemotional Well-being.

PubMed

Berger, Lawrence M; Houle, Jason N

2016-02-01

We estimated associations between total amount of parental debt and of home mortgage, student loan, automobile, and unsecured debt with children's socioemotional well-being. We used population-based longitudinal data from the National Longitudinal Study of Youth 1979 Cohort and Children of the National Longitudinal Study of Youth 1979 Cohort. Our analytic sample consisted of 29 318 child-year observations of 9011 children and their mothers observed annually or biennially from 1986 to 2008. We used the Behavioral Problems Index to measure socioemotional well-being. We used ordinary least squares regressions to estimate between-child associations of amounts and types of parental debt with socioemotional well-being, net of a host of control variables, and regressions with child-specific fixed effects to estimate within-child associations of changes in parental debt with changes in socioemotional well-being, net of all time-constant observed and unobserved confounders. Greater total debt was associated with poorer child socioemotional well-being. However, this association varied by type of debt. Specifically, higher levels of home mortgage and education debt were associated with greater socioemotional well-being for children, whereas higher levels of and increases in unsecured debt were associated with lower levels of and declines in child socioemotional well-being. Debt that allows for investment in homes (and perhaps access to better neighborhoods and schools) and parental education is associated with greater socioemotional well-being for children, whereas unsecured debt is negatively associated with socioemotional development, which may reflect limited financial resources to invest in children and/or parental financial stress. This suggests that debt is not universally harmful for children's well-being, particularly if used to invest in a home or education. Copyright © 2016 by the American Academy of Pediatrics.

Shift work, night work and sleep disorders among pastry cookers and shopkeepers in France: a cross-sectional survey.

PubMed

Pepin, Emilie; Gillet, Pascal; Sauvet, Fabien; Gomez-Merino, Danielle; Thaon, Isabelle; Chennaoui, Mounir; Leger, Damien

2018-05-09

Most research on night and shift work focuses on employee health in large companies, primarily in the healthcare and transportation sectors. However, many night workers work on their own or in small businesses related to services or food. This survey focuses on sleep habits and disorders concerning night work in pastry production and sales. An epidemiological telephone cross-sectional survey of night shift workers and their sleep habits was proposed to all employers and employees in the French pastry industry via their insurance health prevention company. Sleep logs allow us to estimate the total sleep time (TST) on workdays and enquire on napping episodes and length. In order to estimate the ideal TST, we added a question on the ideal amount of sleep the subjects need to be in good shape in the morning. We also define sleep debt as the difference between the ideal TST and TST on workdays, and considered a sleep debt when the difference was above 60 min and severe sleep debt above 90 min. Finally we retained subjects as long sleepers for those with a TSTof more than 7 hours and short sleepers when TST was under 5 hours. Insomnia, sleepiness and sleep apnoea have been defined based on the International Classification of Sleep Disorders-Third Edition and the classification of mental disorders (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-Fifth Edition). Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression models were applied to investigate the association with short TST, long TST, sleep debt and napping. We analysed 2622 complete questionnaires from 1313 men and 1309 women aged 22-50 years old. 1397 workers began work before 07:00, whereas 1225 began later. The 24-hour TST was 6.7±1.4 hours, whereas the ideal TST was 7.0±1.2 hours. Severe sleep debt (>90 min) was reported by 6% women versus 5% men, whereas moderate sleep debt (>60 min) was reported by 11.5% women versus 9.3% men. Napping is one way to improve 24-hour TST for 58% of pastry producers (75±13 min) and 23% of shopkeepers (45±8 min). Nevertheless, 26.2% of the respondents complained of chronic insomnia, especially women aged 45-54 years old (31%). Finally, 29.6% had evocative criteria for obstructive sleep apnoea, although only 9.1% had a high score on the Berlin Questionnaire. Our study demonstrates that both pastry producers and shopkeepers can have disturbed sleep schedules and a high prevalence of sleep disorders, although many have used napping as a behavioural countermeasure to fight sleep debt. The results of our survey lead us to conclude that, besides the need to take care of night workers in big industries, more information and occupational prevention must be focused on night workers in individual and small businesses. © Article author(s) (or their employer(s) unless otherwise stated in the text of the article) 2018. All rights reserved. No commercial use is permitted unless otherwise expressly granted.

7 CFR 1951.894 - Debt settlement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 14 2010-01-01 2009-01-01 true Debt settlement. 1951.894 Section 1951.894 Agriculture... REGULATIONS (CONTINUED) SERVICING AND COLLECTIONS Rural Development Loan Servicing § 1951.894 Debt settlement. Debt settlement of all claims will be handled in accordance with the Federal Claims Collection...

7 CFR 1956.136 - Chargeoff.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 14 2010-01-01 2009-01-01 true Chargeoff. 1956.136 Section 1956.136 Agriculture... REGULATIONS (CONTINUED) DEBT SETTLEMENT Debt Settlement-Community and Business Programs § 1956.136 Chargeoff. (a) Judgment debts. Subject to the provisions of § 1956.112(d) of this subpart, judgment debts...

12 CFR 37.8 - Safety and soundness requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... effective risk management and control processes over its debt cancellation contracts and debt suspension... manage the risks associated with debt cancellation contracts and debt suspension agreements in accordance... the products. A bank also should assess the adequacy of its internal control and risk mitigation...

48 CFR 31.205-3 - Bad debts.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 1 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Bad debts. 31.205-3... REQUIREMENTS CONTRACT COST PRINCIPLES AND PROCEDURES Contracts With Commercial Organizations 31.205-3 Bad debts. Bad debts, including actual or estimated losses arising from uncollectible accounts receivable due...

12 CFR 37.8 - Safety and soundness requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... effective risk management and control processes over its debt cancellation contracts and debt suspension... manage the risks associated with debt cancellation contracts and debt suspension agreements in accordance... the products. A bank also should assess the adequacy of its internal control and risk mitigation...

The burden of debt for Canadian dental students: part 1. Review of the literature.

PubMed

Matthew, Ian R; Walton, Joanne N; Dumaresq, Cheryl; Sudmant, Walter

2006-09-01

Debt among Canadian university graduates is increasing, while money apportioned to federal and provincial needs-based student assistance programs has been decreasing since the 1990s. Dental students have had to absorb increased tuition fees at both the undergraduate and post-baccalaureate levels. Existing debt and high tuition fees may adversely influence a potential candidate"s decision to enroll in dental school. Likewise, debt incurred during the minimum 2 years of pre-dental education adds to the future debt load of dental graduates. It seems that few dental students can remain debt-free during their dental education, although data are lacking about the extent of debt among dental students and its impact on their career decisions. Government statistics focus primarily on tuition costs for baccalaureate-degree students. Tuition and clinic-related fees constitute a significant proportion of costs for dental students; moreover, university administrations perceive dentistry as an expensive curriculum. This first article of a 4-part series examines debt among dental students, both nationally and internationally.

The effect of education debt on dentists' career decisions.

PubMed

Nicholson, Sean; Vujicic, Marko; Wanchek, Tanya; Ziebert, Anthony; Menezes, Adriana

2015-11-01

The purpose of the study was to determine whether there is an association between the amount of education debt on completing dental school (initial debt) and certain career decisions. The authors surveyed 1,842 practicing dentists who completed dental school between 1996 and 2011 to ascertain their initial education debt, the balance on their debt in 2013, and a variety of specialization and practice decisions made during their careers. Data also included demographic characteristics and parental income and education levels. Dentists with higher initial debt were less likely to specialize and more likely to enter private practice, accept high-paying jobs on graduation, and work longer hours. Choice of employment setting, practice ownership, and whether to provide Medicaid and charity care were associated with dentists' sexes and races but not debt. High debt levels influenced some career decisions, but the magnitude of these effects was small compared with the effects of demographic characteristics, including race and sex, on career choices. Policy makers concerned about the influence of student debt on the professional decisions of dental school graduates should recognize that students' demographic characteristics may be more powerful in driving career choices. Copyright © 2015 American Dental Association. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

7 CFR 1956.109 - General requirements for debt settlement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 14 2010-01-01 2009-01-01 true General requirements for debt settlement. 1956.109 Section 1956.109 Agriculture Regulations of the Department of Agriculture (Continued) RURAL HOUSING... and Business Programs § 1956.109 General requirements for debt settlement. (a) Debt due and payable...

20 CFR 422.306 - Report of overdue administrative debts to credit reporting agencies.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

..., status, and history of the debt; (4) The debtor has the right to a complete explanation of the debt; (5...; (6) The debtor may request a review of the debt by giving us evidence showing that he or she does not...

76 FR 1063 - Modifications of Debt Instruments

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-01-07

... modified instrument received in an exchange will be classified as debt for Federal income tax purposes... properly classified as debt for Federal income tax purposes. Effective/Applicability Date The regulations... right that is not debt for federal income tax purposes. Paragraph (g) of this section contains examples...

41 CFR 105-56.014 - Purpose and scope.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... centralized salary offset computer matching, identify Federal employees who owe delinquent non-tax debt to the... satisfy delinquent non-tax debt owed to the United States. GSA will pursue, when appropriate, such debt... (FMS) administrative offset program, to collect delinquent debts owed to the Federal Government. This...

5 CFR 845.205 - Collection of debts.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... interest of the United States. (c) Collection in installments. (1) Whenever feasible, debts will be... an offset would substantially prejudice the Government's ability to collect the debt; and the time... 5 Administrative Personnel 2 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Collection of debts. 845.205 Section 845...

77 FR 62312 - Debt Management Advisory Committee; Meeting

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-10-12

... DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY Debt Management Advisory Committee; Meeting Notice is hereby given... Pennsylvania Avenue NW.,Washington, DC, on October 30, 2012 at 11:30 a.m. of the following debt management... advice has been offered by debt management advisory committees established by the several major segments...

Latin American Debt: Opportunities for Universities.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Garg, Ramesh C.

The debt crisis of the lesser developed countries (LDCs) may provide opportunities for educational institutions. Through debt-for-education programs, a part of the huge debt load can be channelled into financing various educational programs sponsored by U.S. higher education institutions. Private commercial banks and multinational corporations are…

26 CFR 1.1286-2 - Stripped inflation-protected debt instruments.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... 26 Internal Revenue 11 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Stripped inflation-protected debt instruments... Losses § 1.1286-2 Stripped inflation-protected debt instruments. Stripped inflation-protected debt instruments. If a Treasury Inflation-Protected Security is stripped under the Department of the Treasury's...

26 CFR 1.1286-2 - Stripped inflation-protected debt instruments.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... 26 Internal Revenue 11 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Stripped inflation-protected debt instruments... Losses § 1.1286-2 Stripped inflation-protected debt instruments. Stripped inflation-protected debt instruments. If a Treasury Inflation-Protected Security is stripped under the Department of the Treasury's...

An Application of Robust Method in Multiple Linear Regression Model toward Credit Card Debt

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Amira Azmi, Nur; Saifullah Rusiman, Mohd; Khalid, Kamil; Roslan, Rozaini; Sufahani, Suliadi; Mohamad, Mahathir; Salleh, Rohayu Mohd; Hamzah, Nur Shamsidah Amir

2018-04-01

Credit card is a convenient alternative replaced cash or cheque, and it is essential component for electronic and internet commerce. In this study, the researchers attempt to determine the relationship and significance variables between credit card debt and demographic variables such as age, household income, education level, years with current employer, years at current address, debt to income ratio and other debt. The provided data covers 850 customers information. There are three methods that applied to the credit card debt data which are multiple linear regression (MLR) models, MLR models with least quartile difference (LQD) method and MLR models with mean absolute deviation method. After comparing among three methods, it is found that MLR model with LQD method became the best model with the lowest value of mean square error (MSE). According to the final model, it shows that the years with current employer, years at current address, household income in thousands and debt to income ratio are positively associated with the amount of credit debt. Meanwhile variables for age, level of education and other debt are negatively associated with amount of credit debt. This study may serve as a reference for the bank company by using robust methods, so that they could better understand their options and choice that is best aligned with their goals for inference regarding to the credit card debt.

Soil carbon debt of 12,000 years of human land use.

PubMed

Sanderman, Jonathan; Hengl, Tomislav; Fiske, Gregory J

2017-09-05

Human appropriation of land for agriculture has greatly altered the terrestrial carbon balance, creating a large but uncertain carbon debt in soils. Estimating the size and spatial distribution of soil organic carbon (SOC) loss due to land use and land cover change has been difficult but is a critical step in understanding whether SOC sequestration can be an effective climate mitigation strategy. In this study, a machine learning-based model was fitted using a global compilation of SOC data and the History Database of the Global Environment (HYDE) land use data in combination with climatic, landform and lithology covariates. Model results compared favorably with a global compilation of paired plot studies. Projection of this model onto a world without agriculture indicated a global carbon debt due to agriculture of 133 Pg C for the top 2 m of soil, with the rate of loss increasing dramatically in the past 200 years. The HYDE classes "grazing" and "cropland" contributed nearly equally to the loss of SOC. There were higher percent SOC losses on cropland but since more than twice as much land is grazed, slightly higher total losses were found from grazing land. Important spatial patterns of SOC loss were found: Hotspots of SOC loss coincided with some major cropping regions as well as semiarid grazing regions, while other major agricultural zones showed small losses and even net gains in SOC. This analysis has demonstrated that there are identifiable regions which can be targeted for SOC restoration efforts.

Economic impact of a primary care career: a harsh reality for medical students and the nation.

PubMed

Palmeri, Martin; Pipas, Catherine; Wadsworth, Eric; Zubkoff, Michael

2010-11-01

The ranks of U.S. medical students choosing careers in primary care (PC) are declining even as the demand for new PC physicians is increasing. Although the decision to choose a career in PC is multifactorial, financial security in the setting of rising medical student debt is often cited as a reason to pursue other medical specialties. The authors sought to quantify the financial factors associated with a career in PC. The authors used economic modeling, which employs a variety of factors, to develop a net income and expense model. They attempted to account for the variability of factors by looking at best, worst, and average expense scenarios. They used published retrospective data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the 2007 Physician Compensation Survey, the National Association of Realtors, the College Board, and U.S. News and World Report regarding medical student debt, physician reimbursement, retirement planning, college savings, and cost-of-living expenses to develop their models. PC salaries, in contrast to other subspecialties, result in an initial budgetary deficit and decreased discretionary spending. This gap closes as PC physician income rises in the first few years of practice. Only under scenarios of optimal low cost assumptions or no debt do a PC physician's initial earnings exceed predicted expenses. PC physicians, in the first three to five years following residency, will have expenses that exceed earnings. This reality greatly increases the financial disincentive for pursuing a career in PC compared with other fields of medicine.

Soil carbon debt of 12,000 years of human land use

PubMed Central

Sanderman, Jonathan; Hengl, Tomislav; Fiske, Gregory J.

2017-01-01

Human appropriation of land for agriculture has greatly altered the terrestrial carbon balance, creating a large but uncertain carbon debt in soils. Estimating the size and spatial distribution of soil organic carbon (SOC) loss due to land use and land cover change has been difficult but is a critical step in understanding whether SOC sequestration can be an effective climate mitigation strategy. In this study, a machine learning-based model was fitted using a global compilation of SOC data and the History Database of the Global Environment (HYDE) land use data in combination with climatic, landform and lithology covariates. Model results compared favorably with a global compilation of paired plot studies. Projection of this model onto a world without agriculture indicated a global carbon debt due to agriculture of 133 Pg C for the top 2 m of soil, with the rate of loss increasing dramatically in the past 200 years. The HYDE classes “grazing” and “cropland” contributed nearly equally to the loss of SOC. There were higher percent SOC losses on cropland but since more than twice as much land is grazed, slightly higher total losses were found from grazing land. Important spatial patterns of SOC loss were found: Hotspots of SOC loss coincided with some major cropping regions as well as semiarid grazing regions, while other major agricultural zones showed small losses and even net gains in SOC. This analysis has demonstrated that there are identifiable regions which can be targeted for SOC restoration efforts. PMID:28827323

Analysis of 2011 physician assistant education debt load.

