43 CFR 2812.0-6 - Statement of policy.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... to timber roads. (b) It is well established that the value of standing timber is determined in... road available for access to all the mature and overmature timber it could tap leads to economic waste. Blocks of timber which are insufficient in volume or value to support the construction of a duplicating...

43 CFR 2812.0-6 - Statement of policy.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... to timber roads. (b) It is well established that the value of standing timber is determined in... road available for access to all the mature and overmature timber it could tap leads to economic waste. Blocks of timber which are insufficient in volume or value to support the construction of a duplicating...

Solid wood timber products consumption in major end uses in the United States, 1950-2009 : a technical document supporting the Forest Service 2010 RPA assessment

Treesearch

David B. McKeever; James L. Howard

2011-01-01

Solid wood timber products provide important raw materials to the construction, manufacturing, and shipping sectors of the U.S. economy. Nearly all new single-family houses and low-rise multifamily residential structures are wood framed and sheathed. Large amounts of solid wood timber products are also used in the construction of new nonresidential buildings, and in...

Fiber stress values for design of glulam timber utility structures

Treesearch

R. Hernandez; R. C. Moody; R. H. Falk

In this study, we developed a simple equation to calculate average fiber stress values for design of glued-laminated (glulam) timber utility structures as a function of design bending stress. We took design stress in bending values specified by the American Institute of Timber Construction (AITC) for various combinations of glulam timber, applied appropriate end-use...

Development of a six-year research needs assessment for timber transportation structures

Treesearch

Terry J. Wipf; Michael A. Ritter; Sheila Rimal Duwadi; Russell C. Moody

1993-01-01

A timber bridge, once a thing of the past, is now becoming a thing of the present. Interest in timber bridges and other transportation structures has been rapidly increasing. Much of this is due to new technologies in design and construction as well as advances in material manufacturing and presevative treatments. Although timber bridges and other transportation...

DETAIL VIEW, STRUCTURAL TIMBER AND FLOOR JOISTS, SOUTH GARRET. THIS ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

DETAIL VIEW, STRUCTURAL TIMBER AND FLOOR JOISTS, SOUTH GARRET. THIS TIMBER IS ONE OF TWO EXTENDING OUT FROM THE HOUSE AND JOINED TO VERTICAL POSTS LOCATED WITHIN THE WOOD TUSCAN COLUMNS LOCATED AT THE PORTICO’S TWO OUTER CORNERS. THE TIMBERS AND THE VISIBLE FLOOR JOISTS WERE PART OF THE HOUSE’S INITIAL CA. 1770 CONSTRUCTION - The Woodlands, 4000 Woodlands Avenue, Philadelphia, Philadelphia County, PA

36 CFR 223.187 - Determinations of unprocessed timber.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... processed into any one of the following: (1) Lumber or construction timbers, except western red cedar... grades, sawn on 4 sides, not intended for remanufacture. To determine whether such lumber or construction... generally recognized by the industry as setting a selling standard; and, (ii) A statement by the...

77 FR 14727 - Tongass National Forest Wrangell Ranger District; Alaska; Wrangell Island Project Environmental...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-03-13

... of timber harvest, road construction and reconstruction, and silvicultural practices used; (2) access... Action The Forest Service is proposing a multi-year project involving a variety of timber harvest, road construction, and forest restoration and enhancement activities. The proposed action would include the harvest...

Historical considerations in evaluating timber structures

Treesearch

R. L. Tuomi; R. C. Moody

1979-01-01

Evaluation, maintenance, and upgrading of timber structures is an area where little printed reference material exists. This paper covers the state-of-the-art on design, material properties, and construction procedures on older buildings. Some guidelines are presented on rehabilitating and upgrading timber structures, along with significant references.

Timber rivets in structural composite lumber

Treesearch

Ronald W. Wolfe; Marshall Begel; Bruce Craig

2004-01-01

Timber rivet connections, originally developed for use with glulam construction, may be a viable option for use with structural composite lumber (SCL) products. Tests were conducted on small samples to assess the performance and predictability of timber rivet connections in parallel strand lumber (PSL) and laminated strand lumber (LSL). The test joint configurations...

36 CFR 223.63 - Advertised rates.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 36 Parks, Forests, and Public Property 2 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Advertised rates. 223.63... DISPOSAL OF NATIONAL FOREST SYSTEM TIMBER Timber Sale Contracts Appraisal and Pricing § 223.63 Advertised rates. Timber shall be advertised for sale at its appraised value. The road construction cost used to...

75 FR 5941 - Umatilla National Forest, Walla Walla Ranger District, Walla Walla, WA; Cobbler II Timber Sale...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-02-05

... construction (that will be decommissioned after project use), new road construction, danger tree removal along... increasing population. Late seral tree species have become dominant after long periods without disturbance... and vigor. Timber stands of seral tree species such as western larch and ponderosa pine are infilling...

Chapter 10: Enclosure--Building enclosure design for cross-laminated timber construction

Treesearch

Samuel V. Glass; Jieying Wang; Steve Easley; Graham Finch

2013-01-01

 Note: Clicking on the \\'View\\' option to download the PDF copy of the publication will redirect you to the web site www.masstimber.com where you will need to register prior to downloading.Cross-laminated timber #CLT# was developed in Europe for the prefabricated construction of wall, roof, and...

36 CFR 223.38 - Standards for road design and construction.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 36 Parks, Forests, and Public Property 2 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Standards for road design and construction. 223.38 Section 223.38 Parks, Forests, and Public Property FOREST SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE SALE AND DISPOSAL OF NATIONAL FOREST SYSTEM TIMBER, SPECIAL FOREST PRODUCTS, AND FOREST BOTANICAL PRODUCTS Timber Sale Contracts...

Timber - Material of the Future - Examples of Small Wooden Architectural Structures

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Żmijewki, Tomasz; Wojtowicz-Jankowska, Dorota

2017-10-01

The aim of this article is to present various types of wood-based products, classified as engineered timber, while specifying the implications of their structural properties for their forms. Timber is used as a construction material due to its fire resistance, good structural characteristics and insulating properties. The advent of new technologies of wood processing and wood-based materials production has converted timber into a high-tech material, thus encouraging the architects to consider it ever more often in their projects. As wooden technologies overcome constraints, timber begins to compete with steel and concrete. The design characteristics of new wood-based products allow wooden structures to be higher, have larger spans, and more diverse forms than ever. Wood-based materials include materials made of solid wood, veneers, strand, and wood which, due to its inferior quality, would otherwise be unfit for constructions. Elements and layers of these products are glued using different kinds of strong and water-resistant adhesives. The article presents the history of development of new wood technologies, discussing increasingly popular wood-based materials such as glued laminated timber, cross-laminated timber, or structural composite lumber. The paper analyses their technical and fire-resistance properties, and points to ecological aspect, as factors contributing to the growing popularity of these materials. Finally, the timber’s characteristics are contrasted with those of steel and concrete. The article lists examples of wooden objects representing the so-called small architecture structures from across Europe. They illustrate the potential, the uniqueness and the versatility that wood-based materials offer for constructors and architects. All these features form sufficient grounds for stating that timber truly is a construction material of the 21st century.

36 CFR 223.47 - Date of completion of permanent road construction.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

..., DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE SALE AND DISPOSAL OF NATIONAL FOREST SYSTEM TIMBER, SPECIAL FOREST PRODUCTS, AND FOREST BOTANICAL PRODUCTS Timber Sale Contracts Contract Conditions and Provisions § 223.47 Date of... obligations as set forth in the Notice of Sale shall be incorporated into the timber sale contract. (b) This...

Estimating economic impacts of timber-based industry expansion in northeastern Minnesota.

Treesearch

Daniel L. Erkkila; Dietmar W. Rose; Allen L. Lundgren

1982-01-01

Analysis of current and projected timber supplies in northeastern Minnesota indicates that expanded timber-based industrial activity could be supported. The impacts of a hypothetical industrial development scenario, including construction of waferboard plants and a wood-fueled power plant, were estimated using an input-output model. Development had noticeable impacts...

76 FR 7807 - Thorne Bay Ranger District; Alaska; Big Thorne Project Environmental Impact Statement

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-02-11

... whether or not to authorize timber harvest and associated road construction on Prince of Wales Island in... include the repair of road culverts that do not meet current standards for the passage of fish; recreation... timber sales. Approximately 37 miles of National Forest System and temporary roads would be constructed...

Live-load performance evaluation of historic covered timber bridges in the United States

Treesearch

Junwon Seo; Travis K. Hosteng; Brent M. Phares; James P. Wacker

2015-01-01

The National Historic Covered Bridge Preservation Program (NHCBP), sponsored by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), was established to preserve the covered timber bridge structures that were constructed in the early 1800s. Today, many of the approximately 880 covered timber bridges still in existence in the United States are closed to vehicular traffic;...

Timber resources and the timber economy of Okanogan County, Washington.

Treesearch

Charles L. Bolsinger

1975-01-01

In 1972, forest industries in Okanogan County, Washington, accounted for 23 percent of total employment and 29 percent of wages paid. Total forest industrial employment has increased since 1953 but represents a smaller proportion of total employment in the county due to the increase in other industries, mainly construction and trade. Timber harvest has nearly doubled...

Field performance of stress-laminated highway bridges constructed with glued laminated timber

Treesearch

J.P. Wacker

2004-01-01

This paper summarizes the field performance of three stress-laminated deck timber bridges located in Wisconsin, New York, and Arizona. The deck superstructures of these single-span highway bridges is comprised of full-span glued laminated timber (glulam) beam laminations manufactured with southern pine, hem fir/red maple combination, and/or Douglas fir lumber species....

Economic comparisons of haul road construction versus forwarding versus longer skid distances

Treesearch

Michael D. Erickson; Curt C. Hassler; Chris B. LeDoux

1992-01-01

There currently exists no set of basic guidelines for Appalachian loggers to use in the decision making process for selecting the best way to harvest a tract of timber. Specifically, guidelines are needed for deciding between the alternatives of constructing truck haul roads to access an area or other alternatives such as skidding or forwarding timber longer distances...

Field performance of timber bridges. 6, Hoffman Run stress-laminated deck bridge

Treesearch

M. A. Ritter; P. D. Hilbrich Lee; G. J. Porter

The Hoffman Run bridge, located just outside Dahoga, Pennsylvania, was constructed in October 1990. The bridge is a simple-span, single-lane, stress-laminated deck superstructure that is approximately 26 ft long and 16 ft wide. It is the second stress-laminated timber bridge to be constructed of hardwood lumber in Pennsylvania. The performance of the bridge was...

Simplified Analytical Model for a Queen-Post Covered Timber Bridge

Treesearch

F Fanous; D. Rammer; T. Wipf

2013-01-01

During the 19th century, the economic material to build bridges was timber due to its abundant availability, cost, and ease of construction. Many of the well-known timber bridge types are the Burr arch, Town lattice, Howe, Queen and King type of trusses. This paper summarizes an investigation that was sponsored by the Federal Highway Administration and the USDA Forest...

Field performance of timber bridges. 13, Mohawk Canal stress-laminated bridge

Treesearch

P. D. Hilbrich Lee; X. Lauderdale

The Mohawk Canal bridge was constructed in August 1994, just outside Roll, Arizona. It is a simple-span, double-lane, stress-laminated deck superstructure, approximately 6.4 m (21 ft) long and 10.4 m (34 ft) wide and constructed with Combination 16F-V3 Douglas Fir glued-laminated timber beam laminations. The performance of the bridge was monitored continuously for 2...

Field performance of timber bridges. 5, Little Salmon Creek stress-laminated deck bridge

Treesearch

M. A. Ritter; J. A. Kainz; G. J. Porter

The Little Salmon Creek bridge was constructed in November 1988 on the Allegheny National Forest in Pennsylvania. The bridge is a simple span, single-lane, stress-laminated deck superstructure that is approximately 26-ft long and 16-ft wide. The bridge is unique in that it is the first known stress-laminated timber bridge to be constructed of hardwood lumber. The...

Field performance of timber bridges. 10, Sanborn Brook stress-laminated deck bridge

Treesearch

P. D. Hilbrich Lee; J. P. Wacker; M. A. Ritter

The Sanborn Brook bridge was constructed in August 1991, 10 miles northeast of Concord, New Hampshire, as part of the demonstration timber bridge program of the USDA Forest Service. The bridge is a simple-span, double-lane, stress-laminated deck superstructure constructed from Southern Pine lumber and is approximately 25 ft long and 28 ft wide with a skew of 14 degrees...

Eleventh-century shift in timber procurement areas for the great houses of Chaco Canyon

PubMed Central

Guiterman, Christopher H.; Dean, Jeffrey S.

2016-01-01

An enduring mystery from the great houses of Chaco Canyon is the origin of more than 240,000 construction timbers. We evaluate probable timber procurement areas for seven great houses by applying tree-ring width-based sourcing to a set of 170 timbers. To our knowledge, this is the first use of tree rings to assess timber origins in the southwestern United States. We found that the Chuska and Zuni Mountains (>75 km distant) were the most likely sources, accounting for 70% of timbers. Most notably, procurement areas changed through time. Before 1020 Common Era (CE) nearly all timbers originated from the Zunis (a previously unrecognized source), but by 1060 CE the Chuskas eclipsed the Zuni area in total wood imports. This shift occurred at the onset of Chaco florescence in the 11th century, a time with substantial expansion of existing great houses and the addition of seven new great houses in the Chaco Core area. It also coincides with the proliferation of Chuskan stone tools and pottery in the archaeological record of Chaco Canyon, further underscoring the link between land use and occupation in the Chuska area and the peak of great house construction. Our findings, based on the most temporally specific and replicated evidence of Chacoan resource procurement obtained to date, corroborate the long-standing but recently challenged interpretation that large numbers of timbers were harvested and transported from distant mountain ranges to build the great houses at Chaco Canyon. PMID:26644552

Eleventh-century shift in timber procurement areas for the great houses of Chaco Canyon.

PubMed

Guiterman, Christopher H; Swetnam, Thomas W; Dean, Jeffrey S

2016-02-02

An enduring mystery from the great houses of Chaco Canyon is the origin of more than 240,000 construction timbers. We evaluate probable timber procurement areas for seven great houses by applying tree-ring width-based sourcing to a set of 170 timbers. To our knowledge, this is the first use of tree rings to assess timber origins in the southwestern United States. We found that the Chuska and Zuni Mountains (>75 km distant) were the most likely sources, accounting for 70% of timbers. Most notably, procurement areas changed through time. Before 1020 Common Era (CE) nearly all timbers originated from the Zunis (a previously unrecognized source), but by 1060 CE the Chuskas eclipsed the Zuni area in total wood imports. This shift occurred at the onset of Chaco florescence in the 11th century, a time with substantial expansion of existing great houses and the addition of seven new great houses in the Chaco Core area. It also coincides with the proliferation of Chuskan stone tools and pottery in the archaeological record of Chaco Canyon, further underscoring the link between land use and occupation in the Chuska area and the peak of great house construction. Our findings, based on the most temporally specific and replicated evidence of Chacoan resource procurement obtained to date, corroborate the long-standing but recently challenged interpretation that large numbers of timbers were harvested and transported from distant mountain ranges to build the great houses at Chaco Canyon.

29 CFR Appendix E to Subpart P of... - Alternatives to Timber Shoring

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 29 Labor 8 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Alternatives to Timber Shoring E Appendix E to Subpart P of..., DEPARTMENT OF LABOR (CONTINUED) SAFETY AND HEALTH REGULATIONS FOR CONSTRUCTION Excavations Pt. 1926, Subpt. P, App. E Appendix E to Subpart P of Part 1926—Alternatives to Timber Shoring EC30OC91.043 EC30OC91.044 ...

29 CFR Appendix E to Subpart P of... - Alternatives to Timber Shoring

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 29 Labor 8 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Alternatives to Timber Shoring E Appendix E to Subpart P of..., DEPARTMENT OF LABOR (CONTINUED) SAFETY AND HEALTH REGULATIONS FOR CONSTRUCTION Excavations Pt. 1926, Subpt. P, App. E Appendix E to Subpart P of Part 1926—Alternatives to Timber Shoring EC30OC91.043 EC30OC91.044 ...

29 CFR Appendix E to Subpart P of... - Alternatives to Timber Shoring

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 29 Labor 8 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Alternatives to Timber Shoring E Appendix E to Subpart P of..., DEPARTMENT OF LABOR (CONTINUED) SAFETY AND HEALTH REGULATIONS FOR CONSTRUCTION Excavations Pt. 1926, Subpt. P, App. E Appendix E to Subpart P of Part 1926—Alternatives to Timber Shoring EC30OC91.043 EC30OC91.044 ...

29 CFR Appendix E to Subpart P of... - Alternatives to Timber Shoring

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 29 Labor 8 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Alternatives to Timber Shoring E Appendix E to Subpart P of..., DEPARTMENT OF LABOR (CONTINUED) SAFETY AND HEALTH REGULATIONS FOR CONSTRUCTION Excavations Pt. 1926, Subpt. P, App. E Appendix E to Subpart P of Part 1926—Alternatives to Timber Shoring EC30OC91.043 EC30OC91.044 ...

29 CFR Appendix E to Subpart P of... - Alternatives to Timber Shoring

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 29 Labor 8 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Alternatives to Timber Shoring E Appendix E to Subpart P of..., DEPARTMENT OF LABOR (CONTINUED) SAFETY AND HEALTH REGULATIONS FOR CONSTRUCTION Excavations Pt. 1926, Subpt. P, App. E Appendix E to Subpart P of Part 1926—Alternatives to Timber Shoring EC30OC91.043 EC30OC91.044 ...

Industrialized timber structures.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1974-01-01

It was recently learned that a number of innovations in structural timber components are available to the construction industry, but that they were largely unknown to bridge designers. The purpose of this study was to develop for the Department a fea...

Overview of a Project to Quantify Seismic Performance Factors for Cross Laminated Timber Structures in the United States

Treesearch

M. Omar Amini; John W. van de Lindt; Shiling Pei; Douglas Rammer; Phil Line; Marjan Popovski

2014-01-01

Cross-laminated Timber (CLT) has been extensively used in Europe and is now gaining momentum in North America; both Canada and more recently the U.S. Construction projects have shown that CLT can effectively be used as an alternative construction material in mid-rise structures and has significant potential in commercial and industrial buildings. In the United States,...

Study on establishment of Body of Knowledge of Taiwan's Traditional Wooden Structure Technology

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Huang, M. T.; Chiou, S. C.; Hsu, T. W.; Su, P. C.

2015-08-01

The timber technology of the Taiwan traditional architecture is brought by the immigrants in the Southern Fujian of China in the early, which has been inherited for a hundred years. In the past, these traditional timber technologies were taught by mentoring, however, due to the change of the social form, the construction of the traditional architecture was faded away, and what is gradually replaced is the repair work of the traditional architecture, therefore, the construction method of the timber technology, use form of the tool and other factors are very different from previous one, and the core technology is faced with the dilemma of endangered loss. There are many relevant studies on architectural style, construction method of technology, schools of craftsman, technical capacity of craftsman and other timber technologies, or the technology preservation is carried out by dictating the historical record, studying the skills and other ways, but for the timber craftsman repairing the traditional architecture on the front line, there is still space for discussing whether to maintain the original construction method and maintain the due repair quality for the core technology. This paper classified the timber technology knowledge with the document analysis method and expert interview method, carried out the architecture analysis of knowledge hierarchy, and finally, built the preliminary framework of the timber technology knowledge system of the Taiwan traditional architecture, and built the standard formulation available for craftsman training and skills identification by virtue of the knowledge system, so that the craftsman did not affect the technical capacity due to the change of the knowledge instruction system, thus, affecting the repair quality of the traditional architecture; and in addition, the building of the database system can also be derived by means of the knowledge structure, so as to integrate the consistency of the contents of core technical capacity. It can be used as the interpretation data; the knowledge is standardized and the authority file is established, which is regarded as a technical specification, so that the technology is standardized, thus, avoid loss or distort.

Adhesives in Building--Lamination of Structural Timber Beams, Bonding of Cementitious Materials, Bonding of Gypsum Drywall Construction. Proceedings of a Conference of the Building Research Institute, Division of Engineering and Industrial Research (Spring 1960).

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

National Academy of Sciences - National Research Council, Washington, DC.

The role of adhesives in building design is discussed. Three major areas are as follows--(1) lamination of structural timber beams, (2) bonding of cementitious materials, and (3) bonding of gypsum drywall construction. Topical coverage includes--(1) structural lamination today, (2) adhesives in use today, (3) new adhesives needed, (4) production…

A Profile of Wood Use in Nonresidential Building Construction.

DTIC Science & Technology

1985-06-01

This includes both conventional glued- laminated timbers (glulam) and lumber in glued * Lumber (board, dimension, timbers , trussed, wood-plywood...members of built-up cross sections laminated , fire-retardant-treated) (wood I-beams). Greatest concentrations of use are in stores where 58 million board...remaining volumes (fig. 3). 5 7,7 6 Ir w Exterior wals Board Trussed Dimension and Timbers Laminated Percent "lorfrmigOffices 23 4ff-’£15.4 Fl or framing

A Computer Program to Evaluate Timber Production Investments Under Uncertainty

Treesearch

Dennis L. Schweitzer

1968-01-01

A computer program has been written in Fortran IV to calculate probability distributions of present worths of investments in timber production. Inputs can include both point and probabilistic estimates of future costs, prices, and yields. Distributions of rates of return can also be constructed.

Field Performance of Timber Bridges. 16: North Siwell Road Stress-Laminated Bridge

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1998-03-01

This report is 16th in a series of reports that documents the : field performance of timber bridges. The North Siwell Road bridge was constructed during December 1994 in Hinds County, Mississippi. The bridge is a single span, stress laminated T-beam ...

Advanced wood- and bio-composites : enhanced performance and sustainability

Treesearch

Jerrold E. Winandy

2006-01-01

Use of wood-based-composites technology to create value-added commodities and traditional construction materials is generally accepted worldwide. Engineered wood- and lignocellulosic-composite technologies allow users to add considerable value to a diverse number of wood- and lignocellulosic feedstocks including small-diameter timber, fast plantation-grown timber,...

36 CFR 223.63 - Advertised rates.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 36 Parks, Forests, and Public Property 2 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Advertised rates. 223.63... Sale Contracts Appraisal and Pricing § 223.63 Advertised rates. Timber shall be advertised for sale at... construction is to be accomplished by the timber purchaser. The advertised rates shall be not less than minimum...

36 CFR 223.63 - Advertised rates.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 36 Parks, Forests, and Public Property 2 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Advertised rates. 223.63... Sale Contracts Appraisal and Pricing § 223.63 Advertised rates. Timber shall be advertised for sale at... construction is to be accomplished by the timber purchaser. The advertised rates shall be not less than minimum...

36 CFR 223.63 - Advertised rates.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 36 Parks, Forests, and Public Property 2 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Advertised rates. 223.63... Sale Contracts Appraisal and Pricing § 223.63 Advertised rates. Timber shall be advertised for sale at... construction is to be accomplished by the timber purchaser. The advertised rates shall be not less than minimum...

36 CFR 223.63 - Advertised rates.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 36 Parks, Forests, and Public Property 2 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Advertised rates. 223.63... Sale Contracts Appraisal and Pricing § 223.63 Advertised rates. Timber shall be advertised for sale at... construction is to be accomplished by the timber purchaser. The advertised rates shall be not less than minimum...

Chapter 1: CLT Introduction to cross-laminated timber

Treesearch

Sylvan Gagnon; E.M.(Ted) Bilek; Lisa Podesto; Pablo Crespell

2013-01-01

Cross-laminated timber ( CLT), a new generation of engineered wood product developed initially in Europe, has been gaining increased popularity in residential and non-residential applications in several countries. Many impressive low- and mid-rise buildings built around the world using CLT showcase the many advantages this product has to offer to the construction...

Round timbers and ties

Treesearch

Ronald W. Wolfe

1999-01-01

Round timbers and ties represent some of the most efficient uses of our forest resources. They require a minimum of processing between harvesting the tree and marketing the structural commodity. Poles and piles are debarked or peeled, seasoned, and often treated with preservative prior to use as structural members. Construction logs are usually shaped to facilitate...

Structural (Performance) class Potential for North America

Treesearch

Eric Jones; David E. Kretschmann; Kevin Cheung

2014-01-01

Structural class systems are species-independent product classification systems for structural timber. They are used throughout the world to reduce the number of species and grade choices that face the designer of wood construction projects. Structural class systems offer an opportunity to simplify timber specification in North America and to encourage more effective...

Hybrid system of unbonded post-tensioned CLT panels and light-frame wood shear walls

Treesearch

T. Ho; T. Dao; S. Aaleti; J. van de Lindt; Douglas Rammer

2016-01-01

Cross-laminated timber (CLT) is a relatively new type of massive timber system that has shown to possess excellent mechanical properties and structural behavior in building construction. When post-tensioned with high-strength tendons, CLT panels perform well under cyclic loadings because of two key characteristics: their rocking behavior and self-centering capacity....

Long-term performance monitoring of hardwood timber bridges in Pennsylvania

Treesearch

James P. Wacker; Carlito Calil; Lola E. Hislop; Paula D. Hilbrich Lee; James A. Kainz

2004-01-01

Several hardwood timber bridges were constructed in Pennsylvania during the early 1990s. This report summarizes the long-term field performance of seven stress-laminated deck bridges over a 4-year period beginning August 1997 and ending July 2001. Data collected include lumber moisture content, static load test deflection measurements, and bridge condition assessments...

Covered Bridge Security Manual

Treesearch

Brett Phares; Terry Wipf; Ryan Sievers; Travis Hosteng

2013-01-01

The design, construction, and use of covered timber bridges is all but a lost art in these days of pre-stressed concrete, high-performance steel, and the significant growth both in the volume and size of vehicles. Furthermore, many of the existing covered timber bridges are preserved only because of their status on the National Registry of Historic Places or the...

Smart timber bridge on geosynthetic reinforced soil (GRS) abutments

Treesearch

Adam Senalik; James P. Wacker; Travis K. Hosteng; John Hermanson

2017-01-01

Recently, Buchanan County, Iowa, has cooperated with the U.S. Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory (FPL), and Iowa State University’s Bridge Engineering Center (ISU–BEC) to initiate a project involving the construction and monitoring of a glued-laminated (glulam) timber superstructure on geosynthetic reinforced soil (...

77 FR 29537 - Standards and Specifications for Timber Products Acceptable for Use by Rural Utilities Service...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-05-18

... Timber Products Acceptable for Use by Rural Utilities Service Electric and Telecommunications Borrowers... 44 U.S.C. 1510. #0; #0;The Code of Federal Regulations is sold by the Superintendent of Documents. #0... Construction, by codifying specifications for wood poles, stubs and anchor logs, wood crossarms (solid and...

Measurement of Moisture in Wood for Application in the Restoration of Old Buildings.

PubMed

Moron, Carlos; Garcia-Fuentevilla, Luisa; Garcia, Alfonso; Moron, Alberto

2016-05-14

There are many historic buildings whose construction is based on timber frame walls. Most buildings built during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries were based on timber frame walls with vertical support elements. These timber frame elements are affected by their moisture content and by the passage of time. If the interaction of the timber frame walls with hygrothermal fluctuations were known, the maintenance of these buildings could be improved significantly. To determine the moisture content of wood there are two types of meters on the market: on the one hand, capacitance meters which consist of two side ends and where the moisture content is measured locally between two peaks. On the other hand, there are meters based on the variation of electromagnetic transmittance of timber, which depends on the moisture of timber. The second ones are very expensive and difficult to handle. This work presents a new non-intrusive capacitive sensor that measures the global moisture content in a section of the timber frame walls and therefore its accuracy is similar to the accuracy that can be obtained with electromagnetic transmittance meters. Additionally, as it is a capacitive sensor, it is low cost and easy to operate.

Measurement of Moisture in Wood for Application in the Restoration of Old Buildings

PubMed Central

Moron, Carlos; Garcia-Fuentevilla, Luisa; Garcia, Alfonso; Moron, Alberto

2016-01-01

There are many historic buildings whose construction is based on timber frame walls. Most buildings built during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries were based on timber frame walls with vertical support elements. These timber frame elements are affected by their moisture content and by the passage of time. If the interaction of the timber frame walls with hygrothermal fluctuations were known, the maintenance of these buildings could be improved significantly. To determine the moisture content of wood there are two types of meters on the market: on the one hand, capacitance meters which consist of two side ends and where the moisture content is measured locally between two peaks. On the other hand, there are meters based on the variation of electromagnetic transmittance of timber, which depends on the moisture of timber. The second ones are very expensive and difficult to handle. This work presents a new non-intrusive capacitive sensor that measures the global moisture content in a section of the timber frame walls and therefore its accuracy is similar to the accuracy that can be obtained with electromagnetic transmittance meters. Additionally, as it is a capacitive sensor, it is low cost and easy to operate. PMID:27187410

Life Cycle Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Energy Analysis of Passive House with Variable Construction Materials

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Baďurová, Silvia; Ponechal, Radoslav; Ďurica, Pavol

2013-11-01

The term "passive house" refers to rigorous and voluntary standards for energy efficiency in a building, reducing its ecological footprint. There are many ways how to build a passive house successfully. These designs as well as construction techniques vary from ordinary timber constructions using packs of straw or constructions of clay. This paper aims to quantify environmental quality of external walls in a passive house, which are made of a timber frame, lightweight concrete blocks and sand-lime bricks in order to determine whether this constructional form provides improved environmental performance. Furthermore, this paper assesses potential benefit of energy savings at heating of houses in which their external walls are made of these three material alternatives. A two storey residential passive house, with floorage of 170.6 m2, was evaluated. Some measurements of air and surface temperatures were done as a calibration etalon for a method of simulation.

36 CFR 223.38 - Standards for road design and construction.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Provisions § 223.38 Standards for road design and construction. Road construction authorized under timber... 36 Parks, Forests, and Public Property 2 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Standards for road design and construction. 223.38 Section 223.38 Parks, Forests, and Public Property FOREST SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF...

Timber supply in the Pacific Northwest: managing for economic and ecological values in Douglas-fir forest.

