A new method to acquire 3-D images of a dental cast

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Li, Zhongke; Yi, Yaxing; Zhu, Zhen; Li, Hua; Qin, Yongyuan

2006-01-01

This paper introduced our newly developed method to acquire three-dimensional images of a dental cast. A rotatable table, a laser-knife, a mirror, a CCD camera and a personal computer made up of a three-dimensional data acquiring system. A dental cast is placed on the table; the mirror is installed beside the table; a linear laser is projected to the dental cast; the CCD camera is put up above the dental cast, it can take picture of the dental cast and the shadow in the mirror; while the table rotating, the camera records the shape of the laser streak projected on the dental cast, and transmit the data to the computer. After the table rotated one circuit, the computer processes the data, calculates the three-dimensional coordinates of the dental cast's surface. In data processing procedure, artificial neural networks are enrolled to calibrate the lens distortion, map coordinates form screen coordinate system to world coordinate system. According to the three-dimensional coordinates, the computer reconstructs the stereo image of the dental cast. It is essential for computer-aided diagnosis and treatment planning in orthodontics. In comparison with other systems in service, for example, laser beam three-dimensional scanning system, the characteristic of this three-dimensional data acquiring system: a. celerity, it casts only 1 minute to scan a dental cast; b. compact, the machinery is simple and compact; c. no blind zone, a mirror is introduced ably to reduce blind zone.

Producing a Linear Laser System for 3d Modelimg of Small Objects

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Amini, A. Sh.; Mozaffar, M. H.

2012-07-01

Today, three dimensional modeling of objects is considered in many applications such as documentation of ancient heritage, quality control, reverse engineering and animation In this regard, there are a variety of methods for producing three-dimensional models. In this paper, a 3D modeling system is developed based on photogrammetry method using image processing and laser line extraction from images. In this method the laser beam profile is radiated on the body of the object and with video image acquisition, and extraction of laser line from the frames, three-dimensional coordinates of the objects can be achieved. In this regard, first the design and implementation of hardware, including cameras and laser systems was conducted. Afterwards, the system was calibrated. Finally, the software of the system was implemented for three dimensional data extraction. The system was investigated for modeling a number of objects. The results showed that the system can provide benefits such as low cost, appropriate speed and acceptable accuracy in 3D modeling of objects.

Single-shot three-dimensional reconstruction based on structured light line pattern

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, ZhenZhou; Yang, YongMing

2018-07-01

Reconstruction of the object by single-shot is of great importance in many applications, in which the object is moving or its shape is non-rigid and changes irregularly. In this paper, we propose a single-shot structured light 3D imaging technique that calculates the phase map from the distorted line pattern. This technique makes use of the image processing techniques to segment and cluster the projected structured light line pattern from one single captured image. The coordinates of the clustered lines are extracted to form a low-resolution phase matrix which is then transformed to full-resolution phase map by spline interpolation. The 3D shape of the object is computed from the full-resolution phase map and the 2D camera coordinates. Experimental results show that the proposed method was able to reconstruct the three-dimensional shape of the object robustly from one single image.

Synthesis, crystal structures and luminescent properties of two 4 d-4 f Ln-Ag heterometallic coordination polymers based on anion template

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fan, Le-Qing; Chen, Yuan; Wu, Ji-Huai; Huang, Yun-Fang

2011-04-01

Two new 4 d-4 f Ln-Ag heterometallic coordination polymers, {[ Ln3Ag 5(IN) 10(H 2O) 7]·4(ClO 4)·4(H 2O)} n ( Ln=Eu ( 1) and Sm ( 2), HIN=isonicotinic acid), have been synthesized under hydrothermal conditions by reactions of Ln2O 3, AgNO 3, HIN and HClO 4, and characterized by elemental analysis, IR, thermal analysis and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. It is proved that HClO 4 not only adjusts the pH value of the reaction mixture, but also acts as anion template. The structure determination reveals that 1 and 2 are isostructural and feature a novel two-dimensional (2D) layered hetrometallic structure constructed from one-dimensional Ln-carboxylate chains and pillared Ag(IN) 2 units. The 2D layers are further interlinked through Ag⋯Ag and Ag⋯O(ClO 4-) multiple weak interactions, which form a rare Ag-ClO 4 ribbon in lanthanide-transition metal coordination polymers, to give rise to a three-dimensional supramolecular architecture. Moreover, the luminescent properties of these two compounds have also been investigated at room temperature.

A Novel Three-Dimensional Vector Analysis of Axial Globe Position in Thyroid Eye Disease

PubMed Central

Guo, Jie; Yuan, Yifei; Zhang, Rui; Huang, Wenhu

2017-01-01

Purpose. To define a three-dimensional (3D) vector method to describe the axial globe position in thyroid eye disease (TED). Methods. CT data from 59 patients with TED were collected and 3D images were reconstructed. A reference coordinate system was established, and the coordinates of the corneal apex and the eyeball center were calculated to obtain the globe vector EC→. The measurement reliability was evaluated. The parameters of EC→ were analyzed and compared with the results of two-dimensional (2D) CT measurement, Hertel exophthalmometry, and strabismus tests. Results. The reliability of EC→ measurement was excellent. The difference between EC→ and 2D CT measurement was significant (p = 0.003), and EC→ was more consistent with Hertel exophthalmometry than with 2D CT measurement (p < 0.001). There was no significant difference between EC→ and Hirschberg test, and a strong correlation was found between EC→ and synoptophore test. When one eye had a larger deviation angle than its fellow, its corneal apex shifted in the corresponding direction, but the shift of the eyeball center was not significant. The parameters of EC→ were almost perfectly consistent with the geometrical equation. Conclusions. The establishment of a 3D globe vector is feasible and reliable, and it could provide more information in the axial globe position. PMID:28491471

Plasma crystal dynamics measured with a three-dimensional plenoptic camera

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jambor, M.; Nosenko, V.; Zhdanov, S. K.; Thomas, H. M.

2016-03-01

Three-dimensional (3D) imaging of a single-layer plasma crystal was performed using a commercial plenoptic camera. To enhance the out-of-plane oscillations of particles in the crystal, the mode-coupling instability (MCI) was triggered in it by lowering the discharge power below a threshold. 3D coordinates of all particles in the crystal were extracted from the recorded videos. All three fundamental wave modes of the plasma crystal were calculated from these data. In the out-of-plane spectrum, only the MCI-induced hot spots (corresponding to the unstable hybrid mode) were resolved. The results are in agreement with theory and show that plenoptic cameras can be used to measure the 3D dynamics of plasma crystals.

Plasma crystal dynamics measured with a three-dimensional plenoptic camera.

PubMed

Jambor, M; Nosenko, V; Zhdanov, S K; Thomas, H M

2016-03-01

Three-dimensional (3D) imaging of a single-layer plasma crystal was performed using a commercial plenoptic camera. To enhance the out-of-plane oscillations of particles in the crystal, the mode-coupling instability (MCI) was triggered in it by lowering the discharge power below a threshold. 3D coordinates of all particles in the crystal were extracted from the recorded videos. All three fundamental wave modes of the plasma crystal were calculated from these data. In the out-of-plane spectrum, only the MCI-induced hot spots (corresponding to the unstable hybrid mode) were resolved. The results are in agreement with theory and show that plenoptic cameras can be used to measure the 3D dynamics of plasma crystals.

Tuning metal–carboxylate coordination in crystalline metal–organic frameworks through surfactant media

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Gao, Junkuo; Ye, Kaiqi; State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Jilin University, Changchun 130012

Although it has been widely demonstrated that surfactants can efficiently control the size, shape and surface properties of micro/nanocrystals of metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) due to the strong interactions between surfactants and crystal facets of MOFs, the use of surfactants as reaction media to grow MOF single crystals is unprecedented. In addition, compared with ionic liquids, surfactants are much cheaper and can have multifunctional properties such as acidic, basic, neutral, cationic, anionic, or even block. These factors strongly motivate us to develop a new synthetic strategy: growing crystalline MOFs in surfactants. In this report, eight new two-dimensional (2D) or three-dimensional (3D)more » MOFs have been successfully synthesized in an industrially-abundant and environmentally-friendly surfactant: polyethylene glycol-200 (PEG-200). Eight different coordination modes of carboxylates, ranging from monodentate η{sup 1} mode to tetra-donor coordination µ{sub 3}-η{sup 1}:η{sup 2}:η{sup 1} mode, have been founded in our research. The magnetic properties of Co-based MOFs were investigated and MOF NTU-Z6b showed a phase transition with a Curie temperature (T{sub c}) at 5 K. Our strategy of growing crystalline MOFs in surfactant could offer exciting opportunities for preparing novel MOFs with diverse structures and interesting properties. - Graphical abstract: Surfactants have been used as reaction media to grow MOF single crystals for the first time. Eight new two-dimensional or three-dimensional MOFs were successfully synthesized in surfactant polyethylene glycol-200 (PEG-200). Coordination modes of carboxylates up to eight were founded. Our strategy of growing crystalline MOFs in surfactant could offer exciting opportunities for preparing novel MOFs with diverse structures and interesting properties. Display Omitted - Highlights: • Surfactant-thermal synthesis of crystalline metal–organic frameworks. • Eight new 2-D or 3-D metal–organic frameworks. • Eight different metal–carboxylate coordination modes.« less

A method of indirect registration of the coordinates of condylar points with a six-degree-of-freedom jaw tracker.

PubMed

Huang, B Y; Durrant, C J; Johnson, C W L; Murray, G M

2002-06-30

Previous studies have indicated that the location of a condylar point can significantly influence its trajectory. The aim of this investigation was to develop a method of registering the location of radiographically defined condylar points in the coordinate system of a six-degree-of-freedom jaw-tracking device and to determine the accuracy of this method by using a perspex model in one experiment and a dry skull in another. A direct measurement ('the gold standard') of condylar point coordinates in the coordinate system of JAWS3D was done using a three-dimensional (3D) digitizer (MicroScribe-3DX). The indirect measurement used a distributed fiducial marker as the interface between the coordinate system of MicroScribe-3DX (which was used to register the fiducial marker and the JAWS3D coordinate system) and the coordinate system of the CT scans (used to define condyle anatomy and the relation with the fiducial marker). The coordinates of condylar points could then be calculated in the coordinate system of JAWS3D. The results showed that the indirect method could register condylar point coordinates on either side to an accuracy of approximately 0.5 mm.

Three dimensional clyindrical Kadomtsev Petviashvili equation in two temperature charged dusty plasma

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

El-Bedwehy, N. A.; El-Attafi, M. A.; El-Labany, S. K.

2016-09-01

The properties of solitary waves in an unmagnetized, collisionless dusty plasma consisting of nonthermal ions, cold and hot dust grains and Maxwellian electrons have been investigated. Under a suitable coordinate transformation, the three-dimensional cylindrical Kadomtsev-Petviashvili (3D-CKP) equation is obtained. The effect of the nonthermal parameter, the negative charge number of hot and cold dust on the solitary properties are investigated. Furthermore, the solitary profile in the radial, axial, and polar angle coordinates with the time is examined. The present investigation may be applicable in space plasma such as F-ring of Saturn.

Structural diversification and photocatalytic properties of three Cd(II) coordination polymers decorated with different auxiliary ligands

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yin, Wen-Yu; Zhuang, Guo-Yong; Huang, Zuo-Long; Cheng, Hong-Jian; Zhou, Li; Ma, Man-Hong; Wang, Hao; Tang, Xiao-Yan; Ma, Yun-Sheng; Yuan, Rong-Xin

2016-03-01

Three cadmium coordination polymers, [Cd(bismip)]n (1), {[Cd(bismip)(phen)]·H2O}n (2) and {[Cd2(bismip)2(4,4‧-bipy)]·2H2O}n (3) (H2bismip=5-(1H-benzoimidazol-2-ylsulfanylmethyl)-isophthalic acid, phen=1,10-phenanthroline, 4,4‧-bipy=4,4‧-bipyridine) have been prepared under solvothermal conditions. In 1, the [Cd4(bismip)3] units are jointed by bismip ligands to afford a three-dimensional (3D) architecture. Complex 2 exhibits a 3D supramolecular framework based on the interconnection of 1D chains through hydrogen bonding interactions and π-π packing interactions. 3 is a two-fold interpenetrating 3D architecture with a (4·82)(42·84) Schläfli symbol in which 2D layers are interlinked by 4,4‧-bipy ligands. The diverse structures of compounds 1-3 indicate that the auxiliary ligands have significant effects on the final structures. The photoluminescent properties and photocatalytic properties of these coordination polymers in the solid state were also investigated. Remarkably, 3 shows the wide gap semiconductor nature and exhibit excellent photocatalytic performance.

Three-dimensional cinematography with control object of unknown shape.

PubMed

Dapena, J; Harman, E A; Miller, J A

1982-01-01

A technique for reconstruction of three-dimensional (3D) motion which involves a simple filming procedure but allows the deduction of coordinates in large object volumes was developed. Internal camera parameters are calculated from measurements of the film images of two calibrated crosses while external camera parameters are calculated from the film images of points in a control object of unknown shape but at least one known length. The control object, which includes the volume in which the activity is to take place, is formed by a series of poles placed at unknown locations, each carrying two targets. From the internal and external camera parameters, and from locations of the images of point in the films of the two cameras, 3D coordinates of the point can be calculated. Root mean square errors of the three coordinates of points in a large object volume (5m x 5m x 1.5m) were 15 mm, 13 mm, 13 mm and 6 mm, and relative errors in lengths averaged 0.5%, 0.7% and 0.5%, respectively.

The program FANS-3D (finite analytic numerical simulation 3-dimensional) and its applications

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Bravo, Ramiro H.; Chen, Ching-Jen

1992-01-01

In this study, the program named FANS-3D (Finite Analytic Numerical Simulation-3 Dimensional) is presented. FANS-3D was designed to solve problems of incompressible fluid flow and combined modes of heat transfer. It solves problems with conduction and convection modes of heat transfer in laminar flow, with provisions for radiation and turbulent flows. It can solve singular or conjugate modes of heat transfer. It also solves problems in natural convection, using the Boussinesq approximation. FANS-3D was designed to solve heat transfer problems inside one, two and three dimensional geometries that can be represented by orthogonal planes in a Cartesian coordinate system. It can solve internal and external flows using appropriate boundary conditions such as symmetric, periodic and user specified.

Computer-generated 3D ultrasound images of the carotid artery

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Selzer, Robert H.; Lee, Paul L.; Lai, June Y.; Frieden, Howard J.; Blankenhorn, David H.

1989-01-01

A method is under development to measure carotid artery lesions from a computer-generated three-dimensional ultrasound image. For each image, the position of the transducer in six coordinates (x, y, z, azimuth, elevation, and roll) is recorded and used to position each B-mode picture element in its proper spatial position in a three-dimensional memory array. After all B-mode images have been assembled in the memory, the three-dimensional image is filtered and resampled to produce a new series of parallel-plane two-dimensional images from which arterial boundaries are determined using edge tracking methods.

Computer-generated 3D ultrasound images of the carotid artery

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Selzer, Robert H.; Lee, Paul L.; Lai, June Y.; Frieden, Howard J.; Blankenhorn, David H.

A method is under development to measure carotid artery lesions from a computer-generated three-dimensional ultrasound image. For each image, the position of the transducer in six coordinates (x, y, z, azimuth, elevation, and roll) is recorded and used to position each B-mode picture element in its proper spatial position in a three-dimensional memory array. After all B-mode images have been assembled in the memory, the three-dimensional image is filtered and resampled to produce a new series of parallel-plane two-dimensional images from which arterial boundaries are determined using edge tracking methods.

Robust hypothesis tests for detecting statistical evidence of two-dimensional and three-dimensional interactions in single-molecule measurements

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Calderon, Christopher P.; Weiss, Lucien E.; Moerner, W. E.

2014-05-01

Experimental advances have improved the two- (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) spatial resolution that can be extracted from in vivo single-molecule measurements. This enables researchers to quantitatively infer the magnitude and directionality of forces experienced by biomolecules in their native environment. Situations where such force information is relevant range from mitosis to directed transport of protein cargo along cytoskeletal structures. Models commonly applied to quantify single-molecule dynamics assume that effective forces and velocity in the x ,y (or x ,y,z) directions are statistically independent, but this assumption is physically unrealistic in many situations. We present a hypothesis testing approach capable of determining if there is evidence of statistical dependence between positional coordinates in experimentally measured trajectories; if the hypothesis of independence between spatial coordinates is rejected, then a new model accounting for 2D (3D) interactions can and should be considered. Our hypothesis testing technique is robust, meaning it can detect interactions, even if the noise statistics are not well captured by the model. The approach is demonstrated on control simulations and on experimental data (directed transport of intraflagellar transport protein 88 homolog in the primary cilium).

Two three-dimensional coordination polymers of lead(II) with iminodiacetate and naphthalene-dicarboxylate anions: Synthesis, characterization and luminescence behavior

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Hazari, Debdoot; Jana, Swapan Kumar; Fleck, Michel

2014-11-15

Two lead(II) compounds [Pb{sub 3}(idiac){sub 3}(phen){sub 2}(H{sub 2}O)]·2(H{sub 2}O) (1) and [Pb(ndc)]{sub n} (2), where H{sub 2}idiac=iminodiacetic acid, phen=1,10-phenanthroline and H{sub 2}ndc=naphthalene-2,6-dicarboxylic acid, have been synthesized and structurally characterized. Single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis showed that compound 1 is a discrete trinuclear complex (of two-fold symmetry) which evolves to a supramolecular 3D network via π–π interactions, while in compound 2 the naphthalene dicarboxylate anion act as a linker to form a three dimensional architecture, where the anion adopts a bis-(bidentate bridging) coordination mode connecting four Pb(II) centers. The photoluminescence property of the two complexes has been studied. - graphical abstract:more » Two new topologically different 1D coordination polymers formed by Pb{sub 4} clusters have been synthesized and characterized by x-ray analysis. The luminescence and thermal properties have been studied. - Highlights: • 1 is a trinuclear complex of Pb(II) growing to 3D network via weak interactions. • In 1, layers of (4,4) rhomboidal topology are identified. • In 2, the ndc anion adopts interesting bis-(bidentate bridging) coordination. • In 2, network is reinforced by C–H…π-ring interactions between the ndc rings.« less

Lead(II) coordination polymers based on rigid-flexible 3,5-bis-oxyacetate-benzoic acid: Structural transition driven by temperature control

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Chen, Yong-Qiang, E-mail: chenjzxy@126.com; Tian, Yuan

2017-03-15

Three Pb(II) complexes ([Pb{sub 3}(BOABA){sub 2}(H{sub 2}O)]·H{sub 2}O){sub n} (1), ([Pb{sub 4}(BOABA){sub 2}(µ{sub 4}-O)(H{sub 2}O){sub 2}]·H{sub 2}O){sub n} (2), and [Pb{sub 3}(BOABA){sub 2}(H{sub 2}O)]{sub n} (3) (H{sub 3}BOABA=3,5-bis-oxyacetate-benzoic acid) were obtained under the same reaction systems with different temperatures. Complexes 1 and 2 are two dimensional (2D) networks based on Pb-BOABA chains and Pb{sub 4}(µ{sub 4}-O)(COO){sub 6} SBUs, respectively. Complex 3 presents an interesting three dimensional (3D) framework, was obtained by increasing the reaction temperature. Structural transition of the crystallization products is largely dependent on the reaction temperature. Moreover, the fluorescence properties of complexes 1–3 have been investigated. - Graphicalmore » abstract: Three Pb(II) coordination polymers were obtained under the same reaction systems with different temperatures. Both of complexes 1 and 2 are 2D network. 3 presents a 3D framework based on Pb–O–C rods SBUs. The 2D to 3D structures transition between three complexes was achieved successfully by temperature control. - Highlights: • Three Pb(II) complexes were obtained under the same reaction systems with different temperatures. • Structural transition of the crystallization products is largely dependent on the reaction temperature. • The luminescence properties studies reveal that three complexes exhibit yellow fluorescence emission behavior, which might be good candidates for obtaining photoluminescent materials.« less

Water linked 3D coordination polymers: Syntheses, structures and applications

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Singh, Suryabhan, E-mail: sbs.bhu@gmail.com; Bhim, Anupam

2016-12-15

Three new coordination polymers (CPs) based on Cd and Pb, [Cd(OBA)(μ-H{sub 2}O)(H{sub 2}O)]{sub n}1, [Pb(OBA)(μ-H{sub 2}O)]{sub n}2 [where OBA=4,4’-Oxybis(benzoate)] and [Pb(SDBA)(H{sub 2}O)]{sub n}.1/4DMF 3 (SDBA=4,4’-Sulfonyldibenzoate), have been synthesized and characterized. The single crystal structural studies reveal that CPs 1 and 2 have three dimensional structure. A water molecule bridges two metal centres which appears to the responsible for the dimensionality increase from 2D to 3D. Compound 3 has a supramolecular 3D structure involving water molecule and hydrogen bonds. A structural transformation is observed when 3 was heated at 100 °C or kept in methanol, forming [Pb(SDBA)]{sub n}4. Compound 4 ismore » used as supporting matrix for palladium nanoparticles, PdNPs@4. The PdNPs@4 exhibits good catalytic activity toward the reduction of 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) to 4-aminophenol (4-AP) in the presence of NaBH{sub 4} at room temperature. Luminescence studies revealed that all CPs could be an effective sensor for nitroaromatic explosives. - Graphical abstract: Three new CPs based on Cd and Pb, have been synthesized and characterized. A water molecule bridges two metal centres which appears to the responsible for the dimensionality increase from 2D to 3D. One of the CP is used as supporting matrix for palladium nanoparticles, PdNPs@4. The PdNPs@4 exhibits good catalytic activity toward the reduction of 4-nitrophenol. Luminescence studies shown that all CPs could be an effective sensor for nitroaromatic explosives. - Highlights: • Three new CPs based on Cd and Pb, have been synthesized and characterized. • A water molecule bridges two metal centres which appears to the responsible for the dimensionality increase from 2D to 3D. • One of the CP is used as supporting matrix for palladium nanoparticles, PdNPs@4. • Luminescence studies shown that all CPs could be an effective sensor for nitroaromatic explosives.« less

A set of alkali and alkaline-earth coordination polymers based on the ligand 2-(1H-benzotriazol-1-yl) acetic acid: Effects the radius of metal ions on structures and properties

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Wang, Jin-Hua; Tang, Gui-Mei, E-mail: meiguit@163.com; Qin, Ting-Xiao

2014-11-15

Four new metal coordination complexes, namely, [Na(BTA)]{sub n} (1), [K{sub 2}(BTA){sub 2}(μ{sub 2}-H{sub 2}O)]{sub n} (2), and [M(BTA){sub 2}(H{sub 2}O){sub 2}]{sub n} (M=Ca(II) and Sr(II) for 3 and 4, respectively) [BTA=2-(1H-benzotriazol-1-yl) acetic anion], have been obtained under hydrothermal condition, by reacting the different alkali and alkaline-earth metal hydroxides with HBTA. Complexes 1–4 were structurally characterized by X-ray single-crystal diffraction, EA, IR, PXRD, and thermogravimetry analysis (TGA). These complexes display low-dimensional features displaying various two-dimensional (2D) and one-dimensional (1D) coordination motifs. Complex 1 displays a 2D layer with the thickness of 1.5 nm and possesses a topologic structure of a 11more » nodal net with Schläfli symbol of (3{sup 18}). Complex 2 also shows a thick 2D sheet and its topologic structure is a 9 nodes with Schläfli symbol of (3{sup 11}×4{sup 2}). Complexes 3 and 4 possess a 1D linear chain and further stack via hydrogen bonding interactions to generate a three-dimensional supramolecular architecture. These results suggest that both the coordination preferences of the metal ions and the versatile nature of this flexible ligand play a critical role in the final structures. The luminescent spectra show strong emission intensities in complexes 1–4, which display violet photoluminescence. Additionally, ferroelectric, dielectric and nonlinear optic (NLO) second-harmonic generation (SHG) properties of 2 are discussed in detail. - Graphical abstract: A set of alkali and alkaline-earth metal coordination polymers were hydrothermally synthesized by 2-(1H-benzotriazol-1-yl)acetic acid, displaying interesting topologic motifs from two-dimension to one-dimension and specific physical properties. - Highlights: • Alkali and alkaline-earth metal coordination polymers have been obtained. • The ligand 2-(1H-benzotriazol-1-yl)acetic acid has been adopted. • The two-dimensional and one-dimensional structures have been observed. • The properties of second harmonic generation and ferroelectricity for complex 2.« less

Two novel zinc(II) coordination polymers constructed from in situ amidation ligands

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yu, Xiao-Yang; Fu, Yao; Fu, Jian-Tao; Xu, Jia-Ning; Luo, Ya-Nan; Yang, Yan-Yan; Qu, Xiao-Shu; Zhang, Jing; Lu, Shu-Lai

2018-04-01

Two novel coordination compounds, [Zn(Hbimh) (H2O)]·H2O (1) and [Zn(Hbimh)]·(4,4ʹ-bpy)0.5 (2) (H3bimh = benzimidazole-5,6-hydrazide, 4,4ʹ-bpy = 4,4ʹ-bipyridine), have been prepared from the hydrothermal in situ amidation cyclization reactions of H3bimdc (H3bimdc = benzimidazole-5,6-dicarboxylic acid) and hydrazine hydrate (N2H4·H2O). Compound 1 exhibits a one-dimensional (1D) hexagon channel structure. Compound 2 is a three-dimensional (3D) framework structure, with 4,4ʹ-bpy fill the channels. We also obtained the ligand H3bimh. The compounds were characterized by IR, PXRD, TGA and elemental analysis. The fluorescence properties in the solid state at room temperature were also investigated.

Three-dimensional coordinates of individual atoms in materials revealed by electron tomography

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Xu, Rui; Chen, Chien-Chun; Wu, Li

Crystallography, the primary method for determining the 3D atomic positions in crystals, has been fundamental to the development of many fields of science. However, the atomic positions obtained from crystallography represent a global average of many unit cells in a crystal. In this paper, we report, for the first time, the determination of the 3D coordinates of thousands of individual atoms and a point defect in a material by electron tomography with a precision of ~19 pm, where the crystallinity of the material is not assumed. From the coordinates of these individual atoms, we measure the atomic displacement field andmore » the full strain tensor with a 3D resolution of ~1 nm 3 and a precision of ~10 -3, which are further verified by density functional theory calculations and molecular dynamics simulations. Finally, the ability to precisely localize the 3D coordinates of individual atoms in materials without assuming crystallinity is expected to find important applications in materials science, nanoscience, physics, chemistry and biology.« less

Three-dimensional coordinates of individual atoms in materials revealed by electron tomography

DOE PAGES

Xu, Rui; Chen, Chien-Chun; Wu, Li; ...

2015-09-21

Crystallography, the primary method for determining the 3D atomic positions in crystals, has been fundamental to the development of many fields of science. However, the atomic positions obtained from crystallography represent a global average of many unit cells in a crystal. In this paper, we report, for the first time, the determination of the 3D coordinates of thousands of individual atoms and a point defect in a material by electron tomography with a precision of ~19 pm, where the crystallinity of the material is not assumed. From the coordinates of these individual atoms, we measure the atomic displacement field andmore » the full strain tensor with a 3D resolution of ~1 nm 3 and a precision of ~10 -3, which are further verified by density functional theory calculations and molecular dynamics simulations. Finally, the ability to precisely localize the 3D coordinates of individual atoms in materials without assuming crystallinity is expected to find important applications in materials science, nanoscience, physics, chemistry and biology.« less

A set of alkali and alkaline-earth coordination polymers based on the ligand 2-(1H-benzotriazol-1-yl) acetic acid: Effects the radius of metal ions on structures and properties

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, Jin-Hua; Tang, Gui-Mei; Qin, Ting-Xiao; Yan, Shi-Chen; Wang, Yong-Tao; Cui, Yue-Zhi; Weng Ng, Seik

2014-11-01

Four new metal coordination complexes, namely, [Na(BTA)]n (1), [K2(BTA)2(μ2-H2O)]n (2), and [M(BTA)2(H2O)2]n (M=Ca(II) and Sr(II) for 3 and 4, respectively) [BTA=2-(1H-benzotriazol-1-yl) acetic anion], have been obtained under hydrothermal condition, by reacting the different alkali and alkaline-earth metal hydroxides with HBTA. Complexes 1-4 were structurally characterized by X-ray single-crystal diffraction, EA, IR, PXRD, and thermogravimetry analysis (TGA). These complexes display low-dimensional features displaying various two-dimensional (2D) and one-dimensional (1D) coordination motifs. Complex 1 displays a 2D layer with the thickness of 1.5 nm and possesses a topologic structure of a 11 nodal net with Schläfli symbol of {318}. Complex 2 also shows a thick 2D sheet and its topologic structure is a 9 nodes with Schläfli symbol of {311×42}. Complexes 3 and 4 possess a 1D linear chain and further stack via hydrogen bonding interactions to generate a three-dimensional supramolecular architecture. These results suggest that both the coordination preferences of the metal ions and the versatile nature of this flexible ligand play a critical role in the final structures. The luminescent spectra show strong emission intensities in complexes 1-4, which display violet photoluminescence. Additionally, ferroelectric, dielectric and nonlinear optic (NLO) second-harmonic generation (SHG) properties of 2 are discussed in detail.

Three-dimensional function photonic crystals

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhang, Hai-Feng

2017-11-01

In this paper, the properties of the photonic band gaps (PBGs) of three-dimensional (3D) function photonic crystals (PCs) are theoretically investigated by a modified plane wave expansion (PWE) method, whose equations for computations are deduced. The configuration of 3D function PCs is the dielectric spheres inserted in the air background with simple-cubic (SC) lattices whose dielectric constants are the functions of space coordinates, which can be realized by the electro-optical or optical Kerr effect in the practice. The influences of the parameter for 3D function PCs on the PBGs also are discussed. The calculated results show that the bandwidths and number of PBGs can be tuned with different distributions of function dielectrics. Compared with the conventional 3D dielectric PCs with SC lattices, the larger and more PBGs can be obtained in the 3D function PCs. Those results provide a new way to design the novel practical devices.

2-and 1-D coordination polymers of Dy(III) and Ho(III) with near infrared and visible luminescence by efficient charge-transfer antenna ligand

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Oylumluoglu, Gorkem; Coban, Mustafa Burak; Kocak, Cagdas; Aygun, Muhittin; Kara, Hulya

2017-10-01

Two new lanthanide-based coordination complexes, [Dy(2-stp).2(H2O)]n (1) and {[Ho(2-stp).3(H2O)]·(H2O)}n (2) [2-stp = 2-sulfoterephthalic acid] were synthesized by hydrothermal reaction and characterized by elemental analysis, UV, IR, single crystal X-ray diffraction and solid state photoluminescence. DyIII and HoIII atoms are eight-coordinated and adopt a distorted square-antiprismatic geometry in complexes 1 and 2, respectively. In compound 1, Dy atoms are coordinated by four bridging 2-stp ligands forming two-dimensional (2D) layer, while Ho atoms by three bridging 2-stp ligands creating one dimensional (1D) double chains in 2. In addition, complexes 1 and 2 display in the solid state and at room temperature an intense yellow emission, respectively; this photoluminescence is achieved by an indirect process (antenna effect). The excellent luminescent performances make these complexes very good candidates for potential luminescence materials.

Analysis and Compensation for Lateral Chromatic Aberration in a Color Coding Structured Light 3D Measurement System.

PubMed

Huang, Junhui; Xue, Qi; Wang, Zhao; Gao, Jianmin

2016-09-03

While color-coding methods have improved the measuring efficiency of a structured light three-dimensional (3D) measurement system, they decreased the measuring accuracy significantly due to lateral chromatic aberration (LCA). In this study, the LCA in a structured light measurement system is analyzed, and a method is proposed to compensate the error caused by the LCA. Firstly, based on the projective transformation, a 3D error map of LCA is constructed in the projector images by using a flat board and comparing the image coordinates of red, green and blue circles with the coordinates of white circles at preselected sample points within the measurement volume. The 3D map consists of the errors, which are the equivalent errors caused by LCA of the camera and projector. Then in measurements, error values of LCA are calculated and compensated to correct the projector image coordinates through the 3D error map and a tri-linear interpolation method. Eventually, 3D coordinates with higher accuracy are re-calculated according to the compensated image coordinates. The effectiveness of the proposed method is verified in the following experiments.

Analysis and Compensation for Lateral Chromatic Aberration in a Color Coding Structured Light 3D Measurement System

PubMed Central

Huang, Junhui; Xue, Qi; Wang, Zhao; Gao, Jianmin

2016-01-01

While color-coding methods have improved the measuring efficiency of a structured light three-dimensional (3D) measurement system, they decreased the measuring accuracy significantly due to lateral chromatic aberration (LCA). In this study, the LCA in a structured light measurement system is analyzed, and a method is proposed to compensate the error caused by the LCA. Firstly, based on the projective transformation, a 3D error map of LCA is constructed in the projector images by using a flat board and comparing the image coordinates of red, green and blue circles with the coordinates of white circles at preselected sample points within the measurement volume. The 3D map consists of the errors, which are the equivalent errors caused by LCA of the camera and projector. Then in measurements, error values of LCA are calculated and compensated to correct the projector image coordinates through the 3D error map and a tri-linear interpolation method. Eventually, 3D coordinates with higher accuracy are re-calculated according to the compensated image coordinates. The effectiveness of the proposed method is verified in the following experiments. PMID:27598174

AsteriX: a Web server to automatically extract ligand coordinates from figures in PDF articles.

PubMed

Lounnas, V; Vriend, G

2012-02-27

Coordinates describing the chemical structures of small molecules that are potential ligands for pharmaceutical targets are used at many stages of the drug design process. The coordinates of the vast majority of ligands can be obtained from either publicly accessible or commercial databases. However, interesting ligands sometimes are only available from the scientific literature, in which case their coordinates need to be reconstructed manually--a process that consists of a series of time-consuming steps. We present a Web server that helps reconstruct the three-dimensional (3D) coordinates of ligands for which a two-dimensional (2D) picture is available in a PDF file. The software, called AsteriX, analyses every picture contained in the PDF file and attempts to determine automatically whether or not it contains ligands. Areas in pictures that may contain molecular structures are processed to extract connectivity and atom type information that allow coordinates to be subsequently reconstructed. The AsteriX Web server was tested on a series of articles containing a large diversity in graphical representations. In total, 88% of 3249 ligand structures present in the test set were identified as chemical diagrams. Of these, about half were interpreted correctly as 3D structures, and a further one-third required only minor manual corrections. It is principally impossible to always correctly reconstruct 3D coordinates from pictures because there are many different protocols for drawing a 2D image of a ligand, but more importantly a wide variety of semantic annotations are possible. The AsteriX Web server therefore includes facilities that allow the users to augment partial or partially correct 3D reconstructions. All 3D reconstructions are submitted, checked, and corrected by the users domain at the server and are freely available for everybody. The coordinates of the reconstructed ligands are made available in a series of formats commonly used in drug design research. The AsteriX Web server is freely available at http://swift.cmbi.ru.nl/bitmapb/.

Development of quantitative analysis method for stereotactic brain image: assessment of reduced accumulation in extent and severity using anatomical segmentation.

PubMed

Mizumura, Sunao; Kumita, Shin-ichiro; Cho, Keiichi; Ishihara, Makiko; Nakajo, Hidenobu; Toba, Masahiro; Kumazaki, Tatsuo

2003-06-01

Through visual assessment by three-dimensional (3D) brain image analysis methods using stereotactic brain coordinates system, such as three-dimensional stereotactic surface projections and statistical parametric mapping, it is difficult to quantitatively assess anatomical information and the range of extent of an abnormal region. In this study, we devised a method to quantitatively assess local abnormal findings by segmenting a brain map according to anatomical structure. Through quantitative local abnormality assessment using this method, we studied the characteristics of distribution of reduced blood flow in cases with dementia of the Alzheimer type (DAT). Using twenty-five cases with DAT (mean age, 68.9 years old), all of whom were diagnosed as probable Alzheimer's disease based on NINCDS-ADRDA, we collected I-123 iodoamphetamine SPECT data. A 3D brain map using the 3D-SSP program was compared with the data of 20 cases in the control group, who age-matched the subject cases. To study local abnormalities on the 3D images, we divided the whole brain into 24 segments based on anatomical classification. We assessed the extent of an abnormal region in each segment (rate of the coordinates with a Z-value that exceeds the threshold value, in all coordinates within a segment), and severity (average Z-value of the coordinates with a Z-value that exceeds the threshold value). This method clarified orientation and expansion of reduced accumulation, through classifying stereotactic brain coordinates according to the anatomical structure. This method was considered useful for quantitatively grasping distribution abnormalities in the brain and changes in abnormality distribution.

3D visualization of molecular structures in the MOGADOC database

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Vogt, Natalja; Popov, Evgeny; Rudert, Rainer; Kramer, Rüdiger; Vogt, Jürgen

2010-08-01

The MOGADOC database (Molecular Gas-Phase Documentation) is a powerful tool to retrieve information about compounds which have been studied in the gas-phase by electron diffraction, microwave spectroscopy and molecular radio astronomy. Presently the database contains over 34,500 bibliographic references (from the beginning of each method) for about 10,000 inorganic, organic and organometallic compounds and structural data (bond lengths, bond angles, dihedral angles, etc.) for about 7800 compounds. Most of the implemented molecular structures are given in a three-dimensional (3D) presentation. To create or edit and visualize the 3D images of molecules, new tools (special editor and Java-based 3D applet) were developed. Molecular structures in internal coordinates were converted to those in Cartesian coordinates.

1D helix, 2D brick-wall and herringbone, and 3D interpenetration d10 metal-organic framework structures assembled from pyridine-2,6-dicarboxylic acid N-oxide.

PubMed

Wen, Li-Li; Dang, Dong-Bin; Duan, Chun-Ying; Li, Yi-Zhi; Tian, Zheng-Fang; Meng, Qing-Jin

2005-10-03

Five novel interesting d(10) metal coordination polymers, [Zn(PDCO)(H2O)2]n (PDCO = pyridine-2,6-dicarboxylic acid N-oxide) (1), [Zn2(PDCO)2(4,4'-bpy)2(H2O)2.3H2O]n (bpy = bipyridine) (2), [Zn(PDCO)(bix)]n (bix = 1,4-bis(imidazol-1-ylmethyl)benzene) (3), [Zn(PDCO)(bbi).0.5H2O]n (bbi = 1,1'-(1,4-butanediyl)bis(imidazole)) (4), and [Cd(PDCO)(bix)(1.5).1.5H2O]n (5), have been synthesized under hydrothermal conditions and structurally characterized. Polymer 1 possesses a one-dimensional (1D) helical chainlike structure with 4(1) helices running along the c-axis with a pitch of 10.090 Angstroms. Polymer 2 has an infinite chiral two-dimensional (2D) brick-wall-like layer structure in the ac plane built from achiral components, while both 3 and 4 exhibit an infinite 2D herringbone architecture, respectively extended in the ac and ab plane. Polymer 5 features a most remarkable and unique three-dimensional (3D) porous framework with 2-fold interpenetration related by symmetry, which contains channels in the b and c directions, both distributed in a rectangular grid fashion. Compounds 1-5, with systematic variation in dimensionality from 1D to 2D to 3D, are the first examples of d(10) metal coordination polymers into which pyridinedicarboxylic acid N-oxide has been introduced. In addition, polymers 1, 4, and 5 display strong blue fluorescent emissions in the solid state. Polymer 3 exhibits a strong SHG response, estimated to be approximately 0.9 times that of urea.

Syntheses, crystal structures, and properties of four coordination polymers based on mixed multi-N donor and polycarboxylate ligands

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chen, Shui-Sheng; Guo, Xing-Zhe; Zhao, Yue; Li, Wei-Dong

2018-02-01

Four new coordination polymers [Ni2(HL1)2(L1)3(BTC)2]·6H2O (1), [Ni2(L1)3(HBTC)2]·4H2O (2), [Cd2(L2)(BTC)(H2O)3]·2H2O (3) and [Cd2(HL2)(BTCA)] (4) were synthesized by reactions of nickel(II)/ cadmium(II) salts with rigid ligands of 1,4-di(1H-imidazol-4-yl)benzene (L1), 1,3-di(1-imidazolyl)-5-(4H-tetrazol-5-yl)benzene (HL2) and polycarboxylic acids of 1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylic acid (H3BTC), 1,2,4,5-benzenetetracarboxylic acid (H4BTCA), respectively. The structures of the complexes were determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The complex 1 is one-dimensional (1D) chain while 2 is a (4, 4)-connected two-dimensional (2D) layered structure with 2D → 2D parallel interpenetration. Complex 3 is a rare tetranodal (3,4)-connected three-dimensional (3D) CrVTiSc architecture with Point (Schläfli) symbol of (4·82)(4·84·10)(42·82·102)(83), and compound 4 has the 2D network with (4,4) topology based on the [Cd2(COO)4] SBUs. The weak interactions such as hydrogen bonds and π···π stacking contribute to stabilize crystal structure and extend the low-dimensional entities into high-dimensional frameworks. The UV-vis absorption spectra of 1 - 4 are discussed. Moreover, the photo luminescent properties of 3 and 4 and gas sorption property of 2 have been investigated.

Vorticity and helicity decompositions and dynamics with real Schur form of the velocity gradient

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhu, Jian-Zhou

2018-03-01

The real Schur form (RSF) of a generic velocity gradient field ∇u is exploited to expose the structures of flows, in particular, our field decomposition resulting in two vorticities with only mutual linkage as the topological content of the global helicity (accordingly decomposed into two equal parts). The local transformation to the RSF may indicate alternative (co)rotating frame(s) for specifying the objective argument(s) of the constitutive equation. When ∇u is uniformly of RSF in a fixed Cartesian coordinate frame, i.e., ux = ux(x, y) and uy = uy(x, y), but uz = uz(x, y, z), the model, with the decomposed vorticities both frozen-in to u, is for two-component-two-dimensional-coupled-with-one-component-three-dimensional flows in between two-dimensional-three-component (2D3C) and fully three-dimensional-three-component ones and may help curing the pathology in the helical 2D3C absolute equilibrium, making the latter effectively work in more realistic situations.

pH-specific hydrothermal assembly of binary and ternary Pb(II)-(O,N-carboxylic acid) metal organic framework compounds: correlation of aqueous solution speciation with variable dimensionality solid-state lattice architecture and spectroscopic signatures.

PubMed

Gabriel, C; Perikli, M; Raptopoulou, C P; Terzis, A; Psycharis, V; Mateescu, C; Jakusch, T; Kiss, T; Bertmer, M; Salifoglou, A

2012-09-03

Hydrothermal pH-specific reactivity in the binary/ternary systems of Pb(II) with the carboxylic acids N-hydroxyethyl-iminodiacetic acid (Heida), 1,3-diamino-2-hydroxypropane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid (Dpot), and 1,10-phenanthroline (Phen) afforded the new well-defined crystalline compounds [Pb(Heida)](n)·nH(2)O(1), [Pb(Phen)(Heida)]·4H(2)O(2), and [Pb(3)(NO(3))(Dpot)](n)(3). All compounds were characterized by elemental analysis, FT-IR, solution or/and solid-state NMR, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The structures in 1-2 reveal the presence of a Pb(II) center coordinated to one Heida ligand, with 1 exhibiting a two-dimensional (2D) lattice extending to a three-dimensional (3D) one through H-bonding interactions. The concurrent aqueous speciation study of the binary Pb(II)-Heida system projects species complementing the synthetic efforts, thereby lending credence to a global structural speciation strategy in investigating binary/ternary Pb(II)-Heida/Phen systems. The involvement of Phen in 2 projects the significance of nature and reactivity potential of N-aromatic chelators, disrupting the binary lattice in 1 and influencing the nature of the ultimately arising ternary 3D lattice. 3 is a ternary coordination polymer, where Pb(II)-Dpot coordination leads to a 2D metal-organic-framework material with unique architecture. The collective physicochemical properties of 1-3 formulate the salient features of variable dimensionality metal-organic-framework lattices in binary/ternary Pb(II)-(hydroxy-carboxylate) structures, based on which new Pb(II) materials with distinct architecture and spectroscopic signature can be rationally designed and pursued synthetically.

A kinematic model for 3-D head-free gaze-shifts

PubMed Central

Daemi, Mehdi; Crawford, J. Douglas

2015-01-01

Rotations of the line of sight are mainly implemented by coordinated motion of the eyes and head. Here, we propose a model for the kinematics of three-dimensional (3-D) head-unrestrained gaze-shifts. The model was designed to account for major principles in the known behavior, such as gaze accuracy, spatiotemporal coordination of saccades with vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR), relative eye and head contributions, the non-commutativity of rotations, and Listing's and Fick constraints for the eyes and head, respectively. The internal design of the model was inspired by known and hypothesized elements of gaze control physiology. Inputs included retinocentric location of the visual target and internal representations of initial 3-D eye and head orientation, whereas outputs were 3-D displacements of eye relative to the head and head relative to shoulder. Internal transformations decomposed the 2-D gaze command into 3-D eye and head commands with the use of three coordinated circuits: (1) a saccade generator, (2) a head rotation generator, (3) a VOR predictor. Simulations illustrate that the model can implement: (1) the correct 3-D reference frame transformations to generate accurate gaze shifts (despite variability in other parameters), (2) the experimentally verified constraints on static eye and head orientations during fixation, and (3) the experimentally observed 3-D trajectories of eye and head motion during gaze-shifts. We then use this model to simulate how 2-D eye-head coordination strategies interact with 3-D constraints to influence 3-D orientations of the eye-in-space, and the implications of this for spatial vision. PMID:26113816

Syntheses, structures and properties of four 3D microporous lanthanide coordination polymers based on 3,5-pyrazoledicarboxylate and oxalate ligands

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Song, Juan; Wang, Ji-Jiang; Hu, Huai-Ming; Wu, Qing-Ran; Xie, Juan; Dong, Fa-Xin; Yang, Meng-Lin; Xue, Gang-Lin

2014-04-01

Four three-dimensional lanthanide coordination polymers with reversible structural interconversions, [Ln2(Hpdc)2(C2O4)(H2O)4]n·2nH2O [Ln=Sm (1), Eu (2), Tb (3) and Dy (4)], have been synthesized by hydrothermal reactions of lanthanide nitrates with 3,5-pyrazoledicarboxylic (H3pdc) and oxalic acids. It is noteworthy that there is an in situ reaction in 1, in which H3pdc was decomposed into (ox)2- with Cu(II)-Sm(III) synergistic effect under hydrothermal conditions. These compounds are isostructural and crystallized in the monoclinic P21/c space group. The Ln(III) ions are eight-coordinated with dodecahedron coordination geometry. These polyhedra are linked by oxalate groups to form 1D zigzag chain, which are further connected by 3,5-pyrazoledicarboxylate to extend similar 3D frameworks with channels along c-axis in 1-4. These coordination polymers display the characteristic emission bands of the Ln(III) ions in the solid state and possess good thermal stabilities.

A new mosaic method for three-dimensional surface

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yuan, Yun; Zhu, Zhaokun; Ding, Yongjun

2011-08-01

Three-dimensional (3-D) data mosaic is a indispensable link in surface measurement and digital terrain map generation. With respect to the mosaic problem of the local unorganized cloud points with rude registration and mass mismatched points, a new mosaic method for 3-D surface based on RANSAC is proposed. Every circular of this method is processed sequentially by random sample with additional shape constraint, data normalization of cloud points, absolute orientation, data denormalization of cloud points, inlier number statistic, etc. After N random sample trials the largest consensus set is selected, and at last the model is re-estimated using all the points in the selected subset. The minimal subset is composed of three non-colinear points which form a triangle. The shape of triangle is considered in random sample selection in order to make the sample selection reasonable. A new coordinate system transformation algorithm presented in this paper is used to avoid the singularity. The whole rotation transformation between the two coordinate systems can be solved by twice rotations expressed by Euler angle vector, each rotation has explicit physical means. Both simulation and real data are used to prove the correctness and validity of this mosaic method. This method has better noise immunity due to its robust estimation property, and has high accuracy as the shape constraint is added to random sample and the data normalization added to the absolute orientation. This method is applicable for high precision measurement of three-dimensional surface and also for the 3-D terrain mosaic.

Dimensional modulation and magnetic properties of triazole- and bis(triazole)-based copper(II) coordination polymers tuned by aromatic polycarboxylates

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Zhang, Ju-Wen; Zhao, Wei; Lu, Qi-Lin

2014-04-01

Five new metal–organic coordination polymers ([Cu{sub 3}(μ{sub 2}-OH){sub 2}(atrz){sub 2}(nph){sub 2}(H{sub 2}O){sub 2}]·2H{sub 2}O){sub n} (1), ([Cu{sub 2}(μ{sub 3}-OH)(atrz)(1,2,4-btc)]·2H{sub 2}O){sub n} (2), ([Cu{sub 2}(μ{sub 3}-OH)(atrz)(1,2,4-btc)(H{sub 2}O)]·H{sub 2}O){sub n} (3), [Cu(dth){sub 0.5}(nph)(H{sub 2}O)]{sub n} (4) and [Cu(dth)(Hnip){sub 2}]{sub n} (5) [atrz=4-amino-1,2,4-triazole, dth=N,N'-di(4H-1,2,4-triazole)hexanamide, H{sub 2}nph=3-nitrophthalic acid, 1,2,4-H{sub 3}btc=1,2,4-benzenetricarboxylic acid and H{sub 2}nip=5-nitroisophthalic acid] were hydrothermally synthesized and structurally characterized. Polymer 1 shows a one-dimensional (1D) chain. Polymers 2 and 3 exhibit similar tetranuclear Cu{sup II}{sub 4} cluster-based three-dimensional (3D) frameworks with the same components. Polymer 4 possesses a 3D framework with a 4{sup 12}·6{sup 3}-pcu topology. Polymer 5 displays a 3D frameworkmore » with a 4{sup 4}·6{sup 10}·8-mab topology. The magnetic properties of 1–4 were investigated. - Graphical abstract: Five triazole-based copper(II) polymers modulated by polycarboxylates were synthesized. Bis-triazole-bis-amide ligand and polycarboxylates play important roles in tuning dimensionality of polymers. Magnetic properties of polymers were investigated. - Highlights: • Five triazole- and bis(triazole)-based copper(II) coordination polymers tuned by aromatic polycarboxylates were obtained. • The aromatic polycarboxylates have an important influence on the dimensionality of five polymers. • The magnetic properties of four polymers were investigated.« less

Lanthanide coordination polymers based on multi-donor ligand containing pyridine and phthalate moieties: Structures, luminescence and magnetic properties

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Feng, Xun; Liu, Lang; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang 471022

2013-10-15

A new family of five lanthanide-organic coordination polymers incorporating multi-functional N-hetrocyclic dicarboxylate ligand, namely, [Ln{sub 2}(Hdpp){sub 2}(dpp){sub 2}]{sub n}Ln=Pr(1), Eu(2), Gd(3), Dy(4), Er(5) (H{sub 2}dpp=1-(3, 4-dicarboxyphenyl) pyridin-4-ol) have been fabricated successfully through solvothermal reaction of 1-(3,4-dicarboxyphenyl)-4-hydroxypyridin-1-ium chloride with trivalent lanthanide salts, and have been characterized systematically. The complexes 1–5 are isomorphous and isostructural. They all feature three dimensional (3D) frameworks based on the interconnection of 1D double chains composed of the binuclear moiety [Ln{sub 2}(Hdpp){sub 2}]{sup 4+} basic carboxylate as secondary building unit (SBU). The results of magnetic analysis shows the same bridging fashion of carboxylic group in this casemore » results in the different magnetic properties occurring within lanthanide polymers. Moreover, the Eu(III) and Dy(III) complexes display characteristic luminescence emission in the visible regions. - Graphical abstract: A new family of lanthanide-organic frameworks incorporating multi-donor twisted ligand has been fabricated successfully, and has been characterized systematically. The complexes 1–5 are isostructural, and all feather three dimensional (3D) frameworks based on the interconnection of 1D double stride chains composed of the binuclear moiety [Ln{sub 2}(Hdpp){sub 2}]{sup 2+} basic carboxylate as secondary building unit (SBU). Display Omitted - Highlights: • New family of lanthanide–organic coordination polymers incorporating multifunctional N-hetrocyclic dicarboxylate ligand has been fabricated. • They have been characterized systematically. • They all feather three dimensional frameworks based on the binuclear moiety of [Ln{sub 2}(Hdpp){sub 2}]{sup 2+}. • The Eu(III) and Dy(III) analogues exhibit intense photoluminescence.« less

The effects of absence of stereopsis on performance of a simulated surgical task in two-dimensional and three-dimensional viewing conditions

PubMed Central

Bloch, Edward; Uddin, Nabil; Gannon, Laura; Rantell, Khadija; Jain, Saurabh

2015-01-01

Background Stereopsis is believed to be advantageous for surgical tasks that require precise hand-eye coordination. We investigated the effects of short-term and long-term absence of stereopsis on motor task performance in three-dimensional (3D) and two-dimensional (2D) viewing conditions. Methods 30 participants with normal stereopsis and 15 participants with absent stereopsis performed a simulated surgical task both in free space under direct vision (3D) and via a monitor (2D), with both eyes open and one eye covered in each condition. Results The stereo-normal group scored higher, on average, than the stereo-absent group with both eyes open under direct vision (p<0.001). Both groups performed comparably in monocular and binocular monitor viewing conditions (p=0.579). Conclusions High-grade stereopsis confers an advantage when performing a fine motor task under direct vision. However, stereopsis does not appear advantageous to task performance under 2D viewing conditions, such as in video-assisted surgery. PMID:25185439

Three-dimensional vision enhances task performance independently of the surgical method.

PubMed

Wagner, O J; Hagen, M; Kurmann, A; Horgan, S; Candinas, D; Vorburger, S A

2012-10-01

Within the next few years, the medical industry will launch increasingly affordable three-dimensional (3D) vision systems for the operating room (OR). This study aimed to evaluate the effect of two-dimensional (2D) and 3D visualization on surgical skills and task performance. In this study, 34 individuals with varying laparoscopic experience (18 inexperienced individuals) performed three tasks to test spatial relationships, grasping and positioning, dexterity, precision, and hand-eye and hand-hand coordination. Each task was performed in 3D using binocular vision for open performance, the Viking 3Di Vision System for laparoscopic performance, and the DaVinci robotic system. The same tasks were repeated in 2D using an eye patch for monocular vision, conventional laparoscopy, and the DaVinci robotic system. Loss of 3D vision significantly increased the perceived difficulty of a task and the time required to perform it, independently of the approach (P < 0.0001-0.02). Simple tasks took 25 % to 30 % longer to complete and more complex tasks took 75 % longer with 2D than with 3D vision. Only the difficult task was performed faster with the robot than with laparoscopy (P = 0.005). In every case, 3D robotic performance was superior to conventional laparoscopy (2D) (P < 0.001-0.015). The more complex the task, the more 3D vision accelerates task completion compared with 2D vision. The gain in task performance is independent of the surgical method.

Development of a percentile based three-dimensional model of the buttocks in computer system

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, Lijing; He, Xueli; Li, Hongpeng

2016-05-01

There are diverse products related to human buttocks, which need to be designed, manufactured and evaluated with 3D buttock model. The 3D buttock model used in present research field is just simple approximate model similar to human buttocks. The 3D buttock percentile model is highly desired in the ergonomics design and evaluation for these products. So far, there is no research on the percentile sizing system of human 3D buttock model. So the purpose of this paper is to develop a new method for building three-dimensional buttock percentile model in computer system. After scanning the 3D shape of buttocks, the cloud data of 3D points is imported into the reverse engineering software (Geomagic) for the reconstructing of the buttock surface model. Five characteristic dimensions of the buttock are measured through mark-points after models being imported into engineering software CATIA. A series of space points are obtained by the intersecting of the cutting slices and 3D buttock surface model, and then are ordered based on the sequence number of the horizontal and vertical slices. The 1st, 5th, 50th, 95th, 99th percentile values of the five dimensions and the spatial coordinate values of the space points are obtained, and used to reconstruct percentile buttock models. This research proposes a establishing method of percentile sizing system of buttock 3D model based on the percentile values of the ischial tuberosities diameter, the distances from margin to ischial tuberosity and the space coordinates value of coordinate points, for establishing the Nth percentile 3D buttock model and every special buttock types model. The proposed method also serves as a useful guidance for the other 3D percentile models establishment for other part in human body with characteristic points.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Yin, Wen-Yu; Zhuang, Guo-Yong; Huang, Zuo-Long

Three cadmium coordination polymers, [Cd(bismip)]{sub n} (1), {[Cd(bismip)(phen)]·H_2O}{sub n} (2) and {[Cd_2(bismip)_2(4,4′-bipy)]·2H_2O}{sub n} (3) (H{sub 2}bismip=5-(1H-benzoimidazol-2-ylsulfanylmethyl)-isophthalic acid, phen=1,10-phenanthroline, 4,4′-bipy=4,4′-bipyridine) have been prepared under solvothermal conditions. In 1, the [Cd{sub 4}(bismip){sub 3}] units are jointed by bismip ligands to afford a three-dimensional (3D) architecture. Complex 2 exhibits a 3D supramolecular framework based on the interconnection of 1D chains through hydrogen bonding interactions and π-π packing interactions. 3 is a two-fold interpenetrating 3D architecture with a (4·8{sup 2})(4{sup 2}·8{sup 4}) Schläfli symbol in which 2D layers are interlinked by 4,4′-bipy ligands. The diverse structures of compounds 1–3 indicate that the auxiliary ligandsmore » have significant effects on the final structures. The photoluminescent properties and photocatalytic properties of these coordination polymers in the solid state were also investigated. Remarkably, 3 shows the wide gap semiconductor nature and exhibit excellent photocatalytic performance. - Graphical abstract: Three cadmium coordination polymers with different architectures based on 5-(1H-benzoimidazol-2-ylsulfanylmethyl)-isophthalic acid have been prepared. Their photoluminescent properties were also investigated. - Highlights: • Three new Cd(II) Cps were synthesized based on H{sub 2}bismip. • Compounds 1 and 3 show 3D networks and 2 exhibits a 1D chain. • Compoud 3 exhibits good catalytic activity of methylene blue photodegradation.« less

Effects of using two- versus three-dimensional computational modeling of fluidized beds Part I, hydrodynamics

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Xie, Nan; Battaglia, Francine; Pannala, Sreekanth

2008-01-01

Simulations of fluidized beds are performed to study and determine the effect on the use of coordinate systems and geometrical configurations to model fluidized bed reactors. Computational fluid dynamics is employed for an Eulerian-Eulerian model, which represents each phase as an interspersed continuum. The transport equation for granular temperature is solved and a hyperbolic tangent function is used to provide a smooth transition between the plastic and viscous regimes for the solid phase. The aim of the present work is to show the range of validity for employing simulations based on a 2D Cartesian coordinate system to approximate both cylindricalmore » and rectangular fluidized beds. Three different fluidization regimes, bubbling, slugging and turbulent regimes, are investigated and the results of 2D and 3D simulations are presented for both cylindrical and rectangular domains. The results demonstrate that a 2D Cartesian system can be used to successfully simulate and predict a bubbling regime. However, caution must be exercised when using 2D Cartesian coordinates for other fluidized regimes. A budget analysis that explains all the differences in detail is presented in Part II [N. Xie, F. Battaglia, S. Pannala, Effects of Using Two-Versus Three-Dimensional Computational Modeling of Fluidized Beds: Part II, budget analysis, 182 (1) (2007) 14] to complement the hydrodynamic theory of this paper.« less

Synthesis and structure of cesium complexes of nitrilotris(methylenephosphonic) acid [Cs-μ6-NH(CH2PO3)3H4] and [Cs2-μ10-NH(CH2PO3H)3] · H2O

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Somov, N. V.; Chausov, F. F.; Zakirov, R. M.

2017-07-01

3D coordination polymers cesium nitrilotris(methylenephosphonate) and dicesium nitrilotris( methylenephosphonate) are synthesized and their crystal structure is determined. In the crystal of [Cs-μ6-NH(CH2PO3)3H4] (space group P, Z = 2), cesium atoms occupy two crystallographically inequivalent positions with c.n. = 10 and c.n. = 14. The phosphonate ligand plays the bridging function; its denticity is nine. The crystal packing consists of alternating layers of Cs atoms in different environments with layers of ligand molecules between them. A ligand is bound to three Cs atoms of one layer and three Cs atoms of another layer. In the crystal of [Cs2-μ10-NH(CH2PO3H)3] · H2O (space group P, Z = 2), the complex has a dimeric structure: the bridging phosphonate ligand coordinates Cs to form a three-dimensional Cs4O6 cluster. The denticity of the ligand is equal to nine; the coordination numbers of cesium atoms are seven and nine. Two-dimensional corrugated layers of Cs4O6 clusters lie in the (002) plane, and layers of ligand molecules are located between them. Each ligand molecule coordinates eight Cs atoms of one layer and two Cs atoms of the neighboring layer.

Full three-dimensional isotropic carpet cloak designed by quasi-conformal transformation optics.

PubMed

Silva, Daniely G; Teixeira, Poliane A; Gabrielli, Lucas H; Junqueira, Mateus A F C; Spadoti, Danilo H

2017-09-18

A fully three-dimensional carpet cloak presenting invisibility in all viewing angles is theoretically demonstrated. The design is developed using transformation optics and three-dimensional quasi-conformal mapping. Parametrization strategy and numerical optimization of the coordinate transformation deploying a quasi-Newton method is applied. A discussion about the minimum achievable anisotropy in the 3D transformation optics is presented. The method allows to reduce the anisotropy in the cloak and an isotropic medium could be considered. Numerical simulations confirm the strategy employed enabling the design of an isotropic reflectionless broadband carpet cloak independently of the incident light direction and polarization.

The 3D Elevation Program: summary for Alaska

USGS Publications Warehouse

Carswell, William J.

2013-01-01

Coordination by SDMI and AMEC avoids duplication of effort and ensures a unified approach to consistent, statewide data acquisition; the enhancement of existing data; and support for emerging applications. The 3D Elevation Program (3DEP) initiative, managed by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), responds to the growing need for high-quality topographic data and a wide range of other three-dimensional representations of the Nation’s natural and constructed features.

Color stability of shade guides after autoclave sterilization.

PubMed

Schmeling, Max; Sartori, Neimar; Monteiro, Sylvio; Baratieri, Luiz

2014-01-01

This study evaluated the influence of 120 autoclave sterilization cycles on the color stability of two commercial shade guides (Vita Classical and Vita System 3D-Master). The specimens were evaluated by spectrophotometer before and after the sterilization cycles. The color was described using the three-dimensional CIELab system. The statistical analysis was performed in three chromaticity coordinates, before and after sterilization cycles, using the paired samples t test. All specimens became darker after autoclave sterilization cycles. However, specimens of Vita Classical became redder, while those of the Vita System 3D-Master became more yellow. Repeated cycles of autoclave sterilization caused statistically significant changes in the color coordinates of the two shade guides. However, these differences are considered clinically acceptable.

Method of surface error visualization using laser 3D projection technology

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Guo, Lili; Li, Lijuan; Lin, Xuezhu

2017-10-01

In the process of manufacturing large components, such as aerospace, automobile and shipping industry, some important mold or stamped metal plate requires precise forming on the surface, which usually needs to be verified, if necessary, the surface needs to be corrected and reprocessed. In order to make the correction of the machined surface more convenient, this paper proposes a method based on Laser 3D projection system, this method uses the contour form of terrain contour, directly showing the deviation between the actually measured data and the theoretical mathematical model (CAD) on the measured surface. First, measure the machined surface to get the point cloud data and the formation of triangular mesh; secondly, through coordinate transformation, unify the point cloud data to the theoretical model and calculate the three-dimensional deviation, according to the sign (positive or negative) and size of the deviation, use the color deviation band to denote the deviation of three-dimensional; then, use three-dimensional contour lines to draw and represent every coordinates deviation band, creating the projection files; finally, import the projection files into the laser projector, and make the contour line projected to the processed file with 1:1 in the form of a laser beam, compare the Full-color 3D deviation map with the projection graph, then, locate and make quantitative correction to meet the processing precision requirements. It can display the trend of the machined surface deviation clearly.

One-dimensional ferromagnetic array compound [Co3(SBA)2(OH)2(H2O)2]n, (SBA = 4-sulfobenzoate)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Honda, Zentaro; Nomoto, Naoyuki; Fujihara, Takashi; Hagiwara, Masayuki; Kida, Takanori; Sawada, Yuya; Fukuda, Takeshi; Kamata, Norihiko

2018-06-01

We report on the syntheses, crystal structure, and magnetic properties of the transition metal coordination polymer [Co3(SBA)2(OH)2(H2O)2]n, (SBA = 4-sulfobenzoate) in which CoO6 octahedra are linked through their edges, forming one-dimensional (1D) Co(II) arrays running along the crystal a-axis. These arrays are further perpendicularly bridged by SBA ligand to construct a three-dimensional framework. Its magnetic properties have been investigated, and ferromagnetic interactions within the arrays have been found. From heat capacity measurements, we have found that this compound exhibits a three-dimensional ferromagnetic phase transition at TC = 1.54 K, and the specific heat just above TC shows a Schottky anomaly which originates from an energy gap caused by uniaxial magnetic anisotropy. These results suggest that [Co3(SBA)2(OH)2(H2O)2]n consists of weakly coupled 1D ferromagnetic Ising arrays.

Three-D multilateration: A precision geodetic measurement system

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Escobal, P. R.; Ong, K. M.; Vonroos, O. H.; Shumate, M. S.; Jaffe, R. M.; Fliegel, H. F.; Muller, P. M.

1973-01-01

A technique of satellite geodesy for determining the relative three dimensional coordinates of ground stations within one centimeter over baselines of 20 to 10,000 kilometers is discussed. The system is referred to as 3-D Multilateration and has applications in earthquake hazard assessment, precision surveying, plate tectonics, and orbital mechanics. The accuracy is obtained by using pulsed lasers to obtain simultaneous slant ranges between several ground stations and a moving retroreflector with known trajectory for aiming the lasers.

Three-dimensional digitizer for the footwear industry

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gonzalez, Francisco; Campoy, Pascual; Aracil, Rafael; Penafiel, Francisco; Sebastian, Jose M.

1993-12-01

This paper presents a developed system for digitizing 3D objects in the footwear industry (e.g. mould, soles, heels) and their introduction in a CAD system for further manipulation and production of rapid prototypes. The system is based on the acquisition of the sequence of images of the projection of a laser line onto the 3D object when this is moving in front of the laser beam and the camera. This beam projection lights a 3D curve on the surface of the object, whose image is processed in order to obtain the 3D coordinates of every point of mentioned curve according to a previous calibration of the system. These coordinates of points in all the curves are analyzed and combined in order to make up a 3D wire-frame model of the object, which is introduced in a CAD station for further design and connection to the machinery for rapid prototyping.

Three-dimensional accuracy of plastic transfer impression copings for three implant systems.

PubMed

Teo, Juin Wei; Tan, Keson B; Nicholls, Jack I; Wong, Keng Mun; Uy, Joanne

2014-01-01

The purpose of this study was to compare the three-dimensional accuracy of indirect plastic impression copings and direct implant-level impression copings from three implant systems (Nobel Biocare [NB], Biomet 3i [3i], and Straumann [STR]) at three interimplant buccolingual angulations (0, 8, and 15 degrees). Two-implant master models were used to simulate a three-unit implant fixed partial denture. Test models were made from Impregum impressions using direct implant-level impression copings (DR). Abutments were then connected to the master models for impressions using the plastic impression copings (INDR) at three different angulations for a total of 18 test groups (n = 5 in each group). A coordinate measuring machine was used to measure linear distortions, three-dimensional (3D) distortions, angular distortions, and absolute angular distortions between the master and test models. Three-way analysis of variance showed that the implant system had a significant effect on 3D distortions and absolute angular distortions in the x- and y-axes. Interimplant angulation had a significant effect on 3D distortions and absolute angular distortions in the y-axis. Impression technique had a significant effect on absolute angular distortions in the y-axis. With DR, the NB and 3i systems were not significantly different. With INDR, 3i appeared to have less distortion than the other systems. Interimplant angulations did not significantly affect the accuracy of NBDR, 3iINDR, and STRINDR. The accuracy of INDR and DR was comparable at all interimplant angulations for 3i and STR. For NB, INDR was comparable to DR at 0 and 8 degrees but was less accurate at 15 degrees. Three-dimensional accuracy of implant impressions varied with implant system, interimplant angulation, and impression technique.

A three-dimensional, compressible, laminar boundary-layer method for general fuselages. Volume 1: Numerical method

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Wie, Yong-Sun

1990-01-01

A procedure for calculating 3-D, compressible laminar boundary layer flow on general fuselage shapes is described. The boundary layer solutions can be obtained in either nonorthogonal 'body oriented' coordinates or orthogonal streamline coordinates. The numerical procedure is 'second order' accurate, efficient and independent of the cross flow velocity direction. Numerical results are presented for several test cases, including a sharp cone, an ellipsoid of revolution, and a general aircraft fuselage at angle of attack. Comparisons are made between numerical results obtained using nonorthogonal curvilinear 'body oriented' coordinates and streamline coordinates.

Best practices for the 3D documentation of the Grotta dei Cervi of Porto Badisco, Italy

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Beraldin, J. A.; Picard, M.; Bandiera, A.; Valzano, V.; Negro, F.

2011-03-01

The Grotta dei Cervi is a Neolithic cave where human presence has left many unique pictographs on the walls of many of its chambers. It was closed for conservation reasons soon after its discovery in 1970. It is for these reasons that a 3D documentation was started. Two sets of high resolution and detailed three-dimensional (3D) acquisitions were captured in 2005 and 2009 respectively, along with two-dimensional (2D) images. From this information a textured 3D model was produced for most of the 300-m long central corridor. Carbon dating of the guano used for the pictographs and environmental monitoring (Temperature, Relative humidity, and Radon) completed the project. This paper presents this project, some results obtained up to now, the best practice that has emerged from this work and a description of the processing pipeline that deals with more than 27 billion 3D coordinates.

A novel method for 3D measurement of RFID multi-tag network based on matching vision and wavelet

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhuang, Xiao; Yu, Xiaolei; Zhao, Zhimin; Wang, Donghua; Zhang, Wenjie; Liu, Zhenlu; Lu, Dongsheng; Dong, Dingbang

2018-07-01

In the field of radio frequency identification (RFID), the three-dimensional (3D) distribution of RFID multi-tag networks has a significant impact on their reading performance. At the same time, in order to realize the anti-collision of RFID multi-tag networks in practical engineering applications, the 3D distribution of RFID multi-tag networks must be measured. In this paper, a novel method for the 3D measurement of RFID multi-tag networks is proposed. A dual-CCD system (vertical and horizontal cameras) is used to obtain images of RFID multi-tag networks from different angles. Then, the wavelet threshold denoising method is used to remove noise in the obtained images. The template matching method is used to determine the two-dimensional coordinates and vertical coordinate of each tag. The 3D coordinates of each tag are obtained subsequently. Finally, a model of the nonlinear relation between the 3D coordinate distribution of the RFID multi-tag network and the corresponding reading distance is established using the wavelet neural network. The experiment results show that the average prediction relative error is 0.71% and the time cost is 2.17 s. The values of the average prediction relative error and time cost are smaller than those of the particle swarm optimization neural network and genetic algorithm–back propagation neural network. The time cost of the wavelet neural network is about 1% of that of the other two methods. The method proposed in this paper has a smaller relative error. The proposed method can improve the real-time performance of RFID multi-tag networks and the overall dynamic performance of multi-tag networks.

2-(hydroxymethyl)-1H-benzo[d]imidazole-5-carboxylic acid as linker for Co(II)/Ni(II)/Cu(II) coordination polymers: Synthesis, structures and properties

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, Duo-Zhi; Wang, Xin-Fang; Du, Jia-Qiang; Dong, Jun-Liang; Xie, Fei

2018-02-01

We report the synthesis and characterization of five transition metal coordination polymers (CPs) based on M(II) (M: Co, Ni and Cu), 2-(hydroxymethyl)-1H-benzo[d]imidazole-5-carboxylic acid (H2L) ligand. They are formulated as {[Co2(HL)2(H2O)3(SO4)]·H2O}n (1), {[Co2(HL)2(H2O)2]·SiF6}n (2), {[Ni2(HL)2(H2O)3(SO4)]·2H2O}n (3), {[Ni2(HL)2(H2O)4]·H2O·SiF6}n (4), {[Cu2(HL)2(H2O)2]·SiF6}n (5). The complexes 1-5 structure were characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, elemental analyses, infrared spectroscopy (IR), powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), and thermogravimetric analyses (TGA). Complexes 1-5 are two-dimensional (2D) network type coordination polymers that 1-3, 5 crystallize in monoclinic system within the centrosymmetric space group P2(1)/c, and 4 in triclinic system P-1 space group, they show the same coordination modes (κ1-κ1)-(κ1)-(κ1)-μ3 in coordination polymers. Complexes 1 and 3 expand to three-dimensional framework by means of hydrogen bond interactions, and can be rationalized to be three-connected {63} topological network, while 2, 4, 5 exhibit the topological network with a four-connected {44·62} topological sql network. The luminescent properties (for complexes 1, 2) and UV diffuse reflectance (for complexes 1-5) in the solid state at room temperature were also investigated and discussed. Complexes 1-5 act as effective heterogeneous catalysts, under mild conditions, for the homocoupling reaction of 4-substituted aryl iodides bearing electron-donating groups (-CH3, -OCH3).

3D-ICs created using oblique processing

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Burckel, D. Bruce

2016-03-01

This paper demonstrates that another class of three-dimensional integrated circuits (3D-ICs) exists, distinct from through silicon via centric and monolithic 3D-ICs. Furthermore, it is possible to create devices that are 3D at the device level (i.e. with active channels oriented in each of the three coordinate axes), by performing standard CMOS fabrication operations at an angle with respect to the wafer surface into high aspect ratio silicon substrates using membrane projection lithography (MPL). MPL requires only minimal fixturing changes to standard CMOS equipment, and no change to current state-of-the-art lithography. Eliminating the constraint of 2D planar device architecture enables a wide range of new interconnect topologies which could help reduce interconnect resistance/capacitance, and potentially improve performance.

Honeycomb-shaped coordination polymers based on the self-assembly of long flexible ligands and alkaline-earth ions

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Lian, Chen; Liu, Liu; Guo, Xu

2016-01-15

Two novel coordination polymers, namely, [Ca(NCP){sub 2}]{sub ∞} (I) and [Sr(NCP){sub 2}]{sub ∞} (II) were synthesized under hydrothermal conditions based on 2-(4-carboxyphenyl)imidazo(4,5-f)-(1,10)phenanthroline (HNCP) and characterized by elemental analysis, infrared spectrometry, X-ray powder diffraction and single crystal X-ray diffraction. Findings indicate that I and II are isomorphous and isostructural, containing the unit of M(NCP{sup −}){sub 4} (M=Ca(II) and Sr(II)), based on which to assemble into three-dimensional (3D) porous 4-fold interpenetration honeycomb-shaped neutral coordination polymers (CPs). Between the adjacent lamellar structures in I and II, there exist π–π interactions between the pyridine rings belonging to phenanthroline of NCP{sup −} which stabilize themore » frameworks. Both I and II display stronger fluorescence emissions as well as high thermal stability. - Graphical abstract: One-dimensional nanotubular channels with the cross dimension of 37.1959(20)×23.6141(11)Å{sup 2} in the three-dimensional honeycomb-shaped coordination network of II are observed. The topological analysis of II indicates that there exists a typical diamond framework possessing large adamantanoid cages, which containing four cyclohexane-shaped patterns in chair conformations. - Highlights: • Two isomorphous and isostructural coordination polymers based on flexible ligand and two alkaline-earth metal salts have been synthesized and characterized. • Structural analysis indicates that I and II are assembled into 3D porous honeycomb-shaped metal-organic frameworks. • Both I and II display stronger fluorescence emissions and higher thermal stability.« less

High-accuracy optical extensometer based on coordinate transform in two-dimensional digital image correlation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lv, Zeqian; Xu, Xiaohai; Yan, Tianhao; Cai, Yulong; Su, Yong; Zhang, Qingchuan

2018-01-01

In the measurement of plate specimens, traditional two-dimensional (2D) digital image correlation (DIC) is challenged by two aspects: (1) the slant optical axis (misalignment of the optical camera axis and the object surface) and (2) out-of-plane motions (including translations and rotations) of the specimens. There are measurement errors in the results measured by 2D DIC, especially when the out-of-plane motions are big enough. To solve this problem, a novel compensation method has been proposed to correct the unsatisfactory results. The proposed compensation method consists of three main parts: 1) a pre-calibration step is used to determine the intrinsic parameters and lens distortions; 2) a compensation panel (a rigid panel with several markers located at known positions) is mounted to the specimen to track the specimen's motion so that the relative coordinate transformation between the compensation panel and the 2D DIC setup can be calculated using the coordinate transform algorithm; 3) three-dimensional world coordinates of measuring points on the specimen can be reconstructed via the coordinate transform algorithm and used to calculate deformations. Simulations have been carried out to validate the proposed compensation method. Results come out that when the extensometer length is 400 pixels, the strain accuracy reaches 10 με no matter out-of-plane translations (less than 1/200 of the object distance) nor out-of-plane rotations (rotation angle less than 5°) occur. The proposed compensation method leads to good results even when the out-of-plane translation reaches several percents of the object distance or the out-of-plane rotation angle reaches tens of degrees. The proposed compensation method has been applied in tensile experiments to obtain high-accuracy results as well.

A new two-dimensional theory for vibrations of piezoelectric crystal plates with electroded faces

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lee, P. C. Y.; Yu, J. D.; Lin, W. S.