PubMed

Moore, Miranda A; Coffman, Megan; Cawley, James F; Crowley, Diana; Miller, Anthony; Klink, Kathleen

2017-03-01

This study seeks to investigate how physician assistants (PAs) finance their education and to characterize the educational debt of PA students. Data from the 2011 American Academy of PAs (AAPA)-Physician Assistant Education Association Graduating Student Survey were used to explore the educational debt of PA students. The median total educational debt of a PA student graduating in 2011 was $80,000. Little financial assistance, other than student loans, is available to PA students. Eighty-five percent of PA students report owing some PA education debt amount, with 23% owing at least $100,000. This study provides a baseline look at PA student debt loads as a starting point for more detailed and robust research into new graduate specialty choices and PA career migration into other specialties. Further research is needed to explore the effect of student debt on students' specialty choices.

Can't afford a baby? Debt and young Americans.

PubMed

Nau, Michael; Dwyer, Rachel E; Hodson, Randy

2015-12-01

This article explores the role of personal debt in the transition to parenthood. We analyze data from the National Longitudinal Study of Youth-1997 cohort and find that for the generation coming of age in the 2000s, student loans delay fertility for women, particularly at very high levels of debt. Home mortgages and credit card debt, in contrast, appear to be precursors to parenthood. These results indicate that different forms of debt have different implications for early adulthood transitions: whereas consumer loans or home mortgages immediately increase access to consumption goods, there is often a significant delay between the accrual and realization of benefits for student loans. The double-edged nature of debt as both barrier and facilitator to life transitions highlights the importance of looking at debt both as a monetary issue and also as a carrier of social meanings.

The High Price of Debt: Household financial debt and its impact on mental and physical health

PubMed Central

Nandi, Arijit; Adam, Emma; McDade, Thomas

2013-01-01

Household financial debt in America has risen dramatically in recent years. While there is evidence that debt is associated with adverse psychological health, its relationship with other health outcomes is relatively unknown. We investigate the associations of multiple indices of financial debt with psychological and general health outcomes among 8400 young adult respondents from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health). Our findings show that reporting high financial debt relative to available assets is associated with higher perceived stress and depression, worse selfreported general health, and higher diastolic blood pressure. These associations remain significant when controlling for prior socioeconomic status, psychological and physical health, and other demographic factors. The results suggest that debt is an important socioeconomic determinant of health that should be explored further in social epidemiology research. PMID:23849243

The Color of Debt: Racial Disparities in Anticipated Medical Student Debt in the United States

PubMed Central

Dugger, Robert A.; El-Sayed, Abdulrahman M.; Dogra, Anjali; Messina, Catherine; Bronson, Richard; Galea, Sandro

2013-01-01

Context The cost of American medical education has increased substantially over the past decade. Given racial/ethnic inequalities in access to financial resources, it is plausible that increases in student debt burden resulting from these increases in cost may not be borne equally. Objective To evaluate racial/ethnic disparities in medical student debt. Design, Setting, and Participants Authors collected self-reported data from a non-representative sample of 2414 medical students enrolled at 111/159 accredited US medical schools between December 1st 2010 and March 27th 2011. After weighting for representativeness by race and class year and calculating crude anticipated debt by racial/ethnic category, authors fit multivariable regression models of debt by race/ethnicity adjusted for potential confounders. Main Outcome Measures Anticipated educational debt upon graduation greater than $150,000. Results 62.1% of medical students anticipated debt in excess of $150,000 upon graduation. The proportion of Blacks, Whites, Hispanics, and Asians reporting anticipated educational debt in excess of $150,000 was 77.3%, 65.1%, 57.2% and 50.2%, respectively. Both Black and White medical students demonstrated a significantly higher likelihood of anticipated debt in excess of $150,000 when compared to Asians [Blacks (OR = 2.7, 1.3–5.6), Whites (OR = 1.7, 1.3–2.2)] in adjusted models. Conclusion Black medical students had significantly higher anticipated debt than Asian students. This finding has implications for understanding differential enrollment among minority groups in US medical schools. PMID:24019975

24 CFR 811.108 - Debt service reserve.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... funding of the debt service reserve. Any excess investment income shall be added to the debt service reserve. In the event such investment income is insufficient, surplus cash or residual receipts, to the... the owner's debt service payment. Any excess investment income shall be added to and become part of...

Yes, No, Maybe So: College Students' Attitudes Regarding Debt

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Zerquera, Desiree D.; McGowan, Brian L.; Ferguson, Tomika L.

2016-01-01

We examined college student attitudes regarding debt. Based on focus group interviews with 31 students from 4 different institutions within a Midwestern university system, data analysis yielded a continuum that captures students' debt approaches while enrolled in college. Findings indicate that students avoided debt completely, made intentional…

7 CFR 1956.112 - Debts ineligible for settlement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 14 2010-01-01 2009-01-01 true Debts ineligible for settlement. 1956.112 Section 1956.112 Agriculture Regulations of the Department of Agriculture (Continued) RURAL HOUSING SERVICE, RURAL... § 1956.112 Debts ineligible for settlement. Debts will not be settled: (a) If referral to the Office of...

7 CFR 1956.75 - Chargeoff.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 14 2010-01-01 2009-01-01 true Chargeoff. 1956.75 Section 1956.75 Agriculture... REGULATIONS (CONTINUED) DEBT SETTLEMENT Debt Settlement-Farm Loan Programs and Multi-Family Housing § 1956.75 Chargeoff. (a) Judgment debts. Subject to the provisions of § 1956.57(g)(3), judgment debts may be charged...

26 CFR 1.1286-2 - Stripped inflation-indexed debt instruments.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 26 Internal Revenue 11 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 true Stripped inflation-indexed debt instruments. 1....1286-2 Stripped inflation-indexed debt instruments. Stripped inflation-indexed debt instruments. If a Treasury Inflation-Indexed Security is stripped under the Department of the Treasury's Separate Trading of...

76 FR 64429 - Senior Executive Service; Public Debt Performance Review Board (PRB)

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-10-18

... DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY Bureau of the Public Debt Senior Executive Service; Public Debt Performance Review Board (PRB) AGENCY: Bureau of the Public Debt, Treasury. ACTION: Notice of Members of... reviews the performance appraisals of career senior executives who are below the level of Assistant...

29 CFR 1650.202 - Past-due legally enforceable debt.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 29 Labor 4 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Past-due legally enforceable debt. 1650.202 Section 1650.202 Labor Regulations Relating to Labor (Continued) EQUAL EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY COMMISSION DEBT COLLECTION Procedures for the Collection of Debts by Federal Tax Refund Offset § 1650.202 Past-due legally...

49 CFR 89.31 - Use of professional debt collection agencies.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... agencies except for those debts owed by State and local governments, other Federal agencies, current... 49 Transportation 1 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Use of professional debt collection agencies. 89... FEDERAL CLAIMS COLLECTION ACT Collection of Claims § 89.31 Use of professional debt collection agencies...

42 CFR 413.89 - Bad debts, charity, and courtesy allowances.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... SERVICES; OPTIONAL PROSPECTIVELY DETERMINED PAYMENT RATES FOR SKILLED NURSING FACILITIES Specific... allowable costs. (e) Criteria for allowable bad debt. A bad debt must meet the following criteria to be... amount of allowable bad debt (as defined in paragraph (e) of this section) is reduced: (i) For cost...

42 CFR 413.89 - Bad debts, charity, and courtesy allowances.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... SERVICES; OPTIONAL PROSPECTIVELY DETERMINED PAYMENT RATES FOR SKILLED NURSING FACILITIES Specific... allowable costs. (e) Criteria for allowable bad debt. A bad debt must meet the following criteria to be... amount of allowable bad debt (as defined in paragraph (e) of this section) is reduced: (i) For cost...

7 CFR 3555.151 - Eligibility requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... and total debt (TD) ratio, to determine adequate repayment for the requested loan. The Agency reserves... and the monthly amount of PITI plus recurring monthly debts (total debt) does not exceed 41 percent of... obligations specifically excluded by State law, the debts of non-purchasing spouse must be included in the...

76 FR 78085 - Permissible Investments for Federal and State Savings Associations: Corporate Debt Securities

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-12-15

... Part 362 Permissible Investments for Federal and State Savings Associations: Corporate Debt Securities... association from acquiring and retaining a corporate debt security unless it determines, prior to acquiring... whether a corporate debt security is eligible for investment under this proposed rule. DATES: Comments...

26 CFR 1.1275-6 - Integration of qualifying debt instruments.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 26 Internal Revenue 11 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 true Integration of qualifying debt instruments. 1....1275-6 Integration of qualifying debt instruments. (a) In general. This section generally provides for the integration of a qualifying debt instrument with a hedge or combination of hedges if the combined...

75 FR 42662 - Debt Collection

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-07-22

... a tax overpayment payable to a taxpayer by the amount of past-due, legally enforceable debt owed by... collection of non-tax debts owed to PBGC. This proposed rule would add salary offset and administrative wage... other laws applicable to the collection of non-tax debt owed to the Government. Background In 1994, PBGC...

Addressing Student Debt in the Classroom

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Perkins, David; Johnston, Tim; Lytle, Rick

2016-01-01

Student debt is a national concern. The authors address debt in the classroom to enhance students' understanding of the consequences of debt and the need for caution when financing their education. However, student feedback indicates this understanding has a delayed effect on borrowing behavior and underscores the importance of making difficult…

77 FR 22390 - Debt Management Advisory Committee Meeting

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-04-13

... DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY Debt Management Advisory Committee Meeting Notice is hereby given... Pennsylvania Avenue NW., Washington, DC, on May 1, 2012 at 11:30 a.m. of the following debt management advisory... advice has been offered by debt management advisory committees established by the several major segments...

Cumulative Student Loan Debt in Minnesota, 2015

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Williams-Wyche, Shaun

2016-01-01

To better understand student debt in Minnesota, the Minnesota Office of Higher Education (the Office) gathers information on cumulative student loan debt from Minnesota degree-granting institutions. These data detail the number of students with loans by institution, the cumulative student loan debt incurred at that institution, and the percentage…

75 FR 19873 - Collection of Administrative Debts; Collection of Debts Arising From Enforcement and...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-04-16

...The Federal Election Commission (``Commission'') is promulgating rules implementing statutory provisions regarding the collection of debts owed to the United States Government. The Commission is also integrating its rules regarding the collection of debts arising solely from the Administrative Fines program into the new rules.

76 FR 24406 - Collection by Offset From Indebted Government Employees

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-05-02

... proposed regulations to eliminate the 10-year statute of limitations on collection of debt by... eliminate the 10-year statute of limitations on collection of debt by administrative offset, which includes... offset to collect a debt without time limitations on debt outstanding after the Government's right to...

Pilot Study of Debt Elasticity

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Greiner, Keith; Girardi, Tony

2006-01-01

This report examines the relationship between student loan debt and the manner in which that debt is described. It focuses on three forms of description: (1) monthly payments, (2) total debt, and (3) income after graduation. The authors used the term elasticity to describe the relationship between consumers' college choices and the retention…

Dental Care. Third World Science.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Jones, Natalie; Hughes, Wyn

This unit, developed by the Third World Science Project, is designed to add a multicultural element to existing science syllabi (for students aged 11-16) in the United Kingdom. The project seeks to develop an appreciation of the: boundless fascination of the natural world; knowledge, skills, and expertise possessed by men/women everywhere;…

Soap. Third World Science.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Jones, Natalie; Hughes, Wyn

This unit, developed by the Third World Science Project, is designed to add a multicultural element to existing science syllabi (for students aged 11-16) in the United Kingdom. The project seeks to develop an appreciation of the: boundless fascination of the natural world; knowledge, skills, and expertise possessed by men/women everywhere;…

Natural Dyes. Third World Science.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Jones, Natalie; Hughes, Wyn

This unit, developed by the Third World Science Project, is designed to add a multicultural element to existing science syllabi (for students aged 11-16) in the United Kingdom. The project seeks to develop an appreciation of the: boundless fascination of the natural world; knowledge, skills, and expertise possessed by men/women everywhere;…

Distillation. Third World Science.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Jones, Natalie; Hughes, Wyn

This unit, developed by the Third World Science Project, is designed to add a multicultural element to existing science syllabi (for students aged 11-16) in the United Kingdom. The project seeks to develop an appreciation of the: boundless fascination of the natural world; knowledge, skills, and expertise possessed by men/women everywhere;…

Methane Digestors. Third World Science.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Jones, Natalie; Hughes, Wyn

This unit, developed by the Third World Science Project, is designed to add a multicultural element to existing science syllabi (for students aged 11-16) in the United Kingdom. The project seeks to develop an appreciation of the: boundless fascination of the natural world; knowledge, skills, and expertise possessed by men/women everywhere;…

Housing. Third World Science.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Jones, Natalie; Hughes, Wyn

This unit, developed by the Third World Science Project, is designed to add a multicultural element to existing science syllabi (for students aged 11-16) in the United Kingdom. The project seeks to develop an appreciation of the: boundless fascination of the natural world; knowledge, skills, and expertise possessed by men/women everywhere;…

Clay Pots. Third World Science.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Jones, Natalie; Hughes, Wyn

This unit, developed by the Third World Science Project, is designed to add a multicultural element to existing science syllabi (for students aged 11-16) in the United Kingdom. The project seeks to develop an appreciation of the: boundless fascination of the natural world; knowledge, skills, and expertise possessed by men/women everywhere;…

Salt. Third World Science.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Jones, Natalie; Hughes, Wyn

This unit, developed by the Third World Science Project, is designed to add a multicultural element to existing science syllabi (for students aged 11-16) in the United Kingdom. The project seeks to develop an appreciation of the: boundless fascination of the natural world; knowledge, skills, and expertise possessed by men/women everywhere;…

Energy Convertors. Third World Science.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Jones, Natalie; Hughes, Wyn

This unit, developed by the Third World Science Project, is designed to add a multicultural element to existing science syllabi (for students aged 11-16) in the United Kingdom. The project seeks to develop an appreciation of the: boundless fascination of the natural world; knowledge, skills, and expertise possessed by men/women everywhere;…

Iron Smelting. Third World Science.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Jones, Natalie; Hughes, Wyn

This unit, developed by the Third World Science Project, is designed to add a multicultural element to existing science syllabi (for students aged 11-16) in the United Kingdom. The project seeks to develop an appreciation of the: boundless fascination of the natural world; knowledge, skills, and expertise possessed by men/women everywhere;…

78 FR 12059 - Third Meeting of the Advisory Committee for the 2015 World Radiocommunication Conference

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-02-21

... FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION [IB Docket No. 04-286; DA 13-166] Third Meeting of the Advisory Committee for the 2015 World Radiocommunication Conference AGENCY: Federal Communications Commission. ACTION... the preparation of United States proposals and positions for the 2015 World Radiocommunication...