Treesearch

R.O. Curtis; A.B. Carey

1996-01-01

The Douglas-fir region of western Washington and Oregon and coastal British Columbia contains the most productive forestlands in North America. Yet disagreement among user groups and conflicting goals, policies, and laws have nearly paralyzed timber management on federal lands and greatly increased costs and complexity of management on nonfederal lands. Constructive...

Field performance of timber bridges. 15, Pueblo County, Colorado, stress-laminated deck bridge

Treesearch

L. E. Hislop

The Pueblo County 204B bridge was constructed in March 1990 in Pueblo, Colorado, as a demonstration bridge under the USDA Forest Service Timber Bridge Initiative. The stress-laminated deck superstructure is approximately 10 m long, 9 m wide, and 406 mm deep, with a skew of 10 degrees. Performance monitoring was conducted for 3 years, beginning at...

Investigation of early timber–concrete composite bridges in the United States

Treesearch

James P. Wacker; Alfredo Dias; Travis K. Hosteng

2017-01-01

The use of timber–concrete composite (TCC) bridges in the United States dates back to circa 1925. Two different TCC systems were constructed during this early period. The first system included a longitudinal nail-laminated deck composite with a concrete deck top layer. The second system included sawn timber stringers supporting a concrete deck top layer. Records...

Modeling the effects of forest harvesting on landscape structure and the spatial distribution of cowbird brood parasitism

Treesearch

Eric J. Gustafson; Thomas R. Crow

1994-01-01

Timber harvesting affects both composition and structure of the landscape and has important consequences for organisms using forest habitats. A timber harvest allocation model was constructed that allows the input of specific rules to allocate forest stands for clearcutting to generate landscape patterns reflecting the "look and feel" of managed landscapes....

36 CFR 223.82 - Contents of advertisement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... sale which includes specified road construction with total estimated construction costs of $50,000 or more, the advertisement shall also include: (1) The total estimated construction cost of the permanent roads. (2) A statement extending to small business concerns qualified for preferential bidding on timber...

76 FR 22361 - Lakeview-Reeder Fuels Reduction, Idaho Panhandle National Forests, Idaho, Bonner County

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-04-21

... miles of road maintenance, 2.4 miles of system road construction and 0.7 miles of temporary road... construction, and 0.7 miles of temporary road construction. Responsible Official The Forest Supervisor of the... timber harvest and fuel treatments, as well as miles and locations of road maintenance, construction...

Assessment and maintenance of a 15 year old stress-laminated timber bridge

Treesearch

T. Russell Gentry; Karl N. Brohammer; John Wells; James P. Wacker

2006-01-01

A timber bridge consisting of three 6.7 meter spans with a stress laminated deck was constructed in 1991 in the Spirit Creek State Forest near August, Georgia, USA. The stress laminated bridge uses a series of post-tensioning bars to hold the laminations together. The bridge remained in service until 2001 with no maintenance, at which time the bridge was inspected,...

National and regional needs for increasing wood yields through intensive management

Treesearch

Robert B. Phelps

1977-01-01

Several recent studies show that U.S. timber markets are likely to grow rapidly in the next few decades. Part of the rising demand can be met by increasing the utilization of the timber harvested and more efficient manufacturing and construction processes. In addition, part of the increase can probably be supplied by rises in net imports, particularly at higher price...

Third Annual Joint Service Pollution Prevention Conference and Exhibition. "Achieving Compliance Through Pollution Prevention"

DTIC Science & Technology

1998-01-01

ASTM D5229, "Standard Test Method for Moisture Absorption Properties and Equilibrium Conditioning of Polymer Matrix Composite Materials." Sandwich...and pollution prevention. Methods and techniques have been established to make building disassembly and salvage cost-competitive with complete...specialized construction methods . • If natural resource conservation is a goal, consider timber framing using sustainably harvested timber, and

Woody residues and solid waste wood available for recovery in the United States, 2002

Treesearch

David B. McKeever; Robert H. Falk

2004-01-01

Large amounts of woody residues and solid wood waste are generated annually in the United States from the extraction of timber from forests, from forestry cultural operations, in the conversion of forest land to nonforest uses, in the initial processing of roundwood timber into usable products, in the construction and demolition of buildings and structures, and in the...

Cross-laminated timber made of Hungarian raw materials

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Marko, G.; Bejo, L.; Takats, P.

2016-04-01

Cross-laminated timber (CLT), generally made out of softwood, enjoys increasing popularity throughout Europe. This material offers a versatile, eco-friendly technology to create strong, lightweight and energy-efficient buildings. Unfortunately, the sites and climatic conditions in Hungary are not suitable for growing high-quality coniferous trees. Transporting raw materials from other countries (sometimes thousands of kilometres away) negates the environmental advantages of wood-based construction. Local options are definitely preferable from an ecological aspect. Poplar wood (populus spp.) is of great economic importance in Hungary. There are several relatively high density, high strength varieties growing in large quantities in Hungary, that may be used as alternatives to softwood, with comparable properties. There is an increasing interest in using poplar as a construction material, especially in regions were there is a shortage of traditional construction timber. This paper presents the results of a preliminary investigation to create CLT using poplar lumber. Laboratory-scale CLT specimens were created in a hot press, and tested for their loadbearing capacity. The MOR values of poplar CLT are comparable to, albeit somewhat lowerthan those of softwood CLT. Further investigations are required to establish the economic viability and technological conditions for the commercial production of poplar CLT.

Preservation treatment for wood bridge application

Treesearch

Jake Bigelow; Stan Lebow; Carol A. Clausen; Lowell Greimann; Terry J. Wipf

2009-01-01

Timber can often be a cost-effective construction material for new bridges. The durability of the bridge greatly depends on proper attention to construction details and fabrication, as well as proper preservative treatment before, during, and after construction. Material repair and replacement costs for bridges are a considerable expense for highway agencies. To...

Field performance of timber bridges. 9, Big Erick`s stress-laminated deck bridge

Treesearch

J. A. Kainz; J. P. Wacker; M. Nelson

The Big Erickas bridge was constructed during September 1992 in Baraga County, Michigan. The bridge is 72 ft long, 16 ft wide, and consists of three simple spans: two stress-laminated deck approach spans and a stress-laminated box center span. The bridge is unique in that it is one of the first known stress-laminated timber bridge applications to use Eastern Hemlock...

Effects on U.S. Timber Outlook of Recent Economic Recession, Collapse in Housing Construction, and Wood Energy Trends

Treesearch

Peter J. Ince; Prakash Nepal

2012-01-01

This paper reviews recent trends and structural changes in U.S. forest product markets and projects their effects on the long-range U.S. timber market outlook. The analysis derives from the same U.S. and global economic model that produced 50-year projections for the 2010 RPA nationwide forest assessment, but analysis is revised to more accurately include the economic...

Field performance of timber bridges. 4, Graves Crossing stress-laminated deck bridge

Treesearch

J. P. Wacker; M. A. Ritter

The Graves Crossing bridge was constructed October 1991 in Antrim County, Michigan, as part of the demonstration timber bridge program sponsored by the USDA Forest Service. The bridge is a two-span continuous, stress-laminated deck superstructure and it is 36-ft long and 26-ft wide. The bridge is one of the first stress-laminated deck bridges to be built of sawn lumber...

Stand Table Construction from Relascope Plots.

Treesearch

Charles B. Briscoe

1957-01-01

When timber is cruised using relascope, basal area and volume figures are obtained without constructing a stand table, through the use of appropriate conversion factors. Although this saving in time is very desirable for most inventories, certain management purposes require stand tables.

A Numerical Analysis of the Resistance and Stiffness of the Timber and Concrete Composite Beam

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Szumigała, Ewa; Szumigała, Maciej; Polus, Łukasz

2015-03-01

The article presents the results of a numerical analysis of the load capacity and stiffness of the composite timber and concrete beam. Timber and concrete structures are relatively new, they have not been thoroughly tested and they are rarely used because of technological constraints. One of the obstacles to using them is difficulty with finding a method which would allow successful cooperation between concrete and timber, which has been proposed by the authors of the present article. The modern idea of sustainable construction design requires the use of new more environmentally-friendly solutions. Wood as an ecological material is easily accessible, less energy-consuming, and under certain conditions more corrosion-resistant than steel. The analysis presented in the article showed that cooperation between a wooden beam and a concrete slab on profiled steel sheeting is possible. The analysed composite beam has a greater load capacity and stiffness than the wooden beam.

Keeping the Edge. Air Force Materiel Command Cold War Context (1945-1991). Volume 2: Installations and Facilities

DTIC Science & Technology

2003-08-01

connector increased the strength of the joints by spreading the load more equally over the cross section of the wood, and in fact made the "all-wood...strength of the timber joints by spreading the load more equally over the cross section of the wood. The Timber Engineering Company established a...Laboratory Computerized Axial Tomography Columbia Broadcasting System Comprehensive Display System Corps of Engineers Ballistic Missile Construction

Evaluation of timber barricades and precast concrete traffic barriers for use in highway construction areas.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1976-01-01

On August 15, 1975, the National Transportation Safety Board submitted a number of recommendations to the Administrator of the Federal Highway Administration and the Governor of Virginia regarding safety practices in the construction zone of I-495 in...

Glenn Powell | NREL

Science.gov Websites

, bearings Construction, project supervision, steel, timber, plumbing, critical climate control Water and wastewater treatment, storage, pumping Purchasing, budgeting, planning Education Yacht 3 Marine Chief

28 CFR 63.6 - Procedures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

..., etc.); economic aspects (costs of space, construction, services, and relocation); and legal... and stability, hydrologic utility, fish, wildlife, timber, and food and fiber resources; and other...

Two-rail steel-backed timber guardrail system : Crown Point Highway, Multnomah County, Oregon : construction report.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1992-09-01

Guardrails in Oregon have traditionally been constructed using a steel W-beam guardrail. Although the steel guardrail has functioned well in the past, it is not aesthetically pleasing. To achieve a more pleasant drive through parks and scenic highway...

48 CFR 225.7202 - Exception.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... United States 225.7202 Exception. This subpart does not apply to contracts for commercial items, construction, ores, natural gas, utilities, petroleum products and crudes, timber (logs), or subsistence. ...

Evaluation and Repair of War-Damaged Port Facilities. Report 3. Concepts for Expedient War-Damage Repair of Pier and Wharf Decking

DTIC Science & Technology

1987-06-01

calculations) Timber or laminated wood could be used to provide a deck for an expedient repair. Forest products may be the materials of choice because of...splits in the wood near the end of the timber. This problem may be mitigated by nail or glue laminating smaller members into mats of the desired...explanation of possible uses for laminated forest products in expedient port construction. As mentioned in the discussion con-^ cerning prefabricated

Modelling the standing timber volume of Baden-Württemberg-A large-scale approach using a fusion of Landsat, airborne LiDAR and National Forest Inventory data

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Maack, Joachim; Lingenfelder, Marcus; Weinacker, Holger; Koch, Barbara

2016-07-01

Remote sensing-based timber volume estimation is key for modelling the regional potential, accessibility and price of lignocellulosic raw material for an emerging bioeconomy. We used a unique wall-to-wall airborne LiDAR dataset and Landsat 7 satellite images in combination with terrestrial inventory data derived from the National Forest Inventory (NFI), and applied generalized additive models (GAM) to estimate spatially explicit timber distribution and volume in forested areas. Since the NFI data showed an underlying structure regarding size and ownership, we additionally constructed a socio-economic predictor to enhance the accuracy of the analysis. Furthermore, we balanced the training dataset with a bootstrap method to achieve unbiased regression weights for interpolating timber volume. Finally, we compared and discussed the model performance of the original approach (r2 = 0.56, NRMSE = 9.65%), the approach with balanced training data (r2 = 0.69, NRMSE = 12.43%) and the final approach with balanced training data and the additional socio-economic predictor (r2 = 0.72, NRMSE = 12.17%). The results demonstrate the usefulness of remote sensing techniques for mapping timber volume for a future lignocellulose-based bioeconomy.

36 CFR 223.38 - Standards for road design and construction.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 36 Parks, Forests, and Public Property 2 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Standards for road design and construction. 223.38 Section 223.38 Parks, Forests, and Public Property FOREST SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE SALE AND DISPOSAL OF NATIONAL FOREST SYSTEM TIMBER, SPECIAL FOREST PRODUCTS, AND FOREST BOTANICAL...

36 CFR 223.38 - Standards for road design and construction.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 36 Parks, Forests, and Public Property 2 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Standards for road design and construction. 223.38 Section 223.38 Parks, Forests, and Public Property FOREST SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE SALE AND DISPOSAL OF NATIONAL FOREST SYSTEM TIMBER, SPECIAL FOREST PRODUCTS, AND FOREST BOTANICAL...

75 FR 78208 - Black Hills National Forest, Northern Hills Ranger District; South Dakota; Steamboat Project

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-12-15

... burning. Approximately 18 miles of new road construction would be necessary to carry out the proposed... may be used. Road construction and maintenance activities would be necessary to access areas proposed for timber harvest. New roads would be closed following management activities. Implementation of...

Nonpoint Source: Forestry

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

Sources of nonpoint source (NPS) pollution associated with forestry activities include removal of streamside vegetation, road construction and use, timber harvesting, and mechanical preparation for the planting of trees. Information resources.

78 FR 49722 - Tongass National Forest Wrangell Ranger District; Alaska; Wrangell Island Project Environmental...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-08-15

... official will decide whether to authorize timber harvest, associated road construction, and road management... manage roads in the project area to support resource management activities. Proposed Action The Proposed... (NFS) and temporary roads would be constructed and about 7 miles of existing NFS roads would be...

75 FR 1800 - Notice of Proposed Information Collection for 1004-0102

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-01-13

... use and/or maintenance of their roads. These fees represent the BLM's share of road construction and... uses the report to ensure compliance with the timber sale contract, and to amortize road construction... reinstatement of an approval to collect information that documents the payment of road use fees for the use of...

Early Neolithic water wells reveal the world's oldest wood architecture.

PubMed

Tegel, Willy; Elburg, Rengert; Hakelberg, Dietrich; Stäuble, Harald; Büntgen, Ulf

2012-01-01

The European Neolithization ~6000-4000 BC represents a pivotal change in human history when farming spread and the mobile style of life of the hunter-foragers was superseded by the agrarian culture. Permanent settlement structures and agricultural production systems required fundamental innovations in technology, subsistence, and resource utilization. Motivation, course, and timing of this transformation, however, remain debatable. Here we present annually resolved and absolutely dated dendroarchaeological information from four wooden water wells of the early Neolithic period that were excavated in Eastern Germany. A total of 151 oak timbers preserved in a waterlogged environment were dated between 5469 and 5098 BC and reveal unexpectedly refined carpentry skills. The recently discovered water wells enable for the first time a detailed insight into the earliest wood architecture and display the technological capabilities of humans ~7000 years ago. The timbered well constructions made of old oak trees feature an unopened tree-ring archive from which annually resolved and absolutely dated environmental data can be culled. Our results question the principle of continuous evolutionary development in prehistoric technology, and contradict the common belief that metal was necessary for complex timber constructions. Early Neolithic craftsmanship now suggests that the first farmers were also the first carpenters.

Long-term behaviour of timber structures in torrent control

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Rickli, Christian; Graf, Frank

2014-05-01

Timber is widely used for protection measures in torrent control. However, life span of woody constructions such as timber check dams is limited due to fungal decay. However, only sparse scientific information is available on the long-term behaviour of timber structures and the colonisation with decay fungi. Related to this, in practice a controversial discussion has been going on if either Norway Spruce (Picea abies) or Silver Fir (Abies alba) is more enduring and if bark removal increases resistance against fungal decay. In order to going into this matter a series of 15 timber check dams built in 1996 has been monitored. The constructions were alternatively realised with Norway Spruce and Silver Fir, half of them each with remaining and removed bark, respectively. The scientific investigations included the documentation of colonisation with rot fungi and the identification of decayed zones with a simple practical approach as well as based on drilling resistance. Colonisation by decay fungi started three years after construction (e.g. Gloeophyllum sepiarium), detecting two years later first parts with reduced wood resistance. Sixteen years after construction decay was found on all check dams but two. Wood quality was markedly better in watered sections compared to the occasionally dry lateral abutment sections. Taking the whole check dams into consideration, slightly more decay was detected in Norway Spruce compared to logs in Silver Fir and both the practical approach and the drilling resistance measurement yielded in more defects on logs without bark. However, due to limited number of replications and fungal data, it was not possible to statistically verify these results. Statistical analysis was restricted to the drilling resistance data and fruit-bodies of decay fungi of the uppermost log of each check dam. Based on this limited analysis significant differences in the effect on the drilling resistance were found for watered sections and lateral abutments, brown and white rot as well as fir with and without bark. Taking further into account that brown rot reduces wood strength faster than white rot, it may be speculated that spruce logs without bark and fir logs with bark are more resistant against fungal decay compared to logs of spruce with and fir without bark, respectively. However, this has to be treated with caution as only the uppermost logs were considered, the observation period was only 15 years and the relative abundance of the most important decay fungi considerably varied between as well as within the check dams. Consequently, for statistically sound and well-funded recommendations further investigations over a longer period are indispensable.

Mount St. Helens Quick Response Damage Assessment Using High-Altitude Infrared Photography

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hinkle, Richard E.; Prill, James C.; Pruitt, John R.

1981-11-01

After the destructive volcanic eruption of Mount St. Helens on May 18, 1980, there was a need for a quick response damage assessment. Timeliness of the information was emphasized because of the need to immediately devise land man-agement plans for timber sale operations, rehabilitation efforts, fire protection activities, and areas to be preserved. High-altitude color-infrared photography was collected during May and June by the National Aeronautics and Space Administra-tion (NASA) Ames Research Center (ARC). Interpretation of the photography plus a helicopter trip into the area provided the basis for the construction of 58 map-registered overlays within a 3-week period. These overlays depicted in detail the damage to timber resources, the transportation network, and the watershed. Using the 14 timber loss overlays, U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Forest Service personnel were able to digitize cells depicting ownership, degree of damage, and the preeruption cover classes. These digitized data provided such informa-tion as the total area affected within and outside the national forest, total timber acreage destroyed and damaged, the sizes of timber destroyed, and the acreage of barren land both before and after the eruption. The hydrology and transportation overlays provided information for an alert system to locate areas needing in-depth studies. These problem areas were then studied in detail on low-altitude color photography so that potential erosion sites could receive preventive treatments and essential access roads needed for fire control and timber salvage could be repaired.

75 FR 1748 - Helena National Forest, Montana, Stonewall Vegetation Project

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-01-13

... Scapegoat Swan and Lincoln Gulch). Approximately five miles of road would be built then obliterated immediately following timber removal. Commercial harvest and road construction would not occur in the two...

Field performance of timber bridges. 14, Dean, Hibbsville, and Decatur stress-laminated deck bridges

Treesearch

P. D. Hilbrich Lee; M. A. Ritter; S. Golston; K. Hinds

1984-01-01

The Dean, Hibbsville, and Decatur bridges were constructed in southern Iowa during 1994. Each bridge is a simple-span, stress-laminated deck superstructure, approximately 7.3 m (24 ft) long, constructed from eastern cottonwood lumber. The performance of each bridge was monitored for approximately 2 years, beginning shortly after installation. Monitoring involved...

Historic timber skeleton structures and the local seismic culture

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bostenaru, M.

2009-04-01

This presentation deals with the employment of timber skeleton structure and the local seismic culture. After the 1755 earthquake in the reconstruction of Lisbon a type of building with timber skeleton and masonry infill called "gaiola pombalina" was promoted, since this was designed to better resists earthquakes. "Gaiola" means cage, and it was also named after the Marques de Pombal who introduced it in the reconstruction following the earthquake. The „gaiola pombalina" presents a timber skeleton with Saint Andrew crosses in the interior walls with masonry infill and thick masonry load bearing walls loosing in thickness to the upper floors in the exterior walls. The masonry can fall out during earthquakes but the building remains staying given the interior timber skeleton. The type of buildings with timber structure and (masonry) infill behaved well in earthquakes in various parts of the earth, like Nepal (the dhaji dewary type), Pakistan, Turkey (the himiş type after the 1999 earthquake) [both latter types were researched by Langenbach, www.conservationtech.com and www.traditional-is-modern.net] and also in Germany after the 1356 earthquake (the Southern German subtype of Fachwerk). Also in Italy a subtype called "casa baraccata" was promoted in a construction code to a similar time (following the 1783 earthquake in Southern Italy, see Tobriner 1983) as that of the "gaiola pombalina", the time of the Baroque, when town planning acquired another status. Unlike at the "gaiola pombalina" the "casa baraccata" the timber skeleton is at the exterior walls. For this reason this type of buildings is considered to be an expression of the local seismic culture. However, this type of buildings is common also for areas where seismic risk is not an issue, like half-timbered in England and the northern subtype of Fachwerk in Northern Germany, and in some high seismic risk regions with mountains and timber resources like Romania is not spread. Given these premises the author looked for an alternative explanation for the origins of this construction type. Two expressions of the type were closer analysed: the "gaiola pombalina" from Portugal and the Fachwerk from Germany, in both its forms: the northern and the southern German type. The "gaiola pombalina" building type will be presented in this contribution, together with options for contemporary restoration, given that the author had the opportunity to visit such a building site. The Fachwerk buildings are integrally out of timber skeleton in both their interior and exterior walls. Infill is done with adobe on basketry, masonry or wood planks. The southern subtype was the object of a detailed analysis of the author which resulted in a report for the World Housing Encyclopedia (www.world-housing.net, report #108/Switzerland), but it is the northern subtype which is interesting for the argumentative discourse in this presentation. These two subtypes are one placed in a seismic risk region, while the other is not. Common to the "gaiola pombalina" and the Northern subtype of Fachwerk is the inspiration from ship-like structures, as some authors (Cardoso et. al. 2004 and Lachner 1887) noted. In their most pure form, the Northern German subtype, Fachwerk buildings present a ship like structure in the way the consoles on which the upper floors are built are done. Also the "gaiola pombalina" was generated in areas with knowledge of building of ships. However, this is not true for some other locations where this type is spread, like for dhaji dewari in Nepal. So the explanation might have to be looked for in other aspects of local architecture, like the availability of timber resources. The half timbered type in all its regional varieties may be a result of using efficiently timber resources. It is the theory of the author that the use of timber in half timbered way is to be attributed to more than to the local seismic culture. It may be that the urban use, promulgated in codes like in Portugal and Italy, is inspired from the vernacular type which resisted well in earthquakes, but the reasons of appearance for the vernacular type are different.

Glulam timber deck bridges : final report.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1979-01-01

This report discusses the construction and initial condition of the Virginia Department of Highways and Transportation's first three bridges built with glulam panels on steel stringers. The data show that superstructures with glulam deck panels are m...

Early Neolithic Water Wells Reveal the World's Oldest Wood Architecture

PubMed Central

Tegel, Willy; Elburg, Rengert; Hakelberg, Dietrich; Stäuble, Harald; Büntgen, Ulf

2012-01-01

The European Neolithization ∼6000−4000 BC represents a pivotal change in human history when farming spread and the mobile style of life of the hunter-foragers was superseded by the agrarian culture. Permanent settlement structures and agricultural production systems required fundamental innovations in technology, subsistence, and resource utilization. Motivation, course, and timing of this transformation, however, remain debatable. Here we present annually resolved and absolutely dated dendroarchaeological information from four wooden water wells of the early Neolithic period that were excavated in Eastern Germany. A total of 151 oak timbers preserved in a waterlogged environment were dated between 5469 and 5098 BC and reveal unexpectedly refined carpentry skills. The recently discovered water wells enable for the first time a detailed insight into the earliest wood architecture and display the technological capabilities of humans ∼7000 years ago. The timbered well constructions made of old oak trees feature an unopened tree-ring archive from which annually resolved and absolutely dated environmental data can be culled. Our results question the principle of continuous evolutionary development in prehistoric technology, and contradict the common belief that metal was necessary for complex timber constructions. Early Neolithic craftsmanship now suggests that the first farmers were also the first carpenters. PMID:23284685

Field performance of timber bridges. 11, Spearfish Creek stress-laminated box-beam bridge

Treesearch

J. P. Wacker; M. A. Ritter; K. Stanfill-McMillan

The Spearfish Creek bridge was constructed in 1992 in Spearfish, South Dakota. It is a single-span, stress-laminated, box-beam superstructure. Performance of the bridge is being monitored for 5 years, beginning at installation. This report summarizes results for the first 3-1/2 years of monitoring and includes information on the design, construction, and field...

Assessment of dynamic and long-term performance of an innovative multi-story timber building via structural monitoring and dynamic testing

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Omenzetter, Piotr; Morris, Hugh; Worth, Margaret; Gaul, Andrew; Jager, Simon; Desgeorges, Yohann

2012-04-01

An innovative three-story timber building, using self-centering, post-tensioned timber shear walls as the main horizontal load resisting system and lightweight non-composite timber-concrete floors, has recently been completed in Nelson, New Zealand. It is expected to be the trailblazer for similar but taller structures to be more widely adopted. Performance based standards require an advanced understanding of building responses and in order to meet the need for in-situ performance data the building has been subjected to forced vibration testing and instrumented for continuous monitoring using a total of approximately 90 data channels to capture its dynamic and long-term responses. The first part of the paper presents a brief discussion of the existing research on the seismic performance of timber frame buildings and footfall induced floor vibrations. An outline of the building structural system, focusing on the novel design solutions, is then discussed. This is followed by the description of the monitoring system. The analysis of monitoring results starts with a discussion of the monitoring of long-term deformations. Next, the assessment of the floor vibration serviceability performance is outlined. Then, the forced vibration tests conducted on the whole building at different construction stages are reviewed. The system identification results from seismic shaking records are also discussed. Finally, updating of a finite element model of the building is conducted.

An empirical investigation of construction and demolition waste generation rates in Shenzhen city, South China.

PubMed

Lu, Weisheng; Yuan, Hongping; Li, Jingru; Hao, Jane J L; Mi, Xuming; Ding, Zhikun

2011-04-01

The construction and demolition waste generation rates (C&D WGRs) is an important factor in decision-making and management of material waste in any construction site. The present study investigated WGRs by conducting on-site waste sorting and weighing in four ongoing construction projects in Shenzhen city of South China. The results revealed that WGRs ranged from 3.275 to 8.791 kg/m(2) and miscellaneous waste, timber for formwork and falsework, and concrete were the three largest components amongst the generated waste. Based on the WGRs derived from the research, the paper also discussed the main causes of waste in the construction industry and attempted to connect waste generation with specific construction practices. It was recommended that measures mainly including performing waste sorting at source, employing skilful workers, uploading and storing materials properly, promoting waste management capacity, replacing current timber formwork with metal formwork and launching an incentive reward program to encourage waste reduction could be potential solutions to reducing current WGRs in Shenzhen. Although these results were derived from a relatively small sample and so cannot justifiably be generalized, they do however add to the body of knowledge that is currently available for understanding the status of the art of C&D waste management in China. Copyright © 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

The Economics of Forest Carbon Sequestration: The Challenge for Emissions Offset Trading

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

van Kooten, G. C.

2016-12-01

This paper provides an overview of the role that forestry activities can play in mitigating climate change. The price of carbon offset credits is used for incentivizing a reduction in the release of CO2 emissions and an increase in sequestration of atmospheric CO2 through forestry activities. Forestland owners essentially have two options for creating carbon offset credits: (1) avoid or delay harvest of mature timber; or (2) harvest timber and allow natural regeneration or regeneration with `regular' or genetically-enhanced growing stock, storing carbon in post-harvest products, using sawmill and potentially logging residues to generate electricity. In this study, a model representative of the Quesnel Timber Supply Area (TSA) in the BC interior is developed. The objective is to maximize net discounted returns to commercial timber operations (and sale of downstream products) plus the benefits of managing carbon fluxes. The model tracks carbon in living trees, organic matter, and, importantly, post-harvest carbon pools and avoided emissions from substituting wood for non-wood in construction or wood bioenergy for fossil fuels. Model constraints ensure that commercial forest management is sustainable, while carbon prices incentivize sequestration to ensure efficient mitigation of climate change. The results are confirmed more generally by comparing the carbon fluxes derived from the integrated forest management model with those from a Faustmann-Hartman rotation age model that explicitly includes benefits of storing carbon. One other question is addressed: If carbon offsets are created when wood biomass substitutes for fossil fuels in power generation, can one count the saved emissions from steel/cement production when wood substitutes for non-wood materials in construction?

Analysis of the Use of Frame Construction and Modular Additions in City Centre

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Milwicz, Roman; Milwicz, Natalia; Dubas, Sebastian

2017-10-01

The living urban fabric can be characterized by the continuous introduction of changes and additions. The city centre is subject to specific restrictions due to the conservation protection and high demand on aesthetics aspect, thermal insulation, construction cost and the ratio of usable area of the building area. This article presents a comparative analysis of traditional construction with light frame and modular construction for the above-mentioned issues. Timber frame structure technology was suggested as effective, economic and innovative solutions for modular additions on buildings in city centres.

Environmental ramifications of various materials used in construction and manufacture in the United States.

Treesearch

S. Alexander; B. Greber

1991-01-01

Forest resource supply analysis has increasingly been done in an economic market context. Little work has been done to assess the environmental consequences of a change in timber harvests that would result in a shift in competing markets. The purpose of this study was to estimate a relation among construction materials as they are used as substitutes or complements of...

Future consumption of timber growth in northern Minnesota: 1980-2030.

Treesearch

Mark Rockel; Joseph Buongiorno; David C. Lothner; Edwin Kallio

1983-01-01

Consumption projections are reported by major species groups in Northern Minnesota for pulpwood used in pulp production and in construction board, fuelwood, and sawtimber from 1980 to 2030. Total consumption of pulpwood could grow between 97% and 116%.

Chapter 10:Hardwoods for timber bridges

Treesearch

James P. Wacker; Ed T. Cesa

2005-01-01

This chapter describes the joint efforts of the Forest Service and the FHWA to administer national programs including research, demonstration bridges, and technology transfer components. Summary information on a number of Forest Service-WIT demonstration bridges constructed with hardwoods is also provided.