1998-02-01

A system of two-dimensional (2-D) governing equations for piezoelectric plates with general crystal symmetry and with electroded faces is deduced from the three-dimensional (3-D) equations of linear piezoelectricity by expansion in series of trigonometric functions of thickness coordinate. The essential difference of the present derivation from the earlier studies by trigonometrical series expansion is that the antisymmetric in-plane displacements induced by gradients of the bending deflection (the zero-order component of transverse displacement) are expressed by the linear functions of the thickness coordinate, and the rest of displacements are expanded in cosine series of the thickness coordinate. For the electric potential, a sine-series expansion is used for it is well suited for satisfying the electrical conditions at the faces covered with conductive electrodes. A system of approximate first-order equations is extracted from the infinite system of 2-D equations. Dispersion curves for thickness shear, flexure, and face-shear modes varying along x1 and those for thickness twist and face shear varying along x3 for AT-cut quartz plates are calculated from the present 2-D equations as well as from the 3-D equations, and comparison shows that the agreement is very close without introducing any corrections. Predicted frequency spectra by the present equations are shown to agree closely with the experimental data by Koga and Fukuyo [J. Inst. Elec. Comm. Engrs. of Japan 36, 59 (1953)] and those by Nakazawa, Horiuchi, and Ito [Proceedings of 1990 IEEE Ultrasonics Symposium (IEEE, New York, 1990)].

Linear terrestrial laser scanning using array avalanche photodiodes as detectors for rapid three-dimensional imaging.

PubMed

Cai, Yinqiao; Tong, Xiaohua; Tong, Peng; Bu, Hongyi; Shu, Rong

2010-12-01

As an active remote sensor technology, the terrestrial laser scanner is widely used for direct generation of a three-dimensional (3D) image of an object in the fields of geodesy, surveying, and photogrammetry. In this article, a new laser scanner using array avalanche photodiodes, as designed by the Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, is introduced for rapid collection of 3D data. The system structure of the new laser scanner is first presented, and a mathematical model is further derived to transform the original data to the 3D coordinates of the object in a user-defined coordinate system. The performance of the new laser scanner is tested through a comprehensive experiment. The result shows that the new laser scanner can scan a scene with a field view of 30° × 30° in 0.2 s and that, with respect to the point clouds obtained on the wall and ground floor surfaces, the root mean square errors for fitting the two planes are 0.21 and 0.01 cm, respectively. The primary advantages of the developed laser scanner include: (i) with a line scanning mode, the new scanner achieves simultaneously the 3D coordinates of 24 points per single laser pulse, which enables it to scan faster than traditional scanners with a point scanning mode and (ii) the new scanner makes use of two galvanometric mirrors to deflect the laser beam in both the horizontal and the vertical directions. This capability makes the instrument smaller and lighter, which is more acceptable for users.

An analysis of 3D solvation structure in biomolecules: application to coiled coil serine and bacteriorhodopsin.

PubMed

Hirano, Kenji; Yokogawa, Daisuke; Sato, Hirofumi; Sakaki, Shigeyoshi

2010-06-17

Three-dimensional (3D) solvation structure around coiled coil serine (Coil-Ser) and inner 3D hydration structure in bacteriorhodopsin (bR) were studied using a recently developed method named multicenter molecular Ornstein-Zernike equation (MC-MOZ) theory. In addition, a procedure for analyzing the 3D solvent distribution was proposed. The method enables us to calculate the coordination number of solvent water as well as the strength of hydrogen bonding between the water molecule and the protein. The results for Coil-Ser and bR showed very good agreement with the experimental observations.

Measuring Three-Dimensional Thorax Motion Via Biplane Radiographic Imaging: Technique and Preliminary Results.

PubMed

Baumer, Timothy G; Giles, Joshua W; Drake, Anne; Zauel, Roger; Bey, Michael J

2016-01-01

Measures of scapulothoracic motion are dependent on accurate imaging of the scapula and thorax. Advanced radiographic techniques can provide accurate measures of scapular motion, but the limited 3D imaging volume of these techniques often precludes measurement of thorax motion. To overcome this, a thorax coordinate system was defined based on the position of rib pairs and then compared to a conventional sternum/spine-based thorax coordinate system. Alignment of the rib-based coordinate system was dependent on the rib pairs used, with the rib3:rib4 pairing aligned to within 4.4 ± 2.1 deg of the conventional thorax coordinate system.

An implicit solution of the three-dimensional Navier-Stokes equations for an airfoil spanning a wind tunnel. Ph.D. Thesis

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Moitra, A.

1982-01-01

An implicit finite-difference algorithm is developed for the numerical solution of the incompressible three dimensional Navier-Stokes equations in the non-conservative primitive-variable formulation. The flow field about an airfoil spanning a wind-tunnel is computed. The coordinate system is generated by an extension of the two dimensional body-fitted coordinate generation techniques of Thompson, as well as that of Sorenson, into three dimensions. Two dimensional grids are stacked along a spanwise coordinate defined by a simple analytical function. A Poisson pressure equation for advancing the pressure in time is arrived at by performing a divergence operation on the momentum equations. The pressure at each time-step is calculated on the assumption that continuity be unconditionally satisfied. An eddy viscosity coefficient, computed according to the algebraic turbulence formulation of Baldwin and Lomax, simulates the effects of turbulence.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Ren, Yixia, E-mail: renyixia1@163.com; Chai, Hongmei; Tang, Long

Three novel coordination polymers, namely, [Cd(2-Hstp)(1,4-bbi)(H{sub 2}O){sub 2}]·3H{sub 2}O (1), [Cd{sub 1.5}(2-stp)(1,4-bbi)(H{sub 2}O){sub 2}]·H{sub 2}O (2) and [Zn{sub 2}(2-stp)(μ{sub 2}-OH)(1,4-bbi){sub 1.5}(H{sub 2}O)]·6H{sub 2}O (3) (2-H{sub 3}stp is equal to 2-sulfoterephthalate and 1,4-bisbenzimidazole is equal to 1,4-bbi), have been synthesized by hydrothermal reaction. The structural analyses show that 1 and 2 possess different structural features despite the same raw materials, which are 1D chain structure featuring 6-member-water H-bonds cluster and 3D bbi-pillared wavy-like layer framework, respectively. As changing the metal ion to zinc ion, 3 exhibits 3D stp-pillared layer architecture, which discovers the effect of the central metal ions on themore » formation of metal–organic frameworks. The fluorescence studies show that the emissions of the coordination polymers are attributed to the ligand π–π* transition, which means they could be potential fluorescence materials. - Graphical abstract: Three new Cd{sup II}/Zn{sup II} 2-sulfoterephthalate (2-H{sub 3}stp) complexes with 1,4-bisbenzimidazole (1,4-bbi) are described. Complex 1 exhibits one-dimensional chain-like structure, 2 is a three-dimensional bbi-pillared wavy-like layer framework, while 3 is a three-dimensional stp-pillared layer architecture. Fluorescence spectra exhibit the π–π* transition of two organic ligands. - Highlights: • Three Cd{sup II}/Mn{sup II} 2-sulfoterephthalate complexes containing 1,4-bisbenzimidazole. • Different structural features despite the same raw materials for 1 and 2. • Fluorescence spectra exhibit the π–π* transition of organic ligands.« less

Rab-coupling protein coordinates recycling of alpha5beta1 integrin and EGFR1 to promote cell migration in 3D microenvironments.

PubMed

Caswell, Patrick T; Chan, May; Lindsay, Andrew J; McCaffrey, Mary W; Boettiger, David; Norman, Jim C

2008-10-06

Here we show that blocking the adhesive function of alphavbeta3 integrin with soluble RGD ligands, such as osteopontin or cilengitide, promoted association of Rab-coupling protein (RCP) with alpha5beta1 integrin and drove RCP-dependent recycling of alpha5beta1 to the plasma membrane and its mobilization to dynamic ruffling protrusions at the cell front. These RCP-driven changes in alpha5beta1 trafficking led to acquisition of rapid/random movement on two-dimensional substrates and to a marked increase in fibronectin-dependent migration of tumor cells into three-dimensional matrices. Recycling of alpha5beta1 integrin did not affect its regulation or ability to form adhesive bonds with substrate fibronectin. Instead, alpha5beta1 controlled the association of EGFR1 with RCP to promote the coordinate recycling of these two receptors. This modified signaling downstream of EGFR1 to increase its autophosphorylation and activation of the proinvasive kinase PKB/Akt. We conclude that RCP provides a scaffold that promotes the physical association and coordinate trafficking of alpha5beta1 and EGFR1 and that this drives migration of tumor cells into three-dimensional matrices.

Body and Surface Wave Modeling of Observed Seismic Events. Part 2.

DTIC Science & Technology

1987-05-12

is based on expand - ing the complete three dimensional solution of the wave equation expressed in cylindrical S coordinates in an asymptotic form which...using line source (2-D) theory. It is based on expand - ing the complete three dimensional solution of the wave equation expressed in cylindrical...generating synthetic point-source seismograms for shear dislocation sources using line source (2-D) theory. It is based on expanding the complete three

Three coordination polymers constructed from 5-(4-(tetrazol-5-yl)phenyl)isophthalic acid: Synthesis, crystal structure and properties

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhai, Dandan; Sun, Wujuan; Fan, Fei; Liao, Xuzhao; Chen, Sanping; Yang, Xuwu

2017-04-01

Three new coordination polymers, namely, {[Co2(TPA)(μ3-O)3]·0.5DMA}n (1), {[Co(H2TPA)(bibp)(H2O)3]·H2O}n (2) and {[Cd3(TPA)2(phen)4]·4H2O}n (3), (H3TPA = 5-(4-(tetrazol-5-yl)phenyl)isophthalic acid, bibp = 4,4'-bis(imidazolyl)biphenyl, phen = 1,10-phenanthroline and DMA = N,N-dimethylacetamide), have been synthesized under solvothermal conditions and structurally characterized by elemental analysis, IR spectroscopy, powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) and single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Polymer 1 exhibits a three-dimensional (3D) structure constructed from 5-connected secondary building units (SBUs) [Co3(μ3-O)] and 3-connected H3TPA ligands. Polymer 2 has a 1D zigzag polymer chain connected by H3TPA and bibp ligands. Polymer 3 features an unusual 3D framework with a (3,4,2)-connected {4; 6;8}{4; 62;83} topology. Moreover, the thermal stabilities of 1-3 and photoluminescence properties of 3 have been investigated. Magnetic susceptibility measurements indicate that polymers 1-2 display antiferromagnetic exchange properties.

Syntheses, crystal structures and properties of series of 4d-4f ln(III)-Ag(I) heterometallic coordination polymers

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ran, Xing-Rui; Wang, Ning; Xie, Wei-Ping; Xiong, Yan-Ju; Cheng, Qian; Long, Yi; Yue, Shan-Tang; Liu, Ying-Liang

2015-05-01

By control of the experimental parameters such as ligands, pH value and reacting temperature, series of three-dimensional (3D) 4d-4f Ln(III)-Ag(I) porous coordination polymers (PCPs) with interesting chain-layer construction, namely, {[LnIIIAgI(na)(ina)(ox)]·2(H2O)}n [Ln=Sm(1), Eu(2), Gd(3), Tb(4), Dy(5), Ho(6), Y(7), Yb(8)], have been successfully synthesized under hydrothermal conditions and structurally characterized. All the complexes are characterized by elemental analyses, FT-IR spectroscopy, Powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) and thermogravimetric analyses (TGA). Furthermore, the luminescence properties of compounds 2 and 4 and the magsnetic properties of complexes 3 and 5 were also investigated in detail.

A new 1D manganese(II) coordination polymer with end-to-end azide bridge and isonicotinoylhydrazone Schiff base ligand: Crystal structure, Hirshfeld surface, NBO and thermal analyses

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Khani, S.; Montazerozohori, M.; Masoudiasl, A.; White, J. M.

2018-02-01

A new manganese (II) coordination polymer, [MnL2 (μ-1,3-N3)2]n, with co-ligands including azide anion and Schiff base based on isonicotinoylhydrazone has been synthesized and characterized. The crystal structure determination shows that the azide ligand acts as end-to-end (EE) bridging ligand and generates a one-dimensional coordination polymer. In this compound, each manganes (II) metal center is hexa-coordinated by four azide nitrogens and two pyridinic nitrogens for the formation of octahedral geometry. The analysis of crystal packing indicates that the 1D chain of [MnL2 (μ-1,3-N3)2]n, is stabilized as a 3D supramolecular network by intra- and inter-chain intermolecular interactions of X-H···Y (X = N and C, Y = O and N). Hirshfeld surface analysis and 2D fingerprint plots have been used for a more detailed investigation of intermolecular interactions. Also, natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis was performed to get information about atomic charge distributions, hybridizations and the strength of interactions. Finally, thermal analysis of compound showed its complete decomposition during three thermal steps.

Augmented reality three-dimensional object visualization and recognition with axially distributed sensing.

PubMed

Markman, Adam; Shen, Xin; Hua, Hong; Javidi, Bahram

2016-01-15

An augmented reality (AR) smartglass display combines real-world scenes with digital information enabling the rapid growth of AR-based applications. We present an augmented reality-based approach for three-dimensional (3D) optical visualization and object recognition using axially distributed sensing (ADS). For object recognition, the 3D scene is reconstructed, and feature extraction is performed by calculating the histogram of oriented gradients (HOG) of a sliding window. A support vector machine (SVM) is then used for classification. Once an object has been identified, the 3D reconstructed scene with the detected object is optically displayed in the smartglasses allowing the user to see the object, remove partial occlusions of the object, and provide critical information about the object such as 3D coordinates, which are not possible with conventional AR devices. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on combining axially distributed sensing with 3D object visualization and recognition for applications to augmented reality. The proposed approach can have benefits for many applications, including medical, military, transportation, and manufacturing.

A two dimensional interface element for coupling of independently modeled three dimensional finite element meshes and extensions to dynamic and non-linear regimes

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Aminpour, Mohammad

1995-01-01

The work reported here pertains only to the first year of research for a three year proposal period. As a prelude to this two dimensional interface element, the one dimensional element was tested and errors were discovered in the code for built-up structures and curved interfaces. These errors were corrected and the benchmark Boeing composite crown panel was analyzed successfully. A study of various splines led to the conclusion that cubic B-splines best suit this interface element application. A least squares approach combined with cubic B-splines was constructed to make a smooth function from the noisy data obtained with random error in the coordinate data points of the Boeing crown panel analysis. Preliminary investigations for the formulation of discontinuous 2-D shell and 3-D solid elements were conducted.

A Theoretical Cybernetic Macro-Script to Articulate Collaborative Interactions of Cyber Entities in Virtual Worlds

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Pellas, Nikolaos

2014-01-01

Nowadays, the dissemination and exploitation of three-dimensional (3D) multi-user virtual worlds in higher education have been disclosed from their widespread acceptance as candidate learning platforms. However, it is still lacking a theoretical cybernetic macro-script to elaborate the coordination of multiple complex interactions among…

A comparative study of the deviation of the menton on posteroanterior cephalograms and three-dimensional computed tomography

PubMed Central

Lee, Hee Jin; Lee, Sungeun; Lee, Eun Joo; Song, In Ja; Kang, Byung-Cheol; Lee, Jae-Seo; Lim, Hoi-Jeong

2016-01-01

Purpose Facial asymmetry has been measured by the severity of deviation of the menton (Me) on posteroanterior (PA) cephalograms and three-dimensional (3D) computed tomography (CT). This study aimed to compare PA cephalograms and 3D CT regarding the severity of Me deviation and the direction of the Me. Materials and Methods PA cephalograms and 3D CT images of 35 patients who underwent orthognathic surgery (19 males and 16 females, with an average age of 22.1±3.3 years) were retrospectively reviewed in this study. By measuring the distance and direction of the Me from the midfacial reference line and the midsagittal plane in the cephalograms and 3D CT, respectively, the x-coordinates (x1 and x2) of the Me were obtained in each image. The difference between the x-coordinates was calculated and statistical analysis was performed to compare the severity of Me deviation and the direction of the Me in the two imaging modalities. Results A statistically significant difference in the severity of Me deviation was found between the two imaging modalities (Δx=2.45±2.03 mm, p<0.05) using the one-sample t-test. Statistically significant agreement was observed in the presence of deviation (k=0.64, p<0.05) and in the severity of Me deviation (k=0.27, p<0.05). A difference in the direction of the Me was detected in three patients (8.6%). The severity of the Me deviation was found to vary according to the imaging modality in 16 patients (45.7%). Conclusion The measurement of Me deviation may be different between PA cephalograms and 3D CT in some patients. PMID:27051637

Vector matter waves in two-component Bose-Einstein condensates with spatially modulated nonlinearities

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Xu, Si-Liu; He, Jun-Rong; Xue, Li; Belić, Milivoj R.

2018-02-01

We demonstrate three-dimensional (3D) vector solitary waves in the coupled (3 + 1)-D nonlinear Gross-Pitaevskii equations with variable nonlinearity coefficients. The analysis is carried out in spherical coordinates, providing novel localized solutions that depend on three modal numbers, l, m, and n. Using the similarity transformation (ST) method in 3D, vector solitary waves are built with the help of a combination of harmonic and trapping potentials, including multipole solutions and necklace rings. In general, the solutions found are stable for low values of the modal numbers; for values larger than 2, the solutions are found to be unstable. Variable nonlinearity allows the utilization of soliton management methods.

Three-dimensional ultrasound strain imaging of skeletal muscles

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gijsbertse, K.; Sprengers, A. M. J.; Nillesen, M. M.; Hansen, H. H. G.; Lopata, R. G. P.; Verdonschot, N.; de Korte, C. L.

2017-01-01

In this study, a multi-dimensional strain estimation method is presented to assess local relative deformation in three orthogonal directions in 3D space of skeletal muscles during voluntary contractions. A rigid translation and compressive deformation of a block phantom, that mimics muscle contraction, is used as experimental validation of the 3D technique and to compare its performance with respect to a 2D based technique. Axial, lateral and (in case of 3D) elevational displacements are estimated using a cross-correlation based displacement estimation algorithm. After transformation of the displacements to a Cartesian coordinate system, strain is derived using a least-squares strain estimator. The performance of both methods is compared by calculating the root-mean-squared error of the estimated displacements with the calculated theoretical displacements of the phantom experiments. We observe that the 3D technique delivers more accurate displacement estimations compared to the 2D technique, especially in the translation experiment where out-of-plane motion hampers the 2D technique. In vivo application of the 3D technique in the musculus vastus intermedius shows good resemblance between measured strain and the force pattern. Similarity of the strain curves of repetitive measurements indicates the reproducibility of voluntary contractions. These results indicate that 3D ultrasound is a valuable imaging tool to quantify complex tissue motion, especially when there is motion in three directions, which results in out-of-plane errors for 2D techniques.

High-speed real-time 3-D coordinates measurement based on fringe projection profilometry considering camera lens distortion

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Feng, Shijie; Chen, Qian; Zuo, Chao; Sun, Jiasong; Yu, Shi Ling

2014-10-01

Optical three-dimensional (3-D) profilometry is gaining increasing attention for its simplicity, flexibility, high accuracy, and non-contact nature. Recent advances in imaging sensors and digital projection technology further its progress in high-speed, real-time applications, enabling 3-D shapes reconstruction of moving objects and dynamic scenes. However, the camera lens is never perfect and the lens distortion does influence the accuracy of the measurement result, which is often overlooked in the existing real-time 3-D shape measurement systems. To this end, here we present a novel high-speed real-time 3-D coordinates measuring technique based on fringe projection with the consideration of the camera lens distortion. A pixel mapping relation between a distorted image and a corrected one is pre-determined and stored in computer memory for real-time fringe correction. The out-of-plane height is obtained firstly and the acquisition for the two corresponding in-plane coordinates follows on the basis of the solved height. Besides, a method of lookup table (LUT) is introduced as well for fast data processing. Our experimental results reveal that the measurement error of the in-plane coordinates has been reduced by one order of magnitude and the accuracy of the out-plane coordinate been tripled after the distortions being eliminated. Moreover, owing to the generated LUTs, a 3-D reconstruction speed of 92.34 frames per second can be achieved.

Regulation of podocalyxin trafficking by Rab small GTPases in 2D and 3D epithelial cell cultures

PubMed Central

Mrozowska, Paulina S.

2016-01-01

MDCK II cells, a widely used model of polarized epithelia, develop into different structures depending on culture conditions: two-dimensional (2D) monolayers when grown on synthetic supports or three-dimensional (3D) cysts when surrounded by an extracellular matrix. The establishment of epithelial polarity is accompanied by transcytosis of the apical marker podocalyxin from the outer plasma membrane to the newly formed apical domain, but its exact route and regulation remain poorly understood. Here, through comprehensive colocalization and knockdown screenings, we identified the Rab GTPases mediating podocalyxin transcytosis and showed that different sets of Rabs coordinate its transport during cell polarization in 2D and 3D structures. Moreover, we demonstrated that different Rab35 effectors regulate podocalyxin trafficking in 2D and 3D environments; trafficking is mediated by OCRL in 2D monolayers and ACAP2 in 3D cysts. Our results give substantial insight into regulation of the transcytosis of this apical marker and highlight differences between trafficking mechanisms in 2D and 3D cell cultures. PMID:27138252

Calculation of 3D Coordinates of a Point on the Basis of a Stereoscopic System

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mussabayev, R. R.; Kalimoldayev, M. N.; Amirgaliyev, Ye. N.; Tairova, A. T.; Mussabayev, T. R.

2018-05-01

The solution of three-dimensional (3D) coordinate calculation task for a material point is considered. Two flat images (a stereopair) which correspond to the left and to the right viewpoints of a 3D scene are used for this purpose. The stereopair is obtained using two cameras with parallel optical axes. The analytical formulas for calculating 3D coordinates of a material point in the scene were obtained on the basis of analysis of the stereoscopic system optical and geometrical schemes. The detailed presentation of the algorithmic and hardware realization of the given method was discussed with the the practical. The practical module was recommended for the determination of the optical system unknown parameters. The series of experimental investigations were conducted for verification of theoretical results. During these experiments the minor inaccuracies were occurred by space distortions in the optical system and by it discrecity. While using the high quality stereoscopic system, the existing calculation inaccuracy enables to apply the given method for the wide range of practical tasks.

Fusion of range camera and photogrammetry: a systematic procedure for improving 3-D models metric accuracy.

PubMed

Guidi, G; Beraldin, J A; Ciofi, S; Atzeni, C

2003-01-01

The generation of three-dimensional (3-D) digital models produced by optical technologies in some cases involves metric errors. This happens when small high-resolution 3-D images are assembled together in order to model a large object. In some applications, as for example 3-D modeling of Cultural Heritage, the problem of metric accuracy is a major issue and no methods are currently available for enhancing it. The authors present a procedure by which the metric reliability of the 3-D model, obtained through iterative alignments of many range maps, can be guaranteed to a known acceptable level. The goal is the integration of the 3-D range camera system with a close range digital photogrammetry technique. The basic idea is to generate a global coordinate system determined by the digital photogrammetric procedure, measuring the spatial coordinates of optical targets placed around the object to be modeled. Such coordinates, set as reference points, allow the proper rigid motion of few key range maps, including a portion of the targets, in the global reference system defined by photogrammetry. The other 3-D images are normally aligned around these locked images with usual iterative algorithms. Experimental results on an anthropomorphic test object, comparing the conventional and the proposed alignment method, are finally reported.

Synthesis and characterization of a cadmium(II)-organic supramolecular coordination compound based on the multifunctional 2-amino-5-sulfobenzoic acid ligand.

PubMed

Yuan, Gan Yin; Zhang, Lei; Wang, Meng Jie; Zhang, Kou Lin

2016-12-01

Much attention has been paid by chemists to the construction of supramolecular coordination compounds based on the multifunctional ligand 5-sulfosalicylic acid (H 3 SSA) due to the structural and biological interest of these compounds. However, no coordination compounds have been reported for the multifunctional amino-substituted sulfobenzoate ligand 2-amino-5-sulfobenzoic acid (H 2 asba). We expected that H 2 asba could be a suitable building block for the assembly of supramolecular networks due to its interesting structural characteristics. The reaction of cadmium(II) nitrate with H 2 asba in the presence of the auxiliary flexible dipyridylamide ligand N,N'-bis[(pyridin-4-yl)methyl]oxamide (4bpme) under ambient conditions formed a new mixed-ligand coordination compound, namely bis(3-amino-4-carboxybenzenesulfonato-κO 1 )diaquabis{N,N'-bis[(pyridin-4-yl)methyl]oxamide-κN}cadmium(II)-N,N'-bis[(pyridin-4-yl)methyl]oxamide-water (1/1/4), [Cd(C 7 H 6 NO 5 S) 2 (C 14 H 14 N 4 O 2 ) 2 (H 2 O) 2 ]·C 14 H 14 N 4 O 2 ·4H 2 O, (1), which was characterized by single-crystal and powder X-ray diffraction analysis (PXRD), FT-IR spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TG), and UV-Vis and photoluminescence spectroscopic analyses in the solid state. The central Cd II atom in (1) occupies a special position on a centre of inversion and exhibits a slightly distorted octahedral geometry, being coordinated by two N atoms from two monodentate 4bpme ligands, four O atoms from two monodentate 4-amino-3-carboxybenzenesulfonate (Hasba - ) ligands and two coordinated water molecules. Interestingly, complex (1) further extends into a threefold polycatenated 0D→2D (0D is zero-dimensional and 2D is two-dimensional) interpenetrated supramolecular two-dimensional (4,4) layer through intermolecular hydrogen bonding. The interlayer hydrogen bonding further links adjacent threefold polycatenated two-dimensional layers into a three-dimensional network. The optical properties of complex (1) indicate that it may be used as a potential indirect band gap semiconductor material. Complex (1) exhibits an irreversible dehydration-rehydration behaviour. The fluorescence properties have also been investigated in the solid state at room temperature.

Network dimensionality and ligand flexibility in lanthanide terephthalate hydrates

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zehnder, Ralph A.; Renn, Robert A.; Pippin, Ethan; Zeller, Matthias; Wheeler, Kraig A.; Carr, Jason A.; Fontaine, Nick; McMullen, Nathan C.

2011-01-01

Various lanthanide open framework materials incorporating the terephthalate (TP) entity were prepared using hydrothermal synthesis methods at a moderate temperature of 170 °C. The compounds Nd 2(TP) 3(H 2O) 4( 1), Er 2(TP) 3(H 2O) 4( 2), Yb 2(TP) 3(H 2O) 2( 3), Yb 2(TP) 3(H 2O) 6( 4), and Yb 2(TP) 3(H 2O) 8·2H 2O ( 5), were characterized by single crystal structural analysis and FT-IR spectroscopy. While compounds 1 and 2 have been reported before on the basis of powder X-ray diffraction, the structural characterization of any ytterbium terephthalate species is unprecedented. Compounds 1- 5 crystallize in triclinic settings with space group P-1. The compounds are compared with their previously reported Er and Tb-counterparts and the reduction of the dimensionality of the resulting networks from 3D over 2D to 1D with increasing level of hydration is discussed. Compounds 1, 2, and 3 with the lowest water content assemble in three-dimensional network lattices. Compounds 4 and 5, however, form 2D layered systems and 1D rod like chains, respectively, which are held together by hydrogen bonds originating from coordinating H 2O. The crystal lattices of the 3D networks experience higher levels of tension as can be seen by increasing out-of-plane torsion with regard to the terephthalate carboxylate groups. Moreover, there seems to be a correlation between the level of strain on the aromatic ligands and the reduction of the number of carboxylate oxygen atoms that are part of the coordination polyhedra.

Towards room-temperature superconductivity in low-dimensional C60 nanoarrays: An ab initio study

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Erbahar, Dogan; Liu, Dan; Berber, Savas; Tománek, David

2018-04-01

We propose to raise the critical temperature Tc for superconductivity in doped C60 molecular crystals by increasing the electronic density of states at the Fermi level N (EF) and thus the electron-phonon coupling constant in low-dimensional C60 nanoarrays. We consider both electron and hole dopings and present numerical results for N (EF) , which increases with the decreasing bandwidth of the partly filled hu- and t1 u-derived frontier bands with the decreasing coordination number of C60. Whereas a significant increase in N (EF) occurs in two-dimensional (2D) arrays of doped C60 intercalated in-between graphene layers, we propose that the highest-Tc values approaching room temperature may occur in bundles of nanotubes filled by one-dimensional (1D) arrays of externally doped C60 or La @C60 or in diluted three-dimensional (3D) crystals where quasi-1D arrangements of C60 form percolation paths.

Multicomponent Supramolecular Systems: Self-Organization in Coordination-Driven Self-Assembly

PubMed Central

Zheng, Yao-Rong; Yang, Hai-Bo; Ghosh, Koushik; Zhao, Liang; Stang, Peter J.

2009-01-01

The self-organization of multicomponent supramolecular systems involving a variety of two-dimensional (2-D) polygons and three-dimensional (3-D) cages is presented. Nine self-organizing systems, SS1–SS9, have been studied. Each involving the simultaneous mixing of organoplatinum acceptors and pyridyl donors of varying geometry and their selective self-assembly into three to four specific 2-D (rectangular, triangular, and rhomboid) and/or 3-D (triangular prism and distorted and nondistorted trigonal bipyramidal) supramolecules. The formation of these discrete structures is characterized using NMR spectroscopy and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). In all cases, the self-organization process is directed by: (1) the geometric information encoded within the molecular subunits and (2) a thermodynamically driven dynamic self-correction process. The result is the selective self-assembly of multiple discrete products from a randomly formed complex. The influence of key experimental variables – temperature and solvent – on the self-correction process and the fidelity of the resulting self-organization systems is also described. PMID:19544512

Measurements of three-dimensional glenoid erosion when planning the prosthetic replacement of osteoarthritic shoulders.

PubMed

Terrier, A; Ston, J; Larrea, X; Farron, A

2014-04-01

The three-dimensional (3D) correction of glenoid erosion is critical to the long-term success of total shoulder replacement (TSR). In order to characterise the 3D morphology of eroded glenoid surfaces, we looked for a set of morphological parameters useful for TSR planning. We defined a scapular coordinates system based on non-eroded bony landmarks. The maximum glenoid version was measured and specified in 3D by its orientation angle. Medialisation was considered relative to the spino-glenoid notch. We analysed regular CT scans of 19 normal (N) and 86 osteoarthritic (OA) scapulae. When the maximum version of OA shoulders was higher than 10°, the orientation was not only posterior, but extended in postero-superior (35%), postero-inferior (6%) and anterior sectors (4%). The medialisation of the glenoid was higher in OA than normal shoulders. The orientation angle of maximum version appeared as a critical parameter to specify the glenoid shape in 3D. It will be very useful in planning the best position for the glenoid in TSR.

Low-cost three-dimensional gait analysis system for mice with an infrared depth sensor.

PubMed

Nakamura, Akihiro; Funaya, Hiroyuki; Uezono, Naohiro; Nakashima, Kinichi; Ishida, Yasumasa; Suzuki, Tomohiro; Wakana, Shigeharu; Shibata, Tomohiro

2015-11-01

Three-dimensional (3D) open-field gait analysis of mice is an essential procedure in genetic and nerve regeneration research. Existing gait analysis systems are generally expensive and may interfere with the natural behaviors of mice because of optical markers and transparent floors. In contrast, the proposed system captures the subjects shape from beneath using a low-cost infrared depth sensor (Microsoft Kinect) and an opaque infrared pass filter. This means that we can track footprints and 3D paw-tip positions without optical markers or a transparent floor, thereby preventing any behavioral changes. Our experimental results suggest with healthy mice that they are more active on opaque floors and spend more time in the center of the open-field, when compared with transparent floors. The proposed system detected footprints with a comparable performance to existing systems, and precisely tracked the 3D paw-tip positions in the depth image coordinates. Copyright © 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd.. All rights reserved.

Computer simulation of plasma and N-body problems

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Harries, W. L.; Miller, J. B.

1975-01-01

The following FORTRAN language computer codes are presented: (1) efficient two- and three-dimensional central force potential solvers; (2) a three-dimensional simulator of an isolated galaxy which incorporates the potential solver; (3) a two-dimensional particle-in-cell simulator of the Jeans instability in an infinite self-gravitating compressible gas; and (4) a two-dimensional particle-in-cell simulator of a rotating self-gravitating compressible gaseous system of which rectangular coordinate and superior polar coordinate versions were written.

Copper coordination polymers constructed from thiazole-5-carboxylic acid: Synthesis, crystal structures, and structural transformation

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Meundaeng, Natthaya; Rujiwatra, Apinpus; Prior, Timothy J., E-mail: t.prior@hull.ac.uk

2017-01-15

We have successfully prepared crystals of thiazole-5-carboxylic acid (5-Htza) (L) and three new thiazole-5-carboxylate-based Cu{sup 2+} coordination polymers with different dimensionality, namely, 1D [Cu{sub 2}(5-tza){sub 2}(1,10-phenanthroline){sub 2}(NO{sub 3}){sub 2}] (1), 2D [Cu(5-tza){sub 2}(MeOH){sub 2}] (2), and 3D [Cu(5-tza){sub 2}]·H{sub 2}O (3). These have been characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction and thermogravimetry. Interestingly, the 2D network structure of 2 can directly transform into the 3D framework of 3 upon removal of methanol molecules at room temperature. 2 can also undergo structural transformation to produce the same 2D network present in the known [Cu(5-tza){sub 2}]·1.5H{sub 2}O upon heat treatment for 2more » h. This 2D network can adsorb water and convert to 3 upon exposure to air. - Highlights: • Rare examples of coordination polymers of thiazole-5-carboxylic acid were prepared. • Non-covalent interactions play a key role on the assembly of the complexes in solid state. • Structural transformation of a 2D framework to a 3D upon removal of methanol is observed.« less

3-D ultrasound guidance of surgical robotics: a feasibility study.

PubMed

Pua, Eric C; Fronheiser, Matthew P; Noble, Joanna R; Light, Edward D; Wolf, Patrick D; von Allmen, Daniel; Smith, Stephen W

2006-11-01

Laparoscopic ultrasound has seen increased use as a surgical aide in general, gynecological, and urological procedures. The application of real-time, three-dimensional (RT3D) ultrasound to these laparoscopic procedures may increase information available to the surgeon and serve as an additional intraoperative guidance tool. The integration of RT3D with recent advances in robotic surgery also can increase automation and ease of use. In this study, a 1-cm diameter probe for RT3D has been used laparoscopically for in vivo imaging of a canine. The probe, which operates at 5 MHz, was used to image the spleen, liver, and gall bladder as well as to guide surgical instruments. Furthermore, the three-dimensional (3-D) measurement system of the volumetric scanner used with this probe was tested as a guidance mechanism for a robotic linear motion system in order to simulate the feasibility of RT3D/robotic surgery integration. Using images acquired with the 3-D laparoscopic ultrasound device, coordinates were acquired by the scanner and used to direct a robotically controlled needle toward desired in vitro targets as well as targets in a post-mortem canine. The rms error for these measurements was 1.34 mm using optical alignment and 0.76 mm using ultrasound alignment.

Geometric calibration of a coordinate measuring machine using a laser tracking system

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Umetsu, Kenta; Furutnani, Ryosyu; Osawa, Sonko; Takatsuji, Toshiyuki; Kurosawa, Tomizo

2005-12-01

This paper proposes a calibration method for a coordinate measuring machine (CMM) using a laser tracking system. The laser tracking system can measure three-dimensional coordinates based on the principle of trilateration with high accuracy and is easy to set up. The accuracy of length measurement of a single laser tracking interferometer (laser tracker) is about 0.3 µm over a length of 600 mm. In this study, we first measured 3D coordinates using the laser tracking system. Secondly, 21 geometric errors, namely, parametric errors of the CMM, were estimated by the comparison of the coordinates obtained by the laser tracking system and those obtained by the CMM. As a result, the estimated parametric errors agreed with those estimated by a ball plate measurement, which demonstrates the validity of the proposed calibration system.

Probing-error compensation using 5 degree of freedom force/moment sensor for coordinate measuring machine

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lee, Minho; Cho, Nahm-Gyoo

2013-09-01

A new probing and compensation method is proposed to improve the three-dimensional (3D) measuring accuracy of 3D shapes, including irregular surfaces. A new tactile coordinate measuring machine (CMM) probe with a five-degree of freedom (5-DOF) force/moment sensor using carbon fiber plates was developed. The proposed method efficiently removes the anisotropic sensitivity error and decreases the stylus deformation and the actual contact point estimation errors that are major error components of shape measurement using touch probes. The relationship between the measuring force and estimation accuracy of the actual contact point error and stylus deformation error are examined for practical use of the proposed method. The appropriate measuring force condition is presented for the precision measurement.

3D chromosome rendering from Hi-C data using virtual reality

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhu, Yixin; Selvaraj, Siddarth; Weber, Philip; Fang, Jennifer; Schulze, Jürgen P.; Ren, Bing

2015-01-01

Most genome browsers display DNA linearly, using single-dimensional depictions that are useful to examine certain epigenetic mechanisms such as DNA methylation. However, these representations are insufficient to visualize intrachromosomal interactions and relationships between distal genome features. Relationships between DNA regions may be difficult to decipher or missed entirely if those regions are distant in one dimension but could be spatially proximal when mapped to three-dimensional space. For example, the visualization of enhancers folding over genes is only fully expressed in three-dimensional space. Thus, to accurately understand DNA behavior during gene expression, a means to model chromosomes is essential. Using coordinates generated from Hi-C interaction frequency data, we have created interactive 3D models of whole chromosome structures and its respective domains. We have also rendered information on genomic features such as genes, CTCF binding sites, and enhancers. The goal of this article is to present the procedure, findings, and conclusions of our models and renderings.

Modeling mantle convection in the spherical annulus

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hernlund, John W.; Tackley, Paul J.

2008-12-01

Most methods for modeling mantle convection in a two-dimensional (2D) circular annular domain suffer from innate shortcomings in their ability to capture several characteristics of the spherical shell geometry of planetary mantles. While methods such as rescaling the inner and outer radius to reduce anomalous effects in a 2D polar cylindrical coordinate system have been introduced and widely implemented, such fixes may have other drawbacks that adversely affect the outcome of some kinds of mantle convection studies. Here we propose a new approach that we term the "spherical annulus," which is a 2D slice that bisects the spherical shell and is quantitatively formulated at the equator of a spherical polar coordinate system after neglecting terms in the governing equations related to variations in latitude. Spherical scaling is retained in this approximation since the Jacobian function remains proportional to the square of the radius. We present example calculations to show that the behavior of convection in the spherical annulus compares favorably against calculations performed in other 2D annular domains when measured relative to those in a fully three-dimensional (3D) spherical shell.

3D glasma initial state for relativistic heavy ion collisions

DOE PAGES

Schenke, Björn; Schlichting, Sören

2016-10-13

We extend the impact-parameter-dependent Glasma model to three dimensions using explicit small-x evolution of the two incoming nuclear gluon distributions. We compute rapidity distributions of produced gluons and the early-time energy momentum tensor as a function of space-time rapidity and transverse coordinates. Finally, we study rapidity correlations and fluctuations of the initial geometry and multiplicity distributions and make comparisons to existing models for the three-dimensional initial state.

ShapeRotator: An R tool for standardized rigid rotations of articulated three-dimensional structures with application for geometric morphometrics.

PubMed

Vidal-García, Marta; Bandara, Lashi; Keogh, J Scott

2018-05-01

The quantification of complex morphological patterns typically involves comprehensive shape and size analyses, usually obtained by gathering morphological data from all the structures that capture the phenotypic diversity of an organism or object. Articulated structures are a critical component of overall phenotypic diversity, but data gathered from these structures are difficult to incorporate into modern analyses because of the complexities associated with jointly quantifying 3D shape in multiple structures. While there are existing methods for analyzing shape variation in articulated structures in two-dimensional (2D) space, these methods do not work in 3D, a rapidly growing area of capability and research. Here, we describe a simple geometric rigid rotation approach that removes the effect of random translation and rotation, enabling the morphological analysis of 3D articulated structures. Our method is based on Cartesian coordinates in 3D space, so it can be applied to any morphometric problem that also uses 3D coordinates (e.g., spherical harmonics). We demonstrate the method by applying it to a landmark-based dataset for analyzing shape variation using geometric morphometrics. We have developed an R tool (ShapeRotator) so that the method can be easily implemented in the commonly used R package geomorph and MorphoJ software. This method will be a valuable tool for 3D morphological analyses in articulated structures by allowing an exhaustive examination of shape and size diversity.

Two-dimensional correlation spectroscopic studies on coordination between organic ligands and Ni2 + ions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bao, Ya-nan; Zeng, Yi-wei; Guo, Ran; Ablikim, Mesude; Shi, Hai-fang; Yang, Li-min; Yang, Zhan-lan; Xu, Yi-zhuang; Noda, Isao; Wu, Jin-guang

2018-05-01

3A2g → 3T1g(P) transition band of Ni2 + is used to probe the coordination of Ni2 +. Two-dimensional asynchronous spectra (2DCOS) are generated using the Double Asynchronous Orthogonal Sample Design (DAOSD), Asynchronous Spectrum with Auxiliary Peaks (ASAP) and Two-Trace Two-Dimensional (2T2D) approaches. Cross peaks relevant to the 3A2g → 3T1g(P) transition band of Ni2 + are utilized to probe coordination between Ni2 + and various ligands. We studied the spectral behavior of the 3A2g → 3T1g(P) transition band when Ni2 + is coordinated with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium salt (EDTA). The pattern of cross peaks in 2D asynchronous spectrum demonstrates that coordination brings about significant blue shift of the band. In addition, the absorptivity of the band increases remarkably. The interaction between Ni2 + and galactitol is also investigated. Although no clearly observable change is found on the 3A2g → 3T1g(P) transition band when galactitol is introduced, the appearance of cross peak in 2D asynchronous spectrum demonstrates that coordination indeed occurs between Ni2 + and galactitol. Furthermore, the pattern of cross peak indicates that peak position, bandwidth and absorptivity of the 3A2g → 3T1g(P) transition band of Ni(galactitol)x2 + is considerably different from those of Ni(H2O)62 +. Thus, 2DCOS is helpful to reveal subtle spectral variation, which might be helpful in shedding light on the physical-chemical nature of coordination.

Three 3D hybrid networks based on octamolybdates and different Cu{sup I}/Cu{sup II}-bis(triazole) motifs

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Zhang, Chun-Jing; Pang, Hai-Jun; Tang, Qun

2010-12-15

Three 3D compounds based on octamolybdate clusters and various Cu{sup I}/Cu{sup II}-bis(triazole) motifs, [Cu{sup I}{sub 2}btb][{beta}-Mo{sub 8}O{sub 26}]{sub 0.5} (1), [Cu{sup I}{sub 2}btpe][{beta}-Mo{sub 8}O{sub 26}]{sub 0.5} (2), and [Cu{sup II}(btpe){sub 2}][{beta}-Mo{sub 8}O{sub 26}]{sub 0.5} (3) [btb=1,4-bis(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)butane, btpe=1,5-bis(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)pentane], were isolated via tuning flexible ligand spacer length and metal coordination preferences. In 1, the copper(I)-btb motif is a one-dimensional (1D) chain which is further linked by hexadentate {beta}-[Mo{sub 8}O{sub 26}]{sup 4-} clusters via coordinating to Cu{sup I} cations giving a 3D structure. In 2, the copper(I)-btpe motif exhibits a 'stairs'-like [Cu{sup I}{sub 2}btpe]{sup 2+} sheet, and the tetradentate {beta}-[Mo{sub 8}O{sub 26}]{sup 4-}more » clusters interact with two neighboring [Cu{sup I}{sub 2}btpe]{sup 2+} sheets constructing a 3D framework. In 3, the copper(II)-btpe motif possesses a novel (2D{yields}3D) interdigitated structure, which is further connected by the tetradentate {beta}-[Mo{sub 8}O{sub 26}]{sup 4-} clusters forming a 3D framework. The thermal stability and luminescent properties of 1-3 are investigated in the solid state. -- Graphical abstract: Three 3D compounds based on {beta}-[Mo{sub 8}O{sub 26}]{sup 4-} clusters with different Cu{sup I}/Cu{sup II}-bis(triazole) motifs were synthesized by regularly tuning flexible ligand spacer length and metal coordination preferences. Display Omitted« less

Luminescent zinc and cadmium complexes incorporating 1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylate and a protonated kinked organodiimine: From a hydrogen-bonded layer motif to thermally robust two-dimensional coordination polymers

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Braverman, Maxwell A.; Supkowski, Ronald M.; LaDuca, Robert L.

2007-06-15

Hydrothermal treatment of zinc chloride, 1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylic acid (H{sub 3}BTC), and 4,4'-dipyridylamine (dpa) afforded two different complexes depending on reaction conditions, which were characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, and elemental analysis. Under acidic conditions, a discrete neutral molecular species with formulation [Zn(HBTC){sub 2}(Hdpa){sub 2}] (1) was isolated, which aggregates into two-dimensional hydrogen-bonded layers. Under more basic conditions, the two-dimensional layered coordination polymer [Zn(BTC)(Hdpa)] (2) is obtained, which manifests covalent linkage of [Zn(BTC)(Hdpa)] serpentine chain motifs into 3-connected undulating 4.8{sup 2} topology 2-D layers. Both 1 and 2 possess tetrahedral coordination at Zn. Use of cadmium nitrate in the synthesismore » resulted in [Cd(BTC)(H{sub 2}O)(Hdpa)] (3), which displays a similar layer topology as 2 but with significant adjustments imparted by octahedral coordination at Cd. In all cases, supramolecular hydrogen bonding promoted by Hdpa ligands provide an important assistive structure-directing role. All materials display blue luminescence upon excitation with ultraviolet light, ascribed to intraligand transitions. Crystallographic data: 1: monoclinic, C2/c, a=25.389(6) A, b=9.811(2) A, c=17.309(4) A, and {beta}=128.957(3){sup o}, 2: monoclinic, P2{sub 1}/c, a=13.212(17)c, b=17.15(2) A, c=7.506(10) A, and {beta}=93.71(2){sup o}, and 3: monoclinic, C2/c, a=14.241(6) A, b=15.218(6) A, c=17.976(7) A, and {beta}=109.330(6){sup o}. - Graphical abstract: Hydrothermal synthesis has afforded a family of luminescent complexes based on divalent d {sup 10} cations with 1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylate (BTC) and 4,4'-dipyridylamine (dpa) ligands. [Zn(HBTC){sub 2}(Hdpa){sub 2}] (1) is a discrete neutral molecular species. [Zn(BTC)(Hdpa)] (2, pictured) and [Cd(BTC)(H{sub 2}O)(Hdpa)] (3) are 2-D coordination polymers with different morphologies depending on coordination geometry at the metal. All three materials exhibit blue-violet luminescence on exposure to ultraviolet radiation.« less

Thiol-functionalization of metal-organic framework by a facile coordination-based postsynthetic strategy and enhanced removal of Hg2+ from water.

PubMed

Ke, Fei; Qiu, Ling-Guang; Yuan, Yu-Peng; Peng, Fu-Min; Jiang, Xia; Xie, An-Jian; Shen, Yu-Hua; Zhu, Jun-Fa

2011-11-30

The presence of coordinatively unsaturated metal centers in metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) provides an accessible way to selectively functionalize MOFs through coordination bonds. In this work, we describe thiol-functionalization of MOFs by choosing a well known three-dimensional (3D) Cu-based MOF, i.e. [Cu(3)(BTC)(2)(H(2)O)(3)](n) (HKUST-1, BTC=benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxylate), by a facile coordination-based postsynthetic strategy, and demonstrate their application for removal of heavy metal ion from water. A series of [Cu(3)(BTC)(2)](n) samples stoichiometrically decorated with thiol groups has been prepared through coordination bonding of coordinatively unsaturated metal centers in HKUST-1 with -SH group in dithioglycol. The obtained thiol-functionalized samples were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, and N(2) sorption-desorption isothermal. Significantly, the thiol-functionalized [Cu(3)(BTC)(2)](n) exhibited remarkably high adsorption affinity (K(d)=4.73 × 10(5)mL g(-1)) and high adsorption capacity (714.29 mg g(-1)) for Hg(2+) adsorption from water, while the unfunctionalized HKUST-1 showed no adsorption of Hg(2+) under the same condition. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Syntheses, crystal structures and properties of series of 4d–4f ln(III)–Ag(I) heterometallic coordination polymers

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Ran, Xing-Rui; Wang, Ning; Xie, Wei-Ping

2015-05-15

By control of the experimental parameters such as ligands, pH value and reacting temperature, series of three-dimensional (3D) 4d–4f Ln(III)–Ag(I) porous coordination polymers (PCPs) with interesting chain-layer construction, namely, ([Ln{sup III}Ag{sup I}(na)(ina)(ox)]·2(H{sub 2}O)){sub n} [Ln=Sm(1), Eu(2), Gd(3), Tb(4), Dy(5), Ho(6), Y(7), Yb(8)], have been successfully synthesized under hydrothermal conditions and structurally characterized. All the complexes are characterized by elemental analyses, FT-IR spectroscopy, Powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) and thermogravimetric analyses (TGA). Furthermore, the luminescence properties of compounds 2 and 4 and the magsnetic properties of complexes 3 and 5 were also investigated in detail. - Graphical abstract: Series of three-dimensional (3D)more » 4d–4f Ln(III)–Ag(I) porous coordination polymers (PCPs) with interesting chain-layer construction which are featured by tetranuclear Ln{sub 2}Ag{sub 2} and ‘non-linear’ N–Ag–N linkages. - Highlights: • Complexes 1–8 are first built by three kinds of organic ligands based on nicotinic acid and isonicotinic acid. • PCPs 1–8 are featured by tetranuclear Ln{sub 2}Ag{sub 2} and ‘non-linear’ N–Ag–N linkages. • The total solvent-accessible volume of PCP 2 comprises 11.6% of the crystal volume after dislodging the free water molecules. • Complexes 2 and 4 exhibit characteristic lanthanide-centered luminescence, while compounds 3 and 5 show antiferromagnetic behaviors.« less

Comparison of Gap Elements and Contact Algorithm for 3D Contact Analysis of Spiral Bevel Gears

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Bibel, G. D.; Tiku, K.; Kumar, A.; Handschuh, R.

1994-01-01

Three dimensional stress analysis of spiral bevel gears in mesh using the finite element method is presented. A finite element model is generated by solving equations that identify tooth surface coordinates. Contact is simulated by the automatic generation of nonpenetration constraints. This method is compared to a finite element contact analysis conducted with gap elements.

A one-dimensional nickel(II) coordination polymer containing 2,6-dipicolinate and dipyrido[3,2-a:2',3'-c]phenazine.

PubMed

Ma, Yi; Zhang, Li-Tian; Wang, Xiao-Fang; He, Yong-Ke; Han, Zheng-Bo

2007-12-01

A new coordination polymer, catena-poly[[(dipyrido[3,2-a:2',3'-c]phenazine-kappa(2)N,N')nickel(II)]-mu-2,6-dipicolinato-kappa(4)O(2),N,O(6):O(2')], [Ni(C7H3NO4)(C18H10N4)]n, exhibits a one-dimensional structure in which 2,6-dipicolinate acts as a bridging ligand interconnecting adjacent nickel(II) centers to form a chain structure. The asymmetric unit contains one Ni(II) center, one dipyrido[3,2-a:2',3'-c]phenazine ligand and one 2,6-dipicolinate ligand. Each Ni(II) center is six-coordinated and surrounded by three N atoms and three O atoms from one dipyrido[3,2-a:2',3'-c]phenazine ligand and two different 2,6-dipicolinate ligands, leading to a distorted octahedral geometry. Adjacent chains are linked by pi-pi stacking interactions and weak interactions to form a three-dimensional supramolecular network.

Systematic design and research on a series of cadmium coordination polymers assembled due to tetracarboxylate ligands

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Lü, Lei; Mu, Bao; Li, Chang-Xia

A series of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have been prepared by tetracarboxylate ligands and Cd(II) ions under the hydrothermal or solvothermal conditions with the formulas of {[Cd_2(L_1)(H_2O)_4]·H_2O}{sub n} (1), {[(CH_3)_2NH_2]_2[Cd(L_1)]}{sub n} (2), [Cd(L{sub 2}){sub 0.5}(H{sub 2}O)]{sub n} (3), {[(CH_3)_2NH_2]_2 [Cd(L_2)]·2DMF}{sub n} (4), [Cd(L{sub 3}){sub 0.5}(H{sub 2}O)]{sub n} (5), {[Cd(L_3)_0_._5(H_2O)]·CH_3OH}{sub n} (6), {[(CH_3)_2NH_2]_2[Cd_3(L_4)_2]}{sub n} (7) (H{sub 4}L{sub 1}=[1,1′:4′,1″-terphenyl]-2,2″,5,5″-tetracarboxylic acid; H{sub 4}L{sub 2}=[1,1′:4′,1″-terphenyl]-2′,4,4″,5′-tetracarboxylic acid; H{sub 4}L{sub 3}=[1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl]-2′,3,3″,5′-tetracarboxylic acid; H{sub 4}L{sub 4}=[1,1′:4′,1″-terphenyl]-3,3″,5,5″-tetracarboxylic acid), which are characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, elemental analyses, IR, TGA and PXRD. Complex 1 exhibits a three-dimensional (3D) supramolecular framework based on two-dimensional (2D) coordination networks. Complexes 2 and 4more » possess 3D framework based on the 1D right-handed helix channels. Complexes 3 and 7 are a 3D architecture containing two different channels. Isostructural complexes 5 and 6 display 3D framework. The different synthetic methods and coordination modes of the tetracarboxylates ligands have effect on formation of various MOFs. Moreover, the luminescent properties and N{sub 2} adsorption behaviors have been reported. - Graphical abstract: A series of cadmium(II) high-dimensional coordination polymers constructed from four different kinds of tetracarboxylate ligands have been successfully prepared under hydrothermal or solvothermal conditions. The effect of solvents, the coordination modes of the tetracarboxylates and positions of carboxylate groups on the architectures of complexes 1–7 have been investigated in detail. The luminescent properties of the part of complexes, N{sub 2} adsorption behaviors of complexes 2, 4–7 have also been studied. - Highlights: • Tetracarboxylate ligands based on terphenyl moiety have been used. • Several factors that influenced the architecture have been discussed. • Luminescent properties have been investigated.« less

Multitasking the INS3D-LU code on the Cray Y-MP

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Fatoohi, Rod; Yoon, Seokkwan

1991-01-01

This paper presents the results of multitasking the INS3D-LU code on eight processors. The code is a full Navier-Stokes solver for incompressible fluid in three dimensional generalized coordinates using a lower-upper symmetric-Gauss-Seidel implicit scheme. This code has been fully vectorized on oblique planes of sweep and parallelized using autotasking with some directives and minor modifications. The timing results for five grid sizes are presented and analyzed. The code has achieved a processing rate of over one Gflops.

MESH2D Grid generator design and use

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Flach, G. P.

Mesh2d is a Fortran90 program originally designed to generate two-dimensional structured grids of the form [x(i),y(i,j)] where [x,y] are grid coordinates identified by indices (i,j). x-coordinates depending only on index i implies strictly vertical x-grid lines, whereas the y-grid lines can undulate. Mesh2d also assigns an integer material type to each grid cell, mtyp(i,j), in a user-specified manner. The complete grid is specified through three separate input files defining the x(i), y(i,j), and mtyp(i,j) variations. Since the original development effort, Mesh2d has been extended to more general two-dimensional structured grids of the form [x(i,j),(i,j)].

A preliminary study for determination of three-dimensional root apex position of the maxillary teeth using camera calibration technology

PubMed Central

Oh, Hyun Jun; Yang, Il-Hyung

2016-01-01

Objectives: To propose a novel method for determining the three-dimensional (3D) root apex position of maxillary teeth using a two-dimensional (2D) panoramic radiograph image and a 3D virtual maxillary cast model. Methods: The subjects were 10 adult orthodontic patients treated with non-extraction. The multiple camera matrices were used to define transformative relationships between tooth images of the 2D panoramic radiographs and the 3D virtual maxillary cast models. After construction of the root apex-specific projective (RASP) models, overdetermined equations were used to calculate the 3D root apex position with a direct linear transformation algorithm and the known 2D co-ordinates of the root apex in the panoramic radiograph. For verification of the estimated 3D root apex position, the RASP and 3D-CT models were superimposed using a best-fit method. Then, the values of estimation error (EE; mean, standard deviation, minimum error and maximum error) between the two models were calculated. Results: The intraclass correlation coefficient values exhibited good reliability for the landmark identification. The mean EE of all root apices of maxillary teeth was 1.88 mm. The EE values, in descending order, were as follows: canine, 2.30 mm; first premolar, 1.93 mm; second premolar, 1.91 mm; first molar, 1.83 mm; second molar, 1.82 mm; lateral incisor, 1.80 mm; and central incisor, 1.53 mm. Conclusions: Camera calibration technology allows reliable determination of the 3D root apex position of maxillary teeth without the need for 3D-CT scan or tooth templates. PMID:26317151

MR image denoising method for brain surface 3D modeling

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhao, De-xin; Liu, Peng-jie; Zhang, De-gan

2014-11-01

Three-dimensional (3D) modeling of medical images is a critical part of surgical simulation. In this paper, we focus on the magnetic resonance (MR) images denoising for brain modeling reconstruction, and exploit a practical solution. We attempt to remove the noise existing in the MR imaging signal and preserve the image characteristics. A wavelet-based adaptive curve shrinkage function is presented in spherical coordinates system. The comparative experiments show that the denoising method can preserve better image details and enhance the coefficients of contours. Using these denoised images, the brain 3D visualization is given through surface triangle mesh model, which demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Fully-coupled analysis of jet mixing problems. Three-dimensional PNS model, SCIP3D

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Wolf, D. E.; Sinha, N.; Dash, S. M.

1988-01-01

Numerical procedures formulated for the analysis of 3D jet mixing problems, as incorporated in the computer model, SCIP3D, are described. The overall methodology closely parallels that developed in the earlier 2D axisymmetric jet mixing model, SCIPVIS. SCIP3D integrates the 3D parabolized Navier-Stokes (PNS) jet mixing equations, cast in mapped cartesian or cylindrical coordinates, employing the explicit MacCormack Algorithm. A pressure split variant of this algorithm is employed in subsonic regions with a sublayer approximation utilized for treating the streamwise pressure component. SCIP3D contains both the ks and kW turbulence models, and employs a two component mixture approach to treat jet exhausts of arbitrary composition. Specialized grid procedures are used to adjust the grid growth in accordance with the growth of the jet, including a hybrid cartesian/cylindrical grid procedure for rectangular jets which moves the hybrid coordinate origin towards the flow origin as the jet transitions from a rectangular to circular shape. Numerous calculations are presented for rectangular mixing problems, as well as for a variety of basic unit problems exhibiting overall capabilities of SCIP3D.

SU-E-T-754: Three-Dimensional Patient Modeling Using Photogrammetry for Collision Avoidance

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Popple, R; Cardan, R

2015-06-15

Purpose: To evaluate photogrammetry for creating a three-dimensional patient model. Methods: A mannequin was configured on the couch of a CT scanner to simulate a patient setup using an indexed positioning device. A CT fiducial was placed on the indexed CT table-overlay at the reference index position. Two dimensional photogrammetry targets were placed on the table in known positions. A digital SLR camera was used to obtain 27 images from different positions around the CT table. The images were imported into a commercial photogrammetry package and a 3D model constructed. Each photogrammetry target was identified on 2 to 5 images.more » The CT DICOM metadata and the position of the CT fiducial were used to calculate the coordinates of the photogrammetry targets in the CT image frame of reference. The coordinates were transferred to the photogrammetry software to orient the 3D model. The mannequin setup was transferred to the treatment couch of a linear accelerator and positioned at isocenter using in-room lasers. The treatment couch coordinates were noted and compared with prediction. The collision free regions were measured over the full range of gantry and table motion and were compared with predictions obtained using a general purpose polygon interference algorithm. Results: The reconstructed 3D model consisted of 180000 triangles. The difference between the predicted and measured couch positions were 5 mm, 1 mm, and 1 mm for longitudinal, lateral, and vertical, respectively. The collision prediction tested 64620 gantry table combinations in 11.1 seconds. The accuracy was 96.5%, with false positive and negative results occurring at the boundaries of the collision space. Conclusion: Photogrammetry can be used as a tool for collision avoidance during treatment planning. The results indicate that a buffer zone is necessary to avoid false negatives at the boundary of the collision-free zone. Testing with human patients is underway. Research partially supported by a grant from Varian Medical Systems.« less

Comparison of scoliosis measurements based on three-dimensional vertebra vectors and conventional two-dimensional measurements: advantages in evaluation of prognosis and surgical results.

PubMed

Illés, Tamás; Somoskeöy, Szabolcs

2013-06-01

A new concept of vertebra vectors based on spinal three-dimensional (3D) reconstructions of images from the EOS system, a new low-dose X-ray imaging device, was recently proposed to facilitate interpretation of EOS 3D data, especially with regard to horizontal plane images. This retrospective study was aimed at the evaluation of the spinal layout visualized by EOS 3D and vertebra vectors before and after surgical correction, the comparison of scoliotic spine measurement values based on 3D vertebra vectors with measurements using conventional two-dimensional (2D) methods, and an evaluation of horizontal plane vector parameters for their relationship with the magnitude of scoliotic deformity. 95 patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis operated according to the Cotrel-Dubousset principle were subjected to EOS X-ray examinations pre- and postoperatively, followed by 3D reconstructions and generation of vertebra vectors in a calibrated coordinate system to calculate vector coordinates and parameters, as published earlier. Differences in values of conventional 2D Cobb methods and methods based on vertebra vectors were evaluated by means comparison T test and relationship of corresponding parameters was analysed by bivariate correlation. Relationship of horizontal plane vector parameters with the magnitude of scoliotic deformities and results of surgical correction were analysed by Pearson correlation and linear regression. In comparison to manual 2D methods, a very close relationship was detectable in vertebra vector-based curvature data for coronal curves (preop r 0.950, postop r 0.935) and thoracic kyphosis (preop r 0.893, postop r 0.896), while the found small difference in L1-L5 lordosis values (preop r 0.763, postop r 0.809) was shown to be strongly related to the magnitude of corresponding L5 wedge. The correlation analysis results revealed strong correlation between the magnitude of scoliosis and the lateral translation of apical vertebra in horizontal plane. The horizontal plane coordinates of the terminal and initial points of apical vertebra vectors represent this (r 0.701; r 0.667). Less strong correlation was detected in the axial rotation of apical vertebras and the magnitudes of the frontal curves (r 0.459). Vertebra vectors provide a key opportunity to visualize spinal deformities in all three planes simultaneously. Measurement methods based on vertebral vectors proved to be just as accurate and reliable as conventional measurement methods for coronal and sagittal plane parameters. In addition, the horizontal plane display of the curves can be studied using the same vertebra vectors. Based on the vertebra vectors data, during the surgical treatment of spinal deformities, the diminution of the lateral translation of the vertebras seems to be more important in the results of the surgical correction than the correction of the axial rotation.

A landmark-based 3D calibration strategy for SPM

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ritter, Martin; Dziomba, Thorsten; Kranzmann, Axel; Koenders, Ludger

2007-02-01

We present a new method for the complete three-dimensional (3D) calibration of scanning probe microscopes (SPM) and other high-resolution microscopes, e.g., scanning electron microscopes (SEM) and confocal laser scanning microscopes (CLSM), by applying a 3D micrometre-sized reference structure with the shape of a cascade slope-step pyramid. The 3D reference structure was produced by focused ion beam induced metal deposition. In contrast to pitch featured calibration procedures that require separate lateral and vertical reference standards such as gratings and step height structures, the new method includes the use of landmarks, which are well established in calibration and measurement tasks on a larger scale. However, the landmarks applied to the new 3D reference structures are of sub-micrometre size, the so-called 'nanomarkers'. The nanomarker coordinates are used for a geometrical calibration of the scanning process of SPM as well as of other instrument types such as SEM and CLSM. For that purpose, a parameter estimation routine involving three scale factors and three coupling factors has been developed that allows lateral and vertical calibration in only one sampling step. With this new calibration strategy, we are able to detect deviations of SPM lateral scaling errors as well as coupling effects causing, e.g., a lateral coordinate shift depending on the measured height position of the probe.

Three-Dimensional Printing of pH-Responsive and Functional Polymers on an Affordable Desktop Printer.

PubMed

Nadgorny, Milena; Xiao, Zeyun; Chen, Chao; Connal, Luke A

2016-10-26

In this work we describe the synthesis, thermal and rheological characterization, hot-melt extrusion, and three-dimensional printing (3DP) of poly(2-vinylpyridine) (P2VP). We investigate the effect of thermal processing conditions on physical properties of produced filaments in order to achieve high quality, 3D-printable filaments for material extrusion 3DP (ME3DP). Mechanical properties and processing performances of P2VP were enhanced by addition of 12 wt % acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS), which reinforced P2VP fibers. We 3D-print P2VP filaments using an affordable 3D printer. The pyridine moieties are cross-linked and quaternized postprinting to form 3D-printed pH-responsive hydrogels. The printed objects exhibited dynamic and reversible pH-dependent swelling. These hydrogels act as flow-regulating valves, controlling the flow rate with pH. Additionally, a macroporous P2VP membrane was 3D-printed and the coordinating ability of the pyridyl groups was employed to immobilize silver precursors on its surface. After the reduction of silver ions, the structure was used to catalyze the reduction of 4-nitrophenol to 4-aminophenol with a high efficiency. This is a facile technique to print recyclable catalytic objects.

A 3D Ginibre Point Field

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kargin, Vladislav

2018-06-01

We introduce a family of three-dimensional random point fields using the concept of the quaternion determinant. The kernel of each field is an n-dimensional orthogonal projection on a linear space of quaternionic polynomials. We find explicit formulas for the basis of the orthogonal quaternion polynomials and for the kernel of the projection. For number of particles n → ∞, we calculate the scaling limits of the point field in the bulk and at the center of coordinates. We compare our construction with the previously introduced Fermi-sphere point field process.

Dynamic System Coupler Program (DYSCO 4.1). Volume 1. Theoretical Manual

DTIC Science & Technology

1989-01-01

present analysis is as follows: 1. Triplet X, Y, Z represents an inertia frame, R. The R system coordinates are the rotor shaft axes when there is...small perturbation analysis . 2.5 3-D MODAL STRUCTURE - CFM3 A three-dimensional structure is represented as a linear combination of orth­ ogonal modes...Include rotor blade damage modeling, Elgen analysis development, general time history solution development, frequency domain solution development

Three-dimensional Frankfort horizontal plane for 3D cephalometry: a comparative assessment of conventional versus novel landmarks and horizontal planes.

PubMed

Pittayapat, Pisha; Jacobs, Reinhilde; Bornstein, Michael M; Odri, Guillaume A; Lambrichts, Ivo; Willems, Guy; Politis, Constantinus; Olszewski, Raphael

2018-05-25

To assess the reproducibility of landmarks in three dimensions that determine the Frankfort horizontal plane (FH) as well as two new landmarks, and to evaluate the angular differences of newly introduced planes to the FH. Three-dimensional (3D) surface models were created from CBCT scans of 26 dry human skulls. Porion (Po), orbitale (Or), internal acoustic foramen (IAF), and zygomatico-maxillary suture (ZyMS) were indicated in the software by three observers twice with a 4-week interval. Angles between two FHs (FH 1: Or-R, Or-L, mid-Po; FH 2: Po-R, Po-L, mid-Or) and between FHs and new planes (Plane 1-6) were measured. Coordinates were exported to a spreadsheet. A statistical analysis was performed to define the landmark reproducibility and 3D angles. Intra- and inter-observer landmark reproducibility showed mean difference more than 1 mm for x-coordinates of all landmarks except IAF. IAF showed significantly better reproducibility than other landmarks (P < 0.0018). The mean angular difference between FH 1 and FH 2 was 0.7 degrees. Plane 3, connecting Or-R, Or-L and mid-IAF, and Plane 4, connecting Po-R, Po-L and mid-ZyMS, both showed an angular difference of less than 1 degree when compared to FHs. This study revealed poor reproducibility of the traditional FH landmarks on the x-axis and good reproducibility of a new landmark tested to replace Po, the IAF. Yet, Or showed superior results compared to ZyMS. The potential of using new horizontal planes was demonstrated. Future studies should focus on identification of a valid alternative for Or and ZyMS and on clinical implementation of the findings.

Optical fringe-reflection deflectometry with bundle adjustment

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Xiao, Yong-Liang; Li, Sikun; Zhang, Qican; Zhong, Jianxin; Su, Xianyu; You, Zhisheng

2018-06-01

Liquid crystal display (LCD) screens are located outside of a camera's field of view in fringe-reflection deflectometry. Therefore, fringes that are displayed on LCD screens are obtained through specular reflection by a fixed camera. Thus, the pose calibration between the camera and LCD screen is one of the main challenges in fringe-reflection deflectometry. A markerless planar mirror is used to reflect the LCD screen more than three times, and the fringes are mapped into the fixed camera. The geometrical calibration can be accomplished by estimating the pose between the camera and the virtual image of fringes. Considering the relation between their pose, the incidence and reflection rays can be unified in the camera frame, and a forward triangulation intersection can be operated in the camera frame to measure three-dimensional (3D) coordinates of the specular surface. In the final optimization, constraint-bundle adjustment is operated to refine simultaneously the camera intrinsic parameters, including distortion coefficients, estimated geometrical pose between the LCD screen and camera, and 3D coordinates of the specular surface, with the help of the absolute phase collinear constraint. Simulation and experiment results demonstrate that the pose calibration with planar mirror reflection is simple and feasible, and the constraint-bundle adjustment can enhance the 3D coordinate measurement accuracy in fringe-reflection deflectometry.

2D and 3D MALDI-imaging: conceptual strategies for visualization and data mining.

PubMed

Thiele, Herbert; Heldmann, Stefan; Trede, Dennis; Strehlow, Jan; Wirtz, Stefan; Dreher, Wolfgang; Berger, Judith; Oetjen, Janina; Kobarg, Jan Hendrik; Fischer, Bernd; Maass, Peter

2014-01-01

3D imaging has a significant impact on many challenges in life sciences, because biology is a 3-dimensional phenomenon. Current 3D imaging-technologies (various types MRI, PET, SPECT) are labeled, i.e. they trace the localization of a specific compound in the body. In contrast, 3D MALDI mass spectrometry-imaging (MALDI-MSI) is a label-free method imaging the spatial distribution of molecular compounds. It complements 3D imaging labeled methods, immunohistochemistry, and genetics-based methods. However, 3D MALDI-MSI cannot tap its full potential due to the lack of statistical methods for analysis and interpretation of large and complex 3D datasets. To overcome this, we established a complete and robust 3D MALDI-MSI pipeline combined with efficient computational data analysis methods for 3D edge preserving image denoising, 3D spatial segmentation as well as finding colocalized m/z values, which will be reviewed here in detail. Furthermore, we explain, why the integration and correlation of the MALDI imaging data with other imaging modalities allows to enhance the interpretation of the molecular data and provides visualization of molecular patterns that may otherwise not be apparent. Therefore, a 3D data acquisition workflow is described generating a set of 3 different dimensional images representing the same anatomies. First, an in-vitro MRI measurement is performed which results in a three-dimensional image modality representing the 3D structure of the measured object. After sectioning the 3D object into N consecutive slices, all N slices are scanned using an optical digital scanner, enabling for performing the MS measurements. Scanning the individual sections results into low-resolution images, which define the base coordinate system for the whole pipeline. The scanned images conclude the information from the spatial (MRI) and the mass spectrometric (MALDI-MSI) dimension and are used for the spatial three-dimensional reconstruction of the object performed by image registration techniques. Different strategies for automatic serial image registration applied to MS datasets are outlined in detail. The third image modality is histology driven, i.e. a digital scan of the histological stained slices in high-resolution. After fusion of reconstructed scan images and MRI the slice-related coordinates of the mass spectra can be propagated into 3D-space. After image registration of scan images and histological stained images, the anatomical information from histology is fused with the mass spectra from MALDI-MSI. As a result of the described pipeline we have a set of 3 dimensional images representing the same anatomies, i.e. the reconstructed slice scans, the spectral images as well as corresponding clustering results, and the acquired MRI. Great emphasis is put on the fact that the co-registered MRI providing anatomical details improves the interpretation of 3D MALDI images. The ability to relate mass spectrometry derived molecular information with in vivo and in vitro imaging has potentially important implications. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Computational Proteomics in the Post-Identification Era. Guest Editors: Martin Eisenacher and Christian Stephan. Copyright © 2013. Published by Elsevier B.V.

Alkaline earth-based coordination polymers derived from a cyclotriphosphazene-functionalized hexacarboxylate

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Ling, Yajing; Bai, Dongjie; Feng, Yunlong

Combination of hexakis(4-carboxylatephenoxy)cyclotriphosphazene with alkaline earth ions of increasing ionic radii (Mg{sup 2+}, Ca{sup 2+} and Ba{sup 2+}) under different solvothermal conditions yielded three new coordination polymers, and their crystal structures were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The magnesium compound displays a three dimensional (3D) network structure constructed from the deprotonated ligand and the secondary building block Mg(COO){sub 4}, which can be rationalized as a (4,6)-connected topological net with the Schläfli symbol of (4{sup 4}·6{sup 2}){sub 3}(4{sup 9}·6{sup 6}){sub 2}. The calcium compound consists of 1D infinite “Ca-O” inorganic chains connected by the deprotonated ligands to from a 3Dmore » framework. The barium compound exhibits a 3D framework in which 1D “Ba-O” inorganic chains are connected together by the deprotonated organic linkers. Due to the semi-rigid nature, the ligand adopts distinctly different conformations in the three compounds. The metal ions’ influence exerted on the final structure of the resulting coordination polymers is also discussed. When the radii of alkaline earth ions increases descending down the group from Mg(II) to Ba(II), the coordination number becomes larger and more versatile: from 6 in the magnesium compound, to 6,7 and 10 in the calcium compound, and to 8 and 9 in the barium compound, thus substantially influencing the resulting final framework structures. Also, the photophysical properties were investigated systematically, revealing that the three compounds are photoluminscent in the solid state at room temperature. This work demonstrates that although the multiplicity of conformation in the hexacarboxylate ligand based on the inorganic scaffold cyclotriphosphazene makes it difficult to predict how this ligand will form extended network, but provides unique opportunities for the formation of diverse inorganic-organic hybrids exhibiting rich structural topologies. - Graphical abstract: Three alkaline earth-based coordination polymers were constructed from a semirigid cyclotriphosphazene-functionalized hexacarboxylate exhibiting different inorganic nodes as well as distinct ligand conformations relying on the metal ions, which presents the first example of such a ligand incorporated into alkaline earth–based coordination polymers. - Highlights: • Three alkaline earth-based coordination polymers were synthesized. • The three compounds exhibit different inorganic nodes and ligand conformations. • The three compounds are photoluminscent in the solid state.« less

Exact solutions to three-dimensional generalized nonlinear Schrödinger equations with varying potential and nonlinearities.

PubMed

Yan, Zhenya; Konotop, V V

2009-09-01

It is shown that using the similarity transformations, a set of three-dimensional p-q nonlinear Schrödinger (NLS) equations with inhomogeneous coefficients can be reduced to one-dimensional stationary NLS equation with constant or varying coefficients, thus allowing for obtaining exact localized and periodic wave solutions. In the suggested reduction the original coordinates in the (1+3) space are mapped into a set of one-parametric coordinate surfaces, whose parameter plays the role of the coordinate of the one-dimensional equation. We describe the algorithm of finding solutions and concentrate on power (linear and nonlinear) potentials presenting a number of case examples. Generalizations of the method are also discussed.

A 3D visualization and simulation of the individual human jaw.

PubMed

Muftić, Osman; Keros, Jadranka; Baksa, Sarajko; Carek, Vlado; Matković, Ivo

2003-01-01

A new biomechanical three-dimensional (3D) model for the human mandible based on computer-generated virtual model is proposed. Using maps obtained from the special kinds of photos of the face of the real subject, it is possible to attribute personality to the virtual character, while computer animation offers movements and characteristics within the confines of space and time of the virtual world. A simple two-dimensional model of the jaw cannot explain the biomechanics, where the muscular forces through occlusion and condylar surfaces are in the state of 3D equilibrium. In the model all forces are resolved into components according to a selected coordinate system. The muscular forces act on the jaw, along with the necessary force level for chewing as some kind of mandible balance, preventing dislocation and loading of nonarticular tissues. In the work is used new approach to computer-generated animation of virtual 3D characters (called "Body SABA"), using in one object package of minimal costs and easy for operation.

Tuning zinc coordination architectures by benzenedicarboxylate position isomers and bis(triazole)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Peng, Yan-fen; Li, Ke; Zhao, Shan; Han, Shan-shan; Li, Bao-long; Li, Hai-Yan

2015-08-01

Three position isomers 1,2-, 1,3-, 1,4-benzenedicarboxylate and 1,4-bis(1,2,4-triazol-4-yl)benzene were used to assembly zinc(II) coordination polymers {[Zn2(btx)0.5(1,2-bdc)2(H2O)]·H2O}n (1), {[Zn(btx)(1,3-bdc)]·2H2O·(DMF)}n (2) and {[Zn(btx)(1,4-bdc)]·3H2O}n (3). 1 is a (3,4,4,4)-connected two-dimensional network with point symbol (42·6)(44·62)(43·62·8)(42·6·103). 2 shows a two-dimensional (4,4) network. 3 exhibits a 5-fold interpenetrated three-dimensional diamondoid network. The structural versatility shows that the structures of coordination polymers can be tuned by the position isomers ligands. The luminescence and thermal stability were investigated.

Three dimensional lithospheric magnetization structures beneath Australia derived by inverse modeling of CHAMP satellite magnetic field model

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Du, Jinsong; Chen, Chao; Lesur, Vincent; Li, Yaoguo; Lane, Richard; Liang, Qing; Wang, Haoran

2014-05-01

We present an inversion algorithm for magnetic anomaly data in spherical coordinates to image the three dimensional (3-D) susceptibility distributions in the lithosphere. The method assumes that remanent magnetization is absent and that the magnetic anomalies are solely the result of lateral variations in magnetic susceptibility. To take into account the curvature of the Earth, the 3-D model is comprised of a set of spherical prisms (referred to as tesseroids), each of which has a constant isotropic susceptibility. The inversion method is formulated with a specifically designed model objective function and radial weighting function in spherical coordinates. A Tikhonov regularization technique is used to obtain an optimal solution with data misfit consistent with the estimated error level. Results for regional synthetic models with different magnetized inclinations and declinations are presented to demonstrate the capability of the method to recover large scale lithospheric magnetic structures. We have applied the algoithm to study the lithospheric susceptibility structures in the Australia region using magnetic anomaly data from the GRIMM_L120v0.0 model, which is based on ten years of CHAMP satellite data. As a self-constrained inversion, the maximum depths variation of magnetization layer is estimated first and then incorporated to the three dimensional (3-D) inversion. Results showed that the susceptibility anomalies concentrate in the depth range from 25 km to 45 km, i.e., focused in the lower crust. In addition, the results showed that the susceptibilities in continental lithosphere are higher than those in oceanic lithosphere. The inverted 3-D susceptibility distribution in the region of Australia reveals significant features related to tectonics, surface heat-flux, crustal thickness and Curie isotherm depths. In general, the higher susceptibility anomalies correlate with Precambrian rocks, and the lower susceptibility anomalies correlate with younger orogenic belts, suture zones and modern uplifts. In details, the inverted susceptibility distribution shows differences in the magnetic structures between the eastern and western parts of the Yilgarn Craton, and three lower susceptibility belts from north to south in the Eromanga Basin and the Gawler Craton with high susceptibility that extend to the ocean and then to the west.