Fermentation. Third World Science.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Jones, Natalie; Hughes, Wyn

This unit, developed by the Third World Science Project, is designed to add a multicultural element to existing science syllabi (for students aged 11-16) in the United Kingdom. The project seeks to develop an appreciation of the: boundless fascination of the natural world; knowledge, skills, and expertise possessed by men/women everywhere;…

Iraq’s Debt Relief: Procedure and Potential Implications for International Debt Relief

DTIC Science & Technology

2009-01-26

countries use different interest rates and levy different penalties for Iraq’s payment arrears . Hence, the debt owed to each creditor can grow at...REPORT DATE 26 JAN 2009 2. REPORT TYPE 3. DATES COVERED 00-00-2009 to 00-00-2009 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE Iraq’s Debt Relief: Procedure and...Potential Implications for International Debt Relief 5a. CONTRACT NUMBER 5b. GRANT NUMBER 5c. PROGRAM ELEMENT NUMBER 6. AUTHOR(S) 5d. PROJECT NUMBER 5e

U.S. Chemical Defense and the Third-World Threat

DTIC Science & Technology

1990-01-04

Is the Chemical and Engineering Nw. 14 April 1986. 43 Report of the Chemical Warfare Review Comnission. 6-7. Unless otherwise stated the information...Best Available Copy (𔃾U.S.. Chemical Defense and the Third-World Threat N I A Monograph by Major Quentin W. Schillare Armor AUG2 1󈨞 4,A., - School...Security Clauipfca tiori) U.S. Chemical Defense and the Third-World Threat (") 12. PERSONAL AUTHOR(S) Major Quentin W. Schillare, USA 13a. TYPE OF REPORT

Moscow’s Post-Brezhnev Reassessment of the Third World.

DTIC Science & Technology

1986-02-01

F. Fukuyama, "The New Marxist-Leninist States and Internal Conflict in the Third World," in Uri Ra’anan et al ., Third World Marxist-Leninist Regimes...work in the specialized institutes. ’Dzirkals et al . (1982). p. 20. 12For example, the internal Central Committee debate on the lessons of Chile after...fairly clear motive for sales to countries like Libya. % 2The study by Charles Wolf et al . (1983) cited earlier attempts to perform a more rigorous

Indebtedness of dental school graduates in Canada: mortgaged futures.

PubMed

McDermott, R E; Fuglerud, K P

1996-03-01

The debt level of graduating dental students is increasing annually. Six of Canada's 10 dental schools responded to a survey designed to ascertain the level of student debt on entering and graduating from dental school. For the academic year 1993-94, the average starting debt for students was $2,013.89 and the average graduating debt was $25,671.30. On average, dental students accumulated more than $23,600 in debt while pursuing their dental education. Of those students who completed the survey, 57.89 per cent relied on their parents for assistance, and 76.69 per cent received student/government loans. The level of student debt was independent of age, gender and parents' income.

Testing the role of external debt in environmental degradation: empirical evidence from Turkey.

PubMed

Katircioglu, Salih; Celebi, Aysem

2018-03-01

This study investigates the role of external debt stock in Turkey, which has suffered from heavy (external and domestic) debt stock for many years. Annual data from 1960 to 2013 was analyzed using time series analysis in order to study this. The results confirm the validity of the conventional environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) in the case of Turkey. However, this study also found that Turkey's external debt stock did not influence the Turkish economy's long-term EKC behavior. Fortunately, the results suggest that there are important interactions among external debt stock, CO 2 emissions, energy consumption, and real income; that is, changes in external debt volume precede changes in these aggregates' volumes.

Leveraging Psychological Insights to Encourage the Responsible Use of Consumer Debt.

PubMed

Hershfield, Hal E; Sussman, Abigail B; O'Brien, Rourke L; Bryan, Christopher J

2015-11-01

U.S. consumers currently hold $880 billion in revolving debt, with a mean household credit card balance of approximately $6,000. Although economic factors play a role in this societal issue, it is clear that psychological forces also affect consumers' decisions to take on and maintain unmanageable debt balances. We examine three psychological barriers to the responsible use of credit and debt. We discuss the tendency for consumers to (a) make erroneous predictions about future spending habits, (b) rely too heavily on values presented on billing statements, and (c) categorize debt and saving into separate mental accounts. To overcome these obstacles, we urge policymakers to implement methods that facilitate better budgeting of future expenses, modify existing credit card statement disclosures, and allow consumers to easily apply government transfers (such as tax credits) to debt repayment. In doing so, we highlight minimal and inexpensive ways to remedy the debt problem. © The Author(s) 2015.

Can't afford a baby? Debt and young Americans☆

PubMed Central

Nau, Michael; Dwyer, Rachel E.; Hodson, Randy

2016-01-01

This article explores the role of personal debt in the transition to parenthood. We analyze data from the National Longitudinal Study of Youth-1997 cohort and find that for the generation coming of age in the 2000s, student loans delay fertility for women, particularly at very high levels of debt. Home mortgages and credit card debt, in contrast, appear to be precursors to parenthood. These results indicate that different forms of debt have different implications for early adulthood transitions: whereas consumer loans or home mortgages immediately increase access to consumption goods, there is often a significant delay between the accrual and realization of benefits for student loans. The double-edged nature of debt as both barrier and facilitator to life transitions highlights the importance of looking at debt both as a monetary issue and also as a carrier of social meanings. PMID:28090131

The high price of debt: household financial debt and its impact on mental and physical health.

PubMed

Sweet, Elizabeth; Nandi, Arijit; Adam, Emma K; McDade, Thomas W

2013-08-01

Household financial debt in America has risen dramatically in recent years. While there is evidence that debt is associated with adverse psychological health, its relationship with other health outcomes is relatively unknown. We investigate the associations of multiple indices of financial debt with psychological and general health outcomes among 8400 young adult respondents from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health). Our findings show that reporting high financial debt relative to available assets is associated with higher perceived stress and depression, worse self-reported general health, and higher diastolic blood pressure. These associations remain significant when controlling for prior socioeconomic status, psychological and physical health, and other demographic factors. The results suggest that debt is an important socioeconomic determinant of health that should be explored further in social epidemiology research. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Debt, cohabitation, and marriage in young adulthood.

PubMed

Addo, Fenaba R

2014-10-01

Despite growing evidence that debt influences pivotal life events in early and young adulthood, the role of debt in the familial lives of young adults has received relatively little attention. Using data from the NLSY 1997 cohort (N = 6,749) and a discrete-time competing risks hazard model framework, I test whether the transition to first union is influenced by a young adult's credit card and education loan debt above and beyond traditional educational and labor market characteristics. I find that credit card debt is positively associated with cohabitation for men and women, and that women with education loan debt are more likely than women without such debt to delay marriage and transition into cohabitation. Single life may be difficult to afford, but marital life is un-affordable as well. Cohabitation presents an alternative to single life, but not necessarily a marital substitute for these young adults.

Bookending the Opportunity to Lower Wind’s LCOE by Reducing the Uncertainty Surrounding Annual Energy Production

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Bolinger, Mark

Reducing the performance risk surrounding a wind project can potentially lead to a lower weighted-average cost of capital (WACC), and hence a lower levelized cost of energy (LCOE), through an advantageous shift in capital structure, and possibly also a reduction in the cost of capital. Specifically, a reduction in performance risk will move the 1-year P99 annual energy production (AEP) estimate closer to the P50 AEP estimate, which in turn reduces the minimum debt service coverage ratio (DSCR) required by lenders, thereby allowing the project to be financed with a greater proportion of low-cost debt. In addition, a reduction inmore » performance risk might also reduce the cost of one or more of the three sources of capital that are commonly used to finance wind projects: sponsor or cash equity, tax equity, and/or debt. Preliminary internal LBNL analysis of the maximum possible LCOE reduction attainable from reducing the performance risk of a wind project found a potentially significant opportunity for LCOE reduction of ~$10/MWh, by reducing the P50 DSCR to its theoretical minimum value of 1.0 (Bolinger 2015b, 2014) and by reducing the cost of sponsor equity and debt by one-third to one-half each (Bolinger 2015a, 2015b). However, with FY17 funding from the U.S. Department of Energy’s Atmosphere to Electrons (A2e) Performance Risk, Uncertainty, and Finance (PRUF) initiative, LBNL has been revisiting this “bookending” exercise in more depth, and now believes that its earlier preliminary assessment of the LCOE reduction opportunity was overstated. This reassessment is based on two new-found understandings: (1) Due to ever-present and largely irreducible inter-annual variability (IAV) in the wind resource, the minimum required DSCR cannot possibly fall to 1.0 (on a P50 basis), and (2) A reduction in AEP uncertainty will not necessarily lead to a reduction in the cost of capital, meaning that a shift in capital structure is perhaps the best that can be expected (perhaps along with a modest decline in the cost of cash equity as new investors enter the market).« less

42 CFR 413.89 - Bad debts, charity, and courtesy allowances.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 42 Public Health 2 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Bad debts, charity, and courtesy allowances. 413.89... Categories of Costs § 413.89 Bad debts, charity, and courtesy allowances. Link to an amendment published at 75 FR 49198, Aug. 12, 2010. (a) Principle. Bad debts, charity, and courtesy allowances are deductions...

14 CFR § 1261.412 - Interest, penalties, and administrative costs.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

...—that is, a bill is mailed before the debt is actually owed—it can include the required interest... debt—that is, the additional costs incurred in processing and handling the debt because it became... from the date that the debt became delinquent. (f) When a debt is paid in partial or installment...

77 FR 76148 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NYSE Arca, Inc.; Notice of Filing of Proposed Rule Change To List...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-12-26

..., corporate debt securities are fixed-income securities issued by businesses to finance their operations... consist of both foreign and domestic debt instruments, including corporate bonds, high yield bonds... stated above, the Fund may invest in a variety of debt securities, including corporate debt securities...

5 CFR 835.606 - Change in notification to Internal Revenue Service.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... (CONTINUED) CIVIL SERVICE REGULATIONS (CONTINUED) DEBT COLLECTION Collection of Debts by Federal Tax Refund...) of this section, after OPM sends IRS notification of an individual's liability for a debt, OPM will... payment to the account of the debtor named in the notification that reduces the amount of the debt...

7 CFR 1782.20 - Debt Settlement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... Collection Improvement Act of 1996. This law provides that any non-tax debt or claim owed to the United... 7 Agriculture 12 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Debt Settlement. 1782.20 Section 1782.20 Agriculture... (CONTINUED) SERVICING OF WATER AND WASTE PROGRAMS § 1782.20 Debt Settlement. Pursuant to 7 U.S.C. 1981, this...

31 CFR 29.501 - Purpose; incorporation by reference; scope.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... CFR 900.3. (2) Tax debts. This subpart does not apply to tax debts. (d)(1) Sections 29.501 through 29... BENEFIT PAYMENTS UNDER CERTAIN DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA RETIREMENT PROGRAMS Debt Collection and Waivers of... debts due the United States. (b) The regulations of this subpart incorporate by this reference all...

5 CFR 835.603 - Notification of intent to collect.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... REGULATIONS (CONTINUED) DEBT COLLECTION Collection of Debts by Federal Tax Refund Offset § 835.603... by IRS tax refund offset (Notice of Intent) will state: (1) The amount of the debt; (2) That unless... debt by requesting the IRS to reduce any amounts payable to the debtor as a Federal income tax refund...

45 CFR 32.1 - Purpose and scope.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... satisfy delinquent non-tax debts owed to the United States. (b) Authority. These standards and procedures... Regional Offices that administer a program that gives rise to a delinquent non-tax debt owed to the United... payments to satisfy delinquent non-tax debt owed to the United States. The Department may pursue such debt...

41 CFR 105-57.001 - Purpose, authority and scope.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... administrative wage garnishment to satisfy delinquent non-tax debt owed to the United States. (b) These standards... non-tax debt owed to the United States and that pursues recovery of such debt. (2) This part will..., including the offset of Federal payments to satisfy delinquent non-tax debt owed to the United States. GSA...

29 CFR 4903.33 - Referral of debt for tax refund offset.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 29 Labor 9 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Referral of debt for tax refund offset. 4903.33 Section... AND ADMINISTRATIVE RULES AND PROCEDURES DEBT COLLECTION Tax Refund Offset § 4903.33 Referral of debt for tax refund offset. The Director of the Financial Operations Department (or a department official...

75 FR 69151 - Small Business Jobs Act: 504 Loan Program Debt Refinancing

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-11-10

... SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION Small Business Jobs Act: 504 Loan Program Debt Refinancing AGENCY: U... regarding the Small Business Jobs Act: 504 Loan Program Debt Refinancing. The meeting will be open to the... the 504 Loan Program Debt Refinancing established by Sec. 1122 of the Small Business Jobs Act (Pub. L...

7 CFR 3.12 - Reporting of consumer debts.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Reporting of consumer debts. 3.12 Section 3.12... and Compromise of Claims § 3.12 Reporting of consumer debts. (a) Notice. In demand letters to debtors... the delinquent consumer debt to credit reporting agencies after 60 days; (2) The specific information...

7 CFR 792.3 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... debts and claims. The late payment interest rate shall be determined as of the date a debt becomes... debt owed the Government, or any agency thereof. FSA means the Farm Service Agency of the United States..., data file, or similar record of debts owed to FSA, CCC, or any other Government Agency with respect to...

Tough Choices in Tough Times: Debt and Medication Nonadherence

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kalousova, Lucie; Burgard, Sarah A.

2014-01-01

Debt is a ubiquitous component of households' financial portfolios. Yet we have scant understanding of how household debt constrains spending on needed health care. Diverse types of debt have different financial properties and recent work has shown that they may have varying implications for spending on needed health care. In this article, we…

22 CFR 512.10 - Collection by administrative offset.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... Government's right to collect the debt first accrued, unless facts material to the Government's right were... to: Debts owed by any State or local Government; debts arising under or payments made under the... the Government's ability to collect the debt, and the time before the payment is to be made does not...

5 CFR 550.1106 - Time limit on collection of debts.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... to collect a debt more than 10 years after the Government's right to collect the debt first accrued... 5 Administrative Personnel 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Time limit on collection of debts. 550... PAY ADMINISTRATION (GENERAL) Collection by Offset From Indebted Government Employees § 550.1106 Time...

26 CFR 1.1275-6 - Integration of qualifying debt instruments.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... 26 Internal Revenue 11 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Integration of qualifying debt instruments. 1... Losses § 1.1275-6 Integration of qualifying debt instruments. (a) In general. This section generally provides for the integration of a qualifying debt instrument with a hedge or combination of hedges if the...

26 CFR 1.1275-6 - Integration of qualifying debt instruments.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... 26 Internal Revenue 11 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Integration of qualifying debt instruments. 1... Losses § 1.1275-6 Integration of qualifying debt instruments. (a) In general. This section generally provides for the integration of a qualifying debt instrument with a hedge or combination of hedges if the...

26 CFR 1.1275-6 - Integration of qualifying debt instruments.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... 26 Internal Revenue 11 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Integration of qualifying debt instruments. 1... Losses § 1.1275-6 Integration of qualifying debt instruments. (a) In general. This section generally provides for the integration of a qualifying debt instrument with a hedge or combination of hedges if the...

26 CFR 1.1275-6 - Integration of qualifying debt instruments.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... 26 Internal Revenue 11 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Integration of qualifying debt instruments. 1... Losses § 1.1275-6 Integration of qualifying debt instruments. (a) In general. This section generally provides for the integration of a qualifying debt instrument with a hedge or combination of hedges if the...

31 CFR 5.9 - When will Treasury entities transfer a Treasury debt to the Treasury Department's Financial...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... a Treasury debt to the Treasury Department's Financial Management Service for collection? 5.9... Treasury Department's Financial Management Service for collection? (a) Treasury entities will transfer any eligible debt that is more than 180 days delinquent to the Financial Management Service for debt collection...

42 CFR 413.178 - Bad debts.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 42 Public Health 2 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Bad debts. 413.178 Section 413.178 Public Health...) Services and Organ Procurement Costs § 413.178 Bad debts. Link to an amendment published at 75 FR 49199, Aug. 12, 2010. (a) CMS will reimburse each facility its allowable Medicare bad debts, as defined in...

