Titanium nitride as a seed layer for Heusler compounds

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Niesen, Alessia, E-mail: aniesen@physik.uni-bielefeld.de; Glas, Manuel; Ludwig, Jana

Titanium nitride (TiN) shows low resistivity at room temperature (27 μΩ cm), high thermal stability and thus has the potential to serve as seed layer in magnetic tunnel junctions. High quality TiN thin films with regard to the crystallographic and electrical properties were grown and characterized by x-ray diffraction and 4-terminal transport measurements. Element specific x-ray absorption spectroscopy revealed pure TiN inside the thin films. To investigate the influence of a TiN seed layer on a ferro(i)magnetic bottom electrode in magnetic tunnel junctions, an out-of-plane magnetized Mn{sub 2.45}Ga as well as in- and out-of-plane magnetized Co{sub 2}FeAl thin films were depositedmore » on a TiN buffer, respectively. The magnetic properties were investigated using a superconducting quantum interference device and anomalous Hall effect for Mn{sub 2.45}Ga. Magneto optical Kerr effect measurements were carried out to investigate the magnetic properties of Co{sub 2}FeAl. TiN buffered Mn{sub 2.45}Ga thin films showed higher coercivity and squareness ratio compared to unbuffered samples. The Heusler compound Co{sub 2}FeAl showed already good crystallinity when grown at room temperature on a TiN seed-layer.« less

Resonance of an unshared electron pair between two atoms connected by a single bond

PubMed Central

Pauling, Linus

1983-01-01

The reported structure of the dimer of a compound of bicovalent tin indicates that the tin-tin bond is of a new type. It can be described as involving resonance between two structures in which there is transfer of an electron pair from one tin atom to the other. The tin atoms are connected by a single covalent bond (each also forms two covalent bonds with carbon atoms), and an unshared electron pair resonates between the fourth sp3 orbitals of the two atoms. Similar structures probably occur in digermene and distannene. PMID:16593329

TINS, target immobilized NMR screening: an efficient and sensitive method for ligand discovery.

PubMed

Vanwetswinkel, Sophie; Heetebrij, Robert J; van Duynhoven, John; Hollander, Johan G; Filippov, Dmitri V; Hajduk, Philip J; Siegal, Gregg

2005-02-01

We propose a ligand screening method, called TINS (target immobilized NMR screening), which reduces the amount of target required for the fragment-based approach to drug discovery. Binding is detected by comparing 1D NMR spectra of compound mixtures in the presence of a target immobilized on a solid support to a control sample. The method has been validated by the detection of a variety of ligands for protein and nucleic acid targets (K(D) from 60 to 5000 muM). The ligand binding capacity of a protein was undiminished after 2000 different compounds had been applied, indicating the potential to apply the assay for screening typical fragment libraries. TINS can be used in competition mode, allowing rapid characterization of the ligand binding site. TINS may allow screening of targets that are difficult to produce or that are insoluble, such as membrane proteins.

A multinuclear solid-state NMR study of the dimethyltin chalcogenides ((CH 3) 2SnE) 3, E  S,Se,Te

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gay, Ian D.; Jones, C. H. W.; Sharma, R. D.

The solid-state NMR spectra, measured using MAS, are reported for 13C, 119Sn, 77Se, and 125Te in the compounds (Me 2SnE) 3, E  S, Se, or Te. For ((CH 3) 2SnS) 3, tetragonal, three inequivalent carbons and two inequivalent tins are observed consistent with a reinterpretation of the crystal structure data of this compound which shows a twofold axis through opposing tin and sulfur atoms, the molecule being in a twisted-boat conformation. For the monoclinic form six inequivalent carbons and three inequivalent tins were observed. Chemical shifts for 13C and 119Sn and the magnitudes of the 2JSn Sn coupling constants are reported. The tetragonal forms of ((CH 3) 2SnSe) 3 and ((CH 3) 2SnTe) 3 show the presence of two inequivalent tin and chalcogen atoms and three inequivalent carbons, again consistent with a twofold axis. In these compounds it is possible to identify the three different observed single-bond coupling constants with the distinct crystallographically determined tin-chalcogen bonds. The 13C, 119Sn, 77Se, and 125Te chemical shifts are reported, together with the magnitude of 1JSn E (E  Se or Te). In addition to isotropic shifts and couplings, chemical-shift anisotropies are reported for Sn, Se, and Te.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Allendorf, M.D.; Arsenlis, A.; Bastasz, R.

Titanium nitride (TiN) films deposited by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) techniques are of interest for a wide range of commercial applications. In this report, the authors describe a mechanism that predicts Tin film growth rates from TiCl{sub 4}/NH{sub 3} mixtures as a function of process parameters, including inlet reactant concentrations, substrate temperatures, reactor pressures, and total gas flow rates. Model predictions were verified by comparison with the results of TiN deposition experiments in the literature and with measurements made in a new stagnation-flow reactor developed for the purpose of testing deposition mechanisms such as this. In addition, they describe abmore » initio calculations that predict thermodynamic properties for titanium-containing compounds. The results of calculations using Moeller-Plesset perturbation theory, density functional theory, and coupled cluster theory are encouraging and suggest that these methods can be used to estimate thermodynamic data that are essential for the development of CVD models involving transition-metal compounds. Finally, measurements of the adsorption and desorption kinetics of NH{sub 3} on TiN films using temperature-programmed desorption are described and their relevance to TiN CVD and mechanism development are discussed.« less

Catalyst for Oxidation of Volatile Organic Compounds

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Wood, George M. (Inventor); Upchurch, Billy T. (Inventor); Schryer, David R. (Inventor); Davis, Patricia P. (Inventor); Kielin, Erik J. (Inventor); Brown, Kenneth G. (Inventor); Schyryer, Jacqueline L. (Inventor); DAmbrosia, Christine M. (Inventor)

2000-01-01

Disclosed is a process for oxidizing volatile organic compounds to carbon dioxide and water with the minimal addition of energy. A mixture of the volatile organic compound and an oxidizing agent (e.g. ambient air containing the volatile organic compound) is exposed to a catalyst which includes a noble metal dispersed on a metal oxide which possesses more than one oxidation state. Especially good results are obtained when the noble metal is platinum, and the metal oxide which possesses more than one oxidation state is tin oxide. A promoter (i.e., a small amount of an oxide of a transition series metal) may be used in association with the tin oxide to provide very beneficial results.

Shielding properties of lead-free protective clothing and their impact on radiation doses

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Schlattl, Helmut; Zankl, Maria; Eder, Heinrich

2007-11-15

The shielding properties of two different lead-free materials--tin and a compound of 80% tin and 20% bismuth--for protective clothing are compared with those of lead for three typical x-ray spectra generated at tube voltages of 60, 75, and 120 kV. Three different quantities were used to compare the shielding capability of the different materials: (1) Air-kerma attenuation factors in narrow-beam geometry, (2) air-kerma attenuation factors in broad-beam geometry, and (3) ratios of organ and effective doses in the human body for a whole-body irradiation with a parallel beam directed frontally at the body. The thicknesses of tin (0.45 mm) andmore » the tin/bismuth compound (0.41 mm) to be compared against lead correspond to a lead equivalence value of 0.35 mm for the 75 kV spectrum. The narrow-beam attenuation factors for 0.45 mm tin are 54% and 32% lower than those for 0.35 mm lead for 60 and 120 kV; those for 0.41 mm tin/bismuth are 12% and 32% lower, respectively. The decrease of the broad-beam air-kerma attenuation factors compared to lead is 74%, 46%, and 41% for tin and 42%, 26%, and 33% for tin/bismuth and the spectra at 60, 75, and 120 kV, respectively. Therefore, it is recommended that the characterization of the shielding potential of a material should be done by measurements in broad-beam geometry. Since the secondary radiation that is mainly responsible for the shielding reduction in broad-beam geometry is of low penetrability, only more superficially located organs receive significantly enhanced doses. The increase for the dose to the glandular breast tissue (female) compared to being shielded by lead is 143%, 37%, and 45% when shielded by tin, and 35%, 15%, and 39% when shielded by tin/bismuth for 60, 75, and 120 kV, respectively. The effective dose rises by 60%, 6%, and 38% for tin, and 14%, 3% and, 35% for tin/bismuth shielding, respectively.« less

Method of manufacturing tin-doped indium oxide nanofibers

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Ozcan, Soydan; Naskar, Amit K

2017-06-06

A method of making indium tin oxide nanofibers includes the step of mixing indium and tin precursor compounds with a binder polymer to form a nanofiber precursor composition. The nanofiber precursor composition is co-formed with a supporting polymer to form a composite nanofiber having a precursor composition nanofiber completely surrounded by the supporting polymer composition. The supporting polymer composition is removed from the composite nanofiber to expose the precursor composition nanofiber. The precursor composition nanofiber is then heated in the presence of oxygen such as O.sub.2 to form indium tin oxide and to remove the binder polymer to form anmore » indium tin oxide nanofiber. A method of making metal oxide nanofibers is also disclosed.« less

An alkaline tin(II) halide compound Na{sub 3}Sn{sub 2}F{sub 6}Cl: Synthesis, structure, and characterization

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Gong, Pifu; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049; Luo, Siyang

A new alkali tin(II) halide compound, Na{sub 3}Sn{sub 2}F{sub 6}Cl, is synthesized by hydrothermal method. This compound crystallizes trigonally in space group of R-3c (167), and processes a zero-dimensional (0D) structure consisted of Na{sup +} cations, Cl{sup −} anions and the isolated [SnF{sub 3}]{sup -} trigonal pyramids in which the stereochemically active 5s{sup 2} lone pair electrons are attached to the Sn{sup 2+} cations. Interestingly, the [SnF{sub 3}]{sup −} trigonal pyramids are parallel arranged in the a-b plane, while oppositely arranged in line with rotation along the c- axis. Moreover, the energy bandgap, thermal stability and electronic structure of Na{submore » 3}Sn{sub 2}F{sub 6}Cl are characterized and the results reveal that this compound has and indirect bandgap of 3.88 eV and is stable under 270 °C. - Graphical abstract: A zero-dimensional alkaline tin halide compound, Na{sub 3}Sn{sub 2}F{sub 6}Cl, is synthesized by hydrothermal method. Interestingly, both the anions and cations coordinating polyhedra exhibit order arranged with the [SnF{sub 3}]{sup -} trigonal pyramids rotating along the c- axis.« less

Mössbauer studies of heterobimetallic and heterotrimetallic compounds containing iron and tin

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

de Lima, Geraldo M.; A. L. Filgueiras, Carlos; Abras, Anuar

1994-12-01

A series of ferrocene derivatives was prepared and studied by57Fe and119Sn Mössbauer spectroscopy, as well as by other techniques such as NMR and IR spectroscopies. These complexes can be divided into three types: mercurated, organotin derivatives of ferrocene, and bi- and trimetallic derivatives of 1,1'-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene. Iron did not show great variation in its Mössbauer parameters in the compounds, in spite of their diversity; tin, however, gave important Mössbauer data for the elucidation of bonding and structural features of the complexes.

Tin Oxide Chemistry from the Last Decade of the Nineteenth Century to the First Decade of the Twenty-First Century: Towards the Development of a Big-Picture Approach to the Teaching and Learning of Chemistry while Focussing on a Specific Compound or Class of Compounds

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

de Berg, Kevin C.

2010-01-01

The discovery of the electron in 1897 deeply impacted the nature of chemistry in the twentieth century. A revolution in the theoretical structure of chemistry as well as in the instrumental tools used in chemical analysis occurred as a result of this discovery. The impact of this revolution on tin oxide chemistry over approximately a 100 year…

Assessment of organotin and tin-free antifouling paints contamination in the Korean coastal area.

PubMed

Lee, Mi-Ri-Nae; Kim, Un-Jung; Lee, In-Seok; Choi, Minkyu; Oh, Jeong-Eun

2015-10-15

Twelve organotins (methyl-, octyl-, butyl-, and phenyl-tin), and eight tin-free antifouling paints and their degradation products were measured in marine sediments from the Korean coastal area, and Busan and Ulsan bays, the largest harbor area in Korea. The total concentration of tin-free antifouling paints was two- to threefold higher than the total concentration of organotins. Principal component analysis was used to identify sites with relatively high levels of contamination in the inner bay area of Busan and Ulsan bays, which were separated from the coastal area. In Busan and Ulsan bays, chlorothalonil and DMSA were more dominant than in the coastal area. However, Sea-Nine 211 and total diurons, including their degradation products, were generally dominant in the Korean coastal area. The concentrations of tin and tin-free compounds were significantly different between the east and west coasts. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Intramolecular chalcogen-tin interactions in [(o-MeE-C6H4)CH2]2SnPh2-nCln; E = S, O, CH2, n = 0, 1, 2 and intermolecular chlorine-tin interactions in the meta and para-methoxy isomers

PubMed Central

Vargas-Pineda, Diana Gabriela; Guardado, Tanya; Cervantes-Lee, Francisco; Metta-Magana, Alejandro J.

2010-01-01

Organotin(IV) compounds of the type [(o-MeE-C6H4)CH2]2SnPh2-nCln were synthesized, E = O, n = 0 (1), n = 1 (2), n = 2 (3), E = S, n = 0 (4), n = 1 (5), n = 2 (6) and E = CH2, n = 0 (7), n = 1 (8), n = 2 (9). The dichloro compounds 3 and 6 have been investigated by single crystal X-ray diffraction and exhibit bi-capped tetrahedral geometry at the tin atom as a consequence of significant intramolecular Sn⋯O (3) and Sn⋯S (6) secondary bonding, in monomolecular units. Compound 3 when crystallized from a hexane/thf solvent mixture shows two different conformers, 3′ and 3″, in the crystal structure, 3′ has two equivalent Sn⋯O interactions, while 3″ has two non-equivalent Sn⋯O interactions. Upon recrystallization of 3 from hexane only a single structural form is observed, 3′. The Sn⋯E distances in 3′, 3″, and 6 are 71.3; 73.5, 72.9; and 76.3% of the ΣvdW radii, respectively. The meta and para-substituted isomers of 3 (10, 11) exhibit a distortion at the tin atom due to self-association via intermolecular Sn⋯Cl interactions resulting in polymeric structures. 119Sn NMR spectroscopy suggests that the intramolecular Sn⋯E interactions persist in solution for the dichloride compounds 3 and 6. PMID:20047301

Tin-117m-labeled stannic (Sn.sup.4+) chelates

DOEpatents

Srivastava, Suresh C.; Meinken, George E.; Richards, Powell

1985-01-01

The radiopharmaceutical reagents of this invention and the class of Tin-117m radiopharmaceuticals are therapeutic and diagnostic agents that incorporate gamma-emitting nuclides that localize in bone after intravenous injection in mammals (mice, rats, dogs, and rabbits). Images reflecting bone structure or function can then be obtained by a scintillation camera that detects the distribution of ionizing radiation emitted by the radioactive agent. Tin-117m-labeled chelates of stannic tin localize almost exclusively in cortical bone. Upon intravenous injection of the reagent, the preferred chelates are phosphonate compounds, preferable, PYP, MDP, EHDP, and DTPA. This class of reagents is therapeutically and diagnostically useful in skeletal scintigraphy and for the radiotherapy of bone tumors and other disorders.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Sawtelle, S.M.

The determination of the electron transfer properties of gold, tin, and titanium compounds using electrochemical and spectroelectrochemical techniques is the focus of this dissertation. The investigations of the gold compounds include the determination of the properties of Au[PR[sub 3

Biotransformation of tributyltin to tin in freshwater river-bed sediments contaminated by an organotin release

USGS Publications Warehouse

Landmeyer, J.E.; Tanner, T.L.; Watt, B.E.

2004-01-01

The largest documented release of organotin compounds to a freshwater river system in the United States occurred in early 2000 in central South Carolina. The release consisted of an unknown volume of various organotin compounds such tetrabutyltin (TTBT), tributyltin (TBT), tetraoctyltin (TTOT), and trioctyl tin (TOT) and resulted in a massive fish kill and the permanent closures of a municipal wastewater treatment plant and a local city's only drinking-water intake. Initial sampling events in 2000 and 2001 indicated that concentrations of the ecologically toxic TTBT and TBT were each greater than 10 000 ??g/kg in surface-water bed sediments in depositional areas, such as lakes and beaver ponds downstream of the release. Bed-sediment samples collected between 2001 and 2003, however, revealed a substantial decrease in bed-sediment organotin concentrations and an increase in concentrations of degradation intermediate compounds. For example, in bed sediments of a representative beaver pond located about 1.6 km downstream of the release, total organotin concentrations [the sum of TTBT, TBT, and the TBT degradation intermediates dibutyltin (DBT) and monobutyltin (MBT)] decreased from 38 670 to 298 ??g/kg. In Crystal Lake, a large lake about 0.4 km downstream from the beaver pond, total organotin concentrations decreased from 28 300 to less than 5 ??g/kg during the same time period. Moreover, bed-sediment inorganic tin concentrations increased from pre-release levels of less than 800 to 32 700 ??g/kg during this time. These field data suggest that the released organotin compounds, such as TBT, are being transformed into inorganic tin by bed-sediment microbial processes. Microcosms were created in the laboratory that contained bed sediment from the two sites and were amended with tributyltin (as tributyltin chloride) under an ambient air headspace and sacrificially analyzed periodically for TBT, the biodegradation intermediates DBT and MBT, and tin. TBT concentrations decreased faster [half-life (t1/2) = 28 d] in the organic-rich sediments (21.5%) that characterized the beaver pond as compared to the slower (t1/2 = 78 d) degradation rate in the sandy, organic-poor, sediments (0.43%) of Crystal Lake. Moreover, the concentration of inorganic tin increased in microcosms containing bed sediments from both locations. These field and laboratory results suggest that biotransformation of the released organotins, in particular the ecologically detrimental TBT, does occur in this fresh surface-water system impacted with high concentrations of neat organotin compounds.

The application and research status of tin whisker formation in electric usage

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhao, Heng; Liu, Qing-bin; Lan, Yuan-pei; Wang, Hua; Yao, Da-wei

2017-05-01

`Hair Like' crystalline structure grows from most pure tin or zinc finishes. Usually, the diameter of tin whisker is up to 10 mm and the length of tin whisker is typically 1 µm. In detail, the questions for tin whisker formation are classified into 6 categories: 1. Residual stress with in the tin plating; 2. Intermetallic Formation; 3. Externally Applied Compressive Stress; 4. Bending and Stretching; 5. Scratches and Nicks; 6. Coefficient of Thermal Expansion Mismatches. The result shows that, whisker formation could causes electrical short circuit (High current of whisker melting), debris contamination (Sensitive Optical and Micro Electrical Mechanical System) and metal vapor (Vaporize Damage). Thus, it is suggested that environmental tests and standards (Whisker Shape, Temperature, Pressure, Moisture, Thermal Cycling, and Electrical Field) are required for suppressing whisker formation. Nowadays, the new standards committee of Europe Union acts RoHS (Restriction of certain Hazardous Substances) and WEEE (Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment) to restrict Pb usage. Thus, new compounds adding to alloys to suppress whiskers are required in electronic application area. In summary, the tin whisker formation is largely influenced by compositions and precipitations.

Electrochemical Formation of Multilayer SnO2-Sb x O y Coating in Complex Electrolyte

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Maizelis, Antonina; Bairachniy, Boris

2017-02-01

The multilayer antimony-doped tin dioxide coating was obtained by cathodic deposition of multilayer metal-hydroxide coating with near 100-nm thickness layers on the alloy underlayer accompanied by the anodic oxidation of this coating. The potential regions of deposition of tin, antimony, tin-antimony alloy, and mixture of this metals and their hydroxides in the pyrophosphate-tartrate electrolyte were revealed by the cyclic voltammetric method. The possibility of oxidation of cathodic deposit consisting of tin and Sn(II) hydroxide compounds to the hydrated tin dioxide in the same electrolyte was demonstrated. The operations of alloy underlayer deposition and oxidation of multilayer metal-hydroxide coating were proposed to carry out in the diluted pyrophosphate-tartrate electrolyte, similar to the main electrolyte. The accelerated tests showed higher service life of the titanium electrode with multilayer antimony-doped tin dioxide coating compared to both electrode with single-layer electrodeposited coating and the electrode with the coating obtained using prolonged heat treatment step.

Electrochemical Formation of Multilayer SnO2-Sb x O y Coating in Complex Electrolyte.

PubMed

Maizelis, Antonina; Bairachniy, Boris

2017-12-01

The multilayer antimony-doped tin dioxide coating was obtained by cathodic deposition of multilayer metal-hydroxide coating with near 100-nm thickness layers on the alloy underlayer accompanied by the anodic oxidation of this coating. The potential regions of deposition of tin, antimony, tin-antimony alloy, and mixture of this metals and their hydroxides in the pyrophosphate-tartrate electrolyte were revealed by the cyclic voltammetric method. The possibility of oxidation of cathodic deposit consisting of tin and Sn(II) hydroxide compounds to the hydrated tin dioxide in the same electrolyte was demonstrated.The operations of alloy underlayer deposition and oxidation of multilayer metal-hydroxide coating were proposed to carry out in the diluted pyrophosphate-tartrate electrolyte, similar to the main electrolyte.The accelerated tests showed higher service life of the titanium electrode with multilayer antimony-doped tin dioxide coating compared to both electrode with single-layer electrodeposited coating and the electrode with the coating obtained using prolonged heat treatment step.

Methods for chemical recovery of non-carrier-added radioactive tin from irradiated intermetallic Ti-Sb targets

DOEpatents

Lapshina, Elena V [Troitsk, RU; Zhuikov, Boris L [Troitsk, RU; Srivastava, Suresh C [Setauket, NY; Ermolaev, Stanislav V [Obninsk, RU; Togaeva, Natalia R [Obninsk, RU

2012-01-17

The invention provides a method of chemical recovery of no-carrier-added radioactive tin (NCA radiotin) from intermetallide TiSb irradiated with accelerated charged particles. An irradiated sample of TiSb can be dissolved in acidic solutions. Antimony can be removed from the solution by extraction with dibutyl ether. Titanium in the form of peroxide can be separated from tin using chromatography on strong anion-exchange resin. In another embodiment NCA radiotin can be separated from iodide solution containing titanium by extraction with benzene, toluene or chloroform. NCA radiotin can be finally purified from the remaining antimony and other impurities using chromatography on silica gel. NCA tin-117m can be obtained from this process. NCA tin-117m can be used for labeling organic compounds and biological objects to be applied in medicine for imaging and therapy of various diseases.

Alkaline earth lead and tin compounds Ae2Pb, Ae2Sn, Ae = Ca, Sr, Ba, as thermoelectric materials

PubMed Central

Parker, David; Singh, David J

2013-01-01

We present a detailed theoretical study of three alkaline earth compounds Ca2Pb, Sr2Pb and Ba2Pb, which have undergone little previous study, calculating electronic band structures and Boltzmann transport and bulk moduli using density functional theory. We also study the corresponding tin compounds Ca2Sn, Sr2Sn and Ba2Sn. We find that these are all narrow band gap semiconductors with an electronic structure favorable for thermoelectric performance, with substantial thermopowers for the lead compounds at temperature ranges from 300 to 800 K. For the lead compounds, we further find very low calculated bulk moduli—roughly half of the values for the lead chalcogenides, suggestive of soft phonons and hence low lattice thermal conductivity. All these facts indicate that these materials merit experimental investigation as potential high performance thermoelectrics. We find good potential for thermoelectric performance in the environmentally friendly stannide materials, particularly at high temperature. PMID:27877610

The neurotoxicology and pathology of organomercury, organolead, and organotin.

PubMed

Chang, L W

1990-12-01

The toxicities of many metals, such as mercury and lead, are known to man since the dawn of civilization. Organic compounds of some heavy metals are known to have a particular toxic impact on the central nervous system. Organomercury, particularly alkyl-mercuric compounds (e.g. methylmercury), has a selective effect on the granule cells of the cerebellum, the nerve cells of the calcarine cortex, and the sensory neurons in the dorsal root ganglia. The well known Minamata Bay disease is the result of a massive epidemic episode of human exposure to alkylmercury contaminated food sources. Mental retardation and other developmental defects are also known to be a consequence of exposure to this toxic metal. Organic lead compounds have been employed as gasoline additives and in other industrial purposes. Unlike its inorganic counterpart, organolead compounds have a more prominent impact on the central nervous system. Pathological changes of the brain stem neurons have been described. Organotin compounds have been used in plastic industries and as agricultural chemicals. Both trimethyl and triethyl tin compounds are found to be extremely neurotoxic. Despite the similarity of their chemical structures, trimethyl and triethyl tins have a diversely different toxic property and effects. While triethyl tin is myelinotoxic, producing edematous and vacuolar changes in the central myelin, trimethyl tin is neurotoxic, producing prominent toxic changes in the neurons of the limbic system (hippocampus, entorhinal cortex, etc.). The factors which determine the specificity and selectivity of the neurotoxic impacts by various organometals are still unknown. In view that most of the organometals are still widely employed by many countries for industrial and for agricultural purposes, caution must be made for their proper handling and disposure to avoid undesirable exposures to workers and environmental contamination of water sources and food-chain for the common public. Since organometals are difficult to eliminate from the central nervous system, injuries usually lead to permanent neurological deficits, such tragedies are frequently long lasting and create not only a medical problem, but also a social economical problem for the society.

Tin-117m-labeled stannic (Sn/sup 4 +/) chelate of diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA) for application in diagnosis and therapy

DOEpatents

Srivastava, S.C.; Meinken, G.E.; Richards, P.

1983-08-25

The radiopharmaceutical reagents of this invention and the class of Tin-117m radiopharmaceuticals are therapeutic and diagnostic agents that incorporate gamma-emitting nuclides that localize in bone after intravenous injection in mammals (mice, rats, dogs, and rabbits). Images reflecting bone structure or function can then be obtained by a scintillation camera that detects the distribution of ionizing radiation emitted by the radioactive agent. Tin-117m-labeled chelates of stannic tin localize almost exclusively in cortical bone. Upon intravenous injection of the reagent, the preferred chelates are phosphonate compounds, preferable, PYP, MDP, EHDP, and DTPA. This class of reagents is therapeutically and diagnostically useful in skeletal scintigraphy and for the radiotherapy of bone tumors and other disorders.

STRUCTURAL, ELASTIC AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF TMN (TM = Ti, V, Cr): A DFT STUDY

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jiao, Zhao-Yong; Niu, Yi-Jun; Ma, Shu-Hong; Huang, Xiao-Fen

2013-08-01

Mechanical properties and the effect of metallic bonding on the hardness of transition-metal nitrides (TiN, VN and CrN) compounds are studied using the first-principles calculation. Present results show that these transition-metal nitrides are mechanically stable and the VN and CrN are ductile, whereas TiN is predicted to be brittle. Moreover, it is found that the high hardness of TiN, VN and CrN exhibits a remarkable decrease with transition-metal changed from Ti to Cr, and the metallic d-d interactions play important roles on determining the hardness of transition-metal nitrides.

High-pressure synthesis and characterization of incompressible titanium pernitride

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Bhadram, Venkata S.; Kim, Duck Young; Strobel, Timothy A.

A new transition-metal pernitride, TiN 2, was uncovered from the chemical reaction of TiN with N 2 at 73GPa in a laser-heated diamond anvil cell (DAC). The crystal structure of this compound exhibits tetragonal I 4/ mcm symmetry and consists of single-bonded nitrogen dimers (N–N dumbbells) embedded in the metal lattice as shown by our ab initio calculations and verified by in situ synchrotron x-ray diffraction measurements. The pressure-volume equation of state determined from the experimental data reveals that TiN 2 is incompressible with bulk modulus in the range of 360-385 GPa which is close to that of cubic boronmore » nitride (382 GPa). Here, the origin of high bulk modulus of TiN 2 (which is metallic) is rooted in the nearly filled anti-bonding states of the pernitride units. TiN 2 is fully recoverable to ambient conditions and represents the lowest-density transition metal pernitride synthesized to date.« less

High-pressure synthesis and characterization of incompressible titanium pernitride

DOE PAGES

Bhadram, Venkata S.; Kim, Duck Young; Strobel, Timothy A.

2016-03-07

A new transition-metal pernitride, TiN 2, was uncovered from the chemical reaction of TiN with N 2 at 73GPa in a laser-heated diamond anvil cell (DAC). The crystal structure of this compound exhibits tetragonal I 4/ mcm symmetry and consists of single-bonded nitrogen dimers (N–N dumbbells) embedded in the metal lattice as shown by our ab initio calculations and verified by in situ synchrotron x-ray diffraction measurements. The pressure-volume equation of state determined from the experimental data reveals that TiN 2 is incompressible with bulk modulus in the range of 360-385 GPa which is close to that of cubic boronmore » nitride (382 GPa). Here, the origin of high bulk modulus of TiN 2 (which is metallic) is rooted in the nearly filled anti-bonding states of the pernitride units. TiN 2 is fully recoverable to ambient conditions and represents the lowest-density transition metal pernitride synthesized to date.« less

Tin

USGS Publications Warehouse

Kamilli, Robert J.; Kimball, Bryn E.; Carlin, James F.; Schulz, Klaus J.; DeYoung,, John H.; Seal, Robert R.; Bradley, Dwight C.

2017-12-19

Tin (Sn) is one of the first metals to be used by humans. Almost without exception, tin is used as an alloy. Because of its hardening effect on copper, tin was used in bronze implements as early as 3500 B.C. The major uses of tin today are for cans and containers, construction materials, transportation materials, and solder. The predominant ore mineral of tin, by far, is cassiterite (SnO2).In 2015, the world’s total estimated mine production of tin was 289,000 metric tons of contained tin. Total world reserves at the end of 2016 were estimated to be 4,700,000 metric tons. China held about 24 percent of the world’s tin reserves and accounted for 38 percent of the world’s 2015 production of tin.The proportion of scrap used in tin production is between 10 and 25 percent. Unlike many metals, tin recycling is relatively efficient, and the fraction of tin in discarded products that get recycled is greater than 50 percent.Only about 20 percent of the world’s identified tin resources occur as primary hydrothermal hard-rock veins, or lodes. These lodes contain predominantly high-temperature minerals and almost invariably occur in close association with silicic, peraluminous granites. About 80 percent of the world’s identified tin resources occur as unconsolidated secondary or placer deposits in riverbeds and valleys or on the sea floor. The largest concentration of both onshore and offshore placers is in the extensive tin belt of Southeast Asia, which stretches from China in the north, through Thailand, Burma (also referred to as Myanmar), and Malaysia, to the islands of Indonesia in the south. Furthermore, tin placers are almost always found closely allied to the granites from which they originate. Other countries with significant tin resources are Australia, Bolivia, and Brazil.Most hydrothermal tin deposits belong to what can be thought of as a superclass of porphyry-greisen deposits. The hydrothermal tin deposits are all characterized by a close spatial, temporal, and genetic association with highly differentiated, peraluminous porphyritic granite intrusions. The intrusions form pegmatites; disseminated ore; parallel or subparallel, greisen-bordered sheeted veins that either cross-cut the intrusion or are peripheral to it; skarns; and (or) limestone replacements that contain different amounts of cassiterite, molybdenite, and wolframite.The tectonic settings of tin-bearing granites are relatively well understood and of limited variety. Tin and tungsten deposits and their associated igneous rocks are found mainly in continental settings.Historically, prospecting for tin has been carried out by the time-honored methods of panning, drilling, trenching, and assaying. Geophysical and geochemical surveys have been employed to cover large areas more rapidly, isolating areas of possible tin deposits so that drilling can be more effective and less costly. Elemental concentrations and relationships of the lithophile elements, especially barium, lithium, niobium, potassium, rubidium, and zirconium, are the most reliable chemical indicators of ore-forming processes and tin-bearing potential.The average human diet includes an intake of about 10 milligrams per day of tin. Ingestion of tin in significantly greater amounts than 10 milligrams per day may lead to a stomach ache, anemia, and liver and kidney problems. Exposure to some organo-tin compounds can interfere with brain and nervous system function and, in severe cases, can cause death. Extended inhalation of tin oxide—an issue mainly for those people who work in the tin industry—results in a higher potential to develop stannosis, which is a mild disease of the lungs caused by the inhalation of tin-bearing dust. Inorganic tin is poorly absorbed by the body, and no evidence exists for the carcinogenicity of metallic tin and tin compounds in humans.Most placer tin deposits are mined by open pit and (or) dredging methods. Mining of alluvial placers in modern streambeds and riverbeds is likely to increase the amount of sediment delivered downstream. This, combined with potential diversion of rivers and streams, may negatively affect downstream ecosystems. Many of the placer deposits located in Burma, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Thailand are located offshore. Most offshore placer tin deposits are mined by dredging methods, which have the potential to negatively affect benthic, midwater, and pelagic ecosystems.In a congressionally mandated U.S. Department of Defense study of strategic minerals published in 2013, tin has the greatest shortfall amount (insufficient supply to meet demand) at \\$416 million; this amount is more than twice that of antimony ($182 million), which is the strategic mineral with the next largest shortfall amount (U.S. Department of Defense, 2013). The United States imported 75 percent of its tin supply in 2015. During the period 2012–15, these imports were from, in descending order of amount imported, Peru, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Bolivia.A promising advancement concerning research into the origin of tin deposits is the recent development of a reliable method of analyzing tin isotopes in cassiterite. Although the mechanism of transport and deposition of tin is fairly well understood, the means by which tin is incorporated into the parent magma at the points of magma generation and ascent needs further investigation.Tin metallogenic provinces worldwide are well known. Consequently, any undiscovered tin deposits will likely be spatially close to known deposits or extensions of the same.

Tin sulfides and tin selenides at ambient and high pressure conditions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Nguyen Cong, Kien; Gonzalez, Joseph; Steele, Brad; Oleynik, Ivan

The application of high pressure promotes unusual chemical bonding in condensed phase resulting in the synthesis of novel materials, which may be recoverable in metastable states at ambient conditions. First-principles evolutionary crystal structure search is performed to explore novel tin sulfide (SnxSy) and tin selenide (SnxSy) crystals with the goal to discover novel photovoltaic and thermoelectric materials. Variable stoichiometry searches at various pressures are performed and the phase diagrams are constructed in the range of pressures 0-100 GPa, which include both the thermodynamically stable and lowest enthalpy metastable structures. Several new structures are identified and their dynamical stability is investigated. To help experimental synthesis of these novel compounds, Raman spectra and XRD patterns are also calculated. These new materials are also investigated to identify those with promising photovoltaic and thermoelectric properties.

Volatile organometallic complexes suitable for use in chemical vapor depositions on metal oxide films

DOEpatents

Giolando, Dean M.

2003-09-30

Novel ligated compounds of tin, titanium, and zinc are useful as metal oxide CVD precursor compounds without the detriments of extreme reactivity yet maintaining the ability to produce high quality metal oxide coating by contact with heated substrates.