Two-dimensional Zn(II) and one-dimensional Co(II) coordination polymers based on benzene-1,4-dicarboxylate and pyridine ligands.

PubMed

Zhou, Li-Juan; Han, Chang-Bao; Wang, Yu-Ling

2016-02-01

Coordination polymers constructed from metal ions and organic ligands have attracted considerable attention owing to their diverse structural topologies and potential applications. Ligands containing carboxylate groups are among the most extensively studied because of their versatile coordination modes. Reactions of benzene-1,4-dicarboxylic acid (H2BDC) and pyridine (py) with Zn(II) or Co(II) yielded two new coordination polymers, namely, poly[(μ4-benzene-1,4-dicarboxylato-κ(4)O:O':O'':O''')(pyridine-κN)zinc(II)], [Zn(C8H4O2)(C5H5N)]n, (I), and catena-poly[aqua(μ3-benzene-1,4-dicarboxylato-κ(3)O:O':O'')bis(pyridine-κN)cobalt(II)], [Co(C8H4O2)(C5H5N)2(H2O)]n, (II). In compound (I), the Zn(II) cation is five-coordinated by four carboxylate O atoms from four BDC(2-) ligands and one pyridine N atom in a distorted square-pyramidal coordination geometry. Four carboxylate groups bridge two Zn(II) ions to form centrosymmetric paddle-wheel-like Zn2(μ2-COO)4 units, which are linked by the benzene rings of the BDC(2-) ligands to generate a two-dimensional layered structure. The two-dimensional layer is extended into a three-dimensional supramolecular structure with the help of π-π stacking interactions between the aromatic rings. Compound (II) has a one-dimensional double-chain structure based on Co2(μ2-COO)2 units. The Co(II) cations are bridged by BDC(2-) ligands and are octahedrally coordinated by three carboxylate O atoms from three BDC(2-) ligands, one water O atom and two pyridine N atoms. Interchain O-H...O hydrogen-bonding interactions link these chains to form a three-dimensional supramolecular architecture.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Luo, Qianqian; Han, Ying; Lin, Hechun, E-mail: hclin@ee.ecnu.edu.cn

One dimensional coordination polymer Gd[(SO{sub 4})(NO{sub 3})(C{sub 2}H{sub 6}SO){sub 2}] (1) is prepared through the mediation of Bronsted acid ionic liquid, which crystallized in the monoclinic space of C2/c. In this polymer, adjacent Gd atoms are linked by two SO{sub 4}{sup 2-} ions to generate a 1-D chain, and all oxygen atoms in SO{sub 4}{sup 2-} groups are connected to three nearest Gd atoms in µ{sup 3}:η{sup 1}:η{sup 1}:η{sup 2} fashion. Gd, S and N from SO{sub 4}{sup 2-} and NO{sub 3}{sup -} are precisely coplanar. The planar is coordinated by a pair of DMSO molecules, which is parallel andmore » linked by hydrogen bonding to form a three-dimensional supramolecular network. Magnetic susceptibility measurement of 1 reveals weak antiferromagnetic interactions between the Gd (III) ions. It exhibits relatively large magneto-caloric effect with –ΔS{sub m}=28.8 J Kg{sup −1} K{sup −1} for ΔH=7 T. - Graphical abstract: Coordination polymer Gd[(SO{sub 4})(NO{sub 3})(C{sub 2}H{sub 6}SO){sub 2}] was obtained mediated by Bronsted acid Ionic Liquid, which presents a 1-D chains collected by SO{sub 4}{sup 2-} groups. Magnetic susceptibility of the polymer reveals weak antiferromagnetic interactions between the Gd(III) ions with the relatively large magneto-caloric effect of –ΔS{sub m}=28.8 J Kg{sup −1} K{sup −1} for ΔH= 7T.« less

Hydrothermal synthesis and structural characterization of a novel three-dimensional supramolecular framework constructed by zinc salt and pyridine-2,5-dicarboxylate

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, Xinlong; Qin, Chao; Wang, Enbo; Hu, Changwen; Xu, Lin

2004-07-01

A novel metal-organic coordination polymer, [Zn(PDB)(H 2O) 2] 4 n (H 2PDB=pyridine-2,5-dicarboxylic acid), has been hydrothermally synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, IR, TG and single crystal X-ray diffraction. Colorless crystals crystallized in the triclinic system, space group P-1, a=7.0562(14) Å, b=7.38526(15) Å, c=18.4611(4) Å, α=90.01(3)°, β=96.98(3)°, γ=115.67(3)°, V=859.1(3) Å 3, Z=1 and R=0.0334. The structure of the compound exhibits a novel three-dimensional supramolecular network, mainly based on multipoint hydrogen bonds originated from within and outside of a large 24-membered ring. Interestingly, the three-dimensional network consists of one-dimensional parallelogrammic channels in which coordinated water molecules point into the channel wall.

Real-time 3D measurement based on structured light illumination considering camera lens distortion

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Feng, Shijie; Chen, Qian; Zuo, Chao; Sun, Jiasong; Yu, ShiLing

2014-12-01

Optical three-dimensional (3-D) profilometry is gaining increasing attention for its simplicity, flexibility, high accuracy, and non-contact nature. Recent advances in imaging sensors and digital projection technology further its progress in high-speed, real-time applications, enabling 3-D shapes reconstruction of moving objects and dynamic scenes. In traditional 3-D measurement system where the processing time is not a key factor, camera lens distortion correction is performed directly. However, for the time-critical high-speed applications, the time-consuming correction algorithm is inappropriate to be performed directly during the real-time process. To cope with this issue, here we present a novel high-speed real-time 3-D coordinates measuring technique based on fringe projection with the consideration of the camera lens distortion. A pixel mapping relation between a distorted image and a corrected one is pre-determined and stored in computer memory for real-time fringe correction. And a method of lookup table (LUT) is introduced as well for fast data processing. Our experimental results reveal that the measurement error of the in-plane coordinates has been reduced by one order of magnitude and the accuracy of the out-plane coordinate been tripled after the distortions being eliminated. Moreover, owing to the merit of the LUT, the 3-D reconstruction can be achieved at 92.34 frames per second.

3D topography of biologic tissue by multiview imaging and structured light illumination

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Liu, Peng; Zhang, Shiwu; Xu, Ronald

2014-02-01

Obtaining three-dimensional (3D) information of biologic tissue is important in many medical applications. This paper presents two methods for reconstructing 3D topography of biologic tissue: multiview imaging and structured light illumination. For each method, the working principle is introduced, followed by experimental validation on a diabetic foot model. To compare the performance characteristics of these two imaging methods, a coordinate measuring machine (CMM) is used as a standard control. The wound surface topography of the diabetic foot model is measured by multiview imaging and structured light illumination methods respectively and compared with the CMM measurements. The comparison results show that the structured light illumination method is a promising technique for 3D topographic imaging of biologic tissue.

[2D correlation spectral study of a coordination polymer [Eu(PCPOA)3 (H2O)]n].

PubMed

Sun, Rui-qing; Zhang, Han-hui; Cao, Yan-ning; Chen, Yi-ping; Yang, Qi-yu; Wang, Zhi-yang

2007-05-01

A novel two dimensional coordination polymer [Eu(PCPOA)3 (H2O)], was synthesized under hydrothermal condition. Based on the determination of the structure, the 2D correlation FTIR spectra with the perturbation of magnetism and the 2D correlation fluorescence spectra with the perturbation of temperature were investigated. The energy bonds were calculated using CASTEP Program of Material studio. The Europium ions are nine-coordinated and the ligands adopted two different modes to connect the Eu3+ ions to 2D layer structure. The study of the 2D-FTIR reveals that the carboxylates coordinate with the center ions not only as monodentate, but also as bidentate chelate. The 2D fluorescence spectra indicates that the transition of (5)D0-->(7)F2 is influenced intensively by the perturbation of temperature.

A new three-dimensional bis(benzimidazole)-based cadmium(II) coordination polymer

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hao, Shao Yun; Hou, Suo Xia; Hao, Zeng Chuan; Cui, Guang Hua

2018-01-01

A new coordination polymer (CP), formulated as [Cd(L)(DCTP)]n (1) (L = 1,1‧-(1,4-butanediyl)bis(2-methylbenzimidazole), H2DCTP = 2,5-dichloroterephthalic acid), was synthesized under hydrothermal conditions and the performance as luminescent probe was also investigated. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction reveals CP 1 is a 3D 3-fold interpenetrated dia network with large well-defined pores. It is found that CP 1 revealed highly sensitive luminescence sensing for Fe3 + ions in acetonitrile solution with a high quenching efficiency of KSV = 2541.238 L·mol- 1 and a low detection limit of 3.2 μM (S/N = 3). Moreover, the photocatalytic efficiency of 1 for degradation of methylene blue could reach 82.8% after 135 min. Therefore, this coordination polymer could be viewed as multifunctional material for selectively sensing Fe3 + ions and effectively degrading dyes.

The relationship between facial 3-D morphometry and the perception of attractiveness in children.

PubMed

Ferrario, V F; Sforza, C; Poggio, C E; Colombo, A; Tartaglia, G

1997-01-01

The aim of this investigation was to determine whether attractive children differ in their three-dimensional facial characteristics from nonattractive children of the same age, race, and sex. The facial characteristics of 36 boys and 44 girls aged 8 to 9 years were investigated. Frontal and profile photographs were analyzed independently by 21 judges, and, for each view, four groups were obtained: attractive boys, nonattractive boys, attractive girls, and nonattractive girls. For each child, the three-dimensional coordinates of 16 standardized soft tissue facial landmarks were automatically collected using an infrared system and used to calculate several three-dimensional angles, linear distances, and linear distance ratios. Mean values were computed in the eight groups, and attractive and nonattractive children were compared within sex and view. Most children received a different esthetic evaluation in the separate frontal and profile assessments; concordance in both attractive and nonattractive groups was only 50%. Moreover, three-dimensional facial morphometry was not able to separate attractive and nonattractive children.

A discrete water hexamer with a new planar tetrameric water moiety trapped in the crystal host of [Ag(azelate)(4,4‧-bipyridine)]·(H2O)3

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Luo, Geng-Geng; Wu, Dong-Liang; Liu, Li; Xia, Jiu-Xu; Li, Dong-Xu; Dai, Jing-Cao; Xiao, Zi-Jing

2011-11-01

The ultrasonic reaction of Ag 2O, bipy and H 2aze gave rise to a novel Ag(I) mixed-ligand coordination polymer, namely [Ag(aze)(bipy)]·(H 2O) 3 ( 1) (bipy = 4,4'-bipyridine, H 2aze = azelaic acid). In 1, Ag(I) ions are linked by bipy and aze ligands to form a single two-dimensional (2D) undulated net with a (6,3) topology, incorporating Ag 6(bipy) 4(aze) 2 windows of 22.58 × 11.06 Å based on Ag⋯Ag distances. A pair of identical 2D single nets are interconnected via π⋯π stacking and unsupported Ag⋯Ag interactions to generate a 2D double-layered net. A discrete water hexamer composed of a new planar tetrameric water ring and two pendent water molecules is perpendicularly located in each hydrophilic cavity of the 2D bilayer and acts as a 'glue' to assemble adjacent 2D double-layered nets into a three-dimensional (3D) structure.

Particle tracking velocimetry in three-dimensional flows

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Maas, H. G.; Gruen, A.; Papantoniou, D.

1993-07-01

Particle Tracking Velocimetry (PTV) is a well-known technique for the determination of velocity vectors within an observation volume. However, for a long time it has rarely been applied because of the intensive effort necessary to measure coordinates of a large number of flow marker particles in many images. With today's imaging hardware in combination with the methods of digital image processing and digital photogrammetry, however, new possibilities have arisen for the design of completely automatic PTV systems. A powerful 3 D PTV has been developed in a cooperation of the Institute of Geodesy and Photogrammetry with the Institute of Hydromechanics and Water Resources Management at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology. In this paper hardware components for 3 D PTV systems wil be discussed, and a strict mathematical model of photogrammetric 3 D coordinate determination, taking into account the different refractive indices in the optical path, will be presented. The system described is capable of determining coordinate sets of some 1000 particles in a flow field at a time resolution of 25 datasets per second and almost arbitrary sequence length completely automatically after an initialization by an operator. The strict mathematical modelling of the measurement geometry, together with a thorough calibration of the system provide for a coordinate accuracy of typically 0.06 mm in X, Y and 0.18 mm in Z (depth coordinate) in a volume of 200 × 160 × 50 mm3.

Incorporating 3-dimensional models in online articles.

PubMed

Cevidanes, Lucia H S; Ruellas, Antonio C O; Jomier, Julien; Nguyen, Tung; Pieper, Steve; Budin, Francois; Styner, Martin; Paniagua, Beatriz

2015-05-01

The aims of this article are to introduce the capability to view and interact with 3-dimensional (3D) surface models in online publications, and to describe how to prepare surface models for such online 3D visualizations. Three-dimensional image analysis methods include image acquisition, construction of surface models, registration in a common coordinate system, visualization of overlays, and quantification of changes. Cone-beam computed tomography scans were acquired as volumetric images that can be visualized as 3D projected images or used to construct polygonal meshes or surfaces of specific anatomic structures of interest. The anatomic structures of interest in the scans can be labeled with color (3D volumetric label maps), and then the scans are registered in a common coordinate system using a target region as the reference. The registered 3D volumetric label maps can be saved in .obj, .ply, .stl, or .vtk file formats and used for overlays, quantification of differences in each of the 3 planes of space, or color-coded graphic displays of 3D surface distances. All registered 3D surface models in this study were saved in .vtk file format and loaded in the Elsevier 3D viewer. In this study, we describe possible ways to visualize the surface models constructed from cone-beam computed tomography images using 2D and 3D figures. The 3D surface models are available in the article's online version for viewing and downloading using the reader's software of choice. These 3D graphic displays are represented in the print version as 2D snapshots. Overlays and color-coded distance maps can be displayed using the reader's software of choice, allowing graphic assessment of the location and direction of changes or morphologic differences relative to the structure of reference. The interpretation of 3D overlays and quantitative color-coded maps requires basic knowledge of 3D image analysis. When submitting manuscripts, authors can now upload 3D models that will allow readers to interact with or download them. Such interaction with 3D models in online articles now will give readers and authors better understanding and visualization of the results. Copyright © 2015 American Association of Orthodontists. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Syntheses, structures and luminescent properties of a series of 3D lanthanide coordination polymers with tripodal semirigid ligand

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Qin Junsheng; Department of Applied Chemistry, Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology, Jilin 132022; Du Dongying

2011-02-15

Reactions of the tripodal bridging ligand 5-(4-carboxy-phenoxy)-isophthalic acid (abbreviated as H{sub 3}cpia) with lanthanide salts lead to the formation of a family of different coordination polymers, that is, [Ln(cpia)(H{sub 2}O){sub 2}]{sub n}.nH{sub 2}O (Ln=Ce (1), Pr (2), Nd (3), Sm (4), Eu (5), Gd (6), Dy (7), Er (8), Tm (9) and Y (10)) in the presence of formic acid or diethylamine, which are characterized by elemental analysis, IR spectrum, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), XRPD spectrum and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Compounds 1-10 are isostructural and exhibit three-dimensional microporous frameworks. Furthermore, the photoluminescent properties of 4, 5 and 7 have been studiedmore » in detail. -- Graphical abstract: Reactions of the tripodal bridging ligand (H{sub 3}cpia) with lanthanide ions lead to the formation of a series of coordination polymers in the presence of formic acid or diethylamine. Display Omitted Research Highlights: {yields} Ten new lanthanides-based coordination polymers (1-10) have been synthesized. {yields} 1-10 exhibit 3D (4,8)-connected fluorite topology networks with 1D channel parallel to the b-axis. {yields} Compounds 4, 5 and 7 exhibit characteristic luminescence of Sm{sup 3+}, Eu{sup 3+} and Dy{sup 3+} ions, respectively.« less

Three-dimensional measurement of yarn hairiness via multiperspective images

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, Lei; Xu, Bugao; Gao, Weidong

2018-02-01

Yarn hairiness is one of the essential parameters for assessing yarn quality. Most of the currently used yarn measurement systems are based on two-dimensional (2-D) photoelectric measurements, which are likely to underestimate levels of yarn hairiness because hairy fibers on a yarn surface are often projected or occluded in these 2-D systems. A three-dimensional (3-D) test method for hairiness measurement using a multiperspective imaging system is presented. The system was developed to reconstruct a 3-D yarn model for tracing the actual length of hairy fibers on a yarn surface. Five views of a yarn from different perspectives were created by two angled mirrors and simultaneously captured in one panoramic picture by a camera. A 3-D model was built by extracting the yarn silhouettes in the five views and transferring the silhouettes into a common coordinate system. From the 3-D model, curved hair fibers were traced spatially so that projection and occlusion occurring in the current systems could be avoided. In the experiment, the proposed method was compared with two commercial instruments, i.e., the Uster Tester and Zweigle Tester. It is demonstrated that the length distribution of hairy fibers measured from the 3-D model showed an exponential growth when the fiber length is sorted from shortest to longest. The hairiness measurements, such as H-value, measured by the multiperspective method were highly consistent with those of Uster Tester (r=0.992) but had larger values than those obtained from Uster Tester and Zweigle Tester, proving that the proposed method corrected underestimated hairiness measurements in the commercial systems.

Supramolecular architectures constructed by lanthanum, amino acids and 1,10-phenanthroline via non-covalent bond interactions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zheng, Xiang-Jun; Jin, Lin-Pei

2003-07-01

Three supramolecular lanthanum coordination compounds of amino acids, with 1,10-phenanthroline (phen), [La 2(APA) 6(phen) 2(H 2O) 2](ClO 4) 6(phen) 4·2H 2O ( 1), [La 2(ABA) 6(phen) 2(H 2O) 2](ClO 4) 6 (phen) 6·4H 2O ( 2), and [La 2(AHA) 4(phen) 4](ClO 4) 6(phen) 4·2H 2O ( 3) (APA=3-aminopropionic acid; ABA=4-aminobutanoic acid; AHA=6-aminohexanoic acid) were synthesized and characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction. The results show that the three coordination compounds are all composed of binuclear coordination cations built by metal-ligand coordination. Through hydrogen bonding and π-π stacking interactions, complex 1 forms a two-dimensional supramolecular sheet structure extending in the (001) plane, complex 2 forms a three-dimensional supramolecular network with many cavities occupied by ClO 4- and lattice H 2O molecules, and complex 3 forms a two-dimensional supramolecular lamellar structure in the (100) plane.

Studies of the structural and magnetic properties of an unsymmetrical ligand 1,2,4-benzenetricarboxylic acid based chiral 3-D trinickel coordination polymer as an alkali base-influenced hydrothermal reaction product

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Peng, Yi-Ru; Chien, Po-Hsiu; Chung, Huey-Ting

2014-04-01

The reaction of 1,2,4-benzenetricarboxylic acid (H{sub 3}btc), as a ligand, under pH-controlled hydrothermal conditions with nickel salts leads to the formation of a coordination polymer of (CsNi{sub 3}(OH)(H{sub 2}O){sub 3}[C{sub 6}H{sub 3}(CO{sub 2}){sub 3}]{sub 2}·3H{sub 2}O){sub n} (1). The subunit of compound 1 contains a hydroxide- and carboxylate-bridged trinickel clusters that are linked by an unsymmetrical organic carboxylate spacer to form a chiral three-dimensional anionic framework, in which cesium cations and guest water molecules are located in one-dimensional channels. The presence of a hydroxide ion serves both as a deprotonation agent and a cation source during the hydrothermal reaction, thusmore » permitting the extent of deprotonation of the unsymmetrical ligand H{sub 3}btc to be controlled, which is essential for the successful formation of compound 1. The magnetic properties of compound 1 were analyzed. Both dc and ac magnetic susceptibility as well as reduced magnetization measurements confirmed the spin-frustration nature of 1. - Graphical abstract: A chiral three-dimension MOF compound and its magnetic properties are described. - Highlights: • A new chiral three-dimension coordination polymer were made. • An un-symmetric bridging ligand was used. • Alkali metal ion Cs{sup +} was incorporated in the structure. • Magnetic properties were studied.« less

Change in the Pathologic Supraspinatus: A Three-Dimensional Model of Fiber Bundle Architecture within Anterior and Posterior Regions

PubMed Central

Kim, Soo Y.; Sachdeva, Rohit; Li, Zi; Rosser, Benjamin W. C.

2015-01-01

Supraspinatus tendon tears are common and lead to changes in the muscle architecture. To date, these changes have not been investigated for the distinct regions and parts of the pathologic supraspinatus. The purpose of this study was to create a novel three-dimensional (3D) model of the muscle architecture throughout the supraspinatus and to compare the architecture between muscle regions and parts in relation to tear severity. Twelve cadaveric specimens with varying degrees of tendon tears were used. Three-dimensional coordinates of fiber bundles were collected in situ using serial dissection and digitization. Data were reconstructed and modeled in 3D using Maya. Fiber bundle length (FBL) and pennation angle (PA) were computed and analyzed. FBL was significantly shorter in specimens with large retracted tears compared to smaller tears, with the deeper fibers being significantly shorter than other parts in the anterior region. PA was significantly greater in specimens with large retracted tears, with the superficial fibers often demonstrating the largest PA. The posterior region was absent in two specimens with extensive tears. Architectural changes associated with tendon tears affect the regions and varying depths of supraspinatus differently. The results provide important insights on residual function of the pathologic muscle, and the 3D model includes detailed data that can be used in future modeling studies. PMID:26413533

Metadynamics in the conformational space nonlinearly dimensionally reduced by Isomap

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Spiwok, Vojtěch; Králová, Blanka

2011-12-01

Atomic motions in molecules are not linear. This infers that nonlinear dimensionality reduction methods can outperform linear ones in analysis of collective atomic motions. In addition, nonlinear collective motions can be used as potentially efficient guides for biased simulation techniques. Here we present a simulation with a bias potential acting in the directions of collective motions determined by a nonlinear dimensionality reduction method. Ad hoc generated conformations of trans,trans-1,2,4-trifluorocyclooctane were analyzed by Isomap method to map these 72-dimensional coordinates to three dimensions, as described by Brown and co-workers [J. Chem. Phys. 129, 064118 (2008)]. Metadynamics employing the three-dimensional embeddings as collective variables was applied to explore all relevant conformations of the studied system and to calculate its conformational free energy surface. The method sampled all relevant conformations (boat, boat-chair, and crown) and corresponding transition structures inaccessible by an unbiased simulation. This scheme allows to use essentially any parameter of the system as a collective variable in biased simulations. Moreover, the scheme we used for mapping out-of-sample conformations from the 72D to 3D space can be used as a general purpose mapping for dimensionality reduction, beyond the context of molecular modeling.

Crystal growth, differential gas adsorption, high thermal stability, and reversible coordination of two new barium-organic frameworks, Ba(SBA)(DMF){sub 4} and Ba{sub 2}(BTEC)(H{sub 2}O)

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Halake, Shobha; Ok, Kang Min, E-mail: kmok@cau.ac.kr

2015-11-15

Single crystals of two barium-organic framework materials, Ba(SBA)(DMF){sub 4} (CAUMOF-15) and Ba{sub 2}(BTEC)(H{sub 2}O) (CAUMOF-16), have been grown through solvothermal reactions (H{sub 2}SBA=4,4′-sulfonyldibenzoic acid and H{sub 4}BTEC=1,2,4,5-benzenetetracarboxylic acid). The crystal structures of the reported frameworks have been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The materials have been fully characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), elemental analyses, Infrared (IR) spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analyses (TGA). CAUMOF-15 reveals a three-dimensional open-framework that comprises of an inorganic motif with one-dimensional chains and the SBA linkers. CAUMOF-16 shows another three-dimensional backbone consisting of layers of edge-shared BaO{sub 9} and BaO{sub 10} polyhedra, and BTEC pillars. Bothmore » of the 3D frameworks exhibit relatively high thermal stabilities. The PXRD and IR spectral data confirm that CAUMOF-15 and CAUMOF-16 reveal reversible coordinations of the respective solvent molecules, DMF and H{sub 2}O. Gas adsorption properties towards nitrogen, hydrogen, and carbon dioxide have been also investigated. - Graphical abstract: Crystals of two new barium-organic frameworks, Ba(SBA)(DMF){sub 4} and Ba{sub 2}(BTEC)(H{sub 2}O), exhibiting a differential gas adsorption, a high thermal stability, and a reversible coordination of solvent molecules have been grown. - Highlights: • Crystals of two new 3D Ba-MOFs are grown. • The two Ba-MOFs reveal very high thermal stabilities up to ca. 400 °C. • Ba(SBA)(DMF){sub 4} exhibits differential gas adsorption properties. • The two Ba-MOFs show reversible coordination of the solvent molecules.« less

Malocclusion Class II division 1 skeletal and dental relationships measured by cone-beam computed tomography.

PubMed

Xu, Yiling; Oh, Heesoo; Lagravère, Manuel O

2017-09-01

The purpose of this study was to locate traditionally-used landmarks in two-dimensional (2D) images and newly-suggested ones in three-dimensional (3D) images (cone-beam computer tomographies [CBCTs]) and determine possible relationships between them to categorize patients with Class II-1 malocclusion. CBCTs from 30 patients diagnosed with Class II-1 malocclusion were obtained from the University of Alberta Graduate Orthodontic Program database. The reconstructed images were downloaded and visualized using the software platform AVIZO ® . Forty-two landmarks were chosen and the coordinates were then obtained and analyzed using linear and angular measurements. Ten images were analyzed three times to determine the reliability and measurement error of each landmark using Intra-Class Correlation coefficient (ICC). Descriptive statistics were done using the SPSS statistical package to determine any relationships. ICC values were excellent for all landmarks in all axes, with the highest measurement error of 2mm in the y-axis for the Gonion Left landmark. Linear and angular measurements were calculated using the coordinates of each landmark. Descriptive statistics showed that the linear and angular measurements used in the 2D images did not correlate well with the 3D images. The lowest standard deviation obtained was 0.6709 for S-GoR/N-Me, with a mean of 0.8016. The highest standard deviation was 20.20704 for ANS-InfraL, with a mean of 41.006. The traditional landmarks used for 2D malocclusion analysis show good reliability when transferred to 3D images. However, they did not reveal specific skeletal or dental patterns when trying to analyze 3D images for malocclusion. Thus, another technique should be considered when classifying 3D CBCT images for Class II-1malocclusion. Copyright © 2017 CEO. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.

Tuning metal-carboxylate coordination in crystalline metal-organic frameworks through surfactant media

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gao, Junkuo; Ye, Kaiqi; He, Mi; Xiong, Wei-Wei; Cao, Wenfang; Lee, Zhi Yi; Wang, Yue; Wu, Tom; Huo, Fengwei; Liu, Xiaogang; Zhang, Qichun

2013-10-01

Although it has been widely demonstrated that surfactants can efficiently control the size, shape and surface properties of micro/nanocrystals of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) due to the strong interactions between surfactants and crystal facets of MOFs, the use of surfactants as reaction media to grow MOF single crystals is unprecedented. In addition, compared with ionic liquids, surfactants are much cheaper and can have multifunctional properties such as acidic, basic, neutral, cationic, anionic, or even block. These factors strongly motivate us to develop a new synthetic strategy: growing crystalline MOFs in surfactants. In this report, eight new two-dimensional (2D) or three-dimensional (3D) MOFs have been successfully synthesized in an industrially-abundant and environmentally-friendly surfactant: polyethylene glycol-200 (PEG-200). Eight different coordination modes of carboxylates, ranging from monodentate η1 mode to tetra-donor coordination μ3-η1:η2:η1 mode, have been founded in our research. The magnetic properties of Co-based MOFs were investigated and MOF NTU-Z6b showed a phase transition with a Curie temperature (Tc) at 5 K. Our strategy of growing crystalline MOFs in surfactant could offer exciting opportunities for preparing novel MOFs with diverse structures and interesting properties.

A 2.5-dimensional method for the prediction of structure-borne low-frequency noise from concrete rail transit bridges.

PubMed

Li, Qi; Song, Xiaodong; Wu, Dingjun

2014-05-01

Predicting structure-borne noise from bridges subjected to moving trains using the three-dimensional (3D) boundary element method (BEM) is a time consuming process. This paper presents a two-and-a-half dimensional (2.5D) BEM-based procedure for simulating bridge-borne low-frequency noise with higher efficiency, yet no loss of accuracy. The two-dimensional (2D) BEM of a bridge with a constant cross section along the track direction is adopted to calculate the spatial modal acoustic transfer vectors (MATVs) of the bridge using the space-wave number transforms of its 3D modal shapes. The MATVs calculated using the 2.5D method are then validated by those computed using the 3D BEM. The bridge-borne noise is finally obtained through the MATVs and modal coordinate responses of the bridge, considering time-varying vehicle-track-bridge dynamic interaction. The presented procedure is applied to predict the sound pressure radiating from a U-shaped concrete bridge, and the computed results are compared with those obtained from field tests on Shanghai rail transit line 8. The numerical results match well with the measured results in both time and frequency domains at near-field points. Nevertheless, the computed results are smaller than the measured ones for far-field points, mainly due to the sound radiation from adjacent spans neglected in the current model.

Breast segmentation in MR images using three-dimensional spiral scanning and dynamic programming

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jiang, Luan; Lian, Yanyun; Gu, Yajia; Li, Qiang

2013-03-01

Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging has been widely used for risk assessment and diagnosis of breast cancer in clinic. To develop a computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) system, breast segmentation is the first important and challenging task. The accuracy of subsequent quantitative measurement of breast density and abnormalities depends on accurate definition of the breast area in the images. The purpose of this study is to develop and evaluate a fully automated method for accurate segmentation of breast in three-dimensional (3-D) MR images. A fast method was developed to identify bounding box, i.e., the volume of interest (VOI), for breasts. A 3-D spiral scanning method was used to transform the VOI of each breast into a single two-dimensional (2-D) generalized polar-coordinate image. Dynamic programming technique was applied to the transformed 2-D image for delineating the "optimal" contour of the breast. The contour of the breast in the transformed 2-D image was utilized to reconstruct the segmentation results in the 3-D MR images using interpolation and lookup table. The preliminary results on 17 cases show that the proposed method can obtain accurate segmentation of the breast based on subjective observation. By comparing with the manually delineated region of 16 breasts in 8 cases, an overlap index of 87.6% +/- 3.8% (mean +/- SD), and a volume agreement of 93.4% +/- 4.5% (mean +/- SD) were achieved, respectively. It took approximately 3 minutes for our method to segment the breast in an MR scan of 256 slices.

A three-dimensional coordination polymer based on 1,2,3-triazole-4,5-dicarboxylic acid (H{sub 3}tda): ([Cd{sub 12}(tda){sub 8}(H{sub 2}O){sub 11}] · (H{sub 2}O)6.25){sub n}

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Zhou, Xin-Hui, E-mail: iamxhzhou@njupt.edu.cn; Chen, Qiang

The title coordination polymer ([Cd{sub 12}(tda){sub 8}(H{sub 2}O){sub 11}] · (H{sub 2}O){sub 6.25}){sub n} (H{sub 3}tda = 1,2,3-triazole-4,5-dicarboxylic acid), has been hydrothermally synthesized and structurally characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Complex crystallizes in orthorhombic sp. gr. Pmn2{sub 1} with Z = 4. The Cd{sub 2} unit doublebridged by one carboxylate oxygen atom and two neighboring nitrogen atoms from the tda{sup 3–} ligands are linked by the tda{sup 3–}ligands to lead to the 2D (4,4) network in the ac plane. The almost coplanar Cd{sub 2}(μ{sub 5}-tda){sub 2} unit comprised of two Cd ions double-bridged by two tda{sup 3–} ligands through themore » neighboring nitrogen atoms is connected with the other four Cd{sub 2}(μ{sub 5}-tda){sub 2} units form the undulating 2D network in the ac plane. The (4,4) networks and undulating 2D networks are alternatively connected along the b axis by the tda{sup 3–} ligands coordinating to the Cd ions to form the 3D framework.« less

Syntheses, structures and properties of four 3D microporous lanthanide coordination polymers based on 3,5-pyrazoledicarboxylate and oxalate ligands

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Song, Juan; Wang, Ji-Jiang; Hu, Huai-Ming, E-mail: ChemHu1@NWU.EDU.CN

2014-04-01

Four three-dimensional lanthanide coordination polymers with reversible structural interconversions, [Ln{sub 2}(Hpdc){sub 2}(C{sub 2}O{sub 4})(H{sub 2}O){sub 4}]{sub n}·2nH{sub 2}O [Ln=Sm (1), Eu (2), Tb (3) and Dy (4)], have been synthesized by hydrothermal reactions of lanthanide nitrates with 3,5-pyrazoledicarboxylic (H{sub 3}pdc) and oxalic acids. It is noteworthy that there is an in situ reaction in 1, in which H{sub 3}pdc was decomposed into (ox){sup 2−} with Cu(II)–Sm(III) synergistic effect under hydrothermal conditions. These compounds are isostructural and crystallized in the monoclinic P2{sub 1}/c space group. The Ln(III) ions are eight-coordinated with dodecahedron coordination geometry. These polyhedra are linked by oxalate groupsmore » to form 1D zigzag chain, which are further connected by 3,5-pyrazoledicarboxylate to extend similar 3D frameworks with channels along c-axis in 1–4. These coordination polymers display the characteristic emission bands of the Ln(III) ions in the solid state and possess good thermal stabilities. - Graphical abstract: Four 3D microporous lanthanide coordination polymers with reversible structural interconversion have been synthesized. They exhibit characteristic emission bands of the lanthanide ions and possess great thermal stability. - Highlights: • Four lanthanide coordination polymers have been hydrothermal synthesized. • There is an in situ reaction in 1 in which H{sub 3}pdc was decomposed into (ox){sup 2−} with the Cu(II)–Sm(III) synergistic effect under hydrothermal conditions. • TGA and XRD studies reveal that upon hydration–dehydration, compounds 1–4 undergo a reversible structural interconversion process through a cooling-heating cycle. • Compounds 1–4 exhibit characteristic lanthanide-centered luminescence.« less

A spectral-Tchebychev solution for three-dimensional dynamics of curved beams under mixed boundary conditions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bediz, Bekir; Aksoy, Serdar

2018-01-01

This paper presents the application of the spectral-Tchebychev (ST) technique for solution of three-dimensional dynamics of curved beams/structures having variable and arbitrary cross-section under mixed boundary conditions. To accurately capture the vibrational behavior of curved structures, a three-dimensional (3D) solution approach is required since these structures generally exhibit coupled motions. In this study, the integral boundary value problem (IBVP) governing the dynamics of the curved structures is found using extended Hamilton's principle where the strain energy is expressed using 3D linear elasticity equation. To solve the IBVP numerically, the 3D spectral Tchebychev (3D-ST) approach is used. To evaluate the integral and derivative operations defined by the IBVP and to render the complex geometry into an equivalent straight beam with rectangular cross-section, a series of coordinate transformations are applied. To validate and assess the performance of the presented solution approach, two case studies are performed: (i) curved beam with rectangular cross-section, (ii) curved and pretwisted beam with airfoil cross-section. In both cases, the results (natural frequencies and mode shapes) are also found using a finite element (FE) solution approach. It is shown that the difference in predicted natural frequencies are less than 1%, and the mode shapes are in excellent agreement based on the modal assurance criteria (MAC) analyses; however, the presented spectral-Tchebychev solution approach significantly reduces the computational burden. Therefore, it can be concluded that the presented solution approach can capture the 3D vibrational behavior of curved beams as accurately as an FE solution, but for a fraction of the computational cost.

Crystalline Coordination Networks of Zero-Valent Metal Centers: Formation of a 3-Dimensional Ni(0) Framework with m-Terphenyl Diisocyanides.

PubMed

Agnew, Douglas W; DiMucci, Ida M; Arroyave, Alejandra; Gembicky, Milan; Moore, Curtis E; MacMillan, Samantha N; Rheingold, Arnold L; Lancaster, Kyle M; Figueroa, Joshua S

2017-12-06

A permanently porous, three-dimensional metal-organic material formed from zero-valent metal nodes is presented. Combination of ditopic m-terphenyl diisocyanide, [CNAr Mes2 ] 2 , and the d 10 Ni(0) precursor Ni(COD) 2 , produces a porous metal-organic material featuring tetrahedral [Ni(CNAr Mes2 ) 4 ] n structural sites. X-ray absorption spectroscopy provides firm evidence for the presence of Ni(0) centers, whereas gas-sorption and thermogravimetric analysis reveal the characteristics of a robust network with a microdomain N 2 -adsorption profile.

Crystalline Coordination Networks of Zero-Valent Metal Centers: Formation of a 3-Dimensional Ni(0) Framework with m-Terphenyl Diisocyanides

DOE PAGES

Agnew, Douglas W.; DiMucci, Ida M.; Arroyave, Alejandra; ...

2017-11-13

A permanently porous, three-dimensional metal–organic material formed from zero-valent metal nodes is presented. Combination of ditopic m-terphenyl diisocyanide, [CNAr Mes2] 2, and the d 10 Ni(0) precursor Ni(COD) 2, produces a porous metal–organic material featuring tetrahedral [Ni(CNAr Mes2) 4] n structural sites. X-ray absorption spectroscopy provides firm evidence for the presence of Ni(0) centers, whereas gas-sorption and thermogravimetric analysis reveal the characteristics of a robust network with a microdomain N 2-adsorption profile.

Efficient implementation of three-dimensional reference interaction site model self-consistent-field method: Application to solvatochromic shift calculations

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Minezawa, Noriyuki; Kato, Shigeki

2007-02-01

The authors present an implementation of the three-dimensional reference interaction site model self-consistent-field (3D-RISM-SCF) method. First, they introduce a robust and efficient algorithm for solving the 3D-RISM equation. The algorithm is a hybrid of the Newton-Raphson and Picard methods. The Jacobian matrix is analytically expressed in a computationally useful form. Second, they discuss the solute-solvent electrostatic interaction. For the solute to solvent route, the electrostatic potential (ESP) map on a 3D grid is constructed directly from the electron density. The charge fitting procedure is not required to determine the ESP. For the solvent to solute route, the ESP acting on the solute molecule is derived from the solvent charge distribution obtained by solving the 3D-RISM equation. Matrix elements of the solute-solvent interaction are evaluated by the direct numerical integration. A remarkable reduction in the computational time is observed in both routes. Finally, the authors implement the first derivatives of the free energy with respect to the solute nuclear coordinates. They apply the present method to "solute" water and formaldehyde in aqueous solvent using the simple point charge model, and the results are compared with those from other methods: the six-dimensional molecular Ornstein-Zernike SCF, the one-dimensional site-site RISM-SCF, and the polarizable continuum model. The authors also calculate the solvatochromic shifts of acetone, benzonitrile, and nitrobenzene using the present method and compare them with the experimental and other theoretical results.

Efficient implementation of three-dimensional reference interaction site model self-consistent-field method: application to solvatochromic shift calculations.

PubMed

Minezawa, Noriyuki; Kato, Shigeki

2007-02-07

The authors present an implementation of the three-dimensional reference interaction site model self-consistent-field (3D-RISM-SCF) method. First, they introduce a robust and efficient algorithm for solving the 3D-RISM equation. The algorithm is a hybrid of the Newton-Raphson and Picard methods. The Jacobian matrix is analytically expressed in a computationally useful form. Second, they discuss the solute-solvent electrostatic interaction. For the solute to solvent route, the electrostatic potential (ESP) map on a 3D grid is constructed directly from the electron density. The charge fitting procedure is not required to determine the ESP. For the solvent to solute route, the ESP acting on the solute molecule is derived from the solvent charge distribution obtained by solving the 3D-RISM equation. Matrix elements of the solute-solvent interaction are evaluated by the direct numerical integration. A remarkable reduction in the computational time is observed in both routes. Finally, the authors implement the first derivatives of the free energy with respect to the solute nuclear coordinates. They apply the present method to "solute" water and formaldehyde in aqueous solvent using the simple point charge model, and the results are compared with those from other methods: the six-dimensional molecular Ornstein-Zernike SCF, the one-dimensional site-site RISM-SCF, and the polarizable continuum model. The authors also calculate the solvatochromic shifts of acetone, benzonitrile, and nitrobenzene using the present method and compare them with the experimental and other theoretical results.

Close range fault tolerant noncontacting position sensor

DOEpatents

Bingham, D.N.; Anderson, A.A.

1996-02-20

A method and system are disclosed for locating the three dimensional coordinates of a moving or stationary object in real time. The three dimensional coordinates of an object in half space or full space are determined based upon the time of arrival or phase of the wave front measured by a plurality of receiver elements and an established vector magnitudes proportional to the measured time of arrival or phase at each receiver element. The coordinates of the object are calculated by solving a matrix equation or a set of closed form algebraic equations. 3 figs.

The Development and Evaluation of Color Display Systems for Airborne Applications. Phase 1. Fundamental Visual, Perceptual, and Display System Considerations

DTIC Science & Technology

1985-07-18

Element Predictions 28 2.1.1.2-9 CIELUV Color Difference Derivation Graphically Described In a Three-Dimensional Rectangular Coordinate System 31...in CIE 1976 Coordinates 141 2.2.2-3 Derivation of CIE (L*, U*, V*) Coordinates 145 2.2.2-4 Three-Dimensional Representation of CIELUV Color...Difference Estimates 145 2.2.2-5 Application of CIELUV for Estimating Color Difference on an Electronic Color Display 146 2.2.2-6 Color Performance Envelopes

INS3D - NUMERICAL SOLUTION OF THE INCOMPRESSIBLE NAVIER-STOKES EQUATIONS IN THREE-DIMENSIONAL GENERALIZED CURVILINEAR COORDINATES (DEC RISC ULTRIX VERSION)

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Biyabani, S. R.

1994-01-01

INS3D computes steady-state solutions to the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations. The INS3D approach utilizes pseudo-compressibility combined with an approximate factorization scheme. This computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code has been verified on problems such as flow through a channel, flow over a backwardfacing step and flow over a circular cylinder. Three dimensional cases include flow over an ogive cylinder, flow through a rectangular duct, wind tunnel inlet flow, cylinder-wall juncture flow and flow through multiple posts mounted between two plates. INS3D uses a pseudo-compressibility approach in which a time derivative of pressure is added to the continuity equation, which together with the momentum equations form a set of four equations with pressure and velocity as the dependent variables. The equations' coordinates are transformed for general three dimensional applications. The equations are advanced in time by the implicit, non-iterative, approximately-factored, finite-difference scheme of Beam and Warming. The numerical stability of the scheme depends on the use of higher-order smoothing terms to damp out higher-frequency oscillations caused by second-order central differencing. The artificial compressibility introduces pressure (sound) waves of finite speed (whereas the speed of sound would be infinite in an incompressible fluid). As the solution converges, these pressure waves die out, causing the derivation of pressure with respect to time to approach zero. Thus, continuity is satisfied for the incompressible fluid in the steady state. Computational efficiency is achieved using a diagonal algorithm. A block tri-diagonal option is also available. When a steady-state solution is reached, the modified continuity equation will satisfy the divergence-free velocity field condition. INS3D is capable of handling several different types of boundaries encountered in numerical simulations, including solid-surface, inflow and outflow, and far-field boundaries. Three machine versions of INS3D are available. INS3D for the CRAY is written in CRAY FORTRAN for execution on a CRAY X-MP under COS, INS3D for the IBM is written in FORTRAN 77 for execution on an IBM 3090 under the VM or MVS operating system, and INS3D for DEC RISC-based systems is written in RISC FORTRAN for execution on a DEC workstation running RISC ULTRIX 3.1 or later. The CRAY version has a central memory requirement of 730279 words. The central memory requirement for the IBM is 150Mb. The memory requirement for the DEC RISC ULTRIX version is 3Mb of main memory. INS3D was developed in 1987. The port to the IBM was done in 1990. The port to the DECstation 3100 was done in 1991. CRAY is a registered trademark of Cray Research Inc. IBM is a registered trademark of International Business Machines. DEC, DECstation, and ULTRIX are trademarks of the Digital Equipment Corporation.

INS3D - NUMERICAL SOLUTION OF THE INCOMPRESSIBLE NAVIER-STOKES EQUATIONS IN THREE-DIMENSIONAL GENERALIZED CURVILINEAR COORDINATES (CRAY VERSION)

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Rogers, S. E.

1994-01-01

INS3D computes steady-state solutions to the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations. The INS3D approach utilizes pseudo-compressibility combined with an approximate factorization scheme. This computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code has been verified on problems such as flow through a channel, flow over a backwardfacing step and flow over a circular cylinder. Three dimensional cases include flow over an ogive cylinder, flow through a rectangular duct, wind tunnel inlet flow, cylinder-wall juncture flow and flow through multiple posts mounted between two plates. INS3D uses a pseudo-compressibility approach in which a time derivative of pressure is added to the continuity equation, which together with the momentum equations form a set of four equations with pressure and velocity as the dependent variables. The equations' coordinates are transformed for general three dimensional applications. The equations are advanced in time by the implicit, non-iterative, approximately-factored, finite-difference scheme of Beam and Warming. The numerical stability of the scheme depends on the use of higher-order smoothing terms to damp out higher-frequency oscillations caused by second-order central differencing. The artificial compressibility introduces pressure (sound) waves of finite speed (whereas the speed of sound would be infinite in an incompressible fluid). As the solution converges, these pressure waves die out, causing the derivation of pressure with respect to time to approach zero. Thus, continuity is satisfied for the incompressible fluid in the steady state. Computational efficiency is achieved using a diagonal algorithm. A block tri-diagonal option is also available. When a steady-state solution is reached, the modified continuity equation will satisfy the divergence-free velocity field condition. INS3D is capable of handling several different types of boundaries encountered in numerical simulations, including solid-surface, inflow and outflow, and far-field boundaries. Three machine versions of INS3D are available. INS3D for the CRAY is written in CRAY FORTRAN for execution on a CRAY X-MP under COS, INS3D for the IBM is written in FORTRAN 77 for execution on an IBM 3090 under the VM or MVS operating system, and INS3D for DEC RISC-based systems is written in RISC FORTRAN for execution on a DEC workstation running RISC ULTRIX 3.1 or later. The CRAY version has a central memory requirement of 730279 words. The central memory requirement for the IBM is 150Mb. The memory requirement for the DEC RISC ULTRIX version is 3Mb of main memory. INS3D was developed in 1987. The port to the IBM was done in 1990. The port to the DECstation 3100 was done in 1991. CRAY is a registered trademark of Cray Research Inc. IBM is a registered trademark of International Business Machines. DEC, DECstation, and ULTRIX are trademarks of the Digital Equipment Corporation.

Two-boundary grid generation for the solution of the three dimensional compressible Navier-Stokes equations. Ph.D. Thesis - Old Dominion Univ.

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Smith, R. E.

1981-01-01

A grid generation technique called the two boundary technique is developed and applied for the solution of the three dimensional Navier-Stokes equations. The Navier-Stokes equations are transformed from a cartesian coordinate system to a computational coordinate system, and the grid generation technique provides the Jacobian matrix describing the transformation. The two boundary technique is based on algebraically defining two distinct boundaries of a flow domain and the distribution of the grid is achieved by applying functions to the uniform computational grid which redistribute the computational independent variables and consequently concentrate or disperse the grid points in the physical domain. The Navier-Stokes equations are solved using a MacCormack time-split technique. Grids and supersonic laminar flow solutions are obtained for a family of three dimensional corners and two spike-nosed bodies.

An Investigation of the Flow Physics of Acoustic Liners by Direct Numerical Simulation

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Watson, Willie R. (Technical Monitor); Tam, Christopher

2004-01-01

This report concentrates on reporting the effort and status of work done on three dimensional (3-D) simulation of a multi-hole resonator in an impedance tube. This work is coordinated with a parallel experimental effort to be carried out at the NASA Langley Research Center. The outline of this report is as follows : 1. Preliminary consideration. 2. Computation model. 3. Mesh design and parallel computing. 4. Visualization. 5. Status of computer code development. 1. Preliminary Consideration.

A series of three-dimensional lanthanide coordination polymers with rutile and unprecedented rutile-related topologies.

PubMed

Qin, Chao; Wang, Xin-Long; Wang, En-Bo; Su, Zhong-Min

2005-10-03

The complexes of formulas Ln(pydc)(Hpydc) (Ln = Sm (1), Eu (2), Gd (3); H2pydc = pyridine-2,5-dicarboxylic acid) and Ln(pydc)(bc)(H2O) (Ln = Sm (4), Gd (5); Hbc = benzenecarboxylic acid) have been synthesized under hydrothermal conditions and characterized by elemental analysis, IR, TG analysis, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Compounds 1-3 are isomorphous and crystallize in the orthorhombic system, space group Pbcn. Their final three-dimensional racemic frameworks can be considered as being constructed by helix-linked scalelike sheets. Compounds 4 and 5 are isostructural and crystallize in the monoclinic system, space group P2(1)/c. pydc ligands bridge dinuclear lanthanide centers to form the three-dimensional frameworks featuring hexagonal channels along the a-axis that are occupied by one-end-coordinated bc ligands. From the topological point of view, the five three-dimensional nets are binodal with six- and three-connected nodes, the former of which exhibit a rutile-related (4.6(2))(2)(4(2).6(9).8(4)) topology that is unprecedented within coordination frames, and the latter two species display a distorted rutile (4.6(2))(2)(4(2).6(10).8(3)) topology. Furthermore, the luminescent properties of 2 were studied.

Full-dimensional quantum calculations of ground-state tunneling splitting of malonaldehyde using an accurate ab initio potential energy surface

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, Yimin; Braams, Bastiaan J.; Bowman, Joel M.; Carter, Stuart; Tew, David P.

2008-06-01

Quantum calculations of the ground vibrational state tunneling splitting of H-atom and D-atom transfer in malonaldehyde are performed on a full-dimensional ab initio potential energy surface (PES). The PES is a fit to 11 147 near basis-set-limit frozen-core CCSD(T) electronic energies. This surface properly describes the invariance of the potential with respect to all permutations of identical atoms. The saddle-point barrier for the H-atom transfer on the PES is 4.1 kcal/mol, in excellent agreement with the reported ab initio value. Model one-dimensional and ``exact'' full-dimensional calculations of the splitting for H- and D-atom transfer are done using this PES. The tunneling splittings in full dimensionality are calculated using the unbiased ``fixed-node'' diffusion Monte Carlo (DMC) method in Cartesian and saddle-point normal coordinates. The ground-state tunneling splitting is found to be 21.6 cm-1 in Cartesian coordinates and 22.6 cm-1 in normal coordinates, with an uncertainty of 2-3 cm-1. This splitting is also calculated based on a model which makes use of the exact single-well zero-point energy (ZPE) obtained with the MULTIMODE code and DMC ZPE and this calculation gives a tunneling splitting of 21-22 cm-1. The corresponding computed splittings for the D-atom transfer are 3.0, 3.1, and 2-3 cm-1. These calculated tunneling splittings agree with each other to within less than the standard uncertainties obtained with the DMC method used, which are between 2 and 3 cm-1, and agree well with the experimental values of 21.6 and 2.9 cm-1 for the H and D transfer, respectively.

Full-dimensional quantum calculations of ground-state tunneling splitting of malonaldehyde using an accurate ab initio potential energy surface.

PubMed

Wang, Yimin; Braams, Bastiaan J; Bowman, Joel M; Carter, Stuart; Tew, David P

2008-06-14

Quantum calculations of the ground vibrational state tunneling splitting of H-atom and D-atom transfer in malonaldehyde are performed on a full-dimensional ab initio potential energy surface (PES). The PES is a fit to 11 147 near basis-set-limit frozen-core CCSD(T) electronic energies. This surface properly describes the invariance of the potential with respect to all permutations of identical atoms. The saddle-point barrier for the H-atom transfer on the PES is 4.1 kcalmol, in excellent agreement with the reported ab initio value. Model one-dimensional and "exact" full-dimensional calculations of the splitting for H- and D-atom transfer are done using this PES. The tunneling splittings in full dimensionality are calculated using the unbiased "fixed-node" diffusion Monte Carlo (DMC) method in Cartesian and saddle-point normal coordinates. The ground-state tunneling splitting is found to be 21.6 cm(-1) in Cartesian coordinates and 22.6 cm(-1) in normal coordinates, with an uncertainty of 2-3 cm(-1). This splitting is also calculated based on a model which makes use of the exact single-well zero-point energy (ZPE) obtained with the MULTIMODE code and DMC ZPE and this calculation gives a tunneling splitting of 21-22 cm(-1). The corresponding computed splittings for the D-atom transfer are 3.0, 3.1, and 2-3 cm(-1). These calculated tunneling splittings agree with each other to within less than the standard uncertainties obtained with the DMC method used, which are between 2 and 3 cm(-1), and agree well with the experimental values of 21.6 and 2.9 cm(-1) for the H and D transfer, respectively.

The NCOREL computer program for 3D nonlinear supersonic potential flow computations

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Siclari, M. J.

1983-01-01

An innovative computational technique (NCOREL) was established for the treatment of three dimensional supersonic flows. The method is nonlinear in that it solves the nonconservative finite difference analog of the full potential equation and can predict the formation of supercritical cross flow regions, embedded and bow shocks. The method implicitly computes a conical flow at the apex (R = 0) of a spherical coordinate system and uses a fully implicit marching technique to obtain three dimensional cross flow solutions. This implies that the radial Mach number must remain supersonic. The cross flow solutions are obtained by using type dependent transonic relaxation techniques with the type dependency linked to the character of the cross flow velocity (i.e., subsonic/supersonic). The spherical coordinate system and marching on spherical surfaces is ideally suited to the computation of wing flows at low supersonic Mach numbers due to the elimination of the subsonic axial Mach number problems that exist in other marching codes that utilize Cartesian transverse marching planes.

Method for Estimating Three-Dimensional Knee Rotations Using Two Inertial Measurement Units: Validation with a Coordinate Measurement Machine

PubMed Central

Vitali, Rachel V.; Cain, Stephen M.; Zaferiou, Antonia M.; Ojeda, Lauro V.; Perkins, Noel C.

2017-01-01

Three-dimensional rotations across the human knee serve as important markers of knee health and performance in multiple contexts including human mobility, worker safety and health, athletic performance, and warfighter performance. While knee rotations can be estimated using optical motion capture, that method is largely limited to the laboratory and small capture volumes. These limitations may be overcome by deploying wearable inertial measurement units (IMUs). The objective of this study is to present a new IMU-based method for estimating 3D knee rotations and to benchmark the accuracy of the results using an instrumented mechanical linkage. The method employs data from shank- and thigh-mounted IMUs and a vector constraint for the medial-lateral axis of the knee during periods when the knee joint functions predominantly as a hinge. The method is carefully validated using data from high precision optical encoders in a mechanism that replicates 3D knee rotations spanning (1) pure flexion/extension, (2) pure internal/external rotation, (3) pure abduction/adduction, and (4) combinations of all three rotations. Regardless of the movement type, the IMU-derived estimates of 3D knee rotations replicate the truth data with high confidence (RMS error < 4° and correlation coefficient r≥0.94). PMID:28846613

Silver(I) coordination polymers assembled from flexible cyclotriphosphazene ligand: structures, topologies and investigation of the counteranion effects.

PubMed

Davarcı, Derya; Gür, Rüştü; Beşli, Serap; Şenkuytu, Elif; Zorlu, Yunus

2016-06-01

The reactions of a flexible ligand hexakis(3-pyridyloxy)cyclotriphosphazene (HPCP) with a variety of silver(I) salts (AgX; X = NO3(-), PF6(-), ClO4(-), CH3PhSO3(-), BF4(-) and CF3SO3(-)) afforded six silver(I) coordination polymers, namely {[Ag2(HPCP)]·(NO3)2·H2O}n (1), {[Ag2(HPCP)(CH3CN)]·(PF6)2}n (2), {[Ag2(HPCP)(CH3CN)]·(ClO4)2}n (3), [Ag3(HPCP)(CH3PhSO3)3]n (4), [Ag2(HPCP)(CH3CN)(BF4)2]n (5) and {[Ag(HPCP)]·(CF3SO3)}n (6). All of the isolated crystalline compounds were structurally determined by X-ray crystallography. Changing the counteranions in the reactions, which were conducted under similar conditions of M/L ratio (1:1), temperature and solvent, resulted in structures with different types of topologies. In complexes (1)-(6), the ligand HPCP shows different coordination modes with Ag(I) ions giving two-dimensional layered structures and three-dimensional frameworks with different topologies. Complex (1) displays a new three-dimensional framework adopting a (3,3,6)-connected 3-nodal net with point symbol {4.6(2)}2{4(2).6(10).8(3)}. Complexes (2) and (3) are isomorphous and have a two-dimensional layered structure showing the same 3,6L60 topology with point symbol {4.2(6)}2{4(8).6(6).8}. Complex (4) is a two-dimensional structure incorporating short Ag...Ag argentophilic interactions and has a uninodal 4-connected sql/Shubnikov tetragonal plane net with {4(4).6(2)} topology. Complex (5) exhibits a novel three-dimensional framework and more suprisingly contains twofold interpenetrated honeycomb-like networks, in which the single net has a trinodal (2,3,5)-connected 3-nodal net with point symbol {6(3).8(6).12}{6(3)}{8}. Complex (6) crystallizes in a trigonal crystal system with the space group R\\bar 3 and possesses a three-dimensional polymeric structure showing a binodal (4,6)-connected fsh net with the point symbol (4(3).6(3))2.(4(6).6(6).8(3)). The effect of the counteranions on the formation of coordination polymers is discussed in this study.

Syntheses, structures and selective dye adsorption of five formic-based coordination polymers prepared by in-situ hydrolysis of N, N‧-dimethylformamide

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhu, Zheng; Meng, Xiang-min; Zhang, Dong-mei; Zhang, Xia; Wang, Mei; Jin, Fan; Fan, Yu-hua

2017-04-01

Five functional coordination polymers (formic-based CPs) namely: {[Cu2(CHOO)3(bibp)2]·CHOO}n (1), {[Co2(CHOO)3(bibp)2]·NO3·H2O}n (2), {[Ni2(CHOO)3(bibp)2]·NO3·H2O}n (3) [Co(CHOO)2(bbibp)]n (4) and [Zn(CHOO)2(bbibp)]n (5) (bibp=4,4‧-bis(imidazolyl)biphenyl, bbibp=4,4‧-bis(benzoimidazo-1-yl)biphenyl) have been successfully hydrothermally synthesized using the in-situ hydrolysis of N, N‧-dimethylformamide (DMF) as the source of formate. All of these five polymers were characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, elemental analysis, IR spectra, powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), and thermogravimetric (TG) analysis. Complexes 1-3 have the similar three-dimensional 3D kag topological framework built from the bibp ligand as the support member between the neighboring formic planes. Both complexes 4 and 5 have the similar one-dimensional 1D linear chain which is further assembled into 3D supermolecular structure by C-H…O hydrogen bonds. The dyes adsorption experiments have also been investigated systematically. The results show that complexes 2 and 3 exhibit high selective adsorption ability towards anionic dyes in their aqueous solution. Moreover, complex 2 displays good reversibility in the process of the dyes adsorption-release. Meanwhile, the unusual blocking phenomenon was firstly observed when complex 2 was in MO/OIV aqueous solutions with different concentration.

A one-dimensional free energy surface does not account for two-probe folding kinetics of protein alpha(3)D.

PubMed

Liu, Feng; Dumont, Charles; Zhu, Yongjin; DeGrado, William F; Gai, Feng; Gruebele, Martin

2009-02-14

We present fluorescence-detected measurements of the temperature-jump relaxation kinetics of the designed three-helix bundle protein alpha(3)D taken under solvent conditions identical to previous infrared-detected kinetics. The fluorescence-detected rate is similar to the IR-detected rate only at the lowest temperature where we could measure it (326 K). The fluorescence-detected rate decreases by a factor of 3 over the 326-344 K temperature range, whereas the IR-detected rate remains nearly constant over the same range. To investigate this probe dependence, we tested an extensive set of physically reasonable one-dimensional (1D) free energy surfaces by Langevin dynamics simulation. The simulations included coordinate- and temperature-dependent roughness, diffusion coefficients, and IR/fluorescence spectroscopic signatures. None of these can reproduce the IR and fluorescence data simultaneously, forcing us to the conclusion that a 1D free energy surface cannot accurately describe the folding of alpha(3)D. This supports the hypothesis that alpha(3)D has a multidimensional free energy surface conducive to downhill folding at 326 K, and that it is already an incipient downhill folder with probe-dependent kinetics near its melting point.

Calculation of three-dimensional (3-D) internal flow by means of the velocity-vorticity formulation on a staggered grid

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Stremel, Paul M.

1995-01-01

A method has been developed to accurately compute the viscous flow in three-dimensional (3-D) enclosures. This method is the 3-D extension of a two-dimensional (2-D) method developed for the calculation of flow over airfoils. The 2-D method has been tested extensively and has been shown to accurately reproduce experimental results. As in the 2-D method, the 3-D method provides for the non-iterative solution of the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations by means of a fully coupled implicit technique. The solution is calculated on a body fitted computational mesh incorporating a staggered grid methodology. In the staggered grid method, the three components of vorticity are defined at the centers of the computational cell sides, while the velocity components are defined as normal vectors at the centers of the computational cell faces. The staggered grid orientation provides for the accurate definition of the vorticity components at the vorticity locations, the divergence of vorticity at the mesh cell nodes and the conservation of mass at the mesh cell centers. The solution is obtained by utilizing a fractional step solution technique in the three coordinate directions. The boundary conditions for the vorticity and velocity are calculated implicitly as part of the solution. The method provides for the non-iterative solution of the flow field and satisfies the conservation of mass and divergence of vorticity to machine zero at each time step. To test the method, the calculation of simple driven cavity flows have been computed. The driven cavity flow is defined as the flow in an enclosure driven by a moving upper plate at the top of the enclosure. To demonstrate the ability of the method to predict the flow in arbitrary cavities, results will he shown for both cubic and curved cavities.

Three-dimensional shape measurement and calibration for fringe projection by considering unequal height of the projector and the camera

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Zhu Feipeng; Shi Hongjian; Bai Pengxiang

In fringe projection, the CCD camera and the projector are often placed at equal height. In this paper, we will study the calibration of an unequal arrangement of the CCD camera and the projector. The principle of fringe projection with two-dimensional digital image correlation to acquire the profile of object surface is described in detail. By formula derivation and experiment, the linear relationship between the out-of-plane calibration coefficient and the y coordinate is clearly found. To acquire the three-dimensional (3D) information of an object correctly, this paper presents an effective calibration method with linear least-squares fitting, which is very simplemore » in principle and calibration. Experiments are implemented to validate the availability and reliability of the calibration method.« less

Photophysical studies of europium coordination polymers based on a tetracarboxylate ligand.

PubMed

Gai, Yan-Li; Jiang, Fei-Long; Chen, Lian; Bu, Yang; Su, Kong-Zhao; Al-Thabaiti, Shaeel A; Hong, Mao-Chun

2013-07-01

Reaction of europium sulfate octahydrate with p-terphenyl-3,3″,5,5″-tetracarboxylic acid (H4ptptc) in a mixed solvent system has afforded three new coordination polymers formulated as {[Eu(ptptc)0.75(H2O)2]·0.5DMF·1.5H2O}n (1), {[Me2H2N]2 [Eu2(ptptc)2(H2O)(DMF)]·1.5DMF·7H2O}n (2), and {[Eu(Hptptc)(H2O)4]·0.5DMF·H2O}n (3). Complex 1 exhibits a three-dimensional (3D) metal-organic framework based on {Eu2(μ2-COO)2(COO)4}n chains, complex 2 shows a 3D metal-organic framework constructed by [Eu2(μ2-COO)2(COO)6](2-) dimetallic subunits, and complex 3 features a 2D layer architecture assembling to 3D framework through π···π interactions. All complexes exhibit the characteristic red luminescence of Eu(III) ion. The triplet state of ligand H4ptptc matches well with the emission level of Eu(III) ion, which allows the preparation of new optical materials with enhanced luminescence properties. The luminescence properties of these complexes are further studied in terms of their emission quantum yields, emission lifetimes, and the radiative/nonradiative rates.

Copper-based metal coordination complexes with Voriconazole ligand: Syntheses, structures and antimicrobial properties

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhao, Yan-Ming; Tang, Gui-Mei; Wang, Yong-Tao; Cui, Yue-Zhi; Ng, Seik Weng

2018-03-01

Three new chiral metal coordination complexes, namely, [Cu(FZ)2(CH3COO)2(H2O)]·2H2O (1), [Cu(FZ)2(NO3)2] (2), and [Cu2(FZ)2 (H2O)8](SO4)2·4H2O (3) [FZ = (2R,3S)-2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-3-(5-fluoro-4-pyrimidiny)-1-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)-2-butanol) (Voriconazole)] have been obtained by the reaction of Cu(II) salts and the free ligand FZ at room temperature. Complexes 1-3 were structurally characterized by X-ray single-crystal diffraction, IR, UV-vis, powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Complex 1 crystallizes in the chiral space group C2, which exhibits a mono-nuclear structure. Both complexes 2 and 3 display a one-dimensional (1D) tape structure, which crystallize in chiral space group P21212 and P212121, respectively. Among these complexes, there exist a variety of hydrogen bonds and stacking interactions, through which a three-dimensional supramolecular architecture will be generated. Compared with the standard (Voriconazole), these Cu-based complexes show the more potent inhibiting efficiency against the species of Candida and Aspergillus. Moreover, among these complexes, complex 1 shows the most excellent efficiency.

Assessment of a 3-D boundary layer code to predict heat transfer and flow losses in a turbine

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Anderson, O. L.

1984-01-01

Zonal concepts are utilized to delineate regions of application of three-dimensional boundary layer (DBL) theory. The zonal approach requires three distinct analyses. A modified version of the 3-DBL code named TABLET is used to analyze the boundary layer flow. This modified code solves the finite difference form of the compressible 3-DBL equations in a nonorthogonal surface coordinate system which includes coriolis forces produced by coordinate rotation. These equations are solved using an efficient, implicit, fully coupled finite difference procedure. The nonorthogonal surface coordinate system is calculated using a general analysis based on the transfinite mapping of Gordon which is valid for any arbitrary surface. Experimental data is used to determine the boundary layer edge conditions. The boundary layer edge conditions are determined by integrating the boundary layer edge equations, which are the Euler equations at the edge of the boundary layer, using the known experimental wall pressure distribution. Starting solutions along the inflow boundaries are estimated by solving the appropriate limiting form of the 3-DBL equations.

A bulk localized state and new holographic renormalization group flow in 3D spin-3 gravity

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Nakayama, Ryuichi; Suzuki, Tomotaka

2018-04-01

We construct a localized state of a scalar field in 3D spin-3 gravity. 3D spin-3 gravity is thought to be holographically dual to W3-extended CFT on a boundary at infinity. It is known that while W3 algebra is a nonlinear algebra, in the limit of large central charge c a linear finite-dimensional subalgebra generated by Wn (n = 0,±1,±2) and Ln (n = 0,±1) is singled out. The localized state is constructed in terms of these generators. To write down an equation of motion for a scalar field which is satisfied by this localized state, it is necessary to introduce new variables for an internal space α±, β±, γ, in addition to ordinary coordinates x± and y. The higher-dimensional space, which combines the bulk space-time with the “internal space,” which is an analog of superspace in supersymmetric theory, is introduced. The “physical bulk space-time” is a 3D hypersurface with constant α±, β± and γ embedded in this space. We will work in Poincaré coordinates of AdS space and consider W-quasi-primary operators Φh(x+) with a conformal weight h in the boundary and study two and three point functions of W-quasi-primary operators transformed as eix+L‑1heβ+W‑1hΦh(0)e‑β+W‑1he‑ix+L‑1h. Here, Lnh and Wnh are sl(3,R) generators in the hyperbolic basis for Poincaré coordinates. It is shown that in the β+ →∞ limit, the conformal weight changes to a new value h‧ = h/2. This may be regarded as a Renormalization Group (RG) flow. It is argued that this RG flow will be triggered by terms ΔS ∝ β+W ‑1h + β‑W¯ ‑1h added to the action.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Shen, Lei; Bai, Yu; Min, Yu-Ting

Three different tetrazole-carboxylate ligands, monotetrazole-carboxylate H{sub 2}tza (H{sub 2}tza=1,5-tetrazole-diacetic acid), Hpztza (Hpztza=5-(2-pyrazinyl)tetrazole-2(1-methyl)acetic acid), ditetrazole-carboxylate H{sub 2}tzpha (H{sub 2}tzpha=1,3-di(tetrazole-5-yl)benzene-N2,N2′-diacetic acid) have been chosen to react with CdCl{sub 2}·6H{sub 2}O, resulting in the formation of three new compounds [Cd{sub 2}(tza){sub 2}] (1), [Cd(pztza){sub 2}] (2) and [Cd(tzpha)(CH{sub 3}OH){sub 2}] (3). The coordinate sites of the three ligands are major influenced by the different substituted group of tetrazole ring. These compounds have been characterized by elemental analysis, IR and single crystal X-ray diffraction. Compound 1 displays a complex 3D structure; compound 2 shows a 3D network and compound 3 features a 2D layermore » network. Furthermore, the luminescence properties investigated at room temperature in the solid state showed excellent ligand-centered luminescence. The obvious enhancement in luminescence makes these compounds potential materials for optical use. The differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric-differential thermogravimetric (TG-DTG) analyses were applied to evaluate the thermal decomposition behavior of such compounds, showing that compounds 2 and 3 can be used as potential energetic materials. The relevant thermodynamic parameters ΔH, ΔS and ΔG were calculated as well. - Graphical abstract: H{sub 2}tza, Hpztza and H{sub 2}tzpha have been prepared. Three novel Cd (II)compounds were synthesized by reactions of CdCl{sub 2}·6H{sub 2}O, namely three dimensional [Cd{sub 2}(tza){sub 2}] (1), three dimensional [Cd(pztza){sub 2}] (2), and two dimensional [Cd(tzpha)(CH{sub 3}O){sub 2}] (3). The luminescences were investigated. Furthermore, the DSC show compounds 1 and 3 can be used as potential explosive materials.« less

Three new 5-fold interpenetrating diamondoid frameworks constructed by rigid diimidazole and dicarboxylate ligands

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Huo, Jianqiang; Yan, Shuai; Li, Haiqiang; Yu, Donghui; Arulsamy, Navamoney

2018-03-01

A series of three-dimensional coordination polymers, namely, [Cd(BIMB)(SCA)]n (1), [M(BIMB)(trans-CHDC)]n (2, M = Cd2+; 3, M = Co2+), where BIMB = 1,4-di(1H-imidazol-1-yl)benzene, SCA2- = succinate dianion, CHDC2- = cyclohexane-1,4-dicarboxylate dianion) are synthesized hydro/solvatothermal methods. The products are characterized by elemental analysis and single-crystal X-ray diffraction data. Both the dianion and BIMB bridge different pairs of the metal ions, the three complexes are polymeric and their three-dimensional topology feature a diamond-like metal-organic framework (MOF). Owing to the length of the two bridging ligands, moderate size voids are formed in the diamondoid networks. However, the voids are filled by mutual interpenetration of four independent equivalent frameworks in a 5-fold interpenetrating architecture, and there is no sufficient void volume available for any guest molecules. The phase purity and thermal stability of the compounds are verified by powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) and thermogravimetric (TG) data. The solid-state fluorescence spectra for the 3d10 Cd2+ MOF's 1 and 2 reveal significant enhancement in their emission intensities in comparison to the non-metallated BIMB. The enhanced emission is attributed to perturbation of intra-ligand emission states due to Cd2+ coordination.

Three-dimensional vibrometry of the human eardrum with stroboscopic lensless digital holography

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Khaleghi, Morteza; Furlong, Cosme; Ravicz, Mike; Cheng, Jeffrey Tao; Rosowski, John J.

2015-05-01

The eardrum or tympanic membrane (TM) transforms acoustic energy at the ear canal into mechanical motions of the ossicles. The acousto-mechanical transformer behavior of the TM is determined by its shape, three-dimensional (3-D) motion, and mechanical properties. We have developed an optoelectronic holographic system to measure the shape and 3-D sound-induced displacements of the TM. The shape of the TM is measured with dual-wavelength holographic contouring using a tunable near IR laser source with a central wavelength of 780 nm. 3-D components of sound-induced displacements of the TM are measured with the method of multiple sensitivity vectors using stroboscopic holographic interferometry. To accurately obtain sensitivity vectors, a new technique is developed and used in which the sensitivity vectors are obtained from the images of a specular sphere that is being illuminated from different directions. Shape and 3-D acoustically induced displacement components of cadaveric human TMs at several excitation frequencies are measured at more than one million points on its surface. A numerical rotation matrix is used to rotate the original Euclidean coordinate of the measuring system in order to obtain in-plane and out-of-plane motion components. Results show that in-plane components of motion are much smaller (<20%) than the out-of-plane motions' components.

Shell-crossing in quasi-one-dimensional flow

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Rampf, Cornelius; Frisch, Uriel

2017-10-01

Blow-up of solutions for the cosmological fluid equations, often dubbed shell-crossing or orbit crossing, denotes the breakdown of the single-stream regime of the cold-dark-matter fluid. At this instant, the velocity becomes multi-valued and the density singular. Shell-crossing is well understood in one dimension (1D), but not in higher dimensions. This paper is about quasi-one-dimensional (Q1D) flow that depends on all three coordinates but differs only slightly from a strictly 1D flow, thereby allowing a perturbative treatment of shell-crossing using the Euler-Poisson equations written in Lagrangian coordinates. The signature of shell-crossing is then just the vanishing of the Jacobian of the Lagrangian map, a regular perturbation problem. In essence, the problem of the first shell-crossing, which is highly singular in Eulerian coordinates, has been desingularized by switching to Lagrangian coordinates, and can then be handled by perturbation theory. Here, all-order recursion relations are obtained for the time-Taylor coefficients of the displacement field, and it is shown that the Taylor series has an infinite radius of convergence. This allows the determination of the time and location of the first shell-crossing, which is generically shown to be taking place earlier than for the unperturbed 1D flow. The time variable used for these statements is not the cosmic time t but the linear growth time τ ˜ t2/3. For simplicity, calculations are restricted to an Einstein-de Sitter universe in the Newtonian approximation, and tailored initial data are used. However it is straightforward to relax these limitations, if needed.

Magnetic interactions in praseodymium ruthenate Pr{sub 3}RuO{sub 7} with fluorite-related structure

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Inabayashi, Masaki; Doi, Yoshihiro; Wakeshima, Makoto

2017-06-15

Solid solutions Pr{sub 3}(Ru{sub 1-x}Ta{sub x})O{sub 7} (0≤x≤1.0) and (Pr{sub 1-x}Y{sub x}){sub 3}RuO{sub 7} (0≤x≤0.7) were obtained as a single phase compound. They crystallize in an orthorhombic superstructure derived from that of the cubic fluorite with space group Cmcm. The results of the Rietveld analysis for X-ray diffraction profiles of Pr{sub 3}(Ru{sub 1-x}Ta{sub x})O{sub 7} showed that Ru and Ta atoms are randomly situated at the six-coordinate 4b site. For (Pr{sub 1-x}Y{sub x}){sub 3}RuO{sub 7}, with increasing the concentration of Y ions (x value), the smaller Y ions occupy selectively the seven-coordinate 8g site rather than the eight-coordinate 4a site.more » Through magnetic susceptibility measurements for Pr{sub 3}(Ru{sub 1-x}Ta{sub x})O{sub 7}, the antiferromagnetic transition temperatures decrease linearly with increasing x value, and at x=0.75 no magnetic ordering was found down to 1.8 K, indicating the magnetic interaction is not one-dimensional, but three-dimensional. On the other hand, the antiferromagnetic transition temperature for (Pr{sub 1-x}Y{sub x}){sub 3}RuO{sub 7} decreases with increasing x value, but above x≥0.50 it becomes constant (~12 K). This result indicates that Pr{sup 3+} ions at the seven-coordinate site greatly contribute to the antiferromagnetic interactions observed in (Pr{sub 1-x}Y{sub x}){sub 3}RuO{sub 7}. Density functional calculations of Pr{sub 3}RuO{sub 7} demonstrate that the electronic structure gives insulating character and that oxygen 2p orbitals hybridize strongly with Ru 4d orbitals in the valence band (VB). Near the top of VB, the Pr 4 f orbitals at the seven-coordinated site also show a weak hybridization with the O(1) 2p orbitals. The Ru-O(1)-Pr superexchange pathway take part in three-dimensional magnetic interaction and play an important role in an enhancement of long-range magnetic ordering. - Graphical abstract: The spin densities and the spin polarization of Pr{sub 3}RuO{sub 7} are shown. Significant spin polarization is seen on the magnetic Pr and Ru ions, but there is also some on the O(1), (3) ligands of Ru. - Highlights: • New fluorite-related quaternary praseodymium ruthenates were prepared. • Pr{sub 3}RuO{sub 7} shows an antiferromagnetic transition at 55 K. • The Ru-O-Pr superexchange interactions are three-dimensional.« less

Homochiral coordination polymers with helixes and metal clusters based on lactate derivatives

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Xu, Zhong-Xuan, E-mail: xuzhongxuan4201@163.com; Ma, Yu-Lu; Lv, Guo-ling

2017-05-15

Utilizing the lactic acid derivatives (R)-4-(1-carboxyethoxy)benzoic acid (denoted: (R)-H{sub 2}CBA) and (S)-4-(1-carboxyethoxy)benzoic acid (denoted: (S)-H{sub 2}CBA)as chiral linkers to self-assemble with 4, 4′-bipyridine (denoted: BIP) and Cd(II) ions, a couple of three-dimensional homochiral coordination polymers, namely [Cd{sub 3}((R)-CBA){sub 3} (BIP){sub 2}(H{sub 2}O)]·xGuest (1-D) and [Cd{sub 3}((S)-CBA){sub 3}(BIP){sub 2}(H{sub 2}O)]·xGuest (1-L), have been synthesized under solvothermal reaction condition. Single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis reveals the two complexes contain single helical chains based on enantiopure ligands and cadmium clusters. Moreover, some physical characteristics such as PXRD, thermal stability, solid-state circular dichroism (CD) and luminescent were also investigated. - Graphical abstract: Utilizing enantiomericmore » lactic acid derivatives (R)-H{sub 2}CBA and (S)-H{sub 2}CBA to assemble with Cd{sup 2+} ions and ancillary BIP ligands, a couple of 3D homochiral coordination polymers with metal clusters and helical chains have been prepared by hydrothermal reaction. - Highlights: • Chiral lactic acid derivative. • Enantiomeric coordination polymer. • Helical chain. • Trinuclear cadmium cluster.« less

Three-dimensional high-precision indoor positioning strategy using Tabu search based on visible light communication

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Peng, Qi; Guan, Weipeng; Wu, Yuxiang; Cai, Ye; Xie, Canyu; Wang, Pengfei

2018-01-01

This paper proposes a three-dimensional (3-D) high-precision indoor positioning strategy using Tabu search based on visible light communication. Tabu search is a powerful global optimization algorithm, and the 3-D indoor positioning can be transformed into an optimal solution problem. Therefore, in the 3-D indoor positioning, the optimal receiver coordinate can be obtained by the Tabu search algorithm. For all we know, this is the first time the Tabu search algorithm is applied to visible light positioning. Each light-emitting diode (LED) in the system broadcasts a unique identity (ID) and transmits the ID information. When the receiver detects optical signals with ID information from different LEDs, using the global optimization of the Tabu search algorithm, the 3-D high-precision indoor positioning can be realized when the fitness value meets certain conditions. Simulation results show that the average positioning error is 0.79 cm, and the maximum error is 5.88 cm. The extended experiment of trajectory tracking also shows that 95.05% positioning errors are below 1.428 cm. It can be concluded from the data that the 3-D indoor positioning based on the Tabu search algorithm achieves the requirements of centimeter level indoor positioning. The algorithm used in indoor positioning is very effective and practical and is superior to other existing methods for visible light indoor positioning.