Towards a Rhythmanalysis of Debt Dressage: Education as Rhythmic Resistance in Everyday Indebted Life

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Wozniak, Jason Thomas

2017-01-01

Debt shapes subjectivity by rhythmically training indebted subjects. Stated slightly differently, there exists a debt dressage that produces indebted subjectivity. One of the principle aims of this article is to introduce rhythm into the debt analysis debates. Building on Henri Lefebvre's book "Rhythmanalysis: Space, Time and Everyday…

New England's Disadvantaged Populations Struggle the Most with Student Debt Repayment

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Saas, Darcy Rollins

2016-01-01

Regularly reported statistics about high and growing student-loan debt levels, combined with increased rates of delinquency and default, have prompted calls to address the student-debt "crisis." For New England, with its highly educated population and large higher education industry, student-loan debt is an important economic policy…

6 CFR 11.6 - Reporting debts.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 6 Domestic Security 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Reporting debts. 11.6 Section 11.6 Domestic Security DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY, OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY CLAIMS § 11.6 Reporting debts. DHS will report delinquent debts to credit bureaus and other automated databases in accordance with 31 U.S.C. 3711...

12 CFR 560.40 - Commercial paper and corporate debt securities.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 12 Banks and Banking 6 2014-01-01 2012-01-01 true Commercial paper and corporate debt securities... paper and corporate debt securities. Pursuant to HOLA section 5(c)(2)(D), a Federal savings association may invest in, sell, or hold commercial paper and corporate debt securities subject to the provisions...

12 CFR 160.40 - Commercial paper and corporate debt securities.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 12 Banks and Banking 1 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Commercial paper and corporate debt securities... LENDING AND INVESTMENT § 160.40 Commercial paper and corporate debt securities. Pursuant to HOLA section 5... investment in the commercial paper and corporate debt securities of any one issuer, or issued by any one...

12 CFR 560.40 - Commercial paper and corporate debt securities.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 12 Banks and Banking 6 2013-01-01 2012-01-01 true Commercial paper and corporate debt securities... paper and corporate debt securities. Pursuant to HOLA section 5(c)(2)(D), a Federal savings association may invest in, sell, or hold commercial paper and corporate debt securities subject to the provisions...

12 CFR 560.40 - Commercial paper and corporate debt securities.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 12 Banks and Banking 5 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Commercial paper and corporate debt securities... paper and corporate debt securities. Pursuant to HOLA section 5(c)(2)(D), a Federal savings association may invest in, sell, or hold commercial paper and corporate debt securities subject to the provisions...

12 CFR 560.40 - Commercial paper and corporate debt securities.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 12 Banks and Banking 6 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Commercial paper and corporate debt securities... paper and corporate debt securities. Pursuant to HOLA section 5(c)(2)(D), a Federal savings association may invest in, sell, or hold commercial paper and corporate debt securities subject to the provisions...

12 CFR 160.40 - Commercial paper and corporate debt securities.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 12 Banks and Banking 1 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Commercial paper and corporate debt securities... LENDING AND INVESTMENT § 160.40 Commercial paper and corporate debt securities. Pursuant to HOLA section 5... investment in the commercial paper and corporate debt securities of any one issuer, or issued by any one...

12 CFR 560.40 - Commercial paper and corporate debt securities.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 12 Banks and Banking 5 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Commercial paper and corporate debt securities... paper and corporate debt securities. Pursuant to HOLA section 5(c)(2)(D), a Federal savings association may invest in, sell, or hold commercial paper and corporate debt securities subject to the provisions...

An Examination of Business Students' Student Loan Debt and Total Debt

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kuzma, Ann T.; Kuzma, John R.; Thiewes, Harold F.

2010-01-01

Under the current economic environment and its high levels of unemployment, many people are turning to university education to attain higher education or simply to upgrade their skills and avoid continued unemployment. This paper examines student workloads, debt levels, and the debt perceptions of junior- and senior-level College of Business…

Debt Change and Marital Satisfaction Change in Recently Married Couples

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Dew, Jeffrey

2008-01-01

Although recently married couples report debt as one of their top concerns, research has not measured how debt changes relate to changes in their marital satisfaction. Further, the mechanisms that link debt and marital satisfaction are unknown. Findings using the National Survey of Families and Households (N = 1,078 couples) demonstrated that…

Issues 2016: Is There a Student Debt Crisis?

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Eden, Max

2016-01-01

Student debt is a convenient target in a presidential election year, but it obscures the true crisis: high dropout rates from low-quality postsecondary institutions and the unmanageable debt borne by students of those institutions. And despite rising student debt, monthly loan payments as a share of income have remained steady, added earnings…

20 CFR 422.305 - Report of overdue program overpayment debts to consumer reporting agencies.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... debts to consumer reporting agencies. (a) Debts we will report. We will report to consumer reporting... 20 Employees' Benefits 2 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Report of overdue program overpayment debts to consumer reporting agencies. 422.305 Section 422.305 Employees' Benefits SOCIAL SECURITY...

75 FR 8274 - Collection of Administrative Debts; Collection of Debts Arising From Enforcement and...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-02-24

...The Federal Election Commission (``Commission'') requests comments on proposed rules implementing statutory provisions regarding the collection of debts owed to the United States Government. The Commission also proposes integrating its rules regarding the collection of debts arising solely from the Administrative Fines program into the new proposed rules.

77 FR 65248 - Senior Executive Service; Public Debt Performance Review Board

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-10-25

... Performance Review Board AGENCY: Bureau of the Public Debt, Treasury. ACTION: Notice. SUMMARY: This notice announces the appointment of the members of the Public Debt Performance Review Board (PRB) for the Bureau of the Public Debt (BPD). The PRB reviews the performance appraisals of career senior executives who are...

12 CFR 225.140 - Disposition of property acquired in satisfaction of debts previously contracted.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... satisfaction of debts previously contracted. 225.140 Section 225.140 Banks and Banking FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEM... property acquired in satisfaction of debts previously contracted. (a) The Board recently considered the... acquiring and holding assets acquired in satisfaction of a debt previously contracted in good faith (a “dpc...

12 CFR 1.7 - Securities held in satisfaction of debts previously contracted; holding period; disposal...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 12 Banks and Banking 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Securities held in satisfaction of debts... § 1.7 Securities held in satisfaction of debts previously contracted; holding period; disposal; accounting treatment; non-speculative purpose. (a) Securities held in satisfaction of debts previously...

7 CFR 3.12 - Reporting of consumer debts.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 1 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Reporting of consumer debts. 3.12 Section 3.12... and Compromise of Claims § 3.12 Reporting of consumer debts. (a) Notice. In demand letters to debtors... the delinquent consumer debt to credit reporting agencies after 60 days; (2) The specific information...

Personal Bankruptcy After Traumatic Brain or Spinal Cord Injury: The Role of Medical Debt

PubMed Central

Relyea-Chew, Annemarie; Hollingworth, William; Chan, Leighton; Comstock, Bryan A.; Overstreet, Karen A.; Jarvik, Jeffrey G.

2012-01-01

Objective To estimate the prevalence of medical debt among traumatic brain injury (TBI) and spinal cord injury (SCI) patients who discharged their debts through bankruptcy. Design A cross-sectional comparison of bankruptcy filings of injured versus randomly selected bankruptcy petitioners. Setting Patients hospitalized with SCI or TBI (1996–2002) and personal bankruptcy petitioners (2001–2004) in western Washington State. Participants Subjects (N=186) who filed for bankruptcy, comprised of 93 patients with previous SCI or TBI and 93 randomly selected bankruptcy petitioners. Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures Medical and nonmedical debt, assets, income, expenses, and employment recorded in the bankruptcy petition. Results Five percent of randomly selected petitioners and 26% of petitioners with TBI or SCI had substantial medical debt (debt that accounted for more than 20% of all unsecured debts). SCI and TBI petitioners had fewer assets and were more likely to be receiving government income assistance at the time of bankruptcy than controls. SCI and TBI patients with a higher blood alcohol content at injury were more likely to have substantial medical debts (odds ratio=2.70; 95% confidence interval, 1.04–7.00). Conclusions Medical debt plays an important role in some bankruptcies after TBI or SCI. We discuss policy options for reducing financial distress after serious injury. PMID:19254605

Personal bankruptcy after traumatic brain or spinal cord injury: the role of medical debt.

PubMed

Relyea-Chew, Annemarie; Hollingworth, William; Chan, Leighton; Comstock, Bryan A; Overstreet, Karen A; Jarvik, Jeffrey G

2009-03-01

To estimate the prevalence of medical debt among traumatic brain injury (TBI) and spinal cord injury (SCI) patients who discharged their debts through bankruptcy. A cross-sectional comparison of bankruptcy filings of injured versus randomly selected bankruptcy petitioners. Patients hospitalized with SCI or TBI (1996-2002) and personal bankruptcy petitioners (2001-2004) in western Washington State. Subjects (N=186) who filed for bankruptcy, comprised of 93 patients with previous SCI or TBI and 93 randomly selected bankruptcy petitioners. Not applicable. Medical and nonmedical debt, assets, income, expenses, and employment recorded in the bankruptcy petition. Five percent of randomly selected petitioners and 26% of petitioners with TBI or SCI had substantial medical debt (debt that accounted for more than 20% of all unsecured debts). SCI and TBI petitioners had fewer assets and were more likely to be receiving government income assistance at the time of bankruptcy than controls. SCI and TBI patients with a higher blood alcohol content at injury were more likely to have substantial medical debts (odds ratio=2.70; 95% confidence interval, 1.04-7.00). Medical debt plays an important role in some bankruptcies after TBI or SCI. We discuss policy options for reducing financial distress after serious injury.

A model of the demand for Islamic banks debt-based financing instrument

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jusoh, Mansor; Khalid, Norlin

2013-04-01

This paper presents a theoretical analysis of the demand for debt-based financing instruments of the Islamic banks. Debt-based financing, such as through baibithamanajil and al-murabahah, is by far the most prominent of the Islamic bank financing and yet it has been largely ignored in Islamic economics literature. Most studies instead have been focusing on equity-based financing of al-mudharabah and al-musyarakah. Islamic bank offers debt-based financing through various instruments derived under the principle of exchange (ukud al-mu'awadhat) or more specifically, the contract of deferred sale. Under such arrangement, Islamic debt is created when goods are purchased and the payments are deferred. Thus, unlike debt of the conventional bank which is a form of financial loan contract to facilitate demand for liquid assets, this Islamic debt is created in response to the demand to purchase goods by deferred payment. In this paper we set an analytical framework that is based on an infinitely lived representative agent model (ILRA model) to analyze the demand for goods to be purchased by deferred payment. The resulting demand will then be used to derive the demand for Islamic debt. We also investigate theoretically, factors that may have an impact on the demand for Islamic debt.

Evidence and mapping of extinction debts for global forest-dwelling reptiles, amphibians and mammals

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chen, Youhua; Peng, Shushi

2017-03-01

Evidence of extinction debts for the global distributions of forest-dwelling reptiles, mammals and amphibians was tested and the debt magnitude was estimated and mapped. By using different correlation tests and variable importance analysis, the results showed that spatial richness patterns for the three forest-dwelling terrestrial vertebrate groups had significant and stronger correlations with past forest cover area and other variables in the 1500 s, implying the evidence for extinction debts. Moreover, it was likely that the extinction debts have been partially paid, given that their global richness patterns were also significantly correlated with contemporary forest variables in the 2000 s (but the absolute magnitudes of the correlation coefficients were usually smaller than those calculated for historical forest variables). By utilizing species-area relationships, spatial extinction-debt magnitudes for the three vertebrate groups at the global scale were estimated and the hotspots of extinction debts were identified. These high-debt hotspots were generally situated in areas that did not spatially overlap with hotspots of species richness or high extinction-risk areas based on IUCN threatened status to a large extent. This spatial mismatch pattern suggested that necessary conservation efforts should be directed toward high-debt areas that are still overlooked.

Evidence and mapping of extinction debts for global forest-dwelling reptiles, amphibians and mammals.

PubMed

Chen, Youhua; Peng, Shushi

2017-03-16

Evidence of extinction debts for the global distributions of forest-dwelling reptiles, mammals and amphibians was tested and the debt magnitude was estimated and mapped. By using different correlation tests and variable importance analysis, the results showed that spatial richness patterns for the three forest-dwelling terrestrial vertebrate groups had significant and stronger correlations with past forest cover area and other variables in the 1500 s, implying the evidence for extinction debts. Moreover, it was likely that the extinction debts have been partially paid, given that their global richness patterns were also significantly correlated with contemporary forest variables in the 2000 s (but the absolute magnitudes of the correlation coefficients were usually smaller than those calculated for historical forest variables). By utilizing species-area relationships, spatial extinction-debt magnitudes for the three vertebrate groups at the global scale were estimated and the hotspots of extinction debts were identified. These high-debt hotspots were generally situated in areas that did not spatially overlap with hotspots of species richness or high extinction-risk areas based on IUCN threatened status to a large extent. This spatial mismatch pattern suggested that necessary conservation efforts should be directed toward high-debt areas that are still overlooked.

Demographic and service-use profiles of individuals using the CarePayment program for hospital-related medical debt: results from a nationwide survey of guarantors.

PubMed

Lessard, Laura; Solomon, Julie

2016-07-15

Many Americans find themselves with problems paying medical bills, and medical debt can lead to numerous negative financial, social and access to healthcare outcomes. One potential market-based solution to these challenges is to provide financing options that have patient-friendly terms while complying with increasingly complex federal lending regulations. CarePayment (CP) is one entity that provides zero interest financing to individuals from participating medical facilities. An independent, initial outcome study was undertaken to understand the demographic and medical debt-related outcomes of CP users. This information is integral to understanding whether and how this program can ameliorate the negative consequences of medical debt. A nationwide telephone survey was conducted with a random sample of 8122 guarantors who were paying off CarePayment debt as of January 1, 2015. Respondents were asked about their demographic characteristics as well as self-report of negative outcomes typically associated with medical debt. Analyses included descriptive statistics along with logistic regression models comparing first-time CP users and those with higher amounts of CP debt to others. The most commonly reported financial challenge related to medical bills was problems paying or being unable to pay medical bills (59.5 %). The most commonly reported access-to-care challenges were skipping a medical test or treatment recommended by a doctor (32.9 %) and having a medical problem but not going to the doctor/clinic (30.3 %). Comparisons between first-time and repeat CP users suggest that first-time users were significantly more likely to report several negative outcomes and those with both CP and non-CP debt were significantly more likely to report nearly all of the undesirable financial and access outcomes that were assessed compared to those with only CP debt. The results suggest that CP use, especially repeat CP use, may be associated with a reduction in many negative outcomes of medical debt. In addition, while we found that individuals with only CP debt fared better than those with both CP debt and other medical debt, 60 % of our sample had more than one source of medical debt. This suggests that the beneficial impact of CP could be increased by expanding access to the program.

Plants and Medicines. Third World Science.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Jones, Natalie; Hughes, Wyn

This unit, developed by the Third World Science Project, is designed to add a multicultural element to existing science syllabi (for students aged 11-16) in the United Kingdom. The project seeks to develop an appreciation of the: boundless fascination of the natural world; knowledge, skills, and expertise possessed by men/women everywhere;…

Third World Science: Development Education through Science Teaching.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Williams, Iolo Wyn

Third World Science (TWS) materials were developed to add a multicultural element to the existing science curriculum of 11-16-year-old students. TWS attempts to develop an appreciation of the: (1) boundless fascination of the natural world; (2) knowledge, skills, and expertise possessed by ordinary men and women everywhere; (3) application of…

Carrying Loads on Heads. Third World Science.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Jones, Natalie; Hughes, Wyn

This unit, developed by the Third World Science Project, is designed to add a multicultural element to existing science syllabi (for students aged 11-16) in the United Kingdom. The project seeks to develop an appreciation of the: boundless fascination of the natural world; knowledge, skills, and expertise possessed by men/women everywhere;…

Non-Effective National Territory: A Characteristic of Third World States.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Walter, Bob J.