Long-term monitoring and field testing of an innovative multistory timber building

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Omenzetter, Piotr; Morris, Hugh; Worth, Margaret; Kohli, Varun; Uma, S. R.

2011-04-01

An innovative three-story timber building, using self-centering, post-tensioned timber shear walls as the main horizontal load resisting system and lightweight composite timber-concrete floors, has recently been completed in Nelson, New Zealand. It is expected to be the trailblazer for similar but taller structures to be more widely adopted. Performance based standards require an advanced understanding of building responses and in order to meet the need for in-situ performance data the building has been subjected to forced vibration testing and instrumented for continuous monitoring using a total of about 90 data channels to capture its dynamic and long-term responses. The first part of the paper presents a brief discussion of the existing research on the seismic performance of timber frame buildings and footfall induced floor vibrations. An outline of the building structural system, focusing on the novel design solutions, is then discussed. This is followed by the description of the monitoring system. The paper emphasizes the need for optimal placement of a limited number of sensors and demonstrates how this was achieved for monitoring floor vibrations with the help of the effective independence-driving point residue (EfI-DPR) technique. A novel approach to the EfI-DPR method proposed here uses a combinatorial search algorithm that increases the chances of obtaining the globally optimal solution. Finally, the results from the forced vibration tests conducted on the whole building at different construction stages are reviewed.

Moisture Absorption Characteristics of Epoxy Based Adhesive Reinforced with CTBN and Ceramic Particles for Bonded-in Timber Connection: Fickian or Non-Fickian Behaviour

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ahmad, Z.; Ansell, M. P.; Smedley, D.

2011-02-01

For in-situ bonding of pultruded rod into timber structural members, such as in the construction of bonded-in timber connection, strengthening and repair of timber structures, the adhesive used must be thixotropic, room temperature cure, environmentally stable and friendly and applied at without pressure. This study investigates the moisture absorption characteristics of three adhesives specially formulated for bonded-in timber connections where the adhesives are reinforced with nano- and micro-particles denoted as CB10TSS (standard adhesive), Albipox (CB10TSS/CTBN) and Timberset (ceramics filled adhesive) with the aim to improve mechanical properties and raise glass transition temperature. The effect of high temperatures and high humidity on the properties of adhesives were determined following conditioning at different temperatures (20°C, 30°C and 50°C) and relative humidities (65%, 75% and 95%) and soaking in water at 20°C In all cases the properties of Albipox were least affected by environment but Timberset exhibited the lowest moisture uptake. Exposure to humid environments at temperatures 20°C and 30°C for CB10TSS and Albipox and 50°C for Timberset resulted in water uptake characterized as Fickian which had only a modest effect on properties. However, exposure to humid environments at temperature (50°C) which is higher than Tg resulted in non-Fickian uptake of water for CB10TSS and Albipox and a more adverse effect on properties.

Field performance of timber bridges. 8, Lynches Woods Park stress-laminated deck bridge

Treesearch

J. P. Wacker; M. A. Ritter; D. Conger

The Lynches Woods Park bridge was constructed during the summer of 1990 in Newberry, South Carolina. It is a single-span, single-lane, stress-laminated deck superstructure that measures approximately 30 ft long, 16 ft wide, and 14 in. deep. The bridge is unique in that is one of the first known stress-laminated deck bridges to be constructed of Southern Pine lumber...

Ecological restoration

Treesearch

Christopher D. Barton; John I. Blake; Donald W. Imm

2005-01-01

The long history of human settlement, agriculture, and industry at the Savannah River Site (SRS) has created extensive opportunities for ecological restoration. Two hundred years of farming, drainage, dam construction, stream channeling, fire protection, subsistence hunting and fishing, exotic animal and plant introduction, and selective timber harvesting have caused...

46 CFR 42.25-5 - Definitions of terms used in this subpart.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... timber carried on an uncovered part of a freeboard or superstructure deck. The term does not include wood... comply with certain conditions relating to its construction which are set out in § 42.25-10. [CGFR 68-60...

Seismic Strengthening of Carpentry Joints in Traditional Timber Structures

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Parisi, Maria A.; Cordié, Cinzia; Piazza, Maurizio

2008-07-01

The static and dynamic behavior of timber structures largely depends on their connections. In traditional timber construction, elements are usually connected with carpentry joints based on contact pressure and friction, often with only minor reinforcement generically intended to avoid disassembling. In current practice, interventions for the upgrading of carpentry joints are mainly based on empirical knowledge according to tradition. Often they produce a general strengthening of the connection, but are not specific for the case of seismic action. Strengthening on heuristic bases may be only partially effective or possibly disproportioned. The behavior of the carpentry joints most used in roof structures is examined. The birdsmouth joint, connecting rafters to the tie beam, has been studied first, characterizing its behavior numerically and experimentally in monotonic and cyclic conditions. Other forms of the rafter-to-tie connection, the double notch joint and the case of parallel rafters, are discussed. Some general criteria for the seismic strengthening of these joints are presented.

24 CFR 3280.4 - Incorporation by reference.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... AISC—American Institute of Steel Construction, One East Wacker Drive, Chicago, IL 60601 AISI—American Iron and Steel Institute, 1101 17th Street, NW., Washington, DC 20036 AITC—American Institute of Timber... Plaines, IL 60018 SAE—Society of Automotive Engineers, 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, Pennsylvania...

24 CFR 3280.4 - Incorporation by reference.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... AISC—American Institute of Steel Construction, One East Wacker Drive, Chicago, IL 60601 AISI—American Iron and Steel Institute, 1101 17th Street, NW., Washington, DC 20036 AITC—American Institute of Timber... Plaines, IL 60018 SAE—Society of Automotive Engineers, 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, Pennsylvania...

Photocopy of photograph (from NBPPNSY, CSF35871264) Replogle, photographer, September 23, ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

Photocopy of photograph (from NBP-PNSY, CSF-3587-12-64) Replogle, photographer, September 23, 1921 view northwest from 350 - ton crane (Haer no. PA-387-F) of Philadelphia Navy Yard. Drydock no. 2 (Haer no. Pa-387-B) at right, below center of the photograph. This timber structure is 465 feet long, completed by yard labor in early 1915. The slip had dive McMyler Interstate Company rotating hammerhead cranes. It was the site where the U.S.S. Henderson, first ship built by the League Island yard, came down the ways on June 17, 1916. Between drydock no. 2 and slip no. 1 are small shipways, 210 feet long, used for construction of sea-going mine sweepers. The slip ways at the upper left of the photograph are nos. 2 and 3. They are of timber construction and were built in 1918 no. 2 was 850 and no. 3 700 feet long. - Naval Base Philadelphia-Philadelphia Naval Shipyard, League Island, Philadelphia, Philadelphia County, PA

A Comprehensive Expedient Methods Field Manual.

DTIC Science & Technology

1984-09-01

structures. " Revetments may be constructed of sandbags, sod blocks , and other expedients [17:933." Bunkers are emplacements with overhead protective...Lapland Fence............................. 75 19. Hardening: Dimensional Timber (Soil Bin) Revetment ............................................. 76...20. Hardening: Log Bulkhead (Soil Bin) Revetment ... 77 21. Hardening: Landing Mat Bulkhead (Soil Bin) Revetment

36 CFR 223.37 - Revegetation of temporary roads.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... roads. 223.37 Section 223.37 Parks, Forests, and Public Property FOREST SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF... Provisions § 223.37 Revegetation of temporary roads. Timber sale contracts, permits and other documents... roads constructed or used thereunder so as to permit the reestablishment by artificial or natural means...

Hardwoods for timber bridges : a national program emphasis by the USDA Forest Service

Treesearch

James P. Wacker; Ed Cesa

2005-01-01

This paper describes the joint efforts of the Forest Service and the FHWA to administer national programs including research, demonstration bridges, and technology transfer components. Summary information on a number of Forest Service-WIT demonstration bridges constructed with hardwoods is also provided.

The Strontium Fingerprint and Footprint: Using 87Sr/86Sr to Find the Sources and Range of Architectural Timber Acquisition of Great House Construction at Chaco Canyon, New Mexico

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

English, N. B.; Reynolds, A. C.; Quade, J.; Betancourt, J. L.

2006-12-01

We describe the spatial and temporal patterns of timber acquisition by great house builders in Chaco Canyon, New Mexico. The 87Sr/86Sr ratios from annually-dated, architectural logs in 10^{th} to 12^{th} century structures are compared to the 87Sr/86Sr of modern tree stands from the surrounding mountains. Although not a stable isotope system, the long half-life of the 87Sr parent (87Rb, t1/2 = 48.8 Ga) yields a stable isotope system on the timescales used to determine the geographic origin of ecosystem resources. The small mass difference among strontium's isotopes eliminates measurable biologic or kinetic fractionation at earth surface conditions. Strontium tracer studies, however, do require distinct end-member ratios to be feasible. Strontium isotopes, alone or in combination with other isotopes, provide a simple way to study and trace the geographic origin of ecosystem resources. Over the 150 km-wide Chaco Basin, 87Sr/86Sr ratios of modern trees range from 0.7055 to 0.7192. 87Sr/86Sr ratios from this and other studies show that during great house construction Chaco Canyon was provisioned with plant materials that came from more than 75 km away in all directions. This includes (1) corn (Zea mays) grown on the eastern flanks of the Chuska Mountains and floodplain of the San Juan River to the west and north, (2) spruce (Picea sp.) and fir (Abies sp.) architectural beams from the high crests of the Chuska and San Mateo Mountains to the west and south, and (3) ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) from the low slopes of the La Platas and San Juan Mountains to the north, the San Pedro Mountains to the east, the Chuska and San Mateo Mountains and nearby mesas. There are no systematic patterns in spruce/fir or ponderosa provenance by great house (Pueblo Bonito, Chetro Ketl, Pueblo del Arroyo) or by time, suggesting the use of stockpiles from a few preferred sources from the beginning of large scale construction in or around Chaco Canyon. This is contrary to the view that Chacoan's travelled further for timber as nearby stands of timber were depleted. The multiple and distant sources for food and timber, now based on hundreds of isotopic values from modern and archeological samples, confirm conventional wisdom about the geographic footprint of the larger Chacoan system. While our study addresses ancient resource procurement patterns, the strontium method is suitable for many modern studies including ecological and forensic applications.

75 FR 21577 - Rogue River-Siskiyou National Forest, Powers Ranger District, Coos County, OR; Eden Ridge Timber...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-04-26

... on soil, slope and hydrological concerns. New system road construction, reconstruction of... natural succession processes. The residual trees would have less competition for sunlight, water and soil... designed to: Minimize soil impacts (erosion, compaction and/or displacement); Minimize damage to residual...

75 FR 31418 - Intermountain Region, Payette National Forest, Council Ranger District; Idaho; Mill Creek-Council...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-06-03

... noncommercial vegetation management and road system modifications and maintenance. DATES: Comments concerning..., timber harvest (especially large diameter ponderosa pine) and road construction have affected forest.... There would be no equipment entry in riparian conservation areas (RCAs) except on existing roads or skid...

Characterizing the walnut genome through analyses of BAC end sequences

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Persian walnut (Juglans regia L.) is an economically important tree for its nut crop and timber. To gain insight into the structure and evolution of the walnut genome, we constructed two bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) libraries, containing a total of 129,024 clones, from in vitro-grown shoots...

Engineered and Other Wood Products - An Opportunity to "Grow the Pie"

Treesearch

Albert Schuler; Craig Adair

2003-01-01

The market for engineered wood products (EWP) is being driven by a number of factors including: technology; reduced availability of old-growth timber; construction activity, and globalization. Specifically, technological developments have allowed the industry to "engineer" or "design" improved performance properties and to utilize former "weed...

Application of geotechnical data to resource planning in southeast Alaska.

Treesearch

W.L. Schroeder; D.N. Swanston

1987-01-01

Recent quantification of engineering properties and index values of dominant soil types in the Alexander Archipelago, southeast Alaska, have revealed consistent diagnostic characteristics useful to evaluating landslide risk and subgrade material stability before timber harvesting and low-volume road construction. Shear strength data are summarized and grouped by Soil...

Environmental Impact Analysis Process. Volume 3. Preliminary Final Environmental Impact Statement Construction and Operation of Space Launch Complex 7

DTIC Science & Technology

1989-10-23

817) 824-5606. Reelfoot Lake Water Level believes that the proposed timber EIS No. 890197. Final, USA. UT, Tooele Management Plan. Implementation...2: Incidenial lake erit The potential need for an incidental take permit is discussed in Section 4.4.1, Regional Environment. Comment No. 3...and Crow Indian Tribes. Yellowstone, E02, Lake Catamount ResortAvailability Big Horn and Rosebud Counties, MT, Construction. Special Use Permit

Timbered Architecture in the Regions of the Walddeutsche Settlements

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hrehorowicz – Gaber, Hanna

2017-10-01

The centuries-old Polish history, its complicated fortunes and borders changing over the centuries have caused the cultural heritage to be a reflection of the fate of the inhabitants, the intermingling of ethnic groups and the common formation of the culture of the region. The cultural area of southern Poland is particularly full of layers, where diverse historical and geographical influences blend together. That is why the presence of the common construction type for the wooden objects on the two ends of southern Poland, in two different geographical realms, is such an interesting testimony of the Polish cultural melting pot. The main area of the occurrence of the timbered architecture is the borderland of Germany, the Czech Republic and Poland. This type of houses was built for the first time in the Middle Ages in the area of Upper Lusatia, then this type of housing has spread to northern Czech Republic and the western part of Lower Silesia. In Poland, there are two main clusters of the occurrence of timbered structures: in Lower Silesia and in the Subcarpathian province, where this type of buildings has been rooted with the German settlers, called the Walddeutsche in this area. The colonisation was also accompanied by the model of settlement village systems moved from the west, the development of the plot, and this specific type of construction. The architecture of the Jasielsko-Sanockie Valleys and the Dynowskie foothills is an interesting, though a very poor form in relation to the Sudeten houses, as the architecture non-recurring in other Polish regions has been formed as a result of the intermingling of the cultures. In this area, the houses and farm buildings with the timbered structures were used most often by farmers and they were not too impressive, so that the residents did not notice their uniqueness. Today, in the natural landscape, they disappear one by one, as a result of lack of maintenance and the replacement of the old materials with objects of a newer technology. Buildings preserved to this day should be under special protection, because due to the small number of such facilities and the lack of a natural continuation of construction forms by the representatives of the ethnic groups, they are relics of the Polish history.

Idaho forestry best management practices: Compilation of research on their effectiveness

Treesearch

Kathleen A. Seyedbagheri

1996-01-01

A search was conducted for quantitative Idaho research results on the effectiveness of the Idaho Forest Practices Act rules and regulations pertaining to timber harvest and forest road construction and maintenance. These rules and regulations are designated as the "best management practices" for the prevention of nonpoint source pollution from silviculture...

Stress wave nondestructive evaluation of Douglas-fir peeler cores

Treesearch

Robert J. Ross; John I. Zerbe; Xiping Wang; David W. Green; Roy F. Pellerin

2005-01-01

With the need for evaluating the utilization of veneer peeler log cores in higher value products and the increasing importance of utilizing round timbers in poles, posts, stakes, and building construction components, we conducted a cooperative project to verify the suitability of stress wave nondestructive evaluation techniques for assessing peeler cores and some...

Understanding Customer Product Choices: A Case Study Using the Analytical Hierarchy Process

Treesearch

Robert L. Smith; Robert J. Bush; Daniel L. Schmoldt

1996-01-01

The Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) was used to characterize the bridge material selection decisions of highway officials across the United States. Understanding product choices by utilizing the AHP allowed us to develop strategies for increasing the use of timber in bridge construction. State Department of Transportation engineers, private consulting engineers, and...

Simulating the Effects of Alternative Forest Management Strategies on Landscape Structure

Treesearch

Eric J. Gustafson; Thomas Crow

1996-01-01

Quantitative, spatial tools are needed to assess the long-term spatial consequences of alternative management strategies for land use planning and resource management. We constructed a timber harvest allocation model (HARVEST) that provides a visual and quantitative means to predict the spatial pattern of forest openings produced by alternative harvest strategies....

75 FR 65608 - Flathead National Forest-Swan Lake Ranger District, Montana; Wild Cramer Forest Health and Fuels...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-10-26

... and Fuels Reduction Project to harvest timber, reduce hazardous forest fuels, prescribe burn, and... National Forest System lands before they burn onto private lands; (6) provide forest products to the local... of prescribed ecosystem burning are proposed. Use of existing and construction of temporary and...

The MAP program: building the digital terrain model.

Treesearch

R.H. Twito; R.W. Mifflin; R.J. McGaughey

1987-01-01

PLANS, a software package for integrated timber-harvest planning, uses digital terrain models to provide the topographic data needed to fit harvest and transportation designs to specific terrain. MAP, an integral program in the PLANS package, is used to construct the digital terrain models required by PLANS. MAP establishes digital terrain models using digitizer-traced...

Standard plans for southern pine bridges

Treesearch

P. D. Hilbrich Lee; M. A. Ritter; M. H. Triche

1995-01-01

The development of standardized timber bridge plans and specifications is a key element in improving design and construction practices. The bridge plans presented were developed as a cooperative effort between the USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory (FPL); the University of Alabama; and the Southern Pine Council and are the first step in developing...

Trees, chemistry, and prehistory in the American Southwest

USGS Publications Warehouse

Durand, S.R.; Shelley, P.H.; Antweiler, Ronald C.; Taylor, Howard E.

1999-01-01

At least 200 000 trees were used in the building construction in Chaco Canyon, New Mexico, from about (AD) 850-1150. A large portion of these construction timbers were transported 50 km or more and the harvesting location(s) is not known. We argue that a feasible method for determining the wood source areas is to chemically characterize the possible source areas using modern wood and then attempt to match the prehistoric timbers to the modern signatures. This paper establishes the feasibility of this method. ICP-AES was employed to obtain element concentration values for 29 elements, from 62 trees, on three bedrock types. We conclude that it is possible to isolate the variation due to lithology if one controls for wood type (bark, sapwood, heartwood). In addition, ICP-MS was used for the analysis of a small sample of ancient wood. Data from these determinations are presented and the results indicate that the elemental variation is consistent with the most current model of wood use practices in Chaco Canyon. The methods pioneered here should be broadly applicable for determining wood source areas.

Fire Resistance of Large-Scale Cross-Laminated Timber Panels

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Henek, Vladan; Venkrbec, Václav; Novotný, Miloslav

2017-12-01

Wooden structures are increasingly being used in the construction of residential buildings. A common and often published reason to avoid wooden structures is their insufficient fire resistance, which reduces bearing capacity. For this reason, composite sandwich structures began to be designed to eliminate this drawback, as well as others. Recently, however, the trend is for a return to the original, wood-only variant and a search is underway for new technical means of improving the properties of such structures. Many timber structure technologies are known, but structures made from cross-laminated timber (CLT) panels have been used very often in recent years. CLT panels, also known as X-LAM, are currently gaining popularity in Europe. In the case of CLT panels composed of several layers of boards, they can be said to offer a certain advantage in that after the surface layer of a board has burnt and the subsurface layer has dried, oxygen is not drawn to the unburned wood for further combustion and thus the burning process ceases. CLT panels do not need to be specially modified or coated with fire resistant materials, although they are usually lined with gypsum-fibre fire resistant boards due to guidelines set out in the relevant standards. This paper presents a new method for the assessment of load-bearing perimeter walls fabricated from CLT panels without the use of an inner fire-retardant lining to ensure fire resistance at the level required by European standards (i.e. those harmonized for the Czech construction industry). The calculations were verified through laboratory tests which show that better parameters can be achieved during the classification of structures from the fire resistance point of view. The aim of the article is to utilize the results of assessment and testing by an accredited laboratory in order to demonstrate the possibilities of using CLT panels for the construction of multistorey as well as multi-purpose buildings in the Czech Republic.

National measures of forest productivity for timber

Treesearch

Peter J. Ince; H. Edward Dickerhoof; H. Fred Kaiser

1989-01-01

This report presents national measures of forest productivity for timber. These measures reveal trends in the relationship between quantity of timber produced by forests and the quantity of forest resources employed in timber production. Timber production is measured by net annual growth of timber and annual timber removals. Measures of timber productivity include...

Community Economic Identity: The Coal Industry and Ideology Construction in West Virginia

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Bell, Shannon Elizabeth; York, Richard

2010-01-01

Economic changes and the machinations of the treadmill of production have dramatically reduced the number of jobs provided by extractive industries, such as mining and timber, in the United States and other affluent nations in the post-World War II era. As the importance of these industries to national, regional, and local economies wanes,…

Design of Multiple Bolted Connections for Laminated Veneer Lumber

Treesearch

Borjen Yeh; Douglas Rammer; Jeff Linville

2014-01-01

The design of multiple bolted connections in accordance with Appendix E of the National Design Specification for Wood Construction (NDS) has incorporated provisions for evaluating localized member failure modes of row and group tear-out when the connections are closely spaced. Originally based on structural glued laminated timber (glulam) members made with all L1...

Accelerated roadbuilding on the north umpqua—an economic analysis.

Treesearch

Brian R. Payne

1972-01-01

This study evaluates the economic desirability of accelerated roadbuilding for access to old-growth timber on a unit of the Umpqua National Forest in Oregon. As of 1966, four accelerated roadbuilding alternatives were found economically inferior to the then current rate of construction. Only in the case of substantial, continuing inflation were projected rates of...

Cubic Foot Volume Tables for Slash Pine Plantations of the Middle Coastal Plain of Georgia and the Carolina Sandhills

Treesearch

C.E. McGee; F.A. Bennett

1959-01-01

Proper management of any timber species or type requires valid estimates of volume from time to time. Tables 1 and 2 were constructed to meet this need for the expanding area of slash pine plantations in the middle coastal plain of Georgia and the Carolina Sandhills.

Kings Covered Bridge rehabilitation, Somerset County, PA

Treesearch

William J. Collins; David C. Fischetti; Arnold M. Jr. Graton; Len Lichvar; Branden Diehl; James P. Wacker; Ed Cesa; Ed Stoltz; Emory L. Kemp; Samer H. Petro; Leon Buckwalter; John McNamara

2005-01-01

Kings Covered Bridge over Laurel Creek in Somerset County, Pennsylvania is approximately 114-foot clear span multiple Kingpost Truss with nail-laminated arches. This timber bridge is historically significant because it retains its original features of the 1860’s since the 1930s when it was spared from modernization by the construction of an adjacent steel highway...

Adhesive bonding of wood materials

Treesearch

Charles B. Vick

1999-01-01

Adhesive bonding of wood components has played an essential role in the development and growth of the forest products industry and has been a key factor in the efficient utilization of our timber resource. The largest use of adhesives is in the construction industry. By far, the largest amounts of adhesives are used to manufacture building materials, such as plywood,...

The Selection of Bridge Materials Utilizing the Analytical Hierarchy Process

Treesearch

Robert L. Smith; Robert J. Bush; Daniel L. Schmoldt

1997-01-01

Effective decisions on the use of natural resources often require the input of many individuals. Determining how specific criteria affect the selection of materials can lead to better utilization of raw materials. Concrete, steel, and timber represent over 98% of the materials used for bridge construction in the United States. Highway officials must often consider...

Logging impacts of the 1970's vs. the 1990's in the Caspar Creek watershed

Treesearch

Peter H. Cafferata; Thomas E. Spittler

1998-01-01

The Caspar Creek watershed study provides resource professionals with information regarding the impacts of timber operations conducted under varying forest practices on sensitive aquatic habitats. In the South Fork watershed, roads were constructed near watercourse channels in the 1960's, and the watershed was selectively logged using tractors during the early...

Effects of timber harvesting on the lag time of Caspar Creek watershed

Treesearch

Karen Hardison Sendek

1985-01-01

Abstract - Hydrograph lag time was analyzed to determine changes after road construction and after selective, tractor-yarded logging in a Caspar Creek watershed, Mendocino County, California. The paired watershed technique was used. Hydrograph lag time for each storm was the time separation between the midpoint of precipitation and the time coordinate of the runoff...

Forest inventory and management-based visual preference models of southern pine stands

Treesearch

Victor A. Rudis; James H. Gramann; Edward J. Ruddell; Joanne M. Westphal

1988-01-01

Statistical models explaining students' ratings of photographs of within stand forest scenes were constructed for 99 forest inventory plots in east Texas pine and oak-pine forest types. Models with parameters that are sensitive to visual preference yet compatible with forest management and timber inventories are presented. The models suggest that the density of...

Timber value—a matter of choice: a study of how end use assumptions affect timber values.

Treesearch

John H. Beuter

1971-01-01

The relationship between estimated timber values and actual timber prices is discussed. Timber values are related to how, where, and when the timber is used. An analysis demonstrates the relative values of a typical Douglas-fir stand under assumptions about timber use.

4. TROJAN MILL, DETAIL OF CRUDE ORE BINS FROM NORTH, ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

4. TROJAN MILL, DETAIL OF CRUDE ORE BINS FROM NORTH, c. 1912. SHOWS TIMBER FRAMING UNDER CONSTRUCTION FOR EAST AND WEST CRUDE ORE BINS AT PREVIOUS LOCATION OF CRUSHER HOUSE, AND SNOW SHED PRESENT OVER SOUTH CRUDE ORE BIN WITH PHASE CHANGE IN SNOW SHED CONSTRUCTION INDICATED AT EAST END OF EAST CRUDE ORE BIN. THIS PHOTOGRAPH IS THE FIRST IMAGE OF THE MACHINE SHOP, UPPER LEFT CORNER. CREDIT JW. - Bald Mountain Gold Mill, Nevada Gulch at head of False Bottom Creek, Lead, Lawrence County, SD

Timber resources of the Sacramento area, California, 1972.

Treesearch

Brian R. Wall

1978-01-01

This report summarizes the 1972 timber resource inventory of the Sacramento area, California. Included are detailed tables of forest area, timber volume, growth, mortality, and timber cut and a discussion of the current timber resource and timber industry situation.

a Historical Timber Frame Model for Diagnosis and Documentation Before Building Restoration

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Koehl, M.; Viale, A.; Reeb, S.

2013-09-01

The aim of the project that is described in this paper was to define a four-level timber frame survey mode of a historical building: the so-called "Andlau's Seigniory", Alsace, France. This historical building (domain) was built in the late XVIth century and is now in a stage of renovation in order to become a heritage interpretation centre. The used measurement methods combine Total Station measurements, Photogrammetry and 3D Terrestrial Laser scanner. Different modelling workflows were tested and compared according to the data acquisition method, but also according to the characteristics of the reconstructed model in terms of accuracy and level of detail. 3D geometric modelling of the entire structure was performed including modelling the degree of detail adapted to the needs. The described 3D timber framework exists now in different versions, from a theoretical and geometrical one up to a very detailed one, in which measurements and evaluation of deformation by time are potentially allowed. The virtually generated models involving archaeologists, architects, historians and specialists in historical crafts, are intended to be used during the four stages of the project: (i) knowledge of the current state of needs for diagnosis and understanding of former construction techniques; (ii) preparation and evaluation of restoration steps; (iii) knowledge and documentation concerning the archaeological object; (iv) transmission and dissemination of knowledge through the implementation of museum animations. Among the generated models we can also find a documentation of the site in the form of virtual tours created from panoramic photographs before and during the restoration works. Finally, the timber framework model was structured and integrated into a 3D GIS, where the association of descriptive and complementary digital documents was possible. Both offer tools leading to the diagnosis, the understanding of the structure, knowledge dissemination, documentation and the creation of educational activities. The integration of these measurements in a historical information system will lead to the creation of an interactive model and the creation of a digital visual display unit for consultation. It will be offered to any public to understand interactively the art of constructing a Renaissance structure, with detailed photos, descriptive texts and graphics. The 3D digital model of the framework will be used directly in the interpretation path, within the space dedicated to "Seigniory" of Andlau. An interactive touch-screen will be installed. It will incorporate several levels of playgrounds (playful, evocative and teaching). In a virtual way, it will deal with the different stages of building a wooden framework and clarify the art of construction.

Use and production of solid sawn timbers in the United States

Treesearch

Gerry Jackson; James Howard; A. L. Hammett

2001-01-01

Although timber production has grown steadily over the last decade, information about the use of timbers and the corresponding resource remains in short supply. This study adds to the available literature on solid sawn timbers by compiling data on timber production and uses. The major categories of solid sawn timbers researched were railroad ties, timber bridges, and...

Effects of site preparation on timber and non-timber values of loblolly pine plantations

Treesearch

Jianbang Gan; Stephen H. Kolison; James H. Miller; Tasha M. Hargrove

1998-01-01

This study evaluated the timber and non-timber values of the forest stands generated by four site preparation methods tested in the Tuskegee National Forest 15 yr earlier. The timber values of the forest stands were assessed with the timber yields predicted by the SE TWIGS model. Non-timber benefits were evaluated through the Contingent Valuation Method. Two hundred...

Volatile organic compounds concentrations during the construction process in newly-built timber-frame houses: source identification and emission kinetics.

PubMed

Plaisance, H; Vignau-Laulhere, J; Mocho, P; Sauvat, N; Raulin, K; Desauziers, V

2017-05-24

Building and furniture materials are known to be major sources of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) indoors. During the construction process, an introduced material can have a more or less long-term impact on the indoor air quality according to the building characteristics. In this study, field measurements were carried out at six construction stages in three energy-efficient timber-frame houses. Data analysis focused on the ten most abundant compounds found among an initial list of fifteen target VOCs, namely formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, hexanal, toluene, m/p-xylenes, ethylbenzene, styrene, α-pinene, 3-carene and d-limonene. The chemical compositions and concentration variation patterns were recorded. The results showed a high pollution count, with m/p-xylenes and ethylbenzene concentrations ranging from 1900 to 5100 μg m -3 occurring at the time of the structural work (representing more than 88% of the sum of the target VOCs). Emission tests done on a large number of materials used in the construction revealed that this pollution is due to the emissions from the polyurethane adhesive mastic used as a sealing material. The emission kinetics of polyurethane adhesive mastic was assessed alone and also within a material assembly reconstituting a room wall. The results showed that the superposition of materials led to a slowing down of the VOC emission process from polyurethane adhesive mastic, which explains the concentration decays recorded in houses during the construction process. At the final construction stage, the concentration levels were low for all compounds (the sums of the target VOCs were between 18 and 32 μg m -3 ), with the aldehydes (formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and hexanal) now becoming the major fraction in the chemical composition in the last stages of construction (representing 50-70% of the sum of the target VOCs). This is in agreement with the fact that the sources of aldehydes are the most numerous among the materials and have rather slow emission kinetics.