Computation of Reacting Flows in Combustion Processes

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Keith, Theo G., Jr.; Chen, Kuo-Huey

1997-01-01

The main objective of this research was to develop an efficient three-dimensional computer code for chemically reacting flows. The main computer code developed is ALLSPD-3D. The ALLSPD-3D computer program is developed for the calculation of three-dimensional, chemically reacting flows with sprays. The ALL-SPD code employs a coupled, strongly implicit solution procedure for turbulent spray combustion flows. A stochastic droplet model and an efficient method for treatment of the spray source terms in the gas-phase equations are used to calculate the evaporating liquid sprays. The chemistry treatment in the code is general enough that an arbitrary number of reaction and species can be defined by the users. Also, it is written in generalized curvilinear coordinates with both multi-block and flexible internal blockage capabilities to handle complex geometries. In addition, for general industrial combustion applications, the code provides both dilution and transpiration cooling capabilities. The ALLSPD algorithm, which employs the preconditioning and eigenvalue rescaling techniques, is capable of providing efficient solution for flows with a wide range of Mach numbers. Although written for three-dimensional flows in general, the code can be used for two-dimensional and axisymmetric flow computations as well. The code is written in such a way that it can be run in various computer platforms (supercomputers, workstations and parallel processors) and the GUI (Graphical User Interface) should provide a user-friendly tool in setting up and running the code.

Dynamic motion analysis of dart throwers motion visualized through computerized tomography and calculation of the axis of rotation.

PubMed

Edirisinghe, Y; Troupis, J M; Patel, M; Smith, J; Crossett, M

2014-05-01

We used a dynamic three-dimensional (3D) mapping method to model the wrist in dynamic unrestricted dart throwers motion in three men and four women. With the aid of precision landmark identification, a 3D coordinate system was applied to the distal radius and the movement of the carpus was described. Subsequently, with dynamic 3D reconstructions and freedom to position the camera viewpoint anywhere in space, we observed the motion pathways of all carpal bones in dart throwers motion and calculated its axis of rotation. This was calculated to lie in 27° of anteversion from the coronal plane and 44° of varus angulation relative to the transverse plane. This technique is a safe and a feasible carpal imaging method to gain key information for decision making in future hand surgical and rehabilitative practices.

One-dimensional Cu(II) coordination polymers containing C2h-symmetric 1,1':4',1''-terphenyl-3,3'-dicarboxylate linkers.

PubMed

Kim, Hyun Chul; Gu, Ja Min; Huh, Seong; Yo, Chul Hyun; Kim, Youngmee

2015-10-01

Two new one-dimensional Cu(II) coordination polymers (CPs) containing the C2h-symmetric terphenyl-based dicarboxylate linker 1,1':4',1''-terphenyl-3,3'-dicarboxylate (3,3'-TPDC), namely catena-poly[[bis(dimethylamine-κN)copper(II)]-μ-1,1':4',1''-terphenyl-3,3'-dicarboxylato-κ(4)O,O':O'':O'''] monohydrate], {[Cu(C20H12O4)(C2H7N)2]·H2O}n, (I), and catena-poly[[aquabis(dimethylamine-κN)copper(II)]-μ-1,1':4',1''-terphenyl-3,3'-dicarboxylato-κ(2)O(3):O(3')] monohydrate], {[Cu(C20H12O4)(C2H7N)2(H2O)]·H2O}n, (II), were both obtained from two different methods of preparation: one reaction was performed in the presence of 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (DABCO) as a potential pillar ligand and the other was carried out in the absence of the DABCO pillar. Both reactions afforded crystals of different colours, i.e. violet plates for (I) and blue needles for (II), both of which were analysed by X-ray crystallography. The 3,3'-TPDC bridging ligands coordinate the Cu(II) ions in asymmetric chelating modes in (I) and in monodenate binding modes in (II), forming one-dimensional chains in each case. Both coordination polymers contain two coordinated dimethylamine ligands in mutually trans positions, and there is an additional aqua ligand in (II). The solvent water molecules are involved in hydrogen bonds between the one-dimensional coordination polymer chains, forming a two-dimensional network in (I) and a three-dimensional network in (II).

Intrinsic feature-based pose measurement for imaging motion compensation

DOEpatents

Baba, Justin S.; Goddard, Jr., James Samuel

2014-08-19

Systems and methods for generating motion corrected tomographic images are provided. A method includes obtaining first images of a region of interest (ROI) to be imaged and associated with a first time, where the first images are associated with different positions and orientations with respect to the ROI. The method also includes defining an active region in the each of the first images and selecting intrinsic features in each of the first images based on the active region. Second, identifying a portion of the intrinsic features temporally and spatially matching intrinsic features in corresponding ones of second images of the ROI associated with a second time prior to the first time and computing three-dimensional (3D) coordinates for the portion of the intrinsic features. Finally, the method includes computing a relative pose for the first images based on the 3D coordinates.

Accuracy and efficiency of full-arch digitalization and 3D printing: A comparison between desktop model scanners, an intraoral scanner, a CBCT model scan, and stereolithographic 3D printing.

PubMed

Wesemann, Christian; Muallah, Jonas; Mah, James; Bumann, Axel

2017-01-01

The primary objective of this study was to compare the accuracy and time efficiency of an indirect and direct digitalization workflow with that of a three-dimensional (3D) printer in order to identify the most suitable method for orthodontic use. A master model was measured with a coordinate measuring instrument. The distances measured were the intercanine width, the intermolar width, and the dental arch length. Sixty-four scans were taken with each of the desktop scanners R900 and R700 (3Shape), the intraoral scanner TRIOS Color Pod (3Shape), and the Promax 3D Mid cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) unit (Planmeca). All scans were measured with measuring software. One scan was selected and printed 37 times on the D35 stereolithographic 3D printer (Innovation MediTech). The printed models were measured again using the coordinate measuring instrument. The most accurate results were obtained by the R900. The R700 and the TRIOS intraoral scanner showed comparable results. CBCT-3D-rendering with the Promax 3D Mid CBCT unit revealed significantly higher accuracy with regard to dental casts than dental impressions. 3D printing offered a significantly higher level of deviation than digitalization with desktop scanners or an intraoral scanner. The chairside time required for digital impressions was 27% longer than for conventional impressions. Conventional impressions, model casting, and optional digitization with desktop scanners remains the recommended workflow process. For orthodontic demands, intraoral scanners are a useful alternative for full-arch scans. For prosthodontic use, the scanning scope should be less than one quadrant and three additional teeth.

Exploration of a Variety of Copper Molybdate Coordination Hybrids Based on a Flexible Bis(1,2,4-triazole) Ligand: A Look through the Composition-Space Diagram.

PubMed

Senchyk, Ganna A; Lysenko, Andrey B; Domasevitch, Konstantin V; Erhart, Oliver; Henfling, Stefan; Krautscheid, Harald; Rusanov, Eduard B; Krämer, Karl W; Decurtins, Silvio; Liu, Shi-Xia

2017-11-06

We investigated the coordination ability of the bis(1,2,4-triazolyl) module, tr 2 pr = 1,3-bis(1,2,4-triazol-4-yl)propane, toward the engineering of solid-state structures of copper polyoxomolybdates utilizing a composition space diagram approach. Different binding modes of the ligand including [N-N]-bridging and N-terminal coordination and the existence of favorable conformation forms (anti/anti, gauche/anti, and gauche/gauche) resulted in varieties of mixed metal Cu I /Mo VI and Cu II /Mo VI coordination polymers prepared under hydrothermal conditions. The composition space analysis employed was aimed at both the development of new coordination solids and their crystallization fields through systematic changes of the reagent ratios [copper(II) and molybdenum(VI) oxide precursors and the tr 2 pr ligand]. Nine coordination compounds were synthesized and structurally characterized. The diverse coordination architectures of the compounds are composed of cationic fragments such as [Cu II 3 (μ 2 -OH) 2 (μ 2 -tr) 2 ] 4+ , [Cu II 3 (μ 2 -tr) 6 ] 6+ , [Cu II 2 (μ 2 -tr) 3 ] 4+ , etc., connected to polymeric arrays by anionic species (molybdate MoO 4 2- , isomeric α-, δ-, and β-octamolybdates {Mo 8 O 26 } 4- or {Mo 8 O 28 H 2 } 6- ). The inorganic copper(I,II)/molybdenum(VI) oxide matrix itself forms discrete or low-dimensional subtopological motifs (0D, 1D, or 2D), while the organic spacers interconnect them into higher-dimensional networks. The 3D coordination hybrids show moderate thermal stability up to 230-250 °C, while for the 2D compounds, the stability of the framework is distinctly lower (∼190 °C). The magnetic properties of the most representative samples were investigated. The magnetic interactions were rationalized in terms of analyzing the planes of the magnetic orbitals.

Metadynamics in the conformational space nonlinearly dimensionally reduced by Isomap.

PubMed

Spiwok, Vojtěch; Králová, Blanka

2011-12-14

Atomic motions in molecules are not linear. This infers that nonlinear dimensionality reduction methods can outperform linear ones in analysis of collective atomic motions. In addition, nonlinear collective motions can be used as potentially efficient guides for biased simulation techniques. Here we present a simulation with a bias potential acting in the directions of collective motions determined by a nonlinear dimensionality reduction method. Ad hoc generated conformations of trans,trans-1,2,4-trifluorocyclooctane were analyzed by Isomap method to map these 72-dimensional coordinates to three dimensions, as described by Brown and co-workers [J. Chem. Phys. 129, 064118 (2008)]. Metadynamics employing the three-dimensional embeddings as collective variables was applied to explore all relevant conformations of the studied system and to calculate its conformational free energy surface. The method sampled all relevant conformations (boat, boat-chair, and crown) and corresponding transition structures inaccessible by an unbiased simulation. This scheme allows to use essentially any parameter of the system as a collective variable in biased simulations. Moreover, the scheme we used for mapping out-of-sample conformations from the 72D to 3D space can be used as a general purpose mapping for dimensionality reduction, beyond the context of molecular modeling. © 2011 American Institute of Physics

Simultaneous full-field 3-D vibrometry of the human eardrum using spatial-bandwidth multiplexed holography

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Khaleghi, Morteza; Guignard, Jérémie; Furlong, Cosme; Rosowski, John J.

2015-11-01

Holographic interferometric methods typically require the use of three sensitivity vectors in order to obtain three-dimensional (3-D) information. Methods based on multiple directions of illumination have limited applications when studying biological tissues that have temporally varying responses such as the tympanic membrane (TM). Therefore, to measure 3-D displacements in such applications, the measurements along all the sensitivity vectors have to be done simultaneously. We propose a multiple-illumination directions approach to measure 3-D displacements from a single-shot hologram that contains displacement information from three sensitivity vectors. The hologram of an object of interest is simultaneously recorded with three incoherently superimposed pairs of reference and object beams. The incident off-axis angles of the reference beams are adjusted such that the frequency components of the multiplexed hologram are completely separate. Because of the differences in the directions and wavelengths of the reference beams, the positions of each reconstructed image corresponding to each sensitivity vector are different. We implemented a registration algorithm to accurately translate individual components of the hologram into a single global coordinate system to calculate 3-D displacements. The results include magnitudes and phases of 3-D sound-induced motions of a human cadaveric TM at several excitation frequencies showing modal and traveling wave motions on its surface.

Three-dimensional labeling program for elucidation of the geometric properties of biological particles in three-dimensional space.

PubMed

Nomura, A; Yamazaki, Y; Tsuji, T; Kawasaki, Y; Tanaka, S

1996-09-15

For all biological particles such as cells or cellular organelles, there are three-dimensional coordinates representing the centroid or center of gravity. These coordinates and other numerical parameters such as volume, fluorescence intensity, surface area, and shape are referred to in this paper as geometric properties, which may provide critical information for the clarification of in situ mechanisms of molecular and cellular functions in living organisms. We have established a method for the elucidation of these properties, designated the three-dimensional labeling program (3DLP). Algorithms of 3DLP are so simple that this method can be carried out through the use of software combinations in image analysis on a personal computer. To evaluate 3DLP, it was applied to a 32-cell-stage sea urchin embryo, double stained with FITC for cellular protein of blastomeres and propidium iodide for nuclear DNA. A stack of optical serial section images was obtained by confocal laser scanning microscopy. The method was found effective for determining geometric properties and should prove applicable to the study of many different kinds of biological particles in three-dimensional space.

Solvothermal synthesis and structural characterization of a three-dimensional metal organic polymer [NaZn(1,2,4-BTC)] (1,2,4-BTC=1,2,4-benzenetricarboxylate)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, Lei; Shi, Zhan; Li, Guanghua; Fan, Yong; Fu, Wensheng; Feng, Shouhua

2004-01-01

A new three-dimensional metal-organic polymer, [NaZn(1,2,4-BTC)] (where 1,2,4-BTC=1,2,4-benzenetricarboxylate), has been prepared under solvothermal conditions and characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction. The compound crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P2 1/ c, with cell parameters: a=9.7706(4) Å, b=12.3549(5) Å, c=6.8897(3) Å, β=91.640(2)°, V=831.35(6) Å 3 and Z=4. In the three-dimensional structure of the compound, each Zn atom is five-coordinated in distorted trigonal bipyramidal geometry, while the sixfold coordination of Na corresponds to a slightly distorted triangular prism. The organic ligand, 1,2,4-BTC, shows a novel and unprecedented coordination mode: 11 bonds to 10 metals with each carboxylate function exhibiting different linkages. It remains stable when desolvated and when heated up to 410 °C.

Feasibility of creating a high-resolution 3D diffusion tensor imaging based atlas of the human brainstem: A case study at 11.7T

PubMed Central

Aggarwal, Manisha; Zhang, Jiangyang; Pletnikova, Olga; Crain, Barbara; Troncoso, Juan; Mori, Susumu

2013-01-01

A three-dimensional stereotaxic atlas of the human brainstem based on high resolution ex vivo diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) is introduced. The atlas consists of high resolution (125–255 μm isotropic) three-dimensional DT images of the formalin-fixed brainstem acquired at 11.7T. The DTI data revealed microscopic neuroanatomical details, allowing three-dimensional visualization and reconstruction of fiber pathways including the decussation of the pyramidal tract fibers, and interdigitating fascicles of the corticospinal and transverse pontine fibers. Additionally, strong grey-white matter contrasts in the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) maps enabled precise delineation of grey matter nuclei in the brainstem, including the cranial nerve and the inferior olivary nuclei. Comparison with myelin-stained histology shows that at the level of resolution achieved in this study, the structural details resolved with DTI contrasts in the brainstem were comparable to anatomical delineation obtained with histological sectioning. Major neural structures delineated from DTI contrasts in the brainstem are segmented and three-dimensionally reconstructed. Further, the ex vivo DTI data are nonlinearly mapped to a widely-used in vivo human brain atlas, to construct a high-resolution atlas of the brainstem in the Montreal Neurological Institute (MNI) stereotaxic coordinate space. The results demonstrate the feasibility of developing a 3D DTI based atlas for detailed characterization of brainstem neuroanatomy with high resolution and contrasts, which will be a useful resource for research and clinical applications. PMID:23384518

Simultaneous 3D localization of multiple MR-visible markers in fully reconstructed MR images: proof-of-concept for subsecond position tracking.

PubMed

Thörmer, Gregor; Garnov, Nikita; Moche, Michael; Haase, Jürgen; Kahn, Thomas; Busse, Harald

2012-04-01

To determine whether a greatly reduced spatial resolution of fully reconstructed projection MR images can be used for the simultaneous 3D localization of multiple MR-visible markers and to assess the feasibility of a subsecond position tracking for clinical purposes. Miniature, inductively coupled RF coils were imaged in three orthogonal planes with a balanced steady-state free precession (SSFP) sequence and automatically localized using a two-dimensional template fitting and a subsequent three-dimensional (3D) matching of the coordinates. Precision, accuracy, speed and robustness of 3D localization were assessed for decreasing in-plane resolutions (0.6-4.7 mm). The feasibility of marker tracking was evaluated at the lowest resolution by following a robotically driven needle on a complex 3D trajectory. Average 3D precision and accuracy, sensitivity and specificity of localization ranged between 0.1 and 0.4 mm, 0.5 and 1.0 mm, 100% and 95%, and 100% and 96%, respectively. At the lowest resolution, imaging and localization took ≈350 ms and provided an accuracy of ≈1.0 mm. In the tracking experiment, the needle was clearly depicted on the oblique scan planes defined by the markers. Image-based marker localization at a greatly reduced spatial resolution is considered a feasible approach to monitor reference points or rigid instruments at subsecond update rates. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Rare Earth coordination polymers with zeolite topology constructed from 4-connected building units.

PubMed

Guo, Xiaodan; Zhu, Guangshan; Li, Zhongyue; Chen, Yan; Li, Xiaotian; Qiu, Shilun

2006-05-15

A series of rare earth coordination polymers, M(BTC)(DMF)(DMSO) (M = Tb (1), Ho (2), Er (3), Yb (4), Y (5)), with zeolite ABW topology have been synthesized under mild conditions. They exhibit the same three-dimensional (3D) architecture and crystallize in monoclinic symmetry space group P2(1)/n. Their structures are built up from inorganic and organic 4-connected building units, whose vertex symbols are 4.4.6.6.6.8. The building units link to each other to generate approximate 5 x 8 angstroms2 channels along the [100] direction. The luminescent and magnetic properties of these compounds are investigated, and the results reveal that they could be anticipated to be potential antiferromagnetic and fluorescent materials.

Optical rotation compensation for a holographic 3D display with a 360 degree horizontal viewing zone.

PubMed

Sando, Yusuke; Barada, Daisuke; Yatagai, Toyohiko

2016-10-20

A method for a continuous optical rotation compensation in a time-division-based holographic three-dimensional (3D) display with a rotating mirror is presented. Since the coordinate system of wavefronts after the mirror reflection rotates about the optical axis along with the rotation angle, compensation or cancellation is absolutely necessary to fix the reconstructed 3D object. In this study, we address this problem by introducing an optical image rotator based on a right-angle prism that rotates synchronously with the rotating mirror. The optical and continuous compensation reduces the occurrence of duplicate images, which leads to the improvement of the quality of reconstructed images. The effect of the optical rotation compensation is experimentally verified and a demonstration of holographic 3D display with the optical rotation compensation is presented.

Self-assembly of coordination polymers of Pr(III), Nd(III), Tb(III), Dy(III) and Ho(III) with 5-hydroxyisophthalic acid and adipic acid: Syntheses, structures, porosity, luminescence and magnetic properties

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kariem, Mukaddus; Yawer, Mohd; Kumar, Manesh; Nawaz Sheikh, Haq; Sood, Puneet; Kolekar, Sanjay S.

2017-11-01

Five novel coordination polymers (CPs) with the formula [Ln (hip) (adip)0.5(H2O)2]n. nH2O [Ln = Pr (1), Nd (2), Tb (3), Dy (4) and Ho (5)] were synthesized by self-organization of lanthanide salts with rigid [5-hydroxyisophthalic acid (H2hip)] and flexible [adipic acid (H2adip)] linkers under solvothermal condition. X-ray diffraction revealed data that all five CPs 1-5 are isostructural and crystallizes in monoclinic C2/c space group. Coordination polymers 1-5 exhibit 1D linear ladder shaped extension with the linkage of lanthanide carboxylate chains having the backbone of H2hip and H2adip ligands. The 1D linear ladder chains get transformed into three dimensional (3D) supramolecular network via non-covalent interactions (π-π and H - bonding). The porosity study showed that 20.34 mL of N2 gets adsorbed per 1.0 g of sample at 1 atm pressure. The CP 3 (Tb) and 4 (Dy) emit strong ligand sensitized characteristic f-f luminescence emission. The CPs 3 and 4 exhibit weak ferromagnetic interactions at lower temperatures.

A panning DLT procedure for three-dimensional videography.

PubMed

Yu, B; Koh, T J; Hay, J G

1993-06-01

The direct linear transformation (DLT) method [Abdel-Aziz and Karara, APS Symposium on Photogrammetry. American Society of Photogrammetry, Falls Church, VA (1971)] is widely used in biomechanics to obtain three-dimensional space coordinates from film and video records. This method has some major shortcomings when used to analyze events which take place over large areas. To overcome these shortcomings, a three-dimensional data collection method based on the DLT method, and making use of panning cameras, was developed. Several small single control volumes were combined to construct a large total control volume. For each single control volume, a regression equation (calibration equation) is developed to express each of the 11 DLT parameters as a function of camera orientation, so that the DLT parameters can then be estimated from arbitrary camera orientations. Once the DLT parameters are known for at least two cameras, and the associated two-dimensional film or video coordinates of the event are obtained, the desired three-dimensional space coordinates can be computed. In a laboratory test, five single control volumes (in a total control volume of 24.40 x 2.44 x 2.44 m3) were used to test the effect of the position of the single control volume on the accuracy of the computed three dimensional space coordinates. Linear and quadratic calibration equations were used to test the effect of the order of the equation on the accuracy of the computed three dimensional space coordinates. For four of the five single control volumes tested, the mean resultant errors associated with the use of the linear calibration equation were significantly larger than those associated with the use of the quadratic calibration equation. The position of the single control volume had no significant effect on the mean resultant errors in computed three dimensional coordinates when the quadratic calibration equation was used. Under the same data collection conditions, the mean resultant errors in the computed three dimensional coordinates associated with the panning and stationary DLT methods were 17 and 22 mm, respectively. The major advantages of the panning DLT method lie in the large image sizes obtained and in the ease with which the data can be collected. The method also has potential for use in a wide variety of contexts. The major shortcoming of the method is the large amount of digitizing necessary to calibrate the total control volume. Adaptations of the method to reduce the amount of digitizing required are being explored.

Dimensionality Alteration and Intra- versus Inter-SBU Void Encapsulation in Zinc Phosphate Frameworks.

PubMed

Dar, Aijaz A; Bhat, Gulzar A; Murugavel, Ramaswamy

2016-06-06

4,4'-Bipyridine-N-oxide (BIPYMO, 1), a less commonly employed coordination polymer linker, has been used as a ditopic spacer to bridge double-four-ring (D4R) zinc phosphate clusters to form novel framework coordination polymers. Zinc phosphate framework compounds [Zn4(X-dipp)4(BIPYMO)2]n·2MeOH [X = H (2), Cl (3), Br (4), I (5); dipp = 2,6-diisopropylphenyl phosphate] have been obtained by treating a methanol solution of zinc acetate with X-dippH2 and BIPYMO (in a 1:1:1 molar ratio) at ambient conditions. Framework phosphates 2-5 can also be obtained by treating the preformed D4R cubanes [Zn(X-dipp)(DMSO)]4 with required quantities of BIPYMO in methanol. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies reveal that these framework solids are two-dimensional (2D) networks as opposed to the diamondoid networks obtained when the parent unoxidized 4,4'-bipyridine is used as the linker (Inorg. Chem. 2014, 53, 8959). The two types of voids (viz., smaller intra-D4R and larger inter-D4R) present in these framework solids can be utilized for different types of encapsulation processes. For example, the in situ generated 2D framework 2 encapsulates fluoride ions accompanied by a change in the dimensionality of the framework to yield {[(nC4H9)4N][F@(Zn4(dipp)4(BIPYMO)2)]}n (6). The three-dimensional framework 6 represents the first structurally characterized example of a fluoride-ion-encapsulated polymeric coordination compound or a metal-organic framework. The possibility of utilizing inter-D4R voids as hosts for small organic molecules has been explored by treating in situ generated 2 with a series of organic molecules of appropriate size. Framework 2 has been found to be a selective host for benzil and not for other structurally similar molecules such as benzoquinone, benzidine, anthracene, naphthalene, α-pyridoin, etc. The benzil-occluded isolated framework [benzil@{Zn4(dipp)4(BIPYMO)2}]n (7) has been isolated as single crystals, and its crystal structure determination revealed the binding of benzil molecules to the framework through strong π-π interactions.

Three-dimensional geometry of coronal loops inferred by the Principal Component Analysis

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Nisticò, Giuseppe; Nakariakov, Valery

We propose a new method for the determination of the three dimensional (3D) shape of coronal loops from stereoscopy. The common approach requires to find a 1D geometric curve, as circumference or ellipse, that best-fits the 3D tie-points which sample the loop shape in a given coordinate system. This can be easily achieved by the Principal Component (PC) analysis. It mainly consists in calculating the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the covariance matrix of the 3D tie-points: the eigenvalues give a measure of the variability of the distribution of the tie-points, and the corresponding eigenvectors define a new cartesian reference frame directly related to the loop. The eigenvector associated with the smallest eigenvalues defines the normal to the loop plane, while the other two determine the directions of the loop axes: the major axis is related to the largest eigenvalue, and the minor axis with the second one. The magnitude of the axes is directly proportional to the square roots of these eigenvalues. The technique is fast and easily implemented in some examples, returning best-fitting estimations of the loop parameters and 3D reconstruction with a reasonable small number of tie-points. The method is suitable for serial reconstruction of coronal loops in active regions, providing a useful tool for comparison between observations and theoretical magnetic field extrapolations from potential or force-free fields.

Application of digital interferogram evaluation techniques to the measurement of 3-D flow fields

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Becker, Friedhelm; Yu, Yung H.

1987-01-01

A system for digitally evaluating interferograms, based on an image processing system connected to a host computer, was implemented. The system supports one- and two-dimensional interferogram evaluations. Interferograms are digitized, enhanced, and then segmented. The fringe coordinates are extracted, and the fringes are represented as polygonal data structures. Fringe numbering and fringe interpolation modules are implemented. The system supports editing and interactive features, as well as graphic visualization. An application of the system to the evaluation of double exposure interferograms from the transonic flow field around a helicopter blade and the reconstruction of the three dimensional flow field is given.

Syntheses, structures and luminescence of three copper(I) cyanide coordination polymers based on trigonal 1,3,5-tris(1H-imidazol-1-yl)benzene ligand

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Shao, Min; Li, Ming-Xing; Lu, Li-Ruo; Zhang, Heng-Hua

2016-09-01

Three Cu(I)-cyanide coordination polymers based on trigonal 1,3,5-tris(1H-imidazol-1-yl)benzene (tib) ligand, namely [Cu3(CN)3(tib)]n (1), [Cu4(CN)4(tib)]n (2), and [Cu2(CN)2(tib)]n (3), have been prepared and characterized by elemental analysis, IR, PXRD, thermogravimetry and single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Complex 1 displays a 3D metal-organic framework with nanosized pores. Complex 2 is a 3D coordination polymer assembled by three μ2-cyanides and a μ3-cyanide with a very short Cu(I)···Cu(I) metal bond(2.5206 Å). Complex 3 is a 2D coordination polymer constructing from 1D Cu(I)-cyanide zigzag chain and bidentate tib spacer. Three Cu(I) complexes are thermally stable up to 250-350 °C. Complexes 1-3 show similar orange emission band at 602 nm originating from LMCT mechanism.

Parameter estimation in 3D affine and similarity transformation: implementation of variance component estimation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Amiri-Simkooei, A. R.

2018-01-01

Three-dimensional (3D) coordinate transformations, generally consisting of origin shifts, axes rotations, scale changes, and skew parameters, are widely used in many geomatics applications. Although in some geodetic applications simplified transformation models are used based on the assumption of small transformation parameters, in other fields of applications such parameters are indeed large. The algorithms of two recent papers on the weighted total least-squares (WTLS) problem are used for the 3D coordinate transformation. The methodology can be applied to the case when the transformation parameters are generally large of which no approximate values of the parameters are required. Direct linearization of the rotation and scale parameters is thus not required. The WTLS formulation is employed to take into consideration errors in both the start and target systems on the estimation of the transformation parameters. Two of the well-known 3D transformation methods, namely affine (12, 9, and 8 parameters) and similarity (7 and 6 parameters) transformations, can be handled using the WTLS theory subject to hard constraints. Because the method can be formulated by the standard least-squares theory with constraints, the covariance matrix of the transformation parameters can directly be provided. The above characteristics of the 3D coordinate transformation are implemented in the presence of different variance components, which are estimated using the least squares variance component estimation. In particular, the estimability of the variance components is investigated. The efficacy of the proposed formulation is verified on two real data sets.

Exploitation of knowledge databases in the synthesis of zinc(II) malonates with photo-sensitive and photo-insensitive N,N'-containing linkers.

PubMed

Zorina-Tikhonova, Ekaterina N; Chistyakov, Aleksandr S; Kiskin, Mikhail A; Sidorov, Aleksei A; Dorovatovskii, Pavel V; Zubavichus, Yan V; Voronova, Eugenia D; Godovikov, Ivan A; Korlyukov, Alexander A; Eremenko, Igor L; Vologzhanina, Anna V

2018-05-01

Photoinitiated solid-state reactions are known to affect the physical properties of coordination polymers, such as fluorescence and sorption behaviour, and also afford extraordinary architectures ( e.g. three-periodic structures with polyorganic ligands). However, the construction of novel photo-sensitive coordination polymers requires an understanding of the factors which govern the mutual disposition of reactive fragments. A series of zinc(II) malonate complexes with 1,2-bis(pyridin-4-yl)ethylene and its photo-insensitive analogues has been synthesized for the purpose of systematic analysis of their underlying nets and mutual disposition of N -donor ligands. The application of a big data-set analysis for the prediction of a variety of possible complex compositions, coordination environments and networks for a four-component system has been demonstrated for the first time. Seven of the nine compounds possess one of the highly probable topologies for their underlying nets; in addition, two novel closely related four-coordinated networks were obtained. Complexes containing 1,2-bis(pyridin-4-yl)ethylene and 1,2-bis(pyridin-4-yl)ethane form isoreticular compounds more readily than those with 4,4'-bipyridine and 1,2-bis(pyridin-4-yl)ethylene. The effects of the precursor, either zinc(II) nitrate or zinc(II) acetate, on the composition and dimensionality of the resulting architecture are discussed. For three of the four novel complexes containing 1,2-bis(pyridin-4-yl)ethylene, the single-crystal-to-single-crystal [2 + 2] cycloaddition reactions were carried out. UV irradiation of these crystals afforded either the 0D→1D or the 3D→3D transformations, with and without network changes. One of the two 3D→3D transformations was accompanied by solvent (H 2 O) cleavage.

Three-Dimensional Anthropometric Database of Attractive Caucasian Women: Standards and Comparisons.

PubMed

Galantucci, Luigi Maria; Deli, Roberto; Laino, Alberto; Di Gioia, Eliana; D'Alessio, Raoul; Lavecchia, Fulvio; Percoco, Gianluca; Savastano, Carmela

2016-10-01

The aim of this paper is to develop a database to determine a new biomorphometric standard of attractiveness. Sampling was carried out using noninvasive three-dimensional relief methods to measure the soft tissues of the face. These anthropometric measurements were analyzed to verify the existence of any canons with respect to shape, size, and measurement proportions which proved to be significant with regard to the aesthetics of the face. Finally, the anthropometric parameters obtained were compared with findings described in the international literature.The study sample was made up competitors in the Miss Italy 2010 and 2009 beauty contest. The three-dimensional (3D) scanning of soft tissue surfaces allowed 3D digital models of the faces and the spatial 3D coordinates of 25 anthropometric landmarks to be obtained and used to calculate linear and angular measurements. A paired Student t test for the analysis of the means allowed 3 key questions in the study of biomorphometric parameters of the face to be addressed through comparison with the data available in the literature.The question of statistical evidence for the samples analyzed being members of the populations samples reported in literature was also addressed.The critical analysis of the data helped to identify the anthropometric measurements of the upper, middle, and lower thirds of the face, variations in which have a major influence on the attractiveness of the face. These changes involve facial width, height, and depth. Changes in measurements of length, angles, and proportions found in the sample considered were also analyzed.

Development of three-dimensional memory (3D-M)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yu, Hong-Yu; Shen, Chen; Jiang, Lingli; Dong, Bin; Zhang, Guobiao

2016-10-01

Since the invention of 3-D ROM in 1996, three-dimensional memory (3D-M) has been under development for nearly two decades. In this presentation, we'll review the 3D-M history and compare different 3D-Ms (including 3D-OTP from Matrix Semiconductor, 3D-NAND from Samsung and 3D-XPoint from Intel/Micron).

The three-dimensional Event-Driven Graphics Environment (3D-EDGE)

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Freedman, Jeffrey; Hahn, Roger; Schwartz, David M.

1993-01-01

Stanford Telecom developed the Three-Dimensional Event-Driven Graphics Environment (3D-EDGE) for NASA GSFC's (GSFC) Communications Link Analysis and Simulation System (CLASS). 3D-EDGE consists of a library of object-oriented subroutines which allow engineers with little or no computer graphics experience to programmatically manipulate, render, animate, and access complex three-dimensional objects.

Target-based calibration method for multifields of view measurement using multiple stereo digital image correlation systems

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dong, Shuai; Yu, Shanshan; Huang, Zheng; Song, Shoutan; Shao, Xinxing; Kang, Xin; He, Xiaoyuan

2017-12-01

Multiple digital image correlation (DIC) systems can enlarge the measurement field without losing effective resolution in the area of interest (AOI). However, the results calculated in substereo DIC systems are located in its local coordinate system in most cases. To stitch the data obtained by each individual system, a data merging algorithm is presented in this paper for global measurement of multiple stereo DIC systems. A set of encoded targets is employed to assist the extrinsic calibration, of which the three-dimensional (3-D) coordinates are reconstructed via digital close range photogrammetry. Combining the 3-D targets with precalibrated intrinsic parameters of all cameras, the extrinsic calibration is significantly simplified. After calculating in substereo DIC systems, all data can be merged into a universal coordinate system based on the extrinsic calibration. Four stereo DIC systems are applied to a four point bending experiment of a steel reinforced concrete beam structure. Results demonstrate high accuracy for the displacement data merging in the overlapping field of views (FOVs) and show feasibility for the distributed FOVs measurement.

Novel bimetallic thiocyanate-bridged Cu(II)-Hg(II) compounds—synthesis, X-Ray studies and magnetic properties

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Machura, B.; Świtlicka, A.; Zwoliński, P.; Mroziński, J.; Kalińska, B.; Kruszynski, R.

2013-01-01

Seven novel heterobimetallic Cu/Hg polymers based on thiocyanate bridges have been synthesised and characterised by means of IR, EPR, magnetic measurements and single crystal X-Ray. Three of them, [Cu(pzH)4Hg(SCN)4]n (1) [Cu(indH)4Hg(SCN)4]n (2) and [Cu(ampy)2Hg(SCN)4]n (3), have one-dimensional coordination structure. Two compounds [Cu(pzH)2Hg(SCN)4]n (4) and [Cu(abzimH)Hg(SCN)4]n (5) form two-dimensional nets, whereas the complexes [Cu(pyCN)2Hg(SCN)4]n (6) and [Cu(pyCH(OH)(OMe))2Hg(SCN)4]n (7) are three-dimensional coordination polymers. The chains of 1 are connected by the intermolecular N-H•••N hydrogen bonds to the three dimensional net. In 2 the N-H•••S hydrogen bonds link the polymeric chains to the two dimensional layer extending along crystallographic (0 0 1) plane. The polymeric chains of compound 3 are joined by the intermolecular N-H•••N and N-H•••S hydrogen bonds to the three dimensional net. The polymeric layers of 4 are connected by the intermolecular N-H•••N hydrogen bonds to the three dimensional net.

Mechanisms for Human Spatial Competence

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-01-01

Published as Lecture Note: Gunzelmann, G., & Lyon, D. R. (2007). Mechanisms of human spatial competence. In M . K. T. Barkowsky, G. Ligozat, & D...the ACT-R community. References 1. Richardson, A., Montello, D., Hegarty, M .: Spatial Knowledge Acquisition from Maps, and from Navigation in Real...Rotation of Three-Dimensional Objects. Science 171, 701–703 (1971) 7. Just, M ., Carpenter, P.: Cognitive Coordinate Systems: Accounts of Mental

Numerical analysis of seismic events distributions on the planetary scale and celestial bodies astrometrical parameters

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bulatova, Dr.

2012-04-01

Modern research in the domains of Earth sciences is developing from the descriptions of each individual natural phenomena to the systematic complex research in interdisciplinary areas. For studies of its kind in the form numerical analysis of three-dimensional (3D) systems, the author proposes space-time Technology (STT), based on a Ptolemaic geocentric system, consist of two modules, each with its own coordinate system: (1) - 3D model of a Earth, the coordinates of which provides databases of the Earth's events (here seismic), and (2) - a compact model of the relative motion of celestial bodies in space - time on Earth known as the "Method of a moving source" (MDS), which was developed in MDS (Bulatova, 1998-2000) for the 3D space. Module (2) was developed as a continuation of the geocentric Ptolemaic system of the world, built on the astronomical parameters heavenly bodies. Based on the aggregation data of Space and Earth Sciences, systematization, and cooperative analysis, this is an attempt to establish a cause-effect relationship between the position of celestial bodies (Moon, Sun) and Earth's seismic events.

A geometry package for generation of input data for a three-dimensional potential-flow program

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Halsey, N. D.; Hess, J. L.

1978-01-01

The preparation of geometric data for input to three-dimensional potential flow programs was automated and simplified by a geometry package incorporated into the NASA Langley version of the 3-D lifting potential flow program. Input to the computer program for the geometry package consists of a very sparse set of coordinate data, often with an order of magnitude of fewer points than required for the actual potential flow calculations. Isolated components, such as wings, fuselages, etc. are paneled automatically, using one of several possible element distribution algorithms. Curves of intersection between components are calculated, using a hybrid curve-fit/surface-fit approach. Intersecting components are repaneled so that adjacent elements on either side of the intersection curves line up in a satisfactory manner for the potential-flow calculations. Many cases may be run completely (from input, through the geometry package, and through the flow calculations) without interruption. Use of the package significantly reduces the time and expense involved in making three-dimensional potential flow calculations.

An unusual 2p-3d-4f heterometallic coordination polymer featuring Ln8Na and Cu8I clusters as nodes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhao, Mingjuan; Chen, Shimin; Huang, Yutian; Dan, Youmeng

2017-01-01

A new cluster-based three-dimensional 2p-3d-4f heterometallic framework {[Ho8Na(OH)6Cu16I2(CPT)24](NO3)9(H2O)6(CH3CN)18}n (1, HCPT = 4-(4-carboxyphenyl)-1,2,4 triazole) has been prepared under solvothermal condition by using a custom-designed bifunctional organic ligand. The single-crystal structure analysis reveals that this framework features novel Ln8Na and Cu8I clusters as nodes, these nodes are further connected by the CPT ligands to give rise to a (6,14)-connected network. The magnetic property of this framework has also been investigated.

3D Monitoring under the Keciova Mosque (Casbah-Algier, Algeria) with Ground Penetrating Radar Method

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kadioglu, Selma; Kagan Kadioglu, Yusuf; Deniz, Kiymet; Akin Akyol, Ali

2014-05-01

Keciova (Ketchaoua) Mosque, in Casbah-Algiers, the capital of Algeria, is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Keciova Mosque was originally built in 1612 by the Ottoman Empire. A RAMAC CU II GPR system and a 250 MHz shielded antenna have been employed inside of the Mosque including the Cathedral and inside of the burial chambers under the Cathedral Site on parallel profiles spaced approximately 0.30 m apart to measure data. After applying standard two-dimensional (2D) and three dimensional (3D) imaging techniques, transparent 3D imaging techniques have been used to photograph the foundational infrastructures, buried remains and safety problems of the Mosque. The results showed that we obtained 3D GPR visualization until 12.0 m in depth. Firstly we imaged the base floor including corridors. Then we monitored buried remains under the first ground level between 5.0-7.0 m in depths. Finally we indicated 3D GPR photographs a spectacular protected buried old mosque structures under the second ground level between 9.0-12.0 m in depths. This project has been supported by Republic of Turkey Prime Ministry Turkish Cooperation and Coordination Agency (TIKA). This study is a contribution to the EU funded COST action TU1208, "Civil Engineering Applications of Ground penetrating Radar".

Three-dimensional aromatic networks.

PubMed

Toyota, Shinji; Iwanaga, Tetsuo

2014-01-01

Three-dimensional (3D) networks consisting of aromatic units and linkers are reviewed from various aspects. To understand principles for the construction of such compounds, we generalize the roles of building units, the synthetic approaches, and the classification of networks. As fundamental compounds, cyclophanes with large aromatic units and aromatic macrocycles with linear acetylene linkers are highlighted in terms of transannular interactions between aromatic units, conformational preference, and resolution of chiral derivatives. Polycyclic cage compounds are constructed from building units by linkages via covalent bonds, metal-coordination bonds, or hydrogen bonds. Large cage networks often include a wide range of guest species in their cavity to afford novel inclusion compounds. Topological isomers consisting of two or more macrocycles are formed by cyclization of preorganized species. Some complicated topological networks are constructed by self-assembly of simple building units.

EpitopeViewer: a Java application for the visualization and analysis of immune epitopes in the Immune Epitope Database and Analysis Resource (IEDB).

PubMed

Beaver, John E; Bourne, Philip E; Ponomarenko, Julia V

2007-02-21

Structural information about epitopes, particularly the three-dimensional (3D) structures of antigens in complex with immune receptors, presents a valuable source of data for immunology. This information is available in the Protein Data Bank (PDB) and provided in curated form by the Immune Epitope Database and Analysis Resource (IEDB). With continued growth in these data and the importance in understanding molecular level interactions of immunological interest there is a need for new specialized molecular visualization and analysis tools. The EpitopeViewer is a platform-independent Java application for the visualization of the three-dimensional structure and sequence of epitopes and analyses of their interactions with antigen-specific receptors of the immune system (antibodies, T cell receptors and MHC molecules). The viewer renders both 3D views and two-dimensional plots of intermolecular interactions between the antigen and receptor(s) by reading curated data from the IEDB and/or calculated on-the-fly from atom coordinates from the PDB. The 3D views and associated interactions can be saved for future use and publication. The EpitopeViewer can be accessed from the IEDB Web site http://www.immuneepitope.org through the quick link 'Browse Records by 3D Structure.' The EpitopeViewer is designed and been tested for use by immunologists with little or no training in molecular graphics. The EpitopeViewer can be launched from most popular Web browsers without user intervention. A Java Runtime Environment (RJE) 1.4.2 or higher is required.

Three-Dimensional Accuracy of Digital Static Interocclusal Registration by Three Intraoral Scanner Systems.

PubMed

Wong, Kuan Yee; Esguerra, Roxanna Jean; Chia, Vanessa Ai Ping; Tan, Ying Han; Tan, Keson Beng Choon

2018-02-01

Prior studies have defined the accuracy of intraoral scanner (IOS) systems but the accuracy of the digital static interocclusal registration function of these systems has not been reported. This study compared the three-dimensional (3D) accuracy of the digital static interocclusal registration of 3 IOS systems using the buccal bite scan function. Three IOS systems compared were 3M TM True Definition Scanner (TDS), TRIOS Color (TRC), and CEREC AC with CEREC Omnicam (CER). Using each scanner, 7 scans (n = 7) of the mounted and articulated SLA master models were obtained. The measurement targets (SiN reference spheres and implant abutment analogs) were in the opposing models at the right (R), central (C), and left (L) regions; abutments #26 and #36, respectively. A coordinate measuring machine with metrology software compared the physical and virtual targets to derive the global 3D linear distortion between the centroids of the respective target reference spheres and abutment analogs (dR R , dR C , dR L , and dR M ) and 2D distances between the pierce points of the abutment analogs (dX M , dY M , dZ M ), with 3 measurement repetitions for each scan. Mean 3D distortion ranged from -471.9 to 31.7 μm for dR R , -579.0 to -87.0 μm for dR C , -381.5 to 69.4 μm for dR L , and -184.9 to -23.1 μm for dR M . Mean 2D distortion ranged from -225.9 to 0.8 μm for dX M , -130.6 to -126.1 μm for dY M , and -34.3 to 26.3 μm for dZ M . Significant differences were found for interarch distortions across the three systems. For dR R and dR L , all three test groups were significantly different, whereas for dR C , the TDS was significantly different from the TRC and CER. For 2D distortion, significant differences were found for dX M only. Interarch and global interocclusal distortions for the three IOS systems were significantly different. TRC performed overall the best and TDS was the worst. The interarch (dR R , dR C , dR L ) and interocclusal (dX M ) distortions observed will affect the magnitude of occlusal contacts of restorations clinically. The final restoration may be either hyperoccluded or infraoccluded, requiring compensations during the CAD design stage or clinical adjustments at issue. © 2017 by the American College of Prosthodontists.

G23D: Online tool for mapping and visualization of genomic variants on 3D protein structures.

PubMed

Solomon, Oz; Kunik, Vered; Simon, Amos; Kol, Nitzan; Barel, Ortal; Lev, Atar; Amariglio, Ninette; Somech, Raz; Rechavi, Gidi; Eyal, Eran

2016-08-26

Evaluation of the possible implications of genomic variants is an increasingly important task in the current high throughput sequencing era. Structural information however is still not routinely exploited during this evaluation process. The main reasons can be attributed to the partial structural coverage of the human proteome and the lack of tools which conveniently convert genomic positions, which are the frequent output of genomic pipelines, to proteins and structure coordinates. We present G23D, a tool for conversion of human genomic coordinates to protein coordinates and protein structures. G23D allows mapping of genomic positions/variants on evolutionary related (and not only identical) protein three dimensional (3D) structures as well as on theoretical models. By doing so it significantly extends the space of variants for which structural insight is feasible. To facilitate interpretation of the variant consequence, pathogenic variants, functional sites and polymorphism sites are displayed on protein sequence and structure diagrams alongside the input variants. G23D also provides modeling of the mutant structure, analysis of intra-protein contacts and instant access to functional predictions and predictions of thermo-stability changes. G23D is available at http://www.sheba-cancer.org.il/G23D . G23D extends the fraction of variants for which structural analysis is applicable and provides better and faster accessibility for structural data to biologists and geneticists who routinely work with genomic information.

Burning invariant manifolds for reaction fronts in three-dimensional fluid flows

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mitchell, Kevin; Solomon, Tom

2017-11-01

The geometry of reaction fronts that propagate in fully three-dimensional (3D) fluid flows is studied using the tools of dynamical systems theory. The evolution of an infinitesimal front element is modeled as a six-dimensional ODE-three dimensions for the position of the front element and three for the orientation of its unit normal. This generalizes an earlier approach to understanding front propagation in two-dimensional (2D) fluid flows. As in 2D, the 3D system exhibits prominent burning invariant manifolds (BIMs). In 3D, BIMs are two-dimensional dynamically defined surfaces that form one-way barriers to the propagation of reaction fronts within the fluid. Due to the third dimension, BIMs in 3D exhibit a richer topology than their cousins in 2D. In particular, whereas BIMs in both 2D and 3D can originate from fixed points of the dynamics, BIMs in 3D can also originate from limit cycles. Such BIMs form robust tube-like channels that guide and constrain the evolution of the front within the bulk of the fluid. Supported by NSF Grant CMMI-1201236.

Three-dimensional/two-dimensional multiplanar stereotactic planning system: hardware and software configuration

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zamorano, Lucia J.; Dujovny, Manuel; Ausman, James I.

1990-01-01

"Real time" surgical treatment planning utilizing multimodality imaging (CT, MRI, DA) has been developed to provide the neurosurgeon with 2D multiplanar and 3D views of a patient's lesion for stereotactic planning. Both diagnostic and therapeutic stereotactic procedures have been implemented utilizing workstation (SUN 1/10) and specially developed software and hardware (developed in collaboration with TOMO Medical Imaging Technology, Southfield, MI). This provides complete 3D and 2D free-tilt views as part of the system instrumentation. The 2D Multiplanar includes reformatted sagittal, coronal, paraaxial and free tilt oblique vectors at any arbitrary plane of the patient's lesion. The 3D includes features for extracting a view of the target volume localized by a process including steps of automatic segmentation, thresholding, and/or boundary detection with 3D display of the volumes of interest. The system also includes the capability of interactive playback of reconstructed 3D movies, which can be viewed at any hospital network having compatible software on strategical locations or at remote sites through data transmission and record documentation by image printers. Both 2D and 3D menus include real time stereotactic coordinate measurements and trajectory definition capabilities as well as statistical functions for computing distances, angles, areas, and volumes. A combined interactive 3D-2D multiplanar menu allows simultaneous display of selected trajectory, final optimization, and multiformat 2D display of free-tilt reformatted images perpendicular to selected trajectory of the entire target volume.

Building the 3D Geological Model of Wall Rock of Salt Caverns Based on Integration Method of Multi-source data

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yongzhi, WANG; hui, WANG; Lixia, LIAO; Dongsen, LI

2017-02-01

In order to analyse the geological characteristics of salt rock and stability of salt caverns, rough three-dimensional (3D) models of salt rock stratum and the 3D models of salt caverns on study areas are built by 3D GIS spatial modeling technique. During implementing, multi-source data, such as basic geographic data, DEM, geological plane map, geological section map, engineering geological data, and sonar data are used. In this study, the 3D spatial analyzing and calculation methods, such as 3D GIS intersection detection method in three-dimensional space, Boolean operations between three-dimensional space entities, three-dimensional space grid discretization, are used to build 3D models on wall rock of salt caverns. Our methods can provide effective calculation models for numerical simulation and analysis of the creep characteristics of wall rock in salt caverns.

Three-dimensional interactive and stereotactic atlas of head muscles and glands correlated with cranial nerves and surface and sectional neuroanatomy.

PubMed

Nowinski, Wieslaw L; Chua, Beng Choon; Johnson, Aleksandra; Qian, Guoyu; Poh, Lan Eng; Yi, Su Hnin Wut; Bivi, Aminah; Nowinska, Natalia G

2013-04-30

Three-dimensional (3D) relationships between head muscles and cranial nerves innervating them are complicated. Existing sources present these relationships in illustrations, radiologic scans, or autopsy photographs, which are limited for learning and use. Developed electronic atlases are limited in content, quality, functionality, and/or presentation. We create a truly 3D interactive, stereotactic and high quality atlas, which provides spatial relationships among head muscles, glands and cranial nerves, and correlates them to surface and sectional neuroanatomy. The head muscles and glands were created from a 3T scan by contouring them and generating 3D models. They were named and structured according to Terminologia anatomica. The muscles were divided into: extra-ocular, facial, masticatory and other muscles, and glands into mouth and other glands. The muscles, glands (and also head) were placed in a stereotactic coordinate system. This content was integrated with cranial nerves and neuroanatomy created earlier. To explore this complex content, a scalable user interface was designed with 12 modules including central nervous system (cerebrum, cerebellum, brainstem, spinal cord), cranial nerves, muscles, glands, arterial system, venous system, tracts, deep gray nuclei, ventricles, white matter, visual system, head. Anatomy exploration operations include compositing/decompositing, individual/group selection, 3D view-index mapping, 3D labeling, highlighting, distance measuring, 3D brain cutting, and axial/coronal/sagittal triplanar display. To our best knowledge, this is the first truly 3D, stereotactic, interactive, fairly complete atlas of head muscles, and the first attempt to create a 3D stereotactic atlas of glands. Its use ranges from education of students and patients to research to potential clinical applications. Crown Copyright © 2013. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Two- and three-dimensional cadmium-organic frameworks with trimesic acid and 4,4'-trimethylenedipyridine.

PubMed

Almeida Paz, Filipe A; Klinowski, Jacek

2004-06-28

Three novel cadmium-organic frameworks built-up from 1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylate anions (HXBTC(x-3)) and 4,4'-trimethylenedipyridine (TMD) have been hydrothermally synthesized, and characterized using single-crystal X-ray diffraction, thermoanalytical measurements, elemental analysis, and IR and Raman spectroscopies: [Cd(HBTC)(TMD)(2)].8.5H(2)O (I), [Cd(HBTC)(TMD)(H(2)O)].4.5H(2)O (II), and [Cd(2)(BTC)(TMD)(2)(NO(3))].3H(2)O (III), with structures I and II being isolated as a mixture of crystals. Structure I contains an undulating infinite two-dimensional [Cd(HBTC)(TMD)(2)] framework, with a (4,4) topology and rectangular pores, ca. 3.4 x 11.0 A in cross-section, distributed in a herringbone manner. The crystal structure of I is obtained by parallel packing of this 2D framework in an [ABAB.] fashion. Compound II has a porous 3D diamondoid framework with channels running in several directions of the unit cell, which allows 2-fold interpenetration to occur. The most prominent channels are distributed in a brick-wall fashion along the c axis and have a cross-section of ca. 3.2 x 13.2 A. Structure III can be seen as the three-dimensional assembly of binuclear secondary building units (SBU), which leads to a compact, neutral, and coordinatively bonded eight-connected framework, [Cd(2)(BTC)(TMD)(2)(NO(3))], exhibiting an unusual 3(6)4(22) topology. The increased flexibility of the TMD ligands (brought about by the three methylene groups between the two 4-pyridyl rings) can lead, for the same reactive system, to a large variety of crystal architectures.

Introducing 3-Dimensional Printing of a Human Anatomic Pathology Specimen: Potential Benefits for Undergraduate and Postgraduate Education and Anatomic Pathology Practice.

PubMed

Mahmoud, Amr; Bennett, Michael

2015-08-01

Three-dimensional (3D) printing, a rapidly advancing technology, is widely applied in fields such as mechanical engineering and architecture. Three-dimensional printing has been introduced recently into medical practice in areas such as reconstructive surgery, as well as in clinical research. Three-dimensionally printed models of anatomic and autopsy pathology specimens can be used for demonstrating pathology entities to undergraduate medical, dental, and biomedical students, as well as for postgraduate training in examination of gross specimens for anatomic pathology residents and pathology assistants, aiding clinicopathological correlation at multidisciplinary team meetings, and guiding reconstructive surgical procedures. To apply 3D printing in anatomic pathology for teaching, training, and clinical correlation purposes. Multicolored 3D printing of human anatomic pathology specimens was achieved using a ZCorp 510 3D printer (3D Systems, Rock Hill, South Carolina) following creation of a 3D model using Autodesk 123D Catch software (Autodesk, Inc, San Francisco, California). Three-dimensionally printed models of anatomic pathology specimens created included pancreatoduodenectomy (Whipple operation) and radical nephrectomy specimens. The models accurately depicted the topographic anatomy of selected specimens and illustrated the anatomic relation of excised lesions to adjacent normal tissues. Three-dimensional printing of human anatomic pathology specimens is achievable. Advances in 3D printing technology may further improve the quality of 3D printable anatomic pathology specimens.

Inclusion of Cu nano-cluster 1D arrays inside a C3-symmetric artificial oligopeptide via co-assembly

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gong, Ruiying; Li, Fei; Yang, Chunpeng; Wan, Xiaobo

2015-12-01

A peptide sequence N3-GVGV-OMe (G: glycine; V: valine) was attached to a benzene 1,3,5-tricarboxamide (BTA) derivative via ``click chemistry'' to afford a C3-symmetric artificial oligopeptide. The key feature of this oligopeptide is that the binding sites (triazole groups formed by click reaction) are located at the center, while the three oligopeptide arms with a strong tendency to assemble are located around it, which provides inner space to accommodate nanoparticles via self-assembly. The inclusion of Cu nanoclusters and the formation of one-dimensional (1D) arrays inside the nanofibers of the C3-symmetric artificial oligopeptide assembly were observed, which is quite different from the commonly observed nanoparticle growth on the surface of the pre-assembled oligopeptide nanofibers via the coordination sites located outside. Our finding provides an instructive concept for the design of other stable organic-inorganic hybrid 1D arrays with the inorganic nanoparticles inside.A peptide sequence N3-GVGV-OMe (G: glycine; V: valine) was attached to a benzene 1,3,5-tricarboxamide (BTA) derivative via ``click chemistry'' to afford a C3-symmetric artificial oligopeptide. The key feature of this oligopeptide is that the binding sites (triazole groups formed by click reaction) are located at the center, while the three oligopeptide arms with a strong tendency to assemble are located around it, which provides inner space to accommodate nanoparticles via self-assembly. The inclusion of Cu nanoclusters and the formation of one-dimensional (1D) arrays inside the nanofibers of the C3-symmetric artificial oligopeptide assembly were observed, which is quite different from the commonly observed nanoparticle growth on the surface of the pre-assembled oligopeptide nanofibers via the coordination sites located outside. Our finding provides an instructive concept for the design of other stable organic-inorganic hybrid 1D arrays with the inorganic nanoparticles inside. Electronic supplementary information (ESI) available: Detailed synthesis, gel preparation, general methods for characterization, and the characterisation of BTA-C3-GVGVOMe assembly including or not including Cu nano-cluster arrays. See DOI: 10.1039/c5nr06095h

Three-dimensional vibrometry of the human eardrum with stroboscopic lensless digital holography

PubMed Central

Khaleghi, Morteza; Furlong, Cosme; Ravicz, Mike; Cheng, Jeffrey Tao; Rosowski, John J.

2015-01-01

Abstract. The eardrum or tympanic membrane (TM) transforms acoustic energy at the ear canal into mechanical motions of the ossicles. The acousto-mechanical transformer behavior of the TM is determined by its shape, three-dimensional (3-D) motion, and mechanical properties. We have developed an optoelectronic holographic system to measure the shape and 3-D sound-induced displacements of the TM. The shape of the TM is measured with dual-wavelength holographic contouring using a tunable near IR laser source with a central wavelength of 780 nm. 3-D components of sound-induced displacements of the TM are measured with the method of multiple sensitivity vectors using stroboscopic holographic interferometry. To accurately obtain sensitivity vectors, a new technique is developed and used in which the sensitivity vectors are obtained from the images of a specular sphere that is being illuminated from different directions. Shape and 3-D acoustically induced displacement components of cadaveric human TMs at several excitation frequencies are measured at more than one million points on its surface. A numerical rotation matrix is used to rotate the original Euclidean coordinate of the measuring system in order to obtain in-plane and out-of-plane motion components. Results show that in-plane components of motion are much smaller (<20%) than the out-of-plane motions’ components. PMID:25652791

3D annotation and manipulation of medical anatomical structures

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Vitanovski, Dime; Schaller, Christian; Hahn, Dieter; Daum, Volker; Hornegger, Joachim

2009-02-01

Although the medical scanners are rapidly moving towards a three-dimensional paradigm, the manipulation and annotation/labeling of the acquired data is still performed in a standard 2D environment. Editing and annotation of three-dimensional medical structures is currently a complex task and rather time-consuming, as it is carried out in 2D projections of the original object. A major problem in 2D annotation is the depth ambiguity, which requires 3D landmarks to be identified and localized in at least two of the cutting planes. Operating directly in a three-dimensional space enables the implicit consideration of the full 3D local context, which significantly increases accuracy and speed. A three-dimensional environment is as well more natural optimizing the user's comfort and acceptance. The 3D annotation environment requires the three-dimensional manipulation device and display. By means of two novel and advanced technologies, Wii Nintendo Controller and Philips 3D WoWvx display, we define an appropriate 3D annotation tool and a suitable 3D visualization monitor. We define non-coplanar setting of four Infrared LEDs with a known and exact position, which are tracked by the Wii and from which we compute the pose of the device by applying a standard pose estimation algorithm. The novel 3D renderer developed by Philips uses either the Z-value of a 3D volume, or it computes the depth information out of a 2D image, to provide a real 3D experience without having some special glasses. Within this paper we present a new framework for manipulation and annotation of medical landmarks directly in three-dimensional volume.

3D-PDR: Three-dimensional photodissociation region code

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bisbas, T. G.; Bell, T. A.; Viti, S.; Yates, J.; Barlow, M. J.

2018-03-01

3D-PDR is a three-dimensional photodissociation region code written in Fortran. It uses the Sundials package (written in C) to solve the set of ordinary differential equations and it is the successor of the one-dimensional PDR code UCL_PDR (ascl:1303.004). Using the HEALpix ray-tracing scheme (ascl:1107.018), 3D-PDR solves a three-dimensional escape probability routine and evaluates the attenuation of the far-ultraviolet radiation in the PDR and the propagation of FIR/submm emission lines out of the PDR. The code is parallelized (OpenMP) and can be applied to 1D and 3D problems.

User's manual for three dimensional boundary layer (BL3-D) code

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Anderson, O. L.; Caplin, B.

1985-01-01

An assessment has been made of the applicability of a 3-D boundary layer analysis to the calculation of heat transfer, total pressure losses, and streamline flow patterns on the surface of both stationary and rotating turbine passages. In support of this effort, an analysis has been developed to calculate a general nonorthogonal surface coordinate system for arbitrary 3-D surfaces and also to calculate the boundary layer edge conditions for compressible flow using the surface Euler equations and experimental data to calibrate the method, calculations are presented for the pressure endwall, and suction surfaces of a stationary cascade and for the pressure surface of a rotating turbine blade. The results strongly indicate that the 3-D boundary layer analysis can give good predictions of the flow field, loss, and heat transfer on the pressure, suction, and endwall surface of a gas turbine passage.

n-SIFT: n-dimensional scale invariant feature transform.

PubMed

Cheung, Warren; Hamarneh, Ghassan

2009-09-01

We propose the n-dimensional scale invariant feature transform (n-SIFT) method for extracting and matching salient features from scalar images of arbitrary dimensionality, and compare this method's performance to other related features. The proposed features extend the concepts used for 2-D scalar images in the computer vision SIFT technique for extracting and matching distinctive scale invariant features. We apply the features to images of arbitrary dimensionality through the use of hyperspherical coordinates for gradients and multidimensional histograms to create the feature vectors. We analyze the performance of a fully automated multimodal medical image matching technique based on these features, and successfully apply the technique to determine accurate feature point correspondence between pairs of 3-D MRI images and dynamic 3D + time CT data.

Hydrothermal Synthesis, Crystal Structure and Electrochemical Behavior of 2d Hybrid Coordination Polymer

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fan, Weiqiang; Zhu, Lin; Shi, Weidong; Chen, Fuxiao; Bai, Hongye; Song, Shuyan; Yan, Yongsheng

2013-04-01

A novel metal-organic coordination polymer [Cu(phen)(L)0.5(H2O)]n (H4L = (N,N‧-5,5‧-bis(isophthalic acid)-p-xylylenediamine, and phen = 1,10-phenanthroline) has been hydrothermally synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, IR, TGA, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The crystallographic data show that the title compound crystallizes in monoclinic space group P21/n with a = 10.682(2), b = 15.682(3), c = 11.909(2) Å, β = 91.39(3)°, V = 1994.3(7) Å3, C24H17CuN3O5, Mr = 490.95, Dc = 1.635 g/cm3, F(000) = 1004, Z = 4, μ(MoKα) = 1.141 mm-1, the final R = 0.0418 and wR = 0.0983 for 3578 observed reflections (I > 2σ(I)). The structural analyses reveal that the title compound exhibits shows a 2D layer structure, which are further linked by hydrogen bonding interactions to form a three-dimensional supramolecular network. In addition, the thermal stability and electrochemical behavior of title compound has been studied. CCDC: 900413.

Three-dimensional bioprinting is not only about cell-laden structures.

PubMed

Zhang, Hong-Bo; Xing, Tian-Long; Yin, Rui-Xue; Shi, Yong; Yang, Shi-Mo; Zhang, Wen-Jun

2016-08-01

In this review, we focused on a few obstacles that hinder three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting process in tissue engineering. One of the obstacles is the bioinks used to deliver cells. Hydrogels are the most widely used bioink materials; however, they aremechanically weak in nature and cannot meet the requirements for supporting structures, especially when the tissues, such as cartilage, require extracellular matrix to be mechanically strong. Secondly and more importantly, tissue regeneration is not only about building all the components in a way that mimics the structures of living tissues, but also about how to make the constructs function normally in the long term. One of the key issues is sufficient nutrient and oxygen supply to the engineered living constructs. The other is to coordinate the interplays between cells, bioactive agents and extracellular matrix in a natural way. This article reviews the approaches to improve the mechanical strength of hydrogels and their suitability for 3D bioprinting; moreover, the key issues of multiple cell lines coprinting with multiple growth factors, vascularization within engineered living constructs etc. were also reviewed.

Microfabrication and Test of a Three-Dimensional Polymer Hydro-focusing Unit for Flow Cytometry Applications

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Yang, Ren; Feeback, Daniel L.; Wang, Wan-Jun

2005-01-01

This paper details a novel three-dimensional (3D) hydro-focusing micro cell sorter for micro flow cytometry applications. The unit was microfabricated by means of SU-8 3D lithography. The 3D microstructure for coaxial sheathing was designed, microfabricated, and tested. Three-dimensional hydrofocusing capability was demonstrated with an experiment to sort labeled tanned sheep erythrocytes (red blood cells). This polymer hydro-focusing microstructure is easily microfabricated and integrated with other polymer microfluidic structures. Keywords: SU-8, three-dimensional hydro-focusing, microfluidic, microchannel, cytometer

A system of three-dimensional complex variables

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Martin, E. Dale

1986-01-01

Some results of a new theory of multidimensional complex variables are reported, including analytic functions of a three-dimensional (3-D) complex variable. Three-dimensional complex numbers are defined, including vector properties and rules of multiplication. The necessary conditions for a function of a 3-D variable to be analytic are given and shown to be analogous to the 2-D Cauchy-Riemann equations. A simple example also demonstrates the analogy between the newly defined 3-D complex velocity and 3-D complex potential and the corresponding ordinary complex velocity and complex potential in two dimensions.

Simultaneous full-field 3-D vibrometry of the human eardrum using spatial-bandwidth multiplexed holography

PubMed Central

Khaleghi, Morteza; Guignard, Jérémie; Furlong, Cosme; Rosowski, John J.

2015-01-01

Abstract. Holographic interferometric methods typically require the use of three sensitivity vectors in order to obtain three-dimensional (3-D) information. Methods based on multiple directions of illumination have limited applications when studying biological tissues that have temporally varying responses such as the tympanic membrane (TM). Therefore, to measure 3-D displacements in such applications, the measurements along all the sensitivity vectors have to be done simultaneously. We propose a multiple-illumination directions approach to measure 3-D displacements from a single-shot hologram that contains displacement information from three sensitivity vectors. The hologram of an object of interest is simultaneously recorded with three incoherently superimposed pairs of reference and object beams. The incident off-axis angles of the reference beams are adjusted such that the frequency components of the multiplexed hologram are completely separate. Because of the differences in the directions and wavelengths of the reference beams, the positions of each reconstructed image corresponding to each sensitivity vector are different. We implemented a registration algorithm to accurately translate individual components of the hologram into a single global coordinate system to calculate 3-D displacements. The results include magnitudes and phases of 3-D sound-induced motions of a human cadaveric TM at several excitation frequencies showing modal and traveling wave motions on its surface. PMID:25984986

Calculation of three-dimensional compressible laminar and turbulent boundary flows. Three-dimensional compressible boundary layers of reacting gases over realistic configurations

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Kendall, R. M.; Bonnett, W. S.; Nardo, C. T.; Abbett, M. J.

1975-01-01

A three-dimensional boundary-layer code was developed for particular application to realistic hypersonic aircraft. It is very general and can be applied to a wide variety of boundary-layer flows. Laminar, transitional, and fully turbulent flows of compressible, reacting gases are efficiently calculated by use of the code. A body-oriented orthogonal coordinate system is used for the calculation and the user has complete freedom in specifying the coordinate system within the restrictions that one coordinate must be normal to the surface and the three coordinates must be mutually orthogonal.

A high-resolution three-dimensional far-infrared thermal and true-color imaging system for medical applications.

PubMed

Cheng, Victor S; Bai, Jinfen; Chen, Yazhu

2009-11-01

As the needs for various kinds of body surface information are wide-ranging, we developed an imaging-sensor integrated system that can synchronously acquire high-resolution three-dimensional (3D) far-infrared (FIR) thermal and true-color images of the body surface. The proposed system integrates one FIR camera and one color camera with a 3D structured light binocular profilometer. To eliminate the emotion disturbance of the inspector caused by the intensive light projection directly into the eye from the LCD projector, we have developed a gray encoding strategy based on the optimum fringe projection layout. A self-heated checkerboard has been employed to perform the calibration of different types of cameras. Then, we have calibrated the structured light emitted by the LCD projector, which is based on the stereo-vision idea and the least-squares quadric surface-fitting algorithm. Afterwards, the precise 3D surface can fuse with undistorted thermal and color images. To enhance medical applications, the region-of-interest (ROI) in the temperature or color image representing the surface area of clinical interest can be located in the corresponding position in the other images through coordinate system transformation. System evaluation demonstrated a mapping error between FIR and visual images of three pixels or less. Experiments show that this work is significantly useful in certain disease diagnoses.

A2TiF 5· nH 2O ( A=K, Rb, or Cs; n=0 or 1): Synthesis, structure, characterization, and calculations of three new uni-dimensional titanium fluorides

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jo, Vinna; Woo Lee, Dong; Koo, Hyun-Joo; Ok, Kang Min

2011-04-01

Three new uni-dimensional alkali metal titanium fluoride materials, A2TiF 5· nH 2O ( A=K, Rb, or Cs; n=0 or 1) have been synthesized by hydrothermal reactions. The structures of A2TiF 5· nH 2O have been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The Ti 4+ cations have been reduced to Ti 3+ during the synthesis reactions. All three A2TiF 5· nH 2O materials contain novel 1-D chain structures that are composed of the slightly distorted Ti 3+F 6 corner-sharing octahedra attributable to the Jahn-Teller distortion. The coordination environment of the alkali metal cations plays an important role to determine the degree of turning in the chain structures. Complete structural analyses, Infrared and UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectra, and thermal analyses are presented, as are electronic structure calculations.

1-Dimensional AgVO3 nanowires hybrid with 2-dimensional graphene nanosheets to create 3-dimensional composite aerogels and their improved electrochemical properties

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Liang, Liying; Xu, Yimeng; Lei, Yong; Liu, Haimei

2014-03-01

Three-dimensional (3D) porous composite aerogels have been synthesized via an innovative in situ hydrothermal method assisted by a freeze-drying process. In this hybrid structure, one-dimensional (1D) AgVO3 nanowires are uniformly dispersed on two-dimensional (2D) graphene nanosheet surfaces and/or are penetrated through the graphene sheets, forming 3D porous composite aerogels. As cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries, the composite aerogels exhibit high discharge capacity, excellent rate capability, and good cycling stability.Three-dimensional (3D) porous composite aerogels have been synthesized via an innovative in situ hydrothermal method assisted by a freeze-drying process. In this hybrid structure, one-dimensional (1D) AgVO3 nanowires are uniformly dispersed on two-dimensional (2D) graphene nanosheet surfaces and/or are penetrated through the graphene sheets, forming 3D porous composite aerogels. As cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries, the composite aerogels exhibit high discharge capacity, excellent rate capability, and good cycling stability. Electronic supplementary information (ESI) available: Preparation, characterization, SEM images, XRD patterns, and XPS of AgVO3/GAs. See DOI: 10.1039/c3nr06899d

One-dimensional mercury(II) halide coordination polymers of 3,6-bis(2-pyridyl)-1,2,4,5-tetrazine ligand: Synthesis, crystal structure, spectroscopic and DFT studies

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Saghatforoush, Lotfali, E-mail: saghatforoush@gmail.com; Khoshtarkib, Zeinab; Amani, Vahid

2016-01-15

Three new coordination polymers, [Hg(μ-bptz)X{sub 2}]{sub n} (X=Cl (1), Br (2)) and [Hg{sub 2}(μ-bptz)(μ-I){sub 2}I{sub 2}]{sub n} (3) (bptz=3,6-bis(2-pyridyl)-1,2,4,5-tetrazine) were synthesized. X-ray structural analysis indicated that compounds 1 and 2 are composed of one-dimensional (1D) linear chains while the compound 3 has 1D stair-stepped structure. The electronic band structure along with density of states (DOS) calculated by the DFT method indicates that compound 1 and 2 are direct band gap semiconductors; however, compound 3 is an indirect semiconductor. The linear optical properties of the compounds are also calculated by DFT method. According to the DFT calculations, the observed emission bandmore » of the compounds in solid state is due to electron transfer from an excited bptz-π* state (CBs) to the top of VBs. {sup 1}H NMR spectra of the compounds indicate that, in solution phase, the compounds don’t decompose completely. Thermal stability of the compounds is studied using TG, DTA methods. - Graphical abstract: Synthesis, crystal structure and emission spectra of [Hg(μ-bptz)X{sub 2}]{sub n} (X=Cl and Br) and [Hg{sub 2}(μ-bptz)(μ-I){sub 2}I{sub 2}]{sub n} are presented. The electronic band structure and linear optical properties of the compounds are calculated by the DFT method. - Highlights: • Three 1D Hg(II) halide coordination polymers with bptz ligand have been prepared. • The structures of the compounds are determined by single crystal XRD. • DFT calculations show that [Hg(μ-bptz)X{sub 2}]{sub n} (X=Cl and Br) have a direct band gap. • DFT calculations show that [Hg{sub 2}(μ-bptz)(μ-I){sub 2}I{sub 2}]{sub n} has an indirect band gap. • The compounds show an intraligand electron transfer emission band in solid state.« less

A novel tactile-guided detection and three-dimensional localization of clinically significant breast masses.

PubMed

Mojra, A; Najarian, S; Kashani, S M Towliat; Panahi, F

2012-01-01

This paper presents a novel robotic sensory system 'Robo-Tac-BMI', which manipulates an indentation probe for the detection and three-dimensional localization of an abnormal mass embedded in the breast tissue. The Robo-Tac-BMI is designed based on artificial tactile sensing technology which is a new non-invasive method for mimicking the surgeon's palpation quantitatively. The intelligent processor of the device provides an overall stiffness map of the scanned areas. The extracted stiffness parameters provide a decisive factor for certifying the mass existence. Results are validated by 'gold standard' tests. Following the mass detection, its 3D localization is of essential importance in the treatment procedures. The planar 2D coordinate is readily available for all points on the tissue surface. Mass depth estimation is achieved by a comprehensive model utilizing the logistic regression algorithm and a Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) Curve for the highest accuracy. Statistical analysis is performed over 27 cases with 346 scanned areas. Copyright © 2012 Informa UK, Ltd.

3D coordination polymers with nitrilotriacetic and 4,4'-bipyridyl mixed ligands: structural variation based on dinuclear or tetranuclear subunits assisted by Na-O and/or O-H...O interactions.

PubMed

Lü, Xing-Qiang; Jiang, Ji-Jun; Chen, Chun-Long; Kang, Bei-Sheng; Su, Cheng-Yong

2005-06-27

The reactions of Cu(II) with the mixed nitrilotriacetic acid (H3NTA) and 4,4'-bipyridyl (4,4'-bpy) ligands in different metal-to-ligand ratios in the presence of NaOH and NaClO4 afforded two complexes, Na3[Cu2(NTA)2(4,4'-bpy)]ClO4 x 5H2O (1) and [Cu2(NTA) (4,4'-bpy)2]ClO4 x 4H2O (2). The two complexes have been characterized by elemental analysis, IR, XRD, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. 1 contains a basic doubly negatively charged [Cu2(NTA)2(4,4'-bpy)]2- dinuclear unit which was further assembled via multiple Na-O and O-H...O interactions into a three-dimensional (3D) pillared-layer structure. 2 features a two-dimensional (2D) undulated brick-wall architecture containing a basic doubly positively charged [Cu4(NTA)2(4,4'-bpy)2]2+ tetranuclear unit. The 2D network possesses large cavities hosting guest molecules and was further assembled via O-H...O hydrogen bonds into a 3D structure with several channels running in different directions.

The 1980-81 AFOSR (Air Force Office of Scientific Research)-HTTM (Heat Transfer and Turbulence Mechanics)-Stanford Conference on Complex Turbulent Flows: Comparison of Computation and Experiment. Volume 3. Comparison of Computation with Experiment, and Computors’ Summary Report.