PHASE DIAGRAM FOR THE SYSTEM TITANIUM-TIN (in Russian)

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Kornilov, I.I.; Nartova, T.T.

1960-03-01

Differential thermal analysis, microstructural analyses, and determinations of hardness values and electric resistance were used to construct a diagram of state for the binary system Ti-Sn up to the composition of the compound Ti/sub 3/Sn (from 0 to 25 at.% Sn). Analyses of the thermograms showed that all conversions proceeding with the absorption of heat could be detected on the heating curves. Tin lowers the temperature of conversion of titunium with 5.0 at.% tin first to a minimum at 860 tained C which then increases to 890 tained C at higher tin contents. A peritectoid reaction ( alpha / submore » 2/ were ob ore resistant t + ) takes place with a conversion temperature at 890 tained C. A HF-HNO/sub 3/-glycerin etch showed a single-phase homogeneous structure of an alpha -solid solution with alloys containing up to 9 at.% Q. The amount of a second -phase increases with increasing tin content until a single-phase structure of a -solid solution of the compound Ti/sub 3/Sn is noted with alloys containing 23 to 25 at.% Sn. Alloys containing 8 to 22.5 at.% Sn undergo a peritectoid reaction, at a temperature of 890 tained C as shown by thermal analyses and by microstructural analyses of samples quenched frorn above and below the conversion temperature. A study of the microstructure of quenched alloys showed that the solubility of tin in ore resistant t -titanium increases from 8 at.% Sn at 890 tained C to 10.5 at.% Sn at 1100 tained C. X-ray analyses of annealed samples of alloy showed only the lines of an alpha solid solution for 5, 8, 9 at.% Sn, a -solid solution for 23 at.% Sn (close to the composition Ti/sub 3/Sn), and an alpha and mixed phase for a 15 at.% Sn. Vickers hardness numbers were determined with a diamond pyramid at a loading of 10 kg. The hardness increases smoothly with increasing tin content to a maximum at the saturation solubility of the tin in the alpha - or ore resistant t -solid solution. The hardness decreases smoothly with the appearance of the -phase until it attains a minimum at the composition of the compound Ti/sub 3/Sn. The specific electric resistance increases with an increase of tin in the solid solution of alpha -titanium. The rate of increase of the specific electric resistance decreases markedly with the appearance of the -phase. The electric resistance of an alloy with 14.3 at.% Sn was studied as a function of temperature from room temperature to 1100 tained C in special vacuum equipment. A sharp drop in electric resistance a; 890 tained C confirmed the existence of a peritectoid reaction in the system Ti-Sn. (TTT)« less

A Review of the Tissue Residue Approach for Organic and Organometallic Compounds in Aquatic Organisms

EPA Science Inventory

This paper reviews the tissue residue approach (TRA) for toxicity assessment as it applies to organic chemicals and some organometallic compounds (tin, mercury, and lead). Specific emphasis was placed on evaluating key factors that influence interpretation of critical body resid...

Crystal structure of tin(II) perchlorate trihydrate

PubMed Central

Hennings, Erik; Schmidt, Horst; Köhler, Martin; Voigt, Wolfgang

2014-01-01

The title compound, [Sn(H2O)3](ClO4)2, was synthesized by the redox reaction of copper(II) perchlorate hexa­hydrate and metallic tin in perchloric acid. Both the trigonal–pyramidal [Sn(H2O)3]2+ cations and tetra­hedral perchlorate anions lie on crystallographic threefold axes. In the crystal, the cations are linked to the anions by O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds, generating (001) sheets. PMID:25552969

LiGe(SiMe₃)₃: A New Substituent for the Synthesis of Metalloid Tin Clusters from Metastable Sn(I) Halide Solutions.

PubMed

Binder, Mareike; Schrenk, Claudio; Block, Theresa; Pöttgen, Rainer; Schnepf, Andreas

2018-04-26

The most fruitful synthetic route to metalloid tin clusters applies the disproportionation reaction of metastable Sn(I) halide solutions, whereby Si(SiMe₃)₃ is mostly used as the stabilizing substituent. Here, we describe the synthesis and application of the slightly modified substituent Ge(SiMe₃)₃, which can be used for the synthesis of metalloid tin clusters to give the neutral cluster Sn 10 [Ge(SiMe₃)₃]₆ as well as the charged clusters {Sn 10 [Ge(SiMe₃)₃]₅} − and {Sn 10 [Ge(SiMe₃)₃]₄} 2− . The obtained metalloid clusters are structurally similar to their Si(SiMe₃)₃ derivatives. However, differences with respect to the stability in solution are observed. Additionally, a different electronic situation for the tin atoms is realized as shown by 119m Sn Mössbauer spectroscopy, giving further insight into the different kinds of tin atoms within the metalloid cluster {Sn 10 [Ge(SiMe₃)₃]₄} 2− . The synthesis of diverse derivatives gives the opportunity to check the influence of the substituent for further investigations of metalloid tin cluster compounds.

Formation of interconnections between carbon nanotubes and copper using tin solder

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mittal, Jagjiwan; Lina, Kwang-Lung

2013-06-01

A process is developed for connecting Multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) between Cu terminals using tin solder. Connections were made on the Cu grid after heating the Sn coated nanotubes above the melting point of tin. High resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) micrographs demonstrated the joining by CNTs either as straight between two sides or on the one side after bending in the middle. The connections were found to be stable in air and electron beam under TEM observations. Energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) study showed that the formation of intermetallic compound η-C6Sn5 was responsible for the formation and stability of joints between Cu and MWCNT.

Photochemical conversion of tin-oxo cage compounds studied using hard x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhang, Yu; Haitjema, Jarich; Liu, Xiaomeng; Johansson, Fredrik; Lindblad, Andreas; Castellanos, Sonia; Ottosson, Niklas; Brouwer, Albert M.

2017-03-01

Several metal-containing molecular inorganic materials are currently considered as photoresists for extreme ultraviolet lithography (EUVL). This is primarily due to their high EUV absorption cross section and small building block size, properties which potentially allow both high sensitivity and resolution as well as low line-edge roughness. The photochemical reaction mechanisms that allow these kinds of materials to function as photoresists, however, are still poorly understood. As a step in this direction, we here discuss photochemical reactions upon deep UV (DUV) irradiation of a model negative-tone EUV photoresist material, namely the well-defined molecular tin-oxo cage compound [(SnR)12O14(OH)6]X2 (R = organic group; X = anion) which is spin coated to thin layers of 20 nm. The core electronic structure (Sn 3d, O 1s and C 1s) of fresh and DUV exposed films were then investigated using synchrotron radiationbased hard X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (HAXPES). This method provides information about the structure and chemical state of the respective atoms in the material. We performed a comparative HAXPES study of the composition of the tin-oxo cage compound [(SnR)12O14(OH)6](OH)2, either fresh directly after spin-coated vs. DUV-exposed materials under either ambient condition or under a dry N2 atmosphere. Different chemical oxidation states and concentrations of atoms and atom types in the fresh and exposed films were found. We further found that the chemistry resulting from exposure in air and N2 is strikingly different, clearly illustrating the influence of film-gas interactions on the (photo)chemical processes that eventually determine the photoresist. Finally, a mechanistic hypothesis for the basic DUV photoreactions in molecular tin-oxo cages is proposed.

Superconductivity of novel tin hydrides (Sn(n)H(m)) under pressure.

PubMed

Mahdi Davari Esfahani, M; Wang, Zhenhai; Oganov, Artem R; Dong, Huafeng; Zhu, Qiang; Wang, Shengnan; Rakitin, Maksim S; Zhou, Xiang-Feng

2016-03-11

With the motivation of discovering high-temperature superconductors, evolutionary algorithm USPEX is employed to search for all stable compounds in the Sn-H system. In addition to the traditional SnH4, new hydrides SnH8, SnH12 and SnH14 are found to be thermodynamically stable at high pressure. Dynamical stability and superconductivity of tin hydrides are systematically investigated. I4m2-SnH8, C2/m-SnH12 and C2/m-SnH14 exhibit higher superconducting transition temperatures of 81, 93 and 97 K compared to the traditional compound SnH4 with Tc of 52 K at 200 GPa. An interesting bent H3-group in I4m2-SnH8 and novel linear H in C2/m-SnH12 are observed. All the new tin hydrides remain metallic over their predicted range of stability. The intermediate-frequency wagging and bending vibrations have more contribution to electron-phonon coupling parameter than high-frequency stretching vibrations of H2 and H3.

XRF measurements of tin, copper and zinc in antifouling paints coated on leisure boats.

PubMed

Ytreberg, Erik; Bighiu, Maria Alexandra; Lundgren, Lennart; Eklund, Britta

2016-06-01

Tributyltin (TBT) and other organotin compounds have been restricted for use on leisure boats since 1989 in the EU. Nonetheless, release of TBT is observed from leisure boats during hull maintenance work, such as pressure hosing. In this work, we used a handheld X-ray Fluorescence analyser (XRF) calibrated for antifouling paint matrixes to measure tin, copper and zinc in antifouling paints coated on leisure boats in Sweden. Our results show that over 10% of the leisure boats (n = 686) contain >400 μg/cm(2) of tin in their antifouling coatings. For comparison, one layer (40 μm dry film) of a TBT-paint equals ≈ 800 μg Sn/cm(2). To our knowledge, tin has never been used in other forms than organotin (OT) in antifouling paints. Thus, even though the XRF analysis does not provide any information on the speciation of tin, the high concentrations indicate that these leisure boats still have OT coatings present on their hull. On several leisure boats we performed additional XRF measurements by progressively scraping off the top coatings and analysing each underlying layer. The XRF data show that when tin is detected, it is most likely present in coatings close to the hull with several layers of other coatings on top. Thus, leaching of OT compounds from the hull into the water is presumed to be negligible. The risk for environmental impacts arises during maintenance work such as scraping, blasting and high pressure hosing activities. The data also show that many boat owners apply excessive paint layers when following paint manufacturers recommendations. Moreover, high loads of copper were detected even on boats sailing in freshwater, despite the more than 20 year old ban, which poses an environmental risk that has not been addressed until now. Copyright © 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.

Crystal structure of the new A2SnTa6X18 (A = K, Rb, Cs; X = Cl, Br) cluster compounds

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lemoine, P.; Wilmet, M.; Malaman, B.; Paofai, S.; Dumait, N.; Cordier, S.

2018-01-01

The crystal structure of the new cluster compounds A2SnTa6X18 (with A = K, Rb, Cs, and X = Cl, Br) was determined by using single-crystal and powder X-ray diffraction, and 119Sn Mössbauer spectroscopy. Those compounds crystallize in the Cs2EuNb6Br18-type structure of space group R 3 ̅. This type of structure is built up on discrete edge-bridged [M6Xi12Xa6]4- cluster units arranged according to a pseudo face-centered cubic stacking, where the octahedral and tetrahedral vacancies are fully occupied by divalent tin cations and monovalent alkaline cations, respectively. The tin cations influence on the halogen matrix and the electronic effects on the cluster units in the Cs2EuNb6Br18-type structure are discussed by comparison with isotype compounds. From those analyses, the ionic radius of Sn2+ in coordination number VI is estimated to be 1.14(1) Å. Finally, K2SnTa6Br18 might be considered as a new example of compound containing a quite bare stannous ion (5 s2 configuration).

Toxicity of marine pollutants on the ascidian oocyte physiology: an electrophysiological approach.

PubMed

Gallo, Alessandra

2018-02-01

In marine animals with external fertilization, gametes are released into seawater where fertilization and embryo development occur. Consequently, pollutants introduced into the marine environment by human activities may affect gametes and embryos. These xenobiotics can alter cell physiology with consequent reduction of fertilization success. Here the adverse effects on the reproductive processes of the marine invertebrate Ciona intestinalis (ascidian) of different xenobiotics: lead, zinc, an organic tin compound and a phenylurea herbicide were evaluated. By using the electrophysiological technique of whole-cell voltage clamping, the effects of these compounds on the mature oocyte plasma membrane electrical properties and the electrical events of fertilization were tested by calculating the concentration that induced 50% normal larval formation (EC50). The results demonstrated that sodium currents in mature oocytes were reduced in a concentration-dependent manner by all tested xenobiotics, with the lowest EC50 value for lead. In contrast, fertilization current frequencies were differently affected by zinc and organic tin compound. Toxicity tests on gametes demonstrated that sperm fertilizing capability and fertilization oocyte competence were not altered by xenobiotics, whereas fertilization was inhibited in zinc solution and underwent a reduction in organic tin compound solution (EC50 value of 1.7 µM). Furthermore, fertilized oocytes resulted in a low percentage of normal larvae with an EC50 value of 0.90 µM. This study shows that reproductive processes of ascidians are highly sensitive to xenobiotics suggesting that they may be considered a reliable biomarker and that ascidians are suitable model organisms to assess marine environmental quality.

Eutectic salt catalyzed environmentally benign and highly efficient Biginelli reaction.

PubMed

Azizi, Najmadin; Dezfuli, Sahar; Hahsemi, Mohmmad Mahmoodi

2012-01-01

A simple deep eutectic solvent based on tin (II) chloride was used as a dual catalyst and environmentally benign reaction medium for an efficient synthesis of 3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-one derivatives, from aromatic and aliphatic aldehydes, 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds, and urea in good-to-excellent yields and short reaction time. This simple ammonium deep eutectic solvent, easily synthesized from choline chloride and tin chloride, is relatively inexpensive and recyclable, making it applicable for industrial applications.

Eutectic Salt Catalyzed Environmentally Benign and Highly Efficient Biginelli Reaction

PubMed Central

Azizi, Najmadin; Dezfuli, Sahar; Hahsemi, Mohmmad Mahmoodi

2012-01-01

A simple deep eutectic solvent based on tin (II) chloride was used as a dual catalyst and environmentally benign reaction medium for an efficient synthesis of 3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-one derivatives, from aromatic and aliphatic aldehydes, 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds, and urea in good-to-excellent yields and short reaction time. This simple ammonium deep eutectic solvent, easily synthesized from choline chloride and tin chloride, is relatively inexpensive and recyclable, making it applicable for industrial applications. PMID:22649326

[Exposure to metal compounds in occupational galvanic processes].

PubMed

Surgiewicz, Jolanta; Domański, Wojciech

2006-01-01

Occupational galvanic processes are provided in more than 600 small and medium enterprises in Poland. Workers who deal with galvanic coating are exposed to heavy metal compounds: tin, silver, copper and zinc. Some of them are carcinogenic, for example, hexavalent chromium compounds, nickel and cadmium compounds. Research covered several tens of workstations involved in chrome, nickel, zinc, tin, silver, copper and cadmium plating. Compounds of metals present in the air were determined: Cr, Ni, Cd, Sn, Ag--by atomic absorption spectrometry with electrothermal atomization (ET-AAS) and Zn--by atomic absorption spectrometry with flame atomization (F-AAS). The biggest metal concentrations--of silver and copper--were found at workstations of copper, brass, cadmium, nickel and chrome plating, conducted at the same time. Significant concentrations of copper were found at workstations of maintenance bathing and neutralizing of sewage. The concentrations of metals did not exceed Polish MAC values. MAC values were not exceeded for carcinogenic chromium(VI), nickel or cadmium, either. In galvanic processes there was no hazard related to single metals or their compounds, even carcinogenic ones. Combined exposure indicators for metals at each workstation did not exceed 1, either. However, if there are even small quantities of carcinogenic agents, health results should always be taken into consideration.

Human exposure, biomarkers, and fate of organotins in the environment.

PubMed

Okoro, Hussein K; Fatoki, Olalekan S; Adekola, Folahan A; Ximba, Bhekumusa J; Snyman, Reinette G; Opeolu, Beatrice

2011-01-01

Organotin compounds result from the addition of organic moieties to inorganic tin.Thus, one or more tin-carbon bonds exist in each organotin molecule. The organo-tin compounds are ubiquitous in the environment. Organotin compounds have many uses, including those as fungicides and stabilizers in plastics, among others in industry. The widespread use of organotins as antifouling agents in boat paints has resulted in pollution of freshwater and marine ecosystems. The presence of organotin compounds in freshwater and marine ecosystems is now understood to be a threat, because of the amounts found in water and the toxicity of some organotin compounds to aquatic organisms, and perhaps to humans as well. Organotin com-pounds are regarded by many to be global pollutants of a stature similar to biphenyl,mercury, and the polychlorinated dibenzodioxins. This stature results from the high toxicity, persistence, bioaccumulation, and endocrine disruptive features of even very low levels of selected organotin compounds.Efforts by selected governmental agencies and others have been undertaken to find a global solution to organotin pollution. France was the first country to ban the use of the organotins in 1980. This occurred before the international maritime organization (IMO) called for a global treaty to ban the application of tributyltin (TBT)-based paints. In this chapter, we review the organotin compounds with emphasis on the human exposure, fate, and distribution of them in the environment. The widespread use of the organotins and their high stability have led to contamination of some aquatic ecosystems. As a result, residues of the organotins may reach humans via food consumption. Notwithstanding the risk of human exposure, only limited data are available on the levels at which the organotins exist in foodstuffs consumed by humans. Moreover, the response of marine species to the organotins, such as TBT, has not been thoroughly investigated. Therefore, more data on the organotins and the consequences of exposure to them are needed. In particular, we believe the following areas need attention: expanded toxicity testing in aquatic species, human exposure, human body burdens, and the research to identify biomarkers for testing the toxicity of the organotins to marine invertebrates.

Synchrotron radiation x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy study on the interface chemistry of high-k PrxAl2-xO3 (x=0-2) dielectrics on TiN for dynamic random access memory applications

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Schroeder, T.; Lupina, G.; Sohal, R.; Lippert, G.; Wenger, Ch.; Seifarth, O.; Tallarida, M.; Schmeisser, D.

2007-07-01

Engineered dielectrics combined with compatible metal electrodes are important materials science approaches to scale three-dimensional trench dynamic random access memory (DRAM) cells. Highly insulating dielectrics with high dielectric constants were engineered in this study on TiN metal electrodes by partly substituting Al in the wide band gap insulator Al2O3 by Pr cations. High quality PrAlO3 metal-insulator-metal capacitors were processed with a dielectric constant of 19, three times higher than in the case of Al2O3 reference cells. As a parasitic low dielectric constant interface layer between PrAlO3 and TiN limits the total performance gain, a systematic nondestructive synchrotron x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy study on the interface chemistry of PrxAl2-xO3 (x =0-2) dielectrics on TiN layers was applied to unveil its chemical origin. The interface layer results from the decreasing chemical reactivity of PrxAl2-xO3 dielectrics with increasing Pr content x to reduce native Ti oxide compounds present on unprotected TiN films. Accordingly, PrAlO3 based DRAM capacitors require strict control of the surface chemistry of the TiN electrode, a parameter furthermore of importance to engineer the band offsets of PrxAl2-xO3/TiN heterojunctions.

Tin-gallium-oxide-based UV-C detectors

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mukhopadhyay, Partha; Toporkov, Mykyta; Schoenfeld, Winston V.

2018-02-01

The emergence of conductive gallium oxide single crystal substrates offers the potential for vertical Schottky detectors operating in the UV-C spectral region. We report here on our recent work in the development of Tin Gallium oxide (TGO) thin film metal-semiconductor-metal (MSM) and Schottky detectors using plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy on c plane sapphire and bulk Ga2O3 substrates. Tin alloying of gallium oxide thin films was found to systematically reduce the optical band gap of the compound, providing tunability in the UV-C spectral region. Tin concentration in the TGO epilayers was found to be highly dependent on growth conditions, and Ga flux in particular. First attempts to demonstrate vertical Schottky photodetectors using TGO epilayers on bulk n-type Ga2O3 substrates were successful. Resultant devices showed strong photoresponse to UV-C light with peak responsivities clearly red shifted in comparison to Ga2O3 homoepitaxial Schottky detectors due to TGO alloying.

Weakly-bridged dimeric diorganotin(IV) compounds derived from pyruvic acid hydrazone Schiff base ligands: Synthesis, characterization and crystal structures

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hong, Min; Yin, Han-Dong; Cui, Ji-Chun

2011-03-01

We report the synthesis of four diorganotin(IV) compounds of Schiff base pyruvic acid hydrazone derivatives formulated as [R 2SnLY] 2, where L 1 is 2-SC 4H 3CON 2C(CH 3)CO 2 with Y = CH 3CH 2CH 2CH 2OH, R = n-Bu ( 1); L 2 is C 6H 5CON 2C(CH 3)CO 2 with Y = CH 3CH 2OH, R = p-F-Bz ( 2); L 3 is 2-HOC 6H 4CON 2C(CH 3)CO 2 with Y dbnd H 2O, R = p-CN -Bz ( 3); and L 4 is 4-NO 2-C 6H 4CON 2C(CH 3)CO 2 with Y dbnd CH 3CH 2OH, R = Bz ( 4). The structures of all compounds have been established by a combination of single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis, 1H and 119Sn NMR spectroscopy, IR spectroscopy, and elemental analysis. Studies reveal that four ligands present the same coordination mode with tin center, which all present tridentate ONO donor Schiff bases and coordinate to the tin center in an enolic form. In compounds 1- 4, each tin atom is seven-coordinated and exhibits a distorted pentagonal bipyramid with a planar SnO 4N unit and two apical alkyl carbon atoms, thus forming a weakly-bridged dimeric molecule. Additionally, the distance of Sn⋯O bridge in each compound is obviously affected by the choice of different alkyl groups and coordination solvent molecules, which fluctuates in the range of 2.571(5)-2.839(4) Å. Furthermore, the supramolecular structure analysis show that there are two types of supramolecular infrastructures, 1D chain or 2D network, which are formed by intermolecular O-H···N or C-H⋯X (X = O, N or F) hydrogen bonds.

Activation of RXR–PPAR heterodimers by organotin environmental endocrine disruptors

PubMed Central

le Maire, Albane; Grimaldi, Marina; Roecklin, Dominique; Dagnino, Sonia; Vivat-Hannah, Valérie; Balaguer, Patrick; Bourguet, William

2009-01-01

The nuclear receptor retinoid X receptor-α (RXR-α)–peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) heterodimer was recently reported to have a crucial function in mediating the deleterious effects of organotin compounds, which are ubiquitous environmental contaminants. However, because organotins are unrelated to known RXR-α and PPAR-γ ligands, the mechanism by which these compounds bind to and activate the RXR-α–PPAR-γ heterodimer at nanomolar concentrations has remained elusive. Here, we show that tributyltin (TBT) activates all three RXR–PPAR-α, -γ, -δ heterodimers, primarily through its interaction with RXR. In addition, the 1.9 Å resolution structure of the RXR-α ligand-binding domain in complex with TBT shows a covalent bond between the tin atom and residue Cys 432 of helix H11. This interaction largely accounts for the high binding affinity of TBT, which only partly occupies the RXR-α ligand-binding pocket. Our data allow an understanding of the binding and activation properties of the various organotins and suggest a mechanism by which these tin compounds could affect other nuclear receptor signalling pathways. PMID:19270714

Investigation of thermal and hot-wire chemical vapor deposition copper thin films on TiN substrates using CupraSelect as precursor.

PubMed

Papadimitropoulos, G; Davazoglou, D

2011-09-01

Copper films were deposited on oxidized Si substrates covered with TiN using a novel chemical vapor deposition reactor in which reactions were assisted by a heated tungsten filament (hot-wire CVD, HWCVD). Liquid at room temperature hexafluoroacetylacetonate Cu(I) trimethylvinylsilane (CupraSelect) was directly injected into the reactor with the aid of a direct-liquid injection (DLI) system using N2 as carrier gas. The deposition rates of HWCVD Cu films obtained on TiN covered substrates were found to increase with filament temperature (65 and 170 degrees C were tested). The resistivities of HWCVD Cu films were found to be higher than for thermally grown films due to the possible presence of impurities into the Cu films from the incomplete dissociation of the precursor and W impurities caused by the presence of the filament. For HWCVD films grown at a filament temperature of 170 degrees C, smaller grains are formed than at 65 degrees C as shown from the taken SEM micrographs. XRD diffractograms taken on Cu films deposited on TiN could not reveal the presence of W compounds originating from the filament because the relative peak was masked by the TiN [112] peak.

Synthesis of a mixed-valent tin nitride and considerations of its possible crystal structures

DOE PAGES

Caskey, Christopher M.; Holder, Aaron; Shulda, Sarah; ...

2016-04-12

Recent advances in theoretical structure prediction methods and high-throughput computational techniques are revolutionizing experimental discovery of the thermodynamically stable inorganic materials. Metastable materials represent a new frontier for these studies, since even simple binary non-ground state compounds of common elements may be awaiting discovery. However, there are significant research challenges related to non-equilibrium thin film synthesis and crystal structure predictions, such as small strained crystals in the experimental samples and energy minimization based theoretical algorithms. Here, we report on experimental synthesis and characterization, as well as theoretical first-principles calculations of a previously unreported mixed-valent binary tin nitride. Thin film experimentsmore » indicate that this novel material is N-deficient SnN with tin in the mixed ii/iv valence state and a small low-symmetry unit cell. Theoretical calculations suggest that the most likely crystal structure has the space group 2 (SG2) related to the distorted delafossite (SG166), which is nearly 0.1 eV/atom above the ground state SnN polymorph. Furthermore, this observation is rationalized by the structural similarity of the SnN distorted delafossite to the chemically related Sn 3N 4 spinel compound, which provides a fresh scientific insight into the reasons for growth of polymorphs of metastable materials. In addition to reporting on the discovery of the simple binary SnN compound, this paper illustrates a possible way of combining a wide range of advanced characterization techniques with the first-principle property calculation methods, to elucidate the most likely crystal structure of the previously unreported metastable materials.« less

Solubility of indium-tin oxide in simulated lung and gastric fluids: Pathways for human intake.

PubMed

Andersen, Jens Christian Østergård; Cropp, Alastair; Paradise, Diane Caroline

2017-02-01

From being a metal with very limited natural distribution, indium (In) has recently become disseminated throughout the human society. Little is known of how In compounds behave in the natural environment, but recent medical studies link exposure to In compounds to elevated risk of respiratory disorders. Animal tests suggest that exposure may lead to more widespread damage in the body, notably the liver, kidneys and spleen. In this paper, we investigate the solubility of the most widely used In compound, indium-tin oxide (ITO) in simulated lung and gastric fluids in order to better understand the potential pathways for metals to be introduced into the bloodstream. Our results show significant potential for release of In and tin (Sn) in the deep parts of the lungs (artificial lysosomal fluid) and digestive tract, while the solubility in the upper parts of the lungs (the respiratory tract or tracheobronchial tree) is very low. Our study confirms that ITO is likely to remain as solid particles in the upper parts of the lungs, but that particles are likely to slowly dissolve in the deep lungs. Considering the prolonged residence time of inhaled particles in the deep lung, this environment is likely to provide the major route for uptake of In and Sn from inhaled ITO nano- and microparticles. Although dissolution through digestion may also lead to some uptake, the much shorter residence time is likely to lead to much lower risk of uptake. Copyright © 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Synthesis of a mixed-valent tin nitride and considerations of its possible crystal structures

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Caskey, Christopher M.; Holder, Aaron; Shulda, Sarah; Christensen, Steven T.; Diercks, David; Schwartz, Craig P.; Biagioni, David; Nordlund, Dennis; Kukliansky, Alon; Natan, Amir; Prendergast, David; Orvananos, Bernardo; Sun, Wenhao; Zhang, Xiuwen; Ceder, Gerbrand; Ginley, David S.; Tumas, William; Perkins, John D.; Stevanovic, Vladan; Pylypenko, Svitlana; Lany, Stephan; Richards, Ryan M.; Zakutayev, Andriy

2016-04-01

Recent advances in theoretical structure prediction methods and high-throughput computational techniques are revolutionizing experimental discovery of the thermodynamically stable inorganic materials. Metastable materials represent a new frontier for these studies, since even simple binary non-ground state compounds of common elements may be awaiting discovery. However, there are significant research challenges related to non-equilibrium thin film synthesis and crystal structure predictions, such as small strained crystals in the experimental samples and energy minimization based theoretical algorithms. Here, we report on experimental synthesis and characterization, as well as theoretical first-principles calculations of a previously unreported mixed-valent binary tin nitride. Thin film experiments indicate that this novel material is N-deficient SnN with tin in the mixed ii/iv valence state and a small low-symmetry unit cell. Theoretical calculations suggest that the most likely crystal structure has the space group 2 (SG2) related to the distorted delafossite (SG166), which is nearly 0.1 eV/atom above the ground state SnN polymorph. This observation is rationalized by the structural similarity of the SnN distorted delafossite to the chemically related Sn3N4 spinel compound, which provides a fresh scientific insight into the reasons for growth of polymorphs of metastable materials. In addition to reporting on the discovery of the simple binary SnN compound, this paper illustrates a possible way of combining a wide range of advanced characterization techniques with the first-principle property calculation methods, to elucidate the most likely crystal structure of the previously unreported metastable materials.

Synthesis of a mixed-valent tin nitride and considerations of its possible crystal structures.

PubMed

Caskey, Christopher M; Holder, Aaron; Shulda, Sarah; Christensen, Steven T; Diercks, David; Schwartz, Craig P; Biagioni, David; Nordlund, Dennis; Kukliansky, Alon; Natan, Amir; Prendergast, David; Orvananos, Bernardo; Sun, Wenhao; Zhang, Xiuwen; Ceder, Gerbrand; Ginley, David S; Tumas, William; Perkins, John D; Stevanovic, Vladan; Pylypenko, Svitlana; Lany, Stephan; Richards, Ryan M; Zakutayev, Andriy

2016-04-14

Recent advances in theoretical structure prediction methods and high-throughput computational techniques are revolutionizing experimental discovery of the thermodynamically stable inorganic materials. Metastable materials represent a new frontier for these studies, since even simple binary non-ground state compounds of common elements may be awaiting discovery. However, there are significant research challenges related to non-equilibrium thin film synthesis and crystal structure predictions, such as small strained crystals in the experimental samples and energy minimization based theoretical algorithms. Here, we report on experimental synthesis and characterization, as well as theoretical first-principles calculations of a previously unreported mixed-valent binary tin nitride. Thin film experiments indicate that this novel material is N-deficient SnN with tin in the mixed ii/iv valence state and a small low-symmetry unit cell. Theoretical calculations suggest that the most likely crystal structure has the space group 2 (SG2) related to the distorted delafossite (SG166), which is nearly 0.1 eV/atom above the ground state SnN polymorph. This observation is rationalized by the structural similarity of the SnN distorted delafossite to the chemically related Sn3N4 spinel compound, which provides a fresh scientific insight into the reasons for growth of polymorphs of metastable materials. In addition to reporting on the discovery of the simple binary SnN compound, this paper illustrates a possible way of combining a wide range of advanced characterization techniques with the first-principle property calculation methods, to elucidate the most likely crystal structure of the previously unreported metastable materials.

Synthesis of a mixed-valent tin nitride and considerations of its possible crystal structures

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Caskey, Christopher M.; Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401; Larix Chemical Science, Golden, Colorado 80401

2016-04-14

Recent advances in theoretical structure prediction methods and high-throughput computational techniques are revolutionizing experimental discovery of the thermodynamically stable inorganic materials. Metastable materials represent a new frontier for these studies, since even simple binary non-ground state compounds of common elements may be awaiting discovery. However, there are significant research challenges related to non-equilibrium thin film synthesis and crystal structure predictions, such as small strained crystals in the experimental samples and energy minimization based theoretical algorithms. Here, we report on experimental synthesis and characterization, as well as theoretical first-principles calculations of a previously unreported mixed-valent binary tin nitride. Thin film experimentsmore » indicate that this novel material is N-deficient SnN with tin in the mixed II/IV valence state and a small low-symmetry unit cell. Theoretical calculations suggest that the most likely crystal structure has the space group 2 (SG2) related to the distorted delafossite (SG166), which is nearly 0.1 eV/atom above the ground state SnN polymorph. This observation is rationalized by the structural similarity of the SnN distorted delafossite to the chemically related Sn{sub 3}N{sub 4} spinel compound, which provides a fresh scientific insight into the reasons for growth of polymorphs of metastable materials. In addition to reporting on the discovery of the simple binary SnN compound, this paper illustrates a possible way of combining a wide range of advanced characterization techniques with the first-principle property calculation methods, to elucidate the most likely crystal structure of the previously unreported metastable materials.« less

Calculating Equilibrium Constants in the SnCl2-H2O-NaOH System According to Potentiometric Titration Data

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Maskaeva, L. N.; Fedorova, E. A.; Yusupov, R. A.; Markov, V. F.

2018-05-01

The potentiometric titration of tin chloride SnCl2 is performed in the concentration range of 0.00009-1.1 mol/L with a solution of sodium hydroxide NaOH. According to potentiometric titration data based on modeling equilibria in the SnCl2-H2O-NaOH system, basic equations are generated for the main processes, and instability constants are calculated for the resulting hydroxo complexes and equilibrium constants of low-soluble tin(II) compounds. The data will be of interest for specialists in the field of theory of solutions.

77 FR 20356 - Foreign-Trade Zone 277-Western Maricopa County, AZ; Application for Manufacturing Authority...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-04-04

... facility is used for the manufacture of 275 and 290 watt solar panels for industrial use. Components and... boxes, silicone sealant, putty/caulking compounds, plastic sheets, glass, tin-coated copper strips...

Methyltin intoxication in six men; toxicologic and clinical aspects

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Rey, C.; Reinecke, H.J.; Besser, R.

Neurologic and psychiatric symptoms such as headache, tinnitus, defective hearing, changing desorientation and aggressiveness are initial symptoms of methyltin chloride intoxication. Some patients also developed epileptic equivalents, such as dreamy attacks and central ventilation transaminases. Laboratory findings included low levels of serum potassium, leucocytosis and elevated transaminases. The excretion rate of tin in the urine correlated with the severity of the intoxication. There was no measurable effect of plasma separation or d-penicillamine therapy on tin excretion in the urine or on the clinical picture. The long-term prognosis of severely intoxicated persons is poor. To prevent such events workers need tomore » be warned of the risk and dangers of working with organo-metallic compounds. The effectiveness of protective clothes and gas masks should be checked. In exposed workers regular testing is advised of tin concentrations in the urine.« less

Process and targets for production of no-carrier-added radiotin

DOEpatents

Srivastava, Suresh C; Zhuikov, Boris Leonidovich; Ermolaev, Stanislav Victorovich; Konyakhin, Nikolay Alexandrovich; Kokhanyuk, Vladimir Mikhailovich; Khamyanov, Stepan Vladimirovich; Togaeva, Natalya Roaldovna

2014-04-22

One embodiment of the present invention includes a process for production and recovery of no-carrier-added radioactive tin (NCA radiotin). An antimony target can be irradiated with a beam of accelerated particles forming NCA radiotin, followed by separation of the NCA radiotin from the irradiated target. The target is metallic Sb in a hermetically sealed shell. The shell can be graphite, molybdenum, or stainless steel. The irradiated target can be removed from the shell by chemical or mechanical means, and dissolved in an acidic solution. Sb can be removed from the dissolved irradiated target by extraction. NCA radiotin can be separated from the remaining Sb and other impurities using chromatography on silica gel sorbent. NCA tin-117m can be obtained from this process. NCA tin-117m can be used for labeling organic compounds and biological objects to be applied in medicine for imaging and therapy of various diseases.