The impact of the export and import of raw logs on domestic timber supplies and prices.

Treesearch

David R. Darr; Richard W. Haynes; Darius M. Adams

1980-01-01

Reviews U.S. foreign and domestic markets for softwood construction materials, giving special consideration to trade patterns among Japan, Canada, and the United States. For alternative assumptions about market responses to a ban of U.S. softwood log exports, displays impacts on selected measures of U.S. softwood stumpage, lumber, and plywood markets.

Treatability of U.S. wood species with pigment emulsified creosote

Treesearch

Douglas M. Crawford; Rodney C. De Groot; John B. Watkins; Harry Greaves; Karl J. Schmalzl; T. L. Syers

2000-01-01

Since the 1920s creosote has been used extensively in the United States for treatment of construction timbers, poles, and posts. However, creosote has the tendency to exude or bbleedc from some treated commodities, producing a tar-like covered surface. In the United States, creosote-treated products exhibiting cleaner dried surfaces and a reduced tendency to bleed have...

Effectiveness of electric deer fences to protect planted seedlings in Pennsylvania

Treesearch

D.W. George; T.W. Bowersox; L.H. McCormick

1991-01-01

Electric fences are used in Pennsylvania following a timber harvest to reduce deer browse on natural regeneration. In 1984, five-strand electric deer fences were constructed around two central Pennsylvania clearcuts. Northern red oak, white ash, white pine, and yellow-poplar seedlings were planted inside each fenced clearcut area in 1984 and 1985. One-half of the 1280...

ACHP | Working Together to Build a More Inclusive Preservation Program

Science.gov Websites

History. Gurley worked on his Master's in Applied History at the University of South Carolina. He is a preservation field? Robert Gurley has a love for history. Growing up in a small town in North Carolina, about , such as timber framing or brick and masonry construction. Then, Gurley became a history major and

Fish resources within the Tenderfoot Experimental Forest, Montana: 1991-95

Treesearch

Bradley B. Shepard; Susan C. Ireland; Robert G. White

1997-01-01

The Tenderfoot Creek Experimental Forest (TCEF) was established in 1961 to investigate effects of timber harvest on water yield and quality in a subalpine forest of the Northern Rockies draining east of the Continental Divide (Fames et al. 1995; Figure 1). Prior to 1991 the only management activity within the TCEF was the construction of an access road to install...

Adaptation of FIBER for Forest Inventory and Analysis growth projections in the State of Maine

Treesearch

Dale S. Solomon; Thomas B. Brann; Lawrence E. Caldwell

2000-01-01

The model FIBER (Forest Increment Based on Ecological Rationale) was selected by the Technical Review Team on the Sustainability of Timber Supplies in the State of Maine to construct yield information using USDA Forest Service Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) field data. FIBER habitat criteria based on soil characteristics, species composition of overstory, and...

Survey of the Pagoda Timber Roof in Derneburg Castle

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Perria, E.; Sieder, M.; Hoyer, S.; Krafczyk, C.

2017-05-01

The work analyses the historical roof of Derneburg Castle, in the municipality of Holle, Hildesheim's district, Lower Saxony, Germany. The roof is assembled according to Laves Balken's system (Laves beam's system), developed by the architect Georg Ludwig Friedrich Laves (1788-1864). The system has the peculiarity to consist of beams that are split along the half of the cross section, and maintained diverged by wooden wedges, distributed along the length of the beam. The system increases the height of the beam, and elevates the bending capacity of it (Weber, 1964). The work has been developed in the frame of an interdisciplinary project in the fields of architecture, engineering and photogrammetry. Main aim of the project is the developing of a structural model to understand the load-carrying capacity of Laves Balken's system from the laser-scanning model. For this reason, extensive surveys and photo documentation were collected on three areas of the roof construction, characterized by three peculiar usage of Laves Balken's system. The work presents the survey of the pagoda-roof that covers the tower of the castle, and problems that can be encountered during the survey of very complex timber constructions.

36 CFR 223.61 - Establishing minimum stumpage rates.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... AGRICULTURE SALE AND DISPOSAL OF NATIONAL FOREST SYSTEM TIMBER Timber Sale Contracts Appraisal and Pricing.... No timber may be sold or cut under timber sale contracts for less than minimum stumpage rates except... amounts of material not meeting utilization standards of the timber sale contract. For any timber sale...

Deriving simple and adjusted financial rates of return on Mississippi timber lands by combining forest inventory and analysis and Timber Mart-South data

Treesearch

Andrew J. Hartsell

2007-01-01

This study compares returns on investments in Mississippi timber lands with returns on alternative investments. The real annual rates of return from mature, undisturbed timber lands in Mississippi over a 17-year period (1977-94) were computed. Southern Research Station Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) timber volume data and Timber Mart-South (TMS) data on timber...

A socio-ecological assessment aiming at improved forest resource management and sustainable ecotourism development in the mangroves of Tanbi Wetland National Park, The Gambia, West Africa.

PubMed

Satyanarayana, Behara; Bhanderi, Preetika; Debry, Mélanie; Maniatis, Danae; Foré, Franka; Badgie, Dawda; Jammeh, Kawsu; Vanwing, Tom; Farcy, Christine; Koedam, Nico; Dahdouh-Guebas, Farid

2012-07-01

Although mangroves dominated by Avicennia germinans and Rhizophora mangle are extending over 6000 ha in the Tanbi Wetland National Park (TWNP) (The Gambia), their importance for local populations (both peri-urban and urban) is not well documented. For the first time, this study evaluates the different mangrove resources in and around Banjul (i.e., timber, non-timber, edible, and ethnomedicinal products) and their utilization patterns, including the possibility of ecotourism development. The questionnaire-based results have indicated that more than 80% of peri-urban population rely on mangroves for timber and non-timber products and consider them as very important for their livelihoods. However, at the same time, urban households demonstrate limited knowledge on mangrove species and their ecological/economic benefits. Among others, fishing (including the oyster-Crassostrea cf. gasar collection) and tourism are the major income-generating activities found in the TWNP. The age-old practices of agriculture in some parts of the TWNP are due to scarcity of land available for agriculture, increased family size, and alternative sources of income. The recent focus on ecotourism (i.e., boardwalk construction inside the mangroves near Banjul city) received a positive response from the local stakeholders (i.e., users, government, and non-government organizations), with their appropriate roles in sharing the revenue, rights, and responsibilities of this project. Though the guidelines for conservation and management of the TWNP seem to be compatible, the harmony between local people and sustainable resource utilization should be ascertained.

Global sustainable timber supply and demand

Treesearch

Peter J. Ince

2010-01-01

Industrial timber use has provided timber revenue that has helped make timber supply and demand more sustainable in the leading timber producing regions of the world. Sustainable development implies not consuming more resources today than we can replace tomorrow, but sustainable forest management implies more than merely a non-declining supply of timber. Forests as a...

The 1993 RPA timber assessment update

Treesearch

Richard W. Haynes; Darius M. Adams; John R. Mills

1995-01-01

This update reports changes in the Nation's timber resource since the 1989 RPA timber assessment. The timber resource situation is analyzed to provide projections for future cost and availability of timber products to meet demands. Prospective trends in demands for and supplies of timber, and the factors that affect these trends are examined. These include changes...

An analysis of the timber situation in Alaska: 1970-2010.

Treesearch

Richard W. Haynes; David J. Brooks

1990-01-01

Current conditions in Alaska timber markets are reviewed relative to the past two decades. Major issues in the outlook for Alaska timber markets are considered. Recent studies are used to develop projections of Alaska timber products output, timber harvest, and timber harvest by owner. The assumptions these projections depend on include the level of harvest on Native...

The Value of Timber Inventory Information.

Treesearch

B.E. Borders; W.M. Harrison; M.L. Clutter; B.D. Shiver; R.A. Souter

2008-01-01

Timber inventory data is the basis for many monetary transactions related to timber and timberland sale and (or) purchase as well as for development of timber management plans. The value of such data is well known and much appreciated for sale and (or) purchase of standing merchantable timber.  Unfortunatley, the value of timber inventory data for planning...

Information transfer during the timber transaction period in West Virginia. USA

Treesearch

David W. McGill; Daniel J. Magill; James Kochenderfer; W. Mark Ford; Tom Schuler

2006-01-01

Timber harvesting has long-lasting impacts on the productivity and aesthetics of private forests. In many instances, landowners who possess high quality timber are at a competitive disadvantage during timber transactions--the time between a decision by the landowner to sell timber and the completion of the timber harvesting operation--as they may lack understanding of...

Timber products output and timber harvests in Alaska: projections for 1989-2010.

Treesearch

David J. Brooks; Richard W. Haynes

1990-01-01

Projections of Alaska timber products output and timber harvest by owner were developed by using a detailed, trend-based analysis. Historical data for 1965-88 were the basis for projections for 1989-2010. Projections of timber products output for each major product (export logs, sawn wood, and market pulp) were used to compute the derived demand for timber. The...

Timber resources of northern interior California, 1970.

Treesearch

Charles L. Bolsinger

1976-01-01

This report summarizes a timber resource inventory in Lassen, Modoc, Siskiyou, Shasta, and Trinity Counties, California. Included are detailed tables of forest area, timber volume, growth, mortality, and removals and a discussion of the current timber resource and timber industry situation.

Three-dimensional engineered fiberboard : opportunities for the use of low valued timber and recycled material

Treesearch

John F. Hunt; David P. Harper; Katherine A. Friedrich

2004-01-01

Fiberboard sandwich panels constructed of a structural core with exterior skins can be produced with high strength and stiffness values that compare to other wood-based panels. At the same time, as much as two-thirds less material is used in the process compared to commercial wood composite products. This offers large savings in raw material and weight. The panel...

Avast Ye Salty Dogs: Salt damage in the context of coastal residential construction and historical maritime timbers

Treesearch

Grant T. Kirker; Samuel L. Zelinka; Leandro Passarini

2016-01-01

Salt damage is a frequent problem in wood exposed to seawater and other saline environments. Symptoms of salt damage are often referred to as fuzzy wood and have been historically considered non-structural damage, but a growing number of customer inquiries have prompted a re-evaluation of this phenomenon. This paper details several case studies involving salt damage,...

Merchantable height of trees in Oregon—a comparison of current logging practice and volume table specifications.

Treesearch

Don Minore; Donald R. Gedney

1960-01-01

A large proportion of present-day timber cruising is done by measuring or estimating three tree dimensions: diameter at breast height, form class, and merchantable height. Tree volumes are then determined from tables which equate volume to the varying combinations of height, d.b.h., and form class. Assumptions concerning merchantable height were made in constructing...

A new model for cork weight estimation in Northern Portugal with methodology for construction of confidence intervals

Treesearch

Teresa J.F. Fonseca; Bernard R. Parresol

2001-01-01

Cork, a unique biological material, is a highly valued non-timber forest product. Portugal is the leading producer of cork with 52 percent of the world production. Tree cork weight models have been developed for Southern Portugal, but there are no representative published models for Northern Portugal. Because cork trees may have a different form between Northern and...

Wood-based composite materials : panel products, glued-laminated timber, structural composite lumber, and wood-nonwood composite materials

Treesearch

Nicole M. Stark; Zhiyong Cai; Charles Carll

2010-01-01

This chapter gives an overview of the general types and composition of wood-based composite products and the materials and processes used to manufacture them. It describes conventional wood-based composite panels and structural composite materials intended for general construction, interior use, or both. This chapter also describes wood–nonwood composites. Mechanical...

Field performance of timber bridges. 16, North Siwell Road stress-laminated bridge

Treesearch

J. A. Kainz

The North Siwell Road bridge was constructed during December 1994 in Hinds County, Mississippi. The bridge is a single-span, stress-laminated T-beam structure that measures 9.1 m (30 ft) long and 8.7 m (28.5 ft) wide. Performance of the bridge was monitored for 24 months, beginning at the time of installation. Monitoring involved gathering and evaluating data relative...

Improved grading system for structural logs for log homes

Treesearch

D.W. Green; T.M. Gorman; J.W. Evans; J.F. Murphy

2004-01-01

Current grading standards for logs used in log home construction use visual criteria to sort logs into either “wall logs” or structural logs (round and sawn round timbers). The conservative nature of this grading system, and the grouping of stronger and weaker species for marketing purposes, probably results in the specification of logs with larger diameter than would...

Success of intensive management of a critically imperiled population of red-cockaded woodpeckers in South Carolina

Treesearch

Kathleen E. Franzreb

1997-01-01

By late 1985, the population of Red-cockaded Woodpeckers (Picoider borealis) at the Savannah River Site, South Carolina, had declined to a low of four individuals. Because of extensive timber harvesting prior to thr 1950s,the older live pine trees that Red-cockaded Woodpeckers require for cavity construction were limited. We monitored the response of the population to...

A decision algorithm for determining safe clearing limits for the construction of skid roads

Treesearch

Chris LeDoux

2006-01-01

The majority of the timber harvested in the United States is extracted by ground-based skidders and crawler/dozer systems. Ground-based systems generally require a primary transportation network (a network of skid trails/roads) throughout the area being harvested. Logs are skidded or dragged along these skid roads/trails as they are transported from where they were cut...

Southern pulpwood production and the timber supply

Treesearch

James W. Cruikshank

1948-01-01

The southern pulp and paper industry is again on the march. Practically as soon as the war was over several plants started expansion programs, and construction was started on a number of mills. Investigations and surveys now under way also indicate that additional new pulp and paper mills can be expected to locate in the South in the near Future. This is not news to...

Strontium isotopes reveal distant sources of architectural timber in Chaco Canyon, New Mexico

USGS Publications Warehouse

English, N.B.; Betancourt, J.L.; Dean, J.S.; Quade, Jay

2001-01-01

Between A.D. 900 and 1150, more than 200,000 conifer trees were used to build the prehistoric great houses of Chaco Canyon, New Mexico, in what is now a treeless landscape. More than one-fifth of these timbers were spruce (Picea) or fir (Abies) that were hand-carried from isolated mountaintops 75-100 km away. Because strontium from local dust, water, and underlying bedrock is incorporated by trees, specific logging sites can be identified by comparing 87Sr/86Sr ratios in construction beams from different ruins and building periods to ratios in living trees from the surrounding mountains. 87Sr/86Sr ratios show that the beams came from both the Chuska and San Mateo (Mount Taylor) mountains, but not from the San Pedro Mountains, which are equally close. Incorporation of logs from two sources in the same room, great house, and year suggest stockpiling and intercommunity collaboration at Chaco Canyon. The use of trees from both the Chuska and San Mateo mountains, but not from the San Pedro Mountains, as early as A.D. 974 suggests that selection of timber sources was driven more by regional socioeconomic ties than by a simple model of resource depletion with distance and time.

Strontium isotopes reveal distant sources of architectural timber in Chaco Canyon, New Mexico.

PubMed

English, N B; Betancourt, J L; Dean, J S; Quade, J

2001-10-09

Between A.D. 900 and 1150, more than 200,000 conifer trees were used to build the prehistoric great houses of Chaco Canyon, New Mexico, in what is now a treeless landscape. More than one-fifth of these timbers were spruce (Picea) or fir (Abies) that were hand-carried from isolated mountaintops 75-100 km away. Because strontium from local dust, water, and underlying bedrock is incorporated by trees, specific logging sites can be identified by comparing (87)Sr/(86)Sr ratios in construction beams from different ruins and building periods to ratios in living trees from the surrounding mountains. (87)Sr/(86)Sr ratios show that the beams came from both the Chuska and San Mateo (Mount Taylor) mountains, but not from the San Pedro Mountains, which are equally close. Incorporation of logs from two sources in the same room, great house, and year suggest stockpiling and intercommunity collaboration at Chaco Canyon. The use of trees from both the Chuska and San Mateo mountains, but not from the San Pedro Mountains, as early as A.D. 974 suggests that selection of timber sources was driven more by regional socioeconomic ties than by a simple model of resource depletion with distance and time.

Timber Products Supply and Demand

Treesearch

Jeffrey P. Prestemon; Robert C. Abt

2002-01-01

This chapter describes historical, current, and projected timber inventories and timber product outputs from southern forests. It also attempts to place these quantities in national and international perspectives. Timber is the most valuable commercial commodity taken from most forests, and its removal strongly influences the character of those forests. Timber is...

Forest Productivity and Timber Supply Modeling in the South

Treesearch

Frederick Cubbage; Jacek Siry; Robert Abt; David N. Wear; Steverson Moffat

1998-01-01

The South can increase forest productivity on industrial and nonindustrial private forest (NIPF) lands. As timber markets have improved and timber prices have increased, returns from intensive management are more profitable. The interaction of timber markets, inventory, and prices are analyzed in new southern timber supply models sponsored by the Southern Forest...

36 CFR 223.32 - Timber sale operating plan.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 36 Parks, Forests, and Public Property 2 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Timber sale operating plan... SALE AND DISPOSAL OF NATIONAL FOREST SYSTEM TIMBER Timber Sale Contracts Contract Conditions and Provisions § 223.32 Timber sale operating plan. Sale contracts with a term of 2 years or more shall provide...

Life cycle assessment and environmental building declaration for the design building at the University of Massachusetts

Treesearch

Hongmei Gu; Richard Bergman

2018-01-01

AbstractWith the world’s increasing focus on sustainability in the construction sector through green building systems, the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) has been ac-tively engaged in green building advocacy in the United States through USDA Tall Wood Building competitions and follow-up research on use of mass timber for nonresi-dential buildings. The USDA...

Field performance of timber bridges. 17, Ciphers stress-laminated deck bridge

Treesearch

James P. Wacker; James A. Kainz; Michael A. Ritter

In September 1989, the Ciphers bridge was constructed within the Beltrami Island State Forest in Roseau County, Minnesota. The bridge superstructure is a two-span continuous stress-laminated deck that is approximately 12.19 m long, 5.49 m wide, and 305 mm deep (40 ft long, 18 ft wide, and 12 in. deep). The bridge is one of the first to utilize red pine sawn lumber for...

Crossing at the Speed of Change

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-06-10

prowess. They built complicated structures and durable roads, much of which exists still today. A military force unparalleled in their time, the Romans... structures displaying their expertise and capability to could cross any obstacle at will was equally important. This was exemplified by the first recorded...constructing a bridge out of timber , complete with protective works upstream.5 Details of the bridge were found in Caesar’s personal record of his

Field performance of timber bridges. 12, Christian Hollow stress-laminated box-beam bridge

Treesearch

J. P. Wacker; S. C. Catherman; R. G. Winnett

In January 1992, the Christian Hollow bridge was constructed in Steuben County, New York. The bridge is a single-span, stress-laminated box-beam superstructure that is 9.1 m long, 9.8 m wide, and 502 mm deep (30 ft long, 32 ft wide, and 19-3/4 in. deep). The performance of the bridge was continuously monitored for 28 months, beginning shortly after installation....

Mass timber rocking panel retrofit of a four-story soft-story building with full-scale shake table validation

Treesearch

Pouria Bahmani; John van de Lindt; Asif Iqbal; Douglas Rammer

2017-01-01

Soft-story wood-frame buildings have been recognized as a disaster preparedness problem for decades. There are tens of thousands of these multi-family three- and four-story structures throughout California and the United States. The majority were constructed between 1920 and 1970, with many being prevalent in the San Francisco Bay Area in California. The NEES Soft...

Three-dimensional geologic model of the Arbuckle-Simpson aquifer, south-central Oklahoma

USGS Publications Warehouse

Faith, Jason R.; Blome, Charles D.; Pantea, Michael P.; Puckette, James O.; Halihan, Todd; Osborn, Noel; Christenson, Scott; Pack, Skip

2010-01-01

The Arbuckle-Simpson aquifer of south-central Oklahoma encompasses more than 850 square kilometers and is the principal water resource for south-central Oklahoma. Rock units comprising the aquifer are characterized by limestone, dolomite, and sandstones assigned to two lower Paleozoic units: the Arbuckle and Simpson Groups. Also considered to be part of the aquifer is the underlying Cambrian-age Timbered Hills Group that contains limestone and sandstone. The highly faulted and fractured nature of the Arbuckle-Simpson units and the variable thickness (600 to 2,750 meters) increases the complexity in determining the subsurface geologic framework of this aquifer. A three-dimensional EarthVision (Trademark) geologic framework model was constructed to quantify the geometric relationships of the rock units of the Arbuckle-Simpson aquifer in the Hunton anticline area. This 3-D EarthVision (Trademark) geologic framework model incorporates 54 faults and four modeled units: basement, Arbuckle-Timbered Hills Group, Simpson Group, and post-Simpson. Primary data used to define the model's 54 faults and four modeled surfaces were obtained from geophysical logs, cores, and cuttings from 126 water and petroleum wells. The 3-D framework model both depicts the volumetric extent of the aquifer and provides the stratigraphic layer thickness and elevation data used to construct a MODFLOW version 2000 regional groundwater-flow model.

Roads, interrupted dispersal, and genetic diversity in timber rattlesnakes.

PubMed

Clark, Rulon W; Brown, William S; Stechert, Randy; Zamudio, Kelly R

2010-08-01

Anthropogenic habitat modification often creates barriers to animal movement, transforming formerly contiguous habitat into a patchwork of habitat islands with low connectivity. Roadways are a feature of most landscapes that can act as barriers or filters to migration among local populations. Even small and recently constructed roads can have a significant impact on population genetic structure of some species, but not others. We developed a research approach that combines fine-scale molecular genetics with behavioral and ecological data to understand the impacts of roads on population structure and connectivity. We used microsatellite markers to characterize genetic variation within and among populations of timber rattlesnakes (Crotalus horridus) occupying communal hibernacula (dens) in regions bisected by roadways. We examined the impact of roads on seasonal migration, genetic diversity, and gene flow among populations. Snakes in hibernacula isolated by roads had significantly lower genetic diversity and higher genetic differentiation than snakes in hibernacula in contiguous habitat. Genetic-assignment analyses revealed that interruption to seasonal migration was the mechanism underlying these patterns. Our results underscore the sizeable impact of roads on this species, despite their relatively recent construction at our study sites (7 to 10 generations of rattlesnakes), the utility of population genetics for studies of road ecology, and the need for mitigating effects of roads.

The timber industries of southern New England--a periodic assessment of timber output

Treesearch

Robert L., Jr. Nevel; Eric H. Wharton; Eric H. Wharton

1988-01-01

Evaluates regional timber output based on the results of a survey of the timber industries of southern New England. Contains statistics on industrial timber production and receipts in Connecticut, Massachusetts and Rhode Island, by state and species, log shipments between states, sawmills and lumber production, and the production and disposition of manufacturing...

The forest ecosystem of southeast Alaska: 7. Forest ecology and timber management.

Treesearch

Arland S. Harris; Wilbur A. Farr

1974-01-01

Large-scale use of the timber resource of southeast Alaska began in 1953 after long efforts to establish a timber industry. Development and present status of the industry and present management of the timber resource are summarized, stressing the biological basis for timber management activities in southeast Alaska today. Ecological and silvicultural considerations...

Mechanical grading of oak timbers

Treesearch

David E. Kretschmann; David W. Green

1999-01-01

For many wood species, the grading of timbers [>76 mm (>4-in.) thick] has not changed in decades. Most timbers are still visually graded by methods that originated in the 1930s. Mechanical grading procedures used to accurately grade 38-mm (2-in. nominal) dimension lumber have not been adapted for use with timbers. Furthermore, the only reliable timber test data...

Simulating Timber and Deer Food Potential In Loblolly Pine Plantations

Treesearch

Clifford A. Myers

1977-01-01

This computer program analyzes both timber and deer food production on managed forests, providing estimates of the number of acres required per deer for each week or month, yearly timber cuts, and current timber growing stock, as well as a cost and return analysis of the timber operation. Input variables include stand descriptors, controls on management, stumpage...

Timber RAM. . .a long-range planning method for commercial timber lands under multiple-use management

Treesearch

Daniel I. Navon

1971-01-01

Timber RAM (Resource Allocation Method) is a long-range planning method for commercial timber lands under multiple-use management. Timber RAM can produce cutting and reforestation schedules and related harvest and economic reports. Each schedule optimizes an index of performance, subject to periodic constraints on revenues, costs, and, harvest levels. Periodic...

Spatial ecology of timber rattlesnakes on the hardwood ecosystem experiment: pre-treatment results

Treesearch

Brian J. MacGowan; Zachary J. Walker

2013-01-01

The timber rattlesnake (Crotalus horridus) is a species of conservation concern throughout much of its geographic range and may serve as a sentinel species in investigations of the effects of timber harvesting on forest reptiles. Our objective was to determine the effect of even-aged timber management regimes on timber rattlesnake home range and...

Market Dynamics and Optimal Timber Salvage After a Natural Catastrophe

Treesearch

Jeffrey P. Prestemon; Thomas P. Holmes

2004-01-01

Forest-based natural catastrophes are regular features of timber production in the United States, especially from hurricanes, fires, and insect and disease outbreaks. These catastrophes affect timber prices and result in economic transfers. We develop a model of timber market dynamics after such a catastrophe that shows how timber salvage affects the welfare of...

Timber Supply: Mississippi and the South

Treesearch

Robert C. Abt; Fredrick W. Cubbage; Karen J. Lee; Ian Munn

1998-01-01

The availability of timber has become an issue across the South as supplies from other regions are constrained and as demand for timber continues to grow. Whiie any individual state or landowner will have a small impact on national timber supplies, the avaibility of local timber will have a profound effect on local industries. In Mississippi, for example,...

Effects of Timber Harvest on River Food Webs: Physical, Chemical and Biological Responses

PubMed Central

Wootton, J. Timothy

2012-01-01

I compared physical, chemical and biological characteristics of nine rivers running through three timber harvest regimes to investigate the effects of land use on river ecosystems, to determine whether these corresponded to changes linked with downstream location, and to compare the response of different types of indicator variables. Physical variables changed with downstream location, but varied little with timber harvest. Most chemical variables increased strongly with timber harvest, but not with downstream location. Most biological variables did not vary systematically with either timber harvst or downstream location. Dissolved organic carbon did not vary with timber harvest or downstream location, but correlated positively with salmonid abundance. Nutrient manipulations revealed no general pattern of nutrient limitation with timber harvest or downstream location. The results suggest that chemical variables most reliably indicate timber harvest impact in these systems. The biological variables most relevant to human stakeholders were surprisingly insensitive to timber harvest, however, apparently because of decoupling from nutrient responses and unexpectedly weak responses by physical variables. PMID:22957030

Competition for National Forest timber: effects on timber-dependent communities.

Treesearch

Richard W. Haynes

1983-01-01

Results are reported for three studies that dealt with the influence of timber sale practices on competition for timber in the timber-dependent communities of Medford and Grant County An Oregon and those surrounding the Nezperce National Forest in Idaho. Results are also reported for a fourth study that examines how several firms managed their uncut volume under...

Timber products output and timber harvests in Alaska: projections for 1992-2010.

Treesearch

D.J. Brooks; R.W. Haynes

1994-01-01

Projections of Alaska timber products output, the derived demand for raw material, and timber harvest by owner are developed from a trend-based analysis. By using a spread-sheet model, material flows in the Alaska forest sectorare fully accounted for. Demand for Alaska national forest timber is projected and depends on product output and harvest by other owners. Key...

The Timber Resource Inventory Model (TRIM): a projection model for timber supply and policy analysis.

Treesearch

P.L. Tedder; R.N. La Mont; J.C. Kincaid

1987-01-01

TRIM (Timber Resource Inventory Model) is a yield table projection system developed for timber supply projections and policy analysis. TRIM simulates timber growth, inventories, management and area changes, and removals over the projection period. Programs in the TRIM system, card-by-card descriptions of required inputs, table formats, and sample results are presented...

Deconstructing the timber volume paradigm in management of the Tongass National Forest.

Treesearch

John P. Caouette; Marc G. Kramer; Gregory J. Nowacki

2000-01-01

Timber volume information and associated maps have been widely used in the Tongass National Forest for land-use planning and timber and wildlife management. Although considerable effort has been expended to improve timber volume maps, little has been done to evaluate the suitability of timber volume as a descriptor of forest character.We established a rough indicator...

Determinants of Non-Timber Values in Wisconsin Northern Hardwoods

Treesearch

Richard Scarpa; Joseph Buongiorno; Karen Lee

1998-01-01

A working definition of non-timber value is the difference between the revenues attainable by implementing an infinite horizon timber revenue maximizing cutting rule, and the value of the observed harvest. This non-timber value was estimated for the stands of the Forest Inventory Analysis data in the maple-beech-birch type in Wisconsin. Non-timber values averaged 23...

36 CFR 221.3 - Disposal of national forest timber according to management plans.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE TIMBER MANAGEMENT PLANNING § 221.3 Disposal of national forest timber... and of opportunities for employment. (4) Provide for coordination of timber production and harvesting...

36 CFR 221.3 - Disposal of national forest timber according to management plans.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE TIMBER MANAGEMENT PLANNING § 221.3 Disposal of national forest timber... and of opportunities for employment. (4) Provide for coordination of timber production and harvesting...

Structural analysis of an off-grid tiny house

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Calluari, Karina Arias; Alonso-Marroquín, Fernando

2017-06-01

The off-grid technologies and tiny house movement have experimented an unprecedented growth in recent years. Putting both sides together, we are trying to achieve an economic and environmental friendly solution to the higher cost of residential properties. This solution is the construction of off-grid tiny houses. This article presents a design for a small modular off-grid house made by pine timber. A numerical analysis of the proposed tiny house was performed to ensure its structural stability. The results were compared with the suggested serviceability limit state criteria, which are contended in the Australia Guidelines Standards making this design reliable for construction.