DTIC Science & Technology

1981-09-01

organized the paperwork system , including finances, travel, k, , f iling, and programs in a highly independent and responsible fashion. Thanks are also due...three-dimensional transformation procedure for arbitrary non-orthogonal coordinate systems , for the purpose of the three-dimensional turbulent...transformation procedure for arbitrary non-orthogonal coordinate systems so as to acquire the generality in the application for elliptic flows (for the square

Experimental analysis and numerical modeling of mollusk shells as a three dimensional integrated volume.

PubMed

Faghih Shojaei, M; Mohammadi, V; Rajabi, H; Darvizeh, A

2012-12-01

In this paper, a new numerical technique is presented to accurately model the geometrical and mechanical features of mollusk shells as a three dimensional (3D) integrated volume. For this purpose, the Newton method is used to solve the nonlinear equations of shell surfaces. The points of intersection on the shell surface are identified and the extra interior parts are removed. Meshing process is accomplished with respect to the coordinate of each point of intersection. The final 3D generated mesh models perfectly describe the spatial configuration of the mollusk shells. Moreover, the computational model perfectly matches with the actual interior geometry of the shells as well as their exterior architecture. The direct generation technique is employed to generate a 3D finite element (FE) model in ANSYS 11. X-ray images are taken to show the close similarity of the interior geometry of the models and the actual samples. A scanning electron microscope (SEM) is used to provide information on the microstructure of the shells. In addition, a set of compression tests were performed on gastropod shell specimens to obtain their ultimate compressive strength. A close agreement between experimental data and the relevant numerical results is demonstrated. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Visualization tool for three-dimensional plasma velocity distributions (ISEE_3D) as a plug-in for SPEDAS

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Keika, Kunihiro; Miyoshi, Yoshizumi; Machida, Shinobu; Ieda, Akimasa; Seki, Kanako; Hori, Tomoaki; Miyashita, Yukinaga; Shoji, Masafumi; Shinohara, Iku; Angelopoulos, Vassilis; Lewis, Jim W.; Flores, Aaron

2017-12-01

This paper introduces ISEE_3D, an interactive visualization tool for three-dimensional plasma velocity distribution functions, developed by the Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University, Japan. The tool provides a variety of methods to visualize the distribution function of space plasma: scatter, volume, and isosurface modes. The tool also has a wide range of functions, such as displaying magnetic field vectors and two-dimensional slices of distributions to facilitate extensive analysis. The coordinate transformation to the magnetic field coordinates is also implemented in the tool. The source codes of the tool are written as scripts of a widely used data analysis software language, Interactive Data Language, which has been widespread in the field of space physics and solar physics. The current version of the tool can be used for data files of the plasma distribution function from the Geotail satellite mission, which are publicly accessible through the Data Archives and Transmission System of the Institute of Space and Astronautical Science (ISAS)/Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA). The tool is also available in the Space Physics Environment Data Analysis Software to visualize plasma data from the Magnetospheric Multiscale and the Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms missions. The tool is planned to be applied to data from other missions, such as Arase (ERG) and Van Allen Probes after replacing or adding data loading plug-ins. This visualization tool helps scientists understand the dynamics of space plasma better, particularly in the regions where the magnetohydrodynamic approximation is not valid, for example, the Earth's inner magnetosphere, magnetopause, bow shock, and plasma sheet.

Three-dimensional structure of Erwinia carotovora L-asparaginase

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Kislitsyn, Yu. A.; Kravchenko, O. V.; Nikonov, S. V.

2006-10-15

Three-dimensional structure of Erwinia carotovora L-asparaginase, which has antitumor activity and is used for the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia, was solved at 3 A resolution and refined to R{sub cryst} = 20% and R{sub free} = 28%. Crystals of recombinant Erwinia carotovora L-asparaginase were grown by the hanging-drop vapor-diffusion method from protein solutions in a HEPES buffer (pH 6.5) and PEG MME 5000 solutions in a cacodylate buffer (pH 6.5) as the precipitant. Three-dimensional X-ray diffraction data were collected up to 3 A resolution from one crystal at room temperature. The structure was solved by the molecular replacement methodmore » using the coordinates of Erwinia chrysanthemi L-asparaginase as the starting model. The coordinates refined with the use of the CNS program package were deposited in the Protein Data Bank (PDB code 1ZCF)« less

Three-dimensional reconstruction of coronary stents in vivo based on motion compensated X-ray angiography

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Schäfer, Dirk; Movassaghi, Babak; Grass, Michael; Schoonenberg, Gert; Florent, Raoul; Wink, Onno; Klein, Andrew J. P.; Chen, James Y.; Garcia, Joel; Messenger, John C.; Carroll, John D.

2007-03-01

The complete expansion of the stent during a percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) procedure is essential for treatment of a stenotic segment of a coronary artery. Inadequate expansion of the stent is a major predisposing factor to in-stent restenosis and acute thrombosis. Stents are positioned and deployed by fluoroscopic guidance. Although the current generation of stents are made of materials with some degree of radio-opacity to detect their location after deployment, proper stent expansion is hard to asses. In this work, we introduce a new method for the three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction of the coronary stents in-vivo utilizing two-dimensional projection images acquired during rotational angiography (RA). The acquisition protocol consist of a propeller rotation of the X-ray C-arm system of 180°, which ensures sufficient angular coverage for volume reconstruction. The angiographic projections were acquired at 30 frames per second resulting in 180 projections during a 7 second rotational run. The motion of the stent is estimated from the automatically tracked 2D coordinates of the markers on the balloon catheter. This information is used within a motion-compensated reconstruction algorithm. Therefore, projections from different cardiac phases and motion states can be used, resulting in improved signal-to-noise ratio of the stent. Results of 3D reconstructed coronary stents in vivo, with high spatial resolution are presented. The proposed method allows for a comprehensive and unique quantitative 3D assessment of stent expansion that rivals current X-ray and intravascular ultrasound techniques.

New insights into the folding of a β-sheet miniprotein in a reduced space of collective hydrogen bond variables: application to a hydrodynamic analysis of the folding flow.

PubMed

Kalgin, Igor V; Caflisch, Amedeo; Chekmarev, Sergei F; Karplus, Martin

2013-05-23

A new analysis of the 20 μs equilibrium folding/unfolding molecular dynamics simulations of the three-stranded antiparallel β-sheet miniprotein (beta3s) in implicit solvent is presented. The conformation space is reduced in dimensionality by introduction of linear combinations of hydrogen bond distances as the collective variables making use of a specially adapted principal component analysis (PCA); i.e., to make structured conformations more pronounced, only the formed bonds are included in determining the principal components. It is shown that a three-dimensional (3D) subspace gives a meaningful representation of the folding behavior. The first component, to which eight native hydrogen bonds make the major contribution (four in each beta hairpin), is found to play the role of the reaction coordinate for the overall folding process, while the second and third components distinguish the structured conformations. The representative points of the trajectory in the 3D space are grouped into conformational clusters that correspond to locally stable conformations of beta3s identified in earlier work. A simplified kinetic network based on the three components is constructed, and it is complemented by a hydrodynamic analysis. The latter, making use of "passive tracers" in 3D space, indicates that the folding flow is much more complex than suggested by the kinetic network. A 2D representation of streamlines shows there are vortices which correspond to repeated local rearrangement, not only around minima of the free energy surface but also in flat regions between minima. The vortices revealed by the hydrodynamic analysis are apparently not evident in folding pathways generated by transition-path sampling. Making use of the fact that the values of the collective hydrogen bond variables are linearly related to the Cartesian coordinate space, the RMSD between clusters is determined. Interestingly, the transition rates show an approximate exponential correlation with distance in the hydrogen bond subspace. Comparison with the many published studies shows good agreement with the present analysis for the parts that can be compared, supporting the robust character of our understanding of this "hydrogen atom" of protein folding.

Three-dimensional imaging technology offers promise in medicine.

PubMed

Karako, Kenji; Wu, Qiong; Gao, Jianjun

2014-04-01

Medical imaging plays an increasingly important role in the diagnosis and treatment of disease. Currently, medical equipment mainly has two-dimensional (2D) imaging systems. Although this conventional imaging largely satisfies clinical requirements, it cannot depict pathologic changes in 3 dimensions. The development of three-dimensional (3D) imaging technology has encouraged advances in medical imaging. Three-dimensional imaging technology offers doctors much more information on a pathology than 2D imaging, thus significantly improving diagnostic capability and the quality of treatment. Moreover, the combination of 3D imaging with augmented reality significantly improves surgical navigation process. The advantages of 3D imaging technology have made it an important component of technological progress in the field of medical imaging.

A statistical model for analyzing the rotational error of single isocenter for multiple targets technique.

PubMed

Chang, Jenghwa

2017-06-01

To develop a statistical model that incorporates the treatment uncertainty from the rotational error of the single isocenter for multiple targets technique, and calculates the extra PTV (planning target volume) margin required to compensate for this error. The random vector for modeling the setup (S) error in the three-dimensional (3D) patient coordinate system was assumed to follow a 3D normal distribution with a zero mean, and standard deviations of σ x , σ y , σ z . It was further assumed that the rotation of clinical target volume (CTV) about the isocenter happens randomly and follows a three-dimensional (3D) independent normal distribution with a zero mean and a uniform standard deviation of σ δ . This rotation leads to a rotational random error (R), which also has a 3D independent normal distribution with a zero mean and a uniform standard deviation of σ R equal to the product of σδπ180 and dI⇔T, the distance between the isocenter and CTV. Both (S and R) random vectors were summed, normalized, and transformed to the spherical coordinates to derive the Chi distribution with three degrees of freedom for the radial coordinate of S+R. PTV margin was determined using the critical value of this distribution for a 0.05 significance level so that 95% of the time the treatment target would be covered by the prescription dose. The additional PTV margin required to compensate for the rotational error was calculated as a function of σ R and dI⇔T. The effect of the rotational error is more pronounced for treatments that require high accuracy/precision like stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) or stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT). With a uniform 2-mm PTV margin (or σ x = σ y = σ z = 0.715 mm), a σ R = 0.328 mm will decrease the CTV coverage probability from 95.0% to 90.9%, or an additional 0.2-mm PTV margin is needed to prevent this loss of coverage. If we choose 0.2 mm as the threshold, any σ R > 0.328 mm will lead to an extra PTV margin that cannot be ignored, and the maximal σ δ that can be ignored is 0.45° (or 0.0079 rad ) for dI⇔T = 50 mm or 0.23° (or 0.004 rad ) for dI⇔T = 100 mm. The rotational error cannot be ignored for high-accuracy/-precision treatments like SRS/SBRT, particularly when the distance between the isocenter and target is large. © 2017 American Association of Physicists in Medicine.

Multitarget tracking in cluttered environment for a multistatic passive radar system under the DAB/DVB network

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Shi, Yi Fang; Park, Seung Hyo; Song, Taek Lyul

2017-12-01

The target tracking using multistatic passive radar in a digital audio/video broadcast (DAB/DVB) network with illuminators of opportunity faces two main challenges: the first challenge is that one has to solve the measurement-to-illuminator association ambiguity in addition to the conventional association ambiguity between the measurements and targets, which introduces a significantly complex three-dimensional (3-D) data association problem among the target-measurement illuminator, this is because all the illuminators transmit the same carrier frequency signals and signals transmitted by different illuminators but reflected via the same target become indistinguishable; the other challenge is that only the bistatic range and range-rate measurements are available while the angle information is unavailable or of very poor quality. In this paper, the authors propose a new target tracking algorithm directly in three-dimensional (3-D) Cartesian coordinates with the capability of track management using the probability of target existence as a track quality measure. The proposed algorithm is termed sequential processing-joint integrated probabilistic data association (SP-JIPDA), which applies the modified sequential processing technique to resolve the additional association ambiguity between measurements and illuminators. The SP-JIPDA algorithm sequentially operates the JIPDA tracker to update each track for each illuminator with all the measurements in the common measurement set at each time. For reasons of fair comparison, the existing modified joint probabilistic data association (MJPDA) algorithm that addresses the 3-D data association problem via "supertargets" using gate grouping and provides tracks directly in 3-D Cartesian coordinates, is enhanced by incorporating the probability of target existence as an effective track quality measure for track management. Both algorithms deal with nonlinear observations using the extended Kalman filtering. A simulation study is performed to verify the superiority of the proposed SP-JIPDA algorithm over the MJIPDA in this multistatic passive radar system.

Robustness of muscle synergies underlying three-dimensional force generation at the hand in healthy humans

PubMed Central

Rymer, William Z.; Beer, Randall F.

2012-01-01

Previous studies using advanced matrix factorization techniques have shown that the coordination of human voluntary limb movements may be accomplished using combinations of a small number of intermuscular coordination patterns, or muscle synergies. However, the potential use of muscle synergies for isometric force generation has been evaluated mostly using correlational methods. The results of such studies suggest that fixed relationships between the activations of pairs of muscles are relatively rare. There is also emerging evidence that the nervous system uses independent strategies to control movement and force generation, which suggests that one cannot conclude a priori that isometric force generation is accomplished by combining muscle synergies, as shown in movement control. In this study, we used non-negative matrix factorization to evaluate the ability of a few muscle synergies to reconstruct the activation patterns of human arm muscles underlying the generation of three-dimensional (3-D) isometric forces at the hand. Surface electromyographic (EMG) data were recorded from eight key elbow and shoulder muscles during 3-D force target-matching protocols performed across a range of load levels and hand positions. Four synergies were sufficient to explain, on average, 95% of the variance in EMG datasets. Furthermore, we found that muscle synergy composition was conserved across biomechanical task conditions, experimental protocols, and subjects. Our findings are consistent with the view that the nervous system can generate isometric forces by assembling a combination of a small number of muscle synergies, differentially weighted according to task constraints. PMID:22279190

Analysis of Uncertainty in a Middle-Cost Device for 3D Measurements in BIM Perspective

PubMed Central

Sánchez, Alonso; Naranjo, José-Manuel; Jiménez, Antonio; González, Alfonso

2016-01-01

Medium-cost devices equipped with sensors are being developed to get 3D measurements. Some allow for generating geometric models and point clouds. Nevertheless, the accuracy of these measurements should be evaluated, taking into account the requirements of the Building Information Model (BIM). This paper analyzes the uncertainty in outdoor/indoor three-dimensional coordinate measures and point clouds (using Spherical Accuracy Standard (SAS) methods) for Eyes Map, a medium-cost tablet manufactured by e-Capture Research & Development Company, Mérida, Spain. To achieve it, in outdoor tests, by means of this device, the coordinates of targets were measured from 1 to 6 m and cloud points were obtained. Subsequently, these were compared to the coordinates of the same targets measured by a Total Station. The Euclidean average distance error was 0.005–0.027 m for measurements by Photogrammetry and 0.013–0.021 m for the point clouds. All of them satisfy the tolerance for point cloud acquisition (0.051 m) according to the BIM Guide for 3D Imaging (General Services Administration); similar results are obtained in the indoor tests, with values of 0.022 m. In this paper, we establish the optimal distances for the observations in both, Photogrammetry and 3D Photomodeling modes (outdoor) and point out some working conditions to avoid in indoor environments. Finally, the authors discuss some recommendations for improving the performance and working methods of the device. PMID:27669245

One- and two-dimensional divalent copper coordination polymers based on kinked organodiimine and long flexible aliphatic dicarboxylate ligands

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mallika Krishnan, Subhashree; Supkowski, Ronald M.; LaDuca, Robert L.

2008-11-01

Hydrothermal synthesis under acidic conditions has afforded a pair of divalent copper coordination polymers containing the kinked dipodal tethering organodiimine 4,4'-dipyridylamine (dpa) and flexible long-chain aliphatic dicarboxylate ligands. The new materials were characterized by single crystal X-ray structure determination, infrared spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis. [CuCl(suberate) 0.5(dpa)] ( 1) manifests 1-D ladder-like motifs aggregated into 3-D through hydrogen bonding and copper-mediated supramolecular interactions. Extension of the aliphatic chain within the dicarboxylate ligand by one methylene unit resulted in {[Cu(azelate)(dpa)(H 2O)] · 3H 2O} ( 2), a (4,4) rhomboid grid 2-D coordination polymer encapsulating acyclic water molecule trimers.

3D Analysis of Human Embryos and Fetuses Using Digitized Datasets From the Kyoto Collection.

PubMed

Takakuwa, Tetsuya

2018-06-01

Three-dimensional (3D) analysis of the human embryonic and early-fetal period has been performed using digitized datasets obtained from the Kyoto Collection, in which the digital datasets play a primary role in research. Datasets include magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) acquired with 1.5 T, 2.35 T, and 7 T magnet systems, phase-contrast X-ray computed tomography (CT), and digitized histological serial sections. Large, high-resolution datasets covering a broad range of developmental periods obtained with various methods of acquisition are key elements for the studies. The digital data have gross merits that enabled us to develop various analysis. Digital data analysis accelerated the speed of morphological observations using precise and improved methods by providing a suitable plane for a morphometric analysis from staged human embryos. Morphometric data are useful for quantitatively evaluating and demonstrating the features of development and for screening abnormal samples, which may be suggestive in the pathogenesis of congenital malformations. Morphometric data are also valuable for comparing sonographic data in a process known as "sonoembryology." The 3D coordinates of anatomical landmarks may be useful tools for analyzing the positional change of interesting landmarks and their relationships during development. Several dynamic events could be explained by differential growth using 3D coordinates. Moreover, 3D coordinates can be utilized in mathematical analysis as well as statistical analysis. The 3D analysis in our study may serve to provide accurate morphologic data, including the dynamics of embryonic structures related to developmental stages, which is required for insights into the dynamic and complex processes occurring during organogenesis. Anat Rec, 301:960-969, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

X-ray and optical stereo-based 3D sensor fusion system for image-guided neurosurgery.

PubMed

Kim, Duk Nyeon; Chae, You Seong; Kim, Min Young

2016-04-01

In neurosurgery, an image-guided operation is performed to confirm that the surgical instruments reach the exact lesion position. Among the multiple imaging modalities, an X-ray fluoroscope mounted on C- or O-arm is widely used for monitoring the position of surgical instruments and the target position of the patient. However, frequently used fluoroscopy can result in relatively high radiation doses, particularly for complex interventional procedures. The proposed system can reduce radiation exposure and provide the accurate three-dimensional (3D) position information of surgical instruments and the target position. X-ray and optical stereo vision systems have been proposed for the C- or O-arm. Two subsystems have same optical axis and are calibrated simultaneously. This provides easy augmentation of the camera image and the X-ray image. Further, the 3D measurement of both systems can be defined in a common coordinate space. The proposed dual stereoscopic imaging system is designed and implemented for mounting on an O-arm. The calibration error of the 3D coordinates of the optical stereo and X-ray stereo is within 0.1 mm in terms of the mean and the standard deviation. Further, image augmentation with the camera image and the X-ray image using an artificial skull phantom is achieved. As the developed dual stereoscopic imaging system provides 3D coordinates of the point of interest in both optical images and fluoroscopic images, it can be used by surgeons to confirm the position of surgical instruments in a 3D space with minimum radiation exposure and to verify whether the instruments reach the surgical target observed in fluoroscopic images.

On the construction of a direct numerical simulation of a breaking inertia-gravity wave in the upper mesosphere

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fruman, Mark D.; Remmler, Sebastian; Achatz, Ulrich; Hickel, Stefan

2014-10-01

A systematic approach to the direct numerical simulation (DNS) of breaking upper mesospheric inertia-gravity waves of amplitude close to or above the threshold for static instability is presented. Normal mode or singular vector analysis applied in a frame of reference moving with the phase velocity of the wave (in which the wave is a steady solution) is used to determine the most likely scale and structure of the primary instability and to initialize nonlinear "2.5-D" simulations (with three-dimensional velocity and vorticity fields but depending only on two spatial coordinates). Singular vector analysis is then applied to the time-dependent 2.5-D solution to predict the transition of the breaking event to three-dimensional turbulence and to initialize three-dimensional DNS. The careful choice of the computational domain and the relatively low Reynolds numbers, on the order of 25,000, relevant to breaking waves in the upper mesosphere, makes the three-dimensional DNS tractable with present-day computing clusters. Three test cases are presented: a statically unstable low-frequency inertia-gravity wave, a statically and dynamically stable inertia-gravity wave, and a statically unstable high-frequency gravity wave. The three-dimensional DNS are compared to ensembles of 2.5-D simulations. In general, the decay of the wave and generation of turbulence is faster in three dimensions, but the results are otherwise qualitatively and quantitatively similar, suggesting that results of 2.5-D simulations are meaningful if the domain and initial condition are chosen properly.

Reliability and validity in measurement of true humeral retroversion by a three-dimensional cylinder fitting method.

PubMed

Saka, Masayuki; Yamauchi, Hiroki; Hoshi, Kenji; Yoshioka, Toru; Hamada, Hidetoshi; Gamada, Kazuyoshi

2015-05-01

Humeral retroversion is defined as the orientation of the humeral head relative to the distal humerus. Because none of the previous methods used to measure humeral retroversion strictly follow this definition, values obtained by these techniques vary and may be biased by morphologic variations of the humerus. The purpose of this study was 2-fold: to validate a method to define the axis of the distal humerus with a virtual cylinder and to establish the reliability of 3-dimensional (3D) measurement of humeral retroversion by this cylinder fitting method. Humeral retroversion in 14 baseball players (28 humeri) was measured by the 3D cylinder fitting method. The root mean square error was calculated to compare values obtained by a single tester and by 2 different testers using the embedded coordinate system. To establish the reliability, intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and precision (standard error of measurement [SEM]) were calculated. The root mean square errors for the humeral coordinate system were <1.0 mm/1.0° for comparison of all translations/rotations obtained by a single tester and <1.0 mm/2.0° for comparison obtained by 2 different testers. Assessment of reliability and precision of the 3D measurement of retroversion yielded an intratester ICC of 0.99 (SEM, 1.0°) and intertester ICC of 0.96 (SEM, 2.8°). The error in measurements obtained by a distal humerus cylinder fitting method was small enough not to affect retroversion measurement. The 3D measurement of retroversion by this method provides excellent intratester and intertester reliability. Copyright © 2015 Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery Board of Trustees. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

The Use Of Videography For Three-Dimensional Motion Analysis

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hawkins, D. A.; Hawthorne, D. L.; DeLozier, G. S.; Campbell, K. R.; Grabiner, M. D.

1988-02-01

Special video path editing capabilities with custom hardware and software, have been developed for use in conjunction with existing video acquisition hardware and firmware. This system has simplified the task of quantifying the kinematics of human movement. A set of retro-reflective markers are secured to a subject performing a given task (i.e. walking, throwing, swinging a golf club, etc.). Multiple cameras, a video processor, and a computer work station collect video data while the task is performed. Software has been developed to edit video files, create centroid data, and identify marker paths. Multi-camera path files are combined to form a 3D path file using the DLT method of cinematography. A separate program converts the 3D path file into kinematic data by creating a set of local coordinate axes and performing a series of coordinate transformations from one local system to the next. The kinematic data is then displayed for appropriate review and/or comparison.

A study to evaluate the reliability of using two-dimensional photographs, three-dimensional images, and stereoscopic projected three-dimensional images for patient assessment.

PubMed

Zhu, S; Yang, Y; Khambay, B

2017-03-01

Clinicians are accustomed to viewing conventional two-dimensional (2D) photographs and assume that viewing three-dimensional (3D) images is similar. Facial images captured in 3D are not viewed in true 3D; this may alter clinical judgement. The aim of this study was to evaluate the reliability of using conventional photographs, 3D images, and stereoscopic projected 3D images to rate the severity of the deformity in pre-surgical class III patients. Forty adult patients were recruited. Eight raters assessed facial height, symmetry, and profile using the three different viewing media and a 100-mm visual analogue scale (VAS), and appraised the most informative viewing medium. Inter-rater consistency was above good for all three media. Intra-rater reliability was not significantly different for rating facial height using 2D (P=0.704), symmetry using 3D (P=0.056), and profile using projected 3D (P=0.749). Using projected 3D for rating profile and symmetry resulted in significantly lower median VAS scores than either 3D or 2D images (all P<0.05). For 75% of the raters, stereoscopic 3D projection was the preferred method for rating. The reliability of assessing specific characteristics was dependent on the viewing medium. Clinicians should be aware that the visual information provided when viewing 3D images is not the same as when viewing 2D photographs, especially for facial depth, and this may change the clinical impression. Crown Copyright © 2016. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Three-dimensional ruthenium-doped TiO 2 sea urchins for enhanced visible-light-responsive H 2 production

DOE PAGES

Nguyen-Phan, Thuy -Duong; Luo, Si; Vovchok, Dimitriy; ...

2016-05-23

Here, three-dimensional (3D) monodispersed sea urchin-like Ru-doped rutile TiO 2 hierarchical architectures composed of radially aligned, densely-packed TiO 2 nanorods have been successfully synthesized via an acid-hydrothermal method at low temperature without the assistance of any structure-directing agent and post annealing treatment. The addition of a minuscule concentration of ruthenium dopants remarkably catalyzes the formation of the 3D urchin structure and drives the enhanced photocatalytic H 2 production under visible light irradiation, not possible on undoped and bulk rutile TiO 2. Increasing ruthenium doping dosage not only increases the surface area up to 166 m 2 g –1 but alsomore » induces enhanced photoresponse in the regime of visible and near infrared light. The doping introduces defect impurity levels, i.e. oxygen vacancy and under-coordinated Ti 3+, significantly below the conduction band of TiO 2, and ruthenium species act as electron donors/acceptors that accelerate the photogenerated hole and electron transfer and efficiently suppress the rapid charge recombination, therefore improving the visible-light-driven activity.« less

Three-dimension reconstruction based on spatial light modulator

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Deng, Xuejiao; Zhang, Nanyang; Zeng, Yanan; Yin, Shiliang; Wang, Weiyu

2011-02-01

Three-dimension reconstruction, known as an important research direction of computer graphics, is widely used in the related field such as industrial design and manufacture, construction, aerospace, biology and so on. Via such technology we can obtain three-dimension digital point cloud from a two-dimension image, and then simulate the three-dimensional structure of the physical object for further study. At present, the obtaining of three-dimension digital point cloud data is mainly based on the adaptive optics system with Shack-Hartmann sensor and phase-shifting digital holography. Referring to surface fitting, there are also many available methods such as iterated discrete fourier transform, convolution and image interpolation, linear phase retrieval. The main problems we came across in three-dimension reconstruction are the extraction of feature points and arithmetic of curve fitting. To solve such problems, we can, first of all, calculate the relevant surface normal vector information of each pixel in the light source coordinate system, then these vectors are to be converted to the coordinates of image through the coordinate conversion, so the expectant 3D point cloud get arise. Secondly, after the following procedures of de-noising, repairing, the feature points can later be selected and fitted to get the fitting function of the surface topography by means of Zernike polynomial, so as to reconstruct the determinand's three-dimensional topography. In this paper, a new kind of three-dimension reconstruction algorithm is proposed, with the assistance of which, the topography can be estimated from its grayscale at different sample points. Moreover, the previous stimulation and the experimental results prove that the new algorithm has a strong capability to fit, especially for large-scale objects .

Syntheses, structures and selective dye adsorption of five formic-based coordination polymers prepared by in-situ hydrolysis of N, N′-dimethylformamide

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Zhu, Zheng; Meng, Xiang-min; Zhang, Dong-mei

Five functional coordination polymers (formic-based CPs) namely: ([Cu{sub 2}(CHOO){sub 3}(bibp){sub 2}]·CHOO){sub n} (1), ([Co{sub 2}(CHOO){sub 3}(bibp){sub 2}]·NO{sub 3}·H{sub 2}O)n (2), ([Ni{sub 2}(CHOO){sub 3}(bibp){sub 2}]·NO{sub 3}·H{sub 2}O){sub n} (3) [Co(CHOO){sub 2}(bbibp)]{sub n} (4) and [Zn(CHOO){sub 2}(bbibp)]{sub n} (5) (bibp=4,4′-bis(imidazolyl)biphenyl, bbibp=4,4′-bis(benzoimidazo-1-yl)biphenyl) have been successfully hydrothermally synthesized using the in-situ hydrolysis of N, N′-dimethylformamide (DMF) as the source of formate. All of these five polymers were characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, elemental analysis, IR spectra, powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), and thermogravimetric (TG) analysis. Complexes 1–3 have the similar three-dimensional 3D kag topological framework built from the bibp ligand as the support member betweenmore » the neighboring formic planes. Both complexes 4 and 5 have the similar one-dimensional 1D linear chain which is further assembled into 3D supermolecular structure by C–H…O hydrogen bonds. The dyes adsorption experiments have also been investigated systematically. The results show that complexes 2 and 3 exhibit high selective adsorption ability towards anionic dyes in their aqueous solution. Moreover, complex 2 displays good reversibility in the process of the dyes adsorption-release. Meanwhile, the unusual blocking phenomenon was firstly observed when complex 2 was in MO/OIV aqueous solutions with different concentration.« less

Exact solutions in 3D gravity with torsion

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

González, P. A.; Vásquez, Yerko

2011-08-01

We study the three-dimensional gravity with torsion given by the Mielke-Baekler (MB) model coupled to gravitational Chern-Simons term, and that possess electric charge described by Maxwell-Chern-Simons electrodynamics. We find and discuss this theory's charged black holes solutions and uncharged solutions. We find that for vanishing torsion our solutions by means of a coordinate transformation can be written as three-dimensional Chern-Simons black holes. We also discuss a special case of this theory, Topologically Massive Gravity (TMG) at chiral point, and we show that the logarithmic solution of TMG is also a solution of the MB model at a fixed point in the space of parameters. Furthermore, we show that our solutions generalize Gödel type solutions in a particular case. Also, we recover BTZ black hole in Riemann-Cartan spacetime for vanishing charge.

MODFLOW-2000, the U.S. Geological Survey modular ground-water model : user guide to the LMT6 package, the linkage with MT3DMS for multi-species mass transport modeling

USGS Publications Warehouse

Zheng, Chunmiao; Hill, Mary Catherine; Hsieh, Paul A.

2001-01-01

MODFLOW-2000, the newest version of MODFLOW, is a computer program that numerically solves the three-dimensional ground-water flow equation for a porous medium using a finite-difference method. MT3DMS, the successor to MT3D, is a computer program for modeling multi-species solute transport in three-dimensional ground-water systems using multiple solution techniques, including the finite-difference method, the method of characteristics (MOC), and the total-variation-diminishing (TVD) method. This report documents a new version of the Link-MT3DMS Package, which enables MODFLOW-2000 to produce the information needed by MT3DMS, and also discusses new visualization software for MT3DMS. Unlike the Link-MT3D Packages that coordinated previous versions of MODFLOW and MT3D, the new Link-MT3DMS Package requires an input file that, among other things, provides enhanced support for additional MODFLOW sink/source packages and allows list-directed (free) format for the flow model produced flow-transport link file. The report contains four parts: (a) documentation of the Link-MT3DMS Package Version 6 for MODFLOW-2000; (b) discussion of several issues related to simulation setup and input data preparation for running MT3DMS with MODFLOW-2000; (c) description of two test example problems, with comparison to results obtained using another MODFLOW-based transport program; and (d) overview of post-simulation visualization and animation using the U.S. Geological Survey?s Model Viewer.

Three-dimensional photography for the evaluation of facial profiles in obstructive sleep apnoea.

PubMed

Lin, Shih-Wei; Sutherland, Kate; Liao, Yu-Fang; Cistulli, Peter A; Chuang, Li-Pang; Chou, Yu-Ting; Chang, Chih-Hao; Lee, Chung-Shu; Li, Li-Fu; Chen, Ning-Hung

2018-06-01

Craniofacial structure is an important determinant of obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) syndrome risk. Three-dimensional stereo-photogrammetry (3dMD) is a novel technique which allows quantification of the craniofacial profile. This study compares the facial images of OSA patients captured by 3dMD to three-dimensional computed tomography (3-D CT) and two-dimensional (2-D) digital photogrammetry. Measurements were correlated with indices of OSA severity. Thirty-eight patients diagnosed with OSA were included, and digital photogrammetry, 3dMD and 3-D CT were performed. Distances, areas, angles and volumes from the images captured by three methods were analysed. Almost all measurements captured by 3dMD showed strong agreement with 3-D CT measurements. Results from 2-D digital photogrammetry showed poor agreement with 3-D CT. Mandibular width, neck perimeter size and maxillary volume measurements correlated well with the severity of OSA using all three imaging methods. Mandibular length, facial width, binocular width, neck width, cranial base triangle area, cranial base area 1 and middle cranial fossa volume correlated well with OSA severity using 3dMD and 3-D CT, but not with 2-D digital photogrammetry. 3dMD provided accurate craniofacial measurements of OSA patients, which were highly concordant with those obtained by CT, while avoiding the radiation associated with CT. © 2018 Asian Pacific Society of Respirology.

Three-dimensional color Doppler echocardiographic quantification of tricuspid regurgitation orifice area: comparison with conventional two-dimensional measures.

PubMed

Chen, Tien-En; Kwon, Susan H; Enriquez-Sarano, Maurice; Wong, Benjamin F; Mankad, Sunil V

2013-10-01

Three-dimensional (3D) color Doppler echocardiography (CDE) provides directly measured vena contracta area (VCA). However, a large comprehensive 3D color Doppler echocardiographic study with sufficiently severe tricuspid regurgitation (TR) to verify its value in determining TR severity in comparison with conventional quantitative and semiquantitative two-dimensional (2D) parameters has not been previously conducted. The aim of this study was to examine the utility and feasibility of directly measured VCA by 3D transthoracic CDE, its correlation with 2D echocardiographic measurements of TR, and its ability to determine severe TR. Ninety-two patients with mild or greater TR prospectively underwent 2D and 3D transthoracic echocardiography. Two-dimensional evaluation of TR severity included the ratio of jet area to right atrial area, vena contracta width, and quantification of effective regurgitant orifice area using the flow convergence method. Full-volume breath-hold 3D color data sets of TR were obtained using a real-time 3D echocardiography system. VCA was directly measured by 3D-guided direct planimetry of the color jet. Subgroup analysis included the presence of a pacemaker, eccentricity of the TR jet, ellipticity of the orifice shape, underlying TR mechanism, and baseline rhythm. Three-dimensional VCA correlated well with effective regurgitant orifice area (r = 0.62, P < .0001), moderately with vena contracta width (r = 0.42, P < .0001), and weakly with jet area/right atrial area ratio. Subgroup analysis comparing 3D VCA with 2D effective regurgitant orifice area demonstrated excellent correlation for organic TR (r = 0.86, P < .0001), regular rhythm (r = 0.78, P < .0001), and circular orifice (r = 0.72, P < .0001) but poor correlation in atrial fibrillation rhythm (r = 0.23, P = .0033). Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis for 3D VCA demonstrated good accuracy for severe TR determination. Three-dimensional VCA measurement is feasible and obtainable in the majority of patients with mild or greater TR. Three-dimensional VCA measurement is also feasible in patients with atrial fibrillation but performed poorly even with <20% cycle length variation. Three-dimensional VCA has good cutoff accuracy in determining severe TR. This simple, straightforward 3D color Doppler measurement shows promise as an alternative for the quantification of TR. Copyright © 2013 American Society of Echocardiography. Published by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.

Three-dimensional single-mode nonlinear ablative Rayleigh-Taylor instability

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Yan, R.; Aluie, H.; Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627

The nonlinear evolution of the single-mode ablative Rayleigh-Taylor instability is studied in three dimensions. As the mode wavelength approaches the cutoff of the linear spectrum (short-wavelength modes), it is found that the three-dimensional (3D) terminal bubble velocity greatly exceeds both the two-dimensional (2D) value and the classical 3D bubble velocity. Unlike in 2D, the 3D short-wavelength bubble velocity does not saturate. The growing 3D bubble acceleration is driven by the unbounded accumulation of vorticity inside the bubble. The vorticity is transferred by mass ablation from the Rayleigh-Taylor spikes to the ablated plasma filling the bubble volume.

Solvothermal synthesis and structure of coordination polymers of Nd(III) and Dy(III) with rigid isophthalic acid derivatives and flexible adipic acid

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kariem, Mukaddus; Kumar, Manesh; Yawer, Mohd; Sheikh, Haq Nawaz

2017-12-01

Two new coordination polymers (CPs) with the formula [Nd(hip)(adip) 0.5(H2O)2]n.nH2O (1) and [Dy(aip)(adip)0.5(H2O)2]n.nH2O (2) were synthesized by self-assembly of lanthanide salts with rigid [5-hydroxyisophthalic acid (H2hip)], [5-aminoisophthalic acid (H2aip)] and flexible [adipic acid (H2adip)] linkers under solvothermal conditions. The CPs 1 &2 crystallize in monoclinic C2/c space group. Both the CPs have 1D linear ladder shaped extension with the linkages having the backbone of hip2-, aip2- and adip2- ligands. The 1D linear ladder chains generate three dimensional (3D) supramolecular frameworks via significant π-π and hydrogen bonding interactions. The CP 2 (Dy) emit strong ligand sensitized characteristic f-f luminescence emission. The CP 2 also exhibit weak ferromagnetic interactions at low temperatures.

Velocity field calculation for non-orthogonal numerical grids

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Flach, G. P.

2015-03-01

Computational grids containing cell faces that do not align with an orthogonal (e.g. Cartesian, cylindrical) coordinate system are routinely encountered in porous-medium numerical simulations. Such grids are referred to in this study as non-orthogonal grids because some cell faces are not orthogonal to a coordinate system plane (e.g. xy, yz or xz plane in Cartesian coordinates). Non-orthogonal grids are routinely encountered at the Savannah River Site in porous-medium flow simulations for Performance Assessments and groundwater flow modeling. Examples include grid lines that conform to the sloping roof of a waste tank or disposal unit in a 2D Performance Assessment simulation,more » and grid surfaces that conform to undulating stratigraphic surfaces in a 3D groundwater flow model. Particle tracking is routinely performed after a porous-medium numerical flow simulation to better understand the dynamics of the flow field and/or as an approximate indication of the trajectory and timing of advective solute transport. Particle tracks are computed by integrating the velocity field from cell to cell starting from designated seed (starting) positions. An accurate velocity field is required to attain accurate particle tracks. However, many numerical simulation codes report only the volumetric flowrate (e.g. PORFLOW) and/or flux (flowrate divided by area) crossing cell faces. For an orthogonal grid, the normal flux at a cell face is a component of the Darcy velocity vector in the coordinate system, and the pore velocity for particle tracking is attained by dividing by water content. For a non-orthogonal grid, the flux normal to a cell face that lies outside a coordinate plane is not a true component of velocity with respect to the coordinate system. Nonetheless, normal fluxes are often taken as Darcy velocity components, either naively or with accepted approximation. To enable accurate particle tracking or otherwise present an accurate depiction of the velocity field for a non-orthogonal grid, Darcy velocity components are rigorously derived in this study from normal fluxes to cell faces, which are assumed to be provided by or readily computed from porous-medium simulation code output. The normal fluxes are presumed to satisfy mass balances for every computational cell, and if so, the derived velocity fields are consistent with these mass balances. Derivations are provided for general two-dimensional quadrilateral and three-dimensional hexagonal systems, and for the commonly encountered special cases of perfectly vertical side faces in 2D and 3D and a rectangular footprint in 3D.« less

Analysis of rotary engine combustion processes based on unsteady, three-dimensional computations

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Raju, M. S.; Willis, E. A.

1989-01-01

A new computer code was developed for predicting the turbulent, and chemically reacting flows with sprays occurring inside of a stratified charge rotary engine. The solution procedure is based on an Eulerian Lagrangian approach where the unsteady, 3-D Navier-Stokes equations for a perfect gas mixture with variable properties are solved in generalized, Eulerian coordinates on a moving grid by making use of an implicit finite volume, Steger-Warming flux vector splitting scheme, and the liquid phase equations are solved in Lagrangian coordinates. Both the details of the numerical algorithm and the finite difference predictions of the combustor flow field during the opening of exhaust and/or intake, and also during fuel vaporization and combustion, are presented.

Potential for change in US diagnosis of hip dysplasia solely caused by changes in probe orientation: patterns of alpha-angle variation revealed by using three-dimensional US.

PubMed

Jaremko, Jacob L; Mabee, Myles; Swami, Vimarsha G; Jamieson, Lucy; Chow, Kelvin; Thompson, Richard B

2014-12-01

To use three-dimensional ( 3D three-dimensional ) ultrasonography (US) to quantify the alpha-angle variability due to changing probe orientation during two-dimensional ( 2D two-dimensional ) US of the infant hip and its effect on the diagnostic classification of developmental dysplasia of the hip ( DDH developmental dysplasia of the hip ). In this institutional research ethics board-approved prospective study, with parental written informed consent, 13-MHz 3D three-dimensional US was added to initial 2D two-dimensional US for 56 hips in 35 infants (mean age, 41.7 days; range, 4-112 days), 26 of whom were female (mean age, 38.7 days; range, 6-112 days) and nine of whom were male (mean age, 50.2 days; range, 4-111 days). Findings in 20 hips were normal at the initial visit and were initially inconclusive but normalized spontaneously at follow-up in 23 hips; 13 hips were treated for dysplasia. With the computer algorithm, 3D three-dimensional US data were resectioned in planes tilted in 5° increments away from a central plane, as if slowly rotating a 2D two-dimensional US probe, until resulting images no longer met Graf quality criteria. On each acceptable 2D two-dimensional image, two observers measured alpha angles, and descriptive statistics, including mean, standard deviation, and limits of agreement, were computed. Acceptable 2D two-dimensional images were produced over a range of probe orientations averaging 24° (maximum, 45°) from the central plane. Over this range, alpha-angle variation was 19° (upper limit of agreement), leading to alteration of the diagnostic category of hip dysplasia in 54% of hips scanned. Use of 3D three-dimensional US showed that alpha angles measured at routine 2D two-dimensional US of the hip can vary substantially between 2D two-dimensional scans solely because of changes in probe positioning. Not only could normal hips appear dysplastic, but dysplastic hips also could have normal alpha angles. Three-dimensional US can display the full acetabular shape, which might improve DDH developmental dysplasia of the hip assessment accuracy. © RSNA, 2014.

Syntheses, structures and magnetic properties of four coordination polymers based on nitrobenzene dicarboxylate and various N-donor coligands

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Li, Gui-Lian; Yin, Wei-Dong; Liu, Guang-Zhen

Four new coordination polymers ([Ni(4-Nbdc)(bpa)(H{sub 2}O)]){sub n} (1), ([Co(4-Nbdc)(bpp) (H{sub 2}O)]){sub n} (2), ([Ni(4-Nbdc)(bpp)(H{sub 2}O)]·H{sub 2}O){sub n} (3), and ([Mn{sub 2}(3-Nbdc){sub 2}(bib){sub 3}]·2H{sub 2}O){sub n} (4) (4-Nbdc=4-nitrobenzene-1,2-dicarboxylate, 3-Nbdc=3-nitrobenzene-1,2-dicarboxylate, bpa=1,2-bi(4-pyridyl)ethane, bpp=1,3-bis(4-pyridyl)propane, and bib=1,4-bis(1-imidazoly)benzene), were synthesized by hydrothermal reactions, and characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffractions, elemental analysis, FT-IR, PXRD, TGA and magnetic analysis. Complexes 1 and 2 display quasi-trapezoidal chain and brick-wall layer, and both of them contain metal–carboxylate binuclear units. Complexes 3 and 4 exhibit three-dimensional frameworks with the (6{sup 6}) dia topology and (4{sup 4}.6{sup 10}.8)(4{sup 4}.6{sup 2}) fsc topology, and both of them contain metal–carboxylate chains. The carboxyl groupsmore » with syn-anti coordination mode mediate effectively the weak ferromagnetic coupling interaction within Ni(II)–carboxylate binuclear in 1 (J=1.27 cm{sup −1}) and Ni(II)–carboxylate chain in 3 (J=1.44 cm{sup −1}), respectively, and the carboxyl groups with anti-anti coordination mode leads to the classic antiferromagnetic coupling interaction within Mn(II)–carboxylate chain in 4 (J=−0.77 cm{sup −1}). - Highlights: • Four novel coordination polymers were hydrothermally synthesized. • 1 is 1D quasi-trapezoidal chain and 2 is brick-wall layer both with dinuclear units. • 3 and 4 show 3D frameworks both with 1D metal–carboxylate chains. • 1 and 3 exhibit ferromagnetic coupling, while 4 shows antiferromagnetic coupling.« less

Atomic electron tomography: 3D structures without crystals

DOE PAGES

Miao, Jianwei; Ercius, Peter; Billinge, S. J. L.

2016-09-23

Crystallography has been fundamental to the development of many fields of science over the last century. However, much of our modern science and technology relies on materials with defects and disorders, and their three-dimensional (3D) atomic structures are not accessible to crystallography. One method capable of addressing this major challenge is atomic electron tomography. By combining advanced electron microscopes and detectors with powerful data analysis and tomographic reconstruction algorithms, it is now possible to determine the 3D atomic structure of crystal defects such as grain boundaries, stacking faults, dislocations, and point defects, as well as to precisely localize the 3Dmore » coordinates of individual atoms in materials without assuming crystallinity. In this work, we review the recent advances and the interdisciplinary science enabled by this methodology. We also outline further research needed for atomic electron tomography to address long-standing unresolved problems in the physical sciences.« less

Balance and coordination after viewing stereoscopic 3D television

PubMed Central

Read, Jenny C. A.; Simonotto, Jennifer; Bohr, Iwo; Godfrey, Alan; Galna, Brook; Rochester, Lynn; Smulders, Tom V.

2015-01-01

Manufacturers and the media have raised the possibility that viewing stereoscopic 3D television (S3D TV) may cause temporary disruption to balance and visuomotor coordination. We looked for evidence of such effects in a laboratory-based study. Four hundred and thirty-three people aged 4–82 years old carried out tests of balance and coordination before and after viewing an 80 min movie in either conventional 2D or stereoscopic 3D, while wearing two triaxial accelerometers. Accelerometry produced little evidence of any change in body motion associated with S3D TV. We found no evidence that viewing the movie in S3D causes a detectable impairment in balance or in visuomotor coordination. PMID:26587261

Ligand-controlled assembly of Cd(II) coordination polymers based on mixed ligands of naphthalene-dicarboxylate and dipyrido[3,2-d:2',3'-f]quinoxaline: From 0D+1D cocrystal, 2D rectangular network (4,4), to 3D PtS-type architecture

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Liu Guocheng; Chen Yongqiang; Wang Xiuli

Three novel Cd(II) coordination polymers, namely, [Cd(Dpq)(1,8-NDC)(H{sub 2}O){sub 2}][Cd(Dpq)(1,8-NDC)].2H{sub 2}O (1), [Cd(Dpq)(1,4-NDC)(H{sub 2}O)] (2), and [Cd(Dpq)(2,6-NDC)] (3) have been obtained from hydrothermal reactions of cadmium(II) nitrate with the mixed ligands dipyrido [3,2-d:2',3'-f]quinoxaline (Dpq) and three structurally related naphthalene-dicarboxylate ligands [1,8-naphthalene-dicarboxylic acid (1,8-H{sub 2}NDC), 1,4-naphthalene-dicarboxylic acid (1,4-H{sub 2}NDC), and 2,6-naphthalene-dicarboxylic acid (2,6-H{sub 2}NDC)]. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis reveals that the three polymers exhibit novel structures due to different naphthalene-dicarboxylic acid. Compound 1 is a novel cocrystal of left- and right-handed helical chains and binuclear complexes and ultimately packed into a 3D supramolecular structure through hydrogen bonds and {pi}-{pi} stacking interactions. Compoundmore » 2 shows a 2D rectangular network (4,4) bridged by 1,4-NDC with two kinds of coordination modes and ultimately packed into a 3D supramolecular structure through inter-layer {pi}-{pi} stacking interactions. Compound 3 is a new 3D coordination polymer with distorted PtS-type network. In addition, the title compounds exhibit blue/green emission in solid state at room temperature. - Graphical abstract: Three novel Cd(II) compounds have been synthesized under hydrothermal conditions exhibiting a systematic variation of architecture by the employment of three structurally related naphthalene-dicarboxylate ligands.« less

Three dimensional fabrication at small size scales

PubMed Central

Leong, Timothy G.; Zarafshar, Aasiyeh M.; Gracias, David H.

2010-01-01

Despite the fact that we live in a three-dimensional (3D) world and macroscale engineering is 3D, conventional sub-mm scale engineering is inherently two-dimensional (2D). New fabrication and patterning strategies are needed to enable truly three-dimensionally-engineered structures at small size scales. Here, we review strategies that have been developed over the last two decades that seek to enable such millimeter to nanoscale 3D fabrication and patterning. A focus of this review is the strategy of self-assembly, specifically in a biologically inspired, more deterministic form known as self-folding. Self-folding methods can leverage the strengths of lithography to enable the construction of precisely patterned 3D structures and “smart” components. This self-assembling approach is compared with other 3D fabrication paradigms, and its advantages and disadvantages are discussed. PMID:20349446

Planned development of a 3D computer based on free-space optical interconnects

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Neff, John A.; Guarino, David R.

1994-05-01

Free-space optical interconnection has the potential to provide upwards of a million data channels between planes of electronic circuits. This may result in the planar board and backplane structures of today giving away to 3-D stacks of wafers or multi-chip modules interconnected via channels running perpendicular to the processor planes, thereby eliminating much of the packaging overhead. Three-dimensional packaging is very appealing for tightly coupled fine-grained parallel computing where the need for massive numbers of interconnections is severely taxing the capabilities of the planar structures. This paper describes a coordinated effort by four research organizations to demonstrate an operational fine-grained parallel computer that achieves global connectivity through the use of free space optical interconnects.

Syntheses, crystal structures, and properties of six new lanthanide(III) transition metal tellurium(IV) oxyhalides with three types of structures.

PubMed

Shen, Yue-Ling; Mao, Jiang-Gao

2005-07-25

Solid-state reactions of lanthanide(III) oxide (and lanthanide(III) oxyhalide), transition metal halide (and transition metal oxide), and TeO(2) at high temperature lead to six new lanthanide transition metal tellurium(IV) oxyhalides with three different types of structures, namely, DyCuTe(2)O(6)Cl, ErCuTe(2)O(6)Cl, ErCuTe(2)O(6)Br, Sm(2)Mn(Te(5)O(13))Cl(2), Dy(2)Cu(Te(5)O(13))Br(2), and Nd(4)Cu(TeO(3))(5)Cl(3). Compounds DyCuTe(2)O(6)Cl, ErCuTe(2)O(6)Cl, and ErCuTe(2)O(6)Br are isostructural. The lanthanide(III) ion is eight-coordinated by eight oxygen atoms, and the copper(II) ion is five-coordinated by four oxygens and a halide anion in a distorted square pyramidal geometry. The interconnection of Ln(III) and Cu(II) ions by bridging tellurite anions results in a three-dimensional (3D) network with tunnels along the a-axis; the halide anion and the lone-pair electrons of the tellurium(IV) ions are oriented toward the cavities of the tunnels. Compounds Sm(2)Mn(Te(5)O(13))Cl(2) and Dy(2)Cu(Te(5)O(13))Br(2) are isostructural. The lanthanide(III) ions are eight-coordinated by eight oxygens, and the divalent transition metal ion is octahedrally coordinated by six oxygens. Two types of polymeric tellurium(IV) oxide anions are formed: Te(3)O(8)(4)(-) and Te(4)O(10)(4)(-). The interconnection of the lanthanide(III) and divalent transition metal ions by the above two types of polymeric tellurium(IV) oxide anions leads to a 3D network with long, narrow-shaped tunnels along the b-axis. The halide anions remain isolated and are located at the above tunnels. Nd(4)Cu(TeO(3))(5)Cl(3) features a different structure. All five of the Nd(III) ions are eight-coordinated (NdO(8) for Nd(1), Nd(2), Nd(4), and Nd(5) and NdO(7)Cl for Nd(3)), and the copper(I) ion is tetrahedrally coordinated by four chloride anions. The interconnection of Nd(III) ions by bridging tellurite anions resulted in a 3D network with large tunnels along the b-axis. The CuCl(4) tetrahedra are interconnected into a 1D two-unit repeating (zweier) chain via corner-sharing. These 1D copper(I) chloride chains are inserted into the tunnels of the neodymium(III) tellurite via Nd-Cl-Cu bridges. Luminescent studies show that ErCuTe(2)O(6)Cl and Nd(4)Cu(TeO(3))(5)Cl(3) exhibit strong luminescence in the near-IR region. Magnetic measurements indicate the antiferromagnetic interactions between magnetic centers in these compounds.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Xiao, Zhenyu; Yang, Xiao; Zhao, Siwei

Eight new metal–organic hybrid materials, namely {Cd(Tcph)(4,4′-bipy)_1_/_2} (1), {[Cd_2(Tcph)_2(1,4-bimb)_1_/_2(H_2O)_4]·H_2O} (2), {Cd_2(Tcph)_2(1,4-bmimb)_1_/_2(H_2O)_4} (3), {Cd(Tcph)(1,2-bmimb)} (4), {Cu(Tcph)(1,4-bimb)(H_2O)} (5), {[Co(Tcph)(1,4-bimb)_1_/_2(H_2O)_3]·(H_2O)} (6), {Zn(Tcph)(1,2-bimb)} (7), {Cu_2(Tcph)_2(1,2-bimb)(H_2O)_4} (8), where Tcph=tetrachlorophthalate acid, 4,4′-bipy=4,4′-bipyridine, 1,4-bimb=1,4-bis(imidazol-1-ylmethyl)benzene, 1,4-bmimb=1,4-bis(2-methylimidazol-1-ylmethyl)benzene, 1,2-bimb=1,2-bis(imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-benzene, 1,2-bmimb=1,2-bis(2-methylimidazol-1-ylmethyl)benzene, have been synthesized and characterized. Their structures are determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction and further characterized by infrared spectra (IR) and thermogravimetric (TG) analyses. Complex 1, 4 and 7 display 2D layer structures. 1 possesses two-dimensional sheet containing an unusual [Cd(Tcph)] chains linked by 4,4′-bipy co-ligand, while 4 and 7 hold the similar 4-connected 4{sup 4}-sql nets. Complex 2 and 3 feature a similar three dimensional (3D) internal compensationmore » structure with a topology of {4"2·6"3·8}{sub 2}{6"3}. 5 is a novel 2-fold self-penetrating 3D network with 4-coordinated 6{sup 5}·8–CdSO{sub 4} subnets. The ladder-like chains of 6 are further connected through O–H···O interactions to yield a 3D supramolecular structure. 8 is a discrete tetranuclear complex. The thermal stabilities of 1–8 and the luminescent properties of 1–4 and 7 in the solid state are also discussed. - Graphical abstract: Structure diversity and photoluminescence of eight new metal–organic hybrid materials constructed by Tetrachlorophthalate acid and different N-donor coligands are discussed in the context. - Highlights: • Eight new coordination polymers were synthesized based on mix-ligand strategy. • Complex 2 and 3 feature a similar 3D structure with {4"2·6"3·8}{sub 2}{6"3} topology. • Seven coordination modes of tetrachlorophthalic anions have been found.« less

User's guide to Model Viewer, a program for three-dimensional visualization of ground-water model results

USGS Publications Warehouse

Hsieh, Paul A.; Winston, Richard B.

2002-01-01

Model Viewer is a computer program that displays the results of three-dimensional groundwater models. Scalar data (such as hydraulic head or solute concentration) may be displayed as a solid or a set of isosurfaces, using a red-to-blue color spectrum to represent a range of scalar values. Vector data (such as velocity or specific discharge) are represented by lines oriented to the vector direction and scaled to the vector magnitude. Model Viewer can also display pathlines, cells or nodes that represent model features such as streams and wells, and auxiliary graphic objects such as grid lines and coordinate axes. Users may crop the model grid in different orientations to examine the interior structure of the data. For transient simulations, Model Viewer can animate the time evolution of the simulated quantities. The current version (1.0) of Model Viewer runs on Microsoft Windows 95, 98, NT and 2000 operating systems, and supports the following models: MODFLOW-2000, MODFLOW-2000 with the Ground-Water Transport Process, MODFLOW-96, MOC3D (Version 3.5), MODPATH, MT3DMS, and SUTRA (Version 2D3D.1). Model Viewer is designed to directly read input and output files from these models, thus minimizing the need for additional postprocessing. This report provides an overview of Model Viewer. Complete instructions on how to use the software are provided in the on-line help pages.

The iRoCS Toolbox--3D analysis of the plant root apical meristem at cellular resolution.

PubMed

Schmidt, Thorsten; Pasternak, Taras; Liu, Kun; Blein, Thomas; Aubry-Hivet, Dorothée; Dovzhenko, Alexander; Duerr, Jasmin; Teale, William; Ditengou, Franck A; Burkhardt, Hans; Ronneberger, Olaf; Palme, Klaus

2014-03-01

To achieve a detailed understanding of processes in biological systems, cellular features must be quantified in the three-dimensional (3D) context of cells and organs. We described use of the intrinsic root coordinate system (iRoCS) as a reference model for the root apical meristem of plants. iRoCS enables direct and quantitative comparison between the root tips of plant populations at single-cell resolution. The iRoCS Toolbox automatically fits standardized coordinates to raw 3D image data. It detects nuclei or segments cells, automatically fits the coordinate system, and groups the nuclei/cells into the root's tissue layers. The division status of each nucleus may also be determined. The only manual step required is to mark the quiescent centre. All intermediate outputs may be refined if necessary. The ability to learn the visual appearance of nuclei by example allows the iRoCS Toolbox to be easily adapted to various phenotypes. The iRoCS Toolbox is provided as an open-source software package, licensed under the GNU General Public License, to make it accessible to a broad community. To demonstrate the power of the technique, we measured subtle changes in cell division patterns caused by modified auxin flux within the Arabidopsis thaliana root apical meristem. © 2014 The Authors The Plant Journal © 2014 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Coherent backscattering enhancement in cavities. Highlights of the role of symmetry.

PubMed

Gallot, Thomas; Catheline, Stefan; Roux, Philippe

2011-04-01

Through experiments and simulations, the consequences of symmetry on coherent backscattering enhancement (CBE) are studied in cavities. Three main results are highlighted. First, the CBE outside the source is observed: (a) on a single symmetric point in a one-dimensional (1-D) cavity, in a disk and in a symmetric chaotic plate; (b) on three symmetric points in a two-dimensional (2-D) rectangle; and (c) on seven symmetric points in a three-dimensional (3-D) parallelepiped cavity. Second, the existence of enhanced intensity lines and planes in 2-D and 3-D simple-shape cavities is demonstrated. Third, it is shown how the anti-symmetry caused by the special boundary conditions is responsible for the existence of a coherent backscattering decrement with a dimensional dependence of R = (½)(d), with d = 1,2,3 as the dimensionality of the cavity.

Synthesis and characterization of a multifunctional inorganic-organic hybrid mixed-valence copper(I/II) coordination polymer: {[CuCN][Cu(isonic)2]}n

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Liu, Dong-Sheng; Chen, Wen-Tong; Ye, Guang-Ming; Zhang, Jing; Sui, Yan

2017-12-01

A new multifunctional mixed-valence copper(I/II) coordination polymer, {[CuCN][Cu(isonic)2]}n(1) (Hisonic = isonicotinic acid), was synthesized by treating isonicotinic acid and 5-amino-tetrazolate (Hatz = 5-amino-tetrazolate) with copper(II) salts under hydrothermal conditions, and characterized by elemental analysis, infrared spectroscopy, and single crystal X-ray diffraction, respectively. The X-ray diffraction analysis reveals that compound exhibit noncentrosymmetric polar packing arrangement. It is three-dimensional (3D) framework with (3,5)-connected 'seh-3' topological network constructed from metal organic framework {[Cu(isonic)2]}n and the inorganic linear chain{Cu(CN)}n subunits. A remarkable feature of 1 is the rhombic open channels that are occupied by a linear chain of {Cu(CN)}n. Impressively compound 1 displays not only a second harmonic generation (SHG) response, but also a ferroelectric behavior and magnetic properties.

The role of the anionic and cationic pt sites in the adsorption site preference of water and ethanol on defected Pt4/Pt(111) substrates: A density functional theory investigation within the D3 van der waals corrections

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Seminovski, Yohanna; Amaral, Rafael C.; Tereshchuk, Polina; Da Silva, Juarez L. F.

2018-01-01

Platinum (Pt) atoms in the bulk face-centered cubic structure have neutral charge because they are equivalent by symmetry, however, in clean Pt surfaces, the effective charge on Pt atoms can turn slightly negative (anionic) or positive (cationic) while increasing substantially in magnitude for defected (low-coordinated) Pt sites. The effective charge affect the adsorption properties of molecular species on Pt surfaces and it can compete in importance with the coupling of the substrate-molecule electronic states. Although several studies have been reported due to the importance of Pt for catalysis, our understanding of the role played by low-coordinated sites is still limited. Here, we employ density functional theory within the Perdew-Burke-Ernzerhof exchange-correlation functional and the D3 van der Waals (vdW) correction to investigate the role of the cationic and anionic Pt sites on the adsorption properties of ethanol and water on defected Pt4/Pt(111) substrates. Four substrates were carefully selected, namely, two two-dimensional (2D) Pt4 configurations (2D-strand and 2D-island) and two tri-dimensional (3D) Pt4 (3D-fcc and 3D-hcp), to understand the role of coordination, effective charge, and coupling of the electronic states in the adsorption properties. From the Bader charge analysis, we identified the cationic and anionic sites among the Pt atoms exposed to the vacuum region in the Pt4/Pt(111) substrates. We found that ethanol and water bind via the anionic O atoms to the low-coordinated defected Pt sites of the substrates, where the angle PtOH is nearly 100° for most configurations. In the 3D-fcc or 3D-hcp defected configurations, the lowest-coordinated Pt atoms are anionic, hence, those Pt sites are not preferable for the adsorption of O atoms. The charge transfer from water and ethanol to the Pt substrates has similar magnitude for all cases, which implies similar Coulomb contribution to the adsorption energy. Moreover, we found a correlation of the adsorption energy with the shift of the center of gravity of the occupied d-states of Pt sites.

Color Constancy in Two-Dimensional and Three-Dimensional Scenes: Effects of Viewing Methods and Surface Texture.

PubMed

Morimoto, Takuma; Mizokami, Yoko; Yaguchi, Hirohisa; Buck, Steven L

2017-01-01

There has been debate about how and why color constancy may be better in three-dimensional (3-D) scenes than in two-dimensional (2-D) scenes. Although some studies have shown better color constancy for 3-D conditions, the role of specific cues remains unclear. In this study, we compared color constancy for a 3-D miniature room (a real scene consisting of actual objects) and 2-D still images of that room presented on a monitor using three viewing methods: binocular viewing, monocular viewing, and head movement. We found that color constancy was better for the 3-D room; however, color constancy for the 2-D image improved when the viewing method caused the scene to be perceived more like a 3-D scene. Separate measurements of the perceptual 3-D effect of each viewing method also supported these results. An additional experiment comparing a miniature room and its image with and without texture suggested that surface texture of scene objects contributes to color constancy.

Tuning the formations of metal-1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylate frameworks via the assistance of amino acids

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Lei, Xiao-Ping; Lian, Ting-Ting; Chen, Shu-Mei, E-mail: csm@fzu.edu.cn

Seven new metal-1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylate coordination polymers have been synthesized by modification of auxiliary components during the assembly reactions. Their structures have been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analyses and further characterized by XRD and TGA. Interestingly, they show fascinating topological structures. Compounds 1 and 2 possess the undulating layer structure with 3-connected hcb network and (3,6)-connected kgd network. Compound 3 possesses three-dimensional (3D) pillared-layer structure with 3-connected 2-fold interpenetrating srs net. Compound 4 also has the 3D 2-fold interpenetrating pillared-layer structure; however, it has (3,5)-connected hms topology because the Cd(II) center is 5-connected. Compound 5 possess 3D structure through hydrogen bondingmore » interactions between ladder-like layers. Compounds 6 and 7 have the similar 3D frameworks with 4-connected umc net and (3,7)-connected (3.4.5)(3{sup 2}.4{sup 6}.5{sup 5}.6{sup 8}) topology, respectively. The photoluminescent properties of compounds 2–7 were also investigated. - Graphical abstract: Presented here are seven new metal-1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylate coordination polymers with diverse structures from 2D layers to 3D open frameworks. The synthesis and structural diversity of these compounds are determined by the additional amino acids as unusual buffering agents. - Highlights: • Structural diversity of metal-1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylate frameworks. • Tuning structural topologies of MOFs via the assistance of amino acids. • Amino acids as unusual buffering agents for the synthesis of MOFs.« less

Turning limited experimental information into 3D models of RNA.

PubMed

Flores, Samuel Coulbourn; Altman, Russ B

2010-09-01

Our understanding of RNA functions in the cell is evolving rapidly. As for proteins, the detailed three-dimensional (3D) structure of RNA is often key to understanding its function. Although crystallography and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) can determine the atomic coordinates of some RNA structures, many 3D structures present technical challenges that make these methods difficult to apply. The great flexibility of RNA, its charged backbone, dearth of specific surface features, and propensity for kinetic traps all conspire with its long folding time, to challenge in silico methods for physics-based folding. On the other hand, base-pairing interactions (either in runs to form helices or isolated tertiary contacts) and motifs are often available from relatively low-cost experiments or informatics analyses. We present RNABuilder, a novel code that uses internal coordinate mechanics to satisfy user-specified base pairing and steric forces under chemical constraints. The code recapitulates the topology and characteristic L-shape of tRNA and obtains an accurate noncrystallographic structure of the Tetrahymena ribozyme P4/P6 domain. The algorithm scales nearly linearly with molecule size, opening the door to the modeling of significantly larger structures.

Three-dimensional gender differences in facial form of children in the North East of England.

PubMed

Bugaighis, Iman; Mattick, Clare R; Tiddeman, Bernard; Hobson, Ross

2013-06-01

The aim of the prospective cross-sectional morphometric study was to explore three dimensional (3D) facial shape and form (shape plus size) variation within and between 8- and 12-year-old Caucasian children; 39 males age-matched with 41 females. The 3D images were captured using a stereophotogrammeteric system, and facial form was recorded by digitizing 39 anthropometric landmarks for each scan. The x, y, z coordinates of each landmark were extracted and used to calculate linear and angular measurements. 3D landmark asymmetry was quantified using Generalized Procrustes Analysis (GPA) and an average face was constructed for each gender. The average faces were superimposed and differences were visualized and quantified. Shape variations were explored using GPA and PrincipalComponent Analysis. Analysis of covariance and Pearson correlation coefficients were used to explore gender differences and to determine any correlation between facial measurements and height or weight. Multivariate analysis was used to ascertain differences in facial measurements or 3D landmark asymmetry. There were no differences in height or weight between genders. There was a significant positive correlation between facial measurements and height and weight and statistically significant differences in linear facial width measurements between genders. These differences were related to the larger size of males rather than differences in shape. There were no age- or gender-linked significant differences in 3D landmark asymmetry. Shape analysis confirmed similarities between both males and females for facial shape and form in 8- to 12-year-old children. Any differences found were related to differences in facial size rather than shape.

Version 4.0 of code Java for 3D simulation of the CCA model

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fan, Linyu; Liao, Jianwei; Zuo, Junsen; Zhang, Kebo; Li, Chao; Xiong, Hailing

2018-07-01

This paper presents a new version Java code for the three-dimensional simulation of Cluster-Cluster Aggregation (CCA) model to replace the previous version. Many redundant traverses of clusters-list in the program were totally avoided, so that the consumed simulation time is significantly reduced. In order to show the aggregation process in a more intuitive way, we have labeled different clusters with varied colors. Besides, a new function is added for outputting the particle's coordinates of aggregates in file to benefit coupling our model with other models.

Preconditioned upwind methods to solve 3-D incompressible Navier-Stokes equations for viscous flows

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Hsu, C.-H.; Chen, Y.-M.; Liu, C. H.

1990-01-01

A computational method for calculating low-speed viscous flowfields is developed. The method uses the implicit upwind-relaxation finite-difference algorithm with a nonsingular eigensystem to solve the preconditioned, three-dimensional, incompressible Navier-Stokes equations in curvilinear coordinates. The technique of local time stepping is incorporated to accelerate the rate of convergence to a steady-state solution. An extensive study of optimizing the preconditioned system is carried out for two viscous flow problems. Computed results are compared with analytical solutions and experimental data.

Syntheses, structures and properties of two new coordination polymers based on D-camphoric acid and 2-phenyl-4,6-diamino-1,3,5-triazine

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Lun, Huijie; Yang, Jinghe; Jin, Linyu

2015-05-15

By hydrothermal method, two new coordination polymers [Co(ca)(phdat)]{sub n} (1), [Ni(ca)(phdat).0.125H{sub 2}O]{sub n} (2) (H{sub 2}ca=D-camphoric acid, phdat=2-phenyl-4,6-diamino-1,3,5-triazine) have been achieved and structurally characterized by IR, elemental analyses, X-ray single-crystal diffraction and TGA. The X-ray single-crystal diffraction reveals that compounds 1 and 2 are isostructural, both of which exhibit two-dimensional layered network built up from paddle-wheel Co{sub 2}(CO{sub 2}){sub 4}/Ni{sub 2}(CO{sub 2}){sub 4} SBUs by ca{sup 2−} ligand. In the existence of π…π stacking interactions between triazine rings and phenyl rings, the 3D networks are constructed with the hanging phdat filled between the neighboring layers. Furthermore, compounds 1–2 exhibit antiferromagneticmore » behavior and compound 2 displays a good activity for methanol oxidation. - Graphical abstract: Two new coordination compounds 1–2 have been synthesized and characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffractions, IR spectra, elemental analyses, thermogravimetric analyses, magnetic and electrochemical measurement. - Highlights: • This paper reports two new coordination polymers based on D-camphoric acid. • Both the compounds feather two-dimensional layered networks built up from paddle-wheel SBUs. • The magnetism and electrochemical property are investigated.« less

Dynamic three-dimensional display of common congenital cardiac defects from reconstruction of two-dimensional echocardiographic images.

PubMed

Hsieh, K S; Lin, C C; Liu, W S; Chen, F L

1996-01-01

Two-dimensional echocardiography had long been a standard diagnostic modality for congenital heart disease. Further attempts of three-dimensional reconstruction using two-dimensional echocardiographic images to visualize stereotypic structure of cardiac lesions have been successful only recently. So far only very few studies have been done to display three-dimensional anatomy of the heart through two-dimensional image acquisition because such complex procedures were involved. This study introduced a recently developed image acquisition and processing system for dynamic three-dimensional visualization of various congenital cardiac lesions. From December 1994 to April 1995, 35 cases were selected in the Echo Laboratory here from about 3000 Echo examinations completed. Each image was acquired on-line with specially designed high resolution image grazmber with EKG and respiratory gating technique. Off-line image processing using a window-architectured interactive software package includes construction of 2-D ehcocardiographic pixel to 3-D "voxel" with conversion of orthogonal to rotatory axial system, interpolation, extraction of region of interest, segmentation, shading and, finally, 3D rendering. Three-dimensional anatomy of various congenital cardiac defects was shown, including four cases with ventricular septal defects, two cases with atrial septal defects, and two cases with aortic stenosis. Dynamic reconstruction of a "beating heart" is recorded as vedio tape with video interface. The potential application of 3D display of the reconstruction from 2D echocardiographic images for the diagnosis of various congenital heart defects has been shown. The 3D display was able to improve the diagnostic ability of echocardiography, and clear-cut display of the various congenital cardiac defects and vavular stenosis could be demonstrated. Reinforcement of current techniques will expand future application of 3D display of conventional 2D images.

The representation of visual depth perception based on the plenoptic function in the retina and its neural computation in visual cortex V1.

PubMed

Songnian, Zhao; Qi, Zou; Chang, Liu; Xuemin, Liu; Shousi, Sun; Jun, Qiu

2014-04-23

How it is possible to "faithfully" represent a three-dimensional stereoscopic scene using Cartesian coordinates on a plane, and how three-dimensional perceptions differ between an actual scene and an image of the same scene are questions that have not yet been explored in depth. They seem like commonplace phenomena, but in fact, they are important and difficult issues for visual information processing, neural computation, physics, psychology, cognitive psychology, and neuroscience. The results of this study show that the use of plenoptic (or all-optical) functions and their dual plane parameterizations can not only explain the nature of information processing from the retina to the primary visual cortex and, in particular, the characteristics of the visual pathway's optical system and its affine transformation, but they can also clarify the reason why the vanishing point and line exist in a visual image. In addition, they can better explain the reasons why a three-dimensional Cartesian coordinate system can be introduced into the two-dimensional plane to express a real three-dimensional scene. 1. We introduce two different mathematical expressions of the plenoptic functions, Pw and Pv that can describe the objective world. We also analyze the differences between these two functions when describing visual depth perception, that is, the difference between how these two functions obtain the depth information of an external scene.2. The main results include a basic method for introducing a three-dimensional Cartesian coordinate system into a two-dimensional plane to express the depth of a scene, its constraints, and algorithmic implementation. In particular, we include a method to separate the plenoptic function and proceed with the corresponding transformation in the retina and visual cortex.3. We propose that size constancy, the vanishing point, and vanishing line form the basis of visual perception of the outside world, and that the introduction of a three-dimensional Cartesian coordinate system into a two dimensional plane reveals a corresponding mapping between a retinal image and the vanishing point and line.

The representation of visual depth perception based on the plenoptic function in the retina and its neural computation in visual cortex V1

PubMed Central

2014-01-01

Background How it is possible to “faithfully” represent a three-dimensional stereoscopic scene using Cartesian coordinates on a plane, and how three-dimensional perceptions differ between an actual scene and an image of the same scene are questions that have not yet been explored in depth. They seem like commonplace phenomena, but in fact, they are important and difficult issues for visual information processing, neural computation, physics, psychology, cognitive psychology, and neuroscience. Results The results of this study show that the use of plenoptic (or all-optical) functions and their dual plane parameterizations can not only explain the nature of information processing from the retina to the primary visual cortex and, in particular, the characteristics of the visual pathway’s optical system and its affine transformation, but they can also clarify the reason why the vanishing point and line exist in a visual image. In addition, they can better explain the reasons why a three-dimensional Cartesian coordinate system can be introduced into the two-dimensional plane to express a real three-dimensional scene. Conclusions 1. We introduce two different mathematical expressions of the plenoptic functions, P w and P v that can describe the objective world. We also analyze the differences between these two functions when describing visual depth perception, that is, the difference between how these two functions obtain the depth information of an external scene. 2. The main results include a basic method for introducing a three-dimensional Cartesian coordinate system into a two-dimensional plane to express the depth of a scene, its constraints, and algorithmic implementation. In particular, we include a method to separate the plenoptic function and proceed with the corresponding transformation in the retina and visual cortex. 3. We propose that size constancy, the vanishing point, and vanishing line form the basis of visual perception of the outside world, and that the introduction of a three-dimensional Cartesian coordinate system into a two dimensional plane reveals a corresponding mapping between a retinal image and the vanishing point and line. PMID:24755246

Integration of Computed Tomography and Three-Dimensional Echocardiography for Hybrid Three-Dimensional Printing in Congenital Heart Disease.

PubMed

Gosnell, Jordan; Pietila, Todd; Samuel, Bennett P; Kurup, Harikrishnan K N; Haw, Marcus P; Vettukattil, Joseph J

2016-12-01

Three-dimensional (3D) printing is an emerging technology aiding diagnostics, education, and interventional, and surgical planning in congenital heart disease (CHD). Three-dimensional printing has been derived from computed tomography, cardiac magnetic resonance, and 3D echocardiography. However, individually the imaging modalities may not provide adequate visualization of complex CHD. The integration of the strengths of two or more imaging modalities has the potential to enhance visualization of cardiac pathomorphology. We describe the feasibility of hybrid 3D printing from two imaging modalities in a patient with congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries (L-TGA). Hybrid 3D printing may be useful as an additional tool for cardiologists and cardiothoracic surgeons in planning interventions in children and adults with CHD.

Young Infants' Perception of the Trajectories of Two- and Three-Dimensional Objects

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Johnson, Scott P.; Bremner, J. Gavin; Slater, Alan M.; Shuwairi, Sarah M.; Mason, Uschi; Spring, Jo; Usherwood, Barrie

2012-01-01

We investigated oculomotor anticipations in 4-month-old infants as they viewed center-occluded object trajectories. In two experiments, we examined performance in two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) dynamic occlusion displays and in an additional 3D condition with a smiley face as the moving target stimulus. Rates of anticipatory eye…

Structured light optical microscopy for three-dimensional reconstruction of technical surfaces

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kettel, Johannes; Reinecke, Holger; Müller, Claas

2016-04-01

In microsystems technology quality control of micro structured surfaces with different surface properties is playing an ever more important role. The process of quality control incorporates three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction of specularand diffusive reflecting technical surfaces. Due to the demand on high measurement accuracy and data acquisition rates, structured light optical microscopy has become a valuable solution to solve this problem providing high vertical and lateral resolution. However, 3D reconstruction of specular reflecting technical surfaces still remains a challenge to optical measurement principles. In this paper we present a measurement principle based on structured light optical microscopy which enables 3D reconstruction of specular- and diffusive reflecting technical surfaces. It is realized using two light paths of a stereo microscope equipped with different magnification levels. The right optical path of the stereo microscope is used to project structured light onto the object surface. The left optical path is used to capture the structured illuminated object surface with a camera. Structured light patterns are generated by a Digital Light Processing (DLP) device in combination with a high power Light Emitting Diode (LED). Structured light patterns are realized as a matrix of discrete light spots to illuminate defined areas on the object surface. The introduced measurement principle is based on multiple and parallel processed point measurements. Analysis of the measured Point Spread Function (PSF) by pattern recognition and model fitting algorithms enables the precise calculation of 3D coordinates. Using exemplary technical surfaces we demonstrate the successful application of our measurement principle.