In an effort to improve understanding and to provide better solutions to the world's political problems, this paper examines national territory or states in terms of their functional processes and their spatial structures. Examples from Third World states are provided. The author first presents a model of political territory. It has a boundary…

Attractiveness of family medicine for medical students

PubMed Central

Vanasse, Alain; Orzanco, Maria Gabriela; Courteau, Josiane; Scott, Sarah

2011-01-01

Abstract Objective To examine the association between students’ personal characteristics, backgrounds, and medical schools and their intention to enter a family medicine (FM) specialty. Design Descriptive study using data from the 2007 National Physician Survey. Setting Canada. Participants Clinical (n = 1109) and preclinical (n = 829) medical student respondents to the 2007 National Physician Survey. Main outcome measures The main variable was hoping to enter an FM specialty, and 40 independent variables were included in regression and classification-tree models. Results Fewer than 1 medical student in 3 (30.2% at the preclinical level and 31.4% at the clinical level) hoped to enter into an FM career. Those who did were more likely to be female, were slightly older, were more frequently married or living with partners, were typically born in Canada, and were more likely to have previous exposure to non-urban environments. The most important predictor for both populations was the debt related to medical studies, which acted in the opposite direction of whether or not students were interested in research. Students interested in research were attracted by specialties with high earning potential, while those not interested in research looked for short residency programs, such as FM, so they could begin to pay off debt sooner. Therefore, the interest in research appears to be inversely related to the choice of FM. Conclusion Less than one-third of medical students were looking for residencies in FM in Canada. This is far below the goals of 45% set at the national level and 50% set by some provinces like Quebec. Debt and interest in research have strong influences on the choice of residency by medical students. PMID:21673198

Student Debt Crisis: Are Students Incurring Excessive Debt? Program Report 85-13.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hansen, W. Lee; Rhodes, Marilyn S.

Definitions of manageable college student debts are discussed and one definition is applied to California data, using the Student Expenses and Resources Survey. Definitions proposed by Daniere, Hartman, and Horch define manageable debt levels in terms of future income. A comparison of the three proposals shows the number of years of repayment…

12 CFR 16.6 - Sales of nonconvertible debt.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 12 Banks and Banking 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Sales of nonconvertible debt. 16.6 Section 16.6... RULES § 16.6 Sales of nonconvertible debt. (a) The OCC will deem offers or sales of bank issued... grade; (5) Prior to or simultaneously with the sale of the debt, each purchaser receives an offering...

Development and External Debt: Friend or Foe? Academy for Educational Development 25th Anniversary Seminar Series.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hope, Nicholas C.

Arguing that the benefits from borrowing abroad exceed the costs recently imposed on countries through debt-servicing difficulties, this paper defines debt as an engine of growth, forcing the borrower to produce goods efficiently, export them, and function competitively in the international market. Debt-servicing difficulties of developing nations…

15 CFR 19.7 - When will Commerce entities compromise a Commerce debt?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 15 Commerce and Foreign Trade 1 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false When will Commerce entities compromise a Commerce debt? 19.7 Section 19.7 Commerce and Foreign Trade Office of the Secretary of Commerce COMMERCE DEBT COLLECTION Procedures To Collect Commerce Debts § 19.7 When will Commerce entities compromise...

15 CFR 19.15 - How will Commerce entities refer Commerce debts to private collection agencies?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 15 Commerce and Foreign Trade 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false How will Commerce entities refer Commerce debts to private collection agencies? 19.15 Section 19.15 Commerce and Foreign Trade Office of the Secretary of Commerce COMMERCE DEBT COLLECTION Procedures To Collect Commerce Debts § 19.15 How will...

15 CFR 19.15 - How will Commerce entities refer Commerce debts to private collection agencies?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 15 Commerce and Foreign Trade 1 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false How will Commerce entities refer Commerce debts to private collection agencies? 19.15 Section 19.15 Commerce and Foreign Trade Office of the Secretary of Commerce COMMERCE DEBT COLLECTION Procedures To Collect Commerce Debts § 19.15 How will...

15 CFR 19.15 - How will Commerce entities refer Commerce debts to private collection agencies?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 15 Commerce and Foreign Trade 1 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false How will Commerce entities refer Commerce debts to private collection agencies? 19.15 Section 19.15 Commerce and Foreign Trade Office of the Secretary of Commerce COMMERCE DEBT COLLECTION Procedures To Collect Commerce Debts § 19.15 How will...

15 CFR 19.7 - When will Commerce entities compromise a Commerce debt?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 15 Commerce and Foreign Trade 1 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false When will Commerce entities compromise a Commerce debt? 19.7 Section 19.7 Commerce and Foreign Trade Office of the Secretary of Commerce COMMERCE DEBT COLLECTION Procedures To Collect Commerce Debts § 19.7 When will Commerce entities compromise...

15 CFR 19.15 - How will Commerce entities refer Commerce debts to private collection agencies?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 15 Commerce and Foreign Trade 1 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false How will Commerce entities refer Commerce debts to private collection agencies? 19.15 Section 19.15 Commerce and Foreign Trade Office of the Secretary of Commerce COMMERCE DEBT COLLECTION Procedures To Collect Commerce Debts § 19.15 How will...

15 CFR 19.7 - When will Commerce entities compromise a Commerce debt?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 15 Commerce and Foreign Trade 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false When will Commerce entities compromise a Commerce debt? 19.7 Section 19.7 Commerce and Foreign Trade Office of the Secretary of Commerce COMMERCE DEBT COLLECTION Procedures To Collect Commerce Debts § 19.7 When will Commerce entities compromise...

15 CFR 19.15 - How will Commerce entities refer Commerce debts to private collection agencies?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 15 Commerce and Foreign Trade 1 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false How will Commerce entities refer Commerce debts to private collection agencies? 19.15 Section 19.15 Commerce and Foreign Trade Office of the Secretary of Commerce COMMERCE DEBT COLLECTION Procedures To Collect Commerce Debts § 19.15 How will...

15 CFR 19.7 - When will Commerce entities compromise a Commerce debt?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 15 Commerce and Foreign Trade 1 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false When will Commerce entities compromise a Commerce debt? 19.7 Section 19.7 Commerce and Foreign Trade Office of the Secretary of Commerce COMMERCE DEBT COLLECTION Procedures To Collect Commerce Debts § 19.7 When will Commerce entities compromise...

15 CFR 19.7 - When will Commerce entities compromise a Commerce debt?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 15 Commerce and Foreign Trade 1 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false When will Commerce entities compromise a Commerce debt? 19.7 Section 19.7 Commerce and Foreign Trade Office of the Secretary of Commerce COMMERCE DEBT COLLECTION Procedures To Collect Commerce Debts § 19.7 When will Commerce entities compromise...

26 CFR 1.593-5 - Addition to reserves for bad debts.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 26 Internal Revenue 7 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 true Addition to reserves for bad debts. 1.593-5... bad debts. (a) Amount of addition. As an alternative to a deduction from gross income under section... a deduction under section 166(c) for a reasonable addition to a reserve for bad debts. In the case...

7 CFR 792.15 - Prior provision of rights with respect to debt.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 7 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Prior provision of rights with respect to debt. 792.15..., DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE PROVISIONS COMMON TO MORE THAN ONE PROGRAM DEBT SETTLEMENT POLICIES AND PROCEDURES § 792.15 Prior provision of rights with respect to debt. FSA will not provide an administrative appeal...

12 CFR 16.6 - Sales of nonconvertible debt.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 12 Banks and Banking 1 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Sales of nonconvertible debt. 16.6 Section 16.6... RULES § 16.6 Sales of nonconvertible debt. (a) The OCC will deem offers or sales of bank issued...) Prior to or simultaneously with the sale of the debt, each purchaser receives an offering document that...

12 CFR 16.6 - Sales of nonconvertible debt.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 12 Banks and Banking 1 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Sales of nonconvertible debt. 16.6 Section 16.6... RULES § 16.6 Sales of nonconvertible debt. (a) The OCC will deem offers or sales of bank issued... grade; (5) Prior to or simultaneously with the sale of the debt, each purchaser receives an offering...

Debt-Repaying Mechanism in Chinese Relationships: An Exploration of the Folk Concepts of "Pao" and Human Emotional Debt.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Chang, Hui-Ching; Holt, G. Richard

1994-01-01

Explores the mechanisms of "pao" and human emotional debt underlying Chinese human relationships through interviews with 55 Chinese in Taiwan. The definition, recompensation, minimization, and manipulation of human emotional debt and the linguistic code by which relations can be made closer or more distant following the principles of…

45 CFR 2506.41 - What are the Corporation's procedures for collecting debts by tax refund offset?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... collecting debts by tax refund offset? 2506.41 Section 2506.41 Public Welfare Regulations Relating to Public Welfare (Continued) CORPORATION FOR NATIONAL AND COMMUNITY SERVICE COLLECTION OF DEBTS Tax Refund Offset § 2506.41 What are the Corporation's procedures for collecting debts by tax refund offset? (a) The...

10 CFR 1015.405 - Discharge of indebtedness; reporting requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

.... (b) 31 U.S.C. 3711(i) requires DOE to sell a delinquent non-tax debt upon termination of collection... indebtedness; reporting requirements. (a) Before discharging a delinquent debt (also referred to as a close out of the debt), DOE shall take all appropriate steps to collect the debt in accordance with 31 U.S.C...

17 CFR 204.76 - Use of credit bureau or consumer reporting agencies.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... interest that will accrue on the debt, that all costs incurred to collect the debt will be charged to the... EXCHANGE COMMISSION RULES RELATING TO DEBT COLLECTION Miscellaneous: Credit Bureau Reporting, Collection... delinquent debts to consumer reporting agencies (See 31 U.S.C. 3701(a)(3), 3711). Sixty days prior to release...

5 CFR 845.403 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... EMPLOYEES RETIREMENT SYSTEM-DEBT COLLECTION Agency Requests to OPM for Recovery of a Debt From the Civil... Act of 1966 as amended by the Debt Collection Act of 1982 and implemented by 4 CFR 101.1 et seq., the... Fund to satisfy a debt to the United States under 31 U.S.C. 3716. Agency means— (a) An Executive agency...

7 CFR 1403.9 - Late payment interest and administrative charges.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... apply: (i) To debts owed by Federal agencies and State and local governments. Interest on debts owed by... the rate of interest charged by the U.S. Treasury for funds borrowed by CCC on the day the debt became... shall be expressed as an annual rate of interest which CCC charges on delinquent debts. The late payment...

Should the Public Pay for Higher Education? Equality, Liberty, and Educational Debt

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Martin, Christopher

2017-01-01

As governments shift costs from the public to students, a higher education has become synonymous with educational debt. Liberal egalitarians have justified educational debt on the grounds that it facilitates socioeconomic equality. On this view, the public should only fund access for those students who are so poorly off that educational debt would…

7 CFR 1951.136 - Procedures for Department of Treasury offset and cross-servicing for the Rural Housing Service...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

...-Servicing (Cross-Servicing) Program, which centralizes all Government debt collection actions. A borrower... debts which are over 180 days delinquent to the Secretary of the Treasury for collection by centralized... the debt is reported to Treasury. The notice will include: (1) The nature and amount of the debt, the...

Playing the Numbers: The Best Bad Option

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Doyle, William R.

2012-01-01

College graduates and current students are swimming in a sea of debt. As of this writing, the total amount of outstanding student loan debt has been estimated at $960 billion. The Occupy Student Debt movement, inspired by Occupy Wall Street, has suggested that all student loan debt should be forgiven. As a starting point, members of the movement…

78 FR 54568 - Debt That Is a Position in Personal Property That Is Part of a Straddle

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-09-05

... regarding when an issuer's obligation under a debt instrument may be a position in actively traded personal... actively traded.'' A debt or obligation generally is not property of the debtor or obligor. Nevertheless... is denominated in a nonfunctional currency, the obligor's position under the debt obligation is a...

Relationships between College Students' Credit Card Debt, Undesirable Academic Behaviors and Cognitions, and Academic Performance

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hogan, Eileen A.; Bryant, Sarah K.; Overymyer-Day, Leslie E.

2013-01-01

The acquisition of credit card debt by college students has long been a topic of concern. This study explores relationships among debt, undesirable academic behaviors and cognitions, and academic performance, through surveys of 338 students in a public university, replicating two past measures of credit card debt and creating new measures of…

Transparency in State Debt Disclosure. Working Papers. No. 17-10

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Zhao, Bo; Wang, Wen

2017-01-01

We develop a new measure of relative debt transparency by comparing the amount of state debt reported in the annual Census survey and the amount reported in the statistical section of the state Comprehensive Annual Financial Report (CAFR). GASB 44 requires states to start reporting their total debt in the CAFR statistical section in FY 2006.…

29 CFR 4903.31 - Eligibility of debt for tax refund offset.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 4903.31 Labor Regulations Relating to Labor (Continued) PENSION BENEFIT GUARANTY CORPORATION INTERNAL...) If the debt is a consumer debt and exceeds $100, the PBGC has disclosed the debt to a consumer reporting agency (as authorized by 31 U.S.C. 3711(f) and provided in § 4903.32), unless a consumer reporting...

13 CFR 120.975 - CDC Liquidation of loans and debt collection litigation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false CDC Liquidation of loans and debt... BUSINESS LOANS Development Company Loan Program (504) Authority of Cdcs to Perform Liquidation and Debt Collection Litigation § 120.975 CDC Liquidation of loans and debt collection litigation. (a) PCLP CDCs. If a...

13 CFR 120.975 - CDC Liquidation of loans and debt collection litigation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false CDC Liquidation of loans and debt... BUSINESS LOANS Development Company Loan Program (504) Authority of Cdcs to Perform Liquidation and Debt Collection Litigation § 120.975 CDC Liquidation of loans and debt collection litigation. (a) PCLP CDCs. If a...

13 CFR 120.975 - CDC Liquidation of loans and debt collection litigation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false CDC Liquidation of loans and debt... BUSINESS LOANS Development Company Loan Program (504) Authority of Cdcs to Perform Liquidation and Debt Collection Litigation § 120.975 CDC Liquidation of loans and debt collection litigation. (a) PCLP CDCs. If a...

13 CFR 120.975 - CDC Liquidation of loans and debt collection litigation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false CDC Liquidation of loans and debt... BUSINESS LOANS Development Company Loan Program (504) Authority of Cdcs to Perform Liquidation and Debt Collection Litigation § 120.975 CDC Liquidation of loans and debt collection litigation. (a) PCLP CDCs. If a...

13 CFR 120.975 - CDC Liquidation of loans and debt collection litigation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false CDC Liquidation of loans and debt... BUSINESS LOANS Development Company Loan Program (504) Authority of Cdcs to Perform Liquidation and Debt Collection Litigation § 120.975 CDC Liquidation of loans and debt collection litigation. (a) PCLP CDCs. If a...

12 CFR 160.40 - Commercial paper and corporate debt securities.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 12 Banks and Banking 1 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Commercial paper and corporate debt securities... LENDING AND INVESTMENT § 160.40 Commercial paper and corporate debt securities. Pursuant to HOLA section 5... paragraph (a)(1)(i) of this section. (2) Corporate debt securities must be: (i) Securities that may be sold...

A Handbook on Debt Management for Colleges and Universities.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Forrester, Robert T.

Between 1983 and 1986, colleges and universities issued about $20 billion of debt for facilities and student financing, and it is predicted that billions of dollars of new debt will be needed for building renovation. Debt capacity, management, and accounting are now major issues, and the purpose of this book is to provide a handy reference manual…

34 CFR 30.35 - What procedures does the Secretary follow to report debts to consumer reporting agencies?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Debts to Consumer Reporting Agencies § 30.35 What procedures does the Secretary follow to report debts to consumer reporting agencies? (a)(1) The Secretary reports information regarding debts arising... 34 Education 1 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false What procedures does the Secretary follow to report...