Projected US timber and primary forest product market impacts of climate change mitigation through timber set-asides

Treesearch

Prakash Nepal; Peter J. Ince; Kenneth E. Skog; Sun J. Chang

2013-01-01

Whereas climate change mitigation involving payments to forest landowners for accumulating carbon on their land may increase carbon stored in forests, it will also affect timber supply and prices. This study estimated the effect on US timber and primary forest product markets of hypothetical timber set-aside scenarios where US forest landowners would be paid to forego...

The timber resources of Rhode Island

Treesearch

Roland H. Ferguson; John R. McGuire; John R. McGuire

1957-01-01

This is a report on the first comprehensive survey ever made of the timber resources of Rhode Island. It shows, for the years 1952 and 1953, the area and condition of the forest land, the volume and quality of standing timber, the rates of timber growth and mortality, and the extent of timber cutting for forest products. The survey was made by the Forest Service as...

A timber bridge initiative for Virginia : special report.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1991-01-01

This report presents a plan for a timber bridge initiative in Virginia. It addresses (1) the immediate and future potential for using timber in the replacement of many of Virginia's bridges, (2) the available timber resources in Southside Virginia, (...

Timber production assessment of a plantation forest: An integrated framework with field-based inventory, multi-source remote sensing data and forest management history

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gao, Tian; Zhu, Jiaojun; Deng, Songqiu; Zheng, Xiao; Zhang, Jinxin; Shang, Guiduo; Huang, Liyan

2016-10-01

Timber production is the purpose for managing plantation forests, and its spatial and quantitative information is critical for advising management strategies. Previous studies have focused on growing stock volume (GSV), which represents the current potential of timber production, yet few studies have investigated historical process-harvested timber. This resulted in a gap in a synthetical ecosystem service assessment of timber production. In this paper, we established a Management Process-based Timber production (MPT) framework to integrate the current GSV and the harvested timber derived from historical logging regimes, trying to synthetically assess timber production for a historical period. In the MPT framework, age-class and current GSV determine the times of historical thinning and the corresponding harvested timber, by using a ;space-for-time; substitution. The total timber production can be estimated by the historical harvested timber in each thinning and the current GSV. To test this MPT framework, an empirical study on a larch plantation (LP) with area of 43,946 ha was conducted in North China for a period from 1962 to 2010. Field-based inventory data was integrated with ALOS PALSAR (Advanced Land-Observing Satellite Phased Array L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar) and Landsat-8 OLI (Operational Land Imager) data for estimating the age-class and current GSV of LP. The random forest model with PALSAR backscatter intensity channels and OLI bands as input predictive variables yielded an accuracy of 67.9% with a Kappa coefficient of 0.59 for age-class classification. The regression model using PALSAR data produced a root mean square error (RMSE) of 36.5 m3 ha-1. The total timber production of LP was estimated to be 7.27 × 106 m3, with 4.87 × 106 m3 in current GSV and 2.40 × 106 m3 in harvested timber through historical thinning. The historical process-harvested timber accounts to 33.0% of the total timber production, which component has been neglected in the assessments for current status of plantation forests. Synthetically considering the RMSE for predictive GSV and misclassification of age-class, the error in timber production were supposed to range from -55.2 to 56.3 m3 ha-1. The MPT framework can be used to assess timber production of other tree species at a larger spatial scale, providing crucial information for a better understanding of forest ecosystem service.

78 FR 73818 - Information Collection; Timber Sale Contract Operations and Administration

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-12-09

... DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Forest Service Information Collection; Timber Sale Contract Operations...-0225, Timber Sale Contract Operations and Administration. DATES: Comments must be received in writing.... SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Title: Timber Sale Contract Operations and Administration. OMB Number: 0596-0225...

Timber resources of southwest Oregon.

Treesearch

Patricia M. Bassett

1979-01-01

This report presents statistics from a 1973 inventory of timber resources of Douglas County and from a 1974 inventory of timber resources of Coos, Curry, Jackson, and Josephine Counties, Oregon. Tables presented are of forest area and of timber volume, growth, and mortality.

Effect of heart checks on flexural properties of reclaimed 6 by 8 Douglas-fir timbers

Treesearch

David W. Green; Robert H. Falk; Scott F. Lantz

2001-01-01

A sampling of nominal 6- by 8-inch (standard 140- by 184-mm) Douglas-fir timbers was obtained from an industrial military building in Minnesota. Thirty selected timbers had heart checks (boxed heart splits), which are characteristic of most old timbers installed in dry locations. Sixty selected timbers did not have heart checks. Most of the beams would grade as Select...

Value of timber and agricultural products in the United States, 1991

Treesearch

D. B. McKeever; J. L. Howard

1996-01-01

In the United States, timber and agriculture are two important components of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP). The purpose of this study was to quantify the volume and value of timber in the U.S. economy in 1991 and compare the value of timber with that of agriculture. Combined, timber and agriculture accounted for 6.2 percent of total GDP in 1991, and 13.2 percent of...

Relationship of stump diameter to d.b.h. for white pine in the northeast

Treesearch

Jesse D. Diller

1954-01-01

A need to estimate the volume cut from a timber tract when only the stumps are left is often felt by foresters, timber operators, and landowners. This need arises in areas where timber sales are based on stump diameters, in timber trespass cases, in check cruises on marked timber sales (to determine volume cut from unmarked trees), and as an aid in piecing together the...

Physical suitability of Appalachian hardwood sawlogs for sawed timbers

Treesearch

Lawrence D. Garrett

1970-01-01

A study of the physical suitability of Appalachian hardwood sawlogs for manufacture of sawed timbers revealed that: most grade 1 logs can be used to saw timbers as large as 8 by 9 inches, end dimension; most grade 2 logs are suited for manufacture of timbers 6 by 8 inches and smaller; and most grade 3 logs are suited for manufacture of timbers 5 by 7 inches and smaller...

36 CFR 223.49 - Downpayments.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 223.49 Parks, Forests, and Public Property FOREST SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE SALE AND DISPOSAL OF NATIONAL FOREST SYSTEM TIMBER, SPECIAL FOREST PRODUCTS, AND FOREST BOTANICAL PRODUCTS Timber Sale... purchaser bids for timber offered. (3) Lump sum timber sales are premeasured sales where the entire value of...

36 CFR 223.49 - Downpayments.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 223.49 Parks, Forests, and Public Property FOREST SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE SALE AND DISPOSAL OF NATIONAL FOREST SYSTEM TIMBER Timber Sale Contracts Contract Conditions and Provisions § 223.49... excess of the advertised value that a purchaser bids for timber offered. (3) Lump sum timber sales are...

36 CFR 223.45 - Definitions applicable to transfer of purchaser credit.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

..., DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE SALE AND DISPOSAL OF NATIONAL FOREST SYSTEM TIMBER Timber Sale Contracts Contract... business entities having timber sale contracts on the same National Forest. The term National Forest shall... estimated remaining unscaled (unreported on tree measurement contracts) volumes by species of timber...

The fourth Minnesota forest inventory: timber volumes and projections of timber supply.

Treesearch

John S. Jr. Spencer

1982-01-01

The fourth inventory of Minnesota's forest resources shows a 21% increase in growing-stock volume between 1962 and 1977, from 9.4 to 11.5 billion cubic feet. Presented are text and statistics on timber volume, growth, mortality, removals, and future timber supply.

Design of pedestrian truss bridge with Sengon-Rubber laminated veneer lumber

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Herbudiman, B.; Pranata, Y. A.; Pangestu, L.

2017-12-01

Timber bridges are one of the bridge that has long been used, but nowadays, large dimension of sawn timber has limited supply and also it is not environmental-friendly. Laminated veneer lumber (LVL) is a engineered wood that becomes one of the promising alternative, because it is made from lower quality wood that processed to be used as a more quality one. The bridge planned to be a pedestrian truss bridge with length of 9 m, width of 3 m, height of 2.5 m, and using bolt and steel plate as its connection system. Mechanical properties of LVL obtained directly from laboratory test result. Bridge modeling and planning for wood construction refers to SNI 7973:2013, while the loading refers to SNI 1725:2016. Based on the modelling and calculation, the dimension of truss frame and girder beam which are 9 cm x 9 cm and 9 cm x 18 cm have adequate strengths and satisfy deflection requirement.

Understanding the relationships between American ginseng harvest and hardwood forests inventory and timber harvest to improve co-management of the forests of eastern United States

Treesearch

James L. Chamberlain; Stephen Prisley; Michael McGuffin

2013-01-01

The roots of American ginseng have been harvested from the hardwood forests of eastern United States, along-side timber, since the mid-1700s. Very little is known about this non-timber commodity relative to timber, although significant volumes of ginseng root have been harvested from the same forests along with timber. The harvest of ginseng correlated positively and...

New York Timber industries - a periodic assessment of timber output

Treesearch

Robert L., Jr. Nevel; Everett L Sochia; Thomas H. Wahl; Thomas H. Wahl

1982-01-01

Reports the results of a survey of the timber industries of New York; contains statistics on industrial timber production and receipts, and production and disposition of the manufacturing residues. Comparisons are made with the most recent survey, and trends in industrial wood output are noted. Includes 18 statistical tables.

Timber in Missouri, 1972.

Treesearch

John S. Jr. Spencer; Burton L. Essex

1976-01-01

The third inventory of Missouri's timber resource shows a small gain in growing-stock volume and a somewhat larger gain in sawtimber volume since 1959. Area of commercial forest declined sharply between surveys. Presented are text and statistics on forest area and timber volume, growth, mortality, ownership, stocking, future timber supply, and forest management...

Enviromentally Sound Timber Extracting Techniques for Small Tree Harvesting

Treesearch

Lihai Wang

1999-01-01

Due to large area disturbed and great deal of energy cost during-its operations, introducing or applying the appropriate timber extracting techniques could significantly reduce the impact of timber extraction operations to forest environment while pursuing the reasonable operation costs. Four environmentally sound timber extraction techniques for small tree harvesting...

Likelihood of Timber Management on Nonindustrial Private Forests: Evidence From Research Studies

Treesearch

Ralph J. Alig; Karen J. Lee; Robert J. Moulton

1990-01-01

Research on timber management tendencies by nonindustrial private forest owners, while sometimes conflicting, provides useful information to support policy analyses of timber supply and investment behavior. Numerous research studies regarding tree planting, intermediate stand treatments, and timber harvesting are reviewed. Conclusive research findings include that: (1...

Estimating timber supply from private forests

Treesearch

D.F. Dennis

1991-01-01

Nonindustrial private landowners, who hold a majority of the Nation's commercial forests, own land primarily for reasons other than timber production. The multiple objective and dynamic nature of private ownership make planning and estimation of timber availability from this sector extremely difficult. Insight into the determinants of timber supply from private...

Alabama's timber industry - an assessment of timber product output and use, 1995

Treesearch

Tony G. Johnson; Jim R. Gober; J. Stephen Nix

1998-01-01

Output of Industrial Timber Products.Note: The reader must understand that certain terms, namely-retained, export, import, production, and receipts-have specialized meanings and relationships. unique to the Forest Inventory and Analysis Units across the country that deal with timber products output.In 1995, the combined...

Feasibility of using building deconstruction at Wisconsin’s Badger Army Ammunition Plant : salvaging lumber for reuse in low-income home construction

Treesearch

Robert H. Falk

2005-01-01

The buildings at the Badger Army Ammunition Plant (BAAP) were built in the early years of World War II wholly or partially from wood. The standing timber in these and other military structures is some of the last remaining of our Nation’s once vast old-growth forests. A collaborative effort of government, university, military, and community groups was organized to...

17. View of the east forebay from overburden windrow looking ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

17. View of the east forebay from overburden windrow looking north across U.S. 24, showing how the canted timbers and sills disappear into the embankment on the north side. The random notches in the sills across the forebay may indicate a previous use before the most recent phase of lock construction. - Wabash & Erie Canal, Lock No. 2, 8 miles east of Fort Wayne, adjacent to U.S. Route 24, New Haven, Allen County, IN

Numerical simulation on behaviour of timber-concrete composite beams in fire

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Du, Hao; Hu, Xiamin; Zhang, Bing; Minli, Yao

2017-08-01

This paper established sequentially coupled thermal-mechanical models of timber--concrete composite (TCC) beams by finite element software ANSYS to investigate the fire resistance of TCC beam. Existing experimental results were used to verify the coupled thermal-mechanical model. The influencing parameters consisted of the width of timber beam, the thickness of the concrete slab and the timber board. Based on the numerical results, the effects of these parameters on fire resistance of TCC beams were investigated in detail. The results showed that modeling results agreed well with test results, and verified the reliability of the finite element model. The width of the timber beam had a significant influence on the fire resistance of TCC beams. The fire resistance of TCC beams would be enhanced by increasing the width of timber beam, the thickness of concrete slab and the timber board.

76 FR 9962 - Surety Bond Guarantee Program; Timber Sales

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-02-23

... and performance bonds for timber sale contracts awarded by the Federal Government or other public and... that the exception for timber sale contracts applies only to bid and performance bonds. Bid bonds are..., except for contracts in connection with bid and performance bonds for the sale of timber and/or other...

Timber resource statistics for eastern Washington, 1995.

Treesearch

Neil McKay; Patricia M. Bassett; Colin D. MacLean

1995-01-01

This report summarizes a 1990-91 timber resource inventory of Washington east of the crest of the Cascade Range. The inventory was conducted on all private and public lands except National Forests. Timber resource statistics from National Forest inventories also are presented. Detailed tables provide estimates of forest area, timber volume, growth, mortality, and...

A second look a North Dakota's timber lands, 1980.

Treesearch

Pamela J. Jakes; W. Brad Smith

1982-01-01

The second inventory of North Dakota forest resources shows a decline in commercial forest area between 1954 and 1980. Presented are text and statistics on forest area and timber volume, growth, mortality, ownership, stocking, future timber supply, timber use, forest management opportunities, and nontimber forest resources. A forest type map is included.

Wisconsin's 1968 timber resource--a perspective.

Treesearch

John S. Jr. Spencer; Harry W. Thorne

1972-01-01

The third inventory of Wisconsin's timber resource shows substantial gains in growing-stock and sawtimber volumes since 1956, in spite of a small decline in area of commercial forest land. Presented are text and statistics on forest area and timber volume, growth, mortality, ownership, stocking, and use in 1968. Two 30-year projections of timber growth, removals...

36 CFR 221.3 - Disposal of national forest timber according to management plans.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 36 Parks, Forests, and Public Property 2 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Disposal of national forest timber according to management plans. 221.3 Section 221.3 Parks, Forests, and Public Property FOREST SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE TIMBER MANAGEMENT PLANNING § 221.3 Disposal of national forest timber...

An economic analysis of mine-timber marketing in West Virginia

Treesearch

Henry H. Webster

1956-01-01

Coal mines have long provided a major outlet for the timber products of West Virginia. Although the structure and operation of mine-timber markets is little understood, the efficiency of the marketing system undoubtedly affects the decisions of most of the 130,000 farm and other private timber-growing enterprises in the state.

46 CFR 42.25-20 - Computation for freeboard.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... freeboard. (a) The minimum summer freeboards must be computed in accordance with §§ 42.20-5 (a) and (b), 42... the summer timber freeboard one thirty-sixth of the molded summer timber draft. (c) The winter North...(d)(1). (d) The tropical timber freeboard shall be obtained by deducting from the summer timber...

46 CFR 42.25-20 - Computation for freeboard.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... freeboard. (a) The minimum summer freeboards must be computed in accordance with §§ 42.20-5 (a) and (b), 42... the summer timber freeboard one thirty-sixth of the molded summer timber draft. (c) The winter North...(d)(1). (d) The tropical timber freeboard shall be obtained by deducting from the summer timber...

46 CFR 42.25-20 - Computation for freeboard.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... freeboard. (a) The minimum summer freeboards must be computed in accordance with §§ 42.20-5 (a) and (b), 42... the summer timber freeboard one thirty-sixth of the molded summer timber draft. (c) The winter North...(d)(1). (d) The tropical timber freeboard shall be obtained by deducting from the summer timber...

46 CFR 42.25-20 - Computation for freeboard.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... freeboard. (a) The minimum summer freeboards must be computed in accordance with §§ 42.20-5 (a) and (b), 42... the summer timber freeboard one thirty-sixth of the molded summer timber draft. (c) The winter North...(d)(1). (d) The tropical timber freeboard shall be obtained by deducting from the summer timber...

46 CFR 42.25-20 - Computation for freeboard.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... freeboard. (a) The minimum summer freeboards must be computed in accordance with §§ 42.20-5 (a) and (b), 42... the summer timber freeboard one thirty-sixth of the molded summer timber draft. (c) The winter North...(d)(1). (d) The tropical timber freeboard shall be obtained by deducting from the summer timber...

Timber resource of Missouri's Southwest Ozarks.

Treesearch

Patrick D. Miles

1990-01-01

Timber inventory report for twelve county area in southwest Missouri. Forest land comprises approximately half the land area of these counties. Timber removals are less than half of growth. Timber volume and growth continue to increase as large areas of regenerated stands achieve sawtimber size. Highlights and statistics are presented on area, volume, growth,...

Wisconsin timber industry--an assessment of timber product output and use.

Treesearch

James E. Blyth; James W. Whipple; W. Brad Smith

1989-01-01

Discusses recent Wisconsin forest industry trends, production and receipts of pulpwood, saw logs, and veneer logs, and production of other timber products in 1986. Reports on logging residue, on timber removals, on wood and bark residue generated at primary wood-using mills, and on disposition of this mill residue.

Timber management planning with timber ram and goal programming

Treesearch

Richard C. Field

1978-01-01

By using goal programming to enhance the linear programming of Timber RAM, multiple decision criteria were incorporated in the timber management planning of a National Forest in the southeastern United States. Combining linear and goal programming capitalizes on the advantages of the two techniques and produces operationally feasible solutions. This enhancement may...

Regional cost information for private timberland conversion and management.

Treesearch

Lucas S Bair; Ralph J. Alig

2006-01-01

Cost of private timber management practices in the United States are identified, and their relationship to timber production in general is highlighted. Costs across timber-producing regions and forest types are identified by forest type and timber management practices historically applied in each region. This includes cost estimates for activities such as forest...

Opportunity costs of carbon sequestration in a forest concession in central Africa.

PubMed

Ndjondo, Michel; Gourlet-Fleury, Sylvie; Manlay, Raphaël J; Engone Obiang, Nestor Laurier; Ngomanda, Alfred; Romero, Claudia; Claeys, Florian; Picard, Nicolas

2014-12-01

A large proportion of the tropical rain forests of central Africa undergo periodic selective logging for timber harvesting. The REDD+ mechanism could promote less intensive logging if revenue from the additional carbon stored in the forest compensates financially for the reduced timber yield. Carbon stocks, and timber yields, and their associated values, were predicted at the scale of a forest concession in Gabon over a project scenario of 40 yr with reduced logging intensity. Considering that the timber contribution margin (i.e. the selling price of timber minus its production costs) varies between 10 and US$40 m -3 , the minimum price of carbon that enables carbon revenues to compensate forgone timber benefits ranges between US$4.4 and US$25.9/tCO 2 depending on the management scenario implemented. Where multiple suppliers of emission reductions compete in a REDD+ carbon market, tropical timber companies are likely to change their management practices only if very favourable conditions are met, namely if the timber contribution margin remains low enough and if alternative management practices and associated incentives are appropriately chosen.

GPR technique as a tool for decision-making regarding timber beam inner reinforcement: The Lonja de la Seda de Valencia, Spain

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

García, Francisco; Ramirez, Manuel; Benlloch, Javier; Valls, Ana

2015-04-01

This paper describes the decision-making process for the timber beam inner reinforcement of the building The Lonja de la Seda de Valencia (15th c.), Spain. This research was based on the study of 13 timber beams for their diagnosis and the characterization before decision-making in structural reinforcement. For this purpose, we integrated the results of analysis of historical documentation, in situ visual inspection and ground penetrating radar (GPR). The rehabilitation project considered the substitution of the upper-storey floor (The Consulate of the Sea Hall) for another one that complied with the original. This room was closed due to the instability of the timber beams. For the flooring renovation it was necessary to increase the rigidity of the timber floor framing. Preliminary conclusions, which derived from the historical documentation and in situ visual inspection of the timber coffered ceiling were: (a) timber beams supported inside masonry walls could suffer moisture and xylophage attacks, (b) timber beams were significantly damaged (splits, ring shakes, failure of beam section that reduced its bearing capacity), (c) substantial timber beam warping. So the main objectives of this GPR study were: to detect splits, to identify failure of section due to biological attacks, to pinpoint epoxy resin reconstructions and to assess the severity of the damages observed on surface. A GPR survey was carried out in timber coffered-ceiling beams of The Consulate of the Sea Hall. Radar measurements were carried out using a SIR-10H system (GSSI) and a 1.6 GHz ground coupled antenna, due to the timber beam dimensions (0.45 x 0.45 x 8.75 m. A total of 37 longitudinal profiles were collected in the centre of all the beam accessible sides. After radragram processing steps, a number of anomalies were detected in the records, which were analysed. The outcomes derived from this GPR study were taken into account when it came to make decisions in the final restoration project of the timber coffered ceiling elements: timber beams, wooden latticework and floor. The results obtained in this survey are a good example of GPR application in Civil Engineering for timber beam inner reinforcement of a building, establishing technical criteria.

Minnesota forest statistics, 1977.

Treesearch

Pamela J. Jakes

1980-01-01

Presents highlights and statistics from the Fourth Minnesota Forest Inventory. Includes detailed tables of forest area, timber volume, net annual growth, timber removals, mortality, and timber products output.

31 CFR 593.510 - Transactions related to the importation of any round log or timber product originating in Liberia...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... importation of any round log or timber product originating in Liberia authorized. 593.510 Section 593.510... importation of any round log or timber product originating in Liberia authorized. Except as otherwise... into the United States of any round log or timber product originating in Liberia are authorized. ...

Forensic timber identification: It's time to integrate disciplines to combat illegal logging

Treesearch

Eleanor E. Dormontt; Markus Boner; Birgit Braun; Gerhard Breulmann; Bernd Degen; Edgard Espinoza; Shelley Gardner; Phil Guillery; John C. Hermanson; Gerald Koch; Soon Leong Lee; Milton Kanashiro; Anto Rimbawanto; Darren Thomas; Alex C. Wiedenhoeft; Yafang Yin; Johannes Zahnen; Andrew J. Lowe

2015-01-01

The prosecution of illegal logging crimes is hampered by a lack of available forensic timber identification tools, both for screening of suspectmaterial and definitive identification of illegally sourcedwood. Reputable timber traders are also struggling to police their own supply chains and comply with the growing requirement for due diligence with respect to timber...

Pennsylvania timber industries - a periodic assessment of timber output

Treesearch

James T. Bones; John K., Jr. Sherwood

1978-01-01

A periodic evaluation of statewide industrial timber output based on a survey of the primary wood-manufacturing plants in Pennsylvania. Contains statistics on the industrial timber harvest and plant wood-receipts in 1976, and the production and disposition of the manufacturing residues that resulted. The 166 million cubic feet of industrial wood produced in 1976...

The aggregate timberland assessment system—ATLAS: a comprehensive timber projection model.

Treesearch

J.R. Mills; J.C. Kincaid

1992-01-01

The aggregate timberland assessment system is a time-based deterministic timber projection model. It was developed by the USDA Forest Service to address broad policy questions related to future timber supplies for the 1989 Renewable Resources Planning Act timber assessment. An open framework design allows for customizing inputs to account for regional and subregional...

SPATS: a model for projecting softwood timber inventories in the Southern United States.

Treesearch

David J. Brooks

1987-01-01

The yield-table projection method for modeling the development of regional timber inventories is outlined, and its application to softwood timber types in the Southern United States is described. Problems of simulating forest management practices and natural succession are discussed. A computer model that projects softwood timber inventories using yield-table...

Substitution and the USDA Forest Service log export restrictions.

Treesearch

Gary R. Lindell

1980-01-01

With some exceptions, the substitution of national forest timber for exported private timber is forbidden by regulations. Certain firms may use a limited amount of national forest timber as replacement for exported private timber, however, in accordance with their pattern of purchases and exports from 1971 through 1973. About 359 million board feet of national forest...

The 2005 RPA timber assessment update.

Treesearch

Richard W. Haynes; Darius M. Adams; Ralph J. Alig; Peter J. Ince; John R. Mills; Xiaoping. Zhou

2007-01-01

This update reports changes in the Nation's timber resource since the Analysis of the Timber Situation in the United States was completed in 2003. Prospective trends in demands for and supplies of timber, and the factors that affect these trends are examined. These trends include changes in the U.S. economy, increased salvage of British Columbia beetle-killed...

43 CFR 5511.1-1 - Free use of timber on mineral and nonmineral public lands.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 43 Public Lands: Interior 2 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Free use of timber on mineral and... Lands (Continued) BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR FOREST MANAGEMENT (5000) FREE USE OF TIMBER Free Use Regulations § 5511.1-1 Free use of timber on mineral and nonmineral public...

43 CFR 5511.1-1 - Free use of timber on mineral and nonmineral public lands.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 43 Public Lands: Interior 2 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Free use of timber on mineral and... Lands (Continued) BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR FOREST MANAGEMENT (5000) FREE USE OF TIMBER Free Use Regulations § 5511.1-1 Free use of timber on mineral and nonmineral public...

43 CFR 5511.1-1 - Free use of timber on mineral and nonmineral public lands.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 43 Public Lands: Interior 2 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Free use of timber on mineral and... Lands (Continued) BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR FOREST MANAGEMENT (5000) FREE USE OF TIMBER Free Use Regulations § 5511.1-1 Free use of timber on mineral and nonmineral public...

Ohio timber industries - a periodic assessment of timber output

Treesearch

Robert L., Jr. Nevel; Robert B. Redett

1980-01-01

A periodic evaluation of industrial timber output in Ohio based on a statewide survey of the primary wood manufacturing plants. Contains statistics on the industrial timber harvest and plant wood receipts in 1978, and the production and disposition of the manufacturing residues that resulted. The 74 million cubic feet (ft³) or 2.2 million cubic meters (m...

7. VIEW OF TRICOMPOSITE ROOF STRUCTURE. TOP CHORDS ARE TIMBER. ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

7. VIEW OF TRICOMPOSITE ROOF STRUCTURE. TOP CHORDS ARE TIMBER. TENSION RODS (THIN METAL RODS EXTENDING DIAGONALLY FROM THE HORIZONTAL TIMBER BRACE) ARE WROUGHT IRON. SOLID CRUCIFORM SHAPED COMPRESSION MEMBERS EXTENDING DOWNWARD FROM THE TIMBER TOP CHORD ARE MADE OF CAST IRON - North Central Railroad, Baltimore Freight House, Guilford & Centre Streets, Baltimore, Independent City, MD

36 CFR 223.14 - Where timber may be cut.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 36 Parks, Forests, and Public Property 2 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Where timber may be cut. 223... AND DISPOSAL OF NATIONAL FOREST SYSTEM TIMBER General Provisions § 223.14 Where timber may be cut. (a) The cutting of trees, portions of trees or other forest products may be authorized on any National...

The Southern Timber Market to 2040

Treesearch

Jeffrey P. Prestemon; Robert C. Abt

2002-01-01

Timber market analysis of the South's predominantly private timberland finds that the 13 southern states produce nearly 60 percent of the nation's timber, an increase from the mid-1900s. Projections with the Subregional Timber Supply model show that, despite a 67 percent increase in the area of pine plantations, the South will experience a 2 percent decline...

31 CFR 593.205 - Prohibition on the importation of any round log or timber product originating in Liberia.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... round log or timber product originating in Liberia. 593.205 Section 593.205 Money and Finance: Treasury... on the importation of any round log or timber product originating in Liberia. Except as otherwise... section, the importation into the United States, directly or indirectly, of any round log or timber...

31 CFR 593.205 - Prohibition on the importation of any round log or timber product originating in Liberia.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... round log or timber product originating in Liberia. 593.205 Section 593.205 Money and Finance: Treasury... on the importation of any round log or timber product originating in Liberia. Except as otherwise... section, the importation into the United States, directly or indirectly, of any round log or timber...

31 CFR 593.205 - Prohibition on the importation of any round log or timber product originating in Liberia.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... round log or timber product originating in Liberia. 593.205 Section 593.205 Money and Finance: Treasury... on the importation of any round log or timber product originating in Liberia. Except as otherwise... section, the importation into the United States, directly or indirectly, of any round log or timber...

31 CFR 593.205 - Prohibition on the importation of any round log or timber product originating in Liberia.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... round log or timber product originating in Liberia. 593.205 Section 593.205 Money and Finance: Treasury... on the importation of any round log or timber product originating in Liberia. Except as otherwise... section, the importation into the United States, directly or indirectly, of any round log or timber...

31 CFR 593.510 - Transactions related to the importation of any round log or timber product originating in Liberia...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... importation of any round log or timber product originating in Liberia authorized. 593.510 Section 593.510... importation of any round log or timber product originating in Liberia authorized. Except as otherwise... into the United States of any round log or timber product originating in Liberia are authorized. ...

Trends in Timber Use and Product Recovery in New York

Treesearch

Eric H. Wharton; Thomas W. Birch; Thomas W. Birch

1999-01-01

High demand for a variety of timber products from New York's forests has stimulated increased timber utilization and product recovery. Utilization studies in New York suggest that the recovery of timber has improved over the years. Although current methods of multiproduct harvesting have improved recovery of residual material, an estimated 38.6 million cubic feet...

Missouri timber industry - an assessment of timber product output and use, 2003

Treesearch

Thomas B. Treiman; Ronald J. Piva

2005-01-01

Discusses recent Missouri forest industry trends; production and receipts of industrial roundwood; and production of saw logs, veneer logs, pulpwood, cooperage, and other timber products in 2003. Reports on logging residue generated from timber harvest operations. Also reports on wood and bark residue generated at primary wood-using mills and on disposition of mill...

Missouri timber industry--an assessment of timber product output and use, 2000.