Stereo Imaging Velocimetry

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

McDowell, Mark (Inventor); Glasgow, Thomas K. (Inventor)

1999-01-01

A system and a method for measuring three-dimensional velocities at a plurality of points in a fluid employing at least two cameras positioned approximately perpendicular to one another. The cameras are calibrated to accurately represent image coordinates in world coordinate system. The two-dimensional views of the cameras are recorded for image processing and centroid coordinate determination. Any overlapping particle clusters are decomposed into constituent centroids. The tracer particles are tracked on a two-dimensional basis and then stereo matched to obtain three-dimensional locations of the particles as a function of time so that velocities can be measured therefrom The stereo imaging velocimetry technique of the present invention provides a full-field. quantitative, three-dimensional map of any optically transparent fluid which is seeded with tracer particles.

Comparison of a vertically-averaged and a vertically-resolved model for hyporheic flow beneath a pool-riffle bedform

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ibrahim, Ahmad; Steffler, Peter; She, Yuntong

2018-02-01

The interaction between surface water and groundwater through the hyporheic zone is recognized to be important as it impacts the water quantity and quality in both flow systems. Three-dimensional (3D) modeling is the most complete representation of a real-world hyporheic zone. However, 3D modeling requires extreme computational power and efforts; the sophistication is often significantly compromised by not being able to obtain the required input data accurately. Simplifications are therefore often needed. The objective of this study was to assess the accuracy of the vertically-averaged approximation compared to a more complete vertically-resolved model of the hyporheic zone. The groundwater flow was modeled by either a simple one-dimensional (1D) Dupuit approach or a two-dimensional (2D) horizontal/vertical model in boundary fitted coordinates, with the latter considered as a reference model. Both groundwater models were coupled with a 1D surface water model via the surface water depth. Applying the two models to an idealized pool-riffle sequence showed that the 1D Dupuit approximation gave comparable results in determining the characteristics of the hyporheic zone to the reference model when the stratum thickness is not very large compared to the surface water depth. Conditions under which the 1D model can provide reliable estimate of the seepage discharge, upwelling/downwelling discharges and locations, the hyporheic flow, and the residence time were determined.

A two-dimensional Zn coordination polymer with a three-dimensional supra-molecular architecture.

PubMed

Liu, Fuhong; Ding, Yan; Li, Qiuyu; Zhang, Liping

2017-10-01

The title compound, poly[bis-{μ 2 -4,4'-bis-[(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)meth-yl]biphenyl-κ 2 N 4 : N 4' }bis-(nitrato-κ O )zinc(II)], [Zn(NO 3 ) 2 (C 18 H 16 N 6 ) 2 ] n , is a two-dimensional zinc coordination polymer constructed from 4,4'-bis-[(1 H -1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)meth-yl]-1,1'-biphenyl units. It was synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The Zn II cation is located on an inversion centre and is coordinated by two O atoms from two symmetry-related nitrate groups and four N atoms from four symmetry-related 4,4'-bis-[(1 H -1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)meth-yl]-1,1'-biphenyl ligands, forming a distorted octa-hedral {ZnN 4 O 2 } coordination geometry. The linear 4,4'-bis-[(1 H -1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)meth-yl]-1,1'-biphenyl ligand links two Zn II cations, generating two-dimensional layers parallel to the crystallographic (132) plane. The parallel layers are connected by C-H⋯O, C-H⋯N, C-H⋯π and π-π stacking inter-actions, resulting in a three-dimensional supra-molecular architecture.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Bena, Iosif; Bobev, Nikolay; Warner, Nicholas P.

We discuss 'spectral-flow' coordinate transformations that take asymptotically four-dimensional solutions into other asymptotically four-dimensional solutions. We find that spectral flow can relate smooth three-charge solutions with a multicenter Taub-NUT base to solutions where one or several Taub-NUT centers are replaced by two-charge supertubes, and vice versa. We further show that multiparameter spectral flows can map such Taub-NUT centers to more singular centers that are either D2-D0 or pure D0-brane sources. Since supertubes can depend on arbitrary functions, we establish that the moduli space of smooth horizonless black-hole microstate solutions is classically of infinite dimension. We also use the physics ofmore » supertubes to argue that some multicenter solutions that appear to be bound states from a four-dimensional perspective are in fact not bound states when considered from a five- or six-dimensional perspective.« less

Effect of same-sided and cross-body load carriage on 3D back shape in young adults.

PubMed

O'Shea, C; Bettany-Saltikov, J A; Warren, J G

2006-01-01

Regular carriage of heavy loads such as backpacks, satchels and mailbags results in a variety of acute medical problems and increased potential for back injury. There is a paucity of information about the specific changes in back posture that occur in response to asymmetrical loading. The purpose of this study was to examine the changes in back shape that occurred in response to asymmetrical load carriage, either on one shoulder (same-side) or across the body (cross-body), in healthy young adults. A convenience sample of 21 physiotherapy students randomly performed three trials (unloaded, same-side loaded, cross-body loaded) in standing with a 15% body load. The Microscribe 3DX digitiser (Immersion Group Ltd) recorded the three dimensional coordinates of 15 Key anatomical landmarks on the back in the three conditions. A one-way ANOVA with repeated measures and post-hoc tests was implemented to highlight statistical differences in the data collected (p<0.05). Significant differences were found in the x, y and z coordinates of the anatomical landmarks in the upper back between unloaded and loaded conditions. Results demonstrated significantly less impact on spinal posture from cross-body loading as compared to same-sided loading. This study confirms that there are significant three-dimensional changes in back shape in response to asymmetrical loading. Further work is needed to evaluate the optimal carriage type and maximal body load that results in the least spinal impact and injury potential in young adults.

Recognition Of Complex Three Dimensional Objects Using Three Dimensional Moment Invariants

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sadjadi, Firooz A.

1985-01-01

A technique for the recognition of complex three dimensional objects is presented. The complex 3-D objects are represented in terms of their 3-D moment invariants, algebraic expressions that remain invariant independent of the 3-D objects' orientations and locations in the field of view. The technique of 3-D moment invariants has been used successfully for simple 3-D object recognition in the past. In this work we have extended this method for the representation of more complex objects. Two complex objects are represented digitally; their 3-D moment invariants have been calculated, and then the invariancy of these 3-D invariant moment expressions is verified by changing the orientation and the location of the objects in the field of view. The results of this study have significant impact on 3-D robotic vision, 3-D target recognition, scene analysis and artificial intelligence.

Theoretical and experimental study on multimode optical fiber grating

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yunming, Wang; Jingcao, Dai; Mingde, Zhang; Xiaohan, Sun

2005-06-01

The characteristics of multimode optical fiber Bragg grating (MMFBG) are studied theoretically and experimentally. For the first time the analysis of MMFBG based on a novel quasi-three-dimensional (Q-3D) finite-difference time-domain beam propagation method (Q-FDTD-BPM) is described through separating the angle component of vector field solution from the cylindrical coordinate so that several discrete two-dimensional (2D) equations are obtained, which simplify the 3D equations. And then these equations are developed using an alternating-direction implicit method and generalized Douglas scheme, which achieves higher accuracy than the regular FD scheme. All of the 2D solutions for the field intensities are also added with different power coefficients for different angle mode order numbers to obtain 3D field distributions in MMFBG. The presented method has been demonstrated as suitable simulation tool for analyzing MMFBG. In addition, based on the hydrogen-loaded and phase mask techniques, a series of Bragg grating have been written into the silicon multimode optical fiber loaded hydrogen for a month, and the spectrums for that have been measured, which obtain good results approximate to the results in the experiment. Group delay/differentiate group delay spectrums are obtained using Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer.

Three-dimensional single-mode nonlinear ablative Rayleigh-Taylor instability

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Yan, R.; Betti, R.; Sanz, J.

The nonlinear evolution of the single-mode ablative Rayleigh-Taylor instability is studied in three dimensions. As the mode wavelength approaches the cutoff of the linear spectrum (short-wavelength modes), it is found that the three-dimensional (3D) terminal bubble velocity greatly exceeds both the two-dimensional (2D) value and the classical 3D bubble velocity. Unlike in 2D, the 3D short-wavelength bubble velocity does not saturate. The growing 3D bubble acceleration is driven by the unbounded accumulation of vorticity inside the bubble. As a result, the vorticity is transferred by mass ablation from the Rayleigh-Taylor spikes to the ablated plasma filling the bubble volume.

Microfabrication and Test of a Three-Dimensional Polymer Hydro-focusing Unit for Flow Cytometry Applications

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Yang, Ren; Feeback, Daniel L.; Wang, Wanjun

2004-01-01

This paper details a novel three-dimensional (3D) hydro-focusing micro cell sorter for micro flow cytometry applications. The unit was microfabricated by means of SU-8 3D lithography. The 3D microstructure for coaxial sheathing was designed, microfabricated, and tested. Three-dimensional hydro-focusing capability was demonstrated with an experiment to sort labeled tanned sheep erythrocytes (red blood cells). This polymer hydro-focusing microstructure is easily microfabricated and integrated with other polymer microfluidic structures.

Microfabrication and Test of a Three-Dimensional Polymer Hydro-Focusing Unit for Flow Cytometry Applications

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Yang, Ren; Feedback, Daniel L.; Wang, Wanjun

2004-01-01

This paper details a novel three-dimensional (3D) hydro-focusing micro cell sorter for micro flow cytometry applications. The unit was micro-fabricated by means of SU-8 3D lithography. The 3D microstructure for coaxial sheathing was designed, micro-fabricated, and tested. Three-dimensional hydrofocusing capability was demonstrated with an experiment to sort labeled tanned sheep erythrocytes (red blood cells). This polymer hydro-focusing microstructure is easily micro-fabricated and integrated with other polymer microfluidic structures.

Diverse CdII coordination complexes derived from bromide isophthalic acid binding with auxiliary N-donor ligands

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tang, Meng; Dong, Bao-Xia; Wu, Yi-Chen; Yang, Fang; Liu, Wen-Long; Teng, Yun-Lei

2016-12-01

The coordination characteristics of 4-bromoisophthalic acid (4-Br-H2ip) have been investigated in a series of CdII-based frameworks. Hydrothermal reactions of CdII salts and 4-Br-H2ip together with flexible or semiflexible N-donor auxiliary ligands resulted in the formation of four three-dimensional coordination complexes with diverse structures: {Cd(bix)0.5(bix)0.5(4-Br-ip)]·H2O}n (1), [Cd(bbi)0.5(bbi)0.5(4-Br-ip)]n (2), {[Cd(btx)0.5(4-Br-ip)(H2O)]·0.5CH3OH·H2O}n (3) and {[Cd(bbt)0.5(4-Br-ip)(H2O)]·3·5H2O}n (4). These compounds were characterized by elemental analyses, IR spectra, single-crystal and powder X-ray diffraction. They displayed diverse structures depending on the configuration of the 4-connected metal node, the coordination mode of the 4-Br-H2ip, the coordination ability and conformationally flexibility of the N-donor auxiliary. Compound 1 exhibits 3-fold interpenetrated 66 topology and compound 2 has a 412 topology. Compounds 3-4 have similar 3D pillar-layered structures based on 3,4-connected binodal net with the Schläfli symbol of (4·38). The thermal stabilities and photoluminescence properties of them were discussed in detail.

Liarozole inhibits transforming growth factor-β3–mediated extracellular matrix formation in human three-dimensional leiomyoma cultures

PubMed Central

Levy, Gary; Malik, Minnie; Britten, Joy; Gilden, Melissa; Segars, James; Catherino, William H.

2014-01-01

Objective To investigate the impact of liarozole on transforming growth factor-β3 (TGF-β3) expression, TGF-β3 controlled profibrotic cytokines, and extracellular matrix formation in a three-dimensional (3D) leiomyoma model system. Design Molecular and immunohistochemical analysis in a cell line evaluated in a three-dimensional culture. Setting Laboratory study. Patient(s) None. Intervention(s) Treatment of leiomyoma and myometrial cells with liarozole and TGF-β3 in a three-dimensional culture system. Main Outcome Measure(s) Quantitative real-time reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting to assess fold gene and protein expression of TGF-β3 and TGF-β3 regulated fibrotic cytokines: collagen 1A1 (COL1A1), fibronectin, and versican before and after treatment with liarozole, and confirmatory immunohistochemical stains of treated three-dimensional cultures. Result(s) Both TGF-β3 gene and protein expression were elevated in leiomyoma cells compared with myometrium in two-dimensional and 3D cultures. Treatment with liarozole decreased TGF-β3 gene and protein expression. Extracellular matrix components versican, COL1A1, and fibronectin were also decreased by liarozole treatment in 3D cultures. Treatment of 3D cultures with TGF-β3 increased gene expression and protein production of COL1A1, fibronectin, and versican. Conclusion(s) Liarozole decreased TGF-β3 and TGF-β3–mediated extracellular matrix expression in a 3D uterine leiomyoma culture system. PMID:24825427

A novel verification method using a plastic scintillator imagining system for assessment of gantry sag in radiotherapy.

PubMed

Tsuneda, Masato; Nishio, Teiji; Saito, Akito; Tanaka, Sodai; Suzuki, Tatsuhiko; Kawahara, Daisuke; Matsushita, Keiichiro; Nishio, Aya; Ozawa, Shuichi; Karasawa, Kumiko; Nagata, Yasushi

2018-06-01

High accuracy of the beam-irradiated position is required for high-precision radiation therapy such as stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT), volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT), and intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT). Users generally perform the verification of the mechanical and radiation isocenters using the star shot test and the Winston Lutz test that allow evaluation of the displacement at the isocenter. However, these methods are unable to evaluate directly and quantitatively the sagging angle that is caused by the weight of the gantry itself along the gantry rotation axis. In addition, the verification of the central axis of the irradiated beam that is not dependent at the isocenter is needed for the mechanical quality assurance of a nonisocentric irradiation technique. In this study, we have developed a prototype system for the verification of three-dimensional (3D) beam alignment and we have verified the system concept for 3D isocentricity. Our system allows detection of the central axis in 3D coordinates and evaluation of the irradiated oblique angle to the gantry rotation axis, i.e., the sagging angle. In order to measure the central axis of the irradiated beam in 3D coordinates, we constructed the prototype verification system consisting of a column-shaped plastic scintillator (CoPS), a truncated cone-shaped mirror (TCsM), and a cooled charged-coupled device (CCD) camera. This verification system was irradiated with 6-MV photon beams and the scintillation light was measured using the CCD camera. The central axis on the axial plane (two-dimensional (2D) central axis) was acquired from the integration of the scintillation light along the major axis of the CoPS, and the central axis in 3D coordinates (3D central axis) was acquired from two curve-shaped profiles which were reflected by the TCsM. We verified the calculation accuracy of the gantry rotation axis, θ z . Additionally, we calculated the 3D central axis and the sagging angle at each gantry angle. We acquired the measurement images composed of the 2D central axis and the two curve-shaped profiles. The relationship between the irradiated and measured angles with respect to the gantry rotation axis had good linearity. The mean and standard deviation of the difference between the irradiated and measured angles were 0.012 and 0.078 degrees, respectively. The size of the 2D and 3D radiation isocenters were 0.470 and 0.652 mm on the axial plane and in 3D coordinates, respectively. The sagging angles were -0.31, 0.39, and 0.38 degrees at the gantry angles of 0, 180, and 180E degrees, respectively. We developed a novel verification system, designated as the "kompeito shot test system," to verify the 3D beam alignment. This system concept works for both verification of the 3D isocentricity and the direct evaluation of the sagging angle. Next, we want to improve the aspects of this system, such as the shape and the type of scintillator, to increase the system accuracy and nonisocentric beam alignment performance. © 2018 American Association of Physicists in Medicine.

Task Assignment and Path Planning for Multiple Autonomous Underwater Vehicles Using 3D Dubins Curves †

PubMed Central

Zhang, Meiyan; Zheng, Yahong Rosa

2017-01-01

This paper investigates the task assignment and path planning problem for multiple AUVs in three dimensional (3D) underwater wireless sensor networks where nonholonomic motion constraints of underwater AUVs in 3D space are considered. The multi-target task assignment and path planning problem is modeled by the Multiple Traveling Sales Person (MTSP) problem and the Genetic Algorithm (GA) is used to solve the MTSP problem with Euclidean distance as the cost function and the Tour Hop Balance (THB) or Tour Length Balance (TLB) constraints as the stop criterion. The resulting tour sequences are mapped to 2D Dubins curves in the X−Y plane, and then interpolated linearly to obtain the Z coordinates. We demonstrate that the linear interpolation fails to achieve G1 continuity in the 3D Dubins path for multiple targets. Therefore, the interpolated 3D Dubins curves are checked against the AUV dynamics constraint and the ones satisfying the constraint are accepted to finalize the 3D Dubins curve selection. Simulation results demonstrate that the integration of the 3D Dubins curve with the MTSP model is successful and effective for solving the 3D target assignment and path planning problem. PMID:28696377

Task Assignment and Path Planning for Multiple Autonomous Underwater Vehicles Using 3D Dubins Curves †.

PubMed

Cai, Wenyu; Zhang, Meiyan; Zheng, Yahong Rosa

2017-07-11

This paper investigates the task assignment and path planning problem for multiple AUVs in three dimensional (3D) underwater wireless sensor networks where nonholonomic motion constraints of underwater AUVs in 3D space are considered. The multi-target task assignment and path planning problem is modeled by the Multiple Traveling Sales Person (MTSP) problem and the Genetic Algorithm (GA) is used to solve the MTSP problem with Euclidean distance as the cost function and the Tour Hop Balance (THB) or Tour Length Balance (TLB) constraints as the stop criterion. The resulting tour sequences are mapped to 2D Dubins curves in the X - Y plane, and then interpolated linearly to obtain the Z coordinates. We demonstrate that the linear interpolation fails to achieve G 1 continuity in the 3D Dubins path for multiple targets. Therefore, the interpolated 3D Dubins curves are checked against the AUV dynamics constraint and the ones satisfying the constraint are accepted to finalize the 3D Dubins curve selection. Simulation results demonstrate that the integration of the 3D Dubins curve with the MTSP model is successful and effective for solving the 3D target assignment and path planning problem.

Preoperative planning and real-time assisted navigation by three-dimensional individual digital model in partial nephrectomy with three-dimensional laparoscopic system.

PubMed

Wang, Dongwen; Zhang, Bin; Yuan, Xiaobin; Zhang, Xuhui; Liu, Chen

2015-09-01

To evaluate the feasibility and effectiveness of preoperative planning and real-time assisted surgical navigation for three-dimensional laparoscopic partial nephrectomy under the guidance of three-dimensional individual digital model (3D-IDM) created using three-dimensional medical image reconstructing and guiding system (3D-MIRGS). Between May 2012 and February 2014, 44 patients with cT1 renal tumors underwent retroperitoneal laparoscopic partial nephrectomy (LPN) using a three-dimensional laparoscopic system. The 3D-IDMs were created using the 3D-MIRGS in 21 patients (3D-MIRGS group) between February 2013 and February 2014. After preoperative planning, operations were real-time assisted using composite 3D-IDMs, which were fused with two-dimensional retrolaparoscopic images. The remaining 23 patients underwent surgery without 3D-MIRGS between May 2012 and February 2013; 14 of these patients were selected as a control group. Preoperative aspects and dimensions used for an anatomical score, "radius; exophytic/endophytic; nearness; anterior/posterior; location" nephrometry score, tumor size, operative time (OT), segmental renal artery clamping (SRAC) time, estimated blood loss (EBL), postoperative hospitalization, the preoperative serum creatinine level and ipsilateral glomerular filtration rate (GFR), as well as postoperative 6-month data were compared between groups. All the SRAC procedures were technically successful, and each targeted tumor was excised completely; final pathological margin results were negative. The OT was shorter (159.0 vs. 193.2 min; p < 0.001), and EBL (148.1 vs. 176.1 mL; p < 0.001) was reduced in the 3D-MIRGS group compared with controls. No statistically significant differences in SRAC time or postoperative hospitalization were found between the groups. Neither group showed any statistically significant increases in serum creatinine level or decreases in ipsilateral GFR postoperatively. Preoperative planning and real-time assisted surgical navigation using the 3D-IDM reconstructed from 3D-MIRGS and combined with the 3D laparoscopic system can facilitate LPN and result in precise SRAC and accurate excision of tumor that is both effective and safe.

A two-dimensional bilayered Cd(II) coordination polymer with a three-dimensional supramolecular architecture incorporating 1,2-bis(pyridin-4-yl)ethene and 2,2'-(diazenediyl)dibenzoic acid.

PubMed

Liu, Lei-Lei; Zhou, Yan; Li, Ping; Tian, Jiang-Ya

2014-02-01

In poly[[μ2-1,2-bis(pyridin-4-yl)ethene-κ(2)N:N'][μ2-2,2'-(diazenediyl)dibenzoato-κ(3)O,O':O'']cadmium(II)], [Cd(C14H8N2O4)(C12H10N2)]n, the asymmetric unit contains one Cd(II) cation, one 2,2'-(diazenediyl)dibenzoate anion (denoted L(2-)) and one 1,2-bis(pyridin-4-yl)ethene ligand (denoted bpe). Each Cd(II) centre is six-coordinated by four O atoms of bridging/chelating carboxylate groups from three L(2-) ligands and by two N atoms from two bpe ligands, forming a distorted octahedron. The Cd(II) cations are bridged by L(2-) and bpe ligands to give a two-dimensional (4,4) layer. The layers are interlinked through bridging carboxylate O atoms from L(2-) ligands, generating a two-dimensional bilayered structure with a 3(6)4(13)6(2) topology. The bilayered structures are further extended to form a three-dimensional supramolecular architecture via a combination of hydrogen-bonding and aromatic stacking interactions.

Digital photogrammetric analysis of the IMP camera images: Mapping the Mars Pathfinder landing site in three dimensions

USGS Publications Warehouse

Kirk, R.L.; Howington-Kraus, E.; Hare, T.; Dorrer, E.; Cook, D.; Becker, K.; Thompson, K.; Redding, B.; Blue, J.; Galuszka, D.; Lee, E.M.; Gaddis, L.R.; Johnson, J. R.; Soderblom, L.A.; Ward, A.W.; Smith, P.H.; Britt, D.T.

1999-01-01

This paper describes our photogrammetric analysis of the Imager for Mars Pathfinder data, part of a broader program of mapping the Mars Pathfinder landing site in support of geoscience investigations. This analysis, carried out primarily with a commercial digital photogrammetric system, supported by our in-house Integrated Software for Imagers and Spectrometers (ISIS), consists of three steps: (1) geometric control: simultaneous solution for refined estimates of camera positions and pointing plus three-dimensional (3-D) coordinates of ???103 features sitewide, based on the measured image coordinates of those features; (2) topographic modeling: identification of ???3 ?? 105 closely spaced points in the images and calculation (based on camera parameters from step 1) of their 3-D coordinates, yielding digital terrain models (DTMs); and (3) geometric manipulation of the data: combination of the DTMs from different stereo pairs into a sitewide model, and reprojection of image data to remove parallax between the different spectral filters in the two cameras and to provide an undistorted planimetric view of the site. These processes are described in detail and example products are shown. Plans for combining the photogrammetrically derived topographic data with spectrophotometry are also described. These include photometric modeling using surface orientations from the DTM to study surface microtextures and improve the accuracy of spectral measurements, and photoclinometry to refine the DTM to single-pixel resolution where photometric properties are sufficiently uniform. Finally, the inclusion of rover images in a joint photogrammetric analysis with IMP images is described. This challenging task will provide coverage of areas hidden to the IMP, but accurate ranging of distant features can be achieved only if the lander is also visible in the rover image used. Copyright 1999 by the American Geophysical Union.

Evolutionary computation applied to the reconstruction of 3-D surface topography in the SEM.

PubMed

Kodama, Tetsuji; Li, Xiaoyuan; Nakahira, Kenji; Ito, Dai

2005-10-01

A genetic algorithm has been applied to the line profile reconstruction from the signals of the standard secondary electron (SE) and/or backscattered electron detectors in a scanning electron microscope. This method solves the topographical surface reconstruction problem as one of combinatorial optimization. To extend this optimization approach for three-dimensional (3-D) surface topography, this paper considers the use of a string coding where a 3-D surface topography is represented by a set of coordinates of vertices. We introduce the Delaunay triangulation, which attains the minimum roughness for any set of height data to capture the fundamental features of the surface being probed by an electron beam. With this coding, the strings are processed with a class of hybrid optimization algorithms that combine genetic algorithms and simulated annealing algorithms. Experimental results on SE images are presented.

Three-Dimensional Audio Client Library

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Rizzi, Stephen A.

2005-01-01

The Three-Dimensional Audio Client Library (3DAudio library) is a group of software routines written to facilitate development of both stand-alone (audio only) and immersive virtual-reality application programs that utilize three-dimensional audio displays. The library is intended to enable the development of three-dimensional audio client application programs by use of a code base common to multiple audio server computers. The 3DAudio library calls vendor-specific audio client libraries and currently supports the AuSIM Gold-Server and Lake Huron audio servers. 3DAudio library routines contain common functions for (1) initiation and termination of a client/audio server session, (2) configuration-file input, (3) positioning functions, (4) coordinate transformations, (5) audio transport functions, (6) rendering functions, (7) debugging functions, and (8) event-list-sequencing functions. The 3DAudio software is written in the C++ programming language and currently operates under the Linux, IRIX, and Windows operating systems.

NASA-VOF3D: A three-dimensional computer program for incompressible flows with free surfaces

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Torrey, M. D.; Mjolsness, R. C.; Stein, L. R.

1987-07-01

Presented is the NASA-VOF3D three-dimensional, transient, free-surface hydrodynamics program. This three-dimensional extension of NASA-VOF2D will, in principle, permit treatment in full three-dimensional generality of the wide variety of applications that could be treated by NASA-VOF2D only within the two-dimensional idealization. In particular, it, like NASA-VOF2D, is specifically designed to calculate confined flows in a low g environment. The code is presently restricted to cylindrical geometry. The code is based on the fractional volume-of-fluid method and allows multiple free surfaces with surface tension and wall adhesion. It also has a partial cell treatment that allows curved boundaries and internal obstacles. This report provides a brief discussion of the numerical method, a code listing, and some sample problems.

Shape Analysis of 3D Head Scan Data for U.S. Respirator Users

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhuang, Ziqing; Slice, DennisE; Benson, Stacey; Lynch, Stephanie; Viscusi, DennisJ

2010-12-01

In 2003, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) conducted a head-and-face anthropometric survey of diverse, civilian respirator users. Of the 3,997 subjects measured using traditional anthropometric techniques, surface scans and 26 three-dimensional (3D) landmark locations were collected for 947 subjects. The objective of this study was to report the size and shape variation of the survey participants using the 3D data. Generalized Procrustes Analysis (GPA) was conducted to standardize configurations of landmarks associated with individuals into a common coordinate system. The superimposed coordinates for each individual were used as commensurate variables that describe individual shape and were analyzed using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to identify population variation. The first four principal components (PC) account for 49% of the total sample variation. The first PC indicates that overall size is an important component of facial variability. The second PC accounts for long and narrow or short and wide faces. Longer narrow orbits versus shorter wider orbits can be described by PC3, and PC4 represents variation in the degree of ortho/prognathism. Geometric Morphometrics provides a detailed and interpretable assessment of morphological variation that may be useful in assessing respirators and devising new test and certification standards.

The coupled three-dimensional wave packet approach to reactive scattering

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Marković, Nikola; Billing, Gert D.

1994-01-01

A recently developed scheme for time-dependent reactive scattering calculations using three-dimensional wave packets is applied to the D+H2 system. The present method is an extension of a previously published semiclassical formulation of the scattering problem and is based on the use of hyperspherical coordinates. The convergence requirements are investigated by detailed calculations for total angular momentum J equal to zero and the general applicability of the method is demonstrated by solving the J=1 problem. The inclusion of the geometric phase is also discussed and its effect on the reaction probability is demonstrated.

Syntheses, structures and properties of three new two-dimensional Cu(I)-Ln(III) heterometallic coordination polymers based on 2,2'-dipyridyl-5,5'-dicarboxylate ligands.

PubMed

Zhao, Junwei; Cheng, Yamin; Shang, Sensen; Zhang, Fang; Chen, Li; Chen, Lijuan

2013-12-01

Three new two-dimensional Cu(I)-Ln(III) heterometallic coordination polymers [Ln(III)Cu2(I)(Hbpdc)4] · Cl · xH2O [Ln(III) = La(III), x = 8 (1); Ln(III) = Pr(III), x=9 (2); Ln(III) = Eu(III), x = 8 (3)] (H2bpdc = 2,2'-bipyridyl-5,5'-dicarboxylic acid) have been prepared under hydrothermal conditions and structurally characterized by elemental analyses, inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) analyses, IR spectra, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. X-ray diffraction indicates that the isomorphic 1-3 display the two-dimensional sheet structure constructed from [Cu(I)(Hbpdc)2](-) fragments through Ln(3+) connectors. Moreover, the solid-state photoluminescence measurements of 3 indicate that the Eu(III) ions, Hbpdc(-) ligands and Cu(I) cations make contributions to its luminescent properties simultaneously. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Effect of three bis-pyridyl-bis-amide ligands with various spacers on the structural diversity of new multifunctional cobalt(II) coordination polymers

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Lin, Hong-Yan; Lu, Huizhe; Le, Mao

2015-03-15

Three new cobalt(II) coordination polymers [Co{sub 2}(1,4-NDC){sub 2}(3-bpye)(H{sub 2}O)] (1), [Co(1,4-NDC)(3-bpfp)(H{sub 2}O)] (2) and [Co(1,4-NDC)(3-bpcb)] (3) [3-bpye=N,N′-bis(3-pyridinecarboxamide)-1,2-ethane, 3-bpfp=bis(3-pyridylformyl)piperazine, 3-bpcb=N,N′-bis(3-pyridinecarboxamide)-1,4-benzene, and 1,4-H{sub 2}NDC=1,4-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid] have been hydrothermally synthesized. The structures of complexes 1–3 have been determined by X-ray single crystal diffraction analyses and further characterized by infrared spectroscopy (IR), powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) and thermogravimetric analyses (TGA). Complex 1 is a 3D coordination structure with 8-connected (4{sup 20}.6{sup 8}) topology constructed from 3D [Co{sub 2}(1,4-NDC){sub 2}(H{sub 2}O)]{sub n} framework and bidentate 3-bpye ligands. Complex 2 shows 1D “cage+cage”-like chain formed by 1D [Co{sub 2}(1,4-NDC){sub 2}]{sub n} ribbon chains and [Co{sub 2}(3-bpfp){submore » 2}] loops, which are further linked by hydrogen bonding interactions to form a 3D supramolecular network. Complex 3 displays a 3D coordination network with a 6-connected (4{sup 12}.6{sup 3}) topology based on 2D [Co{sub 2}(1,4-NDC){sub 2}]{sub n} layers and bidentate 3-bpcb bridging ligands. The influences of different bis-pyridyl-bis-amide ligands with various spacers on the structures of title complexes are studied. Moreover, the fluorescent properties, electrochemical behaviors and magnetic properties of complexes 1–3 have been investigated. - Graphical abstract: Three multifunctional cobalt(II) complexes constructed from three bis-pyridyl-bis-amide and 1,4-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid have been hydrothermally synthesized and characterized. The fluorescent, electrochemical and magnetic properties of 1–3 have been investigated. - Highlights: • Three multifunctional cobalt(II) complexes based on various bis-pyridyl-bis-amide ligands. • Complex 1 is a 3D coordination structure with 8-connected (4{sup 20}.6{sup 8}) topology. • Complex 2 is a 1D “cage+cage”-like chain. • Complex 3 is a 3D coordination network with a 6-connected (4{sup 12}.6{sup 3}) topology. • The fluorescent, electrochemical and magnetic properties of 1–3 were reported.« less

Real three-dimensional objects: effects on mental rotation.

PubMed

Felix, Michael C; Parker, Joshua D; Lee, Charles; Gabriel, Kara I

2011-08-01

The current experiment investigated real three-dimensional (3D) objects with regard to performance on a mental rotation task and whether the appearance of sex differences may be mediated by experiences with spatially related activities. 40 men and 40 women were presented with alternating timed trials consisting of real-3D objects or two-dimensional illustrations of 3D objects. Sex differences in spatially related activities did not significantly influence the finding that men outperformed women on mental rotation of either stimulus type. However, on measures related to spatial activities, self-reported proficiency using maps correlated positively with performance only on trials with illustrations whereas self-reported proficiency using GPS correlated negatively with performance regardless of stimulus dimensionality. Findings may be interpreted as suggesting that rotating real-3D objects utilizes distinct but overlapping spatial skills compared to rotating two-dimensional representations of 3D objects, and real-3D objects can enhance mental rotation performance.

A one-dimensional zinc(II) coordination polymer with a three-dimensional supramolecular architecture incorporating 1-[(1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)methyl]-1H-tetrazole and adipate.

PubMed

Liu, Chun Li; Huang, Qiu Ying; Meng, Xiang Ru

2016-12-01

The synthesis of coordination polymers or metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) has attracted considerable interest owing to the interesting structures and potential applications of these compounds. It is still a challenge to predict the exact structures and compositions of the final products. A new one-dimensional coordination polymer, catena-poly[[[bis{1-[(1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)methyl]-1H-tetrazole-κN 3 }zinc(II)]-μ-hexane-1,6-dicarboxylato-κ 4 O 1 ,O 1' :O 6 ,O 6' ] monohydrate], {[Zn(C 6 H 8 O 4 )(C 9 H 8 N 6 ) 2 ]·H 2 O} n , has been synthesized by the reaction of Zn(Ac) 2 (Ac is acetate) with 1-[(1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)methyl]-1H-tetrazole (bimt) and adipic acid (H 2 adi) at room temperature. In the polymer, each Zn II ion exhibits an irregular octahedral ZnN 2 O 4 coordination geometry and is coordinated by two N atoms from two symmetry-related bimt ligands and four O atoms from two symmetry-related dianionic adipate ligands. Zn II ions are connected by adipate ligands into a one-dimensional chain which runs parallel to the c axis. The bimt ligands coordinate to the Zn II ions in a monodentate mode on both sides of the main chain. In the crystal, the one-dimensional chains are further connected through N-H...O hydrogen bonds, leading to a three-dimensional supramolecular architecture. In addition, the title polymer exhibits fluorescence, with emissions at 334 and 350 nm in the solid state at room temperature.

Intercomparison of terrain-following coordinate transformation and immersed boundary methods in large-eddy simulation of wind fields over complex terrain

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fang, Jiannong; Porté-Agel, Fernando

2016-09-01

Accurate modeling of complex terrain, especially steep terrain, in the simulation of wind fields remains a challenge. It is well known that the terrain-following coordinate transformation method (TFCT) generally used in atmospheric flow simulations is restricted to non-steep terrain with slope angles less than 45 degrees. Due to the advantage of keeping the basic computational grids and numerical schemes unchanged, the immersed boundary method (IBM) has been widely implemented in various numerical codes to handle arbitrary domain geometry including steep terrain. However, IBM could introduce considerable implementation errors in wall modeling through various interpolations because an immersed boundary is generally not co-located with a grid line. In this paper, we perform an intercomparison of TFCT and IBM in large-eddy simulation of a turbulent wind field over a three-dimensional (3D) hill for the purpose of evaluating the implementation errors in IBM. The slopes of the three-dimensional hill are not steep and, therefore, TFCT can be applied. Since TFCT is free from interpolation-induced implementation errors in wall modeling, its results can serve as a reference for the evaluation so that the influence of errors from wall models themselves can be excluded. For TFCT, a new algorithm for solving the pressure Poisson equation in the transformed coordinate system is proposed and first validated for a laminar flow over periodic two-dimensional hills by comparing with a benchmark solution. For the turbulent flow over the 3D hill, the wind-tunnel measurements used for validation contain both vertical and horizontal profiles of mean velocities and variances, thus allowing an in-depth comparison of the numerical models. In this case, TFCT is expected to be preferable to IBM. This is confirmed by the presented results of comparison. It is shown that the implementation errors in IBM lead to large discrepancies between the results obtained by TFCT and IBM near the surface. The effects of different schemes used to implement wall boundary conditions in IBM are studied. The source of errors and possible ways to improve the IBM implementation are discussed.

Making three-dimensional echocardiography more tangible: a workflow for three-dimensional printing with echocardiographic data.

PubMed

Mashari, Azad; Montealegre-Gallegos, Mario; Knio, Ziyad; Yeh, Lu; Jeganathan, Jelliffe; Matyal, Robina; Khabbaz, Kamal R; Mahmood, Feroze

2016-12-01

Three-dimensional (3D) printing is a rapidly evolving technology with several potential applications in the diagnosis and management of cardiac disease. Recently, 3D printing (i.e. rapid prototyping) derived from 3D transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) has become possible. Due to the multiple steps involved and the specific equipment required for each step, it might be difficult to start implementing echocardiography-derived 3D printing in a clinical setting. In this review, we provide an overview of this process, including its logistics and organization of tools and materials, 3D TEE image acquisition strategies, data export, format conversion, segmentation, and printing. Generation of patient-specific models of cardiac anatomy from echocardiographic data is a feasible, practical application of 3D printing technology. © 2016 The authors.

Evolutionary dynamics of 3D genome architecture following polyploidization in cotton.

PubMed

Wang, Maojun; Wang, Pengcheng; Lin, Min; Ye, Zhengxiu; Li, Guoliang; Tu, Lili; Shen, Chao; Li, Jianying; Yang, Qingyong; Zhang, Xianlong

2018-02-01

The formation of polyploids significantly increases the complexity of transcriptional regulation, which is expected to be reflected in sophisticated higher-order chromatin structures. However, knowledge of three-dimensional (3D) genome structure and its dynamics during polyploidization remains poor. Here, we characterize 3D genome architectures for diploid and tetraploid cotton, and find the existence of A/B compartments and topologically associated domains (TADs). By comparing each subgenome in tetraploids with its extant diploid progenitor, we find that genome allopolyploidization has contributed to the switching of A/B compartments and the reorganization of TADs in both subgenomes. We also show that the formation of TAD boundaries during polyploidization preferentially occurs in open chromatin, coinciding with the deposition of active chromatin modification. Furthermore, analysis of inter-subgenomic chromatin interactions has revealed the spatial proximity of homoeologous genes, possibly associated with their coordinated expression. This study advances our understanding of chromatin organization in plants and sheds new light on the relationship between 3D genome evolution and transcriptional regulation.

SU-E-T-154: Establishment and Implement of 3D Image Guided Brachytherapy Planning System

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Jiang, S; Zhao, S; Chen, Y

2014-06-01

Purpose: Cannot observe the dose intuitionally is a limitation of the existing 2D pre-implantation dose planning. Meanwhile, a navigation module is essential to improve the accuracy and efficiency of the implantation. Hence a 3D Image Guided Brachytherapy Planning System conducting dose planning and intra-operative navigation based on 3D multi-organs reconstruction is developed. Methods: Multi-organs including the tumor are reconstructed in one sweep of all the segmented images using the multiorgans reconstruction method. The reconstructed organs group establishs a three-dimensional visualized operative environment. The 3D dose maps of the three-dimentional conformal localized dose planning are calculated with Monte Carlo method whilemore » the corresponding isodose lines and isodose surfaces are displayed in a stereo view. The real-time intra-operative navigation is based on an electromagnetic tracking system (ETS) and the fusion between MRI and ultrasound images. Applying Least Square Method, the coordinate registration between 3D models and patient is realized by the ETS which is calibrated by a laser tracker. The system is validated by working on eight patients with prostate cancer. The navigation has passed the precision measurement in the laboratory. Results: The traditional marching cubes (MC) method reconstructs one organ at one time and assembles them together. Compared to MC, presented multi-organs reconstruction method has superiorities in reserving the integrality and connectivity of reconstructed organs. The 3D conformal localized dose planning, realizing the 'exfoliation display' of different isodose surfaces, helps make sure the dose distribution has encompassed the nidus and avoid the injury of healthy tissues. During the navigation, surgeons could observe the coordinate of instruments real-timely employing the ETS. After the calibration, accuracy error of the needle position is less than 2.5mm according to the experiments. Conclusion: The speed and quality of 3D reconstruction, the efficiency in dose planning and accuracy in navigation all can be improved simultaneously.« less

Building 1D lanthanide chains and non-symmetrical [Ln2] "triple-decker" clusters using salen-type ligands: magnetic cooling and relaxation phenomena.

PubMed

Canaj, Angelos B; Siczek, Milosz; Otręba, Marta; Lis, Tadeusz; Lorusso, Giulia; Evangelisti, Marco; Milios, Constantinos J

2016-11-22

A solvothermal reaction between Ln(NO 3 ) 3 ·6H 2 O (Ln: Gd, Tb and Dy), 2-hydroxy-1-naphthaldehyde, 2-OH-naphth, and ethylenediamine, en, in MeOH in the presence of a base, NEt 3 , led to the formation of the 1D coordination polymers [Ln(L)(MeO)(MeOH) 0.5 ] n ·MeOH (Ln = Gd (1·MeOH), Tb(2), Dy (3·MeOH); H 2 L = 1,1'-((1E,1'E)-(ethane-1,2-diylbis(azanylylidene))bis(methanylylidene))bis(naphthalen-2-ol), the Schiff-base ligand derived from the condensation of 2-OH-naphth and en), while a similar reaction in an excess of NaN 3 yielded 1D coordination polymers [Ln(L)(N 3 ) 0.75 (MeO) 0.25 (MeOH)] n (Ln = Gd (4), Tb (5), Dy (6)). Finally, upon replacing ethylenediamine with o-phenylenediamine, o-phen, we managed to isolate the discrete dimers [Dy 2 (L') 3 (MeOH)]·2MeOH (7·2MeOH) and [Gd 2 (L') 3 (MeOH)]·2MeOH (8·2MeOH) (H 2 L' = 1,1'-((1E,1'E)-(1,2-phenylenebis(azanylylidene))bis(methanylylidene))bis (naphthalen-2-ol), the Schiff-base ligand from the condensation of 2-OH-naphth and o-phen). Polymers 1-3 describe one-dimensional chains, containing alternating seven- and eight-coordinate Ln III metal centers, polymers 4-6 contain eight-coordinate lanthanide ions, while in both 7 and 8 the two Ln III centers are eight- and seven-coordinate, adopting square antiprismatic and "piano-stool" geometry, respectively. The magnetocaloric properties of the three Gd III analogues were determined from magnetic measurements, yielding the magnetic entropy change -ΔS m = 21.8, 23.0 and 16.0 J kg -1 K -1 at T = 3.0 K on demagnetization of 7 T to 0, for 1, 4 and 8, respectively. The study of the magnetic properties also revealed that all three Dy III analogues (3, 6 and 7) display out-of-phase signals, therefore suggesting slow magnetic relaxation, while such behaviour was not established in the Tb III analogues.

Study of optical design of three-dimensional digital ophthalmoscopes.

PubMed

Fang, Yi-Chin; Yen, Chih-Ta; Chu, Chin-Hsien

2015-10-01

This study primarily involves using optical zoom structures to design a three-dimensional (3D) human-eye optical sensory system with infrared and visible light. According to experimental data on two-dimensional (2D) and 3D images, human-eye recognition of 3D images is substantially higher (approximately 13.182%) than that of 2D images. Thus, 3D images are more effective than 2D images when they are used at work or in high-recognition devices. In the optical system design, infrared and visible light wavebands were incorporated as light sources to perform simulations. The results can be used to facilitate the design of optical systems suitable for 3D digital ophthalmoscopes.

PLOT3D- DRAWING THREE DIMENSIONAL SURFACES

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Canright, R. B.

1994-01-01

PLOT3D is a package of programs to draw three-dimensional surfaces of the form z = f(x,y). The function f and the boundary values for x and y are the input to PLOT3D. The surface thus defined may be drawn after arbitrary rotations. However, it is designed to draw only functions in rectangular coordinates expressed explicitly in the above form. It cannot, for example, draw a sphere. Output is by off-line incremental plotter or online microfilm recorder. This package, unlike other packages, will plot any function of the form z = f(x,y) and portrays continuous and bounded functions of two independent variables. With curve fitting; however, it can draw experimental data and pictures which cannot be expressed in the above form. The method used is division into a uniform rectangular grid of the given x and y ranges. The values of the supplied function at the grid points (x, y) are calculated and stored; this defines the surface. The surface is portrayed by connecting successive (y,z) points with straight-line segments for each x value on the grid and, in turn, connecting successive (x,z) points for each fixed y value on the grid. These lines are then projected by parallel projection onto the fixed yz-plane for plotting. This program has been implemented on the IBM 360/67 with on-line CDC microfilm recorder.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Yang, Yongsoo; Chen, Chien-Chun; Scott, M. C.

Perfect crystals are rare in nature. Real materials often contain crystal defects and chemical order/disorder such as grain boundaries, dislocations, interfaces, surface reconstructions and point defects. Such disruption in periodicity strongly affects material properties and functionality. Despite rapid development of quantitative material characterization methods, correlating three-dimensional (3D) atomic arrangements of chemical order/disorder and crystal defects with material properties remains a challenge. On a parallel front, quantum mechanics calculations such as density functional theory (DFT) have progressed from the modelling of ideal bulk systems to modelling ‘real’ materials with dopants, dislocations, grain boundaries and interfaces; but these calculations rely heavily onmore » average atomic models extracted from crystallography. To improve the predictive power of first-principles calculations, there is a pressing need to use atomic coordinates of real systems beyond average crystallographic measurements. Here we determine the 3D coordinates of 6,569 iron and 16,627 platinum atoms in an iron-platinum nanoparticle, and correlate chemical order/disorder and crystal defects with material properties at the single-atom level. We identify rich structural variety with unprecedented 3D detail including atomic composition, grain boundaries, anti-phase boundaries, anti-site point defects and swap defects. We show that the experimentally measured coordinates and chemical species with 22 picometre precision can be used as direct input for DFT calculations of material properties such as atomic spin and orbital magnetic moments and local magnetocrystalline anisotropy. The work presented here combines 3D atomic structure determination of crystal defects with DFT calculations, which is expected to advance our understanding of structure–property relationships at the fundamental level.« less

Deciphering chemical order/disorder and material properties at the single-atom level.

PubMed

Yang, Yongsoo; Chen, Chien-Chun; Scott, M C; Ophus, Colin; Xu, Rui; Pryor, Alan; Wu, Li; Sun, Fan; Theis, Wolfgang; Zhou, Jihan; Eisenbach, Markus; Kent, Paul R C; Sabirianov, Renat F; Zeng, Hao; Ercius, Peter; Miao, Jianwei

2017-02-01

Perfect crystals are rare in nature. Real materials often contain crystal defects and chemical order/disorder such as grain boundaries, dislocations, interfaces, surface reconstructions and point defects. Such disruption in periodicity strongly affects material properties and functionality. Despite rapid development of quantitative material characterization methods, correlating three-dimensional (3D) atomic arrangements of chemical order/disorder and crystal defects with material properties remains a challenge. On a parallel front, quantum mechanics calculations such as density functional theory (DFT) have progressed from the modelling of ideal bulk systems to modelling 'real' materials with dopants, dislocations, grain boundaries and interfaces; but these calculations rely heavily on average atomic models extracted from crystallography. To improve the predictive power of first-principles calculations, there is a pressing need to use atomic coordinates of real systems beyond average crystallographic measurements. Here we determine the 3D coordinates of 6,569 iron and 16,627 platinum atoms in an iron-platinum nanoparticle, and correlate chemical order/disorder and crystal defects with material properties at the single-atom level. We identify rich structural variety with unprecedented 3D detail including atomic composition, grain boundaries, anti-phase boundaries, anti-site point defects and swap defects. We show that the experimentally measured coordinates and chemical species with 22 picometre precision can be used as direct input for DFT calculations of material properties such as atomic spin and orbital magnetic moments and local magnetocrystalline anisotropy. This work combines 3D atomic structure determination of crystal defects with DFT calculations, which is expected to advance our understanding of structure-property relationships at the fundamental level.

Rotary culture enhances pre-osteoblast aggregation and mineralization.

PubMed

Facer, S R; Zaharias, R S; Andracki, M E; Lafoon, J; Hunter, S K; Schneider, G B

2005-06-01

Three-dimensional environments have been shown to enhance cell aggregation and osteoblast differentiation. Thus, we hypothesized that three-dimensional (3D) growth environments would enhance the mineralization rate of human embryonic palatal mesenchymal (HEPM) pre-osteoblasts. The objective of this study was to investigate the potential use of rotary cell culture systems (RCCS) as a means to enhance the osteogenic potential of pre-osteoblast cells. HEPM cells were cultured in a RCCS to create 3D enviroments. Tissue culture plastic (2D) cultures served as our control. 3D environments promoted three-dimensional aggregate formations. Increased calcium and phosphorus deposition was significantly enhanced three- to 18-fold (P < 0.001) in 3D cultures as compared with 2D environments. 3D cultures mineralized in 1 wk as compared with the 2D cultures, which took 4 wks, a decrease in time of nearly 75%. In conclusion, our studies demonstrated that 3D environments enhanced osteoblast cell aggregation and mineralization.

One-dimensional coordination polymers of whole row rare earth tris-pivalates

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tsymbarenko, Dmitry; Martynova, Irina; Grebenyuk, Dimitry; Shegolev, Vsevolod; Kuzmina, Natalia

2018-02-01

Fourteen 1D coordination polymers of rare earth pivalates [Ln(Piv)3]∞ (Ln = Y, La, Pr, Nd, Sm-Lu) were synthesized and characterized by powder X-ray diffraction, IR spectroscopy, TGA, and conventional elemental analysis. Crystal structures of [La(Piv)3]∞, [Yb(Piv)3]∞, [Lu(Piv)3]∞ were determined by means of single crystal X-ray analysis at 120 K, those of [Y(Piv)3]∞ and [Ho(Piv)3]∞ - from powder XRD data at 293 K. Transformation of [Ln(Piv)3]∞ structure and Piv- anions coordination mode along the whole row has been derived from powder XRD and IR spectroscopy results, and shown to crucially affect the relative location of 1D chains in the crystal structure, as well as the Ln···Ln distance within the single chain. Negative thermal expansion along 1D [Ln(Piv)3]∞ chain was revealed for Ln = Tm, Yb, Lu. Enforcement of 1D polymeric structure with the decrease of Ln ionic radius has been established from solid-state DFT calculations.

An Interactive Preprocessor Program with Graphics for a Three-Dimensional Finite Element Code.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hamilton, Claude Hayden, III

The development and capabilities of an interactive preprocessor program with graphics for an existing three-dimensional finite element code is presented. This preprocessor program, EDGAP3D, is designed to be used in conjunction with the Texas Three Dimensional Grain Analysis Program (TXCAP3D). The code presented in this research is capable of the…

Synthesis, structure, and characterization of two Zn(II) complex containing two-dimensional bilayer structure

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhang, Meili; Ren, Yixia; Chen, Xiaoli

2014-10-01

Two new Zn(II) complexes, [Zn2(L)(H2O)3]ṡH2O (1) and [Zn3(HL)2(bpp)2(Hbpp)2]ṡ10H2Oṡ2ClO4 (2) (H4L = cis,cis,cis,cis-1,2,3,4-cyclopentanetracarboxylic acid, bpp = 1,3-bis(4-pyridyl)propane), have been synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, IR spectroscopy and single-crystal X-ray diffraction techniques. The structure indicates that the complex 1 crystallizes in triclinic, space group Pī, in which, the four carboxylate groups of L ligand adopt μ2-η1:η0, μ2-η1:η1, μ1-η1:η1 coordination modes, respectively, bridging Zn(II) atoms to generate a (4,6)-connected 2D bilayer network. The structure indicates that the complex 2 crystallizes in monoclinic, space group C2/c, in which, three deprotonated carboxylate groups of L ligand adopt uniform μ1-η1:η0 coordination mode linking Zn(II) atoms to form a 1D polymeric ribbon, the bpp ligands further extend such ribbon giving rised to a (3,4)-connected 2D bilayer network. The most striking feature of 1 and 2 is that both of bilayer networks contain 1D solvent channel, where water molecules are located. In additional, luminescent properties of two complexes have also been studied.

A two-dimensional layered Cd(II) coordination polymer with a three-dimensional supramolecular architecture incorporating mixed multidentate N- and O-donor ligands.

PubMed

Huang, Qiu-Ying; Su, Ming-Yang; Meng, Xiang-Ru

2015-06-01

The combination of N-heterocyclic and multicarboxylate ligands is a good choice for the construction of metal-organic frameworks. In the title coordination polymer, poly[bis{μ2-1-[(1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)methyl]-1H-tetrazole-κ(2)N(3):N(4)}(μ4-butanedioato-κ(4)O(1):O(1'):O(4):O(4'))(μ2-butanedioato-κ(2)O(1):O(4))dicadmium], [Cd(C4H4O4)(C9H8N6)]n, each Cd(II) ion exhibits an irregular octahedral CdO4N2 coordination geometry and is coordinated by four O atoms from three carboxylate groups of three succinate (butanedioate) ligands and two N atoms from two 1-[(1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)methyl]-1H-tetrazole (bimt) ligands. Cd(II) ions are connected by two kinds of crystallographically independent succinate ligands to generate a two-dimensional layered structure with bimt ligands located on each side of the layer. Adjacent layers are further connected by hydrogen bonding, leading to a three-dimensional supramolecular architecture in the solid state. Thermogravimetric analysis of the title polymer shows that it is stable up to 529 K and then loses weight from 529 to 918 K, corresponding to the decomposition of the bimt ligands and succinate groups. The polymer exhibits a strong fluorescence emission in the solid state at room temperature.

Positional and Dimensional Accuracy Assessment of Drone Images Geo-referenced with Three Different GPSs

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Cao, C.; Lee, X.; Xu, J.

2017-12-01

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) or drones have been widely used in environmental, ecological and engineering applications in recent years. These applications require assessment of positional and dimensional accuracy. In this study, positional accuracy refers to the accuracy of the latitudinal and longitudinal coordinates of locations on the mosaicked image in reference to the coordinates of the same locations measured by a Global Positioning System (GPS) in a ground survey, and dimensional accuracy refers to length and height of a ground target. Here, we investigate the effects of the number of Ground Control Points (GCPs) and the accuracy of the GPS used to measure the GCPs on positional and dimensional accuracy of a drone 3D model. Results show that using on-board GPS and a hand-held GPS produce a positional accuracy on the order of 2-9 meters. In comparison, using a differential GPS with high accuracy (30 cm) improves the positional accuracy of the drone model by about 40 %. Increasing the number of GCPs can compensate for the uncertainty brought by the GPS equipment with low accuracy. In terms of the dimensional accuracy of the drone model, even with the use of a low resolution GPS onboard the vehicle, the mean absolute errors are only 0.04 m for height and 0.10 m for length, which are well suited for some applications in precision agriculture and in land survey studies.

Functional Two-Dimensional Coordination Polymeric Layer as a Charge Barrier in Li-S Batteries.

PubMed

Huang, Jing-Kai; Li, Mengliu; Wan, Yi; Dey, Sukumar; Ostwal, Mayur; Zhang, Daliang; Yang, Chih-Wen; Su, Chun-Jen; Jeng, U-Ser; Ming, Jun; Amassian, Aram; Lai, Zhiping; Han, Yu; Li, Sean; Li, Lain-Jong

2018-01-23

Ultrathin two-dimensional (2D) polymeric layers are capable of separating gases and molecules based on the reported size exclusion mechanism. What is equally important but missing today is an exploration of the 2D layers with charge functionality, which enables applications using the charge exclusion principle. This work demonstrates a simple and scalable method of synthesizing a free-standing 2D coordination polymer Zn 2 (benzimidazolate) 2 (OH) 2 at the air-water interface. The hydroxyl (-OH) groups are stoichiometrically coordinated and implement electrostatic charges in the 2D structures, providing powerful functionality as a charge barrier. Electrochemical performance of the Li-S battery shows that the Zn 2 (benzimidazolate) 2 (OH) 2 coordination polymer layers efficiently mitigate the polysulfide shuttling effects and largely enhance the battery capacity and cycle performance. The synthesis of the proposed coordination polymeric layers is simple, scalable, cost saving, and promising for practical use in batteries.

Efficient tetracycline adsorption and photocatalytic degradation of rhodamine B by uranyl coordination polymer

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ren, Ya-Nan; Xu, Wei; Zhou, Lin-Xia; Zheng, Yue-Qing

2017-07-01

Two mixed uranyl-cadmium malonate coordination polymers [(UO2)2Cd(H-bipy)2(mal)4(H2O)2]·4H2O 1 and [(UO2)Cd(bipy)(mal)2]·H2O 2 (H2mal = malonic acid, bipy =4,4‧-bipyridine) have been synthesized in room temperature. Compound 1 represents a one-dimensional (1D) chain assembly of Cd(II) ions, uranyl centers and malonate ligands. Compound 2 exhibits a two-dimensional (2D) 2D +2D → 3D polycatenated framework based on inclined interlocked 2D 44 sql grids. The two compounds have been characterized by elemental analysis, IR and UV-vis spectroscopy, thermal analysis, powder X-ray diffraction and photoluminescence spectroscopy. And the ferroelectric property of 2 also has been studied. Moreover, compound 2 exhibits good photocatalytic activity for dye degradation under UV light and is excellent adsorbent for removing tetracycline antibiotics in the aqueous solution.

Image-guided brachytherapy for cervical cancer: analysis of D2 cc hot spot in three-dimensional and anatomic factors affecting D2 cc hot spot in organs at risk.

PubMed

Kim, Robert Y; Dragovic, Alek F; Whitley, Alexander C; Shen, Sui

2014-01-01

To analyze the D2 cc hot spot in three-dimensional CT and anatomic factors affecting the D2 cc hot spot in organs at risk (OARs). Thirty-one patients underwent pelvic CT scan after insertion of the applicator. High-dose-rate treatment planning was performed with standard loading patterns. The D2 cc structures in OARs were generated in three dimensional if the total equivalent dose in 2 Gy exceeded our defined dose limits (hot spot). The location of D2 cc hot spot was defined as the center of the largest D2 cc fragment. The relationship between the hot spot and the applicator position was reported in Digital Imaging and Communication in Medicine coordinates. The location of sigmoid, small bowel, and bladder D2 cc hot spots was around the endocervix: The mean location of sigmoid hot spot for lateral view was 1.6 cm posteriorly and 2.3 cm superiorly (Y, 1.6 and Z, 2.3), small bowel was 1.6 cm anteriorly and 2.7 cm superiorly (Y, -1.6 and Z, 2.7). The mean location of bladder hot spot was 1.6 cm anteriorly and 1.6 cm superiorly (Y, -1.6 and Z, 1.6). These hot spots were near the plane of Point A (X, 2.0 or -2.0; Y, 0; and Z, 2.0). The mean location of rectal hot spot was 1.6 cm posteriorly and 1.9 cm inferiorly (Y, 1.6 and Z, -1.9). D2 cc hot spot was affected by uterine wall thickness, uterine tandem position, fibroids, bladder fullness, bowel gas, and vaginal packing. Because of the location of the D2 cc hot spots, larger tumors present a challenge for adequate tumor coverage with a conventional brachytherapy applicator without an interstitial implant. Additionally, anatomic factors were identified which affect the D2 cc hot spot in OARs. Copyright © 2014 American Brachytherapy Society. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Three-dimensional to two-dimensional transition in mode-I fracture microbranching in a perturbed hexagonal close-packed lattice

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Heizler, Shay I.; Kessler, David A.

2017-06-01

Mode-I fracture exhibits microbranching in the high velocity regime where the simple straight crack is unstable. For velocities below the instability, classic modeling using linear elasticity is valid. However, showing the existence of the instability and calculating the dynamics postinstability within the linear elastic framework is difficult and controversial. The experimental results give several indications that the microbranching phenomenon is basically a three-dimensional (3D) phenomenon. Nevertheless, the theoretical effort has been focused mostly on two-dimensional (2D) modeling. In this paper we study the microbranching instability using three-dimensional atomistic simulations, exploring the difference between the 2D and the 3D models. We find that the basic 3D fracture pattern shares similar behavior with the 2D case. Nevertheless, we exhibit a clear 3D-2D transition as the crack velocity increases, whereas as long as the microbranches are sufficiently small, the behavior is pure 3D behavior, whereas at large driving, as the size of the microbranches increases, more 2D-like behavior is exhibited. In addition, in 3D simulations, the quantitative features of the microbranches, separating the regimes of steady-state cracks (mirror) and postinstability (mist-hackle) are reproduced clearly, consistent with the experimental findings.

Linking 1D Transition-Metal Coordination Polymers and Different Inorganic Boron Oxides To Construct a Series of 3D Inorganic-Organic Hybrid Borates.

PubMed

Zhi, Shao-Chen; Wang, Yue-Lin; Sun, Li; Cheng, Jian-Wen; Yang, Guo-Yu

2018-02-05

Three inorganic-organic hybrid borates, M(1,4-dab)[B 5 O 7 (OH) 3 ] [M = Zn (1), Cd (2), 1,4-dab = 1,4-diaminobutane)] and Co(1,3-dap)[B 4 O 7 ] (3, 1,3-dap = 1,3-diaminopropane), which integrated characteristics of 1D coordination polymers and 1D/3D inorganic boron oxides have been obtained under solvothermal conditions. Compounds 1 and 2 are isostructural and crystallize in a centrosymmetric space group P2 1 /c; the 3D achiral structures of 1 and 2 consist of the nonhelical Zn/Cd-1,4-dap coordination polymers and 1D B-O chains. Compound 3 crystallizes in a chiral space group P4 3 2 1 2; the helical Co-1,3-dap coordination polymer chains are entrained within a 3D B-O network and finally form the chiral framework. Compounds 1-3 represent good examples of using coordination polymers to construct mixed-motif inorganic-organic hybrid borates. Compounds 1 and 2 display blue luminescence when excited with UV light.

Color Constancy in Two-Dimensional and Three-Dimensional Scenes: Effects of Viewing Methods and Surface Texture

PubMed Central

Morimoto, Takuma; Mizokami, Yoko; Yaguchi, Hirohisa; Buck, Steven L.

2017-01-01

There has been debate about how and why color constancy may be better in three-dimensional (3-D) scenes than in two-dimensional (2-D) scenes. Although some studies have shown better color constancy for 3-D conditions, the role of specific cues remains unclear. In this study, we compared color constancy for a 3-D miniature room (a real scene consisting of actual objects) and 2-D still images of that room presented on a monitor using three viewing methods: binocular viewing, monocular viewing, and head movement. We found that color constancy was better for the 3-D room; however, color constancy for the 2-D image improved when the viewing method caused the scene to be perceived more like a 3-D scene. Separate measurements of the perceptual 3-D effect of each viewing method also supported these results. An additional experiment comparing a miniature room and its image with and without texture suggested that surface texture of scene objects contributes to color constancy. PMID:29238513

Three-dimensional (3-D) model utilization for fracture reconstruction in oral and maxillofacial surgery: A case report

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Damayanti, Ista; Lilies, Latief, Benny S.

2017-02-01

Three-dimensional (3-D) printing has been identified as an innovative manufacturing technology of functional parts. The 3-D model was produced based on CT-Scan using Osyrix software, where automatic segmentation was performed and convert into STL format. This STL format was then ready to be produced physically, layer-by-layer to create 3-D model.

Localization of a mobile laser scanner via dimensional reduction

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lehtola, Ville V.; Virtanen, Juho-Pekka; Vaaja, Matti T.; Hyyppä, Hannu; Nüchter, Andreas

2016-11-01

We extend the concept of intrinsic localization from a theoretical one-dimensional (1D) solution onto a 2D manifold that is embedded in a 3D space, and then recover the full six degrees of freedom for a mobile laser scanner with a simultaneous localization and mapping algorithm (SLAM). By intrinsic localization, we mean that no reference coordinate system, such as global navigation satellite system (GNSS), nor inertial measurement unit (IMU) are used. Experiments are conducted with a 2D laser scanner mounted on a rolling prototype platform, VILMA. The concept offers potential in being extendable to other wheeled platforms.

Application of ground-penetrating radar imagery for three-dimensional visualisation of near-surface structures in ice-rich permafrost, Barrow, Alaska

USGS Publications Warehouse

Munroe, Jeffrey S.; Doolittle, James A.; Kanevskiy, Mikhail; Hinkel, Kenneth M.; Nelson, Frederick E.; Jones, Benjamin M.; Shur, Yuri; Kimble, John M.

2007-01-01

Three-dimensional ground-penetrating radar (3D GPR) was used to investigate the subsurface structure of ice-wedge polygons and other features of the frozen active layer and near-surface permafrost near Barrow, Alaska. Surveys were conducted at three sites located on landscapes of different geomorphic age. At each site, sediment cores were collected and characterised to aid interpretation of GPR data. At two sites, 3D GPR was able to delineate subsurface ice-wedge networks with high fidelity. Three-dimensional GPR data also revealed a fundamental difference in ice-wedge morphology between these two sites that is consistent with differences in landscape age. At a third site, the combination of two-dimensional and 3D GPR revealed the location of an active frost boil with ataxitic cryostructure. When supplemented by analysis of soil cores, 3D GPR offers considerable potential for imaging, interpreting and 3D mapping of near-surface soil and ice structures in permafrost environments.

Lenses matching of compound eye for target positioning

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Guo, Fang; Zheng, Yan Pei; Wang, Keyi

2012-10-01

Compound eye, as a new imaging method with multi-lens for a large field of view, could complete target positioning and detection fastly, especially at close range. Therefore it could be applicated in the fields of military and medical treatment and aviation with vast market potential and development prospect. Yet the compound eye imaging method designed use three layer construction of multiple lens array arranged in a curved surface and refractive lens and imaging sensor of CMOS. In order to simplify process structure and increase the imaging area of every sub-eye, the imaging area of every eye is coved with the whole CMOS. Therefore, for several imaging point of one target, the corresponding lens of every imaging point is unkonown, and thus to identify. So an algorithm was put forward. Firstly, according to the Regular Geometry relationship of several adjacent lenses, data organization of seven lenses with a main lens was built. Subsequently, by the data organization, when one target was caught by several unknown lenses, we search every combined type of the received lenses. And for every combined type, two lenses were selected to combine and were used to calculate one three-dimensional (3D) coordinate of the target. If the 3D coordinates are same to the some combine type of the lenses numbers, in theory, the lenses and the imaging points are matched. So according to error of the 3D coordinates is calculated by the different seven lenses numbers combines, the unknown lenses could be distinguished. The experimental results show that the presented algorithm is feasible and can complete matching task for imaging points and corresponding lenses.

Development of Three-Dimensional Completion of Complex Objects

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Soska, Kasey C.; Johnson, Scott P.

2013-01-01

Three-dimensional (3D) object completion, the ability to perceive the backs of objects seen from a single viewpoint, emerges at around 6 months of age. Yet, only relatively simple 3D objects have been used in assessing its development. This study examined infants' 3D object completion when presented with more complex stimuli. Infants…

Experimental Evidence for Improved Neuroimaging Interpretation Using Three-Dimensional Graphic Models

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Ruisoto, Pablo; Juanes, Juan Antonio; Contador, Israel; Mayoral, Paula; Prats-Galino, Alberto

2012-01-01

Three-dimensional (3D) or volumetric visualization is a useful resource for learning about the anatomy of the human brain. However, the effectiveness of 3D spatial visualization has not yet been assessed systematically. This report analyzes whether 3D volumetric visualization helps learners to identify and locate subcortical structures more…

Matrix-Assisted Three-Dimensional Printing of Cellulose Nanofibers for Paper Microfluidics.

PubMed

Shin, Sungchul; Hyun, Jinho

2017-08-09

A cellulose nanofiber (CNF), one of the most attractive green bioresources, was adopted for construction of microfluidic devices using matrix-assisted three-dimensional (3D) printing. CNF hydrogels can support structures printed using CAD design in a 3D hydrogel environment with the appropriate combination of rheological properties between the CNF hydrogel and ink materials. Amazingly, the structure printed freely in the bulky CNF hydrogels was able to retain its highly resolved 3D features in an ultrathin two-dimensional (2D) paper using a simple drying process. The dimensional change in the CNF hydrogels from 3D to 2D resulted from simple dehydration of the CNFs and provided transparent, stackable paper-based 3D channel devices. As a proof of principle, the rheological properties of the CNF hydrogels, the 3D structure of the ink, the formation of channels by evacuation of the ink, and the highly localized selectivity of the devices are described.

Assembly of 4-, 6- and 8-connected Cd(II) pseudo-polymorphic coordination polymers: Synthesis, solvent-dependent structural variation and properties

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Li, Zhao-Hao; Xue, Li-Ping, E-mail: lpxue@163.com; Miao, Shao-Bin

2016-08-15

The reaction of Cd(NO{sub 3}){sub 2}·4H{sub 2}O, 2,5-thiophenedicarboxylic acid (H{sub 2}tdc) and 1,2-bis(imidazol-1′-yl)methane (bimm) by modulating solvent systems yielded three highly connected pseudo-polymorphic coordination polymers based on different dinuclear [Cd{sub 2}(CO{sub 2}){sub 2}] subunits bridged by carboxylate groups. Single crystal structural analyses reveal structural variation from 4-connected 2D sql layer, 6-connected 2-fold interpenetrated 3D pcu to 8-connected 3D bcu-type network in compounds 1–3. The structural dissimilarity in the structures dependent on the coordination environments of Cd(II) ions and linking modes of mixed ligand influenced by different solvent systems during the synthesis process. Moreover, thermogravimetric and photoluminescence behaviors of 1–3 weremore » also investigated for the first time, and all the complexes emit blue luminescence in the solid state. - Graphical abstract: Key Topic. Different solvent systems modulated three Cd(II) pseudo-polymorphic coordination polymers based on thiophene-2,5-dicarboxylate and 1,2-bis(imidazol-1′-yl)methane mixed ligands. Display Omitted - Highlights: • Three solvent-dependent Cd(II) pseudo-polymorphic coordination polymers have been synthesized. • Structural variation from 4-connected 2D layer, 6-connected 2-fold interpenetrated 3D net to 8-connected 3D net. • All complexes emit blue luminescence.« less

Design of a rotational three-dimensional nonimaging device by a compensated two-dimensional design process.

PubMed

Yang, Yi; Qian, Ke-Yuan; Luo, Yi

2006-07-20

A compensation process has been developed to design rotational three-dimensional (3D) nonimaging devices. By compensating the desired light distribution during a two-dimensional (2D) design process for an extended Lambertian source using a compensation coefficient, the meridian plane of a 3D device with good performance can be obtained. This method is suitable in many cases with fast calculation speed. Solutions to two kinds of optical design problems have been proposed, and the limitation of this compensated 2D design method is discussed.

Three-dimensional iron(ii) porous coordination polymer exhibiting carbon dioxide-dependent spin crossover.

PubMed

Shin, Jong Won; Jeong, Ah Rim; Jeoung, Sungeun; Moon, Hoi Ri; Komatsumaru, Yuki; Hayami, Shinya; Moon, Dohyun; Min, Kil Sik

2018-04-24

We report a three-dimensional Fe(ii) porous coordination polymer that exhibits a spin crossover temperature change following CO2 sorption (though not N2 sorption). Furthermore, single crystals of the desolvated polymer with CO2 molecules at three different temperatures were characterised by X-ray crystallography.

Phase Diagrams of Three-Dimensional Anderson and Quantum Percolation Models Using Deep Three-Dimensional Convolutional Neural Network

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mano, Tomohiro; Ohtsuki, Tomi

2017-11-01

The three-dimensional Anderson model is a well-studied model of disordered electron systems that shows the delocalization-localization transition. As in our previous papers on two- and three-dimensional (2D, 3D) quantum phase transitions [J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 85, 123706 (2016), 86, 044708 (2017)], we used an image recognition algorithm based on a multilayered convolutional neural network. However, in contrast to previous papers in which 2D image recognition was used, we applied 3D image recognition to analyze entire 3D wave functions. We show that a full phase diagram of the disorder-energy plane is obtained once the 3D convolutional neural network has been trained at the band center. We further demonstrate that the full phase diagram for 3D quantum bond and site percolations can be drawn by training the 3D Anderson model at the band center.

Observation of three-dimensional internal structure of steel materials by means of serial sectioning with ultrasonic elliptical vibration cutting.

PubMed

Fujisaki, K; Yokota, H; Nakatsuchi, H; Yamagata, Y; Nishikawa, T; Udagawa, T; Makinouchi, A

2010-01-01

A three-dimensional (3D) internal structure observation system based on serial sectioning was developed from an ultrasonic elliptical vibration cutting device and an optical microscope combined with a high-precision positioning device. For bearing steel samples, the cutting device created mirrored surfaces suitable for optical metallography, even for long-cutting distances during serial sectioning of these ferrous materials. Serial sectioning progressed automatically by means of numerical control. The system was used to observe inclusions in steel materials on a scale of several tens of micrometers. Three specimens containing inclusions were prepared from bearing steels. These inclusions could be detected as two-dimensional (2D) sectional images with resolution better than 1 mum. A three-dimensional (3D) model of each inclusion was reconstructed from the 2D serial images. The microscopic 3D models had sharp edges and complicated surfaces.

Three-dimensional accuracy of a digitally coded healing abutment implant impression system.

PubMed

Ng, Simon D; Tan, Keson B; Teoh, K H; Cheng, Ansgar C; Nicholls, Jack I

2014-01-01

This study examined the three-dimensional (3D) accuracy of the Encode Impression System (EN) in transferring the locations of two implants from master models to test models and compared this to the direct impression (DI) technique. The effect of interimplant angulation on the 3D accuracy of both impression techniques was also evaluated. Seven sectional polymethyl methacrylate mandibular arch master models were fabricated with implants in the first premolar and first molar positions. The implants were placed parallel to each other or angulated mesiodistally or buccolingually with total divergent angles of 10, 20, or 30 degrees. Each master model was secured onto an aluminum block containing a gauge block, which defined the local coordinate references. Encode healing abutments were attached to the implants before impressions were made for the EN test models; pickup impression copings were attached for the DI test models. For the seven test groups of each impression technique, a total of 70 test models were fabricated (n = 5). The EN test models were sent to Biomet 3i for implant analog placement. The centroid of each implant or implant analog and the angular orientation of the long axis relative to the x- and y-axes were measured with a coordinate measuring machine. Statistical analyses were performed. Impression technique had a significant effect on y distortion, global linear distortion, and absolute xz and yz angular distortions. Interimplant angulation had significant effects on x and y distortions. However, neither impression technique nor interimplant angulation had a significant effect on z distortion. Distortions were observed with both impression techniques. However, the results suggest that EN was less accurate than DI.

Three-dimensional graphene foam as a biocompatible and conductive scaffold for neural stem cells

PubMed Central

Li, Ning; Zhang, Qi; Gao, Song; Song, Qin; Huang, Rong; Wang, Long; Liu, Liwei; Dai, Jianwu; Tang, Mingliang; Cheng, Guosheng

2013-01-01

Neural stem cell (NSC) based therapy provides a promising approach for neural regeneration. For the success of NSC clinical application, a scaffold is required to provide three-dimensional (3D) cell growth microenvironments and appropriate synergistic cell guidance cues. Here, we report the first utilization of graphene foam, a 3D porous structure, as a novel scaffold for NSCs in vitro. It was found that three-dimensional graphene foams (3D-GFs) can not only support NSC growth, but also keep cell at an active proliferation state with upregulation of Ki67 expression than that of two-dimensional graphene films. Meanwhile, phenotypic analysis indicated that 3D-GFs can enhance the NSC differentiation towards astrocytes and especially neurons. Furthermore, a good electrical coupling of 3D-GFs with differentiated NSCs for efficient electrical stimulation was observed. Our findings implicate 3D-GFs could offer a powerful platform for NSC research, neural tissue engineering and neural prostheses. PMID:23549373

Antiferromagnetism in a Family of S = 1 Square Lattice Coordination Polymers NiX 2 (pyz) 2 (X = Cl, Br, I, NCS; pyz = Pyrazine)

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Liu, Junjie; Goddard, Paul A.; Singleton, John

The crystal structures of NiX2(pyz)(2) (X = Cl (1), Br (2), I (3), and NCS (4)) were determined by synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction. All four compounds consist of two-dimensional (2D) square arrays self-assembled from octahedral NiN4X2 units that are bridged by pyz ligands. The 2D layered motifs displayed by 1-4 are relevant to bifluoride-bridged [Ni(HF2) (pyz)(2)]EF6 (E = P, Sb), which also possess the same 2D layers. In contrast, terminal X ligands occupy axial positions in 1-4 and cause a staggered packing of adjacent layers. Long-range antiferromagnetic (AFM) order occurs below 1.5 (Cl), 1.9 (Br and NCS), and 2.5 Kmore » (I) as determined by heat capacity and muon-spin relaxation. The single-ion anisotropy and g factor of 2, 3, and 4 were measured by electron-spin resonance with no evidence for zero field splitting (ZFS) being observed. The magnetism of 1-4 spans the spectrum from quasi-two-dimensional (2D) to three-dimensional (3D) antiferromagnetism. Nearly identical results and thermodynamic features were obtained for 2 and 4 as shown by pulsed-field magnetization, magnetic susceptibility, as well as their Neel temperatures. Magnetization curves for 2 and 4 calculated by quantum Monte Carlo simulation also show excellent agreement with the pulsed-field data. Compound 3 is characterized as a 3D AFM with the interlayer interaction (j(perpendicular to)) being slightly stronger than the intralayer interaction along Ni-pyz-Ni segments (j(pyz)) within the two-dimensional [Ni(pyz)(2)](2+) square planes. Regardless of X, j(pyz), is similar for the four compounds and is roughly 1 K.« less

Three-Dimensional Image Fusion of 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose-Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography and Contrast-Enhanced Computed Tomography for Computer-Assisted Planning of Maxillectomy of Recurrent Maxillary Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Defect Reconstruction.