20 CFR 422.425 - How will we conduct our review of the debt?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 20 Employees' Benefits 2 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false How will we conduct our review of the debt? 422.425 Section 422.425 Employees' Benefits SOCIAL SECURITY ADMINISTRATION ORGANIZATION AND PROCEDURES Collection of Debts by Administrative Wage Garnishment § 422.425 How will we conduct our review of the debt...

A Lifetime of Student Debt? Not Likely

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Wilson, Robin

2009-01-01

In this article, the author examines the issue of student debt. Despite tales of gargantuan student debt burdens for some college graduates, studies show that most students borrow sensibly, pay it back, and are better off for having gone to college. But for a vocal minority of borrowers, problems with student-loan debt are very real. About 8…

Student Debt and the Class of 2011

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Reed, Matthew; Cochrane, Debbie

2012-01-01

Student Debt and the Class of 2011 is the seventh annual report on the cumulative student loan debt of recent graduates from four-year public and private nonprofit colleges. The authors' analysis found that the debt levels of students who graduate with loans continued to rise, with considerable variation among states as well as among colleges. The…

15 CFR 19.14 - How will Commerce entities report Commerce debts to credit bureaus?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 15 Commerce and Foreign Trade 1 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false How will Commerce entities report Commerce debts to credit bureaus? 19.14 Section 19.14 Commerce and Foreign Trade Office of the Secretary of Commerce COMMERCE DEBT COLLECTION Procedures To Collect Commerce Debts § 19.14 How will Commerce entities...

15 CFR 19.14 - How will Commerce entities report Commerce debts to credit bureaus?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 15 Commerce and Foreign Trade 1 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false How will Commerce entities report Commerce debts to credit bureaus? 19.14 Section 19.14 Commerce and Foreign Trade Office of the Secretary of Commerce COMMERCE DEBT COLLECTION Procedures To Collect Commerce Debts § 19.14 How will Commerce entities...

15 CFR 19.14 - How will Commerce entities report Commerce debts to credit bureaus?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 15 Commerce and Foreign Trade 1 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false How will Commerce entities report Commerce debts to credit bureaus? 19.14 Section 19.14 Commerce and Foreign Trade Office of the Secretary of Commerce COMMERCE DEBT COLLECTION Procedures To Collect Commerce Debts § 19.14 How will Commerce entities...

15 CFR 19.14 - How will Commerce entities report Commerce debts to credit bureaus?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 15 Commerce and Foreign Trade 1 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false How will Commerce entities report Commerce debts to credit bureaus? 19.14 Section 19.14 Commerce and Foreign Trade Office of the Secretary of Commerce COMMERCE DEBT COLLECTION Procedures To Collect Commerce Debts § 19.14 How will Commerce entities...

15 CFR 19.14 - How will Commerce entities report Commerce debts to credit bureaus?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 15 Commerce and Foreign Trade 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false How will Commerce entities report Commerce debts to credit bureaus? 19.14 Section 19.14 Commerce and Foreign Trade Office of the Secretary of Commerce COMMERCE DEBT COLLECTION Procedures To Collect Commerce Debts § 19.14 How will Commerce entities...

36 CFR 1011.15 - How will the Presidio Trust refer debts to private collection contractors?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 36 Parks, Forests, and Public Property 3 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false How will the Presidio Trust... Property PRESIDIO TRUST DEBT COLLECTION Procedures To Collect Presidio Trust Debts § 1011.15 How will the Presidio Trust refer debts to private collection contractors? The Presidio Trust will transfer delinquent...

Cities of peasants: the political economy of urbanization in the Third World

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Roberts, B.

1978-01-01

This book is about the expansion of capitalism in the Third World. It is one of the few accounts linking contemporary differences in the political and economic structure of underdeveloped countries to the historically specific way in which these have become part of the world economy. Focusing on the most securely capitalist of all underdeveloped regions - the continent of Latin America - the author traces the growth of urban based industrialism and its impact, both externally and internally. He shows how it has transformed the economy and produced new political and social pressures, whose significance can be seen inmore » the daily economic activities, social relationships, and even religious behavior of people in Third-World cities. This analysis explains and uses the concepts of dependent development and core periphery; there is also a critical review of current theories about urbanization in the Third World and, in particular, a discussion of the debate on marginality. An extensive bibliography is included.« less

The influence of television on cultural values -- with special reference to Third World countries.

PubMed

Goonasekera, A

1987-01-01

In focusing on the influence of television on cultural values, particularly in third world countries, the discussion covers the impact of the technology of communication on cultural values, the impact of existing, that is traditional, cultural values on television, and the impact of television programs on cultural values. It is not a problem to set up a television transmitting station in any third world country; the hardware is manufactured in developed countries and assembled in a third world country by technicians of the television manufacturing company. The key question is whether the third world country that has acquired this modern piece of technology can put it into operation run it. The operation of a modern television station calls for 3 types of professionals: engineers and technicians, television journalists and producers, and managers and administrators. Consequently, if the host country is to benefit from this transfer of technology it needs to have a community of modern professionals. Also, for a culture to successfully utilize television, it is helpful if the other media of communication are developed. In sum, at the time of the introduction of television in third world countries, such countries should possess an advanced sector of education and mass media which could form the basis for initiating the multiplier effect for which television has the potential. When introducing television to a third world country, one further needs to be aware of the impact that traditional values may have on the utilization of this medium. It can work to entrench traditional inequities in social relationships in the name of cultural uniqueness, and from the perspective of disadvantaged minority groups it could be a form of "cultural imperialism." Thus, when introducing television, the governments of these countries need to consider fostering a set of values and norms that could assist in the modernization of these countries. These should be values that promote human social development, rather than paternalistic traditional values which work to keep the uniqueness of cultural groups. The import and dissemination of television programs from foreign countries emerges as the most visible form of cultural domination. The reason for the overdependence on imported programs are the high cost of local productions, the lack of trained staff, and the lack of will and determination on the part of the management of governments of third world countries. Successful cultural assimilation of television in third world countries depends on the cultural values that it helps to develop and foster in society.

7 CFR 3430.61 - Debt collection.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

...-GENERAL AWARD ADMINISTRATIVE PROVISIONS Post-Award and Closeout § 3430.61 Debt collection. The collection... funds, unobligated balances, or other circumstances, are subject to the Department's debt collection...

Payback time for soil carbon and sugar-cane ethanol

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mello, Francisco F. C.; Cerri, Carlos E. P.; Davies, Christian A.; Holbrook, N. Michele; Paustian, Keith; Maia, Stoécio M. F.; Galdos, Marcelo V.; Bernoux, Martial; Cerri, Carlos C.

2014-07-01

The effects of land-use change (LUC) on soil carbon (C) balance has to be taken into account in calculating the CO2 savings attributed to bioenergy crops. There have been few direct field measurements that quantify the effects of LUC on soil C for the most common land-use transitions into sugar cane in Brazil, the world's largest producer . We quantified the C balance for LUC as a net loss (carbon debt) or net gain (carbon credit) in soil C for sugar-cane expansion in Brazil. We sampled 135 field sites to 1 m depth, representing three major LUC scenarios. Our results demonstrate that soil C stocks decrease following LUC from native vegetation and pastures, and increase where cropland is converted to sugar cane. The payback time for the soil C debt was eight years for native vegetation and two to three years for pastures. With an increasing need for biofuels and the potential for Brazil to help meet global demand, our results will be invaluable for guiding expansion policies of sugar-cane production towards greater sustainability.

Can medical students afford to choose primary care? An economic analysis of physician education debt repayment.

PubMed

Youngclaus, James A; Koehler, Paul A; Kotlikoff, Laurence J; Wiecha, John M

2013-01-01

Some discussions of physician specialty choice imply that indebted medical students avoid choosing primary care because education debt repayment seems economically unfeasible. The authors analyzed whether a physician earning a typical primary care salary can repay the current median level of education debt and meet standard household expenses without incurring additional debt. In 2010-2011, the authors used comprehensive financial planning software to model the annual finances for a fictional physician's household to compare the impact of various debt levels, repayment plans, and living expenses across three specialties. To accurately develop this spending model, they used published data from federal and local agencies, real estate sources, and national organizations. Despite growing debt levels, the authors found that physicians in all specialties can repay the current level of education debt without incurring more debt. However, some scenarios, typically those with higher borrowing levels, required trade-offs and compromises. For example, extended repayment plans require large increases in the total amount of interest repaid and the number of repayment years required, and the use of a federal loan forgiveness/repayment program requires a service obligation such as working at a nonprofit or practicing in a medically underserved area. A primary care career remains financially viable for medical school graduates with median levels of education debt. Graduates pursuing primary care with higher debt levels need to consider additional strategies to support repayment such as extended repayment terms, use of a federal loan forgiveness/repayment program, or not living in the highest-cost areas.

Debt Profiles of Model Students: The Projected Debt of Highly Productive Students and Its Economic Impact

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Fincher, Mark E.

2017-01-01

A common misperception suggests that a high-achieving student can easily complete a degree with very limited debt, and that students with high levels of debt are thus underachievers. This assumption is supported by memories of previous decades when it was realistically possible for most students to work their way through college. This view,…

15 CFR 19.16 - When will Commerce entities refer Commerce debts to the Department of Justice?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 15 Commerce and Foreign Trade 1 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false When will Commerce entities refer Commerce debts to the Department of Justice? 19.16 Section 19.16 Commerce and Foreign Trade Office of the Secretary of Commerce COMMERCE DEBT COLLECTION Procedures To Collect Commerce Debts § 19.16 When will...

15 CFR 19.11 - How will Commerce entities use tax refund offset to collect a Commerce debt?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 15 Commerce and Foreign Trade 1 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false How will Commerce entities use tax refund offset to collect a Commerce debt? 19.11 Section 19.11 Commerce and Foreign Trade Office of the Secretary of Commerce COMMERCE DEBT COLLECTION Procedures To Collect Commerce Debts § 19.11 How will...

15 CFR 19.11 - How will Commerce entities use tax refund offset to collect a Commerce debt?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 15 Commerce and Foreign Trade 1 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false How will Commerce entities use tax refund offset to collect a Commerce debt? 19.11 Section 19.11 Commerce and Foreign Trade Office of the Secretary of Commerce COMMERCE DEBT COLLECTION Procedures To Collect Commerce Debts § 19.11 How will...

15 CFR 19.11 - How will Commerce entities use tax refund offset to collect a Commerce debt?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 15 Commerce and Foreign Trade 1 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false How will Commerce entities use tax refund offset to collect a Commerce debt? 19.11 Section 19.11 Commerce and Foreign Trade Office of the Secretary of Commerce COMMERCE DEBT COLLECTION Procedures To Collect Commerce Debts § 19.11 How will...

15 CFR 19.16 - When will Commerce entities refer Commerce debts to the Department of Justice?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 15 Commerce and Foreign Trade 1 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false When will Commerce entities refer Commerce debts to the Department of Justice? 19.16 Section 19.16 Commerce and Foreign Trade Office of the Secretary of Commerce COMMERCE DEBT COLLECTION Procedures To Collect Commerce Debts § 19.16 When will...

15 CFR 19.11 - How will Commerce entities use tax refund offset to collect a Commerce debt?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 15 Commerce and Foreign Trade 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false How will Commerce entities use tax refund offset to collect a Commerce debt? 19.11 Section 19.11 Commerce and Foreign Trade Office of the Secretary of Commerce COMMERCE DEBT COLLECTION Procedures To Collect Commerce Debts § 19.11 How will...

15 CFR 19.11 - How will Commerce entities use tax refund offset to collect a Commerce debt?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 15 Commerce and Foreign Trade 1 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false How will Commerce entities use tax refund offset to collect a Commerce debt? 19.11 Section 19.11 Commerce and Foreign Trade Office of the Secretary of Commerce COMMERCE DEBT COLLECTION Procedures To Collect Commerce Debts § 19.11 How will...

15 CFR 19.16 - When will Commerce entities refer Commerce debts to the Department of Justice?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 15 Commerce and Foreign Trade 1 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false When will Commerce entities refer Commerce debts to the Department of Justice? 19.16 Section 19.16 Commerce and Foreign Trade Office of the Secretary of Commerce COMMERCE DEBT COLLECTION Procedures To Collect Commerce Debts § 19.16 When will...

15 CFR 19.16 - When will Commerce entities refer Commerce debts to the Department of Justice?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 15 Commerce and Foreign Trade 1 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false When will Commerce entities refer Commerce debts to the Department of Justice? 19.16 Section 19.16 Commerce and Foreign Trade Office of the Secretary of Commerce COMMERCE DEBT COLLECTION Procedures To Collect Commerce Debts § 19.16 When will...

15 CFR 19.16 - When will Commerce entities refer Commerce debts to the Department of Justice?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 15 Commerce and Foreign Trade 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false When will Commerce entities refer Commerce debts to the Department of Justice? 19.16 Section 19.16 Commerce and Foreign Trade Office of the Secretary of Commerce COMMERCE DEBT COLLECTION Procedures To Collect Commerce Debts § 19.16 When will...

25 CFR 513.20 - What debts can the Commission refer to Treasury for collection by administrative and tax refund...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... COMMISSION, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR GENERAL PROVISIONS DEBT COLLECTION Administrative and Tax Refund Offset § 513.20 What debts can the Commission refer to Treasury for collection by administrative and tax... person to the Treasury for administrative and tax refund offset if the debt: (1) Has been delinquent for...

25 CFR 513.21 - What notice will a debtor be given of the Commission's intent to collect a debt through...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... intent to collect a debt through administrative and tax refund offset? 513.21 Section 513.21 Indians... collect a debt through administrative and tax refund offset? (a) The Commission will give the debtor... after the date of the notice, the Commission will refer the debt to Treasury for administrative and tax...

Student Loan Debt for Community College Transfer Students and How Debt Information Letters Impact Future Borrowing Decisions

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Mckinney, Kenneth Paul

2017-01-01

There has been a proliferation of student loan debt over the past decade. The indebtedness that students incur while attending college reduces their discretionary income once they enter repayment after graduation. For graduates, there is an opportunity cost along with personal and professional life decisions being made based on this debt. For…

15 CFR 19.4 - What notice will Commerce entities send to a debtor when collecting a Commerce debt?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 15 Commerce and Foreign Trade 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false What notice will Commerce entities send to a debtor when collecting a Commerce debt? 19.4 Section 19.4 Commerce and Foreign Trade Office of the Secretary of Commerce COMMERCE DEBT COLLECTION Procedures To Collect Commerce Debts § 19.4...

24 CFR 17.159 - Application of offset funds: Federal payment is insufficient to cover amount of debt.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

...: Federal payment is insufficient to cover amount of debt. 17.159 Section 17.159 Housing and Urban... Procedures for the Collection of Claims by the Government Irs Tax Refund and Federal Payment Offset... insufficient to cover amount of debt. If an offset of a Federal payment is insufficient to satisfy a debt, the...

Financial Factors and Institutional Characteristics That Relate to the Long-Term Debt of U.S. Four-Year Public Colleges and Universities

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Keith, Dana Sims

2013-01-01

Debt for public colleges and universities has been increasing while financial resources, which provide the support to repay debt, have been declining. As debt increases in proportion to assets, the risk profile of a college or university increases. This study examined the relationships between financial variables and institutional characteristics…

17 CFR 240.15c3-1g - Conditions for ultimate holding companies of certain brokers or dealers (Appendix G to 17 CFR 240...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... conditions of paragraphs (a)(1)(ii)(A) through (D) of this appendix G; (B) Subordinated debt if the original weighted average maturity of the subordinated debt is at least five years; each subordinated debt... the Securities Investor Protection Corporation; the subordinated debt is unsecured and subordinated in...