The Biological Fate and Effects of Organotin Compounds in the Marine Environment.

DTIC Science & Technology

1983-07-01

estuarine bacteria (Pseudomonas) isolated from sediments in Baltimore Harbor. The bacterial isolates were found to accumulate tributyltin from 3.7-7.7 mg tin...monobutyltin) suggesting that the issolates accumulated but did not metabolize tributyltin . 2.3 Chemical Degradation Zuckerman et al. (1978) generalized... tributyltin fluoride in seawater. The compound was found to hydrolyze very rapidly in low concentrations in seawater to yield the chloride and oxide

Early Changes in Clinical, Functional, and Laboratory Biomarkers in Workers at Risk of Indium Lung Disease

PubMed Central

Virji, M. Abbas; Trapnell, Bruce C.; Carey, Brenna; Healey, Terrance; Kreiss, Kathleen

2014-01-01

Rationale: Occupational exposure to indium compounds, including indium–tin oxide, can result in potentially fatal indium lung disease. However, the early effects of exposure on the lungs are not well understood. Objectives: To determine the relationship between short-term occupational exposures to indium compounds and the development of early lung abnormalities. Methods: Among indium–tin oxide production and reclamation facility workers, we measured plasma indium, respiratory symptoms, pulmonary function, chest computed tomography, and serum biomarkers of lung disease. Relationships between plasma indium concentration and health outcome variables were evaluated using restricted cubic spline and linear regression models. Measurements and Main Results: Eighty-seven (93%) of 94 indium–tin oxide facility workers (median tenure, 2 yr; median plasma indium, 1.0 μg/l) participated in the study. Spirometric abnormalities were not increased compared with the general population, and few subjects had radiographic evidence of alveolar proteinosis (n = 0), fibrosis (n = 2), or emphysema (n = 4). However, in internal comparisons, participants with plasma indium concentrations ≥ 1.0 μg/l had more dyspnea, lower mean FEV1 and FVC, and higher median serum Krebs von den Lungen-6 and surfactant protein-D levels. Spline regression demonstrated nonlinear exposure response, with significant differences occurring at plasma indium concentrations as low as 1.0 μg/l compared with the reference. Associations between health outcomes and the natural log of plasma indium concentration were evident in linear regression models. Associations were not explained by age, smoking status, facility tenure, or prior occupational exposures. Conclusions: In indium–tin oxide facility workers with short-term, low-level exposure, plasma indium concentrations lower than previously reported were associated with lung symptoms, decreased spirometric parameters, and increased serum biomarkers of lung disease. PMID:25295756

Polymer-coated nanoparticles: Carrier platforms for hydrophobic water- and air-sensitive metallo-organic compounds.

PubMed

Valdeperez, Daniel; Wang, Tianqiang; Eußner, Jens P; Weinert, Bastian; Hao, Jianyuan; Parak, Wolfgang J; Dehnen, Stefanie; Pelaz, Beatriz

2017-03-01

Many of the relevant compounds for anticancer therapy are metal-based compounds (metallodrugs), being platinum-based drugs such as cisplatin, carboplatin (Paraplatin ® ), and oxaliplatin (Eloxatin ® ) the most widely used. Despite this, their application is limited by issues such as cell-acquired platinum resistance and manifold side effects following systemic delivery. Thus, the development of new metal-based compounds is highly needed. The catalytic properties of a variety of metal-based compounds are nowadays very well known, which opens new opportunities to take advantage of them inside living cells or organisms. However, many of these compounds are hydrophobic and thus not soluble in aqueous solution, as they lack stability against water or oxygen presence. Thus, versatile platforms capable of enhancing the features of these compounds in aqueous solutions are of importance in the development of new drugs. Surface engineered nanoparticles may render metallodrugs with good colloidal stability in water and in complex media containing high salt concentration and/or proteins. Herein, polymer coated nanoparticles are proposed as a platform to link insoluble and water/oxygen sensitive drugs. The linkage of insoluble and oxygen sensitive tin clusters to nanoparticles is presented, aiming to enhance both, the solubility and the stability of these compounds in water, which may be an alternative approach in the development of metal-based drugs. The formation of the cluster-nanoparticle system was confirmed via inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry experiments. The catalytic activity and the stability of the cluster in water were studied through the reduction of methylene blue. Results demonstrate that in fact the tin clusters could be transferred into aqueous solution and retained their catalytic activity. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Use of Mössbauer spectroscopy to determine the effect of salinity on the speciation of triorganotins in Anacostia River sediments

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Eng, George; Song, Xueqing; May, Leopold

2006-06-01

The speciation of several tributyltin and triphenyltin compounds under varying salinity conditions (0, 20, 40 and 60%) was studied by Mössbauer spectroscopy in both anaerobic and aerobic Anacostia River sediments. The Mössbauer spectral parameters of the spiked sediments indicated that changes in the salinity did not affect the speciation of the tin compounds in either aerobic or anaerobic sediments.

Use of Mössbauer spectroscopy to determine the effect of salinity on the speciation of triorganotins in Anacostia River sediments

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Eng, George; Song, Xueqing; May, Leopold

The speciation of several tributyltin and triphenyltin compounds under varying salinity conditions (0, 20, 40 and 60%) was studied by Mössbauer spectroscopy in both anaerobic and aerobic Anacostia River sediments. The Mössbauer spectral parameters of the spiked sediments indicated that changes in the salinity did not affect the speciation of the tin compounds in either aerobic or anaerobic sediments.

Research on Statistical Methodology Applicable to Technical Problems Associated with Navy Programs.

DTIC Science & Technology

1987-10-01

the fleetwide use of organotin antifouling paints that contain tributyltin ( TBT ), a tin-based compound, as a biocide. Organotin antifouling compounds...with this program has been devoted to providing technical and analytical support on various related statistical aspects. The TBT -release rate of a...paini ;q detrmined by placing a coated specimen panel or cylinder into a container of synthetic seawater, measuring the increasing concentration of TBT in

Multiwire conductor having greatly increased interwire resistance and method for making same

DOEpatents

Luhman, Thomas; Suenaga, Masaki

1984-01-17

An improved multiwire conductor of the type which is mechanically stabilized by a tin based solder filler. A solder filled conductor is heated to a temperature above its melting point for a period long enough to allow a substantial amount of copper to be dissolved from the wires comprising the conductor. The copper forms the brittle intermetallic compound Cu.sub.5 Sn.sub.6 with tin in the solder. After cooling the conductor is flexed causing a random cracking of the solder, and thereby increasing the interwire resistance of the conductor. The subject invention is particularly adapted for use with braided, ribbon-type solder filled superconductors.

Evaluation on the characteristics of tin-silver-bismuth solder

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Xia, Z.; Shi, Y.; Chen, Z.

2002-02-01

Tin-silver-bismuth solder is characterized by its lower melting point, good wetting behavior, and good mechanical property for which it is expected to be a new lead-free solder to replace tin-lead solder. In this article, Sn-3.33Ag-4.83Bi solder was investigated concerning its physical, spreading, and mechanical properties under specific conditions. Cooling curves and DSC results showed that it was close to eutectic composition (m.p. 210° 212 °C). Coefficiency of thermal expansion (CTE) of this solder, between that of PCBs and copper substrates, was beneficial to alleviate the thermal mismatch of the substrates. It was also a good electrical and thermal conductor. Using a rosin-based, mildly activated (RMA) flux, a spreading test indicated that SnAgBi solder paste had good solderability. Meanwhile, the solder had high tensile strength and fracture energy. Its fracture mechanism was a mixture of ductile and brittle fracture morphology. The metallographic and EDAX analyses indicated that it was composed of a tin-based solid solution and some intermetallic compound (IMC) that could strengthen the substrate. However, these large needle-like IMCs would cut the substrate and this resulted in the decreasing of the toughness of the solder.

A yield-optimized access to double-helical SnIP via a Sn/SnI2 approach

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Utrap, André; Xiang, Ng Yan; Nilges, Tom

2017-10-01

Herein we report on the optimized synthesis process of SnIP, the first inorganic double helix compound which shows high mechanical flexibility, a strong tendency for cleavage or delamination and intriguing electronic properties. In this work we analyzed the influence of SnI2 as a reaction promotor or mineralizer compound for the synthesis of SnIP. In previous studies Sn/SnI4 was used as a precursor and chemical transport agent for the SnIP synthesis but significant amounts of non-reacted tin halide (SnI2 and SnI4) remained after the formation of the target compound reducing its quality and yield. Significantly less tin halide residue can be observed which suggests a reduction of side-reactions. While the Sn/SnI4 couple works perfectly for the synthesis of the two-dimensional material phosphorene precursor black phosphorus the Sn/SnI2 couple is beneficial for the one-dimensional ternary polyphosphide SnIP. These results strongly encourage the theory of SnI2 as the important reaction intermediate in the synthesis of covalently-bonded polyphosphide substructures and element allotropes at elevated temperatures.

Novel phases and superconductivity of tin sulfide compounds

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gonzalez, Joseph M.; Nguyen-Cong, Kien; Steele, Brad A.; Oleynik, Ivan I.

2018-05-01

Tin sulfides, SnxSy, are an important class of materials that are actively investigated as novel photovoltaic and water splitting materials. A first-principles evolutionary crystal structure search is performed with the goal of constructing the complete phase diagram of SnxSy and discovering new phases as well as new compounds of varying stoichiometry at ambient conditions and pressures up to 100 GPa. The ambient phase of SnS2 with P 3 ¯ m 1 symmetry remains stable up to 28 GPa. Another ambient phase, SnS, experiences a series of phase transformations including α-SnS to β-SnS at 9 GPa, followed by β-SnS to γ-SnS at 40 GPa. γ-SnS is a new high-pressure metallic phase with P m 3 ¯ m space group symmetry stable up to 100 GPa, which becomes a superconductor with a maximum Tc = 9.74 K at 40 GPa. Another new metallic compound, Sn3S4 with I 4 ¯ 3 d space group symmetry, is predicted to be stable at pressures above 15 GPa, which also becomes a superconductor with relatively high Tc = 21.9 K at 30 GPa.

Plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition of titanium nitride thin films using cyclopentadienyl cycloheptatrienyl titanium

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Charatan, R. M.; Gross, M. E.; Eaglesham, D. J.

1994-10-01

The use of a low oxidation state Ti compound, cyclopentadienyl cycloheptatrienyl titanium, (C5H5) Ti(C7H7) (CPCHT), as a potential source for TiN and Ti in plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition processes has been investigated. This precursor provides us with a new chemical vapor deposition route to TiN films that offer an interesting contrast to films deposited from Ti(IV) precursors. Film depositions were carried out by introducing CPCHT, with H2 carrier gas, into the downstream region of a NH3, N2, H2, or mixed H2/N2 plasma. Low resistivity (100-250 micro-ohm cm) nitrogen-rich TiN films with little carbon or oxygen incorporation and good conformality were deposited with activated N2 or NH3 at deposition temperatures of 300-600 C, inclusive. Mixed H2/N2 plasmas resulted in more stoichiometric TiN films with similar properties. The most striking feature of these films is the absence of columnar grain growth, in contrast to TiN films deposited using TiCl4 or Ti(NR(2))(4). Although the film texture was influenced by the plasma gas, the average grain size of the films deposited using activated N2 and NH3 was similar. The TiN films that we deposited were effective diffusion barriers between aluminum and silicon up to 575 C. Depositions using activated H2 resulted in films with significantly less carbon than CPCHT, but still having a minimum of 2.7:1 C:Ti. The lower oxidation state of the precursor did not facilitate the deposition of a Ti-rich film. No depositions were observed with any of the reactant gases in the absence of plasmas activation.

Synthesis and characterization of 8-hydroxyquinoline complexes of tin(IV) and their application in organic light emitting diode.

PubMed

Fazaeli, Yousef; Amini, Mostafa M; Najafi, Ezzatollah; Mohajerani, Ezeddin; Janghouri, Mohammad; Jalilian, Amirreza; Ng, Seik Weng

2012-09-01

A series of 8-hydroxyquinoline complexes of tin, Q(2)SnCl(2) (Q = 2-methyl-8-hydroxyquinoline, 8-hydroxyquinoline, 5,7-dibromo-8-hydroxyquinoline, 5-chloro-8-hydroxyquinoline, 5,7-dichloro-8-hydroxyquinoline and 5-nitro-8-hydroxyquinoline) were prepared by reacting stannous dichloride with 8-hydroxyquinoline and its derivatives. All complexes were characterized by elemental analysis, mass spectrometry and infrared, UV-vis and (1)H NMR spectroscopes. Furthermore, the molecular structure of a representative complex, dichlorido-bis(5-nitro-quinolin-8-olato-2N,O)tin(IV), was determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The photoluminescence (PL) properties of all prepared compounds and electroluminescence (EL) property of a selected complex (Q = 5-chloro-8-hydroxyquinoline) were investigated. The results showed that the emission wavelength can be tuned by electron donating or withdrawing group substituent on 8-hydroxyquinoline. Application of prepared complexes in fabrication of an OLED has been demonstrated.

Nonequilibrium ab initio molecular dynamics determination of Ti monovacancy migration rates in B 1 TiN

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gambino, D.; Sangiovanni, D. G.; Alling, B.; Abrikosov, I. A.

2017-09-01

We use the color diffusion (CD) algorithm in nonequilibrium (accelerated) ab initio molecular dynamics simulations to determine Ti monovacancy jump frequencies in NaCl-structure titanium nitride (TiN), at temperatures ranging from 2200 to 3000 K. Our results show that the CD method extended beyond the linear-fitting rate-versus-force regime [Sangiovanni et al., Phys. Rev. B 93, 094305 (2016), 10.1103/PhysRevB.93.094305] can efficiently determine metal vacancy migration rates in TiN, despite the low mobilities of lattice defects in this type of ceramic compound. We propose a computational method based on gamma-distribution statistics, which provides unambiguous definition of nonequilibrium and equilibrium (extrapolated) vacancy jump rates with corresponding statistical uncertainties. The acceleration-factor achieved in our implementation of nonequilibrium molecular dynamics increases dramatically for decreasing temperatures from 500 for T close to the melting point Tm, up to 33 000 for T ≈0.7 Tm .

Investigating Sodium Storage Mechanisms in Tin Anodes: A Combined Pair Distribution Function Analysis, Density Functional Theory, and Solid-State NMR Approach.

PubMed

Stratford, Joshua M; Mayo, Martin; Allan, Phoebe K; Pecher, Oliver; Borkiewicz, Olaf J; Wiaderek, Kamila M; Chapman, Karena W; Pickard, Chris J; Morris, Andrew J; Grey, Clare P

2017-05-31

The alloying mechanism of high-capacity tin anodes for sodium-ion batteries is investigated using a combined theoretical and experimental approach. Ab initio random structure searching (AIRSS) and high-throughput screening using a species-swap method provide insights into a range of possible sodium-tin structures. These structures are linked to experiments using both average and local structure probes in the form of operando pair distribution function analysis, X-ray diffraction, and 23 Na solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (ssNMR), along with ex situ 119 Sn ssNMR. Through this approach, we propose structures for the previously unidentified crystalline and amorphous intermediates. The first electrochemical process of sodium insertion into tin results in the conversion of crystalline tin into a layered structure consisting of mixed Na/Sn occupancy sites intercalated between planar hexagonal layers of Sn atoms (approximate stoichiometry NaSn 3 ). Following this, NaSn 2 , which is predicted to be thermodynamically stable by AIRSS, forms; this contains hexagonal layers closely related to NaSn 3 , but has no tin atoms between the layers. NaSn 2 is broken down into an amorphous phase of approximate composition Na 1.2 Sn. Reverse Monte Carlo refinements of an ab initio molecular dynamics model of this phase show that the predominant tin connectivity is chains. Further reaction with sodium results in the formation of structures containing Sn-Sn dumbbells, which interconvert through a solid-solution mechanism. These structures are based upon Na 5-x Sn 2 , with increasing occupancy of one of its sodium sites commensurate with the amount of sodium added. ssNMR results indicate that the final product, Na 15 Sn 4 , can store additional sodium atoms as an off-stoichiometry compound (Na 15+x Sn 4 ) in a manner similar to Li 15 Si 4 .

Investigating Sodium Storage Mechanisms in Tin Anodes: A Combined Pair Distribution Function Analysis, Density Functional Theory, and Solid-State NMR Approach

DOE PAGES

Stratford, Joshua M.; Mayo, Martin; Allan, Phoebe K.; ...

2017-05-04

Here, the alloying mechanism of high-capacity tin anodes for sodium-ion batteries is investigated using a combined theoretical and experimental approach. Ab initio random structure searching (AIRSS) and high-throughput screening using a species-swap method provide insights into a range of possible sodium–tin structures. These structures are linked to experiments using both average and local structure probes in the form of operando pair distribution function analysis, X-ray diffraction, and 23Na solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (ssNMR), along with ex situ 119Sn ssNMR. Through this approach, we propose structures for the previously unidentified crystalline and amorphous intermediates. The first electrochemical process of sodium insertionmore » into tin results in the conversion of crystalline tin into a layered structure consisting of mixed Na/Sn occupancy sites intercalated between planar hexagonal layers of Sn atoms (approximate stoichiometry NaSn 3). Following this, NaSn 2, which is predicted to be thermodynamically stable by AIRSS, forms; this contains hexagonal layers closely related to NaSn 3, but has no tin atoms between the layers. NaSn 2 is broken down into an amorphous phase of approximate composition Na 1.2Sn. Reverse Monte Carlo refinements of an ab initio molecular dynamics model of this phase show that the predominant tin connectivity is chains. Further reaction with sodium results in the formation of structures containing Sn–Sn dumbbells, which interconvert through a solid-solution mechanism. These structures are based upon Na 5–xSn 2, with increasing occupancy of one of its sodium sites commensurate with the amount of sodium added. ssNMR results indicate that the final product, Na 15Sn 4, can store additional sodium atoms as an off-stoichiometry compound (Na 15+xSn 4) in a manner similar to Li 15Si 4.« less

Investigating Sodium Storage Mechanisms in Tin Anodes: A Combined Pair Distribution Function Analysis, Density Functional Theory, and Solid-State NMR Approach

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Stratford, Joshua M.; Mayo, Martin; Allan, Phoebe K.

Here, the alloying mechanism of high-capacity tin anodes for sodium-ion batteries is investigated using a combined theoretical and experimental approach. Ab initio random structure searching (AIRSS) and high-throughput screening using a species-swap method provide insights into a range of possible sodium–tin structures. These structures are linked to experiments using both average and local structure probes in the form of operando pair distribution function analysis, X-ray diffraction, and 23Na solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (ssNMR), along with ex situ 119Sn ssNMR. Through this approach, we propose structures for the previously unidentified crystalline and amorphous intermediates. The first electrochemical process of sodium insertionmore » into tin results in the conversion of crystalline tin into a layered structure consisting of mixed Na/Sn occupancy sites intercalated between planar hexagonal layers of Sn atoms (approximate stoichiometry NaSn 3). Following this, NaSn 2, which is predicted to be thermodynamically stable by AIRSS, forms; this contains hexagonal layers closely related to NaSn 3, but has no tin atoms between the layers. NaSn 2 is broken down into an amorphous phase of approximate composition Na 1.2Sn. Reverse Monte Carlo refinements of an ab initio molecular dynamics model of this phase show that the predominant tin connectivity is chains. Further reaction with sodium results in the formation of structures containing Sn–Sn dumbbells, which interconvert through a solid-solution mechanism. These structures are based upon Na 5–xSn 2, with increasing occupancy of one of its sodium sites commensurate with the amount of sodium added. ssNMR results indicate that the final product, Na 15Sn 4, can store additional sodium atoms as an off-stoichiometry compound (Na 15+xSn 4) in a manner similar to Li 15Si 4.« less

Broadband Dielectric Spectroscopy of Ruddlesden-Popper Srn+1TinO3n+1 (n = 1,2,3) Thin Films

DTIC Science & Technology

2009-01-29

permittivity, strontium compounds N. D. Orloff, W. Tian, C. J. Fennie , C. H. Lee, D. Gu, J. Mateu, X. X. Xi, K. M. Rabe, D. G. Schlom, I. Takeuchi, J...of Ruddlesden–Popper Srn+1TinO3n+1 (n = 1,2,3) thin films N. D. Orloff, W. Tian, C. J. Fennie , C. H. Lee, D. Gu et al. Citation: Appl. Phys. Lett... Fennie ,4 C. H. Lee,3,5 D. Gu,2 J. Mateu,6 X. X. Xi,5 K. M. Rabe,7 D. G. Schlom,3 I. Takeuchi,1 and J. C. Booth2 1Department of Materials Science and

Lead-Free Experiment in a Space Environment

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Blanche, J. F.; Strickland, S. M.

2012-01-01

This Technical Memorandum addresses the Lead-Free Technology Experiment in Space Environment that flew as part of the seventh Materials International Space Station Experiment outside the International Space Station for approximately 18 months. Its intent was to provide data on the performance of lead-free electronics in an actual space environment. Its postflight condition is compared to the preflight condition as well as to the condition of an identical package operating in parallel in the laboratory. Some tin whisker growth was seen on a flight board but the whiskers were few and short. There were no solder joint failures, no tin pest formation, and no significant intermetallic compound formation or growth on either the flight or ground units.

Multiwire conductor having greatly increased interwire resistance and method for making same

DOEpatents

Luhman, T.; Suenaga, M.

1982-03-15

An improved multiwire conductor of the type which is mechanically stabilized by a tin based solder filler is described. A solder filled conductor is heated to a temperature above its melting point for a period long enough to allow a substantial amount of copper to be dissolved from the wires comprising the conductor. The copper forms the brittle intermetallic compound Cu/sub 5/Sn/sub 6/ with tin in the solder. After cooling the conductor is flexed causing a random cracking of the solder, and thereby increasing the interwire resistance of the conductor. The subject invention is particularly adapted for use with braided, ribbon-type solder filled superconductors.

ECO LOGIC INTERNATIONAL GAS-PHASE CHEMICAL REDUCTION PROCESS - THE THERMAL DESORPTION UNIT - APPLICATIONS ANALYSIS REPORT

EPA Science Inventory

ELI ECO Logic International, Inc.'s Thermal Desorption Unit (TDU) is specifically designed for use with Eco Logic's Gas Phase Chemical Reduction Process. The technology uses an externally heated bath of molten tin in a hydrogen atmosphere to desorb hazardous organic compounds fro...

Bis(N-ethyl-N-methyl-dithio-carbamato-κS,S')diphenyl-tin(IV).

PubMed

Muthalib, Amirah Faizah; Baba, Ibrahim; Ng, Seik Weng

2010-03-03

The dithio-carbamate anions in the title compound, [Sn(C(6)H(5))(2)(C(4)H(8)NS(2))(2)], chelate to the Sn(IV) atom, which is six-coordinated in a skew-trapezoidal-bipyramidal geometry. The mol-ecule lies across a twofold rotation axis.

Bis(N-isopropyl-N-methyl-dithio-carbamato-κS,S')diphenyl-tin(IV).

PubMed

Muthalib, Amirah Faizah; Baba, Ibrahim; Farina, Yang; Ng, Seik Weng

2010-03-03

The dithio-carbamate anions in the title compound, [Sn(C(6)H(5))(2)(C(5)H(10)NS(2))(2)], chelate to the Sn(IV) atom, which is six-coordinated in a skew-trapezoidal-bipyramidal geometry. The mol-ecule lies across a twofold rotation axis.

Required Equipment for Photo-Switchable Donor-Acceptor (D-A) Dyad Interfacial Self-Assembled Monolayers for Organic Photovoltaic Cells

DTIC Science & Technology

2014-01-24

Interfacial Tuning via Electron-Blocking/Hole-Transport Layers and Indium Tin Oxide Surface Treatment in Bulk- Heterojunction Organic Photovoltaic Cells...devices Figure 3 shows the compounds we prepared to assemble on gold (Au) surfaces. Results of TPA-C60 dyads (1 and 2) self-assembled on Au electrodes...surface hydroxyl groups, respectively, we decided to prepare compounds 5-7 to attach as SAMs, see Figure 5. Difficulties and unexpected problems

Proceedings of the International Pyrotechnics Seminar (5th) Held 12-16 July 1976, Vail, Colorado.

DTIC Science & Technology

1976-01-01

conducted to look for chromium metal and none was found. Further work is needed to characterize the chemical species which are present in the residue...insoluble hexavalent chromium compounds have been declared a carcinogen by the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). The evaluation... trivalent and tin quadrivalent the ratio of valence electrons to atoms has the value 3 for these compounds. 𔃼 CuZn (I + 2)/2 = 3/ 2 Cu3Al (3 + 3)/4 - 3 2

Characterisation of a PdCl 2/SnCl 2 electroless plating catalyst system adsorbed on barium titanate-based electroactive ceramics

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Meenan, B. J.; Brown, N. M. D.; Wilson, J. W.

1994-03-01

A PdCl 2/SnCl 2 metallisation catalyst system, of the type used to activate non-conducting surfaces for electroless metal deposition, has been characterised by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The substrate is a barium titanate (BaTiO 3)-based electroactive ceramic of the type used in the fabrication of multilayer ceramic capacitors (MLCC). The treatment of the substrate surface with the PdCl 2/SnCl 2 "sensitiser" solution leads to the adsorption of catalytically inactive compounds of palladium and tin. Subsequent treatment of this surface with an "accelerator" solution removes excess oxides, hydroxides and salts of tin thereby leaving the active catalyst species, Pd xSn y, on the surface. Such sites, on exposure to the appropriete electroless plating bath, are then responsible for the metal deposition. In this study, the chemical state and relative quantities of the various surface species present after each of the processing stages have been determined by XPS. The surface roughness of the substrate results in less of the tin compounds present thereon being removed on washing the catalysed surface in the accelerator solution than normally reported for such systems, thereby affecting the measured Pd: Sn ratio. SEM studies show that the accelerator solution treatment generates crystalline areas, which may be a result of coagulation of the Pd xSn y particles present, in the otherwise amorphous catalyst coating.

The effect of Sn on the reactions of n-hexane and cyclohexane over polycrystalline Pt foils

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Fujikawa, T.; Ribeiro, F.H.; Somorjai, G.A.

The modification of the catalytic properties of a polycrystalline platinum foil by the addition of tin was studied by the reactions of n-hexane and cyclohexane in excess H{sub 2}. The reactions were studied at 13.3 kPa of n-hexane, 450 kPa of H{sub 2} and 740 K, and 6.7 kPa of cyclohexane, 450 kPa of H{sub 2} and 573 K. The Pt-Sn catalyst was characterized by Auger electron spectroscopy and by temperature-programmed desorption of CO before and after the reactions. The sites that bind CO most strongly on the Pt foil also have the highest initial turnover rate and are themore » first ones to be poisoned by carbon deposits from hydrocarbon reactions or by sulfur when a sulfur-containing compound (thiophene) is present in the feed. The addition of tin can block these sites preferentially, thus decreasing the undesirable high initial hydrogenolysis rate of platinum catalysts in reforming reactions and eliminating the need for presulfiding the catalyst. Also, tin suppressed the hydrogenolysis reaction preferentially to the isomerization and cyclization reactions thus increasing the selectivities to isomerization and cyclization. The amount of carbon deposited was smaller on tin containing platinum catalysts during the dehydrogenation of cyclohexane and n-hexane.« less

Microwave assisted synthesis, characterization and biocidal activities of some new chelates of carbazole derived Schiff bases of cadmium and tin metals

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yadav, Manju; Mishra, Neelima; Sharma, Nutan; Chandra, Sulekh; Kumar, Dinesh

2014-11-01

This study is planned to report the advancement of green microwave approach in the fabrication of a new series of biologically potent (N^X, where X = O/S) donor Schiff bases and their cadmium(II) and tin(II) complexes. The ligands and their metal complexes have been characterized in terms of elemental analysis, molar ionic conductance, magnetic moment and spectral (IR, UV-Vis, NMR (1H, 119Sn), FAB-mass, thermal and XRD) data. The data revealed that the ligands coordinated to the metal center via nitrogen and oxygen/sulfur atoms and form an octahedral arrangement of the ligands around central metal atom. All compounds were evaluated for their in vitro antimicrobial activities against two pathogenic bacteria Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli and two fungi Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus flavus by standard disc diffusion method. The discs were stored in an incubator at 37 °C. The compounds were dissolved in DMF at 500 and 1000 ppm concentrations for screening biocidal activity. The compounds were dissolved in DMF to get the 100 and 200 ppm concentration of test solutions for screening fungicidal activity. The inhibition zone around each disc was measured (in mm) after 24 h and 96 h for biocidal and fungicidal activities respectively.

Total tin and organotin speciation in historic layers of antifouling paint on leisure boat hulls.

PubMed

Lagerström, Maria; Strand, Jakob; Eklund, Britta; Ytreberg, Erik

2017-01-01

Despite their ban on small vessels in 1989 in the EU, organotin compounds (OTCs) are still being released into the environment due to their presence in historic paint layers on leisure boats. 23 paint samples scraped from recreational boats from three countries around the Baltic Sea were analyzed for total tin (Sn) and OTCs. Two antifouling paint products were also subjected to the same analyses. A new method for the detection of Sn in paint flake samples was developed and found to yield more accurate results compared to four different acid digestion methods. A new method was also developed for the extraction of OTCs from ground paint flakes. This endeavor revealed that existing methods for organotin analysis of sediment may not have full recoveries of OTCs if paint flakes are present in the sample. The hull paint samples had Sn concentrations ranging from 25 to 18,000 mg/kg paint and results showed that tributyltin (TBT) was detected in all samples with concentrations as high as 4.7 g (as Sn)/kg paint. TBT was however not always the major OTC. Triphenyltin (TPhT) was abundant in many samples, especially in those originating from Finland. Several other compounds such as monobutyltin (MBT), dibutyltin (DBT), tetrabutyltin (TeBT), monophenyltin (MPhT) and diphenyltin (DPhT) were also detected. These could be the result of degradation occurring on the hull or of impurities in the paint products as they were also identified in the two analyzed paint products. A linear correlation (r 2  = 0.934) was found between the total tin content and the sum of all detected OTCs. The detection of tin can therefore be used to indicate the presence of OTCs on leisure boats. Copyright © 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.

Enhancement of mechanical properties of 123 superconductors

DOEpatents

Balachandran, Uthamalingam

1995-01-01

A composition and method of preparing YBa.sub.2 Cu.sub.3 O.sub.7-x superconductor. Addition of tin oxide containing compounds to YBCO superconductors results in substantial improvement of fracture toughness and other mechanical properties without affect on T.sub.c. About 5-20% additions give rise to substantially improved mechanical properties.

Stability of Titanium Nitride and Titanium Carbide When Exposed to Hydrogen Atoms from 298 to 1950 K

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Philipp, Warren H.

1961-01-01

Titanium nitride and titanium carbide deposited on tungsten wires were exposed to hydrogen atoms (10(exp -4) atm pressure) produced by the action of microwave radiation on molecular hydrogen. The results of these experiments in the temperature range 298 to 1950 K indicate that no appreciable reaction takes place between atomic hydrogen and TiN or TiC. The formation of reaction products (NH3, CH4, C2H2) should be favored at lower temperatures. However, because of the high catalytic activity of Ti for H atom recombination, the rate of such reactions with H atoms is controlled by the rate of evaporation of Ti from the surface, this rate being low at temperatures below 1200 K. In order to interpret the stability of TiN and TiC in H atoms more fully, the stability of TiN and TiC in vacuum and H2 gas was also studied. The thermodynamic computations conform in order of magnitude to the experimentally found rates of decomposition of TiN and TiC in vacuum and are also consistent with the fact that no appreciable reaction is found with these compounds in molecular H2 at a pressure of 10(exp -3) atmosphere in the temperature range 2980 to 2060 K. When TiN or TiC was heated in atomic H or molecular H2, no reaction products other than those obtained from the simple decomposition of the nitride and carbide were observed. The gaseous products were analyzed in a mass spectrometer.

Electrocatalytic reduction of carbon dioxide on electrodeposited tin-based surfaces

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Alba, Bianca Christina S.; Camayang, John Carl A.; Mopon, Marlon L.; del Rosario, Julie Anne D.

2017-08-01

The electrocatalytic reduction of carbon dioxide to small organic molecular compounds provides a means of generating alternative fuel source while suppressing climate change. Suitable catalysts, however, are necessary to optimize its reaction kinetics towards more valuable products. Consequently, in this study, electrodeposited Sn electrodes have been developed as catalysts for CO2 electroreduction. Deposition potential was varied to produce different Sn catalysts. SEM showed varying morphologies and increasing amount as the applied potential becomes more negative. Cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry showed that the activity and stability of the catalysts towards CO2 reduction depend on the morphology and presence of tin oxides. These results provide a better understanding on the performance of electrodeposited Sn-based surfaces as catalysts for CO2 reduction.

Persistent organic pollutants in selected fishes of the Gulf of Finland

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Järv, Leili; Kiviranta, Hannu; Koponen, Jani; Rantakokko, Panu; Ruokojärvi, Päivi; Radin, Maia; Raid, Tiit; Roots, Ott; Simm, Mart

2017-07-01

Fish samples of Baltic herring, sprat, flounder, perch, salmon, and river lamprey were collected from the Gulf of Finland in 2013 and 2014 with the aim to get an overview of the occurrence of pollutants in fish caught in Estonian waters. The content of non-dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (ndl PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), organic tin (OT) and perfluorocompounds (PFAS) are examined and discussed in the study. The results revealed that potentially higher content of organo-tin compounds, perfluorocompounds and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in Baltic herring, salmon and river lamprey may cause concern regarding human exposure. It is important to link pollutant content to lipid content of fish taking into account their seasonal variation in different age classes.

Sampling of trace volatile metal(loid) compounds in ambient air using polymer bags: a convenient method.