PubMed

Yu, Yao; Zhang, Wen-Bo; Liu, Xiao-Jing; Guo, Chuan-Bin; Yu, Guang-Yan; Peng, Xin

2017-06-01

The purpose of this study was to describe new technology assisted by 3-dimensional (3D) image fusion of 18 F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)-positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) and contrast-enhanced CT (CECT) for computer planning of a maxillectomy of recurrent maxillary squamous cell carcinoma and defect reconstruction. Treatment of recurrent maxillary squamous cell carcinoma usually includes tumor resection and free flap reconstruction. FDG-PET/CT provided images of regions of abnormal glucose uptake and thus showed metabolic tumor volume to guide tumor resection. CECT data were used to create 3D reconstructed images of vessels to show the vascular diameters and locations, so that the most suitable vein and artery could be selected during anastomosis of the free flap. The data from preoperative maxillofacial CECT scans and FDG-PET/CT imaging were imported into the navigation system (iPlan 3.0; Brainlab, Feldkirchen, Germany). Three-dimensional image fusion between FDG-PET/CT and CECT was accomplished using Brainlab software according to the position of the 2 skulls simulated in the CECT image and PET/CT image, respectively. After verification of the image fusion accuracy, the 3D reconstruction images of the metabolic tumor, vessels, and other critical structures could be visualized within the same coordinate system. These sagittal, coronal, axial, and 3D reconstruction images were used to determine the virtual osteotomy sites and reconstruction plan, which was provided to the surgeon and used for surgical navigation. The average shift of the 3D image fusion between FDG-PET/CT and CECT was less than 1 mm. This technique, by clearly showing the metabolic tumor volume and the most suitable vessels for anastomosis, facilitated resection and reconstruction of recurrent maxillary squamous cell carcinoma. We used 3D image fusion of FDG-PET/CT and CECT to successfully accomplish resection and reconstruction of recurrent maxillary squamous cell carcinoma. This method has the potential to improve the clinical outcomes of these challenging procedures. Copyright © 2017 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Fast generation of three-dimensional computational boundary-conforming periodic grids of C-type. [for turbine blades and propellers

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Dulikravich, D. S.

1982-01-01

A fast computer program, GRID3C, was developed to generate multilevel three dimensional, C type, periodic, boundary conforming grids for the calculation of realistic turbomachinery and propeller flow fields. The technique is based on two analytic functions that conformally map a cascade of semi-infinite slits to a cascade of doubly infinite strips on different Riemann sheets. Up to four consecutively refined three dimensional grids are automatically generated and permanently stored on four different computer tapes. Grid nonorthogonality is introduced by a separate coordinate shearing and stretching performed in each of three coordinate directions. The grids are easily clustered closer to the blade surface, the trailing and leading edges and the hub or shroud regions by changing appropriate input parameters. Hub and duct (or outer free boundary) have different axisymmetric shapes. A vortex sheet of arbitrary thickness emanating smoothly from the blade trailing edge is generated automatically by GRID3C. Blade cross sectional shape, chord length, twist angle, sweep angle, and dihedral angle can vary in an arbitrary smooth fashion in the spanwise direction.

Development of a 3-D X-ray system

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Evans, James Paul Owain

The interpretation of standard two-dimensional x-ray images by humans is often very difficult. This is due to the lack of visual cues to depth in an image which has been produced by transmitted radiation. The solution put forward in this research is to introduce binocular parallax, a powerful physiological depth cue, into the resultant shadowgraph x-ray image. This has been achieved by developing a binocular stereoscopic x-ray imaging technique, which can be used for both visual inspection by human observers and also for the extraction of three-dimensional co-ordinate information. The technique is implemented in the design and development of two experimental x-ray systems and also the development of measurement algorithms. The first experimental machine is based on standard linear x-ray detector arrays and was designed as an optimum configuration for visual inspection by human observers. However, it was felt that a combination of the 3-D visual inspection capability together with a measurement facility would enhance the usefulness of the technique. Therefore, both a theoretical and an empirical analysis of the co-ordinate measurement capability of the machine has been carried out. The measurement is based on close-range photogrammetric techniques. The accuracy of the measurement has been found to be of the order of 4mm in x, 3mm in y and 6mm in z. A second experimental machine was developed and based on the same technique as that used for the first machine. However, a major departure has been the introduction of a dual energy linear x-ray detector array which will allow, in general, the discrimination between organic and inorganic substances. The second design is a compromise between ease of visual inspection for human observers and optimum three-dimensional co-ordinate measurement capability. The system is part of an on going research programme into the possibility of introducing psychological depth cues into the resultant x-ray images. The research presented in this thesis was initiated to enhance the visual interpretation of complex x-ray images, specifically in response to problems encountered in the routine screening of freight by HM. Customs and Excise. This phase of the work culminated in the development of the first experimental machine. During this work the security industry was starting to adopt a new type of x-ray detector, namely the dual energy x-ray sensor. The Department of Transport made available funding to the Police Scientific Development Branch (P.S.D.B.), part of The Home Office Science and Technology Group, to investigate the possibility of utilising the dual energy sensor in a 3-D x-ray screening system. This phase of the work culminated in the development of the second experimental machine.

Who Needs 3D When the Universe Is Flat?

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Eriksson, Urban; Linder, Cedric; Airey, John; Redfors, Andreas

2014-01-01

An overlooked feature in astronomy education is the need for students to learn to extrapolate three-dimensionality and the challenges that this may involve. Discerning critical features in the night sky that are embedded in dimensionality is a long-term learning process. Several articles have addressed the usefulness of three-dimensional (3D)…

Ligand-controlled assembly of Cd(II) coordination polymers based on mixed ligands of naphthalene-dicarboxylate and dipyrido[3,2-d:2‧,3‧-f]quinoxaline: From 0D+1D cocrystal, 2D rectangular network (4,4), to 3D PtS-type architecture

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Liu, Guocheng; Chen, Yongqiang; Wang, Xiuli; Chen, Baokuan; Lin, Hongyan

2009-03-01

Three novel Cd(II) coordination polymers, namely, [Cd(Dpq)(1,8-NDC)(H 2O) 2][Cd(Dpq)(1,8-NDC)]·2H 2O ( 1), [Cd(Dpq)(1,4-NDC)(H 2O)] ( 2), and [Cd(Dpq)(2,6-NDC)] ( 3) have been obtained from hydrothermal reactions of cadmium(II) nitrate with the mixed ligands dipyrido [3,2-d:2',3'-f]quinoxaline (Dpq) and three structurally related naphthalene-dicarboxylate ligands [1,8-naphthalene-dicarboxylic acid (1,8-H 2NDC), 1,4-naphthalene-dicarboxylic acid (1,4-H 2NDC), and 2,6-naphthalene-dicarboxylic acid (2,6-H 2NDC)]. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis reveals that the three polymers exhibit novel structures due to different naphthalene-dicarboxylic acid. Compound 1 is a novel cocrystal of left- and right-handed helical chains and binuclear complexes and ultimately packed into a 3D supramolecular structure through hydrogen bonds and π- π stacking interactions. Compound 2 shows a 2D rectangular network (4,4) bridged by 1,4-NDC with two kinds of coordination modes and ultimately packed into a 3D supramolecular structure through inter-layer π- π stacking interactions. Compound 3 is a new 3D coordination polymer with distorted PtS-type network. In addition, the title compounds exhibit blue/green emission in solid state at room temperature.

The R.I. Pimenov unified gravitation and electromagnetism field theory as semi-Riemannian geometry

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Gromov, N. A., E-mail: gromov@dm.komisc.r

2009-05-15

More than forty years ago R.I. Pimenov introduced a new geometry-semi-Riemannian one-as a set of geometrical objects consistent with a fibering pr: M{sub n} {yields} M{sub m}. He suggested the heuristic principle according to which the physically different quantities (meter, second, Coulomb, etc.) are geometrically modelled as space coordinates that are not superposed by automorphisms. As there is only one type of coordinates in Riemannian geometry and only three types of coordinates in pseudo-Riemannian one, a multiple-fibered semi-Riemannian geometry is the most appropriate one for the treatment of more than three different physical quantities as unified geometrical field theory. Semi-Euclideanmore » geometry {sup 3}R{sub 5}{sup 4} with 1-dimensional fiber x{sup 5} and 4-dimensional Minkowski space-time as a base is naturally interpreted as classical electrodynamics. Semi-Riemannian geometry {sup 3}V{sub 5}{sup 4} with the general relativity pseudo-Riemannian space-time {sup 3}V{sub 4}, and 1-dimensional fiber x{sup 5}, responsible for the electromagnetism, provides the unified field theory of gravitation and electromagnetism. Unlike Kaluza-Klein theories, where the fifth coordinate appears in nondegenerate Riemannian or pseudo-Riemannian geometry, the theory based on semi-Riemannian geometry is free from defects of the former. In particular, scalar field does not arise.« less

Distinct structural transitions of chromatin topological domains correlate with coordinated hormone-induced gene regulation

PubMed Central

Le Dily, François; Baù, Davide; Pohl, Andy; Vicent, Guillermo P.; Serra, François; Soronellas, Daniel; Castellano, Giancarlo; Wright, Roni H.G.; Ballare, Cecilia; Filion, Guillaume; Marti-Renom, Marc A.

2014-01-01

The human genome is segmented into topologically associating domains (TADs), but the role of this conserved organization during transient changes in gene expression is not known. Here we describe the distribution of progestin-induced chromatin modifications and changes in transcriptional activity over TADs in T47D breast cancer cells. Using ChIP-seq (chromatin immunoprecipitation combined with high-throughput sequencing), Hi-C (chromosome capture followed by high-throughput sequencing), and three-dimensional (3D) modeling techniques, we found that the borders of the ∼2000 TADs in these cells are largely maintained after hormone treatment and that up to 20% of the TADs could be considered as discrete regulatory units where the majority of the genes are either transcriptionally activated or repressed in a coordinated fashion. The epigenetic signatures of the TADs are homogeneously modified by hormones in correlation with the transcriptional changes. Hormone-induced changes in gene activity and chromatin remodeling are accompanied by differential structural changes for activated and repressed TADs, as reflected by specific and opposite changes in the strength of intra-TAD interactions within responsive TADs. Indeed, 3D modeling of the Hi-C data suggested that the structure of TADs was modified upon treatment. The differential responses of TADs to progestins and estrogens suggest that TADs could function as “regulons” to enable spatially proximal genes to be coordinately transcribed in response to hormones. PMID:25274727

Tuning the Formations of Metal-Organic Frameworks by Modification of Ratio of Reactant, Acidity of Reaction System, and Use of a Secondary Ligand

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Gao, Q; Xie, YB; Li, JR

2012-01-01

Four porous coordination networks (PCNs), {[Zn3O(H2O)(3)(adc)(3)]center dot 2(C2H6NH2)center dot 2(DMF)center dot 3(H2O)}(n) (PCN-131), Zn-2(DMA)(2)(adc)(2)]center dot 2(DMA)}(n) (PCN-132), {[Zn3O(DMF)(adc)(3)(4,4'-bpy)]center dot 2(C2H6NH2)center dot S}(n) (PCN-131'), and {[Zn(adc)(4,4'-bpy)(0.5)]center dot S}(n) (PCN-132'), have been synthesized by the assembly of anthrancene-9,10-dicarboxylic acid (H(2)adc) with Zn(II) under different reaction conditions, including modifications of reactant ratio, acidity variations, and the use of a secondary ligand. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies reveal that PCN-131, obtained from the dimethylformamide (DMF) solution under acid condition, has a three-dimentional (3D) framework structure with one-dimensional (1D) honeycomb channels. PCN-132 isolated from dimethylacetamide (DMA) solution without adding acid in synthesis is a two-dimensional (2D)more » layer compound. By employing 4,4'-bipyridyl (4,4'-bpy) as a secondary ligand, PCN-131' and PCN-132' were synchronously synthesized as a mixture outcome with more PCN-131' than PCN-132'. In PCN-131', 4,4'-bpy acting as a secondary ligand is arranged inside the honeycomb channel of the 3D PCN-131, resulting in an effective improvement of thermal stability of the network, while in PCN-132', 4,4'-bpy ligands link 2D layers of PCN-132 to form a pillared-layer 3D framework Gas adsorption has been performed for selected materials. The results show that the framework of PCN-131 is thermally unstable after removing the solvent molecules coordinated to their metal sites. While PCN-131' is stable for gas uptake, with an evaluated Langmuir surface area of 199.04 m(2) g(-1), it shows a selective adsorption of CO2 over CH4.« less

Three-dimensional bio-printing.

PubMed

Gu, Qi; Hao, Jie; Lu, YangJie; Wang, Liu; Wallace, Gordon G; Zhou, Qi

2015-05-01

Three-dimensional (3D) printing technology has been widely used in various manufacturing operations including automotive, defence and space industries. 3D printing has the advantages of personalization, flexibility and high resolution, and is therefore becoming increasingly visible in the high-tech fields. Three-dimensional bio-printing technology also holds promise for future use in medical applications. At present 3D bio-printing is mainly used for simulating and reconstructing some hard tissues or for preparing drug-delivery systems in the medical area. The fabrication of 3D structures with living cells and bioactive moieties spatially distributed throughout will be realisable. Fabrication of complex tissues and organs is still at the exploratory stage. This review summarize the development of 3D bio-printing and its potential in medical applications, as well as discussing the current challenges faced by 3D bio-printing.

A Method of Three-Dimensional Recording of Mandibular Movement Based on Two-Dimensional Image Feature Extraction

PubMed Central

Li, Zhongke; Yang, Huifang; Lü, Peijun; Wang, Yong; Sun, Yuchun

2015-01-01

Background and Objective To develop a real-time recording system based on computer binocular vision and two-dimensional image feature extraction to accurately record mandibular movement in three dimensions. Methods A computer-based binocular vision device with two digital cameras was used in conjunction with a fixed head retention bracket to track occlusal movement. Software was developed for extracting target spatial coordinates in real time based on two-dimensional image feature recognition. A plaster model of a subject’s upper and lower dentition were made using conventional methods. A mandibular occlusal splint was made on the plaster model, and then the occlusal surface was removed. Temporal denture base resin was used to make a 3-cm handle extending outside the mouth connecting the anterior labial surface of the occlusal splint with a detection target with intersecting lines designed for spatial coordinate extraction. The subject's head was firmly fixed in place, and the occlusal splint was fully seated on the mandibular dentition. The subject was then asked to make various mouth movements while the mandibular movement target locus point set was recorded. Comparisons between the coordinate values and the actual values of the 30 intersections on the detection target were then analyzed using paired t-tests. Results The three-dimensional trajectory curve shapes of the mandibular movements were consistent with the respective subject movements. Mean XYZ coordinate values and paired t-test results were as follows: X axis: -0.0037 ± 0.02953, P = 0.502; Y axis: 0.0037 ± 0.05242, P = 0.704; and Z axis: 0.0007 ± 0.06040, P = 0.952. The t-test result showed that the coordinate values of the 30 cross points were considered statistically no significant. (P<0.05) Conclusions Use of a real-time recording system of three-dimensional mandibular movement based on computer binocular vision and two-dimensional image feature recognition technology produced a recording accuracy of approximately ± 0.1 mm, and is therefore suitable for clinical application. Certainly, further research is necessary to confirm the clinical applications of the method. PMID:26375800

Human body motion capture from multi-image video sequences

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

D'Apuzzo, Nicola

2003-01-01

In this paper is presented a method to capture the motion of the human body from multi image video sequences without using markers. The process is composed of five steps: acquisition of video sequences, calibration of the system, surface measurement of the human body for each frame, 3-D surface tracking and tracking of key points. The image acquisition system is currently composed of three synchronized progressive scan CCD cameras and a frame grabber which acquires a sequence of triplet images. Self calibration methods are applied to gain exterior orientation of the cameras, the parameters of internal orientation and the parameters modeling the lens distortion. From the video sequences, two kinds of 3-D information are extracted: a three-dimensional surface measurement of the visible parts of the body for each triplet and 3-D trajectories of points on the body. The approach for surface measurement is based on multi-image matching, using the adaptive least squares method. A full automatic matching process determines a dense set of corresponding points in the triplets. The 3-D coordinates of the matched points are then computed by forward ray intersection using the orientation and calibration data of the cameras. The tracking process is also based on least squares matching techniques. Its basic idea is to track triplets of corresponding points in the three images through the sequence and compute their 3-D trajectories. The spatial correspondences between the three images at the same time and the temporal correspondences between subsequent frames are determined with a least squares matching algorithm. The results of the tracking process are the coordinates of a point in the three images through the sequence, thus the 3-D trajectory is determined by computing the 3-D coordinates of the point at each time step by forward ray intersection. Velocities and accelerations are also computed. The advantage of this tracking process is twofold: it can track natural points, without using markers; and it can track local surfaces on the human body. In the last case, the tracking process is applied to all the points matched in the region of interest. The result can be seen as a vector field of trajectories (position, velocity and acceleration). The last step of the process is the definition of selected key points of the human body. A key point is a 3-D region defined in the vector field of trajectories, whose size can vary and whose position is defined by its center of gravity. The key points are tracked in a simple way: the position at the next time step is established by the mean value of the displacement of all the trajectories inside its region. The tracked key points lead to a final result comparable to the conventional motion capture systems: 3-D trajectories of key points which can be afterwards analyzed and used for animation or medical purposes.

Cd(II) complexes with different nuclearity and dimensionality based on 3-hydrazino-4-amino-1,2,4-triazole

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Xu, Cai-Xia; Zhang, Jian-Guo, E-mail: zjgbit@bit.edu.cn; Yin, Xin

2015-03-15

A series of zero- to two-dimensional Cd(II) coordination compounds have been synthesized by the reaction of Cd(II) salts and 3-hydrazino-4-amino-1,2,4-triazole di-hydrochloride (HATr·2HCl). [CdCl{sub 2}(HATr){sub 2}] (1) and [Cd{sub 2}Cl{sub 4}(HATr){sub 2}(H{sub 2}O){sub 2}] (2) have discrete mononuclear and binuclear structures, respectively. [Cd(HATr){sub 2}(ClO{sub 4}){sub 2}]{sub n} (3) presents polymeric 1-D chain and [Cd{sub 2}(NO{sub 3}){sub 2}Cl{sub 2}(HATr){sub 2}]{sub n} (4) shows 2-D frameworks. All Cd(II) ions exhibit distorted octahedral configurations in 1–3, whilst both hexa and heptacoordinated Cd(II) are formed in 4. The HATr ligands adopt chelating coordinated mode in 1, while tri-dentate bridging–chelating mode in 2–4. The chloride ionmore » is a mono-coordinated ligand in 1 and 2, but it bridges two adjacent metal ions in 4. Furthermore, thermal behaviors have been investigated and the results reveal that all complexes have good thermal stability. The impact sensitivity test indicates that complex 3 is sensitive to impact stimuli. - Graphical abstract: Four Cd(II) complexes based on 3-hydrazino-4-amino-1,2,4-triazole ligands exhibit diverse structures from mononuclear to 2D networks. - Highlights: • Cd(II) complexes containing 3-hydrazino-4-amino-1,2,4-triazole ligands. • Mononuclear, binuclear, 1-D and 2-D structures. • Good thermal stability. • Thermal decomposition kinetics.« less

A demonstration of adjoint methods for multi-dimensional remote sensing of the atmosphere and surface

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Martin, William G. K.; Hasekamp, Otto P.

2018-01-01

In previous work, we derived the adjoint method as a computationally efficient path to three-dimensional (3D) retrievals of clouds and aerosols. In this paper we will demonstrate the use of adjoint methods for retrieving two-dimensional (2D) fields of cloud extinction. The demonstration uses a new 2D radiative transfer solver (FSDOM). This radiation code was augmented with adjoint methods to allow efficient derivative calculations needed to retrieve cloud and surface properties from multi-angle reflectance measurements. The code was then used in three synthetic retrieval studies. Our retrieval algorithm adjusts the cloud extinction field and surface albedo to minimize the measurement misfit function with a gradient-based, quasi-Newton approach. At each step we compute the value of the misfit function and its gradient with two calls to the solver FSDOM. First we solve the forward radiative transfer equation to compute the residual misfit with measurements, and second we solve the adjoint radiative transfer equation to compute the gradient of the misfit function with respect to all unknowns. The synthetic retrieval studies verify that adjoint methods are scalable to retrieval problems with many measurements and unknowns. We can retrieve the vertically-integrated optical depth of moderately thick clouds as a function of the horizontal coordinate. It is also possible to retrieve the vertical profile of clouds that are separated by clear regions. The vertical profile retrievals improve for smaller cloud fractions. This leads to the conclusion that cloud edges actually increase the amount of information that is available for retrieving the vertical profile of clouds. However, to exploit this information one must retrieve the horizontally heterogeneous cloud properties with a 2D (or 3D) model. This prototype shows that adjoint methods can efficiently compute the gradient of the misfit function. This work paves the way for the application of similar methods to 3D remote sensing problems.

An FPGA-Based Real-Time Maximum Likelihood 3D Position Estimation for a Continuous Crystal PET Detector

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, Yonggang; Xiao, Yong; Cheng, Xinyi; Li, Deng; Wang, Liwei

2016-02-01

For the continuous crystal-based positron emission tomography (PET) detector built in our lab, a maximum likelihood algorithm adapted for implementation on a field programmable gate array (FPGA) is proposed to estimate the three-dimensional (3D) coordinate of interaction position with the single-end detected scintillation light response. The row-sum and column-sum readout scheme organizes the 64 channels of photomultiplier (PMT) into eight row signals and eight column signals to be readout for X- and Y-coordinates estimation independently. By the reference events irradiated in a known oblique angle, the probability density function (PDF) for each depth-of-interaction (DOI) segment is generated, by which the reference events in perpendicular irradiation are assigned to DOI segments for generating the PDFs for X and Y estimation in each DOI layer. Evaluated by the experimental data, the algorithm achieves an average X resolution of 1.69 mm along the central X-axis, and DOI resolution of 3.70 mm over the whole thickness (0-10 mm) of crystal. The performance improvements from 2D estimation to the 3D algorithm are also presented. Benefiting from abundant resources of FPGA and a hierarchical storage arrangement, the whole algorithm can be implemented into a middle-scale FPGA. By a parallel structure in pipelines, the 3D position estimator on the FPGA can achieve a processing throughput of 15 M events/s, which is sufficient for the requirement of real-time PET imaging.

Three-dimensional scene reconstruction from a two-dimensional image

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Parkins, Franz; Jacobs, Eddie

2017-05-01

We propose and simulate a method of reconstructing a three-dimensional scene from a two-dimensional image for developing and augmenting world models for autonomous navigation. This is an extension of the Perspective-n-Point (PnP) method which uses a sampling of the 3D scene, 2D image point parings, and Random Sampling Consensus (RANSAC) to infer the pose of the object and produce a 3D mesh of the original scene. Using object recognition and segmentation, we simulate the implementation on a scene of 3D objects with an eye to implementation on embeddable hardware. The final solution will be deployed on the NVIDIA Tegra platform.

[H{sub 2}en]{sub 2}{l_brace}La{sub 2}M(SO{sub 4}){sub 6}(H{sub 2}O){sub 2}{r_brace} (M=Co, Ni): First organically templated 3d-4f mixed metal sulfates

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Yuan Yanping; Wang Ruiyao; Kong Deyuan

2005-06-15

The first organically templated 3d-4f mixed metal sulfates, [H{sub 2}en]{sub 2}{l_brace}La{sub 2}M(SO{sub 4}){sub 6}(H{sub 2}O){sub 2}{r_brace} (M=Co 1, Ni 2) have been synthesized and structurally determined from non-merohedrally twinned crystals. The two compounds are isostructural and their structures feature a three-dimensional anionic network formed by the lanthanum(III) and nickel(II) ions bridged by sulfate anions. The La(III) ions in both compounds are 10-coordinated by four sulfate anions in bidentate chelating fashion, and two sulfate anions in a unidentate fashion. The transition metal(II) ion is octahedrally coordinated by six oxygens from four sulfate anions and two aqua ligands. The doubly protonated enthylenediaminemore » cations are located at the tunnels formed by 8-membered rings (four La and four sulfate anions)« less

Three-dimensional stochastic modeling of radiation belts in adiabatic invariant coordinates

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zheng, Liheng; Chan, Anthony A.; Albert, Jay M.; Elkington, Scot R.; Koller, Josef; Horne, Richard B.; Glauert, Sarah A.; Meredith, Nigel P.

2014-09-01

A 3-D model for solving the radiation belt diffusion equation in adiabatic invariant coordinates has been developed and tested. The model, named Radbelt Electron Model, obtains a probabilistic solution by solving a set of Itô stochastic differential equations that are mathematically equivalent to the diffusion equation. This method is capable of solving diffusion equations with a full 3-D diffusion tensor, including the radial-local cross diffusion components. The correct form of the boundary condition at equatorial pitch angle α0=90° is also derived. The model is applied to a simulation of the October 2002 storm event. At α0 near 90°, our results are quantitatively consistent with GPS observations of phase space density (PSD) increases, suggesting dominance of radial diffusion; at smaller α0, the observed PSD increases are overestimated by the model, possibly due to the α0-independent radial diffusion coefficients, or to insufficient electron loss in the model, or both. Statistical analysis of the stochastic processes provides further insights into the diffusion processes, showing distinctive electron source distributions with and without local acceleration.

AdS3 to dS3 transition in the near horizon of asymptotically de Sitter solutions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sadeghian, S.; Vahidinia, M. H.

2017-08-01

We consider two solutions of Einstein-Λ theory which admit the extremal vanishing horizon (EVH) limit, odd-dimensional multispinning Kerr black hole (in the presence of cosmological constant) and cosmological soliton. We show that the near horizon EVH geometry of Kerr has a three-dimensional maximally symmetric subspace whose curvature depends on rotational parameters and the cosmological constant. In the Kerr-dS case, this subspace interpolates between AdS3 , three-dimensional flat and dS3 by varying rotational parameters, while the near horizon of the EVH cosmological soliton always has a dS3 . The feature of the EVH cosmological soliton is that it is regular everywhere on the horizon. In the near EVH case, these three-dimensional parts turn into the corresponding locally maximally symmetric spacetimes with a horizon: Kerr-dS3 , flat space cosmology or BTZ black hole. We show that their thermodynamics match with the thermodynamics of the original near EVH black holes. We also briefly discuss the holographic two-dimensional CFT dual to the near horizon of EVH solutions.

Three-Dimensional (3D) Printers in Libraries: Perspective and Preliminary Safety Analysis

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Bharti, Neelam; Singh, Shailendra

2017-01-01

As an emerging technology, three-dimensional (3D) printing has gained much attention as a rapid prototyping and small-scale manufacturing technology around the world. In the changing scenario of library inclusion, Makerspaces are becoming a part of most public and academic libraries, and 3D printing is one of the technologies included in…

Three-Dimensional Interpretation of Sculptural Heritage with Digital and Tangible 3D Printed Replicas

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Saorin, José Luis; Carbonell-Carrera, Carlos; Cantero, Jorge de la Torre; Meier, Cecile; Aleman, Drago Diaz

2017-01-01

Spatial interpretation features as a skill to acquire in the educational curricula. The visualization and interpretation of three-dimensional objects in tactile devices and the possibility of digital manufacturing with 3D printers, offers an opportunity to include replicas of sculptures in teaching and, thus, facilitate the 3D interpretation of…

The accuracy of three-dimensional fused deposition modeling (FDM) compared with three-dimensional CT-Scans on the measurement of the mandibular ramus vertical length, gonion-menton length, and gonial angle

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Savitri, I. T.; Badri, C.; Sulistyani, L. D.

2017-08-01

Presurgical treatment planning plays an important role in the reconstruction and correction of defects in the craniomaxillofacial region. The advance of solid freeform fabrication techniques has significantly improved the process of preparing a biomodel using computer-aided design and data from medical imaging. Many factors are implicated in the accuracy of the 3D model. To determine the accuracy of three-dimensional fused deposition modeling (FDM) models compared with three-dimensional CT scans in the measurement of the mandibular ramus vertical length, gonion-menton length, and gonial angle. Eight 3D models were produced from the CT scan data (DICOM file) of eight patients at the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Indonesia, Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital. Three measurements were done three times by two examiners. The measurements of the 3D CT scans were made using OsiriX software, while the measurements of the 3D models were made using a digital caliper and goniometry. The measurement results were then compared. There is no significant difference between the measurements of the mandibular ramus vertical length, gonion-menton length, and gonial angle using 3D CT scans and FDM 3D models. FDM 3D models are considered accurate and are acceptable for clinical applications in dental and craniomaxillofacial surgery.

Poly[tetra­aqua-μ3-benzene-1,2-di­carboxyl­ato-μ3-bromido-penta-μ2-bromido-octa-μ3-isonicotinato-hepta­copper(I)trilanthanum(III)

PubMed Central

Wang, Guo-Ming; Li, Zeng-Xin; Xue, Shu-Yun; Liu, Hui-Luan

2009-01-01

A new lanthanum(III)–copper(I) heterometallic coordination polymer, [Cu7La3Br6(C6H4NO2)8(C8H4O4)(H2O)4]n, has been prepared by a hydro­thermal method. Of the three La atoms in the asymmetric unit, two are eight-coordinate with bicapped trigonal–prismatic configurations; the third is nine-coordinated and has a tricapped trigonal–prismatic coordination geometry. Of the seven Cu atoms, two are two-coordinate with CuBrN and CuN2 ligand sets, three have trigonal configurations, viz. CuBrN2, CuBr2N and CuBr3, while the remaining two adopt distorted tetra­hedral CuBr3N geometries. In the crystal structure, adjacent La centers are linked by isonicotinate (IN−) and benzene-1,2-dicarboxyl­ate ligands to form a two-dimensional La–carboxyl­ate layer in the ab plane. These layers are further inter­connected with each other by bridging [Cu(IN)2] motifs, leading to an unusual three-dimensional heterometallic Cu–halide–lanthanide–organic framework, with the inorganic [Cu6Br6]n chains located in the resulting channels. Two Cu atoms are disordered over two positions, both with site occupancy factors of 0.80 and 0.20. O—H⋯O hydrogen bonding between water molecules and carboxylate O atoms helps to consolidate the crystal packing. PMID:21583784

Room temperature synthesis of a Zn(II) metal-organic coordination polymer for dye removal

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Abbasi, Alireza, E-mail: aabbasi@khayam.ut.ac.ir; Gharib, Maniya; Najafi, Mahnaz

2016-03-15

A new one-dimensional (1D) coordination polymer, [Zn(4,4′-bpy)(H{sub 2}O){sub 4}](ADC)·4H{sub 2}O (1) (4,4′-bpy=4,4′-bipyridine and H{sub 2}ADC=acetylenedicarboxylic acid), was synthesized at room temperature. The crystal structure of the coordination polymer was determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Compound 1 was also characterized by FT-IR, powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The catalytic activity of 1 was evaluated in the color removal of Bismarck brown as a representative of dye pollutant in water under mild conditions. Coordination polymer 1 exhibited good catalytic activity and stability in the decolorization of Bismarck brown and could be easily recovered and reused for at leastmore » three cycles. - Graphical abstract: A new 1D coordination polymer as catalyst for the degradation of Bismarck brown aqueous solution. - Highlights: • A 1D coordination polymer has been synthesized at room temperature. • The prepared compound was utilized for color removal of Bismarck brown dye. • Good catalytic activity and stability in the dye decolorization has been found.« less

New Insights into the Folding of a β-Sheet Miniprotein in a Reduced Space of Collective Hydrogen Bond Variables: Application to a Hydrodynamic Analysis of the Folding Flow

PubMed Central

Kalgin, Igor V.; Caflisch, Amedeo; Chekmarev, Sergei F.; Karplus, Martin

2013-01-01

A new analysis of the 20 μs equilibrium folding/unfolding molecular dynamics simulations of the three-stranded antiparallel β-sheet miniprotein (beta3s) in implicit solvent is presented. The conformation space is reduced in dimensionality by introduction of linear combinations of hydrogen bond distances as the collective variables making use of a specially adapted Principal Component Analysis (PCA); i.e., to make structured conformations more pronounced, only the formed bonds are included in determining the principal components. It is shown that a three-dimensional (3D) subspace gives a meaningful representation of the folding behavior. The first component, to which eight native hydrogen bonds make the major contribution (four in each beta hairpin), is found to play the role of the reaction coordinate for the overall folding process, while the second and third components distinguish the structured conformations. The representative points of the trajectory in the 3D space are grouped into conformational clusters that correspond to locally stable conformations of beta3s identified in earlier work. A simplified kinetic network based on the three components is constructed and it is complemented by a hydrodynamic analysis. The latter, making use of “passive tracers” in 3D space, indicates that the folding flow is much more complex than suggested by the kinetic network. A 2D representation of streamlines shows there are vortices which correspond to repeated local rearrangement, not only around minima of the free energy surface, but also in flat regions between minima. The vortices revealed by the hydrodynamic analysis are apparently not evident in folding pathways generated by transition-path sampling. Making use of the fact that the values of the collective hydrogen bond variables are linearly related to the Cartesian coordinate space, the RMSD between clusters is determined. Interestingly, the transition rates show an approximate exponential correlation with distance in the hydrogen bond subspace. Comparison with the many published studies shows good agreement with the present analysis for the parts that can be compared, supporting the robust character of our understanding of this “hydrogen atom” of protein folding. PMID:23621790

The application of vector concepts on two skew lines

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Alghadari, F.; Turmudi; Herman, T.

2018-01-01

The purpose of this study is knowing how to apply vector concepts on two skew lines in three-dimensional (3D) coordinate and its utilization. Several mathematical concepts have a related function for the other, but the related between the concept of vector and 3D have not applied in learning classroom. In fact, there are studies show that female students have difficulties in learning of 3D than male. It is because of personal spatial intelligence. The relevance of vector concepts creates both learning achievement and mathematical ability of male and female students enables to be balanced. The distance like on a cube, cuboid, or pyramid whose are drawn on the rectangular coordinates of a point in space. Two coordinate points of the lines can be created a vector. The vector of two skew lines has the shortest distance and the angle. Calculating of the shortest distance is started to create two vectors as a representation of line by vector position concept, next to determining a norm-vector of two vector which was obtained by cross-product, and then to create a vector from two combination of pair-points which was passed by two skew line, the shortest distance is scalar orthogonal projection of norm-vector on a vector which is a combination of pair-points. While calculating the angle are used two vectors as a representation of line to dot-product, and the inverse of cosine is yield. The utilization of its application on mathematics learning and orthographic projection method.

Novel bimetallic thiocyanate-bridged Cu(II)-Hg(II) compounds-synthesis, X-Ray studies and magnetic properties

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Machura, B., E-mail: basia@ich.us.edu.pl; Switlicka, A.; Zwolinski, P.

2013-01-15

Seven novel heterobimetallic Cu/Hg polymers based on thiocyanate bridges have been synthesised and characterised by means of IR, EPR, magnetic measurements and single crystal X-Ray. Three of them, [Cu(pzH){sub 4}Hg(SCN){sub 4}]{sub n} (1) [Cu(indH){sub 4}Hg(SCN){sub 4}]{sub n} (2) and [Cu(ampy){sub 2}Hg(SCN){sub 4}]{sub n} (3), have one-dimensional coordination structure. Two compounds [Cu(pzH){sub 2}Hg(SCN){sub 4}]{sub n} (4) and [Cu(abzimH)Hg(SCN){sub 4}]{sub n} (5) form two-dimensional nets, whereas the complexes [Cu(pyCN){sub 2}Hg(SCN){sub 4}]{sub n} (6) and [Cu(pyCH(OH)(OMe)){sub 2}Hg(SCN){sub 4}]{sub n} (7) are three-dimensional coordination polymers. The chains of 1 are connected by the intermolecular N-H Bullet Bullet Bullet N hydrogen bonds to the threemore » dimensional net. In 2 the N-H Bullet Bullet Bullet S hydrogen bonds link the polymeric chains to the two dimensional layer extending along crystallographic (0 0 1) plane. The polymeric chains of compound 3 are joined by the intermolecular N-H Bullet Bullet Bullet N and N-H Bullet Bullet Bullet S hydrogen bonds to the three dimensional net. The polymeric layers of 4 are connected by the intermolecular N-H Bullet Bullet Bullet N hydrogen bonds to the three dimensional net. - Graphical abstract: Novel bimetallic thiocyanate-bridged Cu(II)-Hg(II) compound-synthesis,X-Ray studies and magnetic properties. Highlights: Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Novel heterobimetallic Cu/Hg coordination polymers were synthesised. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer The multidimensional structures have been proved by single X-ray analysIs. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer A variation in the crystalline architectures was observed depending on auxiliary ligands. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Magnetic measurements indicate weak exchange interaction between Cu(II) in the crystal lattices below 10 K.« less

SAGE - MULTIDIMENSIONAL SELF-ADAPTIVE GRID CODE

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Davies, C. B.

1994-01-01

SAGE, Self Adaptive Grid codE, is a flexible tool for adapting and restructuring both 2D and 3D grids. Solution-adaptive grid methods are useful tools for efficient and accurate flow predictions. In supersonic and hypersonic flows, strong gradient regions such as shocks, contact discontinuities, shear layers, etc., require careful distribution of grid points to minimize grid error and produce accurate flow-field predictions. SAGE helps the user obtain more accurate solutions by intelligently redistributing (i.e. adapting) the original grid points based on an initial or interim flow-field solution. The user then computes a new solution using the adapted grid as input to the flow solver. The adaptive-grid methodology poses the problem in an algebraic, unidirectional manner for multi-dimensional adaptations. The procedure is analogous to applying tension and torsion spring forces proportional to the local flow gradient at every grid point and finding the equilibrium position of the resulting system of grid points. The multi-dimensional problem of grid adaption is split into a series of one-dimensional problems along the computational coordinate lines. The reduced one dimensional problem then requires a tridiagonal solver to find the location of grid points along a coordinate line. Multi-directional adaption is achieved by the sequential application of the method in each coordinate direction. The tension forces direct the redistribution of points to the strong gradient region. To maintain smoothness and a measure of orthogonality of grid lines, torsional forces are introduced that relate information between the family of lines adjacent to one another. The smoothness and orthogonality constraints are direction-dependent, since they relate only the coordinate lines that are being adapted to the neighboring lines that have already been adapted. Therefore the solutions are non-unique and depend on the order and direction of adaption. Non-uniqueness of the adapted grid is acceptable since it makes possible an overall and local error reduction through grid redistribution. SAGE includes the ability to modify the adaption techniques in boundary regions, which substantially improves the flexibility of the adaptive scheme. The vectorial approach used in the analysis also provides flexibility. The user has complete choice of adaption direction and order of sequential adaptions without concern for the computational data structure. Multiple passes are available with no restraint on stepping directions; for each adaptive pass the user can choose a completely new set of adaptive parameters. This facility, combined with the capability of edge boundary control, enables the code to individually adapt multi-dimensional multiple grids. Zonal grids can be adapted while maintaining continuity along the common boundaries. For patched grids, the multiple-pass capability enables complete adaption. SAGE is written in FORTRAN 77 and is intended to be machine independent; however, it requires a FORTRAN compiler which supports NAMELIST input. It has been successfully implemented on Sun series computers, SGI IRIS's, DEC MicroVAX computers, HP series computers, the Cray YMP, and IBM PC compatibles. Source code is provided, but no sample input and output files are provided. The code reads three datafiles: one that contains the initial grid coordinates (x,y,z), one that contains corresponding flow-field variables, and one that contains the user control parameters. It is assumed that the first two datasets are formatted as defined in the plotting software package PLOT3D. Several machine versions of PLOT3D are available from COSMIC. The amount of main memory is dependent on the size of the matrix. The standard distribution medium for SAGE is a 5.25 inch 360K MS-DOS format diskette. It is also available on a .25 inch streaming magnetic tape cartridge in UNIX tar format or on a 9-track 1600 BPI ASCII CARD IMAGE format magnetic tape. SAGE was developed in 1989, first released as a 2D version in 1991 and updated to 3D in 1993.

Applications of an exponential finite difference technique

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Handschuh, R.F.; Keith, T.G. Jr.

1988-07-01

An exponential finite difference scheme first presented by Bhattacharya for one dimensional unsteady heat conduction problems in Cartesian coordinates was extended. The finite difference algorithm developed was used to solve the unsteady diffusion equation in one dimensional cylindrical coordinates and was applied to two and three dimensional conduction problems in Cartesian coordinates. Heat conduction involving variable thermal conductivity was also investigated. The method was used to solve nonlinear partial differential equations in one and two dimensional Cartesian coordinates. Predicted results are compared to exact solutions where available or to results obtained by other numerical methods.

Implicit multiplane 3D camera calibration matrices for stereo image processing

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

McKee, James W.; Burgett, Sherrie J.

1997-12-01

By implicit camera calibration, we mean the process of calibrating cameras without explicitly computing their physical parameters. We introduce a new implicit model based on a generalized mapping between an image plane and multiple, parallel calibration planes (usually between four to seven planes). This paper presents a method of computing a relationship between a point on a three-dimensional (3D) object and its corresponding two-dimensional (2D) coordinate in a camera image. This relationship is expanded to form a mapping of points in 3D space to points in image (camera) space and visa versa that requires only matrix multiplication operations. This paper presents the rationale behind the selection of the forms of four matrices and the algorithms to calculate the parameters for the matrices. Two of the matrices are used to map 3D points in object space to 2D points on the CCD camera image plane. The other two matrices are used to map 2D points on the image plane to points on user defined planes in 3D object space. The mappings include compensation for lens distortion and measurement errors. The number of parameters used can be increased, in a straight forward fashion, to calculate and use as many parameters as needed to obtain a user desired accuracy. Previous methods of camera calibration use a fixed number of parameters which can limit the obtainable accuracy and most require the solution of nonlinear equations. The procedure presented can be used to calibrate a single camera to make 2D measurements or calibrate stereo cameras to make 3D measurements. Positional accuracy of better than 3 parts in 10,000 have been achieved. The algorithms in this paper were developed and are implemented in MATLABR (registered trademark of The Math Works, Inc.). We have developed a system to analyze the path of optical fiber during high speed payout (unwinding) of optical fiber off a bobbin. This requires recording and analyzing high speed (5 microsecond exposure time), synchronous, stereo images of the optical fiber during payout. A 3D equation for the fiber at an instant in time is calculated from the corresponding pair of stereo images as follows. In each image, about 20 points along the 2D projection of the fiber are located. Each of these 'fiber points' in one image is mapped to its projection line in 3D space. Each projection line is mapped into another line in the second image. The intersection of each mapped projection line and a curve fitted to the fiber points of the second image (fiber projection in second image) is calculated. Each intersection point is mapped back to the 3D space. A 3D fiber coordinate is formed from the intersection, in 3D space, of a mapped intersection point with its corresponding projection line. The 3D equation for the fiber is computed from this ordered list of 3D coordinates. This process requires a method of accurately mapping 2D (image space) to 3D (object space) and visa versa.3173

Exploring 3D non-interpenetrated metal-organic framework with malonate-bridged Co(II) coordination polymer: structural elucidation and theoretical study

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hossain, Anowar; Mandal, Tripti; Mitra, Monojit; Manna, Prankrishna; Bauzá, Antonio; Frontera, Antonio; Seth, Saikat Kumar; Mukhopadhyay, Subrata

2017-12-01

A Co(II)-based coordination polymer with tetranuclear cobalt(II)-malonate cluster has been easily generated by aqueous medium self-assembly from Cobalt(II) chloride hexahydrate and malonic acid. The structure exhibits a non-interpenetrating, highly undulating two-dimensional (2D) bi-layer network with (4,4) topology. The crystal structure is composed of infinite interdigitated 2D metal-organic bi-layers which extended to an intricate 3D framework through the interbilayer hydrogen bonds. We have studied energetically by means of Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations the H-bonding interactions that connect the 2D metal-organic bi-layers. The finite theoretical models have been used to compute conventional O‒H•••O and unconventional C‒H•••O interactions which plays a key role to build 3D architecture.

Echocardiography Comparison Between Two and Three Dimensional Echocardiograms

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

2003-01-01

Echocardiography uses sound waves to image the heart and other organs. Developing a compact version of the latest technology improved the ease of monitoring crew member health, a critical task during long space flights. NASA researchers plan to adapt the three-dimensional (3-D) echocardiogram for space flight. The two-dimensional (2-D) echocardiogram utilized in orbit on the International Space Station (ISS) was effective, but difficult to use with precision. A heart image from a 2-D echocardiogram (left) is of a better quality than that from a 3-D device (right), but the 3-D imaging procedure is more user-friendly.

Virtual three-dimensional blackboard: three-dimensional finger tracking with a single camera

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wu, Andrew; Hassan-Shafique, Khurram; Shah, Mubarak; da Vitoria Lobo, N.

2004-01-01

We present a method for three-dimensional (3D) tracking of a human finger from a monocular sequence of images. To recover the third dimension from the two-dimensional images, we use the fact that the motion of the human arm is highly constrained owing to the dependencies between elbow and forearm and the physical constraints on joint angles. We use these anthropometric constraints to derive a 3D trajectory of a gesticulating arm. The system is fully automated and does not require human intervention. The system presented can be used as a visualization tool, as a user-input interface, or as part of some gesture-analysis system in which 3D information is important.

Three-dimensional macro-structures of two-dimensional nanomaterials.

PubMed

Shehzad, Khurram; Xu, Yang; Gao, Chao; Duan, Xiangfeng

2016-10-21

If two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials are ever to be utilized as components of practical, macroscopic devices on a large scale, there is a complementary need to controllably assemble these 2D building blocks into more sophisticated and hierarchical three-dimensional (3D) architectures. Such a capability is key to design and build complex, functional devices with tailored properties. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the various experimental strategies currently used to fabricate the 3D macro-structures of 2D nanomaterials. Additionally, various approaches for the decoration of the 3D macro-structures with organic molecules, polymers, and inorganic materials are reviewed. Finally, we discuss the applications of 3D macro-structures, especially in the areas of energy, environment, sensing, and electronics, and describe the existing challenges and the outlook for this fast emerging field.

Two-dimensional vocal tracts with three-dimensional behavior in the numerical generation of vowels.

PubMed

Arnela, Marc; Guasch, Oriol

2014-01-01

Two-dimensional (2D) numerical simulations of vocal tract acoustics may provide a good balance between the high quality of three-dimensional (3D) finite element approaches and the low computational cost of one-dimensional (1D) techniques. However, 2D models are usually generated by considering the 2D vocal tract as a midsagittal cut of a 3D version, i.e., using the same radius function, wall impedance, glottal flow, and radiation losses as in 3D, which leads to strong discrepancies in the resulting vocal tract transfer functions. In this work, a four step methodology is proposed to match the behavior of 2D simulations with that of 3D vocal tracts with circular cross-sections. First, the 2D vocal tract profile becomes modified to tune the formant locations. Second, the 2D wall impedance is adjusted to fit the formant bandwidths. Third, the 2D glottal flow gets scaled to recover 3D pressure levels. Fourth and last, the 2D radiation model is tuned to match the 3D model following an optimization process. The procedure is tested for vowels /a/, /i/, and /u/ and the obtained results are compared with those of a full 3D simulation, a conventional 2D approach, and a 1D chain matrix model.

Calculation of three-dimensional compressible laminar and turbulent boundary layers. Calculation of three-dimensional compressible boundary layers on arbitrary wings

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Cebeci, T.; Kaups, K.; Ramsey, J.; Moser, A.

1975-01-01

A very general method for calculating compressible three-dimensional laminar and turbulent boundary layers on arbitrary wings is described. The method utilizes a nonorthogonal coordinate system for the boundary-layer calculations and includes a geometry package that represents the wing analytically. In the calculations all the geometric parameters of the coordinate system are accounted for. The Reynolds shear-stress terms are modeled by an eddy-viscosity formulation developed by Cebeci. The governing equations are solved by a very efficient two-point finite-difference method used earlier by Keller and Cebeci for two-dimensional flows and later by Cebeci for three-dimensional flows.

Three-Dimensional Magnetic Levitation Culture System Simulating White Adipose Tissue.

PubMed

Tseng, Hubert; Daquinag, Alexes C; Souza, Glauco R; Kolonin, Mikhail G

2018-01-01

White adipose tissue (WAT) has attracted interest for tissue engineering and cell-based therapies as an abundant source of adipose stem/stromal cells (ASC). However, technical challenges in WAT cell culture have limited its applications in regenerative medicine. Traditional two-dimensional (2D) cell culture models, which are essentially monolayers of cells on glass or plastic substrates, inadequately represent tissue architecture, biochemical concentration gradients, substrate stiffness, and most importantly for WAT research, cell phenotypic heterogeneity. Physiological cell culture platforms for WAT modeling must recapitulate the native diversity of cell types and their coordination within the organ. For this purpose, we developed a three-dimensional (3D) model using magnetic levitation. Here, we describe our protocol that we successfully employed to build adipose tissue organoids (adipospheres) that preserve the heterogeneity of the constituent cell types in vitro. We demonstrate the capacity of assembling adipospheres from multiple cell types, including ASCs, endohtelial cells, and leukocytes that recreate tissue organization. These adipospheres mimicked WAT organogenesis in that they enabled the formation of vessel-like endothelial structures with lumens and differentiation of unilocular adipocytes. Altogether, magnetic levitation is a cell culture platform that recreates tissue structure, function, and heterogeneity in vitro, and serves as a foundation for high-throughput WAT tissue culture and analysis.

A line-source method for aligning on-board and other pinhole SPECT systems

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Yan, Susu; Bowsher, James; Yin, Fang-Fang

2013-12-15

Purpose: In order to achieve functional and molecular imaging as patients are in position for radiation therapy, a robotic multipinhole SPECT system is being developed. Alignment of the SPECT system—to the linear accelerator (LINAC) coordinate frame and to the coordinate frames of other on-board imaging systems such as cone-beam CT (CBCT)—is essential for target localization and image reconstruction. An alignment method that utilizes line sources and one pinhole projection is proposed and investigated to achieve this goal. Potentially, this method could also be applied to the calibration of the other pinhole SPECT systems.Methods: An alignment model consisting of multiple alignmentmore » parameters was developed which maps line sources in three-dimensional (3D) space to their two-dimensional (2D) projections on the SPECT detector. In a computer-simulation study, 3D coordinates of line-sources were defined in a reference room coordinate frame, such as the LINAC coordinate frame. Corresponding 2D line-source projections were generated by computer simulation that included SPECT blurring and noise effects. The Radon transform was utilized to detect angles (α) and offsets (ρ) of the line-source projections. Alignment parameters were then estimated by a nonlinear least squares method, based on the α and ρ values and the alignment model. Alignment performance was evaluated as a function of number of line sources, Radon transform accuracy, finite line-source width, intrinsic camera resolution, Poisson noise, and acquisition geometry. Experimental evaluations were performed using a physical line-source phantom and a pinhole-collimated gamma camera attached to a robot.Results: In computer-simulation studies, when there was no error in determining angles (α) and offsets (ρ) of the measured projections, six alignment parameters (three translational and three rotational) were estimated perfectly using three line sources. When angles (α) and offsets (ρ) were provided by the Radon transform, estimation accuracy was reduced. The estimation error was associated with rounding errors of Radon transform, finite line-source width, Poisson noise, number of line sources, intrinsic camera resolution, and detector acquisition geometry. Statistically, the estimation accuracy was significantly improved by using four line sources rather than three and by thinner line-source projections (obtained by better intrinsic detector resolution). With five line sources, median errors were 0.2 mm for the detector translations, 0.7 mm for the detector radius of rotation, and less than 0.5° for detector rotation, tilt, and twist. In experimental evaluations, average errors relative to a different, independent registration technique were about 1.8 mm for detector translations, 1.1 mm for the detector radius of rotation (ROR), 0.5° and 0.4° for detector rotation and tilt, respectively, and 1.2° for detector twist.Conclusions: Alignment parameters can be estimated using one pinhole projection of line sources. Alignment errors are largely associated with limited accuracy of the Radon transform in determining angles (α) and offsets (ρ) of the line-source projections. This alignment method may be important for multipinhole SPECT, where relative pinhole alignment may vary during rotation. For pinhole and multipinhole SPECT imaging on-board radiation therapy machines, the method could provide alignment of SPECT coordinates with those of CBCT and the LINAC.« less

A line-source method for aligning on-board and other pinhole SPECT systems

PubMed Central

Yan, Susu; Bowsher, James; Yin, Fang-Fang

2013-01-01

Purpose: In order to achieve functional and molecular imaging as patients are in position for radiation therapy, a robotic multipinhole SPECT system is being developed. Alignment of the SPECT system—to the linear accelerator (LINAC) coordinate frame and to the coordinate frames of other on-board imaging systems such as cone-beam CT (CBCT)—is essential for target localization and image reconstruction. An alignment method that utilizes line sources and one pinhole projection is proposed and investigated to achieve this goal. Potentially, this method could also be applied to the calibration of the other pinhole SPECT systems. Methods: An alignment model consisting of multiple alignment parameters was developed which maps line sources in three-dimensional (3D) space to their two-dimensional (2D) projections on the SPECT detector. In a computer-simulation study, 3D coordinates of line-sources were defined in a reference room coordinate frame, such as the LINAC coordinate frame. Corresponding 2D line-source projections were generated by computer simulation that included SPECT blurring and noise effects. The Radon transform was utilized to detect angles (α) and offsets (ρ) of the line-source projections. Alignment parameters were then estimated by a nonlinear least squares method, based on the α and ρ values and the alignment model. Alignment performance was evaluated as a function of number of line sources, Radon transform accuracy, finite line-source width, intrinsic camera resolution, Poisson noise, and acquisition geometry. Experimental evaluations were performed using a physical line-source phantom and a pinhole-collimated gamma camera attached to a robot. Results: In computer-simulation studies, when there was no error in determining angles (α) and offsets (ρ) of the measured projections, six alignment parameters (three translational and three rotational) were estimated perfectly using three line sources. When angles (α) and offsets (ρ) were provided by the Radon transform, estimation accuracy was reduced. The estimation error was associated with rounding errors of Radon transform, finite line-source width, Poisson noise, number of line sources, intrinsic camera resolution, and detector acquisition geometry. Statistically, the estimation accuracy was significantly improved by using four line sources rather than three and by thinner line-source projections (obtained by better intrinsic detector resolution). With five line sources, median errors were 0.2 mm for the detector translations, 0.7 mm for the detector radius of rotation, and less than 0.5° for detector rotation, tilt, and twist. In experimental evaluations, average errors relative to a different, independent registration technique were about 1.8 mm for detector translations, 1.1 mm for the detector radius of rotation (ROR), 0.5° and 0.4° for detector rotation and tilt, respectively, and 1.2° for detector twist. Conclusions: Alignment parameters can be estimated using one pinhole projection of line sources. Alignment errors are largely associated with limited accuracy of the Radon transform in determining angles (α) and offsets (ρ) of the line-source projections. This alignment method may be important for multipinhole SPECT, where relative pinhole alignment may vary during rotation. For pinhole and multipinhole SPECT imaging on-board radiation therapy machines, the method could provide alignment of SPECT coordinates with those of CBCT and the LINAC. PMID:24320537

A line-source method for aligning on-board and other pinhole SPECT systems.

PubMed

Yan, Susu; Bowsher, James; Yin, Fang-Fang

2013-12-01

In order to achieve functional and molecular imaging as patients are in position for radiation therapy, a robotic multipinhole SPECT system is being developed. Alignment of the SPECT system-to the linear accelerator (LINAC) coordinate frame and to the coordinate frames of other on-board imaging systems such as cone-beam CT (CBCT)-is essential for target localization and image reconstruction. An alignment method that utilizes line sources and one pinhole projection is proposed and investigated to achieve this goal. Potentially, this method could also be applied to the calibration of the other pinhole SPECT systems. An alignment model consisting of multiple alignment parameters was developed which maps line sources in three-dimensional (3D) space to their two-dimensional (2D) projections on the SPECT detector. In a computer-simulation study, 3D coordinates of line-sources were defined in a reference room coordinate frame, such as the LINAC coordinate frame. Corresponding 2D line-source projections were generated by computer simulation that included SPECT blurring and noise effects. The Radon transform was utilized to detect angles (α) and offsets (ρ) of the line-source projections. Alignment parameters were then estimated by a nonlinear least squares method, based on the α and ρ values and the alignment model. Alignment performance was evaluated as a function of number of line sources, Radon transform accuracy, finite line-source width, intrinsic camera resolution, Poisson noise, and acquisition geometry. Experimental evaluations were performed using a physical line-source phantom and a pinhole-collimated gamma camera attached to a robot. In computer-simulation studies, when there was no error in determining angles (α) and offsets (ρ) of the measured projections, six alignment parameters (three translational and three rotational) were estimated perfectly using three line sources. When angles (α) and offsets (ρ) were provided by the Radon transform, estimation accuracy was reduced. The estimation error was associated with rounding errors of Radon transform, finite line-source width, Poisson noise, number of line sources, intrinsic camera resolution, and detector acquisition geometry. Statistically, the estimation accuracy was significantly improved by using four line sources rather than three and by thinner line-source projections (obtained by better intrinsic detector resolution). With five line sources, median errors were 0.2 mm for the detector translations, 0.7 mm for the detector radius of rotation, and less than 0.5° for detector rotation, tilt, and twist. In experimental evaluations, average errors relative to a different, independent registration technique were about 1.8 mm for detector translations, 1.1 mm for the detector radius of rotation (ROR), 0.5° and 0.4° for detector rotation and tilt, respectively, and 1.2° for detector twist. Alignment parameters can be estimated using one pinhole projection of line sources. Alignment errors are largely associated with limited accuracy of the Radon transform in determining angles (α) and offsets (ρ) of the line-source projections. This alignment method may be important for multipinhole SPECT, where relative pinhole alignment may vary during rotation. For pinhole and multipinhole SPECT imaging on-board radiation therapy machines, the method could provide alignment of SPECT coordinates with those of CBCT and the LINAC.

Multigrid methods for flow transition in three-dimensional boundary layers with surface roughness

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Liu, Chaoqun; Liu, Zhining; Mccormick, Steve

1993-01-01

The efficient multilevel adaptive method has been successfully applied to perform direct numerical simulations (DNS) of flow transition in 3-D channels and 3-D boundary layers with 2-D and 3-D isolated and distributed roughness in a curvilinear coordinate system. A fourth-order finite difference technique on stretched and staggered grids, a fully-implicit time marching scheme, a semi-coarsening multigrid method associated with line distributive relaxation scheme, and an improved outflow boundary-condition treatment, which needs only a very short buffer domain to damp all order-one wave reflections, are developed. These approaches make the multigrid DNS code very accurate and efficient. This allows us not only to be able to do spatial DNS for the 3-D channel and flat plate at low computational costs, but also to do spatial DNS for transition in the 3-D boundary layer with 3-D single and multiple roughness elements, which would have extremely high computational costs with conventional methods. Numerical results show good agreement with the linear stability theory, the secondary instability theory, and a number of laboratory experiments. The contribution of isolated and distributed roughness to transition is analyzed.

Photogrammetric measurement to one part in a million

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fraser, Clive S.

1992-03-01

Industrial photogrammetric measurement to accuracies of 1 part in 1,000,000 of the size of the object is discussed. Network design concepts are reviewed, especially with regard both to the relationships between the first- and second-order design phases and to minimization of the influences of uncompensated systematic error. Photogrammetric system aspects are also briefly touched upon. The network optimization process for the measurement of a large compact range reflector is described and results of successive alignment surveys of this structure are summarized. These photogrammetric measurements yielded three dimensional (3D) coordinate accuracies surpassing one part in a million.

Global Ocean Prediction with the HYbrid Coordinate Ocean Model, HYCOM

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chassignet, E.

A broad partnership of institutions is collaborating in developing and demonstrating the performance and application of eddy-resolving, real-time global and Atlantic ocean prediction systems using the the HYbrid Coordinate Ocean Model (HYCOM). These systems will be transitioned for operational use by both the U.S. Navy at the Naval Oceanographic Office (NAVOCEANO), Stennis Space Center, MS, and the Fleet Numerical Meteorology and Oceanography Centre (FNMOC), Monterey, CA, and by NOAA at the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP), Washington, D.C. These systems will run efficiently on a variety of massively parallel computers and will include sophisticated data assimilation techniques for assimilation of satellite altimeter sea surface height and sea surface temperature as well as in situ temperature, salinity, and float displacement. The Partnership addresses the Global Ocean Data Assimilation Experiment (GODAE) goals of three-dimensional (3D) depiction of the ocean state at fine resolution in real-time and provision of boundary conditions for coastal and regional models. An overview of the effort will be presented.

Three-dimensional magnetotelluric inversion in practice—the electrical conductivity structure of the San Andreas Fault in Central California

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tietze, Kristina; Ritter, Oliver

2013-10-01

3-D inversion techniques have become a widely used tool in magnetotelluric (MT) data interpretation. However, with real data sets, many of the controlling factors for the outcome of 3-D inversion are little explored, such as alignment of the coordinate system, handling and influence of data errors and model regularization. Here we present 3-D inversion results of 169 MT sites from the central San Andreas Fault in California. Previous extensive 2-D inversion and 3-D forward modelling of the data set revealed significant along-strike variation of the electrical conductivity structure. 3-D inversion can recover these features but only if the inversion parameters are tuned in accordance with the particularities of the data set. Based on synthetic 3-D data we explore the model space and test the impacts of a wide range of inversion settings. The tests showed that the recovery of a pronounced regional 2-D structure in inversion of the complete impedance tensor depends on the coordinate system. As interdependencies between data components are not considered in standard 3-D MT inversion codes, 2-D subsurface structures can vanish if data are not aligned with the regional strike direction. A priori models and data weighting, that is, how strongly individual components of the impedance tensor and/or vertical magnetic field transfer functions dominate the solution, are crucial controls for the outcome of 3-D inversion. If deviations from a prior model are heavily penalized, regularization is prone to result in erroneous and misleading 3-D inversion models, particularly in the presence of strong conductivity contrasts. A `good' overall rms misfit is often meaningless or misleading as a huge range of 3-D inversion results exist, all with similarly `acceptable' misfits but producing significantly differing images of the conductivity structures. Reliable and meaningful 3-D inversion models can only be recovered if data misfit is assessed systematically in the frequency-space domain.

Lanthanide coordination polymers: Synthesis, diverse structure and luminescence properties

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Song, Xue-Qin, E-mail: songxq@mail.lzjtu.cn; Lei, Yao-Kun; Wang, Xiao-Run

2014-10-15

The new semirigid exo-bidentate ligand incorporating furfurysalicylamide terminal groups, namely, 1,4-bis([(2′-furfurylaminoformyl)phenoxyl]methyl)-2,5-bismethylbenzene (L) was synthesized and used as building blocks for constructing lanthanide coordination polymers with luminescent properties. The series of lanthanide nitrate complexes have been characterized by elemental analysis, IR spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction analysis. The semirigid ligand L, as a bridging ligand, reacts with lanthanide nitrates forming three distinct structure types: chiral noninterpenetrated two-dimensional (2D) honeycomblike (6,3) (hcb, Schläfli symbol 6{sup 3}, vertex symbol 6 6 6) topological network as type I, 1D zigzag chain as type II and 1D trapezoid ladder-like chain as type III. The structural diversitiesmore » indicate that lanthanide contraction effect played significant roles in the structural self-assembled process. The luminescent properties of Eu{sup III}, Tb{sup III} and Dy{sup III} complexes are discussed in detail. Due to the good match between the lowest triplet state of the ligand and the resonant energy level of the lanthanide ion, the lanthanide ions in Eu{sup III}, Tb{sup III} and Dy{sup III} complexes can be efficiently sensitized by the ligand. - Graphical abstract: We present herein six lanthanide coordination polymers of a new semirigid exo-bidentate ligand which not only display diverse structures but also possess strong luminescence properties. - Highlights: • We present lanthanide coordination polymers of a new semirigid exo-bidentate ligand. • The lanthanide coordination polymers exhibit diverse structures. • The luminescent properties of Tb{sup III}, Eu{sup III} and Dy{sup III} complexes are discussed in detail.« less

Full High-definition three-dimensional gynaecological laparoscopy--clinical assessment of a new robot-assisted device.

PubMed

Tuschy, Benjamin; Berlit, Sebastian; Brade, Joachim; Sütterlin, Marc; Hornemann, Amadeus

2014-01-01

To investigate the clinical assessment of a full high-definition (HD) three-dimensional robot-assisted laparoscopic device in gynaecological surgery. This study included 70 women who underwent gynaecological laparoscopic procedures. Demographic parameters, type and duration of surgery and perioperative complications were analyzed. Fifteen surgeons were postoperatively interviewed regarding their assessment of this new system with a standardized questionnaire. The clinical assessment revealed that three-dimensional full-HD visualisation is comfortable and improves spatial orientation and hand-to-eye coordination. The majority of the surgeons stated they would prefer a three-dimensional system to a conventional two-dimensional device and stated that the robotic camera arm led to more relaxed working conditions. Three-dimensional laparoscopy is feasible, comfortable and well-accepted in daily routine. The three-dimensional visualisation improves surgeons' hand-to-eye coordination, intracorporeal suturing and fine dissection. The combination of full-HD three-dimensional visualisation with the robotic camera arm results in very high image quality and stability.

Three-dimensional high-definition neuroendoscopic surgery: a controlled comparative laboratory study with two-dimensional endoscopy and clinical application.

PubMed

Inoue, Daisuke; Yoshimoto, Koji; Uemura, Munenori; Yoshida, Masaki; Ohuchida, Kenoki; Kenmotsu, Hajime; Tomikawa, Morimasa; Sasaki, Tomio; Hashizume, Makoto

2013-11-01

The purpose of this research was to investigate the usefulness of three-dimensional (3D) endoscopy compared with two-dimensional (2D) endoscopy in neuroendoscopic surgeries in a comparative study and to test the clinical applications. Forty-three examinees were divided into three groups according to their endoscopic experience: novice, beginner, or expert. Examinees performed three separate tasks using 3D and 2D endoscopy. A recently developed 3D high-definition (HD) neuroendoscope, 4.7 mm in diameter (Shinko Optical Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) was used. In one of the three tasks, we developed a full-sized skull model of acrylic-based plastic using a 3D printer and a patient's thin slice computed tomography data, and evaluated the execution time and total path length of the tip of the pointer using an optical tracking system. Sixteen patients underwent endoscopic transnasal transsphenoidal pituitary surgery using both 3D and 2D endoscopy. Horizontal motion was evaluated using task 1, and anteroposterior motion was evaluated with task 3. Execution time and total path length in task 3 using the 3D system in both novice and beginner groups were significantly shorter than with the 2D system (p < 0.05), although no significant difference between 2D and 3D systems in task 1 was seen. In both the novice and beginner groups, the 3D system was better for depth perception than horizontal motion. No difference was seen in the expert group in this regard. The 3D HD endoscope was used for the pituitary surgery and was found very useful to identify the spatial relationship of carotid arteries and bony structures. The use of a 3D neuroendoscope improved depth perception and task performance. Our results suggest that 3D endoscopes could shorten the learning curve of young neurosurgeons and play an important role in both general surgery and neurosurgery. Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York.

Three-Dimensional Anatomic Evaluation of the Anterior Cruciate Ligament for Planning Reconstruction

PubMed Central

Hoshino, Yuichi; Kim, Donghwi; Fu, Freddie H.

2012-01-01

Anatomic study related to the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction surgery has been developed in accordance with the progress of imaging technology. Advances in imaging techniques, especially the move from two-dimensional (2D) to three-dimensional (3D) image analysis, substantially contribute to anatomic understanding and its application to advanced ACL reconstruction surgery. This paper introduces previous research about image analysis of the ACL anatomy and its application to ACL reconstruction surgery. Crucial bony landmarks for the accurate placement of the ACL graft can be identified by 3D imaging technique. Additionally, 3D-CT analysis of the ACL insertion site anatomy provides better and more consistent evaluation than conventional “clock-face” reference and roentgenologic quadrant method. Since the human anatomy has a complex three-dimensional structure, further anatomic research using three-dimensional imaging analysis and its clinical application by navigation system or other technologies is warranted for the improvement of the ACL reconstruction. PMID:22567310

Adaptive pixel-to-pixel projection intensity adjustment for measuring a shiny surface using orthogonal color fringe pattern projection

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chen, Chao; Gao, Nan; Wang, Xiangjun; Zhang, Zonghua

2018-05-01

Three-dimensional (3D) shape measurement based on fringe pattern projection techniques has been commonly used in various fields. One of the remaining challenges in fringe pattern projection is that camera sensor saturation may occur if there is a large range of reflectivity variation across the surface that causes measurement errors. To overcome this problem, a novel fringe pattern projection method is proposed to avoid image saturation and maintain high-intensity modulation for measuring shiny surfaces by adaptively adjusting the pixel-to-pixel projection intensity according to the surface reflectivity. First, three sets of orthogonal color fringe patterns and a sequence of uniform gray-level patterns with different gray levels are projected onto a measured surface by a projector. The patterns are deformed with respect to the object surface and captured by a camera from a different viewpoint. Subsequently, the optimal projection intensity at each pixel is determined by fusing different gray levels and transforming the camera pixel coordinate system into the projector pixel coordinate system. Finally, the adapted fringe patterns are created and used for 3D shape measurement. Experimental results on a flat checkerboard and shiny objects demonstrate that the proposed method can measure shiny surfaces with high accuracy.

Three-dimensional compound comparison methods and their application in drug discovery.

PubMed

Shin, Woong-Hee; Zhu, Xiaolei; Bures, Mark Gregory; Kihara, Daisuke

2015-07-16

Virtual screening has been widely used in the drug discovery process. Ligand-based virtual screening (LBVS) methods compare a library of compounds with a known active ligand. Two notable advantages of LBVS methods are that they do not require structural information of a target receptor and that they are faster than structure-based methods. LBVS methods can be classified based on the complexity of ligand structure information utilized: one-dimensional (1D), two-dimensional (2D), and three-dimensional (3D). Unlike 1D and 2D methods, 3D methods can have enhanced performance since they treat the conformational flexibility of compounds. In this paper, a number of 3D methods will be reviewed. In addition, four representative 3D methods were benchmarked to understand their performance in virtual screening. Specifically, we tested overall performance in key aspects including the ability to find dissimilar active compounds, and computational speed.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Zhang, Yingjie, E-mail: yzx@ansto.gov.au; Karatchevtseva, Inna; Bhadbhade, Mohan

With the coordination of dimethylformamide (DMF), two new uranium(VI) complexes with either 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (H{sub 2}phb) or terephthalic acid (H{sub 2}tph) have been synthesized under solvothermal conditions and structurally characterized. [(UO{sub 2}){sub 2}(Hphb){sub 2}(phb)(DMF)(H{sub 2}O){sub 3}]·4H{sub 2}O (1) has a dinuclear structure constructed with both pentagonal and hexagonal bipyramidal uranium polyhedra linked through a µ{sub 2}-bridging ligand via both chelating carboxylate arm and alcohol oxygen bonding, first observation of such a coordination mode of 4-hydroxybenzoate for 5 f ions. [(UO{sub 2})(tph)(DMF)] (2) has a three-dimensional (3D) framework built with pentagonal bipyramidal uranium polyhedra linked with µ{sub 4}-terephthalate ligands. The 3Dmore » channeled structure is facilitated by the unique carboxylate bonding with nearly linear C–O–U angles and the coordination of DMF molecules. The presence of phb ligands in different coordination modes, uranyl ions in diverse environments and DMF in complex 1, and tph ligand, DMF and uranyl ion in complex 2 has been confirmed by Raman spectroscopy. In addition, their thermal stability and photoluminescence properties have been investigated. - Graphical abstract: With the coordination of dimethylformamide, two new uranyl complexes with either 4-hydroxybenzoate or terephthalate have been synthesized under solvothermal conditions and structurally characterized. - Highlights: • Solvent facilitates the synthesis of two new uranium(VI) complexes. • A dinuclear complex with both penta- and hexagonal bipyramidal uranium polyhedral. • A unique µ{sub 2}-bridging mode of 4-hydroxybenzoate via alcohol oxygen for 5 f ions. • A 3D framework with uranium polyhedra and µ{sub 4}-terephthalate ligands. • Vibration modes and photoluminescence properties are reported.« less

Time domain simulation of nonlinear acoustic beams generated by rectangular pistons with application to harmonic imaging

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yang, Xinmai; Cleveland, Robin O.

2005-01-01

A time-domain numerical code (the so-called Texas code) that solves the Khokhlov-Zabolotskaya-Kuznetsov (KZK) equation has been extended from an axis-symmetric coordinate system to a three-dimensional (3D) Cartesian coordinate system. The code accounts for diffraction (in the parabolic approximation), nonlinearity and absorption and dispersion associated with thermoviscous and relaxation processes. The 3D time domain code was shown to be in agreement with benchmark solutions for circular and rectangular sources, focused and unfocused beams, and linear and nonlinear propagation. The 3D code was used to model the nonlinear propagation of diagnostic ultrasound pulses through tissue. The prediction of the second-harmonic field was sensitive to the choice of frequency-dependent absorption: a frequency squared f2 dependence produced a second-harmonic field which peaked closer to the transducer and had a lower amplitude than that computed for an f1.1 dependence. In comparing spatial maps of the harmonics we found that the second harmonic had dramatically reduced amplitude in the near field and also lower amplitude side lobes in the focal region than the fundamental. These findings were consistent for both uniform and apodized sources and could be contributing factors in the improved imaging reported with clinical scanners using tissue harmonic imaging. .

Time domain simulation of nonlinear acoustic beams generated by rectangular pistons with application to harmonic imaging.

PubMed

Yang, Xinmai; Cleveland, Robin O

2005-01-01

A time-domain numerical code (the so-called Texas code) that solves the Khokhlov-Zabolotskaya-Kuznetsov (KZK) equation has been extended from an axis-symmetric coordinate system to a three-dimensional (3D) Cartesian coordinate system. The code accounts for diffraction (in the parabolic approximation), nonlinearity and absorption and dispersion associated with thermoviscous and relaxation processes. The 3D time domain code was shown to be in agreement with benchmark solutions for circular and rectangular sources, focused and unfocused beams, and linear and nonlinear propagation. The 3D code was used to model the nonlinear propagation of diagnostic ultrasound pulses through tissue. The prediction of the second-harmonic field was sensitive to the choice of frequency-dependent absorption: a frequency squared f2 dependence produced a second-harmonic field which peaked closer to the transducer and had a lower amplitude than that computed for an f1.1 dependence. In comparing spatial maps of the harmonics we found that the second harmonic had dramatically reduced amplitude in the near field and also lower amplitude side lobes in the focal region than the fundamental. These findings were consistent for both uniform and apodized sources and could be contributing factors in the improved imaging reported with clinical scanners using tissue harmonic imaging.

Modeling open nanophotonic systems using the Fourier modal method: generalization to 3D Cartesian coordinates.

PubMed

Häyrynen, Teppo; Osterkryger, Andreas Dyhl; de Lasson, Jakob Rosenkrantz; Gregersen, Niels

2017-09-01

Recently, an open geometry Fourier modal method based on a new combination of an open boundary condition and a non-uniform k-space discretization was introduced for rotationally symmetric structures, providing a more efficient approach for modeling nanowires and micropillar cavities [J. Opt. Soc. Am. A33, 1298 (2016)JOAOD61084-752910.1364/JOSAA.33.001298]. Here, we generalize the approach to three-dimensional (3D) Cartesian coordinates, allowing for the modeling of rectangular geometries in open space. The open boundary condition is a consequence of having an infinite computational domain described using basis functions that expand the whole space. The strength of the method lies in discretizing the Fourier integrals using a non-uniform circular "dartboard" sampling of the Fourier k space. We show that our sampling technique leads to a more accurate description of the continuum of the radiation modes that leak out from the structure. We also compare our approach to conventional discretization with direct and inverse factorization rules commonly used in established Fourier modal methods. We apply our method to a variety of optical waveguide structures and demonstrate that the method leads to a significantly improved convergence, enabling more accurate and efficient modeling of open 3D nanophotonic structures.

Three-dimensional display technologies

PubMed Central

Geng, Jason

2014-01-01

The physical world around us is three-dimensional (3D), yet traditional display devices can show only two-dimensional (2D) flat images that lack depth (i.e., the third dimension) information. This fundamental restriction greatly limits our ability to perceive and to understand the complexity of real-world objects. Nearly 50% of the capability of the human brain is devoted to processing visual information [Human Anatomy & Physiology (Pearson, 2012)]. Flat images and 2D displays do not harness the brain’s power effectively. With rapid advances in the electronics, optics, laser, and photonics fields, true 3D display technologies are making their way into the marketplace. 3D movies, 3D TV, 3D mobile devices, and 3D games have increasingly demanded true 3D display with no eyeglasses (autostereoscopic). Therefore, it would be very beneficial to readers of this journal to have a systematic review of state-of-the-art 3D display technologies. PMID:25530827

Characterization of a detector chain using a FPGA-based time-to-digital converter to reconstruct the three-dimensional coordinates of single particles at high flux

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Nogrette, F.; Heurteau, D.; Chang, R.; Bouton, Q.; Westbrook, C. I.; Sellem, R.; Clément, D.

2015-11-01

We report on the development of a novel FPGA-based time-to-digital converter and its implementation in a detection chain that records the coordinates of single particles along three dimensions. The detector is composed of micro-channel plates mounted on top of a cross delay line and connected to fast electronics. We demonstrate continuous recording of the timing signals from the cross delay line at rates up to 4.1 × 106 s-1 and three-dimensional reconstruction of the coordinates up to 3.2 × 106 particles per second. From the imaging of a calibrated structure we measure the in-plane resolution of the detector to be 140(20) μm at a flux of 3 × 105 particles per second. In addition, we analyze a method to estimate the resolution without placing any structure under vacuum, a significant practical improvement. While we use UV photons here, the results of this work apply to the detection of other kinds of particles.

Three-dimensional unstructured grid refinement and optimization using edge-swapping

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Gandhi, Amar; Barth, Timothy

1993-01-01

This paper presents a three-dimensional (3-D) 'edge-swapping method based on local transformations. This method extends Lawson's edge-swapping algorithm into 3-D. The 3-D edge-swapping algorithm is employed for the purpose of refining and optimizing unstructured meshes according to arbitrary mesh-quality measures. Several criteria including Delaunay triangulations are examined. Extensions from two to three dimensions of several known properties of Delaunay triangulations are also discussed.

3D Imaging with Structured Illumination for Advanced Security Applications

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Birch, Gabriel Carisle; Dagel, Amber Lynn; Kast, Brian A.

2015-09-01

Three-dimensional (3D) information in a physical security system is a highly useful dis- criminator. The two-dimensional data from an imaging systems fails to provide target dis- tance and three-dimensional motion vector, which can be used to reduce nuisance alarm rates and increase system effectiveness. However, 3D imaging devices designed primarily for use in physical security systems are uncommon. This report discusses an architecture favorable to physical security systems; an inexpensive snapshot 3D imaging system utilizing a simple illumination system. The method of acquiring 3D data, tests to understand illumination de- sign, and software modifications possible to maximize information gathering capabilitymore » are discussed.« less

Overview of Three-Dimensional Atomic-Resolution Holography and Imaging Techniques: Recent Advances in Local-Structure Science

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Daimon, Hiroshi

2018-06-01

Local three-dimensional (3D) atomic arrangements without periodicity have not been able to be studied until recently. Recently, several holographies and related techniques have been developed to reveal the 3D atomic arrangement around specific atoms with no translational symmetry. This review gives an overview of these new local 3D atomic imaging techniques.