Treesearch

Ronald J. Piva; Thomas B. Treiman

2003-01-01

Discusses recent Missouri forest industry trends; production and receipts of industrial roundwood; and production of saw logs, veneer logs, pulpwood, cooperage, and other timber products in 2000. Reports in logging residue generated from other timber harvest operations. Also reports on wood and bark residue generated at primary wood-using mills and on disposition of...

Alternative silvicultural practices in Appalachian forest ecosystems: implications for species diversity, ecosystem resilience, and commercial timber production

Treesearch

Thomas R. Fox; Carola A. Haas; David W. Smith; David L. Loftis; Shepard M. Zedaker; Robert H. Jones; A.L. Hammett

2007-01-01

Increasing demands for timber and non-timber forest products often conflict with demands to maintain biodiversity and ecosystem processes. To examine tradeoffs between these goals, we implemented six alternative management systems using a stand-level, replicated experiment. The treatments included four silvicultural regeneration methods designed to sustain timber...

Impacts on South Carolina timber production over the last five decades.

Treesearch

Jinglong Mo; Thomas Straka; Richard Harper

2013-01-01

Timberland ownership patterns and national forest timber harvesting policy have undergone significant changes in South Carolina over the past five decades. Timber output studies for the state commonly focused on short time frames and seldom addressed timberland ownership patterns in detail. We describe fifty-year timber output for South Carolina, allowing us to address...

Tongass National Forest timber demand: projections for 2015 to 2030

Treesearch

Jean M. Daniels; Michael D. Paruszkiewicz; Susan J. Alexander

2016-01-01

Projections of Alaska timber products output; the derived demand for logs, lumber, residues, and niche products; and timber harvest by owner were developed using a trend-based analysis. This is the fifth such analysis performed since 1990 to assist planners in meeting statutory requirements for estimating planning-cycle demand for timber from the Tongass National...

Michigan timber industry: An assessment of timber product output and use, 2004

Treesearch

David E. Haugen; Anthony K. Weatherspoon

2010-01-01

Reports forest-industry trends, production and receipts of industrial roundwood, and production of saw logs, veneer logs, excelsior/shavings, and other products for Michigan's timber industry in 2004. Also reports logging residue generated from timber harvest operations in Michigan as well as the generation and disposition of wood and bark residue generated by...

Georgia's timber, 1972

Treesearch

Herbert A. Knight; Joe P. McClure

1974-01-01

The fourth survey of Georgia's timber resource, completed in November 1972, shows improved timber supplies across most of the State since 1961. Inventory volume increased from 19.6 to 25.3 billion cubic feet, or by 29 percent. A group of counties south of the Altamaha river in Southeast Georgia was the only extensive area which experienced a reduction in timber...

Recommendations for sustainable development of non-timber forest products

Treesearch

Gina H. Mohammed

2001-01-01

Non-timber forest products--or NTFPs--are considered here to be botanical products harvested or originating from forest-based species, but excluding primary timber products, industrial boards and composites, and paper products. A recent study of non-timber forest products in Ontario, Canada, identified at least 50 types of NTFPs and hundreds of specific products used...

Timber resource statistics for timberland outside National Forests in eastern Oregon.

Treesearch

Neil McKay; Gary J. Lettman; Mary A. Mei

1994-01-01

This report summarizes a 1992 timber resource inventory Of timberland outside National Forests in eastern Oregon. The report presents statistical tables of timberland area, timber volume, growth, mortality, and harvest. It also displays tables of revised 1986-87 timber resource statistics for timberland outside National Forests; the 1992 and 1986-87 tables may be...

An Analysis of the Load-Bearing Capacity of Timber-Concrete Composite Beams with Profiled Sheeting

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Szumigała, Maciej; Szumigała, Ewa; Polus, Łukasz

2017-12-01

This paper presents an analysis of timber-concrete composite beams. Said composite beams consist of rectangular timber beams and concrete slabs poured into the steel sheeting. The concrete slab is connected with the timber beam using special shear connectors. The authors of this article are trying to patent these connectors. The article contains results from a numerical analysis. It is demonstrated that the type of steel sheeting used as a lost formwork has an influence on the load-bearing capacity and stiffness of the timber-concrete composite beams.

Below-cost timber sales and the political marketplace

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Cortner, Hanna J.; Schweitzer, Dennis L.

1993-01-01

Political pressures exist to increase the economic efficiency of timber management and production on the national forests managed by the USDA Forest Service. There is growing belief both outside and within the Forest Service that current levels of timber production, and most particularly uneconomic timber production, should be reduced. Many argue that eliminating uneconomic timber management programs will both save money and reduce environmental degradation. This article traces the political evolution of the focus on economic efficiency in timber production and explores the political-institutional factors that are shaping the current policy debate. The below-cost issue is less about economic efficiency than it is about political advantage and alternative political visions of the societal role of the nation's national forests now and in the future.

Studies On Marine Wood-Borers Of Kali Estuary, Karwar, Karnataka, India

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sanagoudra, S. N.; Neelakanton, K. B.

2008-05-01

The damage caused to underwater timber construction in Marine environment by Molluscan and Crustaceans borers is well known and is of great economic significance to all maritime countries having an expanding shipping and fishing industry. Biodeterioration of marine structure, fishing crafts and living in mangrove vegetation is quite severe along the Karwar coast. The destruction is caused by atleast 14 species and 1 variety of borers belonging to the moluscan and crustacean families of the Teredinidae, Pholadidae and Sphaeromatidae. The following species have been so far recorded: Dicyathifer manni, Lyrodus pedicellaatus, L.Massa, Bankia rochi, B. campanellata, Mausitora hedleyi,Martesia striata, M.NMairi,Sphaeroma terebrans, S.annandalei, S. annandalei travancorensis. These borers, particularly, the molluscs have prodigenous fecundity producing enormous number of young ones in one brood. They have unlimited appetite attacking any type woodly materials exposed in the sea. They attack in heavy intensity and, because of their fast rate of growth, destroy timber with in a short time of few months. All this together with their other highly specialized. Adaptations make marine wood borers man's number one enemy in the sea. Along Karwar costs borer damage to timber structure is heavy throughout the year, highest in September to November and lowest in June and July. Ecological and biological aspects of the borers are also discussed. Ref: L.N.Shantakumaran, Sawant S.G., Nair N.B., Anil Angre, Nagabhushanan R. STUDIES ON MARINE WOOD-BORERS OF KALI ESTUARY, KARWAR, KARNATAKA, INDIA

South Dakota timber industry--an assessment of timber product output and use, 2004

Treesearch

Ronald J. Piva; Gregory J. Josten; Richard D. Mayko

2006-01-01

Discusses recent South Dakota forest industry trends; production and receipts of industrial roundwood; production of saw logs in 2004; and compares 2004 production and receipts with the results of the 1999 timber product output study. Reports on logging residue generated from timber harvest operations. Also reports on wood and bark residue generated at primary wood-...

Guidelines for design, installation, and maintenance of a waterproof wearing surface for timber bridge decks

Treesearch

Richard E. Weyers; Joseph R. Loferski; J. Daniel Dolan; John E. Haramis; Joseph H. Howard; Lola Hislop

2001-01-01

To enhance long-term timber bridge performance, timber material must be protected from moisture. Wearing surfaces made of asphalt pavement with and without a waterproof membrane have been used to provide protection from moisture on timber decks. This type of wearing surface also protects the deck from other damage while providing a smooth, skid-resistant surface....

How might FIA deliver more information on status and trends of non-timber forest products?

Treesearch

Stephen P. Prisley

2015-01-01

Data from the Forest Inventory and Analysis program (including the Timber Products Output portion) are critical for assessing the sustainability of US timber production. Private sector users of this information rely on it for strategic planning, and their strong support of the FIA program has helped to ensure funding and program viability. Non-timber forest products...

The timber industries of New Hampshire and Vermont: a periodic assessment of timber output

Treesearch

Robert L., Jr. Nevel; Nicolas Engalichev; William C. Gove

1986-01-01

This periodic evaluation of statewide industrial timber output is based on canvasses of the primary wood manufacturing plants in New Hampshire and Vermont. The report contains statistics on industrial timber products and plant wood receipts in 1982, and the production and disposition of the manufacturing plant residues that resulted. The 129.4 million cubic feet (3.7...

Maine timber industries - a periodic assessment of timber output

Treesearch

Robert L., Jr. Nevel; Peter R. Lammert; Richard H. Widmann

1985-01-01

This periodic evaluation of statewide industrial timber output is based on a survey of the primary wood manufacturing plants located in Maine in 1981. It contains statistics on industrial timber harvest and plant wood reciepts and on the production and disposition of the manufacturing residues for the year. The 438.7 million ft? (12.4 million m?) of industrial...

California’s forest products industry and timber harvest, 2006

Treesearch

Todd A. Morgan; Jason P. Brandt; Kathleen E. Songster; Charles E. Keegan; Glenn A. Christensen

2012-01-01

This report traces the flow of California’s 2006 timber harvest through the primary wood products industry (i.e., firms that process timber into manufactured products such as lumber, as well as facilities such as pulp mills and particleboard plants, which use the wood fiber or mill residue directly from timber processors) and provides a description of the structure,...

The 1993 timber assessment market model: structure, projections, and policy simulations.

Treesearch

Darius M. Adams; Richard W. Haynes

1996-01-01

The 1993 timber assessment market model (TAMM) is a spatial model of the solidwood and timber inventory elements of the U.S. forest products sector. The TAMM model provides annual projections of volumes and prices in the solidwood products and sawtimber stumpage markets and estimates of total timber harvest and inventory by geographic region for periods of up to 50...

An analysis of the timber situation in the United States: 1952 to 2050.

Treesearch

Richard W. Haynes

2003-01-01

For more than a century, national assessments of supply and demand trends for timber have helped shape perceptions of future commodity consumption and resource trends. These perceptions have guided forest policy. Since 1952, U.S. timber harvest has risen by nearly 67 percent, accompanied by growing timber inventories on both public and private lands, but there has been...

43 CFR 5511.1-1 - Free use of timber on mineral and nonmineral public lands.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 43 Public Lands: Interior 2 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Free use of timber on mineral and... USE OF TIMBER Free Use Regulations § 5511.1-1 Free use of timber on mineral and nonmineral public... public lands as follows: (1) Mineral lands, unoccupied and unreserved and not subject to entry under...

Timber resource statistics of the northern interior resource area of California.

Treesearch

Perry Colclasure; Joel Moen; Charles L. Bolsinger

1986-01-01

This report is one of five that provide timber resource statistics for 57 of the 58 counties in California (San Francisco is excluded). This report presents statistics from a 1981-84 inventory of the timber resources of Lassen, Modoc, Shasta, Siskiyou, and Trinity Counties. Tables presented are of forest area and of timber volume, growth, and mortality. Timberland area...

Timber resource statistics of the north coast resource area of California.

Treesearch

J.D. Lloyd; Joel Moen; Charles L. Bolsinger

1986-01-01

This report is one of five that provide timber resource statistics for 57 of the 58 counties in California (San Francisco is excluded). This report presents statistics from a 1981-84 inventory of the timber resources of Del Norte, Humboldt, Mendocino, and Sonoma Counties. Tables presented are of forest area and of timber volume, growth, and mortality. The north coast...

Photographic technology development project: Timber typing in the Tahoe Basin using high altitude panoramic photography

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Ward, J. F.

1981-01-01

Procedures were developed and tested for using KA-80A optical bar camera panoramic photography for timber typing forest land and classifying nonforest land. The study area was the south half of the Lake Tahoe Basin Management Unit. Final products from this study include four timber type map overlays on 1:24,000 orthophoto maps. The following conclusions can be drawn from this study: (1) established conventional timber typing procedures can be used on panoramic photography if the necessary equipment is available, (2) The classification and consistency results warrant further study in using panoramic photography for timber typing; and (3) timber type mapping can be done as fast or faster with panoramic photography than with resource photography while maintaining comparable accuracy.

Timber Volume in Indiana, 1967.

Treesearch

Arnold J. Ostrom

1969-01-01

The recently completed Second Forest Survey of Indiana shows that the State's timber volume has increased by one-fourth in the 17 years since the previous survey. Timber volume by county is presented.

Timber products output and timber harvests in Alaska: projections for 2005-25

Treesearch

A. Brackley; T. Rojas; R. Haynes

2006-01-01

Projections of Alaska timber products output, the derived demand for logs and chips, and timber harvest by owner are developed by using a trend-based analysis. These are revised projections of those made in 1990, 1994, and 1997, and reflect the consequences of recent changes in the Alaska forest sector and trends in markets for Alaska products. With the cancellation of...

Timber resource statistics for the Upper Yukon inventory unit, Alaska, 1980.

Treesearch

Willem W.S. van Hees

1987-01-01

The 1980 inventory of the forest resources of the Upper Yukon unit was designed to produce inventory estimates of timberland area, volume of timber, and volumes of timber growth and mortality. Timberland area is estimated at 742,000 acres. Cubic-foot volume on all timberland is estimated at 475 million cubic feet. Timber growth and mortality are estimated at -615,000...

Federal timber restrictions, interregional spillovers, and the impact on US softwood markets

Treesearch

David N. Wear; Brian C. Murray

2004-01-01

An econometric model of the US softwood lumber and timber markets is estimated and used to simulate the price, trade, and welfare effects of reductions in federal timber sales in the western US commencing in the late 1980s. Results indicate that the timber sale reductions increased lumber prices by roughly 15 percent in the mid-1990s. Lumber consumers were the...

1966 Oregon timber harvest.

Treesearch

Brian R. Wall

1967-01-01

The 1966 Oregon timber harvest totaled 8.9 billion board feet, 5 percent less than the harvest in 1965. During 1966, the total public timber harvest declined 10 percent to 4.8 billion board feet. The uncut volume of public timber under contract at the end of 1966 was 7.6 billion board feet, up 1.3 billion board feet from 1965's year end total. National Forest...

Review of alternative measures of softwood sawtimber prices in the United States

Treesearch

Henry Spelter

2005-01-01

This study compares prices from various timber market reports and an estimate of timber value derived from product-selling prices and manufacturing costs. In the South, two primary sources of timber price information are Forest2Market (F2M) and Timber Mart-South (TMS). Comparisons showed that F2M prices are generally higher than TMS prices for both stumpage and...

Condition Assessment of Iowa Timber Bridges Using Advanced Inspection Tools

Treesearch

Travis Hosteng; James Wacker; Brent Phares

2013-01-01

This paper reports the results of a study undertaken to assess the condition of timber bridges in the state of Iowa. This study was carried out as part of an overall national study spearheaded by the Forest Products Laboratory and FHWA to investigate the field performance of timber bridges throughout the United States. In the U.S., Iowa has the most timber bridge...

Field investigation of a 100-year-old timber crib foundation at a historic copper mine

Treesearch

James Wacker; Xiping Wang; Douglas R. Rammer

2010-01-01

In June 2009, the authors conducted a comprehensive on-site evaluation of the timber crib foundation at Alaska’s Historic Kennecott Mine Concentration Mill Building. The primary goal of the 6-day inspection was to assess the physical conditions of the existing timber crib foundation and identify timber members and areas that have structural deficiencies. The inspection...

Assessing the Non-Timber Value of Forests: A Revealed-Preference, Hedonic Model

Treesearch

Riccardo Scarpa; Joseph Buongiorno; Jiin-Shyang Hseu; Karen Lee Abt

2000-01-01

Based on revealed preference theory, the value of non-timber goods and services obtained by forest owners, private or public, should be at least equal to the difference between the value of what they could have cut had they tried to maximize timber revenues, and of what they actually cut. This definition was applied to estimate the non-timber value (NTV) of...

Timber products output and timber harvests in Alaska: projections for 1997-2010.

Treesearch

David J. Brooks; Richard W. Haynes

1997-01-01

Projections of Alaska timber products output, the derived demand for raw material, and timber harvest by owner are developed from a trend-based analysis. These projections are revisions of projections made in 1990 and again in 1994, and reflect the consequences of recent changes in the Alaska forest sector and long-term trends in markets for Alaska products. With the...

Markets, Government Policy, and China’s Timber Supply

Treesearch

Han Zhang; Joseph Buongiorno

2012-01-01

China’s domestic demand and exports of wood products are rising rapidly compared to domestic supply. The determinants of timber supply in China were investigated with panel data from 25 provinces from 1999 to 2009. The results indicated that China’s timber supply had responded to both market forces, reflected by timber prices largely determined by world demand and...

Oregon's forest products industry and timber harvest, 2003.

Treesearch

Jason P. Brandt; Todd A. Morgan; Thale Dillon; Gary J. Lettman; Charles E. Keegan; David L. Azuma

2006-01-01

This Report traces the flow of Oregon’s 2003 timber harvest through the primary timber-processing industry and describes its structure, operations and condition. Pulp and board, lumber, and plywood and veer sectors accounted for 96 percent of total industry sales of $6.7 billion. Oregon’s 2003 timber harvest of just over 4 billion board feet was 95 percent softwood...

Using TPO data to estimate timber demand in support of planning on the Tongass National Forest

Treesearch

Jean M. Daniels; Michael D. Paruszkiewicz; Susan J. Alexander

2015-01-01

Projections of Alaska timber products output, the derived demand for logs, lumber, residues, and niche products, and timber harvest by owner are developed by using a trend-based analysis. This is the fifth such analysis performed since 1990 to assist planners in meeting statutory requirements for estimating planning cycle demand for timber from the Tongass National...

Timber sale value as a function of sale characteristics and number of bidders

Treesearch

Paul E. Sendak; Paul E. Sendak

1991-01-01

Examines the effect of sale characteristics and number of bidders on sale value for timber sold by sealed-bid auction on the Green Mountain National Forest in Vermont. As anticipated from theory and previous empirical studies, increasing the number of bidders tended to increase the winning-bid value for the timber auctions studied. Efforts made to ensure that a timber...

The Timber Resource in Maryland

Treesearch

Northeastern Forest Experiment Station

1955-01-01

This is a report on the findings of the forest survey made in Maryland as part of the nationwide forest survey that is being carried on by the Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture. It shows the area and condition of the forest land, the volume and quality of the standing timber, the rates of timber growth and mortality, and the extent of timber cutting for...

1966 Washington timber harvest.

Treesearch

Brian R. Wall

1967-01-01

The 1966 Washington timber harvest of 6.1 billion board feet was 6.8 percent below the 1965 level. This was the first decline since 1961. In part, the lower harvest in 1966 was due to completion of salvage logging of the 1962 blowdown. The volume of dead timber salvaged in 1966 was only 6 percent of the total, compared with 15 percent in 1965. The live timber harvest...

Timber Creek bunkhouse and mess hall, Rocky Mountain National Park. ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

Timber Creek bunkhouse and mess hall, Rocky Mountain National Park. Interior, kitchen and dining area, viewing north. - Timber Creek Bunkhouse & Mess Hall, Trail Ridge Road, Grand Lake, Grand County, CO

36 CFR 223.52 - Market-related contract term additions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... AGRICULTURE SALE AND DISPOSAL OF NATIONAL FOREST SYSTEM TIMBER Timber Sale Contracts Contract Conditions and... to rapid deterioration, timber is in a wildland-urban interface area, or hazard trees adjacent to...

Timber resource statistics for southwest Washington.

Treesearch

Patricia M. Bassett; Daniel D. Oswald

1981-01-01

This report summarizes a 1978 timber-resource inventory of six counties in southwest Washington: Clark, Cowlitz, Lewis, Pacific, Skamania, and Wahkiakum. Detailed tables of forest area, timber volume, growth, mortality, and harvest are presented.

Preliminary timber resource statistics for southwest Washington.

Treesearch

Colin D. MacLean; Janet L. Ohmann; Patricia M. Bassett

1991-01-01

This report summarizes a 1988 timber inventory of six counties in southwest Washington: Clark, Cowlitz, Lewis, Pacific, Skamania, and Wahkiakum. Detailed tables of forest area, timber volume, growth, mortality, and harvest are presented.

32 CFR 644.504 - Disposal plan for timber.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... disposal plan will be prepared which will include the following: (a) Live timber and merchantable dead... feet in log scale measurement; linear estimates of pole timber, and amount of cord wood. The appraiser...

Ranking independent timber investments by alternative investment criteria

Treesearch

Thomas J. Mills; Gary E. Dixon

1982-01-01

A sample of 231 independent timber investments were ranked by internal rate of return, present net worth per acre and the benefit cost ratio—the last two discounted by 3, 6.4. 7.5. and 10 percent—to determine if the different criteria had a practical influence on timber investment ranking. The samples in this study were drawn from a group of timber investments...

Hardwood timber sales on state forests in Indiana: characteristics influencing costs and prices

Treesearch

J. Michael Vasievich; W. L., Jr. Mills; Heidi R. Cherry

1997-01-01

Timber sales conducted on State-owned forests in INdiana from 1982 to 1994 were analyzed to determine changes in costs and prices and the effect of sale conditions on costs and prices. The data set included 445 sales that ranged in size from less than 1 acre to more than 500 acres. Sales were predominantly partial cuts in mature hardwood timber. Marked timber volume...

31 CFR 593.412 - Release of any round log or timber product originating in Liberia from a bonded warehouse or...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Release of any round log or timber... Interpretations § 593.412 Release of any round log or timber product originating in Liberia from a bonded... from a bonded warehouse or foreign trade zone of any round log or timber product originating in Liberia...

31 CFR 593.412 - Release of any round log or timber product originating in Liberia from a bonded warehouse or...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Release of any round log or timber... Interpretations § 593.412 Release of any round log or timber product originating in Liberia from a bonded... from a bonded warehouse or foreign trade zone of any round log or timber product originating in Liberia...

Effects of long-term prescribed burning on timber value in hardwood forests of the Missouri Ozarks

Treesearch

Benjamin O. Knapp; Joseph M. Marschall; Michael C. Stambaugh

2017-01-01

Prescribed fire is commonly used for restoring and managing oak woodlands but raises concern over the risk of value loss to timber products. We used a long-term prescribed burning study to quantify standing timber volume and stumpage value, fire scar presence and size, and timber value loss in comparison to unburned stands. Three study treatments were initiated in 1949...

Design Methods for Load-bearing Elements from Crosslaminated Timber

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Vilguts, A.; Serdjuks, D.; Goremikins, V.

2015-11-01

Cross-laminated timber is an environmentally friendly material, which possesses a decreased level of anisotropy in comparison with the solid and glued timber. Cross-laminated timber could be used for load-bearing walls and slabs of multi-storey timber buildings as well as decking structures of pedestrian and road bridges. Design methods of cross-laminated timber elements subjected to bending and compression with bending were considered. The presented methods were experimentally validated and verified by FEM. Two cross-laminated timber slabs were tested at the action of static load. Pine wood was chosen as a board's material. Freely supported beam with the span equal to 1.9 m, which was loaded by the uniformly distributed load, was a design scheme of the considered plates. The width of the plates was equal to 1 m. The considered cross-laminated timber plates were analysed by FEM method. The comparison of stresses acting in the edge fibres of the plate and the maximum vertical displacements shows that both considered methods can be used for engineering calculations. The difference between the results obtained experimentally and analytically is within the limits from 2 to 31%. The difference in results obtained by effective strength and stiffness and transformed sections methods was not significant.

Capital gains treatment of timber income: An economic assessment

Treesearch

Donald F. Dennis; Donald F. Dennis

1985-01-01

Treating timber income as capital gains meets the criteria used to evaluate tax systems better than treating it as ordinary income. Social welfare implications and impact on timber supply also favor such treatment.

Timber resource statistics for eastern Washington.

Treesearch

Patricia M. Bassett; Daniel D. Oswald

1983-01-01

This report summarizes a 1980 timber resource inventory of the 16 forested counties in Washington east of the crest of the Cascade Range. Detailed tables of forest area, timber volume, growth, mortality, and harvest are presented.

Ownership change and timber supply on nonindustrial private forestland.

Treesearch

Eugene M. Carpenter

1985-01-01

Presents trends in private forest land ownership in Michigan's Upper Peninsula. Describes how changes in owners, their intentions, and their actions might affect the area's timber supply with implications for the national timber supply.

43 CFR 1815.1 - Timber sale contracts.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 43 Public Lands: Interior 2 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Timber sale contracts. 1815.1 Section 1815.1 Public Lands: Interior Regulations Relating to Public Lands (Continued) BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT....1 Timber sale contracts. ...

43 CFR 1815.1 - Timber sale contracts.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 43 Public Lands: Interior 2 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Timber sale contracts. 1815.1 Section 1815.1 Public Lands: Interior Regulations Relating to Public Lands (Continued) BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT....1 Timber sale contracts. ...

43 CFR 1815.1 - Timber sale contracts.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 43 Public Lands: Interior 2 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Timber sale contracts. 1815.1 Section 1815.1 Public Lands: Interior Regulations Relating to Public Lands (Continued) BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT....1 Timber sale contracts. ...

Timber resources of northwest Oregon.

Treesearch

Mary A. Mei

1979-01-01

This report presents statistics from a 1976 timber resource inventory of 10 counties in northwest Oregon: Clackamas, Clatsop, Columbia, Hood River, Marion, Multnomah, Polk, Tillamook, Washington, and Yamhill. Tables presented are of forest area, timber volume, growth, mortality, and harvest.

The Timber Resources of Delaware. A Report on tbe Forest survey made by the U.S. Forest Service.

Treesearch

Roland H. Ferguson; Roland H. Ferguson

1959-01-01

This is a report on the findings of the first comprehensive survey of the timber resources of Delaware. It describes, as of 1957, the area and condition of the forest land, the volume of standing timber, the annual growth and mortality of the forest growing stock, and the extent of timber cutting. The survey made by the Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture,...

Oregon's forest products industry and timber harvest 2013 with trends through 2014

Treesearch

Eric A. Simmons; Micah G. Scudder; Todd A. Morgan; Erik C. Berg; Glenn A. Christensen

2016-01-01

This report traces the flow of Oregon’s 2013 timber harvest through the primary wood products industry and provides detailed description of the structure, timber use, operations, and condition of Oregon’s forest products sector. It is the third in a series of reports that update the status of the industry every 5 years, and is based on a census of timber-using...

Feasibility Investigation into Strengthening of Timber Bridge Stringers

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-05-01

life . They exhibit several types of damage, which occurs in their structural elements such as timber stringers. The most commonly encountered damage...United States are nearing, or at the end of their service life , which means they exhibit several types of damage. This occurs mostly on structural... life of a timber bridge is approximately 30–40 years, the majority of timber bridges in the United States are nearing the end of their service life

Local Wood Demand, Land Cover Change and the State of Albany Thicket on an Urban Commonage in the Eastern Cape, South Africa

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Stickler, M. M.; Shackleton, C. M.

2015-02-01

Understanding the rates and causes of land-use change is crucial in identifying solutions, especially in sensitive landscapes and ecosystems, as well as in places undergoing rapid political, socioeconomic or ecological change. Despite considerable concern at the rate of transformation and degradation of the biodiversity-rich Albany Thicket biome in South Africa, most knowledge is gleaned from private commercial lands and state conservation areas. In comparison, there is limited work in communal areas where land uses include biomass extraction, especially for firewood and construction timber. We used aerial photographs to analyze land use and cover change in the high- and low-use zones of an urban commonage and an adjacent protected area over almost six decades, which included a major political transition. Field sampling was undertaken to characterize the current state of the vegetation and soils of the commonage and protected area and to determine the supply and demand for firewood and construction timber. Between the 1950s and 1980s, there was a clear increase in woody vegetation cover, which was reversed after the political transition in the mid-1990s. However, current woody plant standing stocks and sustainable annual production rates are well above current firewood demand, suggesting other probable causes for the decline in woody plant cover. The fragmentation of woody plant cover is paralleled by increases in grassy areas and bare ground, an increase in soil compaction, and decreases in soil moisture, carbon, and nutrients.

Pipeline corridors through wetlands -- Impacts on plant communities: Little Timber Creek Crossing, Gloucester County, New Jersey. Topical report, August 1991--January 1993

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Shem, L.M.; Zimmerman, R.E.; Alsum, S.K.

1994-12-01

The goal of the Gas Research Institute Wetland Corridors Program is to document impacts of existing pipelines on the wetlands they traverse. To accomplish this goal, 12 existing wetland crossings were surveyed. These sites varied in elapsed time since pipeline construction, wetland type, pipeline installation techniques, and right-of-way (ROW) management practices. This report presents results of a survey conducted over the period of August 5--7, 1991, at the Little Timber Creek crossing in Gloucester County, New Jersey, where three pipelines, constructed in 1950, 1960, and 1990, cross the creek and associated wetlands. The old side of the ROW, created bymore » the installation of the 1960 pipeline, was designed to contain a raised peat bed over the 1950 pipeline and an open-water ditch over the 1960 pipeline. The new portion of the ROW, created by installation of the 1990 pipeline, has an open-water ditch over the pipeline (resulting from settling of the backfill) and a raised peat bed (resulting from rebound of compacted peat). Both the old and new ROWs contain dense stands of herbs; the vegetation on the old ROW was more similar to that in the adjacent natural area than was vegetation in the new ROW. The ROW increased species and habitat diversity in the wetlands. It may contribute to the spread of purple loosestrife and affect species sensitive to habitat fragmentation.« less

Local wood demand, land cover change and the state of Albany Thicket on an urban commonage in the Eastern Cape, South Africa.

PubMed

Stickler, M M; Shackleton, C M

2015-02-01

Understanding the rates and causes of land-use change is crucial in identifying solutions, especially in sensitive landscapes and ecosystems, as well as in places undergoing rapid political, socioeconomic or ecological change. Despite considerable concern at the rate of transformation and degradation of the biodiversity-rich Albany Thicket biome in South Africa, most knowledge is gleaned from private commercial lands and state conservation areas. In comparison, there is limited work in communal areas where land uses include biomass extraction, especially for firewood and construction timber. We used aerial photographs to analyze land use and cover change in the high- and low-use zones of an urban commonage and an adjacent protected area over almost six decades, which included a major political transition. Field sampling was undertaken to characterize the current state of the vegetation and soils of the commonage and protected area and to determine the supply and demand for firewood and construction timber. Between the 1950s and 1980s, there was a clear increase in woody vegetation cover, which was reversed after the political transition in the mid-1990s. However, current woody plant standing stocks and sustainable annual production rates are well above current firewood demand, suggesting other probable causes for the decline in woody plant cover. The fragmentation of woody plant cover is paralleled by increases in grassy areas and bare ground, an increase in soil compaction, and decreases in soil moisture, carbon, and nutrients.