36 CFR 1011.21 - How do other Federal agencies use the offset process to collect debts from payments issued by the...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... use the offset process to collect debts from payments issued by the Presidio Trust? 1011.21 Section 1011.21 Parks, Forests, and Public Property PRESIDIO TRUST DEBT COLLECTION Procedures for Offset of Presidio Trust Payments To Collect Debts Owed To Other Federal Agencies § 1011.21 How do other Federal...

"I Fully Expect to Die with This Debt"

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Patton, Stacey

2013-01-01

Student-loan debt is not just a problem for young, recent college graduates searching for their first jobs. Growing numbers of adults nearing the ends of their careers are accumulating such big debt, too, and they don't have a lifetime to pay it back. In fact, student-loan debt is growing fastest among adults ages 60 and older, with more than two…

26 CFR 1.1272-2 - Treatment of debt instruments purchased at a premium.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 26 Internal Revenue 11 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 true Treatment of debt instruments purchased at a....1272-2 Treatment of debt instruments purchased at a premium. (a) In general. Under section 1272(c)(1), if a holder purchases a debt instrument at a premium, the holder does not include any OID in gross...

7 CFR 3.79 - Review of USDA records related to the debt.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 1 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Review of USDA records related to the debt. 3.79....79 Review of USDA records related to the debt. (a) Notification by employee. An employee who intends to inspect or copy USDA records related to the debt must send a letter to USDA stating his or her...

7 CFR 3.79 - Review of USDA records related to the debt.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Review of USDA records related to the debt. 3.79....79 Review of USDA records related to the debt. (a) Notification by employee. An employee who intends to inspect or copy USDA records related to the debt must send a letter to USDA stating his or her...

7 CFR 3.79 - Review of USDA records related to the debt.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 1 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Review of USDA records related to the debt. 3.79....79 Review of USDA records related to the debt. (a) Notification by employee. An employee who intends to inspect or copy USDA records related to the debt must send a letter to USDA stating his or her...

7 CFR 3.79 - Review of USDA records related to the debt.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 1 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Review of USDA records related to the debt. 3.79....79 Review of USDA records related to the debt. (a) Notification by employee. An employee who intends to inspect or copy USDA records related to the debt must send a letter to USDA stating his or her...

7 CFR 3.79 - Review of USDA records related to the debt.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 1 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Review of USDA records related to the debt. 3.79....79 Review of USDA records related to the debt. (a) Notification by employee. An employee who intends to inspect or copy USDA records related to the debt must send a letter to USDA stating his or her...

15 CFR 19.12 - How will Commerce entities offset a Federal employee's salary to collect a Commerce debt?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 15 Commerce and Foreign Trade 1 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false How will Commerce entities offset a Federal employee's salary to collect a Commerce debt? 19.12 Section 19.12 Commerce and Foreign Trade Office of the Secretary of Commerce COMMERCE DEBT COLLECTION Procedures To Collect Commerce Debts § 19.12...

15 CFR 19.12 - How will Commerce entities offset a Federal employee's salary to collect a Commerce debt?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 15 Commerce and Foreign Trade 1 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false How will Commerce entities offset a Federal employee's salary to collect a Commerce debt? 19.12 Section 19.12 Commerce and Foreign Trade Office of the Secretary of Commerce COMMERCE DEBT COLLECTION Procedures To Collect Commerce Debts § 19.12...

15 CFR 19.12 - How will Commerce entities offset a Federal employee's salary to collect a Commerce debt?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 15 Commerce and Foreign Trade 1 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false How will Commerce entities offset a Federal employee's salary to collect a Commerce debt? 19.12 Section 19.12 Commerce and Foreign Trade Office of the Secretary of Commerce COMMERCE DEBT COLLECTION Procedures To Collect Commerce Debts § 19.12...

15 CFR 19.12 - How will Commerce entities offset a Federal employee's salary to collect a Commerce debt?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 15 Commerce and Foreign Trade 1 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false How will Commerce entities offset a Federal employee's salary to collect a Commerce debt? 19.12 Section 19.12 Commerce and Foreign Trade Office of the Secretary of Commerce COMMERCE DEBT COLLECTION Procedures To Collect Commerce Debts § 19.12...

36 CFR 1011.7 - When will the Presidio Trust compromise a debt?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 36 Parks, Forests, and Public Property 3 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false When will the Presidio Trust... Procedures To Collect Presidio Trust Debts § 1011.7 When will the Presidio Trust compromise a debt? (a... debt owed to the Presidio Trust that is not recovered as the result of a compromise will be reported to...

36 CFR 1011.16 - When will the Presidio Trust refer debts to the Department of Justice?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 36 Parks, Forests, and Public Property 3 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false When will the Presidio Trust... PRESIDIO TRUST DEBT COLLECTION Procedures To Collect Presidio Trust Debts § 1011.16 When will the Presidio... collection activity. The Presidio Trust will refer debts having a principal balance over $100,000, or such...

78 FR 4425 - Notice of Proposed Information Collection: Comment Request; Debt Resolution Program

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-01-22

... collect debt owed to the agency. As part of the collection process, demand for repayment is made on the... offers to repay the debt result in information collections. Borrowers who wish to pay less than the full... process, demand for repayment is made on the debtor(s). In response, debtors opt to ignore the debt, pay...

Debt on graduation, expected place of practice, and career aspirations of Auckland Medical School students.

PubMed

O'Grady, G; Fitzjohn, J

2001-10-26

To determine the debt level that current Auckland medical students expect to graduate with, and evaluate this debt in the context of their career aspirations and intended place of practice. Simple check-box and fill-in-the-blank surveys were distributed to Auckland University medical students in Years 1 through to 5 during their second week of scheduled lectures in March 2000. Students were asked to provide demographic details, then complete sections on debt and career aspirations. 70% of Auckland medical students participated. Average expected debt was between $60000 to $70000. Predicted size of graduation debt was significantly related with plans to practice medicine overseas, and this trend was especially strong among females. In addition, Maori and Polynesian students bear a disproportionate level of the student debt burden compared to Pakeha and Asian groups. 77% of students indicated a preference for working in private or hospital specialty work. Student debt will have major effects on the composition of the New Zealand medical workforce over coming years. More attention must be paid to the national picture of medical student indebtedness if adequate workforce planning is to be possible.

31 CFR 900.1 - Prescription of standards.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... the Debt Management Services, Financial Management Service, Department of the Treasury, 401 14th... regulations by Treasury. Rules governing the use of certain debt collection tools created under the Debt...

General practitioners and work in the Third World.

PubMed

Holden, J D

1991-04-01

In recent years the number of general practitioners who have worked in the third world before entering general practice has fallen. The reasons for this are not clear but may include worries about future career prospects. Ninety four doctors who had entered general practice since 1984, after previously working in the third world, completed a questionnaire about their career experience and views about the value of such work. They were generally widely experienced and well-qualified and work abroad had not apparently harmed their careers, rather, many believed it had enhanced it. Work in the usually arduous conditions of poor countries was often considered by the respondents to lead to a wider perspective, increased maturity, confidence, self-reliance, adaptability and initiative. Doctors who are interested and suitable for work in the third world prior to entering general practice should be encouraged to pursue this possibility.

34 CFR 30.70 - How does the Secretary exercise discretion to compromise a debt or to suspend or terminate...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 34 Education 1 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false How does the Secretary exercise discretion to compromise a debt or to suspend or terminate collection of a debt? 30.70 Section 30.70 Education Office of... Debt or the Suspension or Termination of Collection Action? § 30.70 How does the Secretary exercise...

15 CFR 19.19 - Will Commerce entities issue a refund if money is erroneously collected on a Commerce debt?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 15 Commerce and Foreign Trade 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Will Commerce entities issue a refund if money is erroneously collected on a Commerce debt? 19.19 Section 19.19 Commerce and Foreign Trade Office of the Secretary of Commerce COMMERCE DEBT COLLECTION Procedures To Collect Commerce Debts § 19.19...

15 CFR 19.19 - Will Commerce entities issue a refund if money is erroneously collected on a Commerce debt?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 15 Commerce and Foreign Trade 1 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Will Commerce entities issue a refund if money is erroneously collected on a Commerce debt? 19.19 Section 19.19 Commerce and Foreign Trade Office of the Secretary of Commerce COMMERCE DEBT COLLECTION Procedures To Collect Commerce Debts § 19.19...

15 CFR 19.19 - Will Commerce entities issue a refund if money is erroneously collected on a Commerce debt?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 15 Commerce and Foreign Trade 1 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Will Commerce entities issue a refund if money is erroneously collected on a Commerce debt? 19.19 Section 19.19 Commerce and Foreign Trade Office of the Secretary of Commerce COMMERCE DEBT COLLECTION Procedures To Collect Commerce Debts § 19.19...

15 CFR 19.19 - Will Commerce entities issue a refund if money is erroneously collected on a Commerce debt?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 15 Commerce and Foreign Trade 1 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Will Commerce entities issue a refund if money is erroneously collected on a Commerce debt? 19.19 Section 19.19 Commerce and Foreign Trade Office of the Secretary of Commerce COMMERCE DEBT COLLECTION Procedures To Collect Commerce Debts § 19.19...

15 CFR 19.19 - Will Commerce entities issue a refund if money is erroneously collected on a Commerce debt?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 15 Commerce and Foreign Trade 1 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Will Commerce entities issue a refund if money is erroneously collected on a Commerce debt? 19.19 Section 19.19 Commerce and Foreign Trade Office of the Secretary of Commerce COMMERCE DEBT COLLECTION Procedures To Collect Commerce Debts § 19.19...

34 CFR 30.70 - How does the Secretary exercise discretion to compromise a debt or to suspend or terminate...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 34 Education 1 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false How does the Secretary exercise discretion to compromise a debt or to suspend or terminate collection of a debt? 30.70 Section 30.70 Education Office of... Debt or the Suspension or Termination of Collection Action? § 30.70 How does the Secretary exercise...

7 CFR 792.19 - Referral of delinquent debts to IRS for tax refund offset.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 7 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Referral of delinquent debts to IRS for tax refund... POLICIES AND PROCEDURES § 792.19 Referral of delinquent debts to IRS for tax refund offset. FSA may refer legally enforceable delinquent debts to IRS to be offset against tax refunds due to debtors under 26 U.S.C...

36 CFR 1201.40 - Which debts can NARA refer to the Treasury for collection by offsetting tax refunds?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Refund Offset § 1201.40 Which debts can NARA refer to the Treasury for collection by offsetting tax... reduce a tax refund by the amount of a past-due, legally enforceable debt owed to a Federal agency. (b) For purposes of this section, a past-due, legally enforceable debt referrable to the Treasury for tax...

45 CFR 2506.40 - Which debts can the Corporation refer to Treasury for collection by offsetting tax refunds?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... to Public Welfare (Continued) CORPORATION FOR NATIONAL AND COMMUNITY SERVICE COLLECTION OF DEBTS Tax... Treasury to reduce a tax refund by the amount of a past-due, legally enforceable debt owed to a Federal... for tax refund offset is a debt that is owed to the Corporation and: (1) Is at least $25.00; (2...

7 CFR 1403.18 - Referral of delinquent debts to IRS or tax refund offset.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 10 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Referral of delinquent debts to IRS or tax refund... POLICIES AND PROCEDURES § 1403.18 Referral of delinquent debts to IRS or tax refund offset. CCC may refer legally enforceable delinquent debts to IRS to be offset against tax refunds due to debtors under 26 U.S.C...

Debt to Degree: A New Way of Measuring College Success. Charts You Can Trust

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Carey, Kevin; Dillon, Erin

2011-01-01

The American higher education system is plagued by two chronic problems: dropouts and debt. Barely half of the students who start college get a degree within six years, and graduation rates at less-selective colleges often hover at 25 percent or less. At the same time, student loan debt is at an all-time high, recently passing credit card debt in…

Maxed out: The Relationship between Credit Card Debt, Credit Card Distress and Grade Point Averages for College Students

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Smith, Temple Day

2011-01-01

Few students leave college with a plan for paying off their debt. Starting a career inundated with student loans and credit card debt burdens is a reality many college students face today. In the wake of graduation coming to terms with the consequences of credit card debt is stressful for many students. This dissertation observes the relationship…

Financially At-Risk College Students: An Exploratory Investigation of Student Loan Debt and Prioritization of Debt Repayment

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Pinto, Mary Beth; Mansfield, Phylis M.

2006-01-01

College students today face heavy student loan debt that is intensified by the amount of credit card debt they carry. This study provides a profile of financially at-risk students based on their credit card usage behavior. When compared to the non-financially at-risk students, those in the financially at-risk group were found to have higher…

31 CFR 285.5 - Centralized offset of Federal payments to collect nontax debts owed to the United States.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... to the United States. Debtor means a person who owes a debt to the United States. Delinquent or past... been made. Nothing in this section is intended to define whether a debt is delinquent or past-due for purposes other than offset under this section. Delinquent debt record means information about a past-due...

36 CFR 1011.11 - How will the Presidio Trust use tax refund offset to collect a debt?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 36 Parks, Forests, and Public Property 3 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false How will the Presidio Trust... PRESIDIO TRUST DEBT COLLECTION Procedures To Collect Presidio Trust Debts § 1011.11 How will the Presidio Trust use tax refund offset to collect a debt? (a) Tax refund offset. In most cases, the FMS uses the...

36 CFR 1011.13 - How will the Presidio Trust use administrative wage garnishment to collect a debt from a debtor's...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 36 Parks, Forests, and Public Property 3 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false How will the Presidio Trust... Parks, Forests, and Public Property PRESIDIO TRUST DEBT COLLECTION Procedures To Collect Presidio Trust Debts § 1011.13 How will the Presidio Trust use administrative wage garnishment to collect a debt from a...

36 CFR 1011.19 - Will the Presidio Trust issue a refund if money is erroneously collected on a debt?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 36 Parks, Forests, and Public Property 3 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Will the Presidio Trust issue... Public Property PRESIDIO TRUST DEBT COLLECTION Procedures To Collect Presidio Trust Debts § 1011.19 Will the Presidio Trust issue a refund if money is erroneously collected on a debt? The Presidio Trust will...

A framework for evaluating capital structure.

PubMed

Sterns, J B; Majidzadeh, T K

1995-01-01

This article describes the rationale for accessing variable rate debt and the appropriate amount. It explores historical interest rate relationships and explains the motivation for incurring variable rate debt during certain interest rate environments. The article also explores the risks of variable rate debt and the liquid resources needed for prudent asset-liability management. Finally, the article outlines the financial statement impact of using variable rate debt.

Financing strategic healthcare facilities: the growing attraction of alternative capital.

PubMed

Zismer, Daniel K; Fox, James; Torgerson, Paul

2013-05-01

Community health system leaders often dismiss use of alternative capital to finance strategic facilities as being too expensive and less strategically useful, preferring to follow historical precedent and use tax-exempt bonding to finance such facilities. Proposed changes in accounting rules should cause third-party-financed facility lease arrangements to be treated similarly to tax-exempt debt financings with respect to the income statement and balance sheet, increasing their appeal to community health systems. An in-depth comparison of the total costs associated with each financing approach can help inform the choice of financing approaches by illuminating their respective advantages and disadvantages.

Medical student debt and major life choices other than specialty.