Evaluating mental workload of two-dimensional and three-dimensional visualization for anatomical structure localization.

PubMed

Foo, Jung-Leng; Martinez-Escobar, Marisol; Juhnke, Bethany; Cassidy, Keely; Hisley, Kenneth; Lobe, Thom; Winer, Eliot

2013-01-01

Visualization of medical data in three-dimensional (3D) or two-dimensional (2D) views is a complex area of research. In many fields 3D views are used to understand the shape of an object, and 2D views are used to understand spatial relationships. It is unclear how 2D/3D views play a role in the medical field. Using 3D views can potentially decrease the learning curve experienced with traditional 2D views by providing a whole representation of the patient's anatomy. However, there are challenges with 3D views compared with 2D. This current study expands on a previous study to evaluate the mental workload associated with both 2D and 3D views. Twenty-five first-year medical students were asked to localize three anatomical structures--gallbladder, celiac trunk, and superior mesenteric artery--in either 2D or 3D environments. Accuracy and time were taken as the objective measures for mental workload. The NASA Task Load Index (NASA-TLX) was used as a subjective measure for mental workload. Results showed that participants viewing in 3D had higher localization accuracy and a lower subjective measure of mental workload, specifically, the mental demand component of the NASA-TLX. Results from this study may prove useful for designing curricula in anatomy education and improving training procedures for surgeons.

Binary Colloidal Alloy Test-5: Three-Dimensional Melt

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Yodh, Arjun G.

2008-01-01

Binary Colloidal Alloy Test - 5: Three-Dimensional Melt (BCAT-5-3DMelt) photographs initially randomized colloidal samples in microgravity to determine their resulting structure over time. BCAT-5-3D-Melt will allow the scientists to capture the kinetics (evolution) of their samples, as well as the final equilibrium state of each sample. BCAT-5-3D-Melt will look at the mechanisms of melting using three-dimensional temperature sensitive colloidal crystals. Results will help scientists develop fundamental physics concepts previously shadowed by the effects of gravity.

Comparison of two- and three-dimensional Navier-Stokes solutions with NASA experimental data for CAST-10 airfoil

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Swanson, R. Charles; Radespiel, Rolf; Mccormick, V. Edward

1989-01-01

The two-dimensional (2-D) and three-dimensional Navier-Stokes equations are solved for flow over a NAE CAST-10 airfoil model. Recently developed finite-volume codes that apply a multistage time stepping scheme in conjunction with steady state acceleration techniques are used to solve the equations. Two-dimensional results are shown for flow conditions uncorrected and corrected for wind tunnel wall interference effects. Predicted surface pressures from 3-D simulations are compared with those from 2-D calculations. The focus of the 3-D computations is the influence of the sidewall boundary layers. Topological features of the 3-D flow fields are indicated. Lift and drag results are compared with experimental measurements.

Computational techniques to enable visualizing shapes of objects of extra spatial dimensions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Black, Don Vaughn, II

Envisioning extra dimensions beyond the three of common experience is a daunting challenge for three dimensional observers. Intuition relies on experience gained in a three dimensional environment. Gaining experience with virtual four dimensional objects and virtual three manifolds in four-space on a personal computer may provide the basis for an intuitive grasp of four dimensions. In order to enable such a capability for ourselves, it is first necessary to devise and implement a computationally tractable method to visualize, explore, and manipulate objects of dimension beyond three on the personal computer. A technology is described in this dissertation to convert a representation of higher dimensional models into a format that may be displayed in realtime on graphics cards available on many off-the-shelf personal computers. As a result, an opportunity has been created to experience the shape of four dimensional objects on the desktop computer. The ultimate goal has been to provide the user a tangible and memorable experience with mathematical models of four dimensional objects such that the user can see the model from any user selected vantage point. By use of a 4D GUI, an arbitrary convex hull or 3D silhouette of the 4D model can be rotated, panned, scrolled, and zoomed until a suitable dimensionally reduced view or Aspect is obtained. The 4D GUI then allows the user to manipulate a 3-flat hyperplane cutting tool to slice the model at an arbitrary orientation and position to extract or "pluck" an embedded 3D slice or "aspect" from the embedding four-space. This plucked 3D aspect can be viewed from all angles via a conventional 3D viewer using three multiple POV viewports, and optionally exported to a third party CAD viewer for further manipulation. Plucking and Manipulating the Aspect provides a tangible experience for the end-user in the same manner as any 3D Computer Aided Design viewing and manipulation tool does for the engineer or a 3D video game provides for the nascent student.

Further insights into the metal ion binding abilities and the metalation pathway of a plant metallothionein from Musa acuminata

PubMed Central

Cabral, Augusto C. S.; Jakovleska, Jovana; Deb, Aniruddha; Penner-Hahn, James E.; Pecoraro, Vincent L.

2017-01-01

The superfamily of metallothioneins (MTs) combines a diverse group of metalloproteins, sharing the characteristics of rather low molecular weight and high cysteine content. The latter provides MTs with the capability to coordinate thiophilic metal ions, in particular those with a d10 electron configuration. The sub-family of plant MT3 proteins is only poorly characterized and there is a complete lack of three-dimensional structure information. Building upon our previous results on the Musa acuminata MT3 (musMT3) protein, the focus of the present work is to understand the metal cluster formation process, the role of the single histidine residue present in musMT3, and the metal ion binding affinity. We concentrate our efforts on the coordination of ZnII and CdII ions, using CoII as a spectroscopic probe for ZnII binding. The overall protein-fold is analysed with a combination of limited proteolytic digestion, mass spectrometry, and dynamic light scattering. Histidine coordination of metal ions is probed with extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy and CoII titration experiments. Initial experiments with isothermal titration calorimetry provide insights into the thermodynamics of metal ion binding. PMID:29218632

Modeling the Epithelial Morphogenesis of Germ Band Retraction in Three Dimensions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

McCleery, W. Tyler; Veldhuis, Jim; Brodland, G. Wayne; Crews, Sarah M.; Hutson, M. Shane

2015-03-01

Embryogenesis of higher-order organisms is driven by an intricate coordination of cellular mechanics. Mechanical analysis of certain developmental events, e.g., dorsal closure in the fruit fly D. melanogaster, has been sufficiently described using two-dimensional models. Here, we present a three-dimensional modeling technique to investigate germ band retraction (GBR) - a whole-embryo, irreducibly 3D morphogenetic event. At the start of GBR, the epithelial tissue known as the germ band is initially wrapped around the posterior end of an ellipsoidal fly embryo. This tissue then retracts as an adjacent epithelial tissue, the amnioserosa, simultaneously contracts. We hypothesize that proper GBR requires maintenance of cell-cell connectivity in the amnioserosa, as well as both cell and tissue topology on the embryo's ellipsoidal surface. The exact interfacial tensions are less important. We test the dynamic interactions between these two tissues on a 3D ellipsoidal last. To speed simulation run times and focus on the relevant tissues, epithelial cells are defined as polygons constrained to lie on the surface of the ellipsoidal last. These cells have adjustable parameters such as edge tensions and cell pressures. Tissue movements are simulated by balancing these dynamic cell-level forces with viscous resistance and allowing cells to exchange neighbors. This modeling approach helps elucidate the multicellular stress fields in normal and aberrant development, providing deeper insight into the mechanical interdependence of developing tissues.

Novel bipyridinyl oxadiazole-based metal coordination complexes: High efficient and green synthesis of 3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-ones through the Biginelli reactions

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Wang, Jin-Hua; Zhang, E.; Tang, Gui-Mei, E-mail: meiguit@163.com

2016-09-15

Three new metal coordination complexes, namely, [Co(BPO){sub 2}(H{sub 2}O){sub 4}](BS){sub 2}(H{sub 2}O){sub 2} (1), [Co(BPO){sub 2}(H{sub 2}O){sub 4}](ABS){sub 2}(H{sub 2}O){sub 2} (2), [Co(BPO){sub 2}(H{sub 2}O){sub 4}](MBS){sub 2}(H{sub 2}O){sub 2} (3) [BPO=2,5-di(pyridin-4-yl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole, BS=benzenesulphonate, ABS=4-aminobenzenesulphonate, MBS=4-methylbenzenesulphonate] were obtained under hydrothermal conditions. Complexes 1–3 were structurally characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, powder X-ray diffraction, IR and thermogravimetric analyses (TGA). All of them display a zero-dimensional motif, in which strong intermolecular hydrogen bonding interactions (O–H···O/N) and packing interactions (C–H···π and π···π) make them achieve a three-dimensional supramolecular architecture. The primary catalytic results of these three complexes show that high efficiency for the green synthesismore » of a variety of 3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-ones was observed under solvent free conditions through Biginelli reactions. The present catalytic protocols exhibit advantages such as excellent yield, easy isolation, eco-friendly conditions, and short reaction time. - Graphical abstract: Three new metal coordination complexes with bipyridinyl-oxadiazole were obtained under hydrothermal conditions, which display a zero-dimensional motif, and show high efficiency for the green synthesis of a variety of 3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-ones under solvent free conditions through Biginelli reactions. The present catalytic protocols exhibit advantages such as excellent yield, easy isolation, eco-friendly conditions, and short reaction time. Display Omitted.« less

Technical note: 3D from standard digital photography of human crania-a preliminary assessment.

PubMed

Katz, David; Friess, Martin

2014-05-01

This study assessed three-dimensional (3D) photogrammetry as a tool for capturing and quantifying human skull morphology. While virtual reconstruction with 3D surface scanning technology has become an accepted part of the paleoanthropologist's tool kit, recent advances in 3D photogrammetry make it a potential alternative to dedicated surface scanners. The principal advantages of photogrammetry are more rapid raw data collection, simplicity and portability of setup, and reduced equipment costs. We tested the precision and repeatability of 3D photogrammetry by comparing digital models of human crania reconstructed from conventional, 2D digital photographs to those generated using a 3D surface scanner. Overall, the photogrammetry and scanner meshes showed low degrees of deviation from one another. Surface area estimates derived from photogrammetry models tended to be slightly larger. Landmark configurations generally did not cluster together based upon whether the reconstruction was created with photogrammetry or surface scanning technology. Average deviations of landmark coordinates recorded on photogrammetry models were within the generally allowable range of error in osteometry. Thus, while dependent upon the needs of the particular research project, 3D photogrammetry appears to be a suitable, lower-cost alternative to 3D imaging and scanning options. Copyright © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

A secretome analysis reveals that PPARα is upregulated by fractionated-dose γ-irradiation in three-dimensional keratinocyte cultures

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Lee, Jeeyong; Kim, Hyun-Ji; Yi, Jae Youn, E-mail: yjy_71@kcch.re.kr

Studies have shown that γ-irradiation induces various biological responses, including oxidative stress and apoptosis, as well as cellular repair and immune system responses. However, most such studies have been performed using traditional two-dimensional cell culture systems, which are limited in their ability to faithfully represent in vivo conditions. A three-dimensional (3D) environment composed of properly interconnected and differentiated cells that allow communication and cooperation among cells via secreted molecules would be expected to more accurately reflect cellular responses. Here, we investigated γ-irradiation–induced changes in the secretome of 3D-cultured keratinocytes. An analysis of keratinocyte secretome profiles following fractionated-dose γ-irradiation revealed changes inmore » genes involved in cell adhesion, angiogenesis, and the immune system. Notably, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPARα) was upregulated in response to fractionated-dose γ-irradiation. This upregulation was associated with an increase in the transcription of known PPARα target genes in secretome, including angiopoietin-like protein 4, dermokine and kallikrein-related peptide 12, which were differentially regulated by fractionated-dose γ-irradiation. Collectively, our data imply a mechanism linking γ-irradiation and secretome changes, and suggest that these changes could play a significant role in the coordinated cellular responses to harmful ionizing radiation, such as those associated with radiation therapy. This extension of our understanding of γ-irradiation-induced secretome changes has the potential to improve radiation therapy strategies. - Highlights: • γ-irradiation induced changes of cell adhesion, angiogenesis, and immune system in secretome of 3D-cultured keratinocytes. • Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPARα) was upregulated in response to fractionated-dose γ-irradiation. • The known PPARα target genes were differentially regulated by fractionated-dose γ-irradiation.« less

[3D Virtual Reality Laparoscopic Simulation in Surgical Education - Results of a Pilot Study].

PubMed

Kneist, W; Huber, T; Paschold, M; Lang, H

2016-06-01

The use of three-dimensional imaging in laparoscopy is a growing issue and has led to 3D systems in laparoscopic simulation. Studies on box trainers have shown differing results concerning the benefit of 3D imaging. There are currently no studies analysing 3D imaging in virtual reality laparoscopy (VRL). Five surgical fellows, 10 surgical residents and 29 undergraduate medical students performed abstract and procedural tasks on a VRL simulator using conventional 2D and 3D imaging in a randomised order. No significant differences between the two imaging systems were shown for students or medical professionals. Participants who preferred three-dimensional imaging showed significantly better results in 2D as wells as in 3D imaging. First results on three-dimensional imaging on box trainers showed different results. Some studies resulted in an advantage of 3D imaging for laparoscopic novices. This study did not confirm the superiority of 3D imaging over conventional 2D imaging in a VRL simulator. In the present study on 3D imaging on a VRL simulator there was no significant advantage for 3D imaging compared to conventional 2D imaging. Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York.

Solvent induced synthesis, structure and properties of coordination polymers based on 5-hydroxyisophthalic acid as linker and 1,10-phenanthroline as auxiliary ligand

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Kariem, Mukaddus; Yawer, Mohd; Sheikh, Haq Nawaz, E-mail: hnsheikh@rediffmail.com

2015-11-15

Three new coordination polymers [Mn(hip)(phen) (H{sub 2}O)]{sub n} (1), [Co(hip)(phen) (H{sub 2}O)]{sub n} (2), and [Cd(hip) (phen) (H{sub 2}O)]{sub n} (3) (H{sub 2}hip=5-hydroxyisophthalic acid; phen=1,10-phenanthroline) have been synthesized by solvo-hydrothermal method using diethyl formamide-water (DEF-H{sub 2}O) as solvent system. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis reveals that all three coordination polymers 1, 2 and 3 crystallize in monoclinic space group P2/n. Metal ions are inter-connected by hydroxyisophthalate anions forming zig-zag 1D chain. 1D chains are further inter-connected by hydrogen bonding and π–π stacking interactions leading to 3D supramolecular architecture. Hydrogen-bonding and π–π stacking provide thermal stability to polymers. Compounds 1 and 2more » are paramagnetic at room temperature and variable temperature magnetic moment measurements revealed weak ferromagnetic interactions between metal ions at low temperature. Compound 3 exhibits excellent photoluminescence with large Stokes shift. - Graphical abstract: 1D helical chains of coordination polymers were synthesized by solvo-hydrothermal reaction of 5-hydroxyisopthalic acid and 1,10-phenanthroline with MnCl{sub 2}·4H{sub 2}O / CoCl{sub 2}·6H{sub 2}O / Cd(NO{sub 3}){sub 2}·6H{sub 2}O. - Highlights: • Solvent induced synthesis of three coordination polymers with 1D zig-zag structure. • Crystal structures of coordination polymers are reported and discussed. • 1,10-Phenanthroline influences magnetic and luminescent properties of polymers. • Coordination polymer of Cd is luminescent exhibiting large Stokes shift.« less

Double interpenetration in a chiral three-dimensional magnet with a (10,3)-a structure.

PubMed

Grancha, Thais; Mon, Marta; Lloret, Francesc; Ferrando-Soria, Jesús; Journaux, Yves; Pasán, Jorge; Pardo, Emilio

2015-09-21

A unique chiral three-dimensional magnet with an overall racemic double-interpenetrated (10,3)-a structure of the formula [(S)-(1-PhEt)Me3N]4[Mn4Cu6(Et2pma)12](DMSO)3]·3DMSO·5H2O (1; Et2pma = N-2,6-diethylphenyloxamate) has been synthesized by the self-assembly of a mononuclear copper(II) complex acting as a metalloligand toward Mn(II) ions in the presence of a chiral cationic auxiliary, constituting the first oxamato-based chiral coordination polymer exhibiting long-range magnetic ordering.

Three-dimensional magnetophotonic crystals based on artificial opals

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Baryshev, A. V.; Kodama, T.; Nishimura, K.; Uchida, H.; Inoue, M.

2004-06-01

We fabricated and experimentally investigated three-dimensional magnetophotonic crystals (3D MPCs) based on artificial opals. Opal samples with three-dimensional dielectric lattices were impregnated with different types of magnetic material. Magnetic and structural properties of 3D MPCs were studied by field emission scanning electron microscopy, x-ray diffraction analysis, and vibrating sample magnetometer. We have shown that magnetic materials synthesized in voids of opal lattices and the composites obtained have typical magnetic properties.

Hypersonic three-dimensional nonequilibrium boundary-layer equations in generalized curvilinear coordinates

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Lee, Jong-Hun

1993-01-01

The basic governing equations for the second-order three-dimensional hypersonic thermal and chemical nonequilibrium boundary layer are derived by means of an order-of-magnitude analysis. A two-temperature concept is implemented into the system of boundary-layer equations by simplifying the rather complicated general three-temperature thermal gas model. The equations are written in a surface-oriented non-orthogonal curvilinear coordinate system, where two curvilinear coordinates are non-orthogonial and a third coordinate is normal to the surface. The equations are described with minimum use of tensor expressions arising from the coordinate transformation, to avoid unnecessary confusion for readers. The set of equations obtained will be suitable for the development of a three-dimensional nonequilibrium boundary-layer code. Such a code could be used to determine economically the aerodynamic/aerothermodynamic loads to the surfaces of hypersonic vehicles with general configurations. In addition, the basic equations for three-dimensional stagnation flow, of which solution is required as an initial value for space-marching integration of the boundary-layer equations, are given along with the boundary conditions, the boundary-layer parameters, and the inner-outer layer matching procedure. Expressions for the chemical reaction rates and the thermodynamic and transport properties in the thermal nonequilibrium environment are explicitly given.

Air and moisture stable covalently-bonded tin(ii) coordination polymers.

PubMed

de Lima, G M; Walton, R I; Clarkson, G J; Bitzer, R S; Ardisson, J D

2018-06-05

Four covalently-bonded tin(ii) coordination polymers, (1)-(4), were hydrothermally prepared in aqueous alkaline media by the reactions of SnSO4 with 1,2,4,5-benzenetetracarboxylic acid (1), 1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylic acid (2), 4-hydroxypyridine-2,6-dicarboxylic acid (3), and 1,3,5-cyclohexanetricarboxylic acid (4). All products were structurally authenticated by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, and the number of different tin centres and their oxidation states were confirmed by 119Sn Mössbauer spectroscopy. In addition, the comparison between experimental and simulated X-ray powder diffraction patterns confirmed the authenticity of the samples. Our crystallographic results for (1)-(4) show that the Sn(ii) centres are tetracoordinated and exhibit distorted disphenoidal geometries, corroborating the presence of one stereochemically active lone electron pair at each metal site. Products (1) and (2) display bi-dimensional polymeric structures, (3) exhibits a one-dimensional architecture, whereas (4) shows a remarkable three-dimensional coordination network. Hirshfeld surface and supramolecular analyses for the repeating units of (1)-(4) were also performed in order to identify structurally important non-covalent interactions.

Deciphering chemical order/disorder and material properties at the single-atom level

DOE PAGES

Yang, Yongsoo; Chen, Chien-Chun; Scott, M. C.; ...

2017-02-01

Perfect crystals are rare in nature. Real materials often contain crystal defects and chemical order/disorder such as grain boundaries, dislocations, interfaces, surface reconstructions and point defects. Such disruption in periodicity strongly affects material properties and functionality. Despite rapid development of quantitative material characterization methods, correlating three-dimensional (3D) atomic arrangements of chemical order/disorder and crystal defects with material properties remains a challenge. On a parallel front, quantum mechanics calculations such as density functional theory (DFT) have progressed from the modelling of ideal bulk systems to modelling ‘real’ materials with dopants, dislocations, grain boundaries and interfaces; but these calculations rely heavily onmore » average atomic models extracted from crystallography. To improve the predictive power of first-principles calculations, there is a pressing need to use atomic coordinates of real systems beyond average crystallographic measurements. Here we determine the 3D coordinates of 6,569 iron and 16,627 platinum atoms in an iron-platinum nanoparticle, and correlate chemical order/disorder and crystal defects with material properties at the single-atom level. We identify rich structural variety with unprecedented 3D detail including atomic composition, grain boundaries, anti-phase boundaries, anti-site point defects and swap defects. We show that the experimentally measured coordinates and chemical species with 22 picometre precision can be used as direct input for DFT calculations of material properties such as atomic spin and orbital magnetic moments and local magnetocrystalline anisotropy. The work presented here combines 3D atomic structure determination of crystal defects with DFT calculations, which is expected to advance our understanding of structure–property relationships at the fundamental level.« less

Crystal structure of the co-crystal fac-tri-aqua-tris(thio-cyanato-κN)iron(III)-2,3-di-methyl-pyrazine (1/3).

PubMed

Kucheriv, Olesia I; Shylin, Sergii I; Ilina, Tetiana A; Dechert, Sebastian; Gural'skiy, Il'ya A

2015-04-01

In the crystal of the title compound, [Fe(NCS)3(H2O)3]·3C6H8N2, the Fe(III) cation is located on a threefold rotation axis and is coordinated by three N atoms of the thiocyanate anions and three water mol-ecules in a fac arrangement, forming a slightly distorted N3O3 octa-hedron. Stabilization within the crystal structure is provided by O-H⋯N hydrogen bonds; the H atoms from coordinating water mol-ecules act as donors to the N atoms of guest 2,3-di-methyl-pyrazine mol-ecules, leading to a three-dimensional supra-molecular framework.

GRID3D-v2: An updated version of the GRID2D/3D computer program for generating grid systems in complex-shaped three-dimensional spatial domains

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Steinthorsson, E.; Shih, T. I-P.; Roelke, R. J.

1991-01-01

In order to generate good quality systems for complicated three-dimensional spatial domains, the grid-generation method used must be able to exert rather precise controls over grid-point distributions. Several techniques are presented that enhance control of grid-point distribution for a class of algebraic grid-generation methods known as the two-, four-, and six-boundary methods. These techniques include variable stretching functions from bilinear interpolation, interpolating functions based on tension splines, and normalized K-factors. The techniques developed in this study were incorporated into a new version of GRID3D called GRID3D-v2. The usefulness of GRID3D-v2 was demonstrated by using it to generate a three-dimensional grid system in the coolent passage of a radial turbine blade with serpentine channels and pin fins.

Video-Game-Like Engine for Depicting Spacecraft Trajectories

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Upchurch, Paul R.

2009-01-01

GoView is a video-game-like software engine, written in the C and C++ computing languages, that enables real-time, three-dimensional (3D)-appearing visual representation of spacecraft and trajectories (1) from any perspective; (2) at any spatial scale from spacecraft to Solar-system dimensions; (3) in user-selectable time scales; (4) in the past, present, and/or future; (5) with varying speeds; and (6) forward or backward in time. GoView constructs an interactive 3D world by use of spacecraft-mission data from pre-existing engineering software tools. GoView can also be used to produce distributable application programs for depicting NASA orbital missions on personal computers running the Windows XP, Mac OsX, and Linux operating systems. GoView enables seamless rendering of Cartesian coordinate spaces with programmable graphics hardware, whereas prior programs for depicting spacecraft trajectories variously require non-Cartesian coordinates and/or are not compatible with programmable hardware. GoView incorporates an algorithm for nonlinear interpolation between arbitrary reference frames, whereas the prior programs are restricted to special classes of inertial and non-inertial reference frames. Finally, whereas the prior programs present complex user interfaces requiring hours of training, the GoView interface provides guidance, enabling use without any training.

Synthesis, crystal structure, and magnetic properties of two-dimensional divalent metal glutarate/dipyridylamine coordination polymers, with a single crystal-to-single crystal transformation in the copper derivative

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Montney, Matthew R.; Supkowski, Ronald M.; Staples, Richard J.

Hydrothermal reaction of divalent metal chlorides with glutaric acid and 4,4'-dipyridylamine (dpa) has afforded an isostructural family of coordination polymers with formulation [M(glu)(dpa)]{sub n} (M=Co (1), Ni (2), Cu (3); glu=glutarate). Square pyramidal coordination is seen in 1-3, with semi-ligation of a sixth donor to produce a '5+1' extended coordination sphere. Neighboring metal atoms are linked into 1D [M(glu)]{sub n} neutral chains through chelating/monodentate bridging glutarate moieties with a syn-anti binding mode, and semi-chelation of the pendant carboxylate oxygen. These chains further connect into 2D layers through dipodal dpa ligands. Neighboring layers stack into the pseudo 3D crystal structure ofmore » 1-3 through supramolecular hydrogen bonding between dpa amine units and the semi-chelated glutarate oxygen atoms. The variable temperature magnetic behavior of 1-3 was explored and modeled as infinite 1D Heisenberg chains. Notably, complex 3 undergoes a thermally induced single crystal-to-single crystal transformation between centric and acentric space groups, with a conformationally disordered unilayer structure at 293 K and an ordered bilayer structure at 173 K. All materials were further characterized via infrared spectroscopy and elemental and thermogravimetric analyses. - Graphical abstract: The coordination polymers [M(glu)(dpa)]{sub n} (M=Co (1), Ni (2), Cu (3); glu=glutarate, dpa=4,4'-dipyridylamine) exhibit 2D layer structures based on 1D [M(glu)]{sub n} chains linked through dpa tethers. Antiferromagnetic coupling is observed for 2 and 3, while ferromagnetism is predominant in 1. Compound 3 undergoes a thermally induced single crystal-to-single crystal transformation from an acentric to a centrosymmetric space group.« less

Improved depth perception with three-dimensional auxiliary display and computer generated three-dimensional panoramic overviews in robot-assisted laparoscopy

PubMed Central

Wieringa, Fokko P.; Bouma, Henri; Eendebak, Pieter T.; van Basten, Jean-Paul A.; Beerlage, Harrie P.; Smits, Geert A. H. J.; Bos, Jelte E.

2014-01-01

Abstract. In comparison to open surgery, endoscopic surgery offers impaired depth perception and narrower field-of-view. To improve depth perception, the Da Vinci robot offers three-dimensional (3-D) video on the console for the surgeon but not for assistants, although both must collaborate. We improved the shared perception of the whole surgical team by connecting live 3-D monitors to all three available Da Vinci generations, probed user experience after two years by questionnaire, and compared time measurements of a predefined complex interaction task performed with a 3-D monitor versus two-dimensional. Additionally, we investigated whether the complex mental task of reconstructing a 3-D overview from an endoscopic video can be performed by a computer and shared among users. During the study, 925 robot-assisted laparoscopic procedures were performed in three hospitals, including prostatectomies, cystectomies, and nephrectomies. Thirty-one users participated in our questionnaire. Eighty-four percent preferred 3-D monitors and 100% reported spatial-perception improvement. All participating urologists indicated quicker performance of tasks requiring delicate collaboration (e.g., clip placement) when assistants used 3-D monitors. Eighteen users participated in a timing experiment during a delicate cooperation task in vitro. Teamwork was significantly (40%) faster with the 3-D monitor. Computer-generated 3-D reconstructions from recordings offered very wide interactive panoramas with educational value, although the present embodiment is vulnerable to movement artifacts. PMID:26158026

Orthogonality measurements for multidimensional chromatography in three and higher dimensional separations.

PubMed

Schure, Mark R; Davis, Joe M

2017-11-10

Orthogonality metrics (OMs) for three and higher dimensional separations are proposed as extensions of previously developed OMs, which were used to evaluate the zone utilization of two-dimensional (2D) separations. These OMs include correlation coefficients, dimensionality, information theory metrics and convex-hull metrics. In a number of these cases, lower dimensional subspace metrics exist and can be readily calculated. The metrics are used to interpret previously generated experimental data. The experimental datasets are derived from Gilar's peptide data, now modified to be three dimensional (3D), and a comprehensive 3D chromatogram from Moore and Jorgenson. The Moore and Jorgenson chromatogram, which has 25 identifiable 3D volume elements or peaks, displayed good orthogonality values over all dimensions. However, OMs based on discretization of the 3D space changed substantially with changes in binning parameters. This example highlights the importance in higher dimensions of having an abundant number of retention times as data points, especially for methods that use discretization. The Gilar data, which in a previous study produced 21 2D datasets by the pairing of 7 one-dimensional separations, was reinterpreted to produce 35 3D datasets. These datasets show a number of interesting properties, one of which is that geometric and harmonic means of lower dimensional subspace (i.e., 2D) OMs correlate well with the higher dimensional (i.e., 3D) OMs. The space utilization of the Gilar 3D datasets was ranked using OMs, with the retention times of the datasets having the largest and smallest OMs presented as graphs. A discussion concerning the orthogonality of higher dimensional techniques is given with emphasis on molecular diversity in chromatographic separations. In the information theory work, an inconsistency is found in previous studies of orthogonality using the 2D metric often identified as %O. A new choice of metric is proposed, extended to higher dimensions, characterized by mixes of ordered and random retention times, and applied to the experimental datasets. In 2D, the new metric always equals or exceeds the original one. However, results from both the original and new methods are given. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Importance of preoperative imaging with 64-row three-dimensional multidetector computed tomography for safer video-assisted thoracic surgery in lung cancer.

PubMed

Akiba, Tadashi; Marushima, Hideki; Harada, Junta; Kobayashi, Susumu; Morikawa, Toshiaki

2009-01-01

Video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) has recently been adopted for complicated anatomical lung resections. During these thoracoscopic procedures, surgeons view the operative field on a two-dimensional (2-D) video monitor and cannot palpate the organ directly, thus frequently encountering anatomical difficulties. This study aimed to estimate the usefulness of preoperative three-dimensional (3-D) imaging of thoracic organs. We compared the preoperative 64-row three-dimensional multidetector computed tomography (3DMDCT) findings of lung cancer-affected thoracic organs to the operative findings. In comparison to the operative findings, the branches of pulmonary arteries, veins, and bronchi were well defined in the 3D-MDCT images of 27 patients. 3D-MDCT imaging is useful for preoperatively understanding the individual thoracic anatomy in lung cancer surgery. This modality can therefore contribute to safer anatomical pulmonary operations, especially in VATS.

Development of a system for acquiring, reconstructing, and visualizing three-dimensional ultrasonic angiograms

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Edwards, Warren S.; Ritchie, Cameron J.; Kim, Yongmin; Mack, Laurence A.

1995-04-01

We have developed a three-dimensional (3D) imaging system using power Doppler (PD) ultrasound (US). This system can be used for visualizing and analyzing the vascular anatomy of parenchymal organs. To create the 3D PD images, we acquired a series of two-dimensional PD images from a commercial US scanner and recorded the position and orientation of each image using a 3D magnetic position sensor. Three-dimensional volumes were reconstructed using specially designed software and then volume rendered for display. We assessed the feasibility and geometric accuracy of our system with various flow phantoms. The system was then tested on a volunteer by scanning a transplanted kidney. The reconstructed volumes of the flow phantom contained less than 1 mm of geometric distortion and the 3D images of the transplanted kidney depicted the segmental, arcuate, and interlobar vessels.

[Application of three-dimensional printing technique in orthopaedics].

PubMed

Luo, Qiang; Lau, Tak Wing; Fang, Xinshuo; Leung, Frankie

2014-03-01

To review the current progress of three-dimensional (3-D) printing technique in the clinical practice, its limitations and prospects. The recent publications associated with the clinical application of 3-D printing technique in the field of surgery, especially in orthopaedics were extensively reviewed. Currently, 3-D printing technique has been applied in orthopaedic surgery to aid diagnosis, make operative plans, and produce personalized prosthesis or implants. 3-D printing technique is a promising technique in clinical application.

An update on intraoperative three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography

PubMed Central

2017-01-01

Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) was first used routinely in the operating rooms in the 1980s to facilitate surgical decision-making. Since then, TEE has evolved from the standard two-dimensional (2D) exam to include focused real-time three-dimensional (RT-3D) imaging both inside and outside the operating rooms. Improved spatial and temporal resolution due to technological advances has expedited surgical interventions in diseased valves. 3D imaging has also emerged as a crucial adjunct in percutaneous interventions for structural heart disease. With continued advancement in software, RT-3D TEE will continue to impact perioperative decisions. PMID:28540070

Creation of three-dimensional craniofacial standards from CBCT images

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Subramanyan, Krishna; Palomo, Martin; Hans, Mark

2006-03-01

Low-dose three-dimensional Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) is becoming increasingly popular in the clinical practice of dental medicine. Two-dimensional Bolton Standards of dentofacial development are routinely used to identify deviations from normal craniofacial anatomy. With the advent of CBCT three dimensional imaging, we propose a set of methods to extend these 2D Bolton Standards to anatomically correct surface based 3D standards to allow analysis of morphometric changes seen in craniofacial complex. To create 3D surface standards, we have implemented series of steps. 1) Converting bi-plane 2D tracings into set of splines 2) Converting the 2D splines curves from bi-plane projection into 3D space curves 3) Creating labeled template of facial and skeletal shapes and 4) Creating 3D average surface Bolton standards. We have used datasets from patients scanned with Hitachi MercuRay CBCT scanner providing high resolution and isotropic CT volume images, digitized Bolton Standards from age 3 to 18 years of lateral and frontal male, female and average tracings and converted them into facial and skeletal 3D space curves. This new 3D standard will help in assessing shape variations due to aging in young population and provide reference to correct facial anomalies in dental medicine.

A defocus-information-free autostereoscopic three-dimensional (3D) digital reconstruction method using direct extraction of disparity information (DEDI)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Li, Da; Cheung, Chifai; Zhao, Xing; Ren, Mingjun; Zhang, Juan; Zhou, Liqiu

2016-10-01

Autostereoscopy based three-dimensional (3D) digital reconstruction has been widely applied in the field of medical science, entertainment, design, industrial manufacture, precision measurement and many other areas. The 3D digital model of the target can be reconstructed based on the series of two-dimensional (2D) information acquired by the autostereoscopic system, which consists multiple lens and can provide information of the target from multiple angles. This paper presents a generalized and precise autostereoscopic three-dimensional (3D) digital reconstruction method based on Direct Extraction of Disparity Information (DEDI) which can be used to any transform autostereoscopic systems and provides accurate 3D reconstruction results through error elimination process based on statistical analysis. The feasibility of DEDI method has been successfully verified through a series of optical 3D digital reconstruction experiments on different autostereoscopic systems which is highly efficient to perform the direct full 3D digital model construction based on tomography-like operation upon every depth plane with the exclusion of the defocused information. With the absolute focused information processed by DEDI method, the 3D digital model of the target can be directly and precisely formed along the axial direction with the depth information.

Self-Assembly of Coherently Dynamic, Auxetic Two-Dimensional Protein Crystals

PubMed Central

Suzuki, Yuta; Cardone, Giovanni; Restrepo, David; Zavattieri, Pablo D.; Baker, Timothy S.; Tezcan, F. Akif

2016-01-01

Two-dimensional (2D) crystalline materials possess unique structural, mechanical, and electronic properties1,2, which have rendered them highly attractive in many applications3-5. Although there have been advances in preparing 2D materials that consist of one or few atomic/molecular layers6,7, bottom-up assembly of 2D crystalline materials remains a considerable challenge and an active area of development8-10. Even more challenging is the design of dynamic 2D lattices that can undergo large-scale motions without loss of crystallinity. Dynamicity in porous 3D crystalline solids has been exploited for stimuli-responsive functions and adaptive behavior11-13. As in the case of such 3D materials, integrating flexibility/adaptiveness into crystalline 2D lattices would greatly broaden the functional scope of 2D materials. Here we report the self-assembly of unsupported, 2D protein lattices with precise spatial arrangements and patterns through a readily accessible design strategy. Three single- or double-point mutants of the C4 symmetric protein RhuA were designed to assemble via different modes of intermolecular interactions (single disulfide, double disulfide and metal coordination) into crystalline 2D arrays. Owing to the flexibility of the single disulfide interactions, the lattices of one of the variants (C98RhuA) are essentially defect-free and undergo substantial but fully correlated changes in molecular arrangement, giving coherently dynamic 2D molecular lattices. Notably, C98RhuA lattices possess a Poisson's ratio of −1, the lowest thermodynamically possible value for an isotropic material. PMID:27135928

Algorithm for planning a double-jaw orthognathic surgery using a computer-aided surgical simulation (CASS) protocol. Part 2: three-dimensional cephalometry

PubMed Central

Xia, J. J.; Gateno, J.; Teichgraeber, J. F.; Yuan, P.; Li, J.; Chen, K.-C.; Jajoo, A.; Nicol, M.; Alfi, D. M.

2015-01-01

Three-dimensional (3D) cephalometry is not as simple as just adding a ‘third’ dimension to a traditional two-dimensional cephalometric analysis. There are more complex issues in 3D analysis. These include how reference frames are created, how size, position, orientation and shape are measured, and how symmetry is assessed. The main purpose of this article is to present the geometric principles of 3D cephalometry. In addition, the Gateno–Xia cephalometric analysis is presented; this is the first 3D cephalometric analysis to observe these principles. PMID:26573563

High-Speed Video-Oculography for Measuring Three-Dimensional Rotation Vectors of Eye Movements in Mice

PubMed Central

Takeda, Noriaki; Uno, Atsuhiko; Inohara, Hidenori; Shimada, Shoichi

2016-01-01

Background The mouse is the most commonly used animal model in biomedical research because of recent advances in molecular genetic techniques. Studies related to eye movement in mice are common in fields such as ophthalmology relating to vision, neuro-otology relating to the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR), neurology relating to the cerebellum’s role in movement, and psychology relating to attention. Recording eye movements in mice, however, is technically difficult. Methods We developed a new algorithm for analyzing the three-dimensional (3D) rotation vector of eye movement in mice using high-speed video-oculography (VOG). The algorithm made it possible to analyze the gain and phase of VOR using the eye’s angular velocity around the axis of eye rotation. Results When mice were rotated at 0.5 Hz and 2.5 Hz around the earth’s vertical axis with their heads in a 30° nose-down position, the vertical components of their left eye movements were in phase with the horizontal components. The VOR gain was 0.42 at 0.5 Hz and 0.74 at 2.5 Hz, and the phase lead of the eye movement against the turntable was 16.1° at 0.5 Hz and 4.88° at 2.5 Hz. Conclusions To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of this algorithm being used to calculate a 3D rotation vector of eye movement in mice using high-speed VOG. We developed a technique for analyzing the 3D rotation vector of eye movements in mice with a high-speed infrared CCD camera. We concluded that the technique is suitable for analyzing eye movements in mice. We also include a C++ source code that can calculate the 3D rotation vectors of the eye position from two-dimensional coordinates of the pupil and the iris freckle in the image to this article. PMID:27023859

[Application of three-dimensional digital technology in the diagnosis and treatment planning in orthodontics].

PubMed

Bai, Y X

2016-06-01

Three-dimensional(3D)digital technology has been widely used in the field of orthodontics in clinical examination, diagnosis, treatment and curative effect evaluation. 3D digital technology greatly improves the accuracy of diagnosis and treatment, and provides effective means for personalized orthodontic treatment. This review focuses on the application of 3D digital technology in the field of orthodontics.

Diverse Cd{sup II} coordination complexes derived from bromide isophthalic acid binding with auxiliary N-donor ligands

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Tang, Meng; Dong, Bao-Xia, E-mail: bxdong@yzu.edu.cn; Wu, Yi-Chen

The coordination characteristics of 4-bromoisophthalic acid (4-Br-H{sub 2}ip) have been investigated in a series of Cd{sup II}-based frameworks. Hydrothermal reactions of Cd{sup II} salts and 4-Br-H{sub 2}ip together with flexible or semiflexible N-donor auxiliary ligands resulted in the formation of four three-dimensional coordination complexes with diverse structures: (Cd(bix){sub 0.5}(bix){sub 0.5}(4-Br-ip)]·H{sub 2}O){sub n} (1), [Cd(bbi){sub 0.5}(bbi){sub 0.5}(4-Br-ip)]{sub n} (2), ([Cd(btx){sub 0.5}(4-Br-ip)(H{sub 2}O)]·0.5CH{sub 3}OH·H{sub 2}O){sub n} (3) and ([Cd(bbt){sub 0.5}(4-Br-ip)(H{sub 2}O)]·3·5H{sub 2}O){sub n} (4). These compounds were characterized by elemental analyses, IR spectra, single-crystal and powder X-ray diffraction. They displayed diverse structures depending on the configuration of the 4-connected metal node, themore » coordination mode of the 4-Br-H{sub 2}ip, the coordination ability and conformationally flexibility of the N-donor auxiliary. Compound 1 exhibits 3-fold interpenetrated 6{sup 6} topology and compound 2 has a 4{sup 12} topology. Compounds 3–4 have similar 3D pillar-layered structures based on 3,4-connected binodal net with the Schläfli symbol of (4·3{sup 8}). The thermal stabilities and photoluminescence properties of them were discussed in detail. - Graphical abstract: Four 3D Cd{sup II} coordination complexes on the basis of 4-bromoisophthalic acid (4-Br-H{sub 2}ip) and two types of flexible (bbi, bbt) and semiflexible (bix, btx) N-donor ligands are prepared. They displayed diverse topology structures of 6{sup 6} (1), 4{sup 12} (2) and 4·3{sup 8} (3−4), depending on the configuration of the 4-connected metal node, the coordination mode of the 4-Br-H{sub 2}ip, the coordination ability and conformationally flexibility of the N-donor auxiliary ligand. - Highlights: • Four 3D Cd{sup II} coordination complexes based on 4-Br-H{sub 2}ip and flexible/semiflexible N-donor ligands have been synthesized. • They displayed diverse topology structures of 6{sup 6} for 1, 4{sup 12} for 2 and 4·3{sup 8} for 3–4. • The structural diversity depends on the configuration of 4-Br-H{sub 2}ip and the coordination behaviors of the auxiliary ligand.« less

Image volume analysis of omnidirectional parallax regular-polyhedron three-dimensional displays.

PubMed

Kim, Hwi; Hahn, Joonku; Lee, Byoungho

2009-04-13

Three-dimensional (3D) displays having regular-polyhedron structures are proposed and their imaging characteristics are analyzed. Four types of conceptual regular-polyhedron 3D displays, i.e., hexahedron, octahedron, dodecahedron, and icosahedrons, are considered. In principle, regular-polyhedron 3D display can present omnidirectional full parallax 3D images. Design conditions of structural factors such as viewing angle of facet panel and observation distance for 3D display with omnidirectional full parallax are studied. As a main issue, image volumes containing virtual 3D objects represented by the four types of regular-polyhedron displays are comparatively analyzed.

Adaptive projection intensity adjustment for avoiding saturation in three-dimensional shape measurement

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chen, Chao; Gao, Nan; Wang, Xiangjun; Zhang, Zonghua

2018-03-01

Phase-based fringe projection methods have been commonly used for three-dimensional (3D) measurements. However, image saturation results in incorrect intensities in captured fringe pattern images, leading to phase and measurement errors. Existing solutions are complex. This paper proposes an adaptive projection intensity adjustment method to avoid image saturation and maintain good fringe modulation in measuring objects with a high range of surface reflectivities. The adapted fringe patterns are created using only one prior step of fringe-pattern projection and image capture. First, a set of phase-shifted fringe patterns with maximum projection intensity value of 255 and a uniform gray level pattern are projected onto the surface of an object. The patterns are reflected from and deformed by the object surface and captured by a digital camera. The best projection intensities corresponding to each saturated-pixel clusters are determined by fitting a polynomial function to transform captured intensities to projected intensities. Subsequently, the adapted fringe patterns are constructed using the best projection intensities at projector pixel coordinate. Finally, the adapted fringe patterns are projected for phase recovery and 3D shape calculation. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method achieves high measurement accuracy even for objects with a high range of surface reflectivities.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Miao, Jianwei; Ercius, Peter; Billinge, S. J. L.

Crystallography has been fundamental to the development of many fields of science over the last century. However, much of our modern science and technology relies on materials with defects and disorders, and their three-dimensional (3D) atomic structures are not accessible to crystallography. One method capable of addressing this major challenge is atomic electron tomography. By combining advanced electron microscopes and detectors with powerful data analysis and tomographic reconstruction algorithms, it is now possible to determine the 3D atomic structure of crystal defects such as grain boundaries, stacking faults, dislocations, and point defects, as well as to precisely localize the 3Dmore » coordinates of individual atoms in materials without assuming crystallinity. In this work, we review the recent advances and the interdisciplinary science enabled by this methodology. We also outline further research needed for atomic electron tomography to address long-standing unresolved problems in the physical sciences.« less

Two-photon polymerization of a three dimensional structure using beams with orbital angular momentum

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Zhang, Shi-Jie; Li, Yan, E-mail: li@pku.edu.cn; Liu, Zhao-Pei

The focus of a beam with orbital angular momentum exhibits internal structure instead of an elliptical intensity distribution of a Gaussian beam, and the superposition of Gauss-Laguerre beams realized by two-dimensional phase modulation can generate a complex three-dimensional (3D) focus. By taking advantage of the flexibility of this 3D focus tailoring, we have fabricated a 3D microstructure with high resolution by two-photon polymerization with a single exposure. Furthermore, we have polymerized an array of double-helix structures that demonstrates optical chirality.

Principles of three-dimensional printing and clinical applications within the abdomen and pelvis.

PubMed

Bastawrous, Sarah; Wake, Nicole; Levin, Dmitry; Ripley, Beth

2018-04-04

Improvements in technology and reduction in costs have led to widespread interest in three-dimensional (3D) printing. 3D-printed anatomical models contribute to personalized medicine, surgical planning, and education across medical specialties, and these models are rapidly changing the landscape of clinical practice. A physical object that can be held in one's hands allows for significant advantages over standard two-dimensional (2D) or even 3D computer-based virtual models. Radiologists have the potential to play a significant role as consultants and educators across all specialties by providing 3D-printed models that enhance clinical care. This article reviews the basics of 3D printing, including how models are created from imaging data, clinical applications of 3D printing within the abdomen and pelvis, implications for education and training, limitations, and future directions.

Methodology for evaluate the form deviations for formula one nose car

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bere, Paul; Neamtu, Calin

2014-06-01

The paper presents a measuring strategy for a Formula One car using a Coordinate Measuring Machine (CMM) and a 3D laser scanning devices. The measurement procedures outlined the dimensional deviation of the CAD model and prototype made of composite material. The authors present two methods for the determination of symmetry for components of a Formula One car based on measuring and 3D scanning.

Computer program TRACK_TEST for calculating parameters and plotting profiles for etch pits in nuclear track materials

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Nikezic, D.; Yu, K. N.

2006-01-01

A computer program called TRACK_TEST for calculating parameters (lengths of the major and minor axes) and plotting profiles in nuclear track materials resulted from light-ion irradiation and subsequent chemical etching is described. The programming steps are outlined, including calculations of alpha-particle ranges, determination of the distance along the particle trajectory penetrated by the chemical etchant, calculations of track coordinates, determination of the lengths of the major and minor axes and determination of the contour of the track opening. Descriptions of the program are given, including the built-in V functions for the two commonly employed nuclear track materials commercially known as LR 115 (cellulose nitrate) and CR-39 (poly allyl diglycol carbonate) irradiated by alpha particles. Program summaryTitle of the program:TRACK_TEST Catalogue identifier:ADWT Program obtainable from:CPC Program Library, Queen's University of Belfast, N. Ireland Program summary URL:http://cpc.cs.qub.ac.uk/summaries/ADWT Computer:Pentium PC Operating systems:Windows 95+ Programming language:Fortran 90 Memory required to execute with typical data:256 MB No. of lines in distributed program, including test data, etc.: 2739 No. of bytes in distributed program, including test data, etc.:204 526 Distribution format:tar.gz External subprograms used:The entire code must be linked with the MSFLIB library Nature of problem: Fast heavy charged particles (like alpha particles and other light ions etc.) create latent tracks in some dielectric materials. After chemical etching in aqueous NaOH or KOH solutions, these tracks become visible under an optical microscope. The growth of a track is based on the simultaneous actions of the etchant on undamaged regions (with the bulk etch rate V) and along the particle track (with the track etch rate V). Growth of the track is described satisfactorily by these two parameters ( V and V). Several models have been presented in the past describing the track development, one of which is the model of Nikezic and Yu (2003) [D. Nikezic, K.N. Yu, Three-dimensional analytical determination of the track parameters. Over-etched tracks, Radiat. Meas. 37 (2003) 39-45] used in the present program. The present computer program has been written to calculate coordinates of points on the track wall and to determine other relevant track parameters. Solution method:Coordinates of points on the track wall assuming normal incidence were calculated by using the method as described by Fromm et al. (1988) [M. Fromm, A. Chambaudet, F. Membrey, Data bank for alpha particle tracks in CR39 with energies ranging from 0.5 to 5 MeV recording for various incident angles, Nucl. Tracks Radiat. Meas. 15 (1988) 115-118]. The track is then rotated through the incident angle in order to obtain the coordinates of the oblique track [D. Nikezic, K.N. Yu, Three-dimensional analytical determination of the track parameters. Over-etched tracks, Radiat. Meas. 37 (2003) 39-45; D. Nikezic, Three dimensional analytical determination of the track parameters, Radiat. Meas. 32 (2000) 277-282]. In this way, the track profile in two dimensions (2D) was obtained. In the next step, points in the track wall profile are rotated around the particle trajectory. In this way, circles that outline the track in three dimensions (3D) are obtained. The intersection between the post-etching surface of the detector and the 3D track is the track opening (or the track contour). Coordinates of the track 2D and 3D profiles and the track opening are saved in separate output data files. Restrictions: The program cannot calculate track parameters for the incident angle of exactly 90°. The alpha-particle energy should be smaller than 10 MeV. Furthermore, the program cannot perform calculations for tracks in some extreme cases, such as for very low incident energies or very small incident angles. Additional comments: This is a freeware, but publications arising from using this program should cite the present paper and the paper describing the track growth model [D. Nikezic, K.N. Yu, Three-dimensional analytical determination of the track parameters. Over-etched tracks, Radiat. Meas. 37 (2003) 39-45]. Moreover, the references for the V functions used should also be cited. For the CR-39 detector: Function (1): S.A. Durrani, R.K. Bull, Solid State Nuclear Track Detection. Principles, Methods and Applications, Pergamon Press, 1987. Function (2): C. Brun, M. Fromm, M. Jouffroy, P. Meyer, J.E. Groetz, F. Abel, A. Chambaudet, B. Dorschel, D. Hermsdorf, R. Bretschneider, K. Kadner, H. Kuhne, Intercomparative study of the detection characteristics of the CR-39 SSNTD for light ions: Present status of the Besancon-Dresden approaches, Radiat. Meas. 31 (1999) 89-98. Function (3): K.N. Yu, F.M.F. Ng, D. Nikezic, Measuring depths of sub-micron tracks in a CR-39 detector from replicas using atomic force microscopy, Radiat. Meas. 40 (2005) 380-383. For the LR 115 detector: Function (1): S.A. Durrani, P.F. Green, The effect of etching conditions on the response of LR 115, Nucl. Tracks 8 (1984) 21-24. Function (2): C.W.Y. Yip, D. Nikezic, J.P.Y Ho, K.N. Yu, Chemical etching characteristics for cellulose nitrate, Mat. Chem. Phys. 95 (2005) 307-312. Running time: Order of several minutes, dependent on input parameters and the resolution requested by the user.

A novel method to acquire 3D data from serial 2D images of a dental cast

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yi, Yaxing; Li, Zhongke; Chen, Qi; Shao, Jun; Li, Xinshe; Liu, Zhiqin

2007-05-01

This paper introduced a newly developed method to acquire three-dimensional data from serial two-dimensional images of a dental cast. The system consists of a computer and a set of data acquiring device. The data acquiring device is used to take serial pictures of the a dental cast; an artificial neural network works to translate two-dimensional pictures to three-dimensional data; then three-dimensional image can reconstruct by the computer. The three-dimensional data acquiring of dental casts is the foundation of computer-aided diagnosis and treatment planning in orthodontics.

Two-dimensional 3d-4f heterometallic coordination polymers: syntheses, crystal structures, and magnetic properties of six new Co(II)-Ln(III) compounds.

PubMed

Díaz-Gallifa, Pau; Fabelo, Oscar; Pasán, Jorge; Cañadillas-Delgado, Laura; Lloret, Francesc; Julve, Miguel; Ruiz-Pérez, Catalina

2014-06-16

Six new heterometallic cobalt(II)-lanthanide(III) complexes of formulas [Ln(bta)(H2O)2]2[Co(H2O)6]·10H2O [Ln = Nd(III) (1) and Eu(III) (2)] and [Ln2Co(bta)2(H2O)8]n·6nH2O [Ln = Eu(III) (3), Sm(III) (4), Gd(III) (5), and Tb(III) (6)] (H4bta = 1,2,4,5-benzenetretracaboxylic acid) have been synthesized and characterized via single-crystal X-ray diffraction. 1 and 2 are isostructural compounds with a structure composed of anionic layers of [Ln(bta)(H2O)2]n(n-) sandwiching mononuclear [Co(H2O)6](2+) cations plus crystallization water molecules, which are interlinked by electrostatic forces and hydrogen bonds, leading to a supramolecular three-dimensional network. 3-6 are also isostructural compounds, and their structure consists of neutral layers of formula [Ln2Co(bta)2(H2O)8]n and crystallization water molecules, which are connected through hydrogen bonds to afford a supramolecular three-dimensional network. Heterometallic chains formed by the regular alternation of two nine-coordinate lanthanide(III) polyhedra [Ln(III)O9] and one compressed cobalt(II) octahedron [Co(II)O6] along the crystallographic c-axis are cross-linked by bta ligands within each layer of 3-6. Magnetic susceptibility measurements on polycrystalline samples for 3-6 have been carried out in the temperature range of 2.0-300 K. The magnetic behavior of these types of Ln(III)-Co(II) complexes, which have been modeled by using matrix dagonalization techniques, reveals the lack of magnetic coupling for 3 and 4, and the occurrence of weak antiferromagnetic interactions within the Gd(III)-Gd(III) (5) and Tb(III)-Tb(III) (6) dinuclear units through the exchange pathway provided by the double oxo(carboxylate) and double syn-syn carboxylate bridges.

Spatial Disorientation in Gondola Centrifuges Predicted by the Form of Motion as a Whole in 3-D

PubMed Central

Holly, Jan E.; Harmon, Katharine J.

2009-01-01

INTRODUCTION During a coordinated turn, subjects can misperceive tilts. Subjects accelerating in tilting-gondola centrifuges without external visual reference underestimate the roll angle, and underestimate more when backward-facing than when forward-facing. In addition, during centrifuge deceleration, the perception of pitch can include tumble while paradoxically maintaining a fixed perceived pitch angle. The goal of the present research was to test two competing hypotheses: (1) that components of motion are perceived relatively independently and then combined to form a three-dimensional perception, and (2) that perception is governed by familiarity of motions as a whole in three dimensions, with components depending more strongly on the overall shape of the motion. METHODS Published experimental data were used from existing tilting-gondola centrifuge studies. The two hypotheses were implemented formally in computer models, and centrifuge acceleration and deceleration were simulated. RESULTS The second, whole-motion oriented, hypothesis better predicted subjects' perceptions, including the forward-backward asymmetry and the paradoxical tumble upon deceleration. Important was the predominant stimulus at the beginning of the motion as well as the familiarity of centripetal acceleration. CONCLUSION Three-dimensional perception is better predicted by taking into account familiarity with the form of three-dimensional motion. PMID:19198199

A simple three dimensional wide-angle beam propagation method

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ma, Changbao; van Keuren, Edward

2006-05-01

The development of three dimensional (3-D) waveguide structures for chip scale planar lightwave circuits (PLCs) is hampered by the lack of effective 3-D wide-angle (WA) beam propagation methods (BPMs). We present a simple 3-D wide-angle beam propagation method (WA-BPM) using Hoekstra’s scheme along with a new 3-D wave equation splitting method. The applicability, accuracy and effectiveness of our method are demonstrated by applying it to simulations of wide-angle beam propagation and comparing them with analytical solutions.

A simple three dimensional wide-angle beam propagation method.

PubMed

Ma, Changbao; Van Keuren, Edward

2006-05-29

The development of three dimensional (3-D) waveguide structures for chip scale planar lightwave circuits (PLCs) is hampered by the lack of effective 3-D wide-angle (WA) beam propagation methods (BPMs). We present a simple 3-D wide-angle beam propagation method (WA-BPM) using Hoekstra's scheme along with a new 3-D wave equation splitting method. The applicability, accuracy and effectiveness of our method are demonstrated by applying it to simulations of wide-angle beam propagation and comparing them with analytical solutions.

Three-dimensional cell culture models for investigating human viruses.

PubMed

He, Bing; Chen, Guomin; Zeng, Yi

2016-10-01

Three-dimensional (3D) culture models are physiologically relevant, as they provide reproducible results, experimental flexibility and can be adapted for high-throughput experiments. Moreover, these models bridge the gap between traditional two-dimensional (2D) monolayer cultures and animal models. 3D culture systems have significantly advanced basic cell science and tissue engineering, especially in the fields of cell biology and physiology, stem cell research, regenerative medicine, cancer research, drug discovery, and gene and protein expression studies. In addition, 3D models can provide unique insight into bacteriology, virology, parasitology and host-pathogen interactions. This review summarizes and analyzes recent progress in human virological research with 3D cell culture models. We discuss viral growth, replication, proliferation, infection, virus-host interactions and antiviral drugs in 3D culture models.

Syntheses, structures and properties of four Cd(II) coordination polymers induced by the pH regulator

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Xu, Yun; Ding, Fang; Liu, Dong; Yang, Pei-Pei; Zhu, Li-Li

2018-03-01

Four new coordination polymers [Cd2(CHDC)2(APYZ)(H2O)2](H2O) (1), [Cd(HCHDC)2(APYZ) (H2O)] (2), [Cd2(CHDC)2(PYZ)(H2O)2](H2O) (3), and [Cd(HCHDC)2(PYZ)(H2O)] (4) (H2CHDC = 1,4-cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid, APYZ = 2-aminopyrazine, PYZ = pyrazine) have been synthesized under the hydrothermal conditions by changing the pH regulator and the N-containing ligands. The pH regulator impacted on the degree of deprotonation of the 1,4-cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid ligand and resulted in the formation of the two pairs of different networks. Polymers 1 and 3 crystallize in monoclinic, space group P21/c, exhibit two dimensional 63 net, which further formed three-dimensional supramolecular structure by the Csbnd H⋯O hydrogen bond interactions. While polymers 2 and 4 possess one dimensional chain structures and further link into two dimensional layered supramolecular structures by intermolecular hydrogen bonding interactions. From all three conformers of H2CHDC, e,a-cis is consistently present in the Cd coordination polymers. Furthermore, photoluminescence properties of four polymers are also investigated, the luminescent intensity of polymer 1 (or 2) with amino group in pyrazine is dramatically stronger than that of the similar structure of polymer 3 (or 4) without amino group in pyrazine, the results shown that the presence of the amino group from 2-aminopyrazine play a key role in increasing the luminescence properties.

Comparative Accuracy of Facial Models Fabricated Using Traditional and 3D Imaging Techniques.

PubMed

Lincoln, Ketu P; Sun, Albert Y T; Prihoda, Thomas J; Sutton, Alan J

2016-04-01

The purpose of this investigation was to compare the accuracy of facial models fabricated using facial moulage impression methods to the three-dimensional printed (3DP) fabrication methods using soft tissue images obtained from cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) and 3D stereophotogrammetry (3D-SPG) scans. A reference phantom model was fabricated using a 3D-SPG image of a human control form with ten fiducial markers placed on common anthropometric landmarks. This image was converted into the investigation control phantom model (CPM) using 3DP methods. The CPM was attached to a camera tripod for ease of image capture. Three CBCT and three 3D-SPG images of the CPM were captured. The DICOM and STL files from the three 3dMD and three CBCT were imported to the 3DP, and six testing models were made. Reversible hydrocolloid and dental stone were used to make three facial moulages of the CPM, and the impressions/casts were poured in type IV gypsum dental stone. A coordinate measuring machine (CMM) was used to measure the distances between each of the ten fiducial markers. Each measurement was made using one point as a static reference to the other nine points. The same measuring procedures were accomplished on all specimens. All measurements were compared between specimens and the control. The data were analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey pairwise comparison of the raters, methods, and fiducial markers. The ANOVA multiple comparisons showed significant difference among the three methods (p < 0.05). Further, the interaction of methods versus fiducial markers also showed significant difference (p < 0.05). The CBCT and facial moulage method showed the greatest accuracy. 3DP models fabricated using 3D-SPG showed statistical difference in comparison to the models fabricated using the traditional method of facial moulage and 3DP models fabricated from CBCT imaging. 3DP models fabricated using 3D-SPG were less accurate than the CPM and models fabricated using facial moulage and CBCT imaging techniques. © 2015 by the American College of Prosthodontists.

Projection matrix acquisition for cone-beam computed tomography iterative reconstruction

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yang, Fuqiang; Zhang, Dinghua; Huang, Kuidong; Shi, Wenlong; Zhang, Caixin; Gao, Zongzhao

2017-02-01

Projection matrix is an essential and time-consuming part in computed tomography (CT) iterative reconstruction. In this article a novel calculation algorithm of three-dimensional (3D) projection matrix is proposed to quickly acquire the matrix for cone-beam CT (CBCT). The CT data needed to be reconstructed is considered as consisting of the three orthogonal sets of equally spaced and parallel planes, rather than the individual voxels. After getting the intersections the rays with the surfaces of the voxels, the coordinate points and vertex is compared to obtain the index value that the ray traversed. Without considering ray-slope to voxel, it just need comparing the position of two points. Finally, the computer simulation is used to verify the effectiveness of the algorithm.

Multicell migration tracking within angiogenic networks by deep learning-based segmentation and augmented Bayesian filtering.

PubMed

Wang, Mengmeng; Ong, Lee-Ling Sharon; Dauwels, Justin; Asada, H Harry

2018-04-01

Cell migration is a key feature for living organisms. Image analysis tools are useful in studying cell migration in three-dimensional (3-D) in vitro environments. We consider angiogenic vessels formed in 3-D microfluidic devices (MFDs) and develop an image analysis system to extract cell behaviors from experimental phase-contrast microscopy image sequences. The proposed system initializes tracks with the end-point confocal nuclei coordinates. We apply convolutional neural networks to detect cell candidates and combine backward Kalman filtering with multiple hypothesis tracking to link the cell candidates at each time step. These hypotheses incorporate prior knowledge on vessel formation and cell proliferation rates. The association accuracy reaches 86.4% for the proposed algorithm, indicating that the proposed system is able to associate cells more accurately than existing approaches. Cell culture experiments in 3-D MFDs have shown considerable promise for improving biology research. The proposed system is expected to be a useful quantitative tool for potential microscopy problems of MFDs.

Three-dimensional interpretation of TEM soundings

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Barsukov, P. O.; Fainberg, E. B.

2013-07-01

We describe the approach to the interpretation of electromagnetic (EM) sounding data which iteratively adjusts the three-dimensional (3D) model of the environment by local one-dimensional (1D) transformations and inversions and reconstructs the geometrical skeleton of the model. The final 3D inversion is carried out with the minimal number of the sought parameters. At each step of the interpretation, the model of the medium is corrected according to the geological information. The practical examples of the suggested method are presented.

Heterobimetallic thiocyanato-bridged coordination polymers based on [Hg(SCN) 4] 2-: Synthesis, crystal structure, magnetic properties and ESR studies

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jian, Fang-Fang; Xiao, Hai-Lian; Liu, Fa Qian

2006-12-01

Three new M/Hg bimetallic thiocyanato-bridged coordination polymers; [Hg(SCN) 4Ni(Im) 3] ∞1, [Hg(SCN) 4Mn(Im) 2] ∞2, and [Hg(SCN) 4Cu(Me-Im) 2 Hg(SCN) 4Cu(Me-Im) 4] ∞3, (Im=imidazole, Me-Im= N-methyl-imidazole), have been synthesized and characterized by means of elemental analysis, ESR, and single-crystal X-ray. X-ray diffraction analysis reveals that these three complexes all form 3D network structure, and their structures all contain a thiocyanato-bridged Hg⋯M⋯Hg chain ( M=Mn, Ni, Cu) in which the metal and mercury centers exhibit different coordination environments. In complex 1, the [Hg(SCN) 4] 2- anion connects three [Ni(Im) 3] 2+ using three SCN ligands giving rise to a 3D structure, and in complex 2, four SCN ligands bridge [Hg(SCN) 4] 2- and [Mn(Im) 2] 2+ to form a 3D structure. The structure of 3 contains two copper atoms with distinct coordination environment; one is coordinated by four N-methyl-imidazole ligands and two axially elongated SCN groups, and another by four SCN groups (two elongated) and two N-methyl-imidazole ligands. The magnetic property of complex 1 has been investigated. The spin state structure in hetermetallic NiHgNi systems of complex 1 is irregular. The ESR spectra results of complex 3 demonstrate Cu 2+ ion lie on octahedral environment.

Estimation of 3-D conduction velocity vector fields from cardiac mapping data.

PubMed

Barnette, A R; Bayly, P V; Zhang, S; Walcott, G P; Ideker, R E; Smith, W M

2000-08-01

A method to estimate three-dimensional (3-D) conduction velocity vector fields in cardiac tissue is presented. The speed and direction of propagation are found from polynomial "surfaces" fitted to space-time (x, y, z, t) coordinates of cardiac activity. The technique is applied to sinus rhythm and paced rhythm mapped with plunge needles at 396-466 sites in the canine myocardium. The method was validated on simulated 3-D plane and spherical waves. For simulated data, conduction velocities were estimated with an accuracy of 1%-2%. In experimental data, estimates of conduction speeds during paced rhythm were slower than those found during normal sinus rhythm. Vector directions were also found to differ between different types of beats. The technique was able to distinguish between premature ventricular contractions and sinus beats and between sinus and paced beats. The proposed approach to computing velocity vector fields provides an automated, physiological, and quantitative description of local electrical activity in 3-D tissue. This method may provide insight into abnormal conduction associated with fatal ventricular arrhythmias.

3D printing functional materials and devices (Conference Presentation)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

McAlpine, Michael C.

2017-05-01

The development of methods for interfacing high performance functional devices with biology could impact regenerative medicine, smart prosthetics, and human-machine interfaces. Indeed, the ability to three-dimensionally interweave biological and functional materials could enable the creation of devices possessing unique geometries, properties, and functionalities. Yet, most high quality functional materials are two dimensional, hard and brittle, and require high crystallization temperatures for maximal performance. These properties render the corresponding devices incompatible with biology, which is three-dimensional, soft, stretchable, and temperature sensitive. We overcome these dichotomies by: 1) using 3D printing and scanning for customized, interwoven, anatomically accurate device architectures; 2) employing nanotechnology as an enabling route for overcoming mechanical discrepancies while retaining high performance; and 3) 3D printing a range of soft and nanoscale materials to enable the integration of a diverse palette of high quality functional nanomaterials with biology. 3D printing is a multi-scale platform, allowing for the incorporation of functional nanoscale inks, the printing of microscale features, and ultimately the creation of macroscale devices. This three-dimensional blending of functional materials and `living' platforms may enable next-generation 3D printed devices.

Accurate facade feature extraction method for buildings from three-dimensional point cloud data considering structural information

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, Yongzhi; Ma, Yuqing; Zhu, A.-xing; Zhao, Hui; Liao, Lixia

2018-05-01

Facade features represent segmentations of building surfaces and can serve as a building framework. Extracting facade features from three-dimensional (3D) point cloud data (3D PCD) is an efficient method for 3D building modeling. By combining the advantages of 3D PCD and two-dimensional optical images, this study describes the creation of a highly accurate building facade feature extraction method from 3D PCD with a focus on structural information. The new extraction method involves three major steps: image feature extraction, exploration of the mapping method between the image features and 3D PCD, and optimization of the initial 3D PCD facade features considering structural information. Results show that the new method can extract the 3D PCD facade features of buildings more accurately and continuously. The new method is validated using a case study. In addition, the effectiveness of the new method is demonstrated by comparing it with the range image-extraction method and the optical image-extraction method in the absence of structural information. The 3D PCD facade features extracted by the new method can be applied in many fields, such as 3D building modeling and building information modeling.

Supramolecular architectures in Co(II) and Cu(II) complexes with thiophene-2-carboxylate and 2-amino-4,6-dimethoxypyrimidine ligands.

PubMed

Karthikeyan, Ammasai; Thomas Muthiah, Packianathan; Perdih, Franc

2016-05-01

The coordination chemistry of mixed-ligand complexes continues to be an active area of research since these compounds have a wide range of applications. Many coordination polymers and metal-organic framworks are emerging as novel functional materials. Aminopyrimidine and its derivatives are flexible ligands with versatile binding and coordination modes which have been proven to be useful in the construction of organic-inorganic hybrid materials and coordination polymers. Thiophenecarboxylic acid, its derivatives and their complexes exhibit pharmacological properties. Cobalt(II) and copper(II) complexes of thiophenecarboxylate have many biological applications, for example, as antifungal and antitumor agents. Two new cobalt(II) and copper(II) complexes incorporating thiophene-2-carboxylate (2-TPC) and 2-amino-4,6-dimethoxypyrimidine (OMP) ligands have been synthesized and characterized by X-ray diffraction studies, namely (2-amino-4,6-dimethoxypyrimidine-κN)aquachlorido(thiophene-2-carboxylato-κO)cobalt(II) monohydrate, [Co(C5H3O2S)Cl(C6H9N3O2)(H2O)]·H2O, (I), and catena-poly[copper(II)-tetrakis(μ-thiophene-2-carboxylato-κ(2)O:O')-copper(II)-(μ-2-amino-4,6-dimethoxypyrimidine-κ(2)N(1):N(3))], [Cu2(C5H3O2S)4(C6H9N3O2)]n, (II). In (I), the Co(II) ion has a distorted tetrahedral coordination environment involving one O atom from a monodentate 2-TPC ligand, one N atom from an OMP ligand, one chloride ligand and one O atom of a water molecule. An additional water molecule is present in the asymmetric unit. The amino group of the coordinated OMP molecule and the coordinated carboxylate O atom of the 2-TPC ligand form an interligand N-H...O hydrogen bond, generating an S(6) ring motif. The pyrimidine molecules also form a base pair [R2(2)(8) motif] via a pair of N-H...N hydrogen bonds. These interactions, together with O-H...O and O-H...Cl hydrogen bonds and π-π stacking interactions, generate a three-dimensional supramolecular architecture. The one-dimensional coordination polymer (II) contains the classical paddle-wheel [Cu2(CH3COO)4(H2O)2] unit, where each carboxylate group of four 2-TPC ligands bridges two square-pyramidally coordinated Cu(II) ions and the apically coordinated OMP ligands bridge the dinuclear copper units. Each dinuclear copper unit has a crystallographic inversion centre, whereas the bridging OMP ligand has crystallographic twofold symmetry. The one-dimensional polymeric chains self-assemble via N-H...O, π-π and C-H...π interactions, generating a three-dimensional supramolecular architecture.

Fully automated measuring setup for tactile coordinate measuring machine for three dimensional measurement of freeform eyeglass frames

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Rückwardt, M.; Göpfert, A.; Correns, M.; Schellhorn, M.; Linß, G.

2010-07-01

Coordinate measuring machines are high precession all-rounder in three dimensional measuring. Therefore the versatility of parameters and expandability of additionally hardware is very comprehensive. Consequently you need much expert knowledge of the user and mostly a lot of advanced information about the measuring object. In this paper a coordinate measuring machine and a specialized measuring machine are compared at the example of the measuring of eyeglass frames. For this case of three dimensional measuring challenges the main focus is divided into metrological and economical aspects. At first there is shown a fully automated method for tactile measuring of this abstract form. At second there is shown a comparison of the metrological characteristics of a coordinate measuring machine and a tracer for eyeglass frames. The result is in favour to the coordinate measuring machine. It was not surprising in these aspects. At last there is shown a comparison of the machine in front of the economical aspects.

Design and Synthesis of a Biocompatible 1D Coordination Polymer as Anti-Breast Cancer Drug Carrier, 5-Fu: In Vitro and in Vivo Studies.

PubMed

Rezaei, Mahsa; Abbasi, Alireza; Dinarvand, Rassoul; Jeddi-Tehrani, Mahmood; Janczak, Jan

2018-05-17

Designable coordination polymers with suitable chemical diversities and biocompatible structures have been proposed as a promising class of vehicles for drug delivery systems. Here, we hydrothermally synthesized a novel one-dimensional (1D) coordination polymer, [Zn(H 2 O) 6 K 2 (H 2 BTC) 2 (H 2 O) 4 ](H 2 BTC) 2 ·2H 2 O, where H 3 BTC = benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxylic acid (trimesic acid), cp.1. As the hydrogen bonds stabilized 1D chains in three dimensions, the cp.1 could be a good candidate for delivering small-molecule chemotherapeutics such as 5-fluorouracil (5-Fu). The synthesized cp.1 showed a remarkable 5-Fu loading of 66% with encapsulation efficiency of 98% and almost complete release process. The 5-Fu-loaded cp.1 displayed a time-dependent cytotoxicity effect against breast cancer cell lines MCF-7 and 4T1. The cellular uptake of cp.1 particles was investigated via confocal laser scanning microscopy using fluorescein isothiocyanate and LysoTracker Red staining. Furthermore, the in vivo antitumor impact of 5-Fu-loaded cp.1 was studied on 4T1 breast cancer BALB/c mice model. The intratumor treatment of 5-Fu-loaded cp.1 demonstrated beneficial antitumor efficacy by postponing tumor growth. These results suggest that the 5-Fu-loaded cp.1 microparticles with a great locoregional delivery can be efficient anticancer drug carriers for further clinical treatments.

Freehand three-dimensional ultrasound imaging of carotid artery using motion tracking technology.

PubMed

Chung, Shao-Wen; Shih, Cho-Chiang; Huang, Chih-Chung

2017-02-01

Ultrasound imaging has been extensively used for determining the severity of carotid atherosclerotic stenosis. In particular, the morphological characterization of carotid plaques can be performed for risk stratification of patients. However, using 2D ultrasound imaging for detecting morphological changes in plaques has several limitations. Due to the scan was performed on a single longitudinal cross-section, the selected 2D image is difficult to represent the entire morphology and volume of plaque and vessel lumen. In addition, the precise positions of 2D ultrasound images highly depend on the radiologists' experience, it makes the serial long-term exams of anti-atherosclerotic therapies are difficult to relocate the same corresponding planes by using 2D B-mode images. This has led to the recent development of three-dimensional (3D) ultrasound imaging, which offers improved visualization and quantification of complex morphologies of carotid plaques. In the present study, a freehand 3D ultrasound imaging technique based on optical motion tracking technology is proposed. Unlike other optical tracking systems, the marker is a small rigid body that is attached to the ultrasound probe and is tracked by eight high-performance digital cameras. The probe positions in 3D space coordinates are then calibrated at spatial and temporal resolutions of 10μm and 0.01s, respectively. The image segmentation procedure involves Otsu's and the active contour model algorithms and accurately detects the contours of the carotid arteries. The proposed imaging technique was verified using normal artery and atherosclerotic stenosis phantoms. Human experiments involving freehand scanning of the carotid artery of a volunteer were also performed. The results indicated that compared with manual segmentation, the lowest percentage errors of the proposed segmentation procedure were 7.8% and 9.1% for the external and internal carotid arteries, respectively. Finally, the effect of handshaking was calibrated using the optical tracking system for reconstructing a 3D image. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Three-Dimensional Display Technologies for Anatomical Education: A Literature Review

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hackett, Matthew; Proctor, Michael

2016-01-01

Anatomy is a foundational component of biological sciences and medical education and is important for a variety of clinical tasks. To augment current curriculum and improve students' spatial knowledge of anatomy, many educators, anatomists, and researchers use three-dimensional (3D) visualization technologies. This article reviews 3D display…

Nondestructive analysis of three-dimensional objects using a fluid displacement method

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Quantification of three-dimensional (3-D) objects has been a real challenge in agricultural, hydrological and environmental studies. We designed and tested a method that is capable of quantifying 3-D objects using measurements of fluid displacement. The device consists of a stand that supports a mov...

Proteus three-dimensional Navier-Stokes computer code, version 1.0. Volume 3: Programmer's reference

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Towne, Charles E.; Schwab, John R.; Bui, Trong T.

1993-01-01

A computer code called Proteus 3D was developed to solve the three-dimensional, Reynolds-averaged, unsteady compressible Navier-Stokes equations in strong conservation law form. The objective in this effort was to develop a code for aerospace propulsion applications that is easy to use and easy to modify. Code readability, modularity, and documentation were emphasized. The governing equations are solved in generalized nonorthogonal body fitted coordinates, by marching in time using a fully-coupled ADI solution procedure. The boundary conditions are treated implicitly. All terms, including the diffusion terms, are linearized using second-order Taylor series expansions. Turbulence is modeled using either an algebraic or two-equation eddy viscosity model. The thin-layer or Euler equations may also be solved. The energy equation may be eliminated by the assumption of constant total enthalpy. Explicit and implicit artificial viscosity may be used. Several time step options are available for convergence acceleration. The documentation is divided into three volumes. The Programmer's Reference contains detailed information useful when modifying the program. The program structure, the Fortran variables stored in common blocks, and the details of each subprogram are described.

GEO3D - Three-Dimensional Computer Model of a Ground Source Heat Pump System

DOE Data Explorer

James Menart

2013-06-07

This file is the setup file for the computer program GEO3D. GEO3D is a computer program written by Jim Menart to simulate vertical wells in conjunction with a heat pump for ground source heat pump (GSHP) systems. This is a very detailed three-dimensional computer model. This program produces detailed heat transfer and temperature field information for a vertical GSHP system.