PubMed

Haas, K; Feldmann, J

2000-09-01

The sampling of volatile metal(loid) compounds (VOMs) such as hydrides, methylated, and permethylated species of arsenic, antimony, and tin is described using Tedlar bags. Advantages as well as limitations and constraints are discussed and compared to other widely used sampling techniques within this area, namely, stainless steel canisters, cryotrapping, and solid adsorbent cartridges. To prove the suitability of Tedlar bags for the sampling of volatile metal(loid) compounds, series of stability tests have been run using both laboratory synthetic and real samples analyzed periodically after increasing periods of storage. The samples have been stored in the dark at 20 degrees C and at 50 degrees C. Various volatile arsenic species (AsH3, MeAsH2, Me2AsH, Me3As), tin species (SnH4, MeSnH3, Me2SnH2, Me3SnH, Me4Sn, BuSnH3), and antimony species (SbH3, MeSbH2, Me2SbH, Me3Sb) have been generated using hydride generation methodology and mixed with moisturized air. Three static gaseous atmospheres with concentrations of 0.3-18 ng/L for the various compounds have been generated in Tedlar bags, and the stability of the VOMs has been monitored over a period of 5 weeks. Sewage sludge digester gas samples have been stored only at 20 degrees C for a period of 48 h. Cryotrapping GC/ICPMS has been used for the determination of the VOMs with a relative standard deviation of 5% for 100 pg. After 8 h, the recovery rate of all the compounds in the air atmospheres was better than 95% at 20 and 50 degrees C, whereas the recovery after 24 h was found to be between 81 and 99% for all VOMs at 20 and 50 degrees C except for Me3Sb and Me3As. These species show a loss between 48 and 73% at both temperatures. After 5 weeks at 20 degrees C, a loss of only 25-50% for arsine and stibine and the above-mentioned tin compounds was determined. Only Me3Sb, Me3Bi, and Me2Te were present in the digester gas sample. After 24 h, losses of 44, 10, and 12%, respectively, could be determined. Given these results, Tedlar bags could even be used, with some limitations, for long-term sampling of air containing traces of VOMs. The loss is more pronounced at higher temperatures.

Chemical effect on diffusion in intermetallic compounds

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chen, Yi-Ting

With the trend of big data and the Internet of things, we live in a world full of personal electronic devices and small electronic devices. In order to make the devices more powerful, advanced electronic packaging such as wafer level packaging or 3D IC packaging play an important role. Furthermore, ?-bumps, which connect silicon dies together with dimension less than 10 ?m, are crucial parts in advanced packaging. Owing to the dimension of ?-bumps, they transform into intermetallic compound from tin based solder after the liquid state bonding process. Moreover, many new reliability issues will occur in electronic packaging when the bonding materials change; in this case, we no longer have tin based solder joint, instead, we have intermetallic compound ?-bumps. Most of the potential reliability issues in intermetallic compounds are caused by the chemical reactions driven by atomic diffusion in the material; thus, to know the diffusivities of atoms inside a material is significant and can help us to further analyze the reliability issues. However, we are lacking these kinds of data in intermetallic compound because there are some problems if used traditional Darken's analysis. Therefore, we considered Wagner diffusivity in our system to solve the problems and applied the concept of chemical effect on diffusion by taking the advantage that large amount of energy will release when compounds formed. Moreover, by inventing the holes markers made by Focus ion beam (FIB), we can conduct the diffusion experiment and obtain the tracer diffusivities of atoms inside the intermetallic compound. We applied the technique on Ni3Sn4 and Cu3Sn, which are two of the most common materials in electronic packaging, and the tracer diffusivities are measured under several different temperatures; moreover, microstructure of the intermetallic compounds are investigated to ensure the diffusion environment. Additionally, the detail diffusion mechanism was also discussed in aspect of diffusion activation enthalpy and diffusion pre-factor by using lattice structure simulation. Last but not the least, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and First principal calculation simulation were used to observe the electron binding energies in the intermetallic compound and illustrate the partial covalent bonding behavior in the intermetallic compounds.

Transformation of methyltin chlorides and stannic chloride under simulated landfill conditions.

PubMed

Björn, Annika; Hörsing, Maritha; Ejlertsson, Jörgen; Svensson, Bo H

2011-12-01

There is increasing concern regarding the fate of methyltins in the environment, particularly since large amounts of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) plastics are deposited in landfills. The potential transformation of methyltin chlorides and stannic chloride in landfills was investigated, by incubating the target substances at concentrations relevant to landfill conditions (100 and 500 µg Sn L(-1)). The amounts of methane formed in all treatment bottles, and controls, were measured to evaluate the general microbial activity of the inocula and possible effects of methyltins on the degradation of organic matter. The methyltins and stannic chloride were found to have no significant inhibitory effects on the activity of landfill micro-organisms, and the methanol used to disperse the tin compounds was completely degraded. In some experimental bottles, the methanol degradation gave rise to larger methane yields than expected, which was attributed to enhanced degradation of the waste material. Alkyltin analyses showed that monomethyltin trichloride at an initial concentration of 500 µg Sn L(-1) promoted methylation of inorganic tin present in the inoculum. No methylation activities were detected in the incubations with 100 µg Sn L(-1) methyltin chlorides (mono-, di- or tri-methyltin), but demethylation occurred instead. Levels of soluble inorganic tin increased during the incubation period, due partly to demethylation and partly to a release of tin from the waste inocula.

Enhancement of mechanical properties of 123 superconductors

DOEpatents

Balachandran, U.

1995-04-25

A composition and method are disclosed of preparing YBa{sub 2}Cu{sub 3}O{sub 7{minus}x} superconductor. Addition of tin oxide containing compounds to YBCO superconductors results in substantial improvement of fracture toughness and other mechanical properties without affect on T{sub c}. About 5-20% additions give rise to substantially improved mechanical properties.

Bis(N-ethyl-N-methyl­dithio­carbamato-κ2 S,S′)diphenyl­tin(IV)

PubMed Central

Muthalib, Amirah Faizah; Baba, Ibrahim; Ng, Seik Weng

2010-01-01

The dithio­carbamate anions in the title compound, [Sn(C6H5)2(C4H8NS2)2], chelate to the SnIV atom, which is six-coordinated in a skew-trapezoidal-bipyramidal geometry. The mol­ecule lies across a twofold rotation axis. PMID:21580470

Bis(N-isopropyl-N-methyl­dithio­carbamato-κ2 S,S′)diphenyl­tin(IV)

PubMed Central

Muthalib, Amirah Faizah; Baba, Ibrahim; Farina, Yang; Ng, Seik Weng

2010-01-01

The dithio­carbamate anions in the title compound, [Sn(C6H5)2(C5H10NS2)2], chelate to the SnIV atom, which is six-coordinated in a skew-trapezoidal-bipyramidal geometry. The mol­ecule lies across a twofold rotation axis. PMID:21580469

Mineralogical Characterization of Hispano-Moresque Glazes: A µ-Raman and Scanning Electron Microscopy with X-Ray Energy Dispersive Spectrometry (SEM-EDS) Study.

PubMed

Coentro, Susana; da Silva, Rui C; Relvas, Cátia; Ferreira, Teresa; Mirão, José; Pleguezuelo, Alfonso; Trindade, Rui; Muralha, Vânia S F

2018-06-05

This work explores the combination of µ-Raman spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy with X-ray energy dispersive spectrometry (SEM-EDS) for the study of the glazes in 15th-16th century Hispano-Moresque architectural tiles. These are high lead glazes that can be tin-opacified or transparent, and present five colors: tin-white, cobalt-blue, copper-green, iron-amber, and manganese-brown. They are generally homogenous and mineral inclusions are mostly concentrated in the glaze-ceramic interface. Through SEM-EDS, these inclusions were observed and chemically analyzed, whereas µ-Raman allowed their identification on a molecular level. K-feldspars, wollastonite and diopside were the most common compounds, as well as cassiterite agglomerates that render the glaze opaque. Malayaite was identified in green glazes, and andradite and magnesioferrite in amber glazes. Co-Ni-ferrites were identified in blue glazes, as well as Ni-Fe-olivines. Manganese-brown is the color where most compounds were identified: bustamite, jacobsite, hausmannite, braunite, and kentrolite. Through the µ-Raman analysis of different areas in large inclusions previously observed by SEM, it was possible to identify intermediate phases that illustrate the reaction process that occurs between the color-conferring compounds and the surrounding lead glaze. Furthermore, the obtained results allowed inference of the raw materials and firing temperatures used on the manufacture of these tiles.

Microwave assisted synthesis, characterization and biocidal activities of some new chelates of carbazole derived Schiff bases of cadmium and tin metals.

PubMed

Yadav, Manju; Mishra, Neelima; Sharma, Nutan; Chandra, Sulekh; Kumar, Dinesh

2014-11-11

This study is planned to report the advancement of green microwave approach in the fabrication of a new series of biologically potent (N^X, where X=O/S) donor Schiff bases and their cadmium(II) and tin(II) complexes. The ligands and their metal complexes have been characterized in terms of elemental analysis, molar ionic conductance, magnetic moment and spectral (IR, UV-Vis, NMR ((1)H, (119)Sn), FAB-mass, thermal and XRD) data. The data revealed that the ligands coordinated to the metal center via nitrogen and oxygen/sulfur atoms and form an octahedral arrangement of the ligands around central metal atom. All compounds were evaluated for their in vitro antimicrobial activities against two pathogenic bacteria Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli and two fungi Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus flavus by standard disc diffusion method. The discs were stored in an incubator at 37°C. The compounds were dissolved in DMF at 500 and 1000 ppm concentrations for screening biocidal activity. The compounds were dissolved in DMF to get the 100 and 200 ppm concentration of test solutions for screening fungicidal activity. The inhibition zone around each disc was measured (in mm) after 24 h and 96 h for biocidal and fungicidal activities respectively. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Characterising in situ activation and degradation of hindered amine light stabilisers using liquid extraction surface analysis-mass spectrometry.

PubMed

Paine, Martin R L; Barker, Philip J; Blanksby, Stephen J

2014-01-15

Changes in the molecular structure of polymer antioxidants such as hindered amine light stabilisers (HALS) is central to their efficacy in retarding polymer degradation and therefore requires careful monitoring during their in-service lifetime. The HALS, bis-(1-octyloxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidinyl) sebacate (TIN123) and bis-(1,2,2,6,6-pentamethyl-4-piperidinyl) sebacate (TIN292), were formulated in different polymer systems and then exposed to various curing and ageing treatments to simulate in-service use. Samples of these coatings were then analysed directly using liquid extraction surface analysis (LESA) coupled with a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. Analysis of TIN123 formulated in a cross-linked polyester revealed that the polymer matrix protected TIN123 from undergoing extensive thermal degradation that would normally occur at 292°C, specifically, changes at the 1- and 4-positions of the piperidine groups. The effect of thermal versus photo-oxidative degradation was also compared for TIN292 formulated in polyacrylate films by monitoring the in situ conversion of N-CH3 substituted piperidines to N-H. The analysis confirmed that UV light was required for the conversion of N-CH3 moieties to N-H - a major pathway in the antioxidant protection of polymers - whereas this conversion was not observed with thermal degradation. The use of tandem mass spectrometric techniques, including precursor-ion scanning, is shown to be highly sensitive and specific for detecting molecular-level changes in HALS compounds and, when coupled with LESA, able to monitor these changes in situ with speed and reproducibility. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Persistence of TBT and copper in excess on leisure boat hulls around the Baltic Sea.

PubMed

Eklund, Britta; Watermann, Burkard

2018-05-01

A handheld XRF-analyzer specially calibrated for measurements of metals on plastic boat hulls has been used on leisure boats in Denmark (DK), Finland (FI), and Germany (DE). The results on tin and copper are presented as μg metal/cm 2 . Tin is a proxy for the occurrence of organotin compounds on the boat. Two or three sites were visited in each country and between 25 and 90 boats were measured at each site. Every boat was measured at six to eight places, and the results are presented both as mean and median values. Linear regression of mean to median values of the 377 data pairs shows high relationship with R 2  = 0.9566 for tin and R 2 of 0.9724 for copper and thus both ways of calculation may be used. However, for regulative use, it is suggested that all individual measurements on each boat should be presented and used for decisions of removal or sealing of boat hulls. The results are compared with published data from different parts of Sweden, i.e., boats in fresh water, brackish water, and salt water. The results show that tin with mean values > 50 μg Sn/cm 2 is still found on 42, 24, and 23% of the boats in DK, FI, and DE, respectively. The corresponding percentages based on median values are 38, 22, and 18% for DK, FI, and DE, respectively. The variation among boats is high with a maximum mean value of 2000 μg Sn/cm 2 . As comparison, one layer of an old TBT antifouling paint Hempels Hard racing superior, corresponds to 300 μg Sn/cm 2 . The percentage of boats with tin > 400 μg Sn/cm 2 content based on mean values was 10% in DK, 5% in FI, and 1% in DE. The corresponding median values were 9, 6, and 1% for DK, FI, and DE. Copper, > 100 μg Cu/cm 2 , was detected on all measured boats in DK and in DE and on all but 3% of the FI boats. One layer of Hempels MilleXtra corresponds to ̴ 4000 μg Cu/cm 2 . The recommendation on the can is to apply two layers. The proportion of boats with higher mean copper values than 8000 μg Cu/cm 2 was 51, 56, and 61 for boats in DK, FI, and DE, respectively. The proportion based on median values > 8000 μg Cu/cm 2 was 50, 54, and 61% for DK, FI, and DE. The conclusion is that many leisure boats around the Baltic Sea still display or possess antifouling paints containing organotin compounds and that more than half of the boats have more copper than needed for one boat season according to the paint producers. Much of these known toxic compounds will probably be released into the environment and harm the biota. The calibrated XRF-method, intended for area measurements on boat hulls, is an easy and cheap way to detect boats with organotin compounds and high copper content. We recommend environmental authorities to use this method for identification of such boats and to use the results for requesting measures to minimize further leakage to the environment.

Structure and Properties of Sn2Se3, a mixed valent tin selenium compound

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Xing, Guangzong; Li, Yuwei; Fan, Xiaofeng; Zhang, Lijun; Singh, David

Sn2Se3 is a possibly expected phase based on analogy with Sn2S3 but it has never been reported. It is of interest due to reported phase change memories using this composition using transitions between an amorphous phase and an unknown crystalline phase. We identify the crystal structure Sn2Se3 and report its properties at ambient pressure based on the ab initio evolutionary methodology for crystal structure prediction implemented in the Calypso code. We find a structure based on Sn-Se ribbons with clear Sn(II)and Sn(IV)sites similar to the structure of Sn2S3. Compared with the known phase SnSe (Pnma) +SnSe2 (P-3m1), the energy is only 2.3meV/atom higher. The electronic structure of this phase shows mixed valent tins Sn2+ and Sn4+ in this compound. A small band gap of 0.023 eV is obtained from the band structure consistent with the small resistance reported by Kyung-Min Chung et al. Work at the University of Missouri is supported by DOE through the S3TEC EFRC.

Growth of Compound Semiconductors in a Low Gravity Environment: Microgravity Growth of PbSnTe

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Fripp, Archibald L.; Debnam, William J.; Rosch, William R.; Baker, N. R.; Narayanan, R.

1999-01-01

The growth of the alloy compound semiconductor lead tin telluride (PbSnTe) was chosen for a microgravity flight experiment in the Advanced Automated Directional Solidification Furnace (AADSF), on the United States Microgravity Payload-3 (USMP-3) and on USMP-4 Space Shuttle flights in February, 1996, and November, 1997. The objective of these experiments was to determine the effect of the reduction in convection, during the growth process, brought about by the microgravity environment. The properties of devices made from PbSnTe are dependent on the ratio of the elemental components in the starting crystal. Compositional uniformity in the crystal is only obtained if there is no significant mixing in the liquid during growth. Lead tin telluride is an alloy of PbTe and SnTe. The technological importance of PbSnTe lies in its band gap versus composition diagram which has a zero energy crossing at approximately 40% SnTe. This facilitates the construction of long wavelength (>6 micron) infrared detectors and lasers. Observations and experimental methods of crystal growth of PbSnTe on both Space Shuttle Flights are presented.

Classification of white wine aromas with an electronic nose.

PubMed

Lozano, J; Santos, J P; Horrillo, M C

2005-09-15

This paper reports the use of a tin dioxide multisensor array based electronic nose for recognition of 29 typical aromas in white wine. Headspace technique has been used to extract aroma of the wine. Multivariate analysis, including principal component analysis (PCA) as well as probabilistic neural networks (PNNs), has been used to identify the main aroma added to the wine. The results showed that in spite of the strong influence of ethanol and other majority compounds of wine, the system could discriminate correctly the aromatic compounds added to the wine with a minimum accuracy of 97.2%.

Evaluating Zeolite-Modified Sensors: towards a faster set of chemical sensors

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Berna, A. Z.; Vergara, A.; Trincavelli, M.; Huerta, R.; Afonja, A.; Parkin, I. P.; Binions, R.; Trowell, S.

2011-09-01

The responses of zeolite-modified sensors, prepared by screen printing layers of chromium titanium oxide (CTO), were compared to unmodified tin oxide sensors using amplitude and transient responses. For transient responses we used a family of features, derived from the exponential moving average (EMA), to characterize chemo-resistive responses. All sensors were tested simultaneously against 20 individual volatile compounds from four chemical groups. The responses of the two types of sensors showed some independence. The zeolite-modified CTO sensors discriminated compounds better using either amplitude response or EMA features and CTO-modified sensors also responded three times faster.

Rapid and sensitive analytical method for monitoring of 12 organotin compounds in natural waters.

PubMed

Vahčič, Mitja; Milačič, Radmila; Sčančar, Janez

2011-03-01

A rapid analytical method for the simultaneous determination of 12 different organotin compounds (OTC): methyl-, butyl-, phenyl- and octyl-tins in natural water samples was developed. It comprises of in situ derivatisation (by using NaBEt4) of OTC in salty or fresh water sample matrix adjusted to pH 6 with Tris-citrate buffer, extraction of ethylated OTC into hexane, separation of OTC in organic phase on 15 m GC column and subsequent quantitative determination of separated OTC by ICP-MS. To optimise the pH of ethylation, phosphate, carbonate and Tris-citrate buffer were investigated alternatively to commonly applied sodium acetate - acetic acid buffer. The ethylation yields in Tris-citrate buffer were found to be better for TBT, MOcT and DOcT in comparison to commonly used acetate buffer. Iso-octane and hexane were examined as organic phase for extraction of ethylated OTC. The advantage of hexane was in its ability for quantitative determination of TMeT. GC column of 15 m in length was used for separation of studied OTC under the optimised separation conditions and its performances compared to 30 m column. The analytical method developed enables sensitive simultaneous determination of 12 different OTC and appreciably shortened analysis time in larger series of water samples. LOD's obtained for the newly developed method ranged from 0.05-0.06 ng Sn L-1 for methyl-, 0.11-0.45 ng Sn L-1 for butyl-, 0.11-0.16 ng Sn L-1 for phenyl-, and 0.07-0.10 ng Sn L-1 for octyl-tins. By applying the developed analytical method, marine water samples from the Northern Adriatic Sea containing mainly butyl- and methyl-tin species were analysed to confirm the proposed method's applicability.

Powder-XRD and (14) N magic angle-spinning solid-state NMR spectroscopy of some metal nitrides.

PubMed

Kempgens, Pierre; Britton, Jonathan

2016-05-01

Some metal nitrides (TiN, ZrN, InN, GaN, Ca3 N2 , Mg3 N2 , and Ge3 N4 ) have been studied by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) and (14) N magic angle-spinning (MAS) solid-state NMR spectroscopy. For Ca3 N2 , Mg3 N2 , and Ge3 N4 , no (14) N NMR signal was observed. Low speed (νr  = 2 kHz for TiN, ZrN, and GaN; νr  = 1 kHz for InN) and 'high speed' (νr  = 15 kHz for TiN; νr  = 5 kHz for ZrN; νr  = 10 kHz for InN and GaN) MAS NMR experiments were performed. For TiN, ZrN, InN, and GaN, powder-XRD was used to identify the phases present in each sample. The number of peaks observed for each sample in their (14) N MAS solid-state NMR spectrum matches perfectly well with the number of nitrogen-containing phases identified by powder-XRD. The (14) N MAS solid-state NMR spectra are symmetric and dominated by the quadrupolar interaction. The envelopes of the spinning sidebands manifold are Lorentzian, and it is concluded that there is a distribution of the quadrupolar coupling constants Qcc 's arising from structural defects in the compounds studied. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Synthesis and characterization of cathode, anode and electrolyte materials for rechargeable lithium batteries

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yang, Shoufeng

Two new classes of cathode materials were studied: iron phosphate/sulfate materials and layered manganese oxides, both of which are low cost and had shown some potential. The first class of materials have poor conductivity and cyclability. I studied a number of methods for increasing the conductivity, and determined that grinding the material with carbon black was as effective as special in-situ coatings. The optimum carbon loading was determined to be between 6 and 15 wt%. Too much carbon reduces the volumetric energy density, whereas too little significantly increased cell polarization (reduced the rate of reaction). The kinetic and thermodynamic stability of LiFePO 4 was also studied and it was determined that over discharge protection will be needed as irreversible Li3PO4 can be formed at low potentials. A novel hydrothermal synthesis method was developed, but the significant level of Fe on the Li site reduces the reaction rate too much. In the case of the layered manganese oxide, cation substitution with Co and Ni is found to be effective in avoiding Jahn-Teller effects and improving electrochemistry. A wide range of tin compounds have been suggested as lithium storage media for advanced anode materials, as tin can store over 4 Li per Sn atom. Lithium hexafluorophosphate, LiPF6, is presently the salt of choice for LiCoO2 batteries, but it is expensive and dissolves some manganese compounds. The lithium bis(oxolato)borate (BOB) salt was recently reported, and I made a study of its use in cells with the LiFePO4 cathode and the tin anode. During its synthesis, it became clear that LiBOB is very reactive with many solvents, and these complexes were characterized to better understand this new material. In LiBOB the lithium is five coordinated, an unstable configuration for the lithium ion so that water and many other solvents rapidly react to make a six coordination. Only in the case of ethylene carbonate was the lithium found to be four coordinated. The LiBOB based electrolyte has a lower ionic conductivity than LiPF6, thus providing a poorer performance, while the capacity retention is improved. Further improvement of conductivity is still needed. Improved LiFePO4 cathode materials have been formed, the behavior of pure tin in the form of foil has been determined and will serve as the base case for future studies of tin based anodes, and the structure and electrochemical behavior of the new LIBOB electrolyte salt has been determined. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)

Technoeconomic and environmental assessment of industrial organotin compounds.

PubMed

Wilkinson, R R

1984-01-01

Current uses of organotins include heat stabilizers for polyvinyl chloride (PVC), catalysts for polyurethane foam and silicone rubber, biocides, and animal health products. Domestic production consumption in 1982 is about 28 million pounds, and overall growth is estimated at 7 percent per year. Physical properties of organotins, including solubility in water, octanol-water partition coefficients, and Freundlich adsorption isotherm constants, are not well characterized. Analytical methods for tin in environmental and biological matrices involve concentration, separation, and identification by chromatography, spectrometry, and spectroscopy. Environmental fate and effects of organotins are not well understood. Degradation reactions may yield a complex set of products, including inorganic tin oxide. The effects of exposure of workers and release of organotins to the environment at point sources have been documented. Nonpoint sources of environmental exposure include discard and sanitary landfill disposal of plastics and direct release of biocides to aquatic or marine environments. Other dissipative uses of organotins which pose potential human risk include PVC food wrapping and bottles and rigid potable water pipe. The long term health effects of low level exposure to organotins are not known. Toxic metal cycling in the environment, including biomethylation of inorganic tin by naturally occurring bacteria, is of rising concern.

Crystal structure of bis­{μ-(E)-2-[(2-oxido­phenyl­imino)­meth­yl]quinolin-8-olato-κ4 O,N,N′,O′}bis­[di­butyl­tin(IV)

PubMed Central

Carlos, Camacho-Camacho; Naytzé, Ortiz-Pastrana; Ariadna, Garza-Ortiz; Irma, Rojas-Oviedo

2017-01-01

Condensation of 8-hy­droxy­quinoline-2-carbaldehyde with 2-amino­phenol gave the (E)-2-[(2-hy­droxy­phenyl­imino)­meth­yl]quinolin-8-ol derivative that reacted with di-n-butyl­tin oxide with release of H2O to yield the chelate title complex, [Sn2(C4H9)4(C16H10N2O2)2]. The compound crystallizes in the triclinic space group P-1, with two independent centrosymmetric dimers in the unit cell. Each features a typical pincer-type structure where the dianionic ligand is tetra­dentate, coordinating to the central tin atom through both phenolate oxygen atoms, as well as through the quinoline and imine N atoms. Each metal atom adopts a distorted penta­gonal–bipyramidal SnC2N2O3 coordination arising from the N,N′,O,O′-tetra­dentate deprotonated Schiff base, one bridging phenolate O atom of the neighbouring ligand and two butyl groups in the axial sites. PMID:28083122

Investigations on structural, elastic, thermodynamic and electronic properties of TiN, Ti2N and Ti3N2 under high pressure by first-principles

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yang, Ruike; Zhu, Chuanshuai; Wei, Qun; Du, Zheng

2016-11-01

The lattice parameters, cell volume, elastic constants, bulk modulus, shear modulus, Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio are calculated at zero pressure, and their values are in excellent agreement with the available data, for TiN, Ti2N and Ti3N2. By using the elastic stability criteria, it is shown that the three structures are all stable. The brittle/ductile behaviors are assessed in the pressures from 0 GPa to 50 GPa. Our calculations present that the performances for TiN, Ti2N and Ti3N2 become from brittle to ductile with pressure rise. The Debye temperature rises as pressure increase. With increasing N content, the enhancement of covalent interactions and decline of metallicity lead to the increase of the micro-hardness. Their constant volume heat capacities increase rapidly in the lower temperature, at a given pressure. At higher temperature, the heat capacities are close to the Dulong-Petit limit, and the heat capacities of TiN and Ti2N are larger than that of c-BN. The thermal expansion coefficients of titanium nitrides are slightly larger than that of c-BN. The band structure and the total Density of States (DOS) are calculated at 0 GPa and 50 GPa. The results show that TiN and Ti2N present metallic character. Ti3N2 present semiconducting character. The band structures have some discrepancies between 0 GPa and 50 GPa. The extent of energy dispersion increases slightly at 50 GPa, which means that the itinerant character of electrons becomes stronger at 50 GPa. The main bonding peaks of TiN, Ti2N and Ti3N2 locate in the range from -10 to 10 eV, which originate from the contribution of valance electron numbers of Ti s, Ti p, Ti d, N s and N p orbits. We can also find that the pressure makes that the total DOS decrease at the Fermi level for Ti2N. The bonding behavior of N-Ti compounds is a combination of covalent and ionic nature. As N content increases, valence band broadens, valence electron concentration increases, and covalent interactions become stronger. This is reflected in shortening of Ti-N bonds.

Self-consistent full-potential linearized-augmented-plane-wave local-density electronic-structure studies of magnetism and superconductivity in C15 compounds: ZrZn2 and ZrV2

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Huang, Mei-Chun; Jansen, H. J. F.; Freeman, A. J.

1988-03-01

The electronic structure and properties of the cubic Laves phase (C15) compounds ZrZn2 and ZrV2 have been determined using our all-electron full-potential linearized-augmented-plane-wave (FLAPW) method for bulk solids. The computations were performed in two stages: (i) self-consistent warped muffin tin and (ii) self-consistent full potential. Spin-orbit coupling was included after either stage. The effects of the inclusion of the nonspherical terms inside the muffin tins on the eigenvalues is found to be small (of order 1 mRy). However, due to the fact that some of the bands near the Fermi level are flat, this effect leads to a much higher value of the density of states at EF in ZnZr2. The most important difference between the materials ZrZn2 and ZrV2 is the position of the d bands derived from the Zr and V atoms. Consequently, these materials have completely different Fermi surfaces. We have investigated the magnetic properties of these compounds by evaluating their generalized Stoner factors and found agreement with experiment. Our results for the superconducting transition temperature for these materials is found to be strongly dependent on the spin fluctuation parameter μsp. Of course, because of the magnetic transition, superconductivity cannot be observed in ZnZr2.

Environmental Fate and Effects of Organotin Biocides: A Molecular and Microbiological Assessment.

DTIC Science & Technology

1986-12-12

GROUP__ biocides, antifouling compounds, environment, tributyltin , 08 organotin, tin, standards, biodegradation, organometals !9.\\ASTRACT (Continue on...and effects of the toxic tributyltin species, an active agent in new ship antifouling coatings. -44-4eiped- vltratrace’butyltin measurement’ ehdl c d...Standards Gaithersburg, MD 20899 Introduction New tributyltin -based antifouling paints, some types already widely used in the private sector, offer

In situ experiments for element species-specific environmental reactivity of tin and mercury compounds using isotopic tracers and multiple linear regression.

PubMed

Rodriguez-Gonzalez, Pablo; Bouchet, Sylvain; Monperrus, Mathilde; Tessier, Emmanuel; Amouroux, David

2013-03-01

The fate of mercury (Hg) and tin (Sn) compounds in ecosystems is strongly determined by their alkylation/dealkylation pathways. However, the experimental determination of those transformations is still not straightforward and methodologies need to be refined. The purpose of this work is the development of a comprehensive and adaptable tool for an accurate experimental assessment of specific formation/degradation yields and half-lives of elemental species in different aquatic environments. The methodology combines field incubations of coastal waters and surface sediments with the addition of species-specific isotopically enriched tracers and a mathematical approach based on the deconvolution of isotopic patterns. The method has been applied to the study of the environmental reactivity of Hg and Sn compounds in coastal water and surface sediment samples collected in two different coastal ecosystems of the South French Atlantic Coast (Arcachon Bay and Adour Estuary). Both the level of isotopically enriched species and the spiking solution composition were found to alter dibutyltin and monomethylmercury degradation yields, while no significant changes were measurable for tributyltin and Hg(II). For butyltin species, the presence of light was found to be the main source of degradation and removal of these contaminants from surface coastal environments. In contrast, photomediated processes do not significantly influence either the methylation of mercury or the demethylation of methylmercury. The proposed method constitutes an advancement from the previous element-specific isotopic tracers' approaches, which allows for instance to discriminate the extent of net and oxidative Hg demethylation and to identify which debutylation step is controlling the environmental persistence of butyltin compounds.

10 CFR Appendix C to Part 20 - Quantities 1 of Licensed Material Requiring Labeling

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... Indium-115 100 Indium-116m 1,000 Indium-117m 1,000 Indium-117 1,000 Indium-119m 1,000 Tin-110 100 Tin-111 1,000 Tin-113 100 Tin-117m 100 Tin-119m 100 Tin-121m 100 Tin-121 1,000 Tin-123m 1,000 Tin-123 10 Tin-125 10 Tin-126 10 Tin-127 1,000 Tin-128 1,000 Antimony-115 1,000 Antimony-116m 1,000 Antimony-116 1...

Process for the manufacture of an attrition resistant sorbent used for gas desulfurization

DOEpatents

Venkataramani, Venkat S.; Ayala, Raul E.

2003-09-16

This process produces a sorbent for use in desulfurization of coal gas. A zinc titanate compound and a metal oxide are mixed by milling the compounds in an aqueous medium, the resulting mixture is dried and then calcined, crushed, sleved and formed into pellets for use in a moving-bed reactor. Metal oxides suitable for use as an additive in this process include: magnesium oxide, magnesium oxide plus molybdenum oxide, calcium oxide, yttrium oxide, hafnium oxide, zirconium oxide, cupric oxide, and tin oxide. The resulting sorbent has a percentage of the original zinc or titanium ions substituted for the oxide metal of the chosen additive.

Steering Charge Kinetics of Tin Niobate Photocatalysts: Key Roles of Phase Structure and Electronic Structure

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Huang, Shushu; Wang, Chunyan; Sun, Hao; Wang, Xiaojing; Su, Yiguo

2018-05-01

Tin niobate photocatalysts with the phase structures of froodite (SnNb2O6) and pyrochlore (Sn2Nb2O7) were obtained by a facile solvothermal method in order to explore the impact of phase structure and electronic structure on the charge kinetics and photocatalytic performance. By employing tin niobate as a model compound, the effects of phase structure over electronic structure, photocatalytic activity toward methyl orange solution and hydrogen evolution were systematically investigated. It is found that the variation of phase structure from SnNb2O6 to Sn2Nb2O7 accompanied with modulation of particle size and band edge potentials that has great consequences on photocatalytic performance. In combination with the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), transient photocurrent responses, transient absorption spectroscopy (TAS), and the analysis of the charge-carrier dynamics suggested that variation of electronic structure has great impacts on the charge separation and transfer rate of tin niobate photocatalysts and the subsequent photocatalytic performance. Moreover, the results of the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) indicated that the existent of Sn4+ species in Sn2Nb2O7 could result in a decrease in photocatalytic activity. Photocatalytic test demonstrated that the SnNb2O6 (froodite) catalyst possesses a higher photocatalytic activity toward MO degradation and H2 evolution compared with the sample of Sn2Nb2O7 (pyrochlore). On the basis of spin resonance measurement and trapping experiment, it is expected that photogenerated holes, O2 -•, and OH• active species dominate the photodegradation of methyl orange.

Steering Charge Kinetics of Tin Niobate Photocatalysts: Key Roles of Phase Structure and Electronic Structure.

PubMed

Huang, Shushu; Wang, Chunyan; Sun, Hao; Wang, Xiaojing; Su, Yiguo

2018-05-23

Tin niobate photocatalysts with the phase structures of froodite (SnNb 2 O 6 ) and pyrochlore (Sn 2 Nb 2 O 7 ) were obtained by a facile solvothermal method in order to explore the impact of phase structure and electronic structure on the charge kinetics and photocatalytic performance. By employing tin niobate as a model compound, the effects of phase structure over electronic structure, photocatalytic activity toward methyl orange solution and hydrogen evolution were systematically investigated. It is found that the variation of phase structure from SnNb 2 O 6 to Sn 2 Nb 2 O 7 accompanied with modulation of particle size and band edge potentials that has great consequences on photocatalytic performance. In combination with the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), transient photocurrent responses, transient absorption spectroscopy (TAS), and the analysis of the charge-carrier dynamics suggested that variation of electronic structure has great impacts on the charge separation and transfer rate of tin niobate photocatalysts and the subsequent photocatalytic performance. Moreover, the results of the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) indicated that the existent of Sn 4+ species in Sn 2 Nb 2 O 7 could result in a decrease in photocatalytic activity. Photocatalytic test demonstrated that the SnNb 2 O 6 (froodite) catalyst possesses a higher photocatalytic activity toward MO degradation and H 2 evolution compared with the sample of Sn 2 Nb 2 O 7 (pyrochlore). On the basis of spin resonance measurement and trapping experiment, it is expected that photogenerated holes, O 2 -• , and OH • active species dominate the photodegradation of methyl orange.

Electronic structure of semiconducting alkali-metal silicides and germanides

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tegze, M.; Hafner, J.