Determination of the elastic and stiffness characteristics of cross-laminated timber plates from flexural wave velocity measurements

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Santoni, Andrea; Schoenwald, Stefan; Van Damme, Bart; Fausti, Patrizio

2017-07-01

Cross-laminated timber (CLT) is an engineered wood with good structural properties and it is also economically competitive with the traditional building construction materials. However, due to its low volume density combined with its high stiffness, it does not provide sufficient sound insulation, thus it is necessary to develop specific acoustic treatments in order to increase the noise reduction performance. The material's mechanical properties are required as input data to perform the vibro-acoustic analyses necessary during the design process. In this paper the elastic constants of a CLT plate are derived by fitting the real component of the experimental flexural wave velocity with Mindlin's dispersion relation for thick plates, neglecting the influence of the plate's size and boundary conditions. Furthermore, its apparent elastic and stiffness properties are derived from the same set of experimental data, for the plate considered to be thin. Under this latter assumption the orthotropic behaviour of an equivalent thin CLT plate is described by using an elliptic model and verified with experimental results.

26. INTERIOR VIEW SHOWING ROW OF TIMBER SUPPORT TOWERS BUILT ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

26. INTERIOR VIEW SHOWING ROW OF TIMBER SUPPORT TOWERS BUILT AS TEMPORARY TRUSS REINFORCEMENT (NOTE STEEL STRUCTURES ATOP TIMBER BRACING) - Oakland Army Base, Transit Shed, East of Dunkirk Street & South of Burma Road, Oakland, Alameda County, CA

Field testing and evaluation of a demonstration timber bridge.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2012-02-01

Asphalt wearing surfaces are commonly used on timber bridges with transverse glued-laminated deck panel systems to help protect the timber components. However, poor performance of these asphalt wearing surfaces in the past has resulted in repeated re...

Preliminary timber resource statistics for the Olympic Peninsula, Washington.

Treesearch

Colin D. MacLean; Janet L. Ohmann; Patricia M. Bassett

1991-01-01

This report summarizes a 1989 timber resource inventory of five counties in the Olympic Peninsula region of Washington: Clallam, Grays Harbor, Jefferson, Mason, and Thurston. Detailed tables of forest area, timber volume, growth, mortality, and harvest are presented.

Timber Volume in Missouri Counties

Treesearch

Arnold J. Ostrom

1974-01-01

The third forest inventory of Missouri showed timber volume of growing-stock material reaching 76 million cords in 1972, an increase of 5 percent since 1959. The growing stock included 15 million board feet of sawtimber. Timber volume by county is presented.

Timber resource statistics for the Olympic Peninsula, Washington.

Treesearch

Patricia M. Bassett; Daniel D. Oswald

1961-01-01

This report summarizes a 1978-79 timber resource inventory of five counties in the Olympic Peninsula of Washington: Clallam, Grays Harbor, Jefferson, Mason, and Thurston. Detailed tables of forest area, timber volume, growth, mortality, and harvest are presented.

Field evaluation of timber preservation treatments for highway applications.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2007-12-01

Timber material repair and replacement cost for timber bridges is a considerable expense to highway agencies in Iowa, especially to : county road departments. To address these needs, the objectives of this investigation was to study the field effecti...

Glossary of Terms Used in Timber Harvesting and Forest Engineering

Treesearch

Bryce J. Stokes; Colin Ashmore; Cynthia L. Rawlins; Donald L. Sirois

1989-01-01

Provides definitions for 1,026 words and terms used in timber harvesting and forest engineering, with an emphasis on temrs related to timber harvesting operations. Terminology dealing with basic forestry, harvesting equipment, and economics is stressed.

Temporal Decay in Timber Species Composition and Value in Amazonian Logging Concessions.

PubMed

Richardson, Vanessa A; Peres, Carlos A

2016-01-01

Throughout human history, slow-renewal biological resource populations have been predictably overexploited, often to the point of economic extinction. We assess whether and how this has occurred with timber resources in the Brazilian Amazon. The asynchronous advance of industrial-scale logging frontiers has left regional-scale forest landscapes with varying histories of logging. Initial harvests in unlogged forests can be highly selective, targeting slow-growing, high-grade, shade-tolerant hardwood species, while later harvests tend to focus on fast-growing, light-wooded, long-lived pioneer trees. Brazil accounts for 85% of all native neotropical forest roundlog production, and the State of Pará for almost half of all timber production in Brazilian Amazonia, the largest old-growth tropical timber reserve controlled by any country. Yet the degree to which timber harvests beyond the first-cut can be financially profitable or demographically sustainable remains poorly understood. Here, we use data on legally planned logging of ~17.3 million cubic meters of timber across 314 species extracted from 824 authorized harvest areas in private and community-owned forests, 446 of which reported volumetric composition data by timber species. We document patterns of timber extraction by volume, species composition, and monetary value along aging eastern Amazonian logging frontiers, which are then explained on the basis of historical and environmental variables. Generalized linear models indicate that relatively recent logging operations farthest from heavy-traffic roads are the most selective, concentrating gross revenues on few high-value species. We find no evidence that the post-logging timber species composition and total value of forest stands recovers beyond the first-cut, suggesting that the commercially most valuable timber species become predictably rare or economically extinct in old logging frontiers. In avoiding even more destructive land-use patterns, managing yields of selectively-logged forests is crucial for the long-term integrity of forest biodiversity and financial viability of local industries. The logging history of eastern Amazonian old-growth forests likely mirrors unsustainable patterns of timber depletion over time in Brazil and other tropical countries.

Temporal Decay in Timber Species Composition and Value in Amazonian Logging Concessions

PubMed Central

Peres, Carlos A.

2016-01-01

Throughout human history, slow-renewal biological resource populations have been predictably overexploited, often to the point of economic extinction. We assess whether and how this has occurred with timber resources in the Brazilian Amazon. The asynchronous advance of industrial-scale logging frontiers has left regional-scale forest landscapes with varying histories of logging. Initial harvests in unlogged forests can be highly selective, targeting slow-growing, high-grade, shade-tolerant hardwood species, while later harvests tend to focus on fast-growing, light-wooded, long-lived pioneer trees. Brazil accounts for 85% of all native neotropical forest roundlog production, and the State of Pará for almost half of all timber production in Brazilian Amazonia, the largest old-growth tropical timber reserve controlled by any country. Yet the degree to which timber harvests beyond the first-cut can be financially profitable or demographically sustainable remains poorly understood. Here, we use data on legally planned logging of ~17.3 million cubic meters of timber across 314 species extracted from 824 authorized harvest areas in private and community-owned forests, 446 of which reported volumetric composition data by timber species. We document patterns of timber extraction by volume, species composition, and monetary value along aging eastern Amazonian logging frontiers, which are then explained on the basis of historical and environmental variables. Generalized linear models indicate that relatively recent logging operations farthest from heavy-traffic roads are the most selective, concentrating gross revenues on few high-value species. We find no evidence that the post-logging timber species composition and total value of forest stands recovers beyond the first-cut, suggesting that the commercially most valuable timber species become predictably rare or economically extinct in old logging frontiers. In avoiding even more destructive land-use patterns, managing yields of selectively-logged forests is crucial for the long-term integrity of forest biodiversity and financial viability of local industries. The logging history of eastern Amazonian old-growth forests likely mirrors unsustainable patterns of timber depletion over time in Brazil and other tropical countries. PMID:27410029

Timber resources of East Oklahoma

Treesearch

Richard A. Birdsey; Dennis M. May

1988-01-01

Presents the principal findings of the fifth forest survey of east Oklahoma and the changes that have occurred since earlier surveys. Trends in forest area, ownership, forest type, stand structure, stocking, timber volume, growth, removals, mortality, management opportunities, and timber products output are discussed.

Economic implications of manufacturing sawed ties and timbers

Treesearch

Lawrence D. Garrett; Lawrence D. Garrett

1969-01-01

The purpose of this paper is to discuss those factors that affect the profitability of manufacturing timbers and show that the combined manufacture of both lumber and timbers will provide a greater daily income than the manufacture of lumber alone.

The impact of logging roads on dung beetle assemblages in a tropical rainforest reserve.

PubMed

Edwards, Felicity A; Finan, Jessica; Graham, Lucy K; Larsen, Trond H; Wilcove, David S; Hsu, Wayne W; Chey, V K; Hamer, Keith C

2017-01-01

The demand for timber products is facilitating the degradation and opening up of large areas of intact habitats rich in biodiversity. Logging creates an extensive network of access roads within the forest, yet these are commonly ignored or excluded when assessing impacts of logging on forest biodiversity. Here we determine the impact of these roads on the overall condition of selectively logged forests in Borneo, Southeast Asia. Focusing on dung beetles along > 40 km logging roads we determine: (i) the magnitude and extent of edge effects alongside logging roads; (ii) whether vegetation characteristics can explain patterns in dung beetle communities, and; (iii) how the inclusion of road edge forest impacts dung beetle assemblages within the overall logged landscape. We found that while vegetation structure was significantly affected up to 34 m from the road edge, impacts on dung beetle communities penetrated much further and were discernible up to 170 m into the forest interior. We found larger species and particularly tunnelling species responded more than other functional groups which were also influenced by micro-habitat variation. We provide important new insights into the long-term ecological impacts of tropical logging. We also support calls for improved logging road design both during and after timber extraction to conserve more effectively biodiversity in production forests, for instance, by considering the minimum volume of timber, per unit length of logging road needed to justify road construction. In particular, we suggest that governments and certification bodies need to highlight more clearly the biodiversity and environmental impacts of logging roads.

Forest area and timber resources of the San Joaquin area, California.

Treesearch

Charles L. Bolsinger

1978-01-01

This report presents statistics on forest area and timber volume and a description of the recent and future timber situations in Alpine, Amador, Calaveras, Fresno, Kern, Kings, Madera, Mariposa, Merced, Mono, San Joaquin, Stanislaus, Tulare, and Tuolumne Counties, California.

36 CFR 223.116 - Cancellation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 223.116 Parks, Forests, and Public Property FOREST SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE SALE AND DISPOSAL OF NATIONAL FOREST SYSTEM TIMBER Timber Sale Contracts Contract Administration § 223.116 Cancellation. (a) Timber sale contracts and permits may be canceled: (1) For serious or continued violation of...

Development of minimum standards for hardwoods used in producing underground coal mine timbers

Treesearch

Floyd G. Timson

1978-01-01

This note presents minimum standards for raw material used in the production of sawn, split, and round timbers for the underground mining industry. The standards are based on a summary of information gathered from many mine-timber producers.

77 FR 64096 - Information Collection; Advertised Timber for Sale

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-10-18

... DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Forest Service Information Collection; Advertised Timber for Sale AGENCY... organizations on the revision with changes of the currently approved information collection 0596-0066 Advertised.... SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Title: Advertised Timber for Sale. OMB Number: 0596-0066. Expiration Date of Approval...

Stress grading of recycled lumber and timber

Treesearch

Robert H. Falk; David Green

1999-01-01

This paper presents an overview of selected research at the Forest Products Laboratory (FPL) to characterize the grade distribution and engineering properties of lumber and timber recycled from deconstructed buildings on US. Army installations. The effects of splits on timber beam and column...

Timber resource statistics for non-Federal forest land in southwest Oregon.

Treesearch

Donald R. Gedney; Patricia M. Bassett; Mary A. Mei

1986-01-01

This report summarizes a 1985 timber resource inventory of the non-Federal forest land in the five counties (Coos, Curry, Douglas, Jackson, and Josephine) in southwest Oregon. Detailed tables of forest area, timber volume, growth, mortality, and harvest are presented.

Timber resources of Douglas County, Oregon.

Treesearch

Colin D. MacLean

1976-01-01

This report summarizes a 1973 timber resource inventory of Douglas County, Oregon. Detailed tables of forest area, timber volume, growth, mortality, and cut are presented. A discussion of the present resource situation highlights the condition of cutover lands and the opportunities for silvicultural treatment.

Timber resource statistics for the Puget Sound area, Washington.

Treesearch

Patricia M. Bassett; Daniel D. Oswald

1982-01-01

This report summarizes a 1979 timber resource inventory of eight counties in the Puget Sound area of Washington: Island, King, Kitsap, Pierce, San Juan, Skagit, Snohomish, and Whatcom. Detailed tables of forest area, timber volume, growth, mortality, and harvest are presented.

Preliminary timber resource statistics for the Puget Sound area, Washington.

Treesearch

Colin D. MacLean; Janet L. Ohmann; Patricia M. Bassett

1991-01-01

This report summarizes a 1989 timber resource inventory of eight counties in the Puget Sound region of Washington: Island, King, Kitsap, Pierce, Skagit, San Juan, Snohomish, and Whatcom. Detailed tables of forest area, timber volume, growth, mortality, and harvest are presented.

1. West portal of Snowshed 29, contextual view to east, ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

1. West portal of Snowshed 29, contextual view to east, 135mm lens. This is perhaps the last section of timber snowshed on this line. Integral with the east end of Tunnel 41, Snowshed 29 provides protection leading to the west portal of the tunnel. The snowshed today consists of (west to east) 199 feet of timber type T4 shed built in 1954, 365 feet of timber type T7 built in 1954, 85 feet of timber type T1 built in 1951, four feet of timber type T7 built in 1925 concurrent with Tunnel 41, and 41 feet of recent prefabricated concrete panel shed. - Central Pacific Transcontinental Railroad, Tunnel No. 41, Milepost 193.3, Donner, Placer County, CA

36 CFR 223.101 - Determination of purchaser responsibility.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... AGRICULTURE SALE AND DISPOSAL OF NATIONAL FOREST SYSTEM TIMBER Timber Sale Contracts Award of Contracts § 223.101 Determination of purchaser responsibility. (a) A Contracting Officer shall not award a timber sale... and governmental business commitments; (3) The purchaser has a satisfactory performance record on...

Timber resources of western Oregon—highlights and statistics.

Treesearch

Donald R. Gedney

1982-01-01

This report summarizes and interprets the results of a timber resource inventory of western Oregon made between 1973 and 1976. Detailed tables give land and forest area, timber volume, growth, and mortality for western Oregon and for southwest Oregon, west-central Oregon, and northwest Oregon.

Operability and location of Wisconsin's timber resource.

Treesearch

Jerold T. Hahn; Mark H. Hansen

1989-01-01

Data collected during the 1983 Wisconsin Statewide forest inventory were used to examine operability of the timber resource based on seven operability components. Operability is the ease or difficulty of managing or harvesting timber because of physical conditions in the stand or on the site.

Operability and location of Michigan's timber resource.

Treesearch

Mark H. Hansen; Jerold T. Hahn

1987-01-01

Operability is the ease or difficulty of managing or harvesting timber because of physical conditions in the stand or on the site. Data collected during the 1980 Michigan statewide forest inventory were used to examine operability of the timber resource based on seven operability components.

Timber resource statistics for non-Federal forest land in west-central Oregon.

Treesearch

Donald R. Gedney; Patricia M. Bassett; Mary A. Mei

1987-01-01

This report summarizes a 1985-86 timber resource inventory of the non-Federal forest land in the four counties (Benton, Lane, Lincoln, and Linn) in west-central Oregon. Detailed tables of forest area, timber volume, growth, mortality, and harvest are presented.

1973 Oregon timber harvest.

Treesearch

J.D. Jr. Lloyd

1974-01-01

The 1973 Oregon timber harvest of 9.36 billion board feet was 265 million board feet (2.8 percent) below the 1972 harvest. The greater portion of the decrease occurred in eastern Oregon where timber harvest dropped 9.4 percent compared with 0.9 percent in western Oregon.

The North Central Forest Inventory and Analysis timber product output database--a regional composite approach.

Treesearch

Dennis M. May

1998-01-01

Discusses a regional composite approach to managing timber product output data in a relational database. Describes the development and structure of the regional composite database and demonstrates its use in addressing everyday timber product output information needs.

Simple models for estimating local removals of timber in the northeast

Treesearch

David N. Larsen; David A. Gansner

1975-01-01

Provides a practical method of estimating subregional removals of timber and demonstrates its application to a typical problem. Stepwise multiple regression analysis is used to develop equations for estimating removals of softwood, hardwood, and all timber from selected characteristics of socioeconomic structure.

Load capacity of hollowed timber piles.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1998-12-01

The goal of this study was to develop a reliable load-rating methodology for timber piles based on the level of documented damage. Louisiana currently has over 4,000 timber bridges in its inventory of over 13,800 bridges. A quarter of these 4,000 tim...

Michigan's fourth forest inventory: timber volumes and projections of timber supply.

Treesearch

John S. Jr. Spencer; Jerold T. Hahn

1984-01-01

The fourth inventory of the timber resource of Michigan shows growing-stock volume increased 27% between 1966 and 1980, from 15.1 to 19.1 billion cubic feet. Presented are highlights and statistics on volume, growth, mortality, removals, biomass, and projections.

Participatory Training to Improve Safety and Health in Small Construction Sites in Some Countries in Asia: Development and Application of the WISCON Training Program.

PubMed

Kawakami, Tsuyoshi

2016-08-01

A participatory training program, Work Improvement in Small Construction Sites, was developed to provide practical support measures to the small construction sector. Managers and workers from selected small sites were interviewed about their occupational safety and health risks. The Work Improvement in Small Construction Sites training program comprised a 45-item action checklist, photos, and illustrations showing local examples and group work methods. Pilot training workshops were carried out with workers and employers in Cambodia, Laos, Mongolia, Thailand, and Vietnam. Participants subsequently planned, and using locally available low-cost materials, implemented their own improvements such as hand-made hand trucks to carry heavy materials, removal of projecting nails from timber materials, and fences to protect roof workers from falling. Local Work Improvement in Small Construction Sites trainers consisting of government officials, workers, employers, and nongovernment organization representatives were then trained to implement the Work Improvement in Small Construction Sites training widely. Keys to success were easy-to-apply training tools aiming at immediate, low-cost improvements, and collaboration with various local people's networks. © The Author(s) 2016.

36 CFR 223.101 - Determination of purchaser responsibility.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... purchaser has a satisfactory performance record on timber sale contracts. A prospective purchaser that is or... AGRICULTURE SALE AND DISPOSAL OF NATIONAL FOREST SYSTEM TIMBER, SPECIAL FOREST PRODUCTS, AND FOREST BOTANICAL PRODUCTS Timber Sale Contracts Award of Contracts § 223.101 Determination of purchaser responsibility. (a...

48 CFR 1452.237-71 - Utilization of Woody Biomass.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... timber/vegetative sales contract. Payment under the timber/vegetative sales contract must be at a price... appropriate payment specified in the related timber/vegetative sales contract before removal may be authorized... sales notice and/or prospectus, including volume estimates, appraised value and any appropriate special...

75 FR 63419 - Surety Bond Guarantee Program; Timber Sales

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-10-15

... timber sale contracts may require the purchaser to furnish a performance bond for satisfactory compliance.... With respect to a Performance Bond involving the sale of timber on land managed by USDA, the Federal... Sales AGENCY: Small Business Administration. ACTION: Proposed rule. SUMMARY: The Small Business...

Timber resource of Missouri's Prairie, 1972.

Treesearch

Jerold T. Hahn; Alexander Vasilevsky

1975-01-01

The third timber inventory of Missouri's Prairie Forest Survey Unit shows substantial declines in both growing-stock and sawtimber volumes between 1959 and 1972. Commercial forest area declined by one-fifth. Presents highlights and statistics on forest area and timber volume, growth, mortality, ownership, and use in 1972.

36 CFR 223.85 - Noncompetitive sale of timber.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 36 Parks, Forests, and Public Property 2 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Noncompetitive sale of timber. 223.85 Section 223.85 Parks, Forests, and Public Property FOREST SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE SALE AND DISPOSAL OF NATIONAL FOREST SYSTEM TIMBER, SPECIAL FOREST PRODUCTS, AND FOREST BOTANICAL...

36 CFR 223.32 - Timber sale operating plan.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 36 Parks, Forests, and Public Property 2 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Timber sale operating plan. 223.32 Section 223.32 Parks, Forests, and Public Property FOREST SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE SALE AND DISPOSAL OF NATIONAL FOREST SYSTEM TIMBER, SPECIAL FOREST PRODUCTS, AND FOREST BOTANICAL...

36 CFR 223.32 - Timber sale operating plan.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 36 Parks, Forests, and Public Property 2 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Timber sale operating plan. 223.32 Section 223.32 Parks, Forests, and Public Property FOREST SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE SALE AND DISPOSAL OF NATIONAL FOREST SYSTEM TIMBER, SPECIAL FOREST PRODUCTS, AND FOREST BOTANICAL...

36 CFR 223.32 - Timber sale operating plan.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 36 Parks, Forests, and Public Property 2 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Timber sale operating plan. 223.32 Section 223.32 Parks, Forests, and Public Property FOREST SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE SALE AND DISPOSAL OF NATIONAL FOREST SYSTEM TIMBER, SPECIAL FOREST PRODUCTS, AND FOREST BOTANICAL...

36 CFR 223.32 - Timber sale operating plan.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 36 Parks, Forests, and Public Property 2 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Timber sale operating plan. 223.32 Section 223.32 Parks, Forests, and Public Property FOREST SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE SALE AND DISPOSAL OF NATIONAL FOREST SYSTEM TIMBER, SPECIAL FOREST PRODUCTS, AND FOREST BOTANICAL...

36 CFR 223.85 - Noncompetitive sale of timber.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 36 Parks, Forests, and Public Property 2 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Noncompetitive sale of timber. 223.85 Section 223.85 Parks, Forests, and Public Property FOREST SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE SALE AND DISPOSAL OF NATIONAL FOREST SYSTEM TIMBER, SPECIAL FOREST PRODUCTS, AND FOREST BOTANICAL...

36 CFR 223.85 - Noncompetitive sale of timber.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 36 Parks, Forests, and Public Property 2 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Noncompetitive sale of timber. 223.85 Section 223.85 Parks, Forests, and Public Property FOREST SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE SALE AND DISPOSAL OF NATIONAL FOREST SYSTEM TIMBER, SPECIAL FOREST PRODUCTS, AND FOREST BOTANICAL...

Iowa's forest resources, 1974.

Treesearch

John S. Jr. Spencer; Pamela J. Jakes

1980-01-01

The second inventory of Iowa's forest resources shows big declines in commercial forest area and in growing-stock and sawtimber volumes between 1954 and 1974. Presented are text and statistics on forest area and timber volume, growth, mortality, ownership, stocking, future timber supply, timber use, forest management opportunities, and nontimber resources.

36 CFR 223.188 - Prohibitions against exporting unprocessed Federal timber.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 36 Parks, Forests, and Public Property 2 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Prohibitions against exporting unprocessed Federal timber. 223.188 Section 223.188 Parks, Forests, and Public Property FOREST... Program § 223.188 Prohibitions against exporting unprocessed Federal timber. No person who acquires...

36 CFR 223.188 - Prohibitions against exporting unprocessed Federal timber.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 36 Parks, Forests, and Public Property 2 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Prohibitions against exporting unprocessed Federal timber. 223.188 Section 223.188 Parks, Forests, and Public Property FOREST... Program § 223.188 Prohibitions against exporting unprocessed Federal timber. No person who acquires...

36 CFR 223.188 - Prohibitions against exporting unprocessed Federal timber.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 36 Parks, Forests, and Public Property 2 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Prohibitions against exporting unprocessed Federal timber. 223.188 Section 223.188 Parks, Forests, and Public Property FOREST... Program § 223.188 Prohibitions against exporting unprocessed Federal timber. No person who acquires...

36 CFR 223.188 - Prohibitions against exporting unprocessed Federal timber.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 36 Parks, Forests, and Public Property 2 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Prohibitions against exporting unprocessed Federal timber. 223.188 Section 223.188 Parks, Forests, and Public Property FOREST... Program § 223.188 Prohibitions against exporting unprocessed Federal timber. No person who acquires...

Minnesota timber industry--an assessment of timber product output and use, 1990.

Treesearch

Ronald L. Hackett; Richard A. Dahlman

1993-01-01

Discusses recent Minnesota forest industry trends; production and receipts of pulpwood, saw logs, and veneer logs; and production of other timber products in 1990. Reports on logging residue, wood and bark residue generated at primary wood-using mills, and disposition of mill residues.

36 CFR 223.187 - Determinations of unprocessed timber.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... AGRICULTURE SALE AND DISPOSAL OF NATIONAL FOREST SYSTEM TIMBER, SPECIAL FOREST PRODUCTS, AND FOREST BOTANICAL...) and its implementing regulations. I fully understand that exporting unprocessed timber originating... domestically is a violation of this Act, its implementing regulations, and the False Statements Act (18 U.S.C...

Two-rail steel-backed timber guardrail system : Crown Point Highway, Multnomah County, Oregon : final report.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1995-02-01

In 1920, to provide for the safety of drivers on the Columbia River Highway, two-rail timber guardrail were installed. Subsequently, the two-rail timber guardrail were replaced by more modern guardrail. Recently, the Historic Columbia River Highway A...

DEVELOPING A PRODUCTION POSSIBILITY SET OF WILDLIFE SPECIES PERSISTENCE AND TIMBER HARVEST VALUE

EPA Science Inventory

An integrated model combing a wildlife population simulation model, and timber harvest and growth models was developed to explore the tradeoffs between the likelihood of persistence of a hypothetical wildlife species and timber harvest volumes on a landscape in the Central Oregon...

36 CFR 223.190 - Sourcing area application procedures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... manufacturing facility that processes Federal timber and who is an exporter may apply for a sourcing area... within the proposed sourcing area where the person intends to process timber originating from Federal... knowledge concerning my timber purchasing and export patterns. I certify that the information provided...

Building the Knowledge Base to Support the Automatic Animation Generation of Chinese Traditional Architecture

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wei, Gongjin; Bai, Weijing; Yin, Meifang; Zhang, Songmao

We present a practice of applying the Semantic Web technologies in the domain of Chinese traditional architecture. A knowledge base consisting of one ontology and four rule bases is built to support the automatic generation of animations that demonstrate the construction of various Chinese timber structures based on the user's input. Different Semantic Web formalisms are used, e.g., OWL DL, SWRL and Jess, to capture the domain knowledge, including the wooden components needed for a given building, construction sequence, and the 3D size and position of every piece of wood. Our experience in exploiting the current Semantic Web technologies in real-world application systems indicates their prominent advantages (such as the reasoning facilities and modeling tools) as well as the limitations (such as low efficiency).

36 CFR 261.6 - Timber and other forest products.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... or otherwise damaging any timber, tree, or other forest product, except as authorized by a special-use authorization, timber sale contract, or Federal law or regulation. (b) Cutting any standing tree... otherwise identifying any tree or other forest product in a manner similar to that employed by forest...

36 CFR 223.112 - Modification of contracts.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... SALE AND DISPOSAL OF NATIONAL FOREST SYSTEM TIMBER Timber Sale Contracts Contract Administration § 223.112 Modification of contracts. (a) Timber sale contracts may be modified only when the modification.... Modifications may be made by the officer approving the sale, by his successor, or by his superior, except as...

25 CFR 163.23 - Advance payment for timber products.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... otherwise authorized by the Secretary, and except in the case of lump sum (predetermined volume) sales, contracts for the sale of timber from allotted, trust or restricted Indian forest land shall provide for an... advance deposits and advance payments previously applied against timber cut from each ownership in a sale...

Timber resource statistics for western Washington.

Treesearch

Coffin D. MacLean; Patricia M. Bassett; Glenn Yeary

1992-01-01

This report summarizes a 1988-90 timber resource inventory of 19 counties in western Washington: Clallam, Clark, Cowlitz, Grays Harbor, Island, Jefferson, King, Kitsap, Lewis, Mason, Pacific, Pierce, San Juan, Skagit, Skamania, Snohomish, Thurston, Wahkiakum, and Whatcom. Detailed tables of forest area, timber volume, growth, mortality, and harvest are presented.

20 CFR 404.1084 - Gain or loss from disposition of property; capital assets; timber, coal, and iron ore...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

...; capital assets; timber, coal, and iron ore; involuntary conversion. 404.1084 Section 404.1084 Employees' Benefits SOCIAL SECURITY ADMINISTRATION FEDERAL OLD-AGE, SURVIVORS AND DISABILITY INSURANCE (1950... from disposition of property; capital assets; timber, coal, and iron ore; involuntary conversion. (a...

36 CFR 219.28 - Determination of land suitable for timber harvest.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... conditions and ecological sustainability, and is necessary to protect multiple-use values other than timber... justified by the ecological, social, or economic benefits considering physical, economic, and other... revision of the plan. (c) Lands where timber may be harvested for other multiple-use values. Except for...

The timber industries of Maryland

Treesearch

James T. Bones; John E. Brodie

1977-01-01

A periodic evaluation of statewide industrial timber output based upon a complete survey of the primary wood manufacturing plants in Maryland. Contains statistics about industrial timber production and receipts in 1975 and the production and disposition of the manufacturing residues that resulted. The 43 million cubic feet of industrial wood produced in 1975...

Nondestructive evaluation of incipient decay in hardwood logs

Treesearch

Xiping Wang; Jan Wiedenbeck; Robert J. Ross; John W. Forsman; John R. Erickson; Crystal Pilon; Brian K. Brashaw

2005-01-01

Decay can cause significant damage to high-value hardwood timber. New nondestructive evaluation (NDE) technologies are urgently needed to effectively detect incipient decay in hardwood timber at the earliest possible stage. Currently, the primary means of inspecting timber relies on visual assessment criteria. When visual inspections are used exclusively, they provide...