PubMed

Rohlfing, James; Navarro, Ryan; Maniya, Omar Z; Hughes, Byron D; Rogalsky, Derek K

2014-01-01

Background Median indebtedness at graduation is now more than $170,000 for graduates of US Medical Schools. Debate still exists as to whether higher debt levels influence students to choose high paying non-primary care specialties. Notably, no previous research on the topic has taken into account cost of attendance when constructing a debt model, nor has any research examined the non-career major life decisions that medical students face. Methods Medical students were surveyed using an anonymous electronic instrument developed for this study. The survey was delivered through a link included in a study email and students were recruited from school wide listservs and through snowball sampling (students were encouraged to share a link to the survey with other medical students). No incentives were offered for survey completion. Results Responses were recorded from 102 US Allopathic medical schools (n=3,032), with 22 institutions (11 public, 11 private) meeting inclusion criteria of 10% student body response proportion (n=1,846). Students with higher debt relative to their peers at their home institution reported higher frequencies of feeling callous towards others, were more likely to choose a specialty with a higher average annual income, were less likely to plan to practice in underserved locations, and were less likely to choose primary care specialties. Students with higher aggregate amounts of medical student loan debt were more likely to report high levels of stress from their educational debt, to delay getting married and to report disagreement that they would choose to become a physician again, if given the opportunity to revisit that choice. Increases in both aggregate and relative debt were associated with delaying having children, delaying buying a house, concerns about managing and paying back educational debt, and worrying that educational debt will influence one's specialty choice. Conclusions Medical student debt and particularly debt relative to peers at the same institution appears to influence the way that students approach major life choices like when to start a family, when to buy a home, and what specialty to choose. Future research should take into account cost of attendance when looking for the impact of medical student debt on major life choices.

Medical student debt and major life choices other than specialty.

PubMed

Rohlfing, James; Navarro, Ryan; Maniya, Omar Z; Hughes, Byron D; Rogalsky, Derek K

2014-01-01

Median indebtedness at graduation is now more than $170,000 for graduates of US Medical Schools. Debate still exists as to whether higher debt levels influence students to choose high paying non-primary care specialties. Notably, no previous research on the topic has taken into account cost of attendance when constructing a debt model, nor has any research examined the non-career major life decisions that medical students face. Medical students were surveyed using an anonymous electronic instrument developed for this study. The survey was delivered through a link included in a study email and students were recruited from school wide listservs and through snowball sampling (students were encouraged to share a link to the survey with other medical students). No incentives were offered for survey completion. Responses were recorded from 102 US Allopathic medical schools (n=3,032), with 22 institutions (11 public, 11 private) meeting inclusion criteria of 10% student body response proportion (n=1,846). Students with higher debt relative to their peers at their home institution reported higher frequencies of feeling callous towards others, were more likely to choose a specialty with a higher average annual income, were less likely to plan to practice in underserved locations, and were less likely to choose primary care specialties. Students with higher aggregate amounts of medical student loan debt were more likely to report high levels of stress from their educational debt, to delay getting married and to report disagreement that they would choose to become a physician again, if given the opportunity to revisit that choice. Increases in both aggregate and relative debt were associated with delaying having children, delaying buying a house, concerns about managing and paying back educational debt, and worrying that educational debt will influence one's specialty choice. Medical student debt and particularly debt relative to peers at the same institution appears to influence the way that students approach major life choices like when to start a family, when to buy a home, and what specialty to choose. Future research should take into account cost of attendance when looking for the impact of medical student debt on major life choices.

Medical student debt and major life choices other than specialty

PubMed Central

Rohlfing, James; Navarro, Ryan; Maniya, Omar Z.; Hughes, Byron D.; Rogalsky, Derek K.

2014-01-01

Background Median indebtedness at graduation is now more than $170,000 for graduates of US Medical Schools. Debate still exists as to whether higher debt levels influence students to choose high paying non-primary care specialties. Notably, no previous research on the topic has taken into account cost of attendance when constructing a debt model, nor has any research examined the non-career major life decisions that medical students face. Methods Medical students were surveyed using an anonymous electronic instrument developed for this study. The survey was delivered through a link included in a study email and students were recruited from school wide listservs and through snowball sampling (students were encouraged to share a link to the survey with other medical students). No incentives were offered for survey completion. Results Responses were recorded from 102 US Allopathic medical schools (n=3,032), with 22 institutions (11 public, 11 private) meeting inclusion criteria of 10% student body response proportion (n=1,846). Students with higher debt relative to their peers at their home institution reported higher frequencies of feeling callous towards others, were more likely to choose a specialty with a higher average annual income, were less likely to plan to practice in underserved locations, and were less likely to choose primary care specialties. Students with higher aggregate amounts of medical student loan debt were more likely to report high levels of stress from their educational debt, to delay getting married and to report disagreement that they would choose to become a physician again, if given the opportunity to revisit that choice. Increases in both aggregate and relative debt were associated with delaying having children, delaying buying a house, concerns about managing and paying back educational debt, and worrying that educational debt will influence one's specialty choice. Conclusions Medical student debt and particularly debt relative to peers at the same institution appears to influence the way that students approach major life choices like when to start a family, when to buy a home, and what specialty to choose. Future research should take into account cost of attendance when looking for the impact of medical student debt on major life choices. PMID:25391976

Shrimp culture in Thailand: environmental impacts and social responses.

PubMed

Gronski, R

2000-01-01

Black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) is a major aquaculture commodity among Southeast Asian producers and remains a popular food export world-wide. Food brokers in Japan and the United States purchase huge quantities of these farmed shrimp and return significant foreign exchange earnings to developing nations like Thailand, a major producer and exporter since the early 1990s. However, coastal areas cannot sustain intensive shrimp farm production and local growers often end up in debt. Can the needs of farm communities around the world be suitably met when they join into a corporate-managed and export-oriented food system? What are the sustainable benefits and eventual costs to susceptible localities? The shrimp industry in Thailand reveals the difficult terrain to cross and powerful obstacles to overcome if authentic sustainable development is to be realized.

Dr. Kenneth Plotkins Myriad Contribution to the National Aeronautics and Space Administrations Supersonic Mission

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Haering, Edward A.

2017-01-01

The world as a whole and NASA in particular, owes a large debt of gratitude to Dr. Kenneth Plotkin for his decades of service in the field of sonic boom research and advancement of quiet supersonic transportation. This presentation will highlight the contributions of Dr. Plotkin to a myriad of NASA projects. One of the largest efforts was the assembly and continual improvement of sonic boom propagation software tools, collectively called PCBoom, which allowed the analysis of real and imagined vehicles from Mach cutoff conditions to the hypersonic.

A cross-disciplinary assessment of student loans debt, financial support for study and career preferences upon graduation.

PubMed

Webster, Craig S; Ling, Christopher; Barrow, Mark; Poole, Phillippa; Henning, Marcus

2017-07-21

To explore relationships between student loans debt, financial support and career preferences upon graduation for all healthcare disciplines offered at the Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland. The Faculty Tracking Project is a longitudinal study which invites students to complete a questionnaire at the beginning and end of their educational programmes, including questions on debt, financial support and career preference. Our analysis comprised three phases: (1) a descriptive analysis of data related to debt and financial support; (2) a principal component analysis in order to find related categories of career choice; and (3) logistic regression models to determine how career preference categories could be explained by either levels of student loans debt or financial support. Data from 2,405 participating students were included. Students in health sciences, nursing and pharmacy typically accrue levels of student loans debt of around $15,000 to $29,999, while optometry students accrue debt around $15,000 higher. Medical students show debt distributed around modes of $0 and $90,000 or more. All students typically access three sources of financial support during study. Career preferences at graduation reduced to four categories for all health disciplines. We found five significant effects, involving students in health sciences, medicine and pharmacy, relating the number of sources of financial support to the four categories of career preference. No significant effects were found related to level of student loans debt. Our results suggest that financial support is a more strongly determining factor in career choices than the level of student loans debt. The four-category framework for student career preferences appears to be a useful model for further research.

Testing for a Debt-Threshold Effect on Output Growth.

PubMed

Lee, Sokbae; Park, Hyunmin; Seo, Myung Hwan; Shin, Youngki

2017-12-01

Using the Reinhart-Rogoff dataset, we find a debt threshold not around 90 per cent but around 30 per cent, above which the median real gross domestic product (GDP) growth falls abruptly. Our work is the first to formally test for threshold effects in the relationship between public debt and median real GDP growth. The null hypothesis of no threshold effect is rejected at the 5 per cent significance level for most cases. While we find no evidence of a threshold around 90 per cent, our findings from the post-war sample suggest that the debt threshold for economic growth may exist around a relatively small debt-to-GDP ratio of 30 per cent. Furthermore, countries with debt-to-GDP ratios above 30 per cent have GDP growth that is 1 percentage point lower at the median.

Student debt amongst junior doctors in New Zealand; part 1: quantity, distribution, and psychosocial impact.

PubMed

Moore, James; Gale, Jesse; Dew, Kevin; Davie, Gabrielle

2006-02-17

To quantify student debt owed by first-year house officers at graduation, and to describe the effects of student debt on their lives. A questionnaire was sent was to all 296 New Zealand-graduate first-year house officers practicing in New Zealand. The survey included questions on demographics, level of debt, student support received, repayment since graduation, psychosocial and financial impact of debt, and career intentions. The response rate was 53%. Ninety-two percent of respondents had some form of student debt, with 85% having a government student loan. The average total debt from all sources (excluding mortgages) at graduation was NZ65,206 dollars. Seventy-five percent of respondents owed more than 50,000 dollars and 13% had owed more than 100,000 dollars. Eighty-eight percent of respondents reported increased levels of stress as a result of their student loan, with 31% reporting that they worried about their student loan 'often' or 'always'. Eighty-three percent reported that their student loan had made it more difficult to save for their future, such as for a house deposit or for their retirement, and 42% stated that their student loan debt had influenced their decision whether to have children (or more children). Student debt has a major negative impact on the lives of house officers in New Zealand. These data provide a baseline for studying how changes in medical education affect junior doctors.

A retrospective analysis of the relationship between medical student debt and primary care practice in the United States.

PubMed

Phillips, Julie P; Petterson, Stephen M; Bazemore, Andrew W; Phillips, Robert L

2014-01-01

We undertook a study to reexamine the relationship between educational debt and primary care practice, accounting for the potentially confounding effect of medical student socioeconomic status. We performed retrospective multivariate analyses of data from 136,232 physicians who graduated from allopathic US medical schools between 1988 and 2000, obtained from the American Association of Medical Colleges Graduate Questionnaire, the American Medical Association Physician Masterfile, and other sources. Need-based loans were used as markers for socioeconomic status of physicians' families of origin. We examined 2 outcomes: primary care practice and family medicine practice in 2010. Physicians who graduated from public schools were most likely to practice primary care and family medicine at graduating educational debt levels of $50,000 to $100,000 (2010 dollars; P <.01). This relationship between debt and primary care practice persisted when physicians from different socioeconomic status groups, as approximated by loan type, were examined separately. At higher debt, graduates' odds of practicing primary care or family medicine declined. In contrast, private school graduates were not less likely to practice primary care or family medicine as debt levels increased. High educational debt deters graduates of public medical schools from choosing primary care, but does not appear to influence private school graduates in the same way. Students from relatively lower income families are more strongly influenced by debt. Reducing debt of selected medical students may be effective in promoting a larger primary care physician workforce. © 2014 Annals of Family Medicine, Inc.

A Retrospective Analysis of the Relationship Between Medical Student Debt and Primary Care Practice in the United States

PubMed Central

Phillips, Julie P.; Petterson, Stephen M.; Bazemore, Andrew W.; Phillips, Robert L.

2014-01-01

PURPOSE We undertook a study to reexamine the relationship between educational debt and primary care practice, accounting for the potentially confounding effect of medical student socioeconomic status. METHODS We performed retrospective multivariate analyses of data from 136,232 physicians who graduated from allopathic US medical schools between 1988 and 2000, obtained from the American Association of Medical Colleges Graduate Questionnaire, the American Medical Association Physician Masterfile, and other sources. Need-based loans were used as markers for socioeconomic status of physicians’ families of origin. We examined 2 outcomes: primary care practice and family medicine practice in 2010. RESULTS Physicians who graduated from public schools were most likely to practice primary care and family medicine at graduating educational debt levels of $50,000 to $100,000 (2010 dollars; P <.01). This relationship between debt and primary care practice persisted when physicians from different socioeconomic status groups, as approximated by loan type, were examined separately. At higher debt, graduates’ odds of practicing primary care or family medicine declined. In contrast, private school graduates were not less likely to practice primary care or family medicine as debt levels increased. CONCLUSIONS High educational debt deters graduates of public medical schools from choosing primary care, but does not appear to influence private school graduates in the same way. Students from relatively lower income families are more strongly influenced by debt. Reducing debt of selected medical students may be effective in promoting a larger primary care physician workforce. PMID:25384816

Predicting extinction debt from community patterns.

PubMed

Kitzes, Justin; Harte, John

2015-08-01

A significant challenge in both measuring and predicting species extinction rates at global and local scales is the possibility of extinction debt, time-delayed extinctions that occur gradually following an initial impact. Here we examine how relative abundance distributions and spatial aggregation combine to influence the likely magnitude of future extinction debt following habitat loss or climate-driven range contraction. Our analysis is based on several fundamental premises regarding abundance distributions, most importantly that species abundances immediately following habitat loss are a sample from an initial relative abundance distribution and that the long-term, steady-state form of the species abundance distribution is a property of the biology of a community and not of area. Under these two hypotheses, the results show that communities following canonical lognormal and broken-stick abundance distributions are prone to exhibit extinction debt, especially when species exhibit low spatial aggregation. Conversely, communities following a logseries distribution with a constant Fisher's α parameter never demonstrate extinction debt and often show an "immigration credit," in which species richness rises in the long term following an initial decrease. An illustration of these findings in 25 biodiversity hotspots suggests a negligible immediate extinction rate for bird communities and eventual extinction debts of 30-50% of initial species richness, whereas plant communities are predicted to immediately lose 5-15% of species without subsequent extinction debt. These results shed light on the basic determinants of extinction debt and provide initial indications of the magnitude of likely debts in landscapes where few empirical data are available.

The deterioration of the food situation in the Third World and the capitalist system.

PubMed

Feder, E

1981-01-01

Hunger and malnutrition are today associated with the capitalist system. The evidence points to a further deterioration of the food situation in the Third World in the foreseeable future, as a result of massive capital and technology transfers from the rich capitalist countries to the underdeveloped agricultures operated by trans-national concerns or private investors, with the active support of development assistance agencies such as the World Bank. Contrary to the superficial predictions of the World Bank, for example, poverty is bound to increase and the purchasing power of the masses must decline. Particular attention must be paid to the supply of staple foods and the proletariat. This is threatened by a variety of factors, attributable to the operation of the capitalist system. Among them are the senseless waste of Third World resources caused by the foreign investors' insatiable thirst for the quick repatriation of super-profits and the increasing orientation of Third World agricultures toward high-value or export crops (which are usually the same), an orientation which is imposed upon them by the industrial countries' agricultural development strategies. Even self-sufficiency programs for more staple foods, such as the ill-reputed Green Revolution, predictably cannot be of long duration.

Teaching the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act to Legal and Ethical Environment of Business Undergraduate Students through a Role-Play Experiential Learning Exercise

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Lee, Konrad S.; Thue, Matthew I.

2017-01-01

This article begins with a description of a role-play exercise for teaching the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act (FDCPA) to an introductory Legal and Ethical Environment of Business Law (Business Law) undergraduate class. It goes on to provide the context for consumer debt in the United States. Next, the problems of debt collection are…

17 CFR 240.3a12-11 - Exemption from sections 8(a), 14(a), 14(b), and 14(c) for debt securities listed on a national...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

...), 14(a), 14(b), and 14(c) for debt securities listed on a national securities exchange. 240.3a12-11... 14(c) for debt securities listed on a national securities exchange. (a) Debt securities that are listed for trading on a national securities exchange shall be exempt from the restrictions on borrowing...

Out of the Nest and into the Red: Three Essays on Debt in Young Adulthood

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Houle, Jason N.

2011-01-01

The Great Recession of 2008 and rising costs of college have stoked popular and scholarly concern about young adult debt. Debt plays an important role in the lives of young people as they make the transition to adulthood, but little research has been conducted on the topic. This dissertation sheds light on the role of debt in the lives of young…