1989-11-01

We present self-consistent linearized-muffin-tin-orbital calculations of the electronic structure of three alkali-metal germanides and silicides (KGe, NaGe, and NaSi). Like the alkali-metal-lead compounds investigated in our earlier work [M. Tegze and J. Hafner, Phys. Rev. B 39, 8263 (1989)] the Ge and Si compounds of the alkali metals form complex structures based on the packing of tetrahedral Ge4 and Si4 clusters. Our calculations show that all three compounds are narrow-gap semiconductors. The width of the energy gap depends on two main factors: the ratio of the intracluster to the intercluster interactions between the group-IV elements (which increases from Pb to Si) and the strength of the interactions between the alkali-metal atoms (which varies with the size ratio).

Distance dependent quenching and gamma-ray spectroscopy in tin-loaded polystyrene scintillators

DOE PAGES

Feng, Patrick L; Mengesha, Wondwosen; Anstey, Mitchell R.; ...

2016-02-01

In this study, we report the synthesis and inclusion of rationally designed organotin compounds in polystyrene matrices as a route towards plastic scintillators capable of gamma-ray spectroscopy. Tin loading ratios of up to 15% w/w have been incorporated, resulting in photopeak energy resolution values as low as 10.9% for 662 keV gamma-rays. Scintillator constituents were selected based upon a previously reported distance-dependent quenching mechanism. Data obtained using UV-Vis and photoluminescence measurements are consistent with this phenomenon and are correlated with the steric and electronic properties of the respective organotin complexes. We also report fast scintillation decay behavior that is comparablemore » to the quenched scintillators 0.5% trans-stilbene doped bibenzyl and the commercial plastic scintillator BC-422Q-1%. These observations are discussed in the context of practical considerations such as optical transparency, ease-of-preparation/scale-up, and total scintillator cost.« less

Analytical applications of condensed phosphoric acid-IV Iodometric determination of sulphur in sulphate and sulphide ores and minerals and other compounds after reduction with sodium hypophosphite and tin metal in condensed phosphoric acid.

PubMed

Mizoguchi, T; Ishii, H

1980-06-01

Sulphate in sulphate ores, e.g., alunite, anglesite, barytes, chalcanthite, gypsum, manganese sulphate ore, is reduced to hydrogen sulphide by the hypophosphite-tin metal-CPA method, if a slight modification is made. Sulphide ores, e.g., galena, sphalerite, are quantitatively decomposed with CPA alone to give hydrogen sulphide. Suitable reducing agents must be used for the quantitative recovery of hydrogen sulphide from pyrite, nickel sulphide, cobalt sulphide and cadmium sulphide, or elemental sulphur is liberated. Iodide must be used in the decomposition of chalcopyrite; the copper sulphide is too stable to be decomposed by CPA alone. Molybdenite is not decomposed in CPA even if reducing agents are added. The pretreatment methods for the determination of sulphur in sulphur oxyacids and elemental sulphur have also been investigated.

Utilization of wasted cockle shell as a natural coagulant and a neutralizer of polluted water in Bangka Belitung islands, Indonesia

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tiandho, Y.; Aldila, H.; Mustari; Megiyo; Afriani, F.

2018-05-01

Bangka Belitung Islands is the largest tin producer in Indonesia. The high activity of tin mining caused the environmental damage which had an impact on the emergence of clean water crisis in some areas in this province. In this paper, a simple water quality improvement method based on wasted cockle shell was developed. Based on x-ray diffraction analysis it is known that calcination of cockle shell powder at 700°C will decompose the powder into calcium oxide compound. The addition of calcined cockle shell powder into acidic water from Merawang Sub-district will increase the pH of water through the process of forming hydroxide groups in the water. The calcined cockle shell powder can also coagulate pollutants in some polluted water from Koba Sub-district. The coagulation results were analyzed using SEM/EDS.

Drilling fluids and thinners therefor

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Allison, G.M. III

1986-10-21

This patent describes an aqueous drilling fluid comprising water, finely divided solids and a first agent and a second agent. The first agent comprises a sulfoalkylated tannin containing no complexing heavy metal. The second agent comprises at least one at least partly water-soluble metal compound comprising tin. The weight ratio of the first agent to the second agent is in the range from about 100;1 to about 1:1.

Organotin-Induced Hemolysis, Shape Transformation and Intramembranous Aggregates in Human Erythrocytes

DTIC Science & Technology

1987-01-01

tributyltin , triethyltin, tripropyltin. 3. Abbreviations: DBT, dibutylin dichloride; MBT, butyltinchloride dihydroxide; SnCl2, stannous chloride; TBT , tri...compounds induce membrane lysis at low concentrations (Byington et al., 1974). Tri-n-butvltin ( TBT ) is a very effective hemolytic agent, causing membrane...based on numbers of butyl chains or numbers of carbon atoms in alkyl chains. TBT has been shown to produce 60-70 nm diameter, tin-containing

Insoluble zinc, cupric and tin pyrophosphates inhibit the formation of volatile sulphur compounds.

PubMed

Jonski, G; Young, A; Wåler, S M; Rölla, G

2004-10-01

Oral malodour is mainly a result of the production of volatile sulphur compounds (VSC). The present study was concerned with investigating the anti-VSC effect of insoluble pyrophosphates (PP) of zinc, copper(II) and tin(II). The hypothesis to be tested was that the sulphide anions produced when VSC are solubilized in water have a higher affinity for the respective metal ions than the PP anion. The anti-VSC effects of insoluble PP were compared with the corresponding soluble metal salts using three in vitro methods: saliva putrefaction; dialysis of a suspension of PP and saliva against water; and analysis of water containing hydrogen sulphide and methyl mercaptan gases, and gases in the headspace. The levels of VSC were analysed by gas chromatography in the first and third methods, and released metal ions were analysed by atomic absorption spectroscopy in the second. The results showed that: the insoluble metal PP inhibited VSC formation in saliva by 99-100%; under dialysis, only minute amounts of metal ions are released from the combination of PP and saliva; and the PP lost their metal cations in water containing dissolved gases and inhibited VSC formation. Hence, the results support the experimental hypothesis. Sulphide ions are obviously very strong ligands for these metal ions.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Wang, Shanmin; Yu, Xiaohui; Zhang, Jianzhong

Here, we report synthesis of single-crystal VN and CrN through high-pressure ionexchange reaction routes. The final products are stoichiometric and have crystallite sizes in the range of 50-120 mu m. We also prepared VN and TiN crystals using high-pressure sintering of nitride powders. On the basis of single-crystal indentation testing, the determined asymptotic Vickers hardness for TiN, VN, and CrN is 18 (1), 10 (1), and 16 (1) GPa, respectively. Moreover, the relatively low hardness in VN indicates that the metallic bonding prevails due to the overfilled metallic a bonds, although the cation-anion covalent hybridization in this compound is muchmore » stronger than that in TiN and CrN. All three nitrides are intrinsically excellent metals at ambient pressure. In particular, VN exhibits superconducting transition at T-c approximate to 7.8 K, which is slightly lower than the reported values for nitrogen-deficient or crystallinedisordered samples due to unsuppressed "spin fluctuation" in the well-crystallized stoichiometric VN. The magnetostructural transition in CrN correlates with a metal metal transition at T-N = 240(5) K and is accompanied by a similar to 40% drop in electrical resistivity. Additionally, more detailed electronic properties are presented with new insights into these nitrides.« less

Synthesis, Hardness, and Electronic Properties of Stoichiometric VN and CrN

DOE PAGES

Wang, Shanmin; Yu, Xiaohui; Zhang, Jianzhong; ...

2015-11-09

Here, we report synthesis of single-crystal VN and CrN through high-pressure ionexchange reaction routes. The final products are stoichiometric and have crystallite sizes in the range of 50-120 mu m. We also prepared VN and TiN crystals using high-pressure sintering of nitride powders. On the basis of single-crystal indentation testing, the determined asymptotic Vickers hardness for TiN, VN, and CrN is 18 (1), 10 (1), and 16 (1) GPa, respectively. Moreover, the relatively low hardness in VN indicates that the metallic bonding prevails due to the overfilled metallic a bonds, although the cation-anion covalent hybridization in this compound is muchmore » stronger than that in TiN and CrN. All three nitrides are intrinsically excellent metals at ambient pressure. In particular, VN exhibits superconducting transition at T-c approximate to 7.8 K, which is slightly lower than the reported values for nitrogen-deficient or crystallinedisordered samples due to unsuppressed "spin fluctuation" in the well-crystallized stoichiometric VN. The magnetostructural transition in CrN correlates with a metal metal transition at T-N = 240(5) K and is accompanied by a similar to 40% drop in electrical resistivity. Additionally, more detailed electronic properties are presented with new insights into these nitrides.« less

Self-consistent full-potential linearized-augmented-plane-wave local-density electronic-structure studies of magnetism and superconductivity in C15 compounds: ZrZn/sub 2/ and ZrV/sub 2/

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Huang, M.; Jansen, H.J.F.; Freeman, A.J.

The electronic structure and properties of the cubic Laves phase (C15) compounds ZrZn/sub 2/ and ZrV/sub 2/ have been determined using our all-electron full-potential linearized-augmented-plane-wave (FLAPW) method for bulk solids. The computations were performed in two stages: (i) self-consistent warped muffin tin and (ii) self-consistent full potential. Spin-orbit coupling was included after either stage. The effects of the inclusion of the nonspherical terms inside the muffin tins on the eigenvalues is found to be small (of order 1 mRy). However, due to the fact that some of the bands near the Fermi level are flat, this effect leads to amore » much higher value of the density of states at E/sub F/ in ZnZr/sub 2/. The most important difference between the materials ZrZn/sub 2/ and ZrV/sub 2/ is the position of the d bands derived from the Zr and V atoms. Consequently, these materials have completely different Fermi surfaces. We have investigated the magnetic properties of these compounds by evaluating their generalized Stoner factors and found agreement with experiment. Our results for the superconducting transition temperature for these materials is found to be strongly dependent on the spin fluctuation parameter ..mu../sub sp/. Of course, because of the magnetic transition, superconductivity cannot be observed in ZnZr/sub 2/.« less

The C-Terminal Extension Unique to the Long Isoform of the Shelterin Component TIN2 Enhances Its Interaction with TRF2 in a Phosphorylation- and Dyskeratosis Congenita Cluster-Dependent Fashion.

PubMed

Nelson, Nya D; Dodson, Lois M; Escudero, Laura; Sukumar, Ann T; Williams, Christopher L; Mihalek, Ivana; Baldan, Alessandro; Baird, Duncan M; Bertuch, Alison A

2018-06-15

TIN2 is central to the shelterin complex, linking the telomeric proteins TRF1 and TRF2 with TPP1/POT1. Mutations in TINF2 , which encodes TIN2, that are found in dyskeratosis congenita (DC) result in very short telomeres and cluster in a region shared by the two TIN2 isoforms, TIN2S (short) and TIN2L (long). Here we show that TIN2L, but not TIN2S, is phosphorylated. TRF2 interacts more with TIN2L than TIN2S, and both the DC cluster and phosphorylation promote this enhanced interaction. The binding of TIN2L, but not TIN2S, is affected by TRF2-F120, which is also required for TRF2's interaction with end processing factors such as Apollo. Conversely, TRF1 interacts more with TIN2S than with TIN2L. A DC-associated mutation further reduces TIN2L-TRF1, but not TIN2S-TRF1, interaction. Cells overexpressing TIN2L or phosphomimetic TIN2L are permissive to telomere elongation, whereas cells overexpressing TIN2S or phosphodead TIN2L are not. Telomere lengths are unchanged in cell lines in which TIN2L expression has been eliminated by clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)/Cas9-mediated mutation. These results indicate that TIN2 isoforms are biochemically and functionally distinguishable and that shelterin composition could be fundamentally altered in patients with TINF2 mutations. Copyright © 2018 Nelson et al.

Combustion Synthesis Technology Applied to In-situ Resource Utilization

DTIC Science & Technology

2006-06-15

or bond energies. When both the precursor salts and the fuel are water soluble, a good homogenization can be achieved in the solution. In the...metallic compounds, e.g. Ni-Al. Steel processing additives, e.g. ferro-nitrides. Electrodes for electrolysis of corrosive media, e.g. TiN, TiB2...reactants; 4. Spreading of a molten phase; 5. Gasification of volatile impurities and reactants; 6. Chemical reaction with initial product formation; 7

Effect of C and N Addition on Thermoelectric Properties of TiNiSn Half-Heusler Compounds.

PubMed

Dow, Hwan Soo; Kim, Woo Sik; Shin, Weon Ho

2018-02-08

We investigated the thermoelectric properties of the ternary half-Heusler compound, TiNiSn, when introducing C and N. The addition of C or N to TiNiSn leads to an enhanced power factor and a decreasing lattice thermal conductivity by point defect phonon scattering. The thermoelectric performances of TiNiSn alloys are significantly improved by adding 1 at. % TiN, TiC, and figure of merit ( ZT ) values of 0.43 and 0.34, respectively, can be obtained at 723 K. This increase in thermoelectric performance is very helpful in the commercialization of thermoelectric power generation in the mid-temperature range.

Investigation of Coatings for Langmuir Probes in an Oxygen-Rich Space Environment

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Samaniego, J. I.; Wang, X.; Andersson, L.; Malaspina, D.; Ergun, R.; Horanyi, M.

2017-12-01

The surface properties of the Langmuir probes, such as the one on the MAVEN mission, will change after exposure to upper planetary atmospheres where high concentrations of atomic oxygen and other oxidizing compounds are present. TiN (Titanium Nitride) or DAG (a resin based graphite dispersion) are the most common coatings for current Langmuir probes, yet both of these coatings pose issues when exposed to oxygen-rich space environment. TiN showed reduced surface conductivity while the DAG layers erode with exposure to oxygen. It is known that Iridium (Ir) and Rhenium (Rh) are difficult to oxidize and maintain high conductivity even in their oxidized forms, suggesting them to be good candidates for probe coatings. Oxidation of most metals creates a resistive layer on the surface of the probe that will affect the amount of current being collected at a given voltage during the probe sweep and therefore affect the accuracy of plasma parameters determined by the Langmuir probe (e.g. density, temperature). We present the results of the oxidation effect on the current-voltage curves (I-V curves) and therefore the resulting measured plasma parameters of Ir and Rh wire probes compared with other control metals and coatings (Cu, Ni, TiN) in controlled plasma environments. The oxidation process is performed in an oxygen plasma chamber in which both O+ and O2+ are created and accelerated toward the probes with energies < 10 eV. An argon plasma chamber is used to compare the probe's I-V curves before and after the oxidation process. Our preliminary results indicate that iridium shows the least effect of oxidation on the probe measurements. The second objective of this study is to identify methods that can be used in orbit to clean the surface of Langmuir probes to minimize the effect of exposure to oxidizing compounds.

The role of Tin Oxide Concentration on The X-ray Diffraction, Morphology and Optical Properties of In2O3:SnO2 Thin Films

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hasan, Bushra A.; Abdallah, Rusul M.

2018-05-01

Alloys were performed from In2O3 doped SnO2 with different doping ratio by quenching from the melt technique. Pulsed Laser Deposition PLD was used to deposit thin films of different doping ratio In2O3 : SnO2 (0, 1, 3, 5, 7 and 9 % wt.) on glass substrate at ambient temperature under vacuum of 10-3 bar thickness of ∼100nm. The structural type,grain size and morphology of the prepared alloys compounds and thin films were examined using X-ray diffraction and atomic force microscopy. The results showed that all alloys have polycrystalline structures and the peaks belonged to the preferred plane for crystal growth were identical with the ITO (Indium – Tin –Oxide) standard cards also another peaks were observed belonged to SnO2 phase. The structures of thin films was also polycrystalline, and the predominate peaks are identical with standard cards ITO. On the other side the prepared thin films declared decrease a reduction of degree of crystallinity with the increase of doping ratio. Atomic Force Microscopy AFM measurements showed the average grain size and average surface roughness exhibit to change in systematic manner with the increase of doping ratio with tin oxide. The optical measurements show that the In2O3:SnO2 thin films have a direct energy gap Eg opt in the first stage decreases with the increase of doping ratio and then get to increase with further increase of doping ration, whereas reverse to that the optical constants such as refractive index (n), extinction coefficient (k) and dielectric constant (εr, εi) have a regular increase with the doping ratio by tin oxide and then decreases.

Synthesis and Characterization of Tin(IV) Oxide Obtained by Chemical Vapor Deposition Method

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Nagirnyak, Svitlana V.; Lutz, Victoriya A.; Dontsova, Tatiana A.; Astrelin, Igor M.

2016-07-01

The effect of precursors on the characteristics of tin oxide obtained by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method was investigated. The synthesis of nanosized tin(IV) oxide was carried out with the use of two different precursors: tin(II) oxalate obtained using tin chloride(II) and oxalic acid; tin(II) oxalate obtained using tin chloride(II); and ammonium oxalate. The synthesized tin(IV) oxide samples were studied by electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and optical spectra. The lattice parameters of tin(IV) oxide samples were defined, the bandgap of samples were calculated.

Three new drimane sesquiterpenoids from cultures of the fungus Penicillium sp.

PubMed

Ding, Jian-Hai; Ding, Zhang-Gui; Chunyu, Wei-Xun; Zhao, Jiang-Yuan; Wang, Hai-Bin; Liu, Shi-Wei; Wang, Fei

2017-08-01

Three new drimane sesquiterpenoids, 12-hydroxyalbrassitriol (1), drim-8(12)-en-6β,7α, 9α,11-tetraol (2), and drim-68(12)-dien-9α,11-diol (3), along with one known analog albrassitriol (4), were isolated from cultures of the tin mine tailings-associated fungus Penicillium sp. The new structures were determined on the basis of extensive spectroscopic analyses. All compounds were tested for their cytotoxicities against five human cancer cell lines.

Di-tert-butyl-bis(N-isopropyl-N-methyl-dithio-carbamato-κS,S')tin(IV).

PubMed

Muthalib, Amirah Faizah; Baba, Ibrahim; Samsudin, Mohd Wahid; Ng, Seik Weng

2010-03-03

The dithio-carbamate anions in the title compound, [Sn(C(4)H(9))(2)(C(5)H(10)NS(2))(2)], chelate to the Sn(IV) atom, which is six-coordinated in a skew-trapezoidal-bipyramidal geometry. The mol-ecule lies across a twofold rotation axis. The crystal studied was a non-merohedral twin, the ratio of the twin components being 0.82 (1):0.18 (1).

Inspection method for the identification of TBT-containing antifouling paints.

PubMed

Senda, Tetsuya; Miyata, Osamu; Kihara, Takeshi; Yamada, Yasujiro

2003-04-01

In order to ensure the effectiveness of the international convention which will prohibit the use of organotin compounds in antifouling paints applied to ships, it is essential to establish an inspection system to determine the presence of the prohibited compounds in the paint. In the present study, a method for the identification of organotin containing antifouling paints using a two-stage analysis process is investigated. Firstly, X-ray fluorescence analysis (XRF) is utilized, which could be used at the place of ship surveys or port state control. Using a portable XRF instrument customized for ship inspection, analysis is automatically executed and determines whether tin is present or not. If the presence of tin is confirmed by XRF, the sample is subsequently examined at an analytical laboratory using more rigorous analytical techniques, such as gas chromatograph mass spectrometry (GC-MS). A sampling device has been designed. It is a disc of approximately 10 mm diameter and has abrasive paper pasted to one of its flat surfaces. The device is pressed onto and then slid along a ship hull to lightly scrape off fragments of paint onto the abrasive paper. Preliminary field tests have revealed that sampling from a ship in dock yields successful collection of the paint for XRD analysis and that the resultant damage caused to the antifouling paint surface by the sampling technique was found to be negligible.

Thermodynamic, electronic, and magnetic properties of intrinsic vacancy defects in antiperovskite Ca3SnO

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Batool, Javaria; Alay-e-Abbas, Syed Muhammad; Amin, Nasir

2018-04-01

The density functional theory based total energy calculations are performed to examine the effect of charge neutral and fully charged intrinsic vacancy defects on the thermodynamic, electronic, and magnetic properties of Ca3SnO antiperovskite. The chemical stability of Ca3SnO is evaluated with respect to binary compounds CaO, CaSn, and Ca2Sn, and the limits of atomic chemical potentials of Ca, Sn, and O atoms for stable synthesis of Ca3SnO are determined within the generalized gradient approximation parametrization scheme. The electronic properties of the pristine and the non-stoichiometric forms of this compound have been explored and the influence of isolated intrinsic vacancy defects (Ca, Sn, and O) on the structural, bonding, and electronic properties of non-stoichiometric Ca3SnO are analyzed. We also predict the possibility of achieving stable ferromagnetism in non-stoichiometric Ca3SnO by means of charge neutral tin vacancies. From the calculated total energies and the valid ranges of atomic chemical potentials, the formation energetics of intrinsic vacancy defects in Ca3SnO are evaluated for various growth conditions. Our results indicate that the fully charged calcium vacancies are thermodynamically stable under the permissible Sn-rich condition of stable synthesis of Ca3SnO, while tin and oxygen vacancies are found to be stable under the extreme Ca-rich condition.

International strategic minerals inventory summary report; tin

USGS Publications Warehouse

Sutphin, D.M.; Sabin, A.E.; Reed, B.L.

1990-01-01

The International Strategic Minerals Inventory tin inventory contains records for 56 major tin deposits and districts in 21 countries. These countries accounted for 98 percent of the 10 million metric tons of tin produced in the period 1934-87. Tin is a good alloying metal and is generally nontoxic, and its chief uses are as tinplate for tin cans and as solder in electronics. The 56 locations consist of 39 lode deposits and 17 placers and contain almost 7.5 million metric tons of tin in identified economic resources (R1E) and another 1.5 million metric tons of tin in other resource categories. Most of these resources are in major deposits that have been known for over a hundred years. Lode deposits account for 44 percent of the R1E and 87 percent of the resources in other categories. Placer deposits make up the remainder. Low-income and middle-income countries, including Bolivia and Brazil and countries along the Southeast Asian Tin Belt such as Malaysia, Thailand, and Indonesia account for 91 percent of the R1E resources of tin and for 61 percent of resources in other categories. The United States has less than 0.05 percent of the world's tin R1E in major deposits. Available data suggest that the Soviet Union may have about 4 percent of resources in this category. The industrial market economy countries of the United States, Japan, Federal Republic of Germany, and the United Kingdom are major consumers of tin, whereas the major tin-producing countries generally consume little tin. The Soviet Union and China are both major producers and consumers of tin. At the end of World War II, the four largest tin-producing countries (Bolivia, the Belgian Congo (Zaire), Nigeria, and Malaysia) produced over 80 percent of the world's tin. In 1986, the portion of production from the four largest producers (Malaysia, Brazil, Soviet Union, Indonesia) declined to about 55 percent, while the price of tin rose from about $1,500 to $18,000 per metric ton. In response to tin shortages during World War II, the United States began stockpiling refined tin metal from approximately 1946 to 1953 to ensure a strategic supply in the event of another war. Since World War II, there have been six International Tin Agreements to maintain price and supply stability between tin producers and consumers. Artificially high prices set by the tin-producing members and a tin glut brought on by independent producers like Brazil caused the collapse of the world tin market in late 1985; the International Tin Council exhausted its credit to support the market price. By the year 2025, Bolivia's underground lode mines will likely have insignificant production, as will those in the United Kingdom. Tin mines in the Southeast Asian Tin Belt will still be active. Brazil, which has risen from the eighth-ranked tin-producing country in 1982 to the largest producer in 1988, will likely be a major influence on world tin production well into the 21st century. The future mining activity of deposits presently inactive in Australia is impossible to predict.

Growth rates and interface shapes in germanium and lead tin telluride observed in-situ, real-time in vertical Bridgman furnaces

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Barber, P. G.; Berry, R. F.; Debnam, W. J.; Fripp, A. L.; Woodell, G.; Simchick, R. T.

1995-01-01

Using the advanced technology developed to visualize the melt-solid interface in low Prandtl number materials, crystal growth rates and interface shapes have been measured in germanium and lead tin telluride semiconductors grown in vertical Bridgman furnaces. The experimental importance of using in-situ, real time observations to determine interface shapes, to measure crystal growth rates, and to improve furnace and ampoule designs is demonstrated. The interface shapes observed in-situ, in real-time were verified by quenching and mechanically induced interface demarcation, and they were also confirmed using machined models to ascertain the absence of geometric distortions. Interface shapes depended upon the interface position in the furnace insulation zone, varied with the nature of the crystal being grown, and were dependent on the extent of transition zones at the ends of the ampoule. Actual growth rates varied significantly from the constant translation rate in response to the thermophysical properties of the crystal and its melt and the thermal conditions existing in the furnace at the interface. In the elemental semiconductor germanium the observed rates of crystal growth exceeded the imposed translation rate, but in the compound semiconductor lead tin telluride the observed rates of growth were less than the translation rate. Finally, the extent of ampoule thermal loading influenced the interface positions, the shapes, and the growth rates.

Discontinuous and continuous hardening processes in calcium and calcium—tin micro-alloyed lead: influence of 'secondary-lead' impurities

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bouirden, L.; Hilger, J. P.; Hertz, J.

Different transformations in leadcalcium and leadcaciumtin alloys are observed with various complementary techniques such as anisothermal microcalorimetry, optical and electronic microscopy, hardness measurements. Three alloy states are studied: as-cast, rehomogenised/water-quenched, rehomogenised/air-cooled. With binary leadcalcium alloys, three successive discontinuous transformations are observed, namely: an initial and complete discontinuous transformation with regular moving of the front of reaction; a second and incomplete discontinuous transformation (puzzle-shaped); a third and incomplete discontinuous transformation with precipitation of Pb 3Ca. The role of secondary-lead impurities is complex: Ag reduces and Bi accelerates the rate of the discontinuous reaction, while Al refines the grain size. Leadcalciumtin are characterized by the Sn/Ca ratio. For very small values of this ratio, the hardening is similar to that of leadcalcium alloys. For high ratio values, the hardening takes place after an incubation period and proceeds via a continuous micro-precipitation of the (PbSn) 3Ca Compound. For intermediate ratios, the different processes are able to operate separately in sequence. Ag increases the rate of the continuous precipitation and reduces the incubation time. No significant effects are observed with Bi or Al. The kinetic laws of the different transformations are presented and values for the energy of activation are determined.

Synthesis, crystal structures and coordination modes of some triorganotin(IV) complexes with 2-N-propyl and 2-N-benzyl-amino-1-cyclopentene-1-dithiocarboxylates

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

López-Cardoso, Marcela; Vargas-Pineda, Gabriela; Román-Bravo, Perla Patricia; Rodríguez-Narváez, Cristina; Rosas-Valdez, Elena; Cea-Olivares, Raymundo

2016-07-01

The syntheses and characterization of six new triorganotin(IV) complexes, Ph3Sn(PrACDA) (1), Bu3Sn(PrACDA) (2), Ph3Sn(BzACDA) (3), Bu3Sn(BzACDA) (4), Me3Sn(BzACDA) (5) and Cy3Sn(BzACDA) (6) (ACDA = 2-amino-1-cyclopentene-1-carbodithioate anion) are reported. Compounds 1-6 were synthesized by the reaction between the sodium salts of 2-N-propyl- or 2-N-benzyl-2-amino-1-cyclopentene-1-carbodithioate and R3SnCl (R = Ph, Bu, Me, Cy) in a 1:1 M ratio. The complexes were characterized by elemental analyses, IR and NMR (1H, 13C and 119Sn) spectroscopy and by FAB+ mass spectrometry. The experimental data reveal that the tin atom is coordinated to the ligand by means of the two sulfur atoms from the carbodithioate group in an anisobidentate mode, while the 119Sn{1H} NMR spectra suggest a pentacoordinate metal center in 1-4 and a tetracoordinate tin atom for 5 and 6. The molecular structures of complexes 1, 3 and 5 were confirmed by single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis showing the presence of N-H···S hydrogen bonding and a distorted trigonal bipyramid geometry for the tin atoms.

Control of indium tin oxide anode work function modified using Langmuir-Blodgett monolayer for high-efficiency organic photovoltaics

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yokokura, Yuya; Dogase, Tomomichi; Shinbo, Tatsuki; Nakayashiki, Yuya; Takagi, Yusuke; Ueda, Kazuyoshi; Sarangerel, Khayankhyarvaa; Delgertsetseg, Byambasuren; Ganzorig, Chimed; Sakomura, Masaru

2017-08-01

The use of Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) monolayers to modify the indium tin oxide (ITO) work function and thus improve the performance of zinc phthalocyanine (ZnPc)/fullerene (C60)-based and boron subphthalocyanine chloride (SubPc)/C60-based small molecule organic photovoltaic devices (OPVs) was examined. In general, LB precursor compounds contain one or more long alkyl chain substituents that can act as spacers to prevent electrical contact with adjoining electrode surfaces. As one example of such a compound, arachidic acid (CH3(CH2)18COOH) was inserted in the forms of one-layer, three-layer or five-layer LB films between the anode ITO layer and the p-type layer in ZnPc-C60-based OPVs to investigate the effects of the long alkyl chain group when it acts as an electrically insulating spacer. The short-circuit current density (Jsc) values of the OPVs with the three- and five-layer inserts (1.78 mA.cm-2 and 0.61 mA.cm-2, respectively) were reduced dramatically, whereas the Jsc value for the OPV with the single-layer insertion (2.88 mA.cm-2) was comparable to that of the OPV without any insert (3.14 mA.cm-2). The ITO work function was shifted positively by LB deposition of a surfactant compound, C9F19C2H4-O-C2H4-COOH (PFECA), which contained a fluorinated head group. This positive effect was maintained even after formation of an upper p-type organic layer. The Jsc and open-circuit voltage (Voc) of the SubPc-C60-based OPV with the LB-modified ITO layers were effectively enhanced. As a result, a 42% increase in device efficiency was achieved.

40 CFR 421.290 - Applicability: Description of the secondary tin subcategory.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... secondary tin subcategory. 421.290 Section 421.290 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY... Tin Subcategory § 421.290 Applicability: Description of the secondary tin subcategory. The provisions of this subpart are applicable to discharges resulting from the production of tin at secondary tin...

40 CFR 421.290 - Applicability: Description of the secondary tin subcategory.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... secondary tin subcategory. 421.290 Section 421.290 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY... Tin Subcategory § 421.290 Applicability: Description of the secondary tin subcategory. The provisions of this subpart are applicable to discharges resulting from the production of tin at secondary tin...

40 CFR 421.290 - Applicability: Description of the secondary tin subcategory.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... secondary tin subcategory. 421.290 Section 421.290 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY... Tin Subcategory § 421.290 Applicability: Description of the secondary tin subcategory. The provisions of this subpart are applicable to discharges resulting from the production of tin at secondary tin...

40 CFR 421.290 - Applicability: Description of the secondary tin subcategory.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... secondary tin subcategory. 421.290 Section 421.290 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY... Tin Subcategory § 421.290 Applicability: Description of the secondary tin subcategory. The provisions of this subpart are applicable to discharges resulting from the production of tin at secondary tin...

40 CFR 421.290 - Applicability: Description of the secondary tin subcategory.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... secondary tin subcategory. 421.290 Section 421.290 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY... Tin Subcategory § 421.290 Applicability: Description of the secondary tin subcategory. The provisions of this subpart are applicable to discharges resulting from the production of tin at secondary tin...

Micellar modified spectrophotometric determination of nitrobenzenes based upon reduction with tin(II), diazotisation and coupling with the Bratton-Marshall reagent.

PubMed

Escrig-Tena, I; Alvarez Rodríguez, L; Esteve-Romero, J; García-Alvarez-Coque, M C

1998-09-01

Nitrobenzenes, such as the antibiotic chloramphenicol, the vasodilator nicardipine, and the herbicides dinitramin, dinobuton, fenitrothion, methylparathion, oxyfluorfen, parathion, pendimethalin, quintozene, and trifluralin, were determined by using a spectrophotometric method in the visible region (540 nm). The method was based on the reduction of the nitrobenzenes to arylamines with tin(II) chloride, diazotisation of the arylamines and coupling of the diazonium ions with the Bratton-Marshall reagent. The two latter reactions were performed in a micellar medium of sodium dodecyl sulphate. The linear calibration range was 2x10(-6) to 7x10(-5) M (r>0.999), with limits of detection in the 10(-7) M level, which is 2-6 fold lower with respect to the corresponding spectrophotometric procedure in non-micellar medium. The procedure was applied to the analysis of the compounds in commercial preparations (pharmaceuticals and herbicide formulations) and in water samples, with good recoveries.

Room Temperature Ferromagnetism of Fe Doped Indium Tin Oxide Based on Dispersed Fe3O4 Nanoparticles

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Okada, Koichi; Kohiki, Shigemi; Nishi, Sachio; Shimooka, Hirokazu; Deguchi, Hiroyuki; Mitome, Masanori; Bando, Yoshio; Shishido, Toetsu

2007-09-01

Transmission electron microscopy revealed that Fe3O4 nanoparticles with diameter of ≈200 nm dispersed in Fe doped indium tin oxide (Fe@ITO) powders exhibiting co-occurrence of room temperature ferromagnetism and superparamagnetism. Although we observed no X-ray diffraction peak from Fe related compounds for Fe0.19@ITO (ITO: In1.9Sn0.1O3) powders, the powders showed both hysteresis loop in field dependent magnetization at 300 K and divergence of zero-field-cooled magnetization from field-cooled magnetization. Scanning transmission electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy demonstrated that the nanoparticle with diameter of ≈200 nm consists of Fe and oxygen. Transmission electron diffraction revealed that crystal structure of the nanoparticle is inverse spinel type Fe3O4. The Fe3O4 crystalline phase by electron diffraction is consistent with the saturation magnetization of 1.3 μB/Fe and magnetic anomaly at ≈110 K observed for the powders.

Fabrication of high crystalline SnS and SnS2 thin films, and their switching device characteristics.