Timber and Amenities on Nonindustrial Private Forest Land

Treesearch

Subhrendu K. Pattanayak; Karen Lee Abt; Thomas P. Holmes

2003-01-01

Economic analyses of the joint production timber and amenities from nonindustrial private forest lands (NIPF) have been conducted for several decades. Binkley (1981) summarized this strand of research and elegantly articulated a microeconomic household model in which NIPF owners maximize utility by choosing optimal combinations of timber income and amenities. Most...

Historical reflections on the Arkansas cross timbers

Treesearch

Don C. Bragg

2004-01-01

Kuclller's original rnap of potential natural vegetation suggested that the eastern-most extension of the "Cross Timbers" oak-dominated woodland reached into extreme western Arkansas. Iiecellt investigations have found possible old-growth Cross Timber communities in narrow strips along steep, rocky sandstone and shale ridges near Fort Chaffee and Hackett...

An analysis of Pennsylvania's forest resources

Treesearch

Douglas S. Powell; Thomas J., Jr. Considine; Thomas J. Considine

1982-01-01

A comprehensive analysis of the current status and trends of the forest resources of Pennsylvania. Topics include forest area, timber volume, biomass, timber products, timber's role in the state's economy, growth, and removals. Forest area, volume, growth and removals are projected through 2008. A detailed treatment is glven to water, soil, minerals, fish,...

43 CFR 9269.3-5 - Timber management.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 43 Public Lands: Interior 2 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Timber management. 9269.3-5 Section 9269.3-5 Public Lands: Interior Regulations Relating to Public Lands (Continued) BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT... Timber management. (a) Sales of forest products; general. [Reserved] (b) Non-sale disposals; general—(1...

43 CFR 9269.3-5 - Timber management.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 43 Public Lands: Interior 2 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Timber management. 9269.3-5 Section 9269.3-5 Public Lands: Interior Regulations Relating to Public Lands (Continued) BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT... Timber management. (a) Sales of forest products; general. [Reserved] (b) Non-sale disposals; general—(1...

43 CFR 9269.3-5 - Timber management.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 43 Public Lands: Interior 2 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Timber management. 9269.3-5 Section 9269.3-5 Public Lands: Interior Regulations Relating to Public Lands (Continued) BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT... Timber management. (a) Sales of forest products; general. [Reserved] (b) Non-sale disposals; general—(1...

43 CFR 9269.3-5 - Timber management.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 43 Public Lands: Interior 2 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Timber management. 9269.3-5 Section 9269.3-5 Public Lands: Interior Regulations Relating to Public Lands (Continued) BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT... Timber management. (a) Sales of forest products; general. [Reserved] (b) Non-sale disposals; general—(1...

Wisconsin timber industry--an assessment of timber product output and use, 1999

Treesearch

William H. IV Reading; James W. Whipple

2003-01-01

Discusses recent Wisconsin forest industry trends; production and receipts of pulpwood; and production of saw logs, veneer logs, and other timber products in 1999. Reports on logging residue, on wood and bark residue generated at primary wood-using mills, and on disposition of mill residues.

A method for estimating operability and location of the timber resource.

Treesearch

John S. Jr. Spencer; Mark H. Hansen; Pamela J. Jakes

1986-01-01

Operability is the relative ease or difficulty of managing or harvesting timber because of physical conditions in the stand or on the site. Using data collected during standard statewide forest inventories, we developed a method for classifying timber by operability class based on seven operability components.

Wisconsin timber industry--an assessment of timber output trends.

Treesearch

James E. Blyth; James W. Whipple; Terry Mace; W. Brad Smith

1985-01-01

Discusses recent Wisconsin forest industry trends; production and receipts of pulpwood, saw logs, and veneer logs; and production of fuelwood and other timber products in 1981. Reports on logging residue, on wood and bark residue generated at primary wood-using mills, and on disposition of this mill residue.

Michigan timber industry--an assessment of timber product output and use, 1988.

Treesearch

W. Brad Smith; Anthony K. Weatherspoon; John Pilon

1990-01-01

Discusses recent Michigan forest industry trends; production and receipts of pulpwood, saw logs, and veneer logs; and production of other timber products in 1988. Reports on logging residue, on wood and bark residue generated at primary wood-using mills, and on disposition of this mill residue.

Timber resource statistics for non-federal forest land in northwest Oregon.

Treesearch

Donald R. Gedney; Patricia M. Bassett; Mary A. Mei

1986-01-01

This report summarizes a 1986 timber resource inventory of the non-Federal forest land in the 10 counties (Clackamas, Clatsop, Columbia, Hood River, Marion, Multnomah , Polk, Tillamook, Washington, and Yamhill) in northwest Oregon. Detailed tables of forest area, timber volume, growth, mortality, and harvest are presented.

Indiana's timber industry--an assessment of timber product output and use, 1995.

Treesearch

Ronald L. Hackett; Jeff Settle

1998-01-01

Discusses recent Indiana forest industry trends; production and receipts of saw logs, pulpwood, and veneer logs; and production of other timber products in 1995. Reports on harvest residue, on wood and bark residue generated at primary wood-using mills, and on disposition of this mill residue.

Timber salvage economics

Treesearch

Jeffrey P. Prestemon; Thomas P. Holmes

2008-01-01

Timber salvage is commonly done following natural disturbances, to recover some value from damaged forests. Decision making about salvage, however, is affected by ownership objectives, the nature of the damage agent, site factors, and the strength of the local timber market. For profit-maximizing landowners, salvage decisions must balance the cost of harvesting...

75 FR 17896 - Submission for OMB Review; Comment Request

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-04-08

... techniques or other forms of information technology should be addressed to: Desk Officer for Agriculture....C. 472a (14)(c) (Act) requires timber sale operating plans on timber sales that exceed 2 years in... within 60 days of award of timber sale contracts and annually thereafter until harvest is complete...

Deterioration rates of blowndown timber and potential problems associated with product recovery.

Treesearch

Paul E. Aho; James M. Cahill

1984-01-01

This paper summarizes published reports of deterioration and product recovery studies conducted on dead timber. Decay rates experienced in blowndown timber are presented for western redcedar (Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don), Douglasfir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco), western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.), and...

36 CFR 223.85 - Noncompetitive sale of timber.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... SALE AND DISPOSAL OF NATIONAL FOREST SYSTEM TIMBER, SPECIAL FOREST PRODUCTS, AND FOREST BOTANICAL...). Notwithstanding the provisions of paragraph (a) of this section or any other regulation in this part, for timber... any other regulation in this part, when such extraordinary conditions exist on sales not addressed in...

36 CFR 223.14 - Where timber may be cut.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 36 Parks, Forests, and Public Property 2 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Where timber may be cut. 223.14 Section 223.14 Parks, Forests, and Public Property FOREST SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE SALE AND DISPOSAL OF NATIONAL FOREST SYSTEM TIMBER, SPECIAL FOREST PRODUCTS, AND FOREST BOTANICAL PRODUCTS...

36 CFR 223.1 - Authority to sell timber.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... General Provisions § 223.1 Authority to sell timber. Trees, portions of trees, and other forest products... 36 Parks, Forests, and Public Property 2 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Authority to sell timber. 223.1 Section 223.1 Parks, Forests, and Public Property FOREST SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE SALE...

36 CFR 223.1 - Authority to sell timber.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... General Provisions § 223.1 Authority to sell timber. Trees, portions of trees, and other forest products... 36 Parks, Forests, and Public Property 2 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Authority to sell timber. 223.1 Section 223.1 Parks, Forests, and Public Property FOREST SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE SALE...

36 CFR 223.1 - Authority to sell timber.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... General Provisions § 223.1 Authority to sell timber. Trees, portions of trees, and other forest products... 36 Parks, Forests, and Public Property 2 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Authority to sell timber. 223.1 Section 223.1 Parks, Forests, and Public Property FOREST SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE SALE...

36 CFR 223.14 - Where timber may be cut.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 36 Parks, Forests, and Public Property 2 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Where timber may be cut. 223.14 Section 223.14 Parks, Forests, and Public Property FOREST SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE SALE AND DISPOSAL OF NATIONAL FOREST SYSTEM TIMBER, SPECIAL FOREST PRODUCTS, AND FOREST BOTANICAL PRODUCTS...

36 CFR 223.1 - Authority to sell timber.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... General Provisions § 223.1 Authority to sell timber. Trees, portions of trees, and other forest products... 36 Parks, Forests, and Public Property 2 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Authority to sell timber. 223.1 Section 223.1 Parks, Forests, and Public Property FOREST SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE SALE...

36 CFR 223.14 - Where timber may be cut.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 36 Parks, Forests, and Public Property 2 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Where timber may be cut. 223.14 Section 223.14 Parks, Forests, and Public Property FOREST SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE SALE AND DISPOSAL OF NATIONAL FOREST SYSTEM TIMBER, SPECIAL FOREST PRODUCTS, AND FOREST BOTANICAL PRODUCTS...

36 CFR 223.14 - Where timber may be cut.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 36 Parks, Forests, and Public Property 2 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Where timber may be cut. 223.14 Section 223.14 Parks, Forests, and Public Property FOREST SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE SALE AND DISPOSAL OF NATIONAL FOREST SYSTEM TIMBER, SPECIAL FOREST PRODUCTS, AND FOREST BOTANICAL PRODUCTS...

Evaluation of the performance of a press-lam timber bridge : interim report no. 1, bridge installation and load test.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1977-01-01

The report describes the installation and load test of the world's first press-lam timber bridge superstructure. A five-man crew replaced the substandard steel stringer-timber deck superstructure on Rte. 610 over Little Stoney Creek in Shenandoah Cou...

Washington's public and private forests.

Treesearch

Charles L. Bolsinger; Neil McKay; Donald FL Gedney; Carol Alerich

1997-01-01

This report summarizes and analyzes 1988-91 timber inventories of western and eastern Washington. These inventories were conducted on all private and public lands except National Forests. Timber resource statistics from National Forest inventories also are presented. Detailed tables provide estimates of forest area, timber volume, growth, mortality, and harvest. Data...

Wisconsin timber industry--an assessment of timber product output and use, 1988.

Treesearch

W. Brad Smith; James W. Whipple

1990-01-01

Discusses recent Wisconsin forest industry trends; production and receipts of pulpwood, saw logs, and veneer logs; and production of other timber products in 1988. Reports on logging residue, on wood and bark residue generated at primary wood-using mills, and on disposition of this mill residue.

32 CFR 644.504 - Disposal plan for timber.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... merchantable dead timber will be marked for cutting in accordance with the land management plan, Master Plan, or forestry supplement thereto, and cutting will be limited to the timber so marked. The disposal... affecting the installations, and the requirements of such measures will be set forth specifically. (e) Any...

1970 Oregon timber harvest.

Treesearch

Brian R. Wall

1971-01-01

The 1970 Oregon timber harvest of 7.98 billion board feet was the lowest recorded since the recession year of 1961 when 7.41 billion board feet of timber was produced. The 1970 log production figure was 12.8 percent below the 1969 harvest, the second consecutive year of declining production in Oregon.

Responses of timber rattlesnakes to fire: Lessons from two prescribed burns

Treesearch

Steven J. Beaupre; Lara E. Douglas

2012-01-01

Timber rattlesnakes (Crotalus horridus) are excellent model organisms for understanding the effects of large scale habitat manipulations because of their low-energy lifestyle, rapid response to changes in resource environment, uniform diet (small mammals), and simple behaviors. We present two case studies that illustrate interactions between timber...

36 CFR 261.6 - Timber and other forest products.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... or otherwise damaging any timber, tree, or other forest product, except as authorized by a special-use authorization, timber sale contract, or Federal law or regulation. (b) Cutting any standing tree... otherwise identifying any tree or other forest product in a manner similar to that employed by forest...

36 CFR 261.6 - Timber and other forest products.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... or otherwise damaging any timber, tree, or other forest product, except as authorized by a special-use authorization, timber sale contract, or Federal law or regulation. (b) Cutting any standing tree... otherwise identifying any tree or other forest product in a manner similar to that employed by forest...

36 CFR 261.6 - Timber and other forest products.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... or otherwise damaging any timber, tree, or other forest product, except as authorized by a special-use authorization, timber sale contract, or Federal law or regulation. (b) Cutting any standing tree... otherwise identifying any tree or other forest product in a manner similar to that employed by forest...

36 CFR 261.6 - Timber and other forest products.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... or otherwise damaging any timber, tree, or other forest product, except as authorized by a special-use authorization, timber sale contract, or Federal law or regulation. (b) Cutting any standing tree... otherwise identifying any tree or other forest product in a manner similar to that employed by forest...

Restocking conditions on the burned-over forest lands of southwestern Maine, June 1949

Treesearch

Wayne G. Banks; James C. Rettie

1949-01-01

Disastrous fires swept over some 130,000 acres of forest land in southwestern Maine during the autumn of 1947. Practically all of the timber stand (211 million board feet of saw timber and 400,000 cords of pole timber) was killed or injured by this fire.

36 CFR 223.201 - Limitations on unprocessed timber harvested in Alaska.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 36 Parks, Forests, and Public Property 2 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Limitations on unprocessed timber harvested in Alaska. 223.201 Section 223.201 Parks, Forests, and Public Property FOREST SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE SALE AND DISPOSAL OF NATIONAL FOREST SYSTEM TIMBER, SPECIAL FOREST PRODUCTS, AND...

Wisconsin timber industry--an assessment of timber product output and use, 1990.

Treesearch

Ronald L. Hackett; James W. Whipple

1993-01-01

Discusses recent Wisconsin forest industry trends; production and receipts of pulpwood, saw logs, and veneer logs; and production of other timber products in 1990. Reports on logging residue, on wood and bark residue generated at primary wood-using mills, and on disposition of this mill residue.

Wisconsin timber industry--an assessment of timber product output and use, 1996.

Treesearch

Ronald L. Hackett; Ronald J. Piva; James W. Whipple

2002-01-01

Discusses recent Wisconsin forest industry trends: production and receipts of pulpwood, saw logs, and veneer logs; and production of other timber products in 1996. Reports on logging residue, on wood and bark residue generated at primary wood-using mills, and on disposition of mill residues.

Wisconsin timber industry--an assessment of timber product output and use.

Treesearch

Ronald L. Hackett; James W. Whipple

1995-01-01

Discusses recent Wisconsin forest industry trends; production and receipts of pulpwood, saw logs, and veneer logs; and production of other timber products in 1992. Reports on logging residue, on wood and bark residue generated at primary wood-using mills, and on disposition of this mill residue.

Fiber farming with insecticidal

Treesearch

Leah S. Bauer

1997-01-01

Naturally regenerated forests are the primary source of timber, fiber, and fuel throughout much of the world today. In the United States, however, public outcry over increasing forest fragmentation and habitat loss is reducing timber harvests in many areas. As our demand for forest products exceeds supplies, reliance on international timber resources will escalate,...

Timber resource of Missouri's Riverborder, 1972.

Treesearch

John S. Jr. Spencer; Arnold J. Ostrom

1975-01-01

The third timber inventory of Missouri's Riverborder Forest Survey Unit shows that neither the total volume of growing stock nor of sawtimber changed significantly between 1959 and 1972. Area of commercial forest land declined slightly. Presents statistics on forest area and timber volume, growth, mortality, ownership and use in 1972.

Timber management and use-value assessment

Treesearch

Paul E. Sendak; Neil K. Huyler

1994-01-01

Describes timber management activity and estimates timber harvest from forest land enrolled in Vermont's Use Value Appraisal (UVA) Forest Land property tax program. Data were compiled from the mandatory management plans and annual conformance reports filed for each property enrolled in the Program. Overall, 31 percent of the UVA properties reported a commercial...

Phase I archaeological survey of the proposed timber harvest areas in traininq areas 8, 13, and 14 on the Fort Knox Military Reservation, Hardin and Meade Counties, Kentucky. Final report, June-July 1995

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Schenian, P.A.

1995-07-01

In June and July 1995, the Fort Knox Contract Staff Archaeologist conducted a Phase I archaeological survey of proposed timber harvest areas in Training Areas 8, 13, and 14 on the Fort Knox Military Reservation, Hardin and Meade Counties, Kentucky. The timber areas consist of five small, disjoint project areas encompassing a total of 11 acres (4.4 ha). The trees to be harvested had been marked by the forestry section prior to the survey. All timber areas were walked in their entirety. No evidence of archaeological sites was found in this study. It is recommended that the timber harvesting bemore » conducted as proposed.« less

26 CFR 1.611-3 - Rules applicable to timber.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... taxpayer making the return, as the result of the growth of the timber, of changes in standards of... for depletion) shall be revised. The depletion unit shall be changed when such revision has been made... until a change in facts requires another revision. (f) Determination of fair market value of timber...

26 CFR 1.611-3 - Rules applicable to timber.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... taxpayer making the return, as the result of the growth of the timber, of changes in standards of... for depletion) shall be revised. The depletion unit shall be changed when such revision has been made... until a change in facts requires another revision. (f) Determination of fair market value of timber...

26 CFR 1.611-3 - Rules applicable to timber.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... taxpayer making the return, as the result of the growth of the timber, of changes in standards of... for depletion) shall be revised. The depletion unit shall be changed when such revision has been made... until a change in facts requires another revision. (f) Determination of fair market value of timber...

26 CFR 1.611-3 - Rules applicable to timber.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... taxpayer making the return, as the result of the growth of the timber, of changes in standards of... for depletion) shall be revised. The depletion unit shall be changed when such revision has been made... until a change in facts requires another revision. (f) Determination of fair market value of timber...

32 CFR 644.551 - Equal opportunity-sales of timber, embedded sand, gravel, stone, and surplus structures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 32 National Defense 4 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Equal opportunity-sales of timber, embedded sand... (Continued) DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY (CONTINUED) REAL PROPERTY REAL ESTATE HANDBOOK Disposal Sale Procedure § 644.551 Equal opportunity—sales of timber, embedded sand, gravel, stone, and surplus structures...

The timber industries of Pennsylvania, 1988

Treesearch

Eric H. Wharton; John L. Bearer; John L. Bearer

1993-01-01

Evaluates regional timber output of Pennsylvania. Results are based on a survey of primary processing mills located in the state, and of mills in other states that used wood from Pennsylvania. Contains statistics on industrial timber production and mill receipts and the production and final end use of manufacturing residues. Comparisons are made between historical and...

Alaska's timber harvest and forest products industry, 2005

Treesearch

Jeff M. Halbrook; Todd A. Morgan; Jason P. Brandt; Charles E. Keegan; Thale Dillon; Tara M. Barrett

2009-01-01

This report traces the flow of timber harvested in Alaska during calendar year 2005, describes the composition and operations of the state's primary forest products industry, and quantifies volumes and uses of wood fiber. Historical wood products industry changes are discussed, as well as trends in timber harvest, production, and sales of primary wood products....

Economic feasibility of including game habitats in timber management systems

Treesearch

Lowell K. Halls

1975-01-01

Profits largely determine management decisions on commercial forest lands. Past decisions have therefore favored timber production over wildlife, and practices advantageous to wildlife were usually incidental. This paper explains how effective timber management on public and private lands can be coordinated with wildlife needs to obtain revenues from hunting as well...

Identifying and evaluating environmental impacts associated with timber harvest scheduling policies.

Treesearch

Robert M. Randall; Robert W. Sassaman

1979-01-01

Expected impacts on the ecosystem and nontimber benefits (that is, people's use of the resources—recreation, hunting, fishing, swimming, etc.) resulting from alternative timber harvest scheduling policies are identified and evaluated for the Mount Hood National Forest. Environmental criteria are established and used in evaluations of timber harvest and...

Chapter 2: Manufacturing Cross-laminated timber manufacturing

Treesearch

Borjen Yeh; Dave Kretschmann; Brad (Jianhe) Wang

2013-01-01

Cross-laminated timber ( CLT) is defined as a prefabricated solid engineered wood product made of at least three orthogonally bonded layers of solid-sawn lumber or structural composite lumber (SCL) that are laminated by gluing oflongitudinal and transverse layers with structural adhesives to form a solid rectangular-shaped, straight, and plane timber intended for roof...

Live Load Testing of Historic Covered Timber Bridges

Treesearch

Travis Hosteng; James Wacker; Brent Phares

2013-01-01

The National Historic Covered Bridge Preservation Program (NHCBP), sponsored by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), is intended to preserve covered timber bridge structures nationwide. Today, less than 700 covered timber bridges still exist in the United States and of those many are closed to vehicular traffic. Furthermore, a large percentage of the remaining...

Forest statistics of Indiana

Treesearch

The Forest Survey Organization Central States Forest Experiment Station

1953-01-01

The Forest Survey is conducted in the various regions by the forest experiment stations of the Forest Service. In Indiana the project is directed by the Central States Forest Experiment Station with headquarters in Columbus, Ohio. This Survey Release presents the more significant preliminary statistics on the forest area timber volume, timber growth, and timber drain...

Forest statistics of Kentucky

Treesearch

The Forest Survey Organization Central States Forest Experiment Station

1952-01-01

The Forest Survey is conducted in the various regions by the forest experiment stations of the Forest Service. In Kentucky the project is directed by the Central States Forest Experiment Station with headquarters in Columbus, Ohio. This Survey Release presents the more significant preliminary statistics on the forest area, timber volume, timber growth, and timber drain...

Iowa timber industry--an assessment of timber product output and use, 2000.

Treesearch

Ronald J. Piva; Dennis D. Michel

2003-01-01

Discusses recent Iowa forest industry trends; production and receipts of industrial roundwood; and production of saw logs, veneer logs, and pulpwood in 2000. Reports on logging residue generated from timber harvest operations. Also reports on wood and bark residue generated at primary wood using mills and on disposition of mill residues.

Modeling Forest Timber Productivity in the South: Where Are We Today?

Treesearch

V. Clark Baldwin; Quang V. Cao

1999-01-01

The current southern species growth and yield prediction capability, new techniques utilized, and modeling trends over the last 17 years, were examined. Changing forest management objectives that emphasize more non-timber resources may have contributed to the continuing genetii lack of emphasis in modeling the timber productivity of the South's largest forest...

36 CFR 223.195 - Procedures for identifying and marking unprocessed timber.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... procedures required herein. (f) Waiver of branding requirements. Regional Foresters may waive the branding... individual timber sale basis, all or a portion of the branding requirements pursuant to paragraph (c)(2) of...) Regions 5 and 6. On an individual timber sale basis, the branding requirement pursuant to paragraph (c)(2...

Compatibility of intensive timber culture with recreation, water and wildlife management

Treesearch

Samuel P. Shaw

1977-01-01

Two principles of ecology can be applied to make management for recreation, water, and wildlife habitat compatible with timber management. They are diversity within plant communities (i.e. timber types) and interspersion of these diverse communities in place and time. Intensive cultural operations can be the tool to create the...

Indiana's timber resource, 1986: an analysis.

Treesearch

John S. Jr. Spencer; Neal P. Kingsley; Robert W. Mayer

1990-01-01

The third inventory of Indiana's timber resource shows that area of timberland increased from 3.9 to 4.3 million acres between 1967 and 1986, and growing-stock volume gained from 3.7 to 5.2 billion cubic feet. Presented are analysis and statistics on forest area and timber volume, growth, mortality, removals, and projections.

Indiana's timber.

Treesearch

John S. Jr. Spencer

1969-01-01

The second (1967) survey of Indiana's 4 million forested acres shows 3.5 billion cubic feet of growing stock on 3.9 million acres of commercial forest land. Presented are statistics on timber area, volume, growth, mortality, and use. Projections of timber growth, removals, and inventory are made to 1992, and possible future changes in the forest are discussed....

The growing timber resource of Michigan, 1966.

Treesearch

Clarence D. Chase; Ray E. Pfeifer; John S. Spencer

1969-01-01

The third (1966) Forest Survey of Michigan shows sizable gains in growing-stock and sawtimber volumes since 1955, despite a small decline in the commercial forest area. Presented are statistics on forest area and timber volume, growth, mortality, ownership, stocking, and use. Also presented is a projection of timber growth, removals, and inventory to 1996.

Indiana timber industry--an assessment of timber product output and use, 2000

Treesearch

Ronald J. Piva; Joey Gallion

2003-01-01

Discusses recent Indiana forest industry trends; production and receipts of industrial roundwood; and production of saw logs, veneer logs, and pulpwood in 2000. Reports on logging residue generated from timber harvest operations. Also reports on wood and bark residue generated at primary wood-using mills and on disposition of mill residues.

Timber resource of Missouri's Southwestern Ozarks, 1972.

Treesearch

Arnold J. Ostrom; Jerold T. Hahn

1974-01-01

The third timber inventory of Missouri's Southwestern Ozarks Forest Survey Unit shows a substantial decline in the volumes of both growing stock and sawtimber between 1959 and 1972. Commercial forest area also declined substantially during the same period. Presented are highlights and statistics on forest area and timber volume, growth, mortality, ownership, and...

Sawlog grades for eastern white pine

Treesearch

Myron D. Ostrander; Robert L. Brisbin; Robert L. Brisbin

1971-01-01

In 1957, the USDA Forest Service Log Grade Committee recommended a service-wide action program in log- and tree-grade research. Approval of the program in 1958 resulted in the establishment of five species-oriented timber-quality research projects covering several groups of commercially important timber species. The eastern softwood timber-quality project was activated...

Compatability of timber salvage operations with watershed values

Treesearch

Roger J. Poff

1989-01-01

Timber salvage on the Indian Burn was carried out without compromising watershed values. In some cases watershed condition was actually improved by providing ground cover, by removing trees that were a source of erosive water droplets, and by breaking up hydrophobic soil layers. Negative impacts of timber salvage on watersheds were minimized by using an...

South Dakota timber industry--an assessment of timber product output and use, 1999.

Treesearch

Ronald J. Piva; Gregory J. Josten

2003-01-01

Discusses recent South Dakota forest industry trends; production and receipts of industrial roundwood; and production of saw logs in 1999. Reports on logging residue generated from timber harvest operations. Also reports on wood and bark residue generated at primary wood-using mills and on disposition of mill residues.

Computer software to estimate timber harvesting system production, cost, and revenue

Treesearch

Dr. John E. Baumgras; Dr. Chris B. LeDoux

1992-01-01

Large variations in timber harvesting cost and revenue can result from the differences between harvesting systems, the variable attributes of harvesting sites and timber stands, or changing product markets. Consequently, system and site specific estimates of production rates and costs are required to improve estimates of harvesting revenue. This paper describes...

36 CFR 223.118 - Appeal process for small business timber sale set-aside program share recomputation decisions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... FOREST SYSTEM TIMBER, SPECIAL FOREST PRODUCTS, AND FOREST BOTANICAL PRODUCTS Timber Sale Contracts...) raised by the appeal; (vi) If relevant, any specific references to any law, regulation, or policy that... receive an opportunity, in accordance with all applicable laws and regulations, to review and comment on...

43 CFR 5511.3-4 - Removal by agent.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

..., DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR FOREST MANAGEMENT (5000) FREE USE OF TIMBER Free Use Regulations § 5511.3-4 Removal by agent. A free-use permittee may procure the timber by agent. Such agent shall not, however, be paid more than fair compensation for the time, labor and money expended in procuring timber and...

43 CFR 5511.3-4 - Removal by agent.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

..., DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR FOREST MANAGEMENT (5000) FREE USE OF TIMBER Free Use Regulations § 5511.3-4 Removal by agent. A free-use permittee may procure the timber by agent. Such agent shall not, however, be paid more than fair compensation for the time, labor and money expended in procuring timber and...

43 CFR 5511.3-4 - Removal by agent.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

..., DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR FOREST MANAGEMENT (5000) FREE USE OF TIMBER Free Use Regulations § 5511.3-4 Removal by agent. A free-use permittee may procure the timber by agent. Such agent shall not, however, be paid more than fair compensation for the time, labor and money expended in procuring timber and...

43 CFR 5511.3-4 - Removal by agent.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

..., DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR FOREST MANAGEMENT (5000) FREE USE OF TIMBER Free Use Regulations § 5511.3-4 Removal by agent. A free-use permittee may procure the timber by agent. Such agent shall not, however, be paid more than fair compensation for the time, labor and money expended in procuring timber and...

36 CFR 219.11 - Timber requirements based on the NFMA.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 36 Parks, Forests, and Public Property 2 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Timber requirements based on the NFMA. 219.11 Section 219.11 Parks, Forests, and Public Property FOREST SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE PLANNING National Forest System Land Management Planning § 219.11 Timber requirements based on the...

36 CFR 223.6 - Cutting and removal of timber in free-use areas.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 36 Parks, Forests, and Public Property 2 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Cutting and removal of timber in free-use areas. 223.6 Section 223.6 Parks, Forests, and Public Property FOREST SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE SALE AND DISPOSAL OF NATIONAL FOREST SYSTEM TIMBER, SPECIAL FOREST PRODUCTS, AND...

36 CFR 223.6 - Cutting and removal of timber in free-use areas.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 36 Parks, Forests, and Public Property 2 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Cutting and removal of timber in free-use areas. 223.6 Section 223.6 Parks, Forests, and Public Property FOREST SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE SALE AND DISPOSAL OF NATIONAL FOREST SYSTEM TIMBER, SPECIAL FOREST PRODUCTS, AND...

36 CFR 223.6 - Cutting and removal of timber in free-use areas.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 36 Parks, Forests, and Public Property 2 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Cutting and removal of timber in free-use areas. 223.6 Section 223.6 Parks, Forests, and Public Property FOREST SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE SALE AND DISPOSAL OF NATIONAL FOREST SYSTEM TIMBER, SPECIAL FOREST PRODUCTS, AND...

36 CFR 223.6 - Cutting and removal of timber in free-use areas.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 36 Parks, Forests, and Public Property 2 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Cutting and removal of timber in free-use areas. 223.6 Section 223.6 Parks, Forests, and Public Property FOREST SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE SALE AND DISPOSAL OF NATIONAL FOREST SYSTEM TIMBER, SPECIAL FOREST PRODUCTS, AND...

36 CFR 219.11 - Timber requirements based on the NFMA.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 36 Parks, Forests, and Public Property 2 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Timber requirements based on the NFMA. 219.11 Section 219.11 Parks, Forests, and Public Property FOREST SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE PLANNING National Forest System Land Management Planning § 219.11 Timber requirements based on the...