PubMed

Choi, Hyeongsu; Lee, Jeongsu; Shin, Seokyoon; Lee, Juhyun; Lee, Seungjin; Park, Hyunwoo; Kwon, Sejin; Lee, Namgue; Bang, Minwook; Lee, Seung-Beck; Jeon, Hyeongtag

2018-05-25

Representative tin sulfide compounds, tin monosulfide (SnS) and tin disulfide (SnS 2 ) are strong candidates for future nanoelectronic devices, based on non-toxicity, low cost, unique structures and optoelectronic properties. However, it is insufficient for synthesizing of tin sulfide thin films using vapor phase deposition method which is capable of fabricating reproducible device and securing high quality films, and their device characteristics. In this study, we obtained highly crystalline SnS thin films by atomic layer deposition and obtained highly crystalline SnS 2 thin films by phase transition of the SnS thin films. The SnS thin film was transformed into SnS 2 thin film by annealing at 450 °C for 1 h in H 2 S atmosphere. This phase transition was confirmed by x-ray diffractometer and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and we studied the cause of the phase transition. We then compared the film characteristics of these two tin sulfide thin films and their switching device characteristics. SnS and SnS 2 thin films had optical bandgaps of 1.35 and 2.70 eV, and absorption coefficients of about 10 5 and 10 4 cm -1 in the visible region, respectively. In addition, SnS and SnS 2 thin films exhibited p-type and n-type semiconductor characteristics. In the images of high resolution-transmission electron microscopy, SnS and SnS 2 directly showed a highly crystalline orthorhombic and hexagonal layered structure. The field effect transistors of SnS and SnS 2 thin films exhibited on-off drain current ratios of 8.8 and 2.1 × 10 3 and mobilities of 0.21 and 0.014 cm 2 V -1 s -1 , respectively. This difference in switching device characteristics mainly depends on the carrier concentration because it contributes to off-state conductance and mobility. The major carrier concentrations of the SnS and SnS 2 thin films were 6.0 × 10 16 and 8.7 × 10 13 cm -3 , respectively, in this experiment.

Fabrication of high crystalline SnS and SnS2 thin films, and their switching device characteristics

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Choi, Hyeongsu; Lee, Jeongsu; Shin, Seokyoon; Lee, Juhyun; Lee, Seungjin; Park, Hyunwoo; Kwon, Sejin; Lee, Namgue; Bang, Minwook; Lee, Seung-Beck; Jeon, Hyeongtag

2018-05-01

Representative tin sulfide compounds, tin monosulfide (SnS) and tin disulfide (SnS2) are strong candidates for future nanoelectronic devices, based on non-toxicity, low cost, unique structures and optoelectronic properties. However, it is insufficient for synthesizing of tin sulfide thin films using vapor phase deposition method which is capable of fabricating reproducible device and securing high quality films, and their device characteristics. In this study, we obtained highly crystalline SnS thin films by atomic layer deposition and obtained highly crystalline SnS2 thin films by phase transition of the SnS thin films. The SnS thin film was transformed into SnS2 thin film by annealing at 450 °C for 1 h in H2S atmosphere. This phase transition was confirmed by x-ray diffractometer and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and we studied the cause of the phase transition. We then compared the film characteristics of these two tin sulfide thin films and their switching device characteristics. SnS and SnS2 thin films had optical bandgaps of 1.35 and 2.70 eV, and absorption coefficients of about 105 and 104 cm‑1 in the visible region, respectively. In addition, SnS and SnS2 thin films exhibited p-type and n-type semiconductor characteristics. In the images of high resolution-transmission electron microscopy, SnS and SnS2 directly showed a highly crystalline orthorhombic and hexagonal layered structure. The field effect transistors of SnS and SnS2 thin films exhibited on–off drain current ratios of 8.8 and 2.1 × 103 and mobilities of 0.21 and 0.014 cm2 V‑1 s‑1, respectively. This difference in switching device characteristics mainly depends on the carrier concentration because it contributes to off-state conductance and mobility. The major carrier concentrations of the SnS and SnS2 thin films were 6.0 × 1016 and 8.7 × 1013 cm‑3, respectively, in this experiment.

Comparative assessment of gastrointestinal irritant potency in man of tin(II) chloride and tin migrated from packaging.

PubMed

Boogaard, Peter J; Boisset, Michel; Blunden, Steve; Davies, Scot; Ong, Teng Jin; Taverne, Jean-Pierre

2003-12-01

Tin is present in low concentrations in most canned foods and beverages, the highest levels being found in products packaged in unlacquered or partially lacquered tinplate cans. A limited number of case-reports of acute gastrointestinal disorders after consumption of food containing 100-500 mg/kg tin have been reported, but these reports suffer many insufficiencies. Controlled clinical studies on acute effects of tin migrated from packaging suggest a threshold concentration for adverse effects (AEs) of >730 mg/kg. Two separate randomised, single-centre, double-blind, crossover studies, enabling comparison of the tolerability of tin added as tin(II) chloride at concentrations of <0.5, 161, 264 and 529 mg/kg in 250 ml tomato juice in 20 volunteers (Study 1) and tin migrated from packaging at concentrations of <0.5, 201 and 267 mg/kg in 250 ml tomato soup in 24 volunteers (Study 2) were carried out. Distribution studies were conducted to get insight in the acute AEs of low molecular weight (<1000 Da) tin species in the soluble fraction of food products. Results show that the chemical form of tin and not the elemental concentration per se determines the severity of AEs. A clear dose-response relationship was only observed when tin was added as tin(II) chloride in tomato juice. No clinically significant AEs were reported in Study 2 and comparison of the incidence of tin-related AEs showed no difference between the dose levels (including control). Tin species of low molecular weight in supernatant represented 31-32% of total tin in canned tomato soup versus 56-61% in juice freshly spiked with tin(II) chloride. Differences in the incidence of AEs following administration of tomato juice with 161 and 264 mg of tin per kg and tomato soup with 201 and 267 mg of tin per kg likely results from differences in the concentration of low molecular weight tin species and in the nature of tin complexes formed. The results of this work demonstrate that tin levels up to 267 mg/kg in canned food cause no AEs in healthy adults and support the currently proposed tin levels of 200 mg/kg and 250 mg/kg for canned beverages and canned foods, respectively, as safe levels for adults in the general population.

Insights into the intramolecular donor stabilisation of organostannylene palladium and platinum complexes: syntheses, structures and DFT calculations.

PubMed

Wagner, Michael; Deáky, Vajk; Dietz, Christina; Martincová, Jana; Mahieu, Bernard; Jambor, Roman; Herres-Pawlis, Sonja; Jurkschat, Klaus

2013-05-17

The syntheses of the transition metal complexes cis-[(4-tBu-2,6-{P(O)(OiPr)2}2C6H2SnCl)2MX2] (1, M = Pd, X = Cl; 2, M = Pd, X = Br; 3, M = Pd, X = I; 4, M = Pt, X = Cl), cis-[{2,6-(Me2NCH2)2C6H3SnCl}2MX2] (5, M = Pd, X = I; 6, M = Pt, X = Cl), trans-[{2,6-(Me2NCH2)2C6H3SnI}2PtI2] (7) and trans-[(4-tBu-2,6-{P(O)(OiPr)2}2C6H2SnCl)PdI2]2 (8) are reported. Also reported is the serendipitous formation of the unprecedented complexes trans-[(4-tBu-2,6-{P(O)(OiPr)2}2C6H2SnCl)2Pt(SnCl3)2] (10) and [(4-tBu-2,6-{P(O)(OiPr)2}2C6H2SnCl)3Pt(SnCl3)2] (11). The compounds were characterised by elemental analyses, (1)H, (13)C, (31)P, (119)Sn and (195)Pt NMR spectroscopy, single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis, UV/Vis spectroscopy and, in the cases of compounds 1, 3 and 4, also by Mössbauer spectroscopy. All the compounds show the tin atoms in a distorted trigonal-bipyramidal environment. The Mössbauer spectra suggest the tin atoms to be present in the oxidation state III. The kinetic lability of the complexes was studied by redistribution reactions between compounds 1 and 3 as well as between 1 and cis-[{2,6-(Me2 NCH2)2C6H3SnCl}2PdCl2]. DFT calculations provided insights into both the bonding situation of the compounds and the energy difference between the cis and trans isomers. The latter is influenced by the donor strength of the pincer-type ligands. Copyright © 2013 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Inhibition of biofouling by marine microorganisms and their metabolites.

PubMed

Dobretsov, Sergey; Dahms, Hans-Uwe; Qian, Peri-Yuan

2006-01-01

Development of microbial biofilms and the recruitment of propagules on the surfaces of man-made structures in the marine environment cause serious problems for the navies and for marine industries around the world. Current antifouling technology is based on the application of toxic substances that can be harmful to the natural environment. For this reason and the global ban of tributyl tin (TBT), there is a need for the development of "environmentally-friendly" antifoulants. Marine microbes are promising potential sources of non-toxic or less-toxic antifouling compounds as they can produce substances that inhibit not only the attachment and/or growth of microorganisms but also the settlement of invertebrate larvae and macroalgal spores. However, so far only few antilarval settlement compounds have been isolated and identified from bacteria. In this review knowledge about antifouling compounds produced by marine bacteria and diatoms are summarised and evaluated and future research directions are highlighted.

Telomere dysfunction and cell survival: roles for distinctTIN2-containing complexes

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Kim, Sahn-Ho; Davalos, Albert R.; Heo, Seok-Jin

Telomeres are maintained by three DNA binding proteins, TRF1, TRF2 and POT1, and several associated factors. One factor, TIN2, binds TRF1 and TRF2 directly and POT1 indirectly. These and two other proteins form a soluble complex that may be the core telomere-maintenance complex. It is not clear whether subcomplexes exist or function in vivo. Here, we provide evidence for two TIN2 subcomplexes with distinct functions in human cells. TIN2 ablation by RNA interference caused telomere uncapping and p53-independent cell death in all cells tested. However, we isolated two TIN2 complexes from cell lysates, each selectively sensitive to a TIN2 mutantmore » (TIN2-13, TIN2-15C). In cells with wild-type p53 function, TIN2-15C was more potent than TIN2-13 in causing telomere uncapping and eventual growth arrest. In cells lacking p53 function, TIN215C more than TIN2-13 caused genomic instability and cell death. Thus, TIN2 subcomplexes likely have distinct functions in telomere maintenance, and may provide selective targets for eliminating cells with mutant p53.« less

Intermetallic M--Sn.sub.5 (M=Fe, Cu, Co, Ni) compound and a method of synthesis thereof

DOEpatents

Wang, Xiao-Liang; Han, Weiqiang

2017-09-05

Novel intermetallic materials are provided that are composed of tin and one or more additional metal(s) having a formula M.sub.(1-x)-Sn.sub.5, where -0.1.ltoreq.x.ltoreq.0.5, with 0.01.ltoreq.x.ltoreq.0.4 being more preferred and the second metallic element (M) is selected from iron (Fe), copper (Cu), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), and a combination of two or more of those metals. Due to low concentration of the second metallic element, the intermetallic compound affords an enhanced capacity applicable for electrochemical cells and may serve as an intermediate phase between Sn and MSn.sub.2. A method of synthesizing these intermetallic materials is also disclosed.

Hollow tin/chromium whiskers

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Cheng, Jing; Vianco, Paul T.; Li, James C. M.

2010-05-01

Tin whiskers have been an engineering challenge for over five decades. The mechanism has not been agreed upon thus far. This experiment aimed to identify a mechanism by applying compressive stresses to a tin film evaporated on silicon substrate with an adhesion layer of chromium in between. A phenomenon was observed in which hollow whiskers grew inside depleted areas. Using focused ion beam, the hollow whiskers were found to contain both tin and chromium. At the bottom of the depleted areas, thin tin/tin oxide film remained over the chromium layer. It indicates that tin transport occurred along the interface between tin and chromium layers.

Peroxide induced tin oxide coating of graphene oxide at room temperature and its application for lithium ion batteries.

PubMed

Sladkevich, S; Gun, J; Prikhodchenko, P V; Gutkin, V; Mikhaylov, A A; Novotortsev, V M; Zhu, J X; Yang, D; Hng, H H; Tay, Y Y; Tsakadze, Z; Lev, O

2012-12-07

We describe a new, simple and low-temperature method for ultra-thin coating of graphene oxide (GO) by peroxostannate, tin oxide or a mixture of tin and tin oxide crystallites by different treatments. The technique is environmentally friendly and does not require complicated infrastructure, an autoclave or a microwave. The supported peroxostannate phase is partially converted after drying to crystalline tin oxide with average, 2.5 nm cassiterite crystals. Mild heat treatment yielded full coverage of the reduced graphene oxide by crystalline tin oxide. Extensive heat treatment in vacuum at >500 °C yielded a mixture of elemental tin and cassiterite tin oxide nanoparticles supported on reduced graphene oxide (rGO). The usefulness of the new approach was demonstrated by the preparation of two types of lithium ion anodes: tin oxide-rGO and a mixture of tin oxide and tin coated rGO composites (SnO(2)-Sn-rGO). The electrodes exhibited stable charge/discharge cyclability and high charging capacity due to the intimate contact between the conductive graphene and the very small tin oxide crystallites. The charging/discharging capacity of the anodes exceeded the theoretical capacity predicted based on tin lithiation. The tin oxide coated rGO exhibited higher charging capacity but somewhat lower stability upon extended charge/discharge cycling compared to SnO(2)-Sn-rGO.

Microgravity

NASA Image and Video Library

1997-11-01

The purpose of the experiments for the Advanced Automated Directional Solidification Furnace (AADSF) is to determine how gravity-driven convection affects the composition and properties of alloys (mixtures of two or more materials, usually metal). During the USMP-4 mission, the AADSF will solidify crystals of lead tin telluride and mercury cadmium telluride, alloys of compound semiconductor materials used to make infrared detectors and lasers, as experiment samples. Although these materials are used for the same type application their properties and compositional uniformity are affected differently during the solidification process.

Crystal structure of tin(IV) chloride octa­hydrate

PubMed Central

Hennings, Erik; Schmidt, Horst; Voigt, Wolfgang

2014-01-01

The title compound, [SnCl4(H2O)2]·6H2O, was crystallized according to the solid–liquid phase diagram at lower temperatures. It is built-up of SnCl4(H2O)2 octa­hedral units (point group symmetry 2) and lattice water mol­ecules. An intricate three-dimensional network of O—H⋯O and O—H⋯Cl hydrogen bonds between the complex molecules and the lattice water molecules is formed in the crystal structure. PMID:25552971

Di-tert-butyl­bis(N-isopropyl-N-methyl­dithio­carbamato-κ2 S,S′)tin(IV)

PubMed Central

Muthalib, Amirah Faizah; Baba, Ibrahim; Samsudin, Mohd Wahid; Ng, Seik Weng

2010-01-01

The dithio­carbamate anions in the title compound, [Sn(C4H9)2(C5H10NS2)2], chelate to the SnIV atom, which is six-coordinated in a skew-trapezoidal-bipyramidal geometry. The mol­ecule lies across a twofold rotation axis. The crystal studied was a non-merohedral twin, the ratio of the twin components being 0.82 (1):0.18 (1). PMID:21580471

Telomere dysfunction and cell survival: Roles for distinct TIN2-containing complexes

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Kim, Sahn-ho; Davalos, Albert R.; Heo, Seok-Jin

Telomeres are maintained by three DNA binding proteins (TRF1, TRF2 and POT1), and several associated factors. One factor, TIN2, binds TRF1 and TRF2 directly and POT1 indirectly. Along with two other proteins, TPP1 and hRap1, these form a soluble complex that may be the core telomere maintenance complex. It is not clear whether sub-complexes also exist in vivo. We provide evidence for two TIN2 sub-complexes with distinct functions in human cells. We isolated these two TIN2 sub-complexes from nuclear lysates of unperturbed cells and cells expressing TIN2 mutants TIN2-13, TIN2-15C, which cannot bind TRF2 or TRF1, respectively. In cells withmore » wild-type p53 function, TIN2-15C was more potent than TIN2-13 in causing telomere uncapping and eventual growth arrest. In cells lacking p53 function, TIN2-15C was more potent than TIN2-13 in causing telomere dysfunction and cell death. Our findings suggest that distinct TIN2 complexes exist, and that TIN2-15C-sensitive subcomplexes are particularly important for cell survival in the absence of functional p53.« less

Sodium transport modes in AMTEC electrodes

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Williams, R.M.; Homer, M.L.; Lara, L.

1998-07-01

Transport of alkali metal atoms through porous cathodes of alkali metal thermal-to-electric converter (AMTEC) cells is responsible for significant, reducible losses in the electrical performance of these cells. Sodium transport has been characterized in a variety of AMTEC electrodes and several different transport modes clearly exist. Free molecular flow is the dominant transport mechanism in clean porous molybdenum and tungsten electrodes, and contributes to sodium transport in all porous electrodes, including WPt{sub 2}, WRh{sub 3}, and TiN. Molybdenum and tungsten electrodes containing phases such as Na{sub 2}MoO{sub 4} and Na{sub 2}WO{sub 4} exhibit very efficient sodium ion transport through themore » electrode in the ionic conducting phase. These electrodes also show reversible electrochemical reactions in which sodium ions and electrons are inserted or removed from into phases such as Na{sub 2}MoO{sub 4} and Na{sub 2}Mo{sub 3}O{sub 6} which are present in the electrode WPt{sub 2} and WRh{sub 3} electrodes typically exhibit both free molecular flow transport as well as an enhanced thermally activated transport mode which is probably surface and/or grain boundary diffusion of sodium in the alloy electrode. Data for large area WPt{sub 2} electrodes within a cylindrical heat shield are reported in this paper. Sodium transport away from these electrodes is effected by both the electrode's properties and the exterior environment which inhibits sodium gas flow to the condenser. Liquid alloy electrodes have been examined and have fairly efficient transport properties by liquid phase diffusion, but have generally not been considered advantageous for development. Titanium nitride, TiN, electrodes used in AMTEC cells, and similar electronically conducting refractory compounds such as TiB{sub 2} and NbN are always physically porous to some degree as formed by sputter deposition or screen printing, and these compounds sinter quite slowly. Hence free molecular flow is always a significant sodium transport mode in these electrodes. However, the sodium transport rate computed from the physical morphology of the electrodes is not as efficient as actual sodium transport in TiN electrodes, implicating an enhanced transport mode, which remains operational at lower AMTEC operating temperatures. Some TiN electrodes also have been found to exhibit electrochemical reactions involving electrode phases which persist in sodium exposure test cells at 1223K, as reported in this paper.« less

Strategies to Reduce Tin and Other Metals in Electronic Cigarette Aerosol

PubMed Central

Williams, Monique; To, An; Bozhilov, Krassimir; Talbot, Prue

2015-01-01

Background Metals are present in electronic cigarette (EC) fluid and aerosol and may present health risks to users. Objective The objective of this study was to measure the amounts of tin, copper, zinc, silver, nickel and chromium in the aerosol from four brands of EC and to identify the sources of these metals by examining the elemental composition of the atomizer components. Methods Four brands of popular EC were dissected and the cartomizers were examined microscopically. Elemental composition of cartomizer components was determined using integrated energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis, and the concentrations of the tin, copper, zinc silver, nickel, and chromium in the aerosol were determined for each brand using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy. Results All filaments were made of nickel and chromium. Thick wires were copper coated with either tin or silver. Wires were joined to each other by tin solder, brazing, or by brass clamps. High concentrations of tin were detected in the aerosol when tin solder joints were friable. Tin coating on copper wires also contributed to tin in the aerosol. Conclusions Tin concentrations in EC aerosols varied both within and between brands. Tin in aerosol was reduced by coating the thick wire with silver rather than tin, placing stable tin solder joints outside the atomizing chamber, joining wires with brass clamps or by brazing rather than soldering wires. These data demonstrate the feasibility of removing tin and other unwanted metals from EC aerosol by altering designs and using materials of suitable quality. PMID:26406602

METHOD FOR JOINING ALUMINUM TO STAINLESS STEEL

DOEpatents

Lemon, L.C.

1960-05-24

Aluminum may be joined to stainless steel without the use of flux by tinning the aluminum with a tin solder containing 1% silver and 1% lead, tinning the stainless steel with a 50% lead 50% tin solder, and then sweating the tinned surfaces together.

Raman Scattering from Tin

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-09-01

ARL-TR-7448 ● SEP 2015 US Army Research Laboratory Raman Scattering from Tin by Patrick A Folkes, Patrick Taylor, Charles Rong...REPORT TYPE 3. DATES COVERED 00-00-2015 to 00-00-2015 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE Raman Scattering from Tin 5a. CONTRACT NUMBER 5b. GRANT NUMBER 5c... tin as an analytical tool for discerning specific allotropic differences in ultra-thin tin films, and discerning differences between the tin and the

Electrochemical mechanism of tin membrane electrodeposition under ultrasonic waves.

PubMed

Nan, Tianxiang; Yang, Jianguang; Chen, Bing

2018-04-01

Tin was electrodeposited from chloride solutions using a membrane cell under ultrasonic waves. Cyclic voltammetry (CV), linear sweep voltammetry (LSV), chronoamperometry (CHR), and chronopotentiometry were applied to investigate the electrochemical mechanism of tin electrodeposition under ultrasonic field. Chronoamperometry curves showed that the initial process of tin electrodeposition followed the diffusion controlled three-dimensional nucleation and grain growth mechanism. The analysis of the cyclic voltammetry and linear sweep voltammetry diagrams showed that the application of ultrasound can change the tin membrane electro-deposition reaction from diffusion to electrochemical control, and the optimum parameters for tin electrodeposition were H + concentration 3.5 mol·L -1 , temperature 35 °C and ultrasonic power 100 W. The coupling ultrasonic field played a role in refining the grain in this process. The growth of tin crystals showed no orientation preferential, and the tin deposition showed a tendency to form a regular network structure after ultrasonic coupling. While in the absence of ultrasonic coupling, the growth of tin crystals has a high preferential orientation, and the tin deposition showed a tendency to form tin whiskers. Ultrasonic coupling was more favorable for obtaining a more compact and smoother cathode tin layer. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

42 CFR 425.306 - Participation agreement and exclusivity of ACO participant TINs.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... participant TINs. 425.306 Section 425.306 Public Health CENTERS FOR MEDICARE & MEDICAID SERVICES, DEPARTMENT... participant TINs. (a) For purposes of the Shared Savings Program, each ACO participant TIN is required to commit to a participation agreement with CMS. (b) Each ACO participant TIN upon which beneficiary...

78 FR 16048 - Proposed Collection; Comment Request for e-Services Registration TIN Matching-Application and...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-03-13

...-Services Registration TIN Matching--Application and Screens for TIN Matching Interactive AGENCY: Internal...(c)(2)(A)). Currently, the IRS is soliciting comments concerning e- Services registration TIN matching--application and screens for TIN matching interactive. DATES: Written comments should be received...

42 CFR 425.306 - Participation agreement and exclusivity of ACO participant TINs.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... participant TINs. 425.306 Section 425.306 Public Health CENTERS FOR MEDICARE & MEDICAID SERVICES, DEPARTMENT... participant TINs. (a) For purposes of the Shared Savings Program, each ACO participant TIN is required to commit to a participation agreement with CMS. (b) Each ACO participant TIN upon which beneficiary...

75 FR 5854 - Proposed Collection; Comment Request for e-Services Registration TIN Matching-Application and...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-02-04

...-Services Registration TIN Matching--Application and Screens for TIN Matching Interactive AGENCY: Internal...(c)(2)(A)). Currently, the IRS is soliciting comments concerning e- Services Registration TIN Matching--Application and Screens for TIN Matching Interactive. DATES: Written comments should be received...

42 CFR 425.306 - Participation agreement and exclusivity of ACO participant TINs.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... participant TINs. 425.306 Section 425.306 Public Health CENTERS FOR MEDICARE & MEDICAID SERVICES, DEPARTMENT... participant TINs. (a) For purposes of the Shared Savings Program, each ACO participant TIN is required to commit to a participation agreement with CMS. (b) Each ACO participant TIN upon which beneficiary...

Epigenetic lead, zinc, silver, antimony, tin, and gold veins in Boulder Basin, Blaine and Custer counties, Idaho; potential for economic tin mineralization

USGS Publications Warehouse

Ratchford, Michael E.

2002-01-01

Boulder Basin is in a northwest-trending belt of allochthonous Paleozoic rocks in the Boulder Mountains of central Idaho. Regional Tertiary extension resulted in widespread normal faulting and coeval emplacement of shallow-level intrusions and extrusive rocks of the Challis Volcanic Group. Epigenetic lead-zinc-silver-antimony-tin-gold vein deposits formed during Tertiary extension and are hosted within Paleozoic strata. The major orebodies are in the lower plate of the Boulder Basin thrust fault, in massive quartzite of the Middle Pennsylvanian to Lower Permian Wood River Formation. Anomalous concentrations of tin are present in the base-metal mineral assemblage of the Boulder Basin ore deposits. The tin-bearing veins in Boulder Basin are strikingly similar to Bolivian tin deposits. The deposit model for Bolivian tin deposits identifies buried tin porphyry below the tin-bearing vein system.

Synthesis, structure, and thermal properties of soluble hydrazinium germanium(IV) and tin(IV) selenide salts.

PubMed

Mitzi, David B

2005-05-16

The crystal structures of two hydrazinium-based germanium(IV) and tin(IV) selenide salts are determined. (N(2)H(5))(4)Ge(2)Se(6) (1) [I4(1)cd, a = 12.708(1) Angstroms, c = 21.955(2) Angstroms, Z = 8] and (N(2)H(4))(3)(N(2)H(5))(4)Sn(2)Se(6) (2) [P, a = 6.6475(6) Angstroms, b = 9.5474(9) Angstroms, c = 9.8830(10) Angstroms, alpha = 94.110(2) degrees, beta = 99.429(2) degrees, gamma = 104.141(2) degrees, Z = 1] each consist of anionic dimers of edge-sharing metal selenide tetrahedra, M(2)Se(6)(4-) (M = Ge or Sn), separated by hydrazinium cations and, for 2, additional neutral hydrazine molecules. Substantial hydrogen bonding exists among the hydrazine/hydrazinium molecules as well as between the hydrazinium cations and the selenide anions. Whereas the previously reported tin(IV) sulfide system, (N(2)H(5))(4)Sn(2)S(6), decomposes cleanly to microcrystalline SnS(2) when heated to 200 degrees C in an inert atmosphere, higher temperatures (>300 degrees C) are required to dissociate selenium from 1 and 2 for the analogous preparations of single-phase metal selenides. The metal chalcogenide salts are highly soluble in hydrazine, as well as in a variety of amines and DMSO, highlighting the potential usefulness of these compounds as precursors for the solution deposition of the corresponding metal chalcogenide films.

Comparative analysis of germanium-silicon quantum dots formation on Si(100), Si(111) and Sn/Si(100) surfaces

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lozovoy, Kirill; Kokhanenko, Andrey; Voitsekhovskii, Alexander

2018-02-01

In this paper theoretical modeling of formation and growth of germanium-silicon quantum dots in the method of molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) on different surfaces is carried out. Silicon substrates with crystallographic orientations (100) and (111) are considered. Special attention is paid to the question of growth of quantum dots on the silicon surface covered by tin, since germanium-silicon-tin system is extremely important for contemporary nano- and optoelectronics: for creation of photodetectors, solar cells, light-emitting diodes, and fast-speed transistors. A theoretical approach for modeling growth processes of such semiconductor compounds during the MBE is presented. Both layer-by-layer and island nucleation stages in the Stranski-Krastanow growth mode are described. A change in free energy during transition of atoms from the wetting layer to an island, activation barrier of the nucleation, critical thickness of 2D to 3D transition, as well as surface density and size distribution function of quantum dots in these systems are calculated with the help of the established model. All the theoretical speculations are carried out keeping in mind possible device applications of these materials. In particular, it is theoretically shown that using of the Si(100) surface covered by tin as a substrate for Ge deposition may be very promising for increasing size homogeneity of quantum dot array for possible applications in low-noise selective quantum dot infrared photodetectors.

Finely Tuned SnO2 Nanoparticles for Efficient Detection of Reducing and Oxidizing Gases: The Influence of Alkali Metal Cation on Gas-Sensing Properties.

PubMed

Lee, Szu-Hsuan; Galstyan, Vardan; Ponzoni, Andrea; Gonzalo-Juan, Isabel; Riedel, Ralf; Dourges, Marie-Anne; Nicolas, Yohann; Toupance, Thierry

2018-03-28

Tin dioxide (SnO 2 ) nanoparticles were straightforwardly synthesized using an easily scaled-up liquid route that involves the hydrothermal treatment, either under acidic or basic conditions, of a commercial tin dioxide particle suspension including potassium counterions. After further thermal post-treatment, the nanomaterials have been thoroughly characterized by Fourier transform infrared and Raman spectroscopy, powder X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and nitrogen sorption porosimetry. Varying pH conditions and temperature of the thermal treatment provided cassiterite SnO 2 nanoparticles with crystallite sizes ranging from 7.3 to 9.7 nm and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface areas ranging from 61 to 106 m 2 ·g -1 , acidic conditions favoring potassium cation removal. Upon exposure to a reducing gas (H 2 , CO, and volatile organic compounds such as ethanol and acetone) or oxidizing gas (NO 2 ), layers of these SnO 2 nanoparticles led to highly sensitive, reversible, and reproducible responses. The sensing results were discussed in regard to the crystallite size, specific area, valence band energy, Debye length, and chemical composition. Results highlight the impact of the counterion residuals, which affect the gas-sensing performance to an extent much higher than that of size and surface area effects. Tin dioxide nanoparticles prepared under acidic conditions and calcined in air showed the best sensing performances because of lower amount of potassium cations and higher crystallinity, despite the lower surface area.

Comparative analysis of germanium-silicon quantum dots formation on Si(100), Si(111) and Sn/Si(100) surfaces.

PubMed

Lozovoy, Kirill; Kokhanenko, Andrey; Voitsekhovskii, Alexander

2018-02-02

In this paper theoretical modeling of formation and growth of germanium-silicon quantum dots in the method of molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) on different surfaces is carried out. Silicon substrates with crystallographic orientations (100) and (111) are considered. Special attention is paid to the question of growth of quantum dots on the silicon surface covered by tin, since germanium-silicon-tin system is extremely important for contemporary nano- and optoelectronics: for creation of photodetectors, solar cells, light-emitting diodes, and fast-speed transistors. A theoretical approach for modeling growth processes of such semiconductor compounds during the MBE is presented. Both layer-by-layer and island nucleation stages in the Stranski-Krastanow growth mode are described. A change in free energy during transition of atoms from the wetting layer to an island, activation barrier of the nucleation, critical thickness of 2D to 3D transition, as well as surface density and size distribution function of quantum dots in these systems are calculated with the help of the established model. All the theoretical speculations are carried out keeping in mind possible device applications of these materials. In particular, it is theoretically shown that using of the Si(100) surface covered by tin as a substrate for Ge deposition may be very promising for increasing size homogeneity of quantum dot array for possible applications in low-noise selective quantum dot infrared photodetectors.

26 CFR 1.6050S-0 - Table of contents.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... penalties for failures to include a correct TIN. (i) In general. (ii) Acting in a responsible manner. (iii) Manner of soliciting TIN. (4) Failure to furnish TIN. (f) Effective date. § 1.6050S-2TElectronic... include a correct TIN. (i) In general. (ii) Acting in a responsible manner. (iii) Manner of soliciting TIN...

26 CFR 1.6050S-0 - Table of contents.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... penalties for failures to include a correct TIN. (i) In general. (ii) Acting in a responsible manner. (iii) Manner of soliciting TIN. (4) Failure to furnish TIN. (f) Effective date. § 1.6050S-2TElectronic... include a correct TIN. (i) In general. (ii) Acting in a responsible manner. (iii) Manner of soliciting TIN...

26 CFR 1.6050S-0 - Table of contents.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... penalties for failures to include a correct TIN. (i) In general. (ii) Acting in a responsible manner. (iii) Manner of soliciting TIN. (4) Failure to furnish TIN. (f) Effective date. § 1.6050S-2TElectronic... include a correct TIN. (i) In general. (ii) Acting in a responsible manner. (iii) Manner of soliciting TIN...

78 FR 39644 - Information Reporting for Affordable Insurance Exchanges

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-07-02

... Exchange-- (i) The name, address, and taxpayer identification number (TIN), or date of birth if a TIN is... advance credit payments (taxpayer), and the name and TIN of the individual's spouse, if applicable; (ii) The name, address, and TIN, or date of birth if a TIN is not available, of an adult enrolling in...

26 CFR 1.6050S-0 - Table of contents.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... penalties for failures to include a correct TIN. (i) In general. (ii) Acting in a responsible manner. (iii) Manner of soliciting TIN. (4) Failure to furnish TIN. (f) Effective date. § 1.6050S-2TElectronic... include a correct TIN. (i) In general. (ii) Acting in a responsible manner. (iii) Manner of soliciting TIN...

26 CFR 1.6050S-0 - Table of contents.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... penalties for failures to include a correct TIN. (i) In general. (ii) Acting in a responsible manner. (iii) Manner of soliciting TIN. (4) Failure to furnish TIN. (f) Effective date. § 1.6050S-2TElectronic... include a correct TIN. (i) In general. (ii) Acting in a responsible manner. (iii) Manner of soliciting TIN...

Composite materials obtained by the ion-plasma sputtering of metal compound coatings on polymer films

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Khlebnikov, Nikolai; Polyakov, Evgenii; Borisov, Sergei; Barashev, Nikolai; Biramov, Emir; Maltceva, Anastasia; Vereshchagin, Artem; Khartov, Stas; Voronin, Anton

2016-01-01

In this article, the principle and examples composite materials obtained by deposition of metal compound coatings on polymer film substrates by the ion-plasma sputtering method are presented. A synergistic effect is to obtain the materials with structural properties of the polymer substrate and the surface properties of the metal deposited coatings. The technology of sputtering of TiN coatings of various thicknesses on polyethylene terephthalate films is discussed. The obtained composites are characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) is shown. The examples of application of this method, such as receiving nanocomposite track membranes and flexible transparent electrodes, are considered.

Ab Initio Study of Electronic Structure, Elastic and Transport Properties of Fluoroperovskite LiBeF3

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Benmhidi, H.; Rached, H.; Rached, D.; Benkabou, M.

2017-04-01

The aim of this work is to investigate the electronic, mechanical, and transport properties of the fluoroperovskite compound LiBeF3 by first-principles calculations using the full-potential linear muffin-tin orbital method based on density functional theory within the local density approximation. The independent elastic constants and related mechanical properties including the bulk modulus ( B), shear modulus ( G), Young's modulus ( E), and Poisson's ratio ( ν) have been studied, yielding the elastic moduli, shear wave velocities, and Debye temperature. According to the electronic properties, this compound is an indirect-bandgap material, in good agreement with available theoretical data. The electron effective mass, hole effective mass, and energy bandgaps with their volume and pressure dependence are investigated for the first time.

REVIEWS OF TOPICAL PROBLEMS: Order-disorder transformations and phase equilibria in strongly nonstoichiometric compounds

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gusev, Aleksandr I.

2000-01-01

Data on order-disorder phase transformations in strongly nonstoichiometric carbides and nitrides MXy (X=C, N) of Group IV and V transition metals at temperatures below 1300-1400 K are reviewed. The order-parameter functional method as applied to atomic and vacancy ordering in strongly nonstoichiometric MXy compounds and to phase equilibrium calculations for M-X systems is discussed. Phase diagram calculations for the Ti-C, Zr-C, Hf-C, V-C, Nb-C, Ta-C, Ti-N, and Ti-B-C systems (with the inclusion of the ordering of nonstoichiometric carbides and nitrides) and those for pseudobinary carbide M(1)C-M(2)C systems are presented. Heat capacity, electrical resistivity and magnetic susceptibility changes at reversible order-disorder phase transformations in nonstoichiometric carbides are considered.

The prognostic value of tumor-infiltrating neutrophils in gastric adenocarcinoma after resection.

PubMed

Zhao, Jing-jing; Pan, Ke; Wang, Wei; Chen, Ju-gao; Wu, Yan-heng; Lv, Lin; Li, Jian-jun; Chen, Yi-bing; Wang, Dan-dan; Pan, Qiu-zhong; Li, Xiao-dong; Xia, Jian-chuan

2012-01-01

Several pieces of evidence indicate that tumor-infiltrating neutrophils (TINs) are correlated to tumor progression. In the current study, we explore the relationship between TINs and clinicopathological features of gastric adenocarcinoma patients. Furthermore, we investigated the prognostic value of TINs. The study was comprised of two groups, training group (115 patients) and test group (97 patients). Biomarkers (intratumoral CD15+ neutrophils) were assessed by immunohistochemistry. The relationship between clinicopathological features and patient outcome were evaluated using Cox regression and Kaplan-Meier analysis. Immunohistochemical detection showed that the tumor-infiltrating neutrophils (TINs) in the training group ranged from 0.00-115.70 cells/high-power microscopic field (HPF) and the median number was 21.60 cells/HPF. Based on the median number, the patients were divided into high and low TINs groups. Chi-square test analysis revealed that the density of CD15+ TINs was positively associated with lymph node metastasis (p = 0.024), distance metastasis (p = 0.004) and UICC (International Union Against Cancer) staging (p = 0.028). Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that patients with a lower density of TINs had a better prognosis than patients with a higher density of TINs (p = 0.002). Multivariate Cox's analysis showed that the density of CD15+ TINs was an independent prognostic factor for overall survival of gastric adenocarcinoma patients. Using another 97 patients as a test group and basing on the median number of TINs (21.60 cells/HPF) coming from the training group, Kaplan-Meier analysis also showed that patients with a lower density of TINs had a better prognosis than patients with a higher density of TINs (p = 0.032). The results verify that the number of CD15+ TINs can predict the survival of gastric adenocarcinoma surgical patients. The presence of CD15+ TINs is an independent and unfavorable factor in the prognosis of gastric adenocarcinoma patients. Targeting CD15+ TINs may be a potential intervenient therapy in the future.

Evaluation of the suitability of tin slag in cementitious materials: Mechanical properties and Leaching behaviour

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Rustandi, Andi; Wafa' Nawawi, Fuad; Pratesa, Yudha; Cahyadi, Agung

2018-01-01

Tin slag, a by-product of tin production has been used in cementitious application. The present investigation focuses on the suitability of tin slag as primary component in cement and as component that substitute some amount of Portland Cement. The tin slags studied were taken from Bangka, Indonesia. The main contents of the tin slag are SiO2, Al2O3, and Fe2O3 according to the XRF investigation. The aim of this article was to study the mechanical behaviour (compressive strength), microstructure and leaching behaviour of tin slag blended cement. This study used air-cooled tin slag that had been passed through 400# sieve to replace Portland Cement with ratio 0, 10, 20, 30, 40 by weight. Cement pastes and tin slag blended cement pastes were prepared by using water/cement ratio (W/C) of 0.40 by weight and hydrated for various curing ages of 3, 7, 14 days The microstructure of the raw tin slag was investigated using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The phase composition of each cement paste was investigated using X-ray Diffraction (XRD). The aim of the leachability test was to investigate the environmental impacts of tin slag blended cement product in the range 4-8 pH by using static pH-dependent leaching test. The result show that the increase of the tin slag content decreasing the mortar compressive strength at early ages. The use of tin slag in cement provide economic benefits for all related industries.

Synthesis and Electroluminescent Property of New Orange Iridium Compounds for Flexible White Organic Light Emitting Diodes.

PubMed

Lee, Ho Won; Jeong, Hyunjin; Kim, Young Kwan; Ha, Yunkyoung

2015-10-01

Recently, white organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) have aroused considerable attention because they have the potential of next-generation flexible displays and white illuminated applications. White OLED applications are particularly heading to the industry but they have still many problems both materials and manufacturing. Therefore, we proposed that the new iridium compounds of orange emitters could be demonstrated and also applied to flexible white OLEDs for verification of potential. First, we demonstrated the chemical properties of new orange iridium compounds. Secondly, conventional two kinds of white phosphorescent OLEDs were fabricated by following devices; indium-tin oxide coated glass substrate/4,4'-bis[N-(napthyl)-N-phenylamino]biphenyl/N,N'-dicarbazolyl-3,5-benzene doped with blue and new iridium compounds for orange emitting 8 wt%/1,3,5-tris[N-phenylbenzimidazole-2-yl]benzene/lithium quinolate/aluminum. In addition, we fabricated white OLEDs using these emitters to verify the potential on flexible substrate. Therefore, this work could be proposed that white light applications can be applied and could be extended to additional research on flexible applications.

Electronic and Optical Properties of Titanium Nitride Bulk and Surfaces from First Principles Calculations (Postprint)

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-11-18

thickness of the film, or substrate. In this work, we report calculations for titanium nitride ( TiN ), a promising material for plasmonic applications...stoichiometric bulk TiN , as well as of the TiN (100), TiN (110), and TiN (111) outermost surfaces. Density functional theory (DFT) and many-body GW methods...and the band structure for bulk TiN were shown to be consistent with previous work. Calculated dielectric functions, plasma frequencies, reflectivity

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The Southeast Asian Tin Belt

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Schwartz, M. O.; Rajah, S. S.; Askury, A. K.; Putthapiban, P.; Djaswadi, S.

1995-07-01

The Southeast Asian Tin Belt is a north-south elongate zone 2800 km long and 400 km wide, extending from Burma (Myanmar) and Thailand to Peninsular Malaysia and the Indonesian Tin Islands. Altogether 9.6 million tonnes of tin, equivalent to 54% of the world's tin production is derived from this region. Most of the granitoids in the region can be grouped geographically into elongate provinces or belts, based on petrographic and geochronological features. - The Main Range Granitoid Province in western Peninsular Malaysia, southern Peninsular Thailand and central Thailand is almost entirely made up of biotite granite (184-230 Ma). Tin deposits associated with these granites contributed 55% of the historic tin production of Southeast Asia. - The Northern Granitoid Province in northern Thailand (0.1% of tin production) also has dominant biotite granite (200-269 Ma) but it is distinguished by abundant post-intrusion deformation. - The Eastern Granitoid Province extends from eastern Peninsular Malaysia to eastern Thailand. The Malaysian part is subdivided into the East Coast Belt (220-263 Ma), Boundary Range Belt (197-257 Ma) and Central Belt (79-219 Ma). The granitoids cover a wide compositional range from biotite granite to hornblende-biotite granite/granodiorite and diorite-gabbro. Tin deposits are associated with biotite granite in the East Coast Belt (3% of tin production). The granitoids in the other areas of the Eastern Granitoid Province are barren. - The Western Granitoid Province (22-149 Ma) in northern Peninsular Thailand, western Thailand and Burma has biotite granite and hornblende-biotite granite/granodiorite. Tin deposits are associated with biotite granite, which probably is the dominant phase (14% of tin production). The granitoids of the Indonesian Tin Islands (193-251 Ma) do not permit grouping into geographically distinct units. Main Range-type and Eastern Province-type plutons occur next to each other. Most of the tin deposits are associated with Main Range-type plutons (28% of tin production). Tin-mineralized plutons are characterized by high concentrations of SiO 2, K 2O, Rb, Sn, Th and U, whereas the concentrations of Fe 2O 3, MgO, CaO, Na 2O, Ba and Sr as well as the Fe2O3/FeO ratios are low. Tin-mineralized plutons are also distinguished by high initial 87Sr/86Sr ratios low magnetic susceptibilities.

Mineral resource of the month: tin

USGS Publications Warehouse

Carlin, James F.

2011-01-01

Tin was one of the earliest-known metals. Because of its hardening effect on copper, tin was used in bronze implements as early as 3500 B.C. Bronze, a copper-tin alloy that can be sharpened and is hard enough to retain a cutting edge, was used during the Bronze Age in construction tools as well as weapons for hunting and war. The geographical separation between tin-producing and tin-consuming nations greatly influenced the patterns of early trade routes. Historians think that as early as 1500 B.C., Phoenicians traveled by sea to the Cornwall district of England to obtain tin. The pure metal was not used unalloyed until about 600 B.C.

Tin recycling in the United States in 1998

USGS Publications Warehouse

Carlin, James F.

2001-01-01

This materials flow study includes a description of tin supply and demand factors for the United States to illustrate the extent of tin recycling and to identify recycling trends. Understanding the flow of materials from source to ultimate disposition can assist in improving the management of the use of natural resources in a manner that is compatible with sound environmental practices. The quantity of tin recycled in 1998 as a percentage of apparent tin supply was estimated to be about 22%, and recycling efficiency was estimated to be 75%. Of the total tin consumed in products for the U.S. market in 1998, an estimated 12% was consumed in products where the tin was not recyclable (dissipative uses).

Ursolic Acid Hydrazide Based Organometallic Complexes: Synthesis, Characterization, Antibacterial, Antioxidant and Docking Studies

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jabeen, Muafia; Ahmad, Sajjad; Shahid, Khadija; Sadiq, Abdul; Rashid, Umer

2018-03-01

In the current research work,eleven metal complexes were synthesized from the hydrazide derivative of ursolic acid. Metal complexes of tin, antimony and iron were synthesized and characterized by FT-IR and NMR spectroscopy. The antibacterial and antioxidant activities were performed for these complexes, which revealed that the metal complexes synthesized are more potent than their parent compounds. We observed that antioxidant activity showed by triphenyltin complex was significant and least activity have been shown by antimony trichloride complex.The synthesized metal complexes were then evaluated against two Gram-negative and two Gram-positive bacterial strains. Triphenyl tin complex emerged as potent antibacterial agent with MIC value of 8 μg/ml each against Shigellaspp, S. typhi and S. aureus. While, the MIC value againstS. pneumoniae is 4 μg/ml.Computational docking studies were carried out on molecular targets to interpret the results of antioxidant and antibacterial activities. Based on the results, it may be inferred that the metal complexes of ursolic acid are more active as compared to the parent drug and may be proved for some other pharmacological potential by further analysis.

Synthesis, structural properties and catalytic activity of MgO-SnO2 nanocatalysts

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Perveen, Hina; Farrukh, Muhammad Akhyar; Khaleeq-ur-Rahman, Muhammad; Munir, Badar; Tahir, Muhammad Ashraf

2015-01-01

Surfactant controlled synthesis of magnesium oxide-tin oxide (MgO-SnO2) nanocatalysts was carried out via the hydrothermal method. Concentration of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) was varied while all other reaction conditions were kept constant same for this purpose. Furthermore, MgO-SnO2 nanocatalysts were also prepared by changing the precursor's concentration. These precursors are magnesium nitrate Mg(NO3)2 · 6H2O and tin chloride (SnCl4 · 5H2O). The influence of these reaction parameters on the sizes and morphology of the nanocatalysts were studied by using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, Scanning electron microscopy-Energy dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX), Powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), Transmission electron microscopy and Thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA). The catalytic efficiency of MgO-SnO2 was checked against 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH), which is an explosive compound. The nanocatalysts were found as a good catalyst to degrade the DNPH. Catalytic activity of nanocatalysts was observed up to 19.13% for the degradation DNPH by using UV-spectrophotometer.

Transformation of tributyltin in zebrafish eleutheroembryos (Danio rerio).

PubMed

Borges, Aline Rocha; López-Serrano Oliver, Ana; Gallego-Gallegos, Mercedes; Muñoz-Olivas, Riansares; Rodrigues Vale, Maria Goreti; Cámara, Carmen

2014-12-01

Organotin compounds are highly versatile group of organometallic chemicals used in industrial and agricultural applications. Their endocrine-disrupting effects are well known and their extensive uses as biocide materials, e.g., in antifouling paints, for many years have led to serious environmental problems. So far, attention has mainly been given to tributyltin pollution in water, sediments, and marine organisms because of its highly toxic effects and high accumulation levels at very low concentrations. In this study, we will focus on the conversion of tributyltin after it is absorbed by zebrafish eleutheroembryos, presented here as an alternative model to adult fish for describing bioconcentration. A simplified analytical extraction procedure based on the use of an assisted ultrasonic probe and derivatization by ethylation, followed by gas chromatography with a flame photometric detector (GC-FPD) is proposed. This classical methodology for organotin determination has been validated by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and Zeeman graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (ZGF-AAS) in terms of total tin content. The speciation analysis results show that zebrafish eleutheroembryos absorb high amounts of tributyltin and convert it into monobutyltin and likely in inorganic tin.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Morales, M.; Revah, S.; Auria, R.

Biotechnological techniques, including biofilters and biotrickling filters are increasingly used to treat air polluted with VOCs (Volatile Organic Compounds). In this work, the start-up, the effect of the gaseous ammonia addition on the toluene removal rate, and the problems of the heat accumulation on the performance of a laboratory scale biofilter were studied. The packing material was sterilized peat enriched with a mineral medium and inoculated with an adapted consortium (two yeast and five bacteria). Start-up showed a short adaptation period and an increased toluene elimination capacity (EC) up to a maximum of 190 g/m{sup 3}/h. This was related tomore » increased CO{sub 2} outlet concentration and temperature gradients between the packed bed and the inlet (Tm-Tin). These events were associated with the growth of the microbial population. The biofilter EC decreased thereafter, to attain a steady state of 8 g/m{sup 3}/h. At this point, gaseous ammonia was added. EC increased up to 80 g/m{sup 3}/h, with simultaneous increases on the CO{sub 2} concentration and (Tm-Tin).« less

76 FR 28426 - Applications for New Awards; Assistive Technology Act of 1998, as Amended (AT Act)-National...

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31 CFR 351.43 - Are taxpayer identification numbers (TINs) required for the registration of a definitive Series...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... (TINs) required for the registration of a definitive Series EE savings bond? 351.43 Section 351.43 Money... Definitive Series EE Savings Bonds § 351.43 Are taxpayer identification numbers (TINs) required for the... must include the TIN of the owner or first-named coowner. The TIN of the second-named coowner or...

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77 FR 11190 - Yokohama Tire Company, Denial of Petition for Decision of Inconsequential Noncompliance

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-02-24

... (TIN)/partial TIN required by paragraph S5.5.1 on one of the tire sidewalls. YTC indicates that the noncompliant tires do however include the full TIN on the intended outboard sidewall. YTC argues that the TIN and the partial TIN are used to properly identify tires that are involved in a safety campaign. YTC...

26 CFR 31.3406(g)-1 - Exception for payments to certain payees and certain other payments.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... payee's TIN and the payee's TIN has been validated through the IRS TIN Matching Program; or (B) The QPCA... not constitute notice by the IRS that the payee's TIN is incorrect for purposes of section 3406(a)(1....) At the time of enrollment, Q obtains Merchant X's taxpayer identification number (TIN). Merchant X is...

31 CFR 351.43 - Are taxpayer identification numbers (TINs) required for the registration of a definitive Series...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... (TINs) required for the registration of a definitive Series EE savings bond? 351.43 Section 351.43 Money... Definitive Series EE Savings Bonds § 351.43 Are taxpayer identification numbers (TINs) required for the... must include the TIN of the owner or first-named coowner. The TIN of the second-named coowner or...

31 CFR 351.43 - Are taxpayer identification numbers (TINs) required for the registration of a definitive Series...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... (TINs) required for the registration of a definitive Series EE savings bond? 351.43 Section 351.43 Money... Definitive Series EE Savings Bonds § 351.43 Are taxpayer identification numbers (TINs) required for the... must include the TIN of the owner or first-named coowner. The TIN of the second-named coowner or...

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Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-06-19

... Identification Number (TIN); b. Register both your DUNS number and TIN with the System for Award Management (SAM... your DUNS number and TIN on your application; and d. Maintain an active SAM registration with current... obtain a TIN from the Internal Revenue Service. If you are an individual, you can obtain a TIN from the...

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2013-06-28

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31 CFR 351.43 - Are taxpayer identification numbers (TINs) required for the registration of a definitive Series...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... (TINs) required for the registration of a definitive Series EE savings bond? 351.43 Section 351.43 Money... Definitive Series EE Savings Bonds § 351.43 Are taxpayer identification numbers (TINs) required for the... must include the TIN of the owner or first-named coowner. The TIN of the second-named coowner or...

31 CFR 351.43 - Are taxpayer identification numbers (TINs) required for the registration of a definitive Series...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... (TINs) required for the registration of a definitive Series EE savings bond? 351.43 Section 351.43 Money... Definitive Series EE Savings Bonds § 351.43 Are taxpayer identification numbers (TINs) required for the... must include the TIN of the owner or first-named coowner. The TIN of the second-named coowner or...

Reductive spectrophotometry of divalent tin sensitization on soda lime glass

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bejugam, Vinith; Wei, Xingfei; Roper, D. Keith

2016-07-01

Rapid and facile evaluation of tin (II) sensitization could lead to improved understanding of metal deposition in electroless (EL) plating. This report used a balanced redox reaction between 3,3‧,5,5‧-tetramethylbenzidine dihydrochloride (TMB-HCL) and N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) to evaluate effects of sensitization conditions (i.e., sensitization time, analyte concentration, aqueous immersion, and acid content) on the accumulated mass of surface-associated divalent tin ion. The accumulated mass of tin (II) increased as the sensitization time increased up to 30 s in proportion to aqueous tin (II) chloride concentrations between 2.6 and 26 mM at a trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) content of 68 mM. The average mass peaked at 7.3 nanomoles (nmol) per cm2 after a 5 s aqueous immersion post-sensitization, and then decreased with increasing aqueous immersion post-sensitization. The total average tin (II) + tin (IV) accumulated on soda lime glass measured by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) was 17% higher at 30 s sensitization, suggesting a fraction of the tin (II) present may have oxidized to tin (IV). These results indicated that in situ spectrophotometric evaluation of tin (II) could support development of EL plating for electronics, catalysis, and solar cells.

Composition and methods of preparation of target material for producing radionuclides

DOEpatents

Seropeghin, Yurii D; Zhuikov, Boris L

2013-05-28

A composition suitable for use as a target containing antimony to be irradiated by accelerated charged particles (e.g., by protons to produce tin-117m) comprises an intermetallic compound of antimony and titanium which is synthesized at high-temperature, for example, in an arc furnace. The formed material is powdered and melted in an induction furnace, or heated at high gas pressure in gas static camera. The obtained product has a density, temperature stability, and heat conductivity sufficient to provide an appropriate target material.

Determination of organotin compounds by headspace solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography-pulsed flame-photometric detection (HS-SPME-GC-PFPD).

PubMed

Bravo, Manuel; Lespes, Gaëtane; De Gregori, Ida; Pinochet, Hugo; Gautier, Martine Potin

2005-12-01

A method based on Headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME, with a 100 mum PDMS-fiber) in combination with gas-chromatography and pulsed flame-photometric detection (GC-PFPD) has been investigated for simultaneous determination of eight organotin compounds. Monobutyltin (MBT), dibutyltin (DBT), tributyltin (TBT), monophenyltin (MPhT), and the semi-volatile diphenyltin (DPhT), triphenyltin (TPhT), monooctyltin (MOcT), and dioctyltin (DOcT) were determined after derivatization with sodium tetraethylborate. The conditions used for the extraction and preconcentration step were optimised by experimental design methodology. Tripropyltin (TPrT) and diheptyltin (DHepT) were used as internal standards for quantification of volatile and semi-volatile organotin compounds, respectively. The analytical precision (RSD) for ten successive injections of a standard mixture containing all the organic tin compounds ranged between 2 and 11%. The limits of detection for all the organotin compounds were sub ng (Sn) L(-1) in water and close to ng (Sn) kg(-1) in sediments. The accuracy of the method was evaluated by analysis of two certified reference material (CRM) sediment samples. The HS-SPME-GC-PFPD was then applied to the analysis of three harbour sediment samples. The results showed that headspace SPME is an attractive tool for analysis of organotin compounds in solid environmental matrices.

The Impact of Sepiolite on Sensor Parameters during the Detection of Low Concentrations of Alcohols.

PubMed

Suchorska-Woźniak, Patrycja; Rac, Olga; Fiedot, Marta; Teterycz, Helena

2016-11-09

The article presents the results of the detection of low-concentration C1-C4 alcohols using a planar sensor, in which a sepiolite filter was applied next to the gas-sensitive layer based on tin dioxide. The sepiolite layer is composed of tubes that have a length of several microns, and the diameter of the single tube ranges from several to tens of nanometers. The sepiolite layer itself demonstrated no chemical activity in the presence of volatile organic compounds (VOC), and the passive filter made of this material did not modify the chemical composition of the gaseous atmosphere diffusing to the gas-sensitive layer. The test results revealed that the structural remodelling of the sepiolite that occurs under the influence of temperature, as well as the effect of the filter (a compound with ionic bonds) with molecules of water, has a significant impact on the improvement of the sensitivity of the sensor in relation to volatile organic compounds when compared to the sensor without a filter.

Band structure of the quaternary Heusler alloys ScMnFeSn and ScFeCoAl

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Shanthi, N.; Teja, Y. N.; Shaji, Shephine M.; Hosamani, Shashikala; Divya, H. S.

2018-04-01

In our quest for materials with specific applications, a theoretical study plays an important role in predicting the properties of compounds. Heusler alloys or compounds are the most studied in this context. More recently, a lot of quaternary Heusler compounds are investigated for potential applications in fields like Spintronics. We report here our preliminary study of the alloys ScMnFeSn and ScFeCoAl, using the ab-initio linear muffin-tin orbital method within the atomic sphere approximation (LMTO-ASA). The alloy ScMnFeSn shows perfect half-metallicity, namely, one of the spins shows a metallic behaviour and the other spin shows semi-conducting behaviour. Such materials find application in devices such as the spin-transfer torque random access memory (STT-MRAM). In addition, the alloy ScMnFeSn is found to have an integral magnetic moment of 4 µB, as predicted by the Slater-Pauling rule. The alloy ScFeCoAl does not show half-metallicity.

Corrosion Behavior of Carbon Steel in Concrete Material Composed of Tin Slag Waste in Aqueous Chloride Solution

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Rustandi, Andi; Cahyadi, Agung; Taruli Siallagan, Sonia; Wafa' Nawawi, Fuad; Pratesa, Yudha

2018-01-01

Tin slag is a byproduct of tin ore smelting process which is rarely utilized. The main purpose of this work is to investigate the use of tin slag for concrete cement material application compared to the industrial Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC). Tin slag composition was characterized by XRD and XRF analysis. The characterization results showed the similar chemical composition of tin slag and OPC. It also revealed the semi crystalline structure of tin slag sample. Several electrochemical tests were performed to evaluate corrosion behavior of tin slag, OPC and various mixed composition of both materials and the addition of CaO. The corrosion behavior of OPC and tin slag were evaluated by using Cyclic Polarization, Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) and Electrochemical Frequency Modulation (EFM) methods. Aqueous sodium chloride (NaCl) solution with 3.5% w.t concentration which similar to seawater was used as the electrolyte in this work. The steel specimen used as the reinforce bar (rebar) material of the concrete was carbon steel AISI 1045. The rebar was embedded in the concrete cement which composed of OPC and the various composition of tin slag including slag without addition of CaO and slag mixed with addition of 50 % CaO. The electrochemical tests results revealed that tin slag affected its corrosion behavior which becoming more active and increasing the corrosion rate as well as decreasing the electrochemical impedance.

Low temperature processed complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) device by oxidation effect from capping layer.

PubMed

Wang, Zhenwei; Al-Jawhari, Hala A; Nayak, Pradipta K; Caraveo-Frescas, J A; Wei, Nini; Hedhili, M N; Alshareef, H N

2015-04-20

In this report, both p- and n-type tin oxide thin-film transistors (TFTs) were simultaneously achieved using single-step deposition of the tin oxide channel layer. The tuning of charge carrier polarity in the tin oxide channel is achieved by selectively depositing a copper oxide capping layer on top of tin oxide, which serves as an oxygen source, providing additional oxygen to form an n-type tin dioxide phase. The oxidation process can be realized by annealing at temperature as low as 190 °C in air, which is significantly lower than the temperature generally required to form tin dioxide. Based on this approach, CMOS inverters based entirely on tin oxide TFTs were fabricated. Our method provides a solution to lower the process temperature for tin dioxide phase, which facilitates the application of this transparent oxide semiconductor in emerging electronic devices field.

Corrosion resistance and mechanical properties of titanium nitride plating on orthodontic wires.

PubMed

Sugisawa, Haruki; Kitaura, Hideki; Ueda, Kyosuke; Kimura, Keisuke; Ishida, Masahiko; Ochi, Yumiko; Kishikawa, Akiko; Ogawa, Saika; Takano-Yamamoto, Teruko

2018-03-30

Titanium nitride (TiN) coating by ion plating has properties such as high hardness, wear resistance, corrosion resistance, and surface lubricity, therefore TiN coating is often used in various dental appliances and materials. In this study, we evaluated the corrosion behaviors and mechanical properties of TiN coated stainless steel (SS) and nickel titanium (Ni-Ti) orthodontic wires prepared by ion plating. TiN coating by ion plating improves the corrosion resistance of orthodontic wires. The corrosion pitting of the TiN coated wire surface become small. The tensile strength and stiffness of SS wire were increased after TiN coating. In contrast, its elastic force, which is a property for Ni-Ti wire, was decreased. In addition, TiN coating provided small friction forces. The low level of friction may increase tooth movement efficiently. Therefore, TiN coated SS wire could be useful for orthodontics treatment.

Low Temperature Processed Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) Device by Oxidation Effect from Capping Layer

PubMed Central

Wang, Zhenwei; Al-Jawhari, Hala A.; Nayak, Pradipta K.; Caraveo-Frescas, J. A.; Wei, Nini; Hedhili, M. N.; Alshareef, H. N.

2015-01-01

In this report, both p- and n-type tin oxide thin-film transistors (TFTs) were simultaneously achieved using single-step deposition of the tin oxide channel layer. The tuning of charge carrier polarity in the tin oxide channel is achieved by selectively depositing a copper oxide capping layer on top of tin oxide, which serves as an oxygen source, providing additional oxygen to form an n-type tin dioxide phase. The oxidation process can be realized by annealing at temperature as low as 190°C in air, which is significantly lower than the temperature generally required to form tin dioxide. Based on this approach, CMOS inverters based entirely on tin oxide TFTs were fabricated. Our method provides a solution to lower the process temperature for tin dioxide phase, which facilitates the application of this transparent oxide semiconductor in emerging electronic devices field. PMID:25892711

The Prognostic Value of Tumor-Infiltrating Neutrophils in Gastric Adenocarcinoma after Resection

PubMed Central

Wang, Wei; Chen, Ju-gao; Wu, Yan-heng; Lv, Lin; Li, Jian-jun; Chen, Yi-bing; Wang, Dan-dan; Pan, Qiu-zhong; Li, Xiao-dong; Xia, Jian-chuan

2012-01-01

Background Several pieces of evidence indicate that tumor-infiltrating neutrophils (TINs) are correlated to tumor progression. In the current study, we explore the relationship between TINs and clinicopathological features of gastric adenocarcinoma patients. Furthermore, we investigated the prognostic value of TINs. Patients and Methods The study was comprised of two groups, training group (115 patients) and test group (97 patients). Biomarkers (intratumoral CD15+ neutrophils) were assessed by immunohistochemistry. The relationship between clinicopathological features and patient outcome were evaluated using Cox regression and Kaplan-Meier analysis. Results Immunohistochemical detection showed that the tumor-infiltrating neutrophils (TINs) in the training group ranged from 0.00–115.70 cells/high-power microscopic field (HPF) and the median number was 21.60 cells/HPF. Based on the median number, the patients were divided into high and low TINs groups. Chi-square test analysis revealed that the density of CD15+ TINs was positively associated with lymph node metastasis (p = 0.024), distance metastasis (p = 0.004) and UICC (International Union Against Cancer) staging (p = 0.028). Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that patients with a lower density of TINs had a better prognosis than patients with a higher density of TINs (p = 0.002). Multivariate Cox's analysis showed that the density of CD15+ TINs was an independent prognostic factor for overall survival of gastric adenocarcinoma patients. Using another 97 patients as a test group and basing on the median number of TINs (21.60 cells/HPF) coming from the training group, Kaplan-Meier analysis also showed that patients with a lower density of TINs had a better prognosis than patients with a higher density of TINs (p = 0.032). The results verify that the number of CD15+ TINs can predict the survival of gastric adenocarcinoma surgical patients. Conclusions The presence of CD15+ TINs is an independent and unfavorable factor in the prognosis of gastric adenocarcinoma patients. Targeting CD15+ TINs may be a potential intervenient therapy in the future. PMID:22442706

Canopy architectural and physiological characterization of near-isogenic wheat lines differing in the tiller inhibition gene tin.

PubMed

Moeller, Carina; Evers, Jochem B; Rebetzke, Greg

2014-01-01

Tillering is a core constituent of plant architecture, and influences light interception to affect plant and crop performance. Near-isogenic lines (NILs) varying for a tiller inhibition (tin) gene and representing two genetic backgrounds were investigated for tillering dynamics, organ size distribution, leaf area, light interception, red: far-red ratio, and chlorophyll content. Tillering ceased earlier in the tin lines to reduce the frequencies of later primary and secondary tillers compared to the free-tillering NILs, and demonstrated the genetically lower tillering plasticity of tin-containing lines. The distribution of organ sizes along shoots varied between NILs contrasting for tin. Internode elongation commenced at a lower phytomer, and the peduncle was shorter in the tin lines. The flag leaves of tin lines were larger, and the longest leaf blades were observed at higher phytomers in the tin than in free-tillering lines. Total leaf area was reduced in tin lines, and non-tin lines invested more leaf area at mid-canopy height. The tiller economy (ratio of seed-bearing shoots to numbers of shoots produced) was 10% greater in the tin lines (0.73-0.76) compared to the free-tillering sisters (0.62-0.63). At maximum tiller number, the red: far-red ratio (light quality stimulus that is thought to induce the cessation of tillering) at the plant-base was 0.18-0.22 in tin lines and 0.09-0.11 in free-tillering lines at levels of photosynthetic active radiation of 49-53% and 30-33%, respectively. The tin lines intercepted less radiation compared to their free-tillering sisters once genotypic differences in tiller numbers had established, and maintained green leaf area in the lower canopy later into the season. Greater light extinction coefficients (k) in tin lines prior to, but reduced k after, spike emergence indicated that differences in light interception between NILs contrasting in tin cannot be explained by leaf area alone but that geometric and optical canopy properties contributed. The careful characterization of specifically-developed NILs is refining the development of a physiology-based model for tillering to improve understanding of the value of architectural traits for use in cereal improvement.

Tumor-infiltrating neutrophils predict benefit from adjuvant chemotherapy in patients with muscle invasive bladder cancer.

PubMed

Zhou, Lin; Xu, Le; Chen, Lingli; Fu, Qiang; Liu, Zheng; Chang, Yuan; Lin, Zongming; Xu, Jiejie

2017-01-01

Growing evidence shows tumor-infiltrating neutrophils (TINs) involvement in tumorigenesis. The objective of this study is to assess the prognostic effect of TINs and its impact on adjuvant chemotherapy benefits in muscle invasive bladder cancer (MIBC). A total of 142 MIBC patients from Zhongshan Hospital, 119 MIBC patients from FUSCC, and 405 MIBC patients from TCGA cohort were enrolled in the study. TINs were evaluated by immunohistochemical staining of CD66b or the CIBERSORT method. Patients with high TINs had a significantly poorer overall survival ( p = 0.001, p < 0.001, and p = 0.002, respectively) in the three sets. In the multivariate analysis, the presence of high TINs (HR = 2.122, p = 0.007; HR = 3.807, p < 0.001; HR = 2.104, p = 0.001; respectively) was identified as an independent prognostic factor for overall survival in the three sets. More importantly, Low TINs patients had significantly longer overall survival in patients without ACT in the three sets. Gene set enrichment analysis showed that lymphocyte activation ( p < 0.001) and T cell activation ( p = 0.008) were significantly enriched in the low TINs group. In addition, TINs were negatively correlated with CD8 + T cells, suggesting that the status of high-TINs was linked to the status of immunosuppression in MIBC. TINs could be used as independent prognostic factor. Low TINs identified a subgroup of MIBC patients who appeared to benefit from adjuvant chemotherapy. Incorporation of TINs into TNM system could further stratify patients with different prognosis.

Tumor-infiltrating neutrophils predict benefit from adjuvant chemotherapy in patients with muscle invasive bladder cancer

PubMed Central

Zhou, Lin; Xu, Le; Chen, Lingli; Fu, Qiang; Liu, Zheng; Chang, Yuan; Lin, Zongming; Xu, Jiejie

2017-01-01

ABSTRACT Growing evidence shows tumor-infiltrating neutrophils (TINs) involvement in tumorigenesis. The objective of this study is to assess the prognostic effect of TINs and its impact on adjuvant chemotherapy benefits in muscle invasive bladder cancer (MIBC). A total of 142 MIBC patients from Zhongshan Hospital, 119 MIBC patients from FUSCC, and 405 MIBC patients from TCGA cohort were enrolled in the study. TINs were evaluated by immunohistochemical staining of CD66b or the CIBERSORT method. Patients with high TINs had a significantly poorer overall survival (p = 0.001, p < 0.001, and p = 0.002, respectively) in the three sets. In the multivariate analysis, the presence of high TINs (HR = 2.122, p = 0.007; HR = 3.807, p < 0.001; HR = 2.104, p = 0.001; respectively) was identified as an independent prognostic factor for overall survival in the three sets. More importantly, Low TINs patients had significantly longer overall survival in patients without ACT in the three sets. Gene set enrichment analysis showed that lymphocyte activation (p < 0.001) and T cell activation (p = 0.008) were significantly enriched in the low TINs group. In addition, TINs were negatively correlated with CD8+ T cells, suggesting that the status of high-TINs was linked to the status of immunosuppression in MIBC. TINs could be used as independent prognostic factor. Low TINs identified a subgroup of MIBC patients who appeared to benefit from adjuvant chemotherapy. Incorporation of TINs into TNM system could further stratify patients with different prognosis. PMID:28507798

A comparative study of fine polished stainless steel, TiN and TiN/Ag surfaces: adhesion and attachment strength of Listeria monocytogenes as well as anti-listerial effect.

PubMed

Skovager, Anne; Whitehead, Kathryn; Wickens, David; Verran, Joanna; Ingmer, Hanne; Arneborg, Nils

2013-09-01

Magnetron sputtering was used to produce nanocomposite TiN and TiN/Ag coatings on stainless steel surfaces. The surface chemistry (EDX), physicochemical properties (contact angles), topography and roughness parameters (WLP and AFM) of the fine polished stainless steel (FPSS), TiN and TiN/8.6 at.% Ag surfaces were examined. Real-time initial adhesion of two Listeria monocytogenes strains (EGDe and 64) to the three surfaces was determined under flow conditions, and their attachment strength after adhesion was measured using atomic force microscopy (AFM). The anti-listerial properties of the surfaces were determined using LIVE/DEAD staining. Our results demonstrate that FPSS, TiN and TiN/8.6 at.% Ag possessed different surface properties, which may influence both attachment strength and anti-listerial properties. There were no significant (p>0.05) differences in the initial adhesion of the two L. monocytogenes strains to the three different surfaces. Attachment studies showed that the two L. monocytogenes strains did not attach to FPSS under wetted conditions. However, both strains attached to TiN and TiN/8.6 at.% Ag surfaces, although with less strength to TiN/8.6 at.% Ag than to TiN surfaces. The TiN/8.6 at.% Ag surface showed marked anti-listerial properties as compared with FPSS and TiN. Initial adhesion, attachment strength and anti-listerial properties were found to be strain dependent. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Tin recovery from tin slag using electrolysis method

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jumari, Arif; Purwanto, Agus; Nur, Adrian; Budiman, Annata Wahyu; Lerian, Metty; Paramita, Fransisca A.

2018-02-01

The process in industry, including in mining industry, would surely give negative effect such as waste polluting to the environment. Some of waste could be potentially reutilized to be a commodity with the higher economic value. Tin slag is one of them. The aim of this research was to recover the tin contained in tin slag. Before coming to the electrolysis, tin slag must be treated by dissolution. The grinded tin slag was dissolved into HCl solution to form a slurry. During dissolution, the slurry was agitated and heated, and finally filtered. The filtrate obtained was then electrolyzed. During the process of electrolysis, solid material precipitated on the used cathode. The precipitated solid was then separated and dried. The solid was then analyzed using XRD, XRF and SEM. The XRD analysis showed that the longest time of dissolution and electrolysis the highest the purity obtained in the product. The SEM analysis showed that the longest time of electrolysis the smallest tin particle obtained. Optimum time achieved in this research was 2 hours for the recovering time and 3 hours for the electrolysis time, with 9% tin recovered.

Transcription instability in high-risk neuroblastoma is associated with a global perturbation of chromatin domains.

PubMed

Zanon, Carlo; Tonini, Gian Paolo

2017-11-01

Chromosome instability has a pivotal role among the hallmarks of cancer, but its transcriptional counterpart is rarely considered a relevant factor in cell destabilization. To examine transcription instability (TIN), we first devised a metric we named TIN index and used it to evaluate TIN on a dataset containing more than 500 neuroblastoma samples. We found that metastatic tumors from high-risk (HR) patients are characterized by significantly different TIN index values compared to low/intermediate-risk patients. Our results indicate that the TIN index is a good predictor of neuroblastoma patient's outcome, and a related TIN index gene signature (TIN-signature) is also able to predict the neuroblastoma patient's outcome with high confidence. Interestingly, we find that TIN-signature genes have a strong positional association with superenhancers in neuroblastoma tumors. Finally, we show that TIN is linked to chromatin structural domains and interferes with their integrity in HR neuroblastoma patients. This novel approach to gene expression analysis broadens the perspective of genome instability investigations to include functional aspects. © 2017 The Authors. Published by FEBS Press and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Mineral of the month: tin

USGS Publications Warehouse

Carlin, James F.

2005-01-01

Tin was one of the first metals discovered by humans and, like most metals, tin is rarely used by itself. Most tin is used as a protective coating or as an alloy with other metals in a diverse range of commercial and defense applications.

Superlative TINs

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Chamberlin, R.

2002-01-01

TIN is short for 'triangulated irregular network,' which is a piecewise planar model of a surface. If properly constructed, a TIN can be more than 30 times as efficient as a regular triangulation. In our project (a ground combat simulation to support U.S. Army training exercises), the TIN is used to represent the Earth's surface and is used primarily to determine whether line of sight is blocked by terrain. High efficiency requires accurate identification of ridgelines with as few triangles as possible. The work currently in progress is the implementation of a TINning process that we hope will produce superlative TINs. This presentation describes that process.

Tin whiskers in electronic circuits

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Stupian, Gary W.

1992-12-01

Fibrous, conducting 'whiskers' often grow on pure tin plating. These tin whiskers have, for many years, been known to pose a reliability problem in electronic circuitry; therefore, the use of pure tin coatings in any critical electronic application is not recommended. Despite the warnings of the experts, tin plating is still found on electronic and mechanical components and problems with whiskers still arise. This document summarizes what is known about the growth of tin whiskers. A number of factors (e.g., coating thickness, plating conditions) are thought to be important in determining whether whiskers will grow. Although tin whiskers have been investigated from some decades, there is still disagreement on the effects of virtually every coating parameter. There is no disagreement, however, on the essential fact that it is very difficult to predict with certainty whether whiskers will grow on any specific tin-plated component, which of course is the basis of the 'experts' advice not to use pure tin plating. If tin-plated components are found in an electronic system, replacement is the safest policy. Some additional recommendations to minimize risk are presented here that may be of use in situations in which replacement of all suspect components is not the option of choice because of cost or schedule constraints.

Direct dating of archaeological pottery by compound-specific 14C analysis of preserved lipids.

PubMed

Stott, Andrew W; Berstan, Robert; Evershed, Richard P; Bronk-Ramsey, Christopher; Hedges, Robert E M; Humm, Martin J

2003-10-01

A methodology is described demonstrating the utility of the compound-specific 14C technique as a direct means of dating archaeological pottery. The method uses automated preparative capillary gas chromatography employing wide-bore capillary columns to isolate individual compounds from lipid extracts of archaeological potsherds in high purity (>95%) and amounts (>200 microg) sufficient for radiocarbon dating using accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS). A protocol was developed and tested on n-alkanes and n-carboxylic acids possessing a broad range of 14C ages. Analytical blanks and controls allowed background 14C measurements to be assessed and potential sources of errors to be detected, i.e., contamination with modern or dead 14C, isotopic fraction effects, etc. A "Russian doll" method was developed to transfer isolated target compounds onto tin powder/capsules prior to combustion and AMS analyses. The major advantage of the compound-specific technique is that 14C dates obtained for individual compounds can be directly linked to the commodities processed in the vessels during their use, e.g., animal fats. The compound-specific 14C dating protocol was validated on a suite of ancient pottery whose predicted ages spanned a 5000-year date range. Initial results indicate that meaningful correlations can be obtained between the predicted date of pottery and that of the preserved lipids. These findings constitute an important step forward to the direct dating of archaeological pottery.

Friction and wear of tin and tin alloys from minus 100 C to 150 C

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Buckley, D. H.

1975-01-01

Sliding friction experiments were conducted with an iron (110) single-crystal pin sliding on single and polycrystalline tin and tin alloys. Specimens were examined at various ambient temperatures from -100 to 150 C. Applied loads varied from 1 to 50 grams, and sliding velocity was constant at 0.7 mm/min. Results indicate that the crystal transformation of tin influences the friction coefficient. Friction was higher for the diamond structure (gray tin) than it was for the body-centered tetragonal structure (white tin). Bismuth arrested the crystal transformation, which resulted in constant friction over the temperature range -100 to 150 C. Both copper and aluminum enhanced the kinetics of transformation, with aluminum producing a nearly twofold change in friction with the crystal transformation.

A review of tin oxide-based catalytic systems: Preparation, characterization and catalytic behavior

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Hoflund, Gar B.

1987-01-01

This paper reviews the important aspects of the preparation, characterization and catalytic behavior of tin oxide-based catalytic systems including doped tin oxide, mixed oxides which contain tin oxide, Pt supported on tin oxide and Pt/Sn supported on alumina. These systems have a broad range of applications and are continually increasing in importance. However, due to their complex nature, much remains to be understood concerning how they function catalytically.

Contributions of Stress and Oxidation on the Formation of Whiskers in Pb-free Solders

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-01-29

environmental factors influencing formation of tin whiskers on electrodeposited lead free, tin coatings over copper (or copper containing) substrates is the...Oxidation on the Formation of Whiskers in Pb‐free Solders,” WP-1754 15. SUBJECT TERMS Tin Whiskers, Residual Stress, Environmental Degradation 16...showing the surface of a tin film with whisker .................... 2 Figure 2: SEM Micrograph of Tin film on Copper Substrate cross-sectioned by FIB

Exposure, metabolism, and toxicity of rare earths and related compounds.

PubMed

Hirano, S; Suzuki, K T

1996-03-01

For the past three decades, most attention in heavy metal toxicology has been paid to cadmium, mercury, lead, chromium, nickel, vanadium, and tin because these metals widely polluted the environment. However, with the development of new materials in the last decade, the need for toxicological studies on those new materials has been increasing. A group of rare earths (RE) is a good example. Although some RE have been used for superconductors, plastic magnets, and ceramics, few toxicological data are available compared to other heavy metals described above. Because chemical properties of RE are very similar, it is plausible that their binding affinities to biomolecules, metabolism, and toxicity in the living system are also very similar. In this report, we present an overview of the metabolism and health hazards of RE and related compounds, including our recent studies.

Synthesis of SnS2/SnS fullerene-like nanoparticles: a superlattice with polyhedral shape.

PubMed

Hong, Sung You; Popovitz-Biro, Ronit; Prior, Yehiam; Tenne, Reshef

2003-08-27

Tin disulfide pellets were laser ablated in an inert gas atmosphere, and closed cage fullerene-like (IF) nanoparticles were produced. The nanoparticles had various polyhedra and short tubular structures. Some of these forms contained a periodic pattern of fringes resulting in a superstructure. These patterns could be assigned to a superlattice created by periodic stacking of layered SnS(2) and SnS. Such superlattices are reminiscent of misfit layer compounds, which are known to form tubular morphologies. This mechanism adds up to the established mechanism for IF formation, namely, the annihilation of reactive dangling bonds at the periphery of the nanoparticles. Additionally, it suggests that one of the driving forces to form tubules in misfit compounds is the annihilation of dangling bonds at the rim of the layered structure.

Cascade Synthesis of Five-Membered Lactones using Biomass-Derived Sugars as Carbon Nucleophiles.

PubMed

Yamaguchi, Sho; Matsuo, Takeaki; Motokura, Ken; Miyaji, Akimitsu; Baba, Toshihide

2016-06-06

We report the cascade synthesis of five-membered lactones from a biomass-derived triose sugar, 1,3-dihydroxyacetone, and various aldehydes. This achievement provides a new synthetic strategy to generate a wide range of valuable compounds from a single biomass-derived sugar. Among several examined Lewis acid catalysts, homogeneous tin chloride catalysts exhibited the best performance to form carbon-carbon bonds. The scope and limitations of the synthesis of five-membered lactones using aldehyde compounds are investigated. The cascade reaction led to high product selectivity as well as diastereoselectivity, and the mechanism leading to the diastereoselectivity was discussed based on isomerization experiments and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The present results are expected to support new approaches for the efficient utilization of biomass-derived sugars. © 2016 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Critical thickness of transition from 2D to 3D growth and peculiarities of quantum dots formation in GexSi1-x/Sn/Si and Ge1-ySny/Si systems

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lozovoy, Kirill A.; Kokhanenko, Andrey P.; Voitsekhovskii, Alexander V.

2018-03-01

Nowadays using of tin as one of the deposited materials in GeSi/Sn/Si, GeSn/Si and GeSiSn/Si material systems is one of the most topical problems. These materials are very promising for various applications in nanoelectronics and optoelectronics due to possibility of band gap management and synthesis of direct band semiconductors within these systems. However, there is a lack of theoretical investigations devoted to the peculiarities of germanium on silicon growth in the presence of tin. In this paper a new theoretical approach for modeling growth processes of binary and ternary semiconductor compounds during the molecular beam epitaxy in these systems is presented. The established kinetic model based on the general nucleation theory takes into account the change in physical and mechanical parameters, diffusion coefficient and surface energies in the presence of tin. With the help of the developed model the experimentally observed significant decrease in the 2D-3D transition temperatures for GeSiSn/Si system compared to GeSi/Si system is theoretically explained for the first time in the literature. Besides that, the derived expressions allow one to explain the experimentally observed temperature dependencies of the critical thickness, as well as to predict the average size and surface density of quantum dots for different contents and temperatures in growth experiment, that confirms applicability of the model proposed. Moreover, the established model can be easily applied to other material systems in which the Stranski-Krastanow growth mode occurs.

48 CFR 204.7202-3 - TINs.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 3 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false TINs. 204.7202-3 Section... OF DEFENSE GENERAL ADMINISTRATIVE MATTERS Contractor Identification 204.7202-3 TINs. Requirements for use of TINs are in FAR subpart 4.9. [64 FR 43100, Aug. 9, 1999] ...

40 CFR 421.296 - Pretreatment standards for new sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS NONFERROUS METALS MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Secondary Tin Subcategory... wastewater pollutants in secondary tin process wastewater introduced into a POTW shall not exceed the following values: (a) Tin smelter SO2 scrubber. PSNS for the Secondary Tin Subcategory Pollutant or...

48 CFR 204.7202-3 - TINs.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 3 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false TINs. 204.7202-3 Section... OF DEFENSE GENERAL ADMINISTRATIVE MATTERS Contractor Identification 204.7202-3 TINs. Requirements for use of TINs are in FAR subpart 4.9. [64 FR 43100, Aug. 9, 1999] ...

40 CFR 421.296 - Pretreatment standards for new sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS NONFERROUS METALS MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Secondary Tin Subcategory... wastewater pollutants in secondary tin process wastewater introduced into a POTW shall not exceed the following values: (a) Tin smelter SO2 scrubber. PSNS for the Secondary Tin Subcategory Pollutant or...

48 CFR 204.7202-3 - TINs.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 3 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false TINs. 204.7202-3 Section... OF DEFENSE GENERAL ADMINISTRATIVE MATTERS Contractor Identification 204.7202-3 TINs. Requirements for use of TINs are in FAR subpart 4.9. [64 FR 43100, Aug. 9, 1999] ...

40 CFR 421.296 - Pretreatment standards for new sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS NONFERROUS METALS MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Secondary Tin Subcategory... wastewater pollutants in secondary tin process wastewater introduced into a POTW shall not exceed the following values: (a) Tin smelter SO2 scrubber. PSNS for the Secondary Tin Subcategory Pollutant or...

40 CFR 421.296 - Pretreatment standards for new sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS NONFERROUS METALS MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Secondary Tin Subcategory... wastewater pollutants in secondary tin process wastewater introduced into a POTW shall not exceed the following values: (a) Tin smelter SO2 scrubber. PSNS for the Secondary Tin Subcategory Pollutant or...

40 CFR 421.296 - Pretreatment standards for new sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS NONFERROUS METALS MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Secondary Tin Subcategory... wastewater pollutants in secondary tin process wastewater introduced into a POTW shall not exceed the following values: (a) Tin smelter SO2 scrubber. PSNS for the Secondary Tin Subcategory Pollutant or...

48 CFR 204.7202-3 - TINs.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 3 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false TINs. 204.7202-3 Section... OF DEFENSE GENERAL ADMINISTRATIVE MATTERS Contractor Identification 204.7202-3 TINs. Requirements for use of TINs are in FAR subpart 4.9. [64 FR 43100, Aug. 9, 1999] ...

77 FR 3725 - Proposed Significant New Use Rules on Certain Chemical Substances; Extension of Comment Period

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-01-25

... chemical substances rutile, tin zinc, calcium-doped (CAS No. 389623-01- 2) and rutile, tin zinc, sodium... substances rutile, tin zinc, calcium- doped (CAS No. 389623-01-2) and rutile, tin zinc, sodium-doped (CAS No...

48 CFR 204.7202-3 - TINs.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 3 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false TINs. 204.7202-3 Section... OF DEFENSE GENERAL ADMINISTRATIVE MATTERS Contractor Identification 204.7202-3 TINs. Requirements for use of TINs are in FAR subpart 4.9. [64 FR 43100, Aug. 9, 1999] ...

Metallic tin quantum sheets confined in graphene toward high-efficiency carbon dioxide electroreduction

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lei, Fengcai; Liu, Wei; Sun, Yongfu; Xu, Jiaqi; Liu, Katong; Liang, Liang; Yao, Tao; Pan, Bicai; Wei, Shiqiang; Xie, Yi

2016-09-01

Ultrathin metal layers can be highly active carbon dioxide electroreduction catalysts, but may also be prone to oxidation. Here we construct a model of graphene confined ultrathin layers of highly reactive metals, taking the synthetic highly reactive tin quantum sheets confined in graphene as an example. The higher electrochemical active area ensures 9 times larger carbon dioxide adsorption capacity relative to bulk tin, while the highly-conductive graphene favours rate-determining electron transfer from carbon dioxide to its radical anion. The lowered tin-tin coordination numbers, revealed by X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy, enable tin quantum sheets confined in graphene to efficiently stabilize the carbon dioxide radical anion, verified by 0.13 volts lowered potential of hydroxyl ion adsorption compared with bulk tin. Hence, the tin quantum sheets confined in graphene show enhanced electrocatalytic activity and stability. This work may provide a promising lead for designing efficient and robust catalysts for electrolytic fuel synthesis.

Platelet composite coatings for tin whisker mitigation

DOE PAGES

Rohwer, Lauren E. S.; Martin, James E.

2015-09-14

In this study, reliable methods for tin whisker mitigation are needed for applications that utilize tin-plated commercial components. Tin can grow whiskers that can lead to electrical shorting, possibly causing critical systems to fail catastrophically. The mechanisms of tin whisker growth are unclear and this makes prediction of the lifetimes of critical components uncertain. The development of robust methods for tin whisker mitigation is currently the best approach to eliminating the risk of shorting. Current mitigation methods are based on unfilled polymer coatings that are not impenetrable to tin whiskers. In this paper we report tin whisker mitigation results formore » several filled polymer coatings. The whisker-penetration resistance of the coatings was evaluated at elevated temperature and high humidity and under temperature cycling conditions. The composite coatings comprised Ni and MgF 2-coated Al/Ni/Al platelets in epoxy resin or silicone rubber. In addition to improved whisker mitigation, these platelet composites have enhanced thermal conductivity and dielectric constant compared with unfilled polymers.« less

Platelet Composite Coatings for Tin Whisker Mitigation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Rohwer, Lauren E. S.; Martin, James E.

2015-11-01

Reliable methods for tin whisker mitigation are needed for applications that utilize tin-plated commercial components. Tin can grow whiskers that can lead to electrical shorting, possibly causing critical systems to fail catastrophically. The mechanisms of tin whisker growth are unclear and this makes prediction of the lifetimes of critical components uncertain. The development of robust methods for tin whisker mitigation is currently the best approach to eliminating the risk of shorting. Current mitigation methods are based on unfilled polymer coatings that are not impenetrable to tin whiskers. In this paper we report tin whisker mitigation results for several filled polymer coatings. The whisker-penetration resistance of the coatings was evaluated at elevated temperature and high humidity and under temperature cycling conditions. The composite coatings comprised Ni and MgF2-coated Al/Ni/Al platelets in epoxy resin or silicone rubber. In addition to improved whisker mitigation, these platelet composites have enhanced thermal conductivity and dielectric constant compared with unfilled polymers.

Polynucleotides encoding TRF1 binding proteins

DOEpatents

Campisi, Judith; Kim, Sahn-Ho

2002-01-01

The present invention provides a novel telomere associated protein (Trf1-interacting nuclear protein 2 "Tin2") that hinders the binding of Trf1 to its specific telomere repeat sequence and mediates the formation of a Tin2-Trf1-telomeric DNA complex that limits telomerase access to the telomere. Also included are the corresponding nucleic acids that encode the Tin2 of the present invention, as well as mutants of Tin2. Methods of making, purifying and using Tin2 of the present invention are described. In addition, drug screening assays to identify drugs that mimic and/or complement the effect of Tin2 are presented.

Optical Properties and Plasmonic Performance of Titanium Nitride

PubMed Central

Patsalas, Panos; Kalfagiannis, Nikolaos; Kassavetis, Spyros

2015-01-01

Titanium nitride (TiN) is one of the most well-established engineering materials nowadays. TiN can overcome most of the drawbacks of palsmonic metals due to its high electron conductivity and mobility, high melting point and due to the compatibility of its growth with Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) technology. In this work, we review the dielectric function spectra of TiN and we evaluate the plasmonic performance of TiN by calculating (i) the Surface Plasmon Polariton (SPP) dispersion relations and (ii) the Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance (LSPR) band of TiN nanoparticles, and we demonstrate a significant plasmonic performance of TiN.

Estimating the Probability of Electrical Short Circuits from Tin Whiskers. Part 2

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Courey, Karim J.; Asfour, Shihab S.; Onar, Arzu; Bayliss, Jon A.; Ludwig, Larry L.; Wright, Maria C.

2009-01-01

To comply with lead-free legislation, many manufacturers have converted from tin-lead to pure tin finishes of electronic components. However, pure tin finishes have a greater propensity to grow tin whiskers than tin-lead finishes. Since tin whiskers present an electrical short circuit hazard in electronic components, simulations have been developed to quantify the risk of said short circuits occurring. Existing risk simulations make the assumption that when a free tin whisker has bridged two adjacent exposed electrical conductors, the result is an electrical short circuit. This conservative assumption is made because shorting is a random event that had an unknown probability associated with it. Note however that due to contact resistance electrical shorts may not occur at lower voltage levels. In our first article we developed an empirical probability model for tin whisker shorting. In this paper, we develop a more comprehensive empirical model using a refined experiment with a larger sample size, in which we studied the effect of varying voltage on the breakdown of the contact resistance which leads to a short circuit. From the resulting data we estimated the probability distribution of an electrical short, as a function of voltage.

Demonstration of high-performance p-type tin oxide thin-film transistors using argon-plasma surface treatments

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bae, Sang-Dae; Kwon, Soo-Hun; Jeong, Hwan-Seok; Kwon, Hyuck-In

2017-07-01

In this work, we investigated the effects of low-temperature argon (Ar)-plasma surface treatments on the physical and chemical structures of p-type tin oxide thin-films and the electrical performance of p-type tin oxide thin-film transistors (TFTs). From the x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurement, we found that SnO was the dominant phase in the deposited tin oxide thin-film, and the Ar-plasma treatment partially transformed the tin oxide phase from SnO to SnO2 by oxidation. The resistivity of the tin oxide thin-film increased with the plasma-treatment time because of the reduced hole concentration. In addition, the root-mean-square roughness of the tin oxide thin-film decreased as the plasma-treatment time increased. The p-type oxide TFT with an Ar-plasma-treated tin oxide thin-film exhibited excellent electrical performance with a high current on-off ratio (5.2 × 106) and a low off-current (1.2 × 10-12 A), which demonstrates that the low-temperature Ar-plasma treatment is a simple and effective method for improving the electrical performance of p-type tin oxide TFTs.

40 CFR 421.295 - Pretreatment standards for existing sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

...) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS NONFERROUS METALS MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Secondary Tin... existing sources. The mass of wastewater pollutants in secondary tin process wastewater introduced into a POTW must not exceed the following values: (a) Tin smelter SO2 scrubber. PSES for the Secondary Tin...

40 CFR 421.295 - Pretreatment standards for existing sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

...) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS NONFERROUS METALS MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Secondary Tin... existing sources. The mass of wastewater pollutants in secondary tin process wastewater introduced into a POTW must not exceed the following values: (a) Tin smelter SO2 scrubber. PSES for the Secondary Tin...

40 CFR 421.295 - Pretreatment standards for existing sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

...) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS NONFERROUS METALS MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Secondary Tin... existing sources. The mass of wastewater pollutants in secondary tin process wastewater introduced into a POTW must not exceed the following values: (a) Tin smelter SO2 scrubber. PSES for the Secondary Tin...

40 CFR 421.295 - Pretreatment standards for existing sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

...) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS NONFERROUS METALS MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Secondary Tin... existing sources. The mass of wastewater pollutants in secondary tin process wastewater introduced into a POTW must not exceed the following values: (a) Tin smelter SO2 scrubber. PSES for the Secondary Tin...

40 CFR 421.295 - Pretreatment standards for existing sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

...) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS NONFERROUS METALS MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Secondary Tin... existing sources. The mass of wastewater pollutants in secondary tin process wastewater introduced into a POTW must not exceed the following values: (a) Tin smelter SO2 scrubber. PSES for the Secondary Tin...

An Investigation of the Electrical Short Circuit Characteristics of Tin Whiskers

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Courey, Karim J.

2008-01-01

In this experiment, an empirical model to quantify the probability of occurrence of an electrical short circuit from tin whiskers as a function of voltage was developed. This model can be used to improve existing risk simulation models FIB and TEM images of a tin whisker confirm the rare polycrystalline structure on one of the three whiskers studied. FIB cross-section of the card guides verified that the tin finish was bright tin.

Effect of Tin, Copper and Boron on the Hot Ductility of 20CrMnTi Steel between 650 °C and 1100 °C

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Peng, Hong-bing; Chen, Wei-qing; Chen, Lie; Guo, Dong

2015-02-01

The hot ductility of 20CrMnTi steel with x% tin, y% copper and z ppm boron (x = 0, 0.02; y = 0, 0.2; z = 0, 60) was investigated. The results show that tin and copper in 20CrMnTi steel are detrimental to its hot ductility while adding boron can eliminate the adverse effect and enhance hot ductility greatly. Tin is found to segregate to the boundaries tested by EPMA in 20CrMnTi steel containing tin and copper and tin-segregation is suppressed by adding boron, moreover, copper was found not to segregate to boundaries, however, fine copper sulfide was found from carbon extraction replicas using TEM. The adverse effect of tin and copper on the hot ductility was due mainly to tin segregation and fine copper sulfide in the steel. The proeutectoid ferrite film precipitating along the austenite grain boundary causes the ductility trough of the three examined steels. Tin and copper in 20CrMnTi steel can retard the occurrence of dynamic recrystallization (DRX) while boron-addition can compensate for that change. The beneficial effect of boron on 20CrMnTi steel containing tin and copper might be ascribed to the fact that boron segregates to grain boundaries, accelerates onset of DRX, retards austenite/ferrite transformation and promotes intragranular nucleation of ferrite.

Precipitation Behaviors of TiN Inclusion in GCr15 Bearing Steel Billet

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tian, Qianren; Wang, Guocheng; Zhao, Yang; Li, Jing; Wang, Qi

2018-06-01

There are many types of non-metallic TiN-based inclusions observed in GCr15 bearing steel, including single-particle TiN, multi-particle polymerized TiN, and complex inclusions like TiN-MnS, TiN-MgO-MgAl2O4 (TiN-MgO-MA), and TiN-MgAl2O4-MnS (TiN-MA-MnS). Thermodynamic calculations suggest that single-particle TiN precipitates dominate the mushy zone of GCr15 bearing steel. Kinetic calculations regarding TiN growth suggest that the final size of the single-particle TiN ranges between 1 and 6 μm in the initial concentration range of [pct Ti] = 0.0060 to 0.0079 and [pct N] = 0.0049 to 0.0070, at 1620 to 1640 K and a local cooling rate of 0.5 to 10 K/s. The multi-particle polymerized TiN are formed by single TiN particles in three stages: single-particle TiN inclusions approach each other drawn by the cavity bridge force (CBF), local active angles consolidate, and neck region sintering occurs. Based on the thermodynamic calculations of TiN, MnS, and MgO precipitation, the formation behaviors of complex inclusions of TiN-MnS, TiN-MgO-MA, and TiN-MA-MnS were investigated.

77 FR 32998 - Tin- and Chromium-Coated Steel Sheet From Japan

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-06-04

... INTERNATIONAL TRADE COMMISSION [Investigation No. 731-TA-860 (Second Review)] Tin- and Chromium... order on tin- and chromium-coated steel sheet from Japan would be likely to lead to continuation or... USITC Publication 4325 (May 2012), entitled Tin- and Chromium-Coated Steel Sheet from Japan...

40 CFR 471.10 - Applicability; description of the lead-tin-bismuth forming subcategory.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

...-tin-bismuth forming subcategory. 471.10 Section 471.10 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL... METAL POWDERS POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Lead-Tin-Bismuth Forming Subcategory § 471.10 Applicability; description of the lead-tin-bismuth forming subcategory. This subpart applies to discharges of pollutants to...

26 CFR 31.3406(j)-1 - Taxpayer Identification Number (TIN) matching program.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... 26 Internal Revenue 15 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Taxpayer Identification Number (TIN) matching... Number (TIN) matching program. (a) The matching program. Under section 3406(i), the Commissioner has the authority to establish Taxpayer Identification Number (TIN) matching programs. The Commissioner may...

26 CFR 31.3406(j)-1 - Taxpayer Identification Number (TIN) matching program.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... 26 Internal Revenue 15 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Taxpayer Identification Number (TIN) matching... Number (TIN) matching program. (a) The matching program. Under section 3406(i), the Commissioner has the authority to establish Taxpayer Identification Number (TIN) matching programs. The Commissioner may...

26 CFR 31.3406(j)-1 - Taxpayer Identification Number (TIN) matching program.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... 26 Internal Revenue 15 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Taxpayer Identification Number (TIN) matching... Number (TIN) matching program. (a) The matching program. Under section 3406(i), the Commissioner has the authority to establish Taxpayer Identification Number (TIN) matching programs. The Commissioner may...

40 CFR 471.10 - Applicability; description of the lead-tin-bismuth forming subcategory.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

...-tin-bismuth forming subcategory. 471.10 Section 471.10 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL... METAL POWDERS POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Lead-Tin-Bismuth Forming Subcategory § 471.10 Applicability; description of the lead-tin-bismuth forming subcategory. This subpart applies to discharges of pollutants to...

40 CFR 471.10 - Applicability; description of the lead-tin-bismuth forming subcategory.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

...-tin-bismuth forming subcategory. 471.10 Section 471.10 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL... POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Lead-Tin-Bismuth Forming Subcategory § 471.10 Applicability; description of the lead-tin-bismuth forming subcategory. This subpart applies to discharges of pollutants to waters of the...

40 CFR 471.10 - Applicability; description of the lead-tin-bismuth forming subcategory.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

...-tin-bismuth forming subcategory. 471.10 Section 471.10 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL... METAL POWDERS POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Lead-Tin-Bismuth Forming Subcategory § 471.10 Applicability; description of the lead-tin-bismuth forming subcategory. This subpart applies to discharges of pollutants to...

40 CFR 471.10 - Applicability; description of the lead-tin-bismuth forming subcategory.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

...-tin-bismuth forming subcategory. 471.10 Section 471.10 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL... POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Lead-Tin-Bismuth Forming Subcategory § 471.10 Applicability; description of the lead-tin-bismuth forming subcategory. This subpart applies to discharges of pollutants to waters of the...

26 CFR 31.3406(j)-1 - Taxpayer Identification Number (TIN) matching program.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... 26 Internal Revenue 15 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Taxpayer Identification Number (TIN) matching... Number (TIN) matching program. (a) The matching program. Under section 3406(i), the Commissioner has the authority to establish Taxpayer Identification Number (TIN) matching programs. The Commissioner may...

26 CFR 31.3406(j)-1 - Taxpayer Identification Number (TIN) matching program.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 26 Internal Revenue 15 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Taxpayer Identification Number (TIN) matching... Number (TIN) matching program. (a) The matching program. Under section 3406(i), the Commissioner has the authority to establish Taxpayer Identification Number (TIN) matching programs. The Commissioner may...

An Empirical Model for Estimating the Probability of Electrical Short Circuits from Tin Whiskers. Part 2

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Courey, Karim; Wright, Clara; Asfour, Shihab; Onar, Arzu; Bayliss, Jon; Ludwig, Larry

2009-01-01

In this experiment, an empirical model to quantify the probability of occurrence of an electrical short circuit from tin whiskers as a function of voltage was developed. This empirical model can be used to improve existing risk simulation models. FIB and TEM images of a tin whisker confirm the rare polycrystalline structure on one of the three whiskers studied. FIB cross-section of the card guides verified that the tin finish was bright tin.

Microwave plasma CVD of NANO structured tin/carbon composites

DOEpatents

Marcinek, Marek [Warszawa, PL; Kostecki, Robert [Lafayette, CA

2012-07-17

A method for forming a graphitic tin-carbon composite at low temperatures is described. The method involves using microwave radiation to produce a neutral gas plasma in a reactor cell. At least one organo tin precursor material in the reactor cell forms a tin-carbon film on a supporting substrate disposed in the cell under influence of the plasma. The three dimensional carbon matrix material with embedded tin nanoparticles can be used as an electrode in lithium-ion batteries.

Preparation of textural lamellar tin deposits via electrodeposition

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wen, Xiaoyu; Pan, Xiaona; Wu, Libin; Li, Ruinan; Wang, Dan; Zhang, Jinqiu; Yang, Peixia

2017-06-01

Lamellar tin deposits were prepared by galvanostatical electroplating from the aqueous acidic-sulfate bath, with gelatin and benzalacetone dissolved in ethanol (ABA+EtOH) as additive, and their morphologies were investigated by scanning electron microscopy. Cathodic polarization curves revealed that the absorbability of ABA+EtOH on the cathode surface was higher than that of gelatin. X-ray diffraction analysis indicated preferred orientations of tin growth led to the formation of lamellar structure and distortion of tin lattice. The growth mechanism of lamellar tin was also discussed.

NASA GSFC Tin Whisker Homepage http://nepp.nasa.gov/whisker

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Shaw, Harry

2000-01-01

The NASA GSFC Tin Whisker Homepage provides general information and GSFC Code 562 experimentation results regarding the well known phenomenon of tin whisker formation from pure tin plated substrates. The objective of this www site is to provide a central repository for information pertaining to this phenomenon and to provide status of the GSFC experiments to understand the behavior of tin whiskers in space environments. The Tin Whisker www site is produced by Code 562. This www site does not provide information pertaining to patented or proprietary information. All of the information contained in this www site is at the level of that produced by industry and university researchers and is published at international conferences.

Effect of thiourea on electrochemical nucleation and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy of electrodeposited tin on a copper substrate in a sulfate bath.

PubMed

Lee, Mi-Ri; Na, Seong-Hun; Park, Hwa-Sun; Suh, Su-Jeong

2014-12-01

The effect of thiourea on the electrochemical nucleation of tin on a copper substrate from a sulfate bath was studied using voltammetry, chronoamperometry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. Without thiourea, electrodeposition of tin showed very poor surface coverage. However, re-nucleation and growth of tin occurred after the addition of thiourea. In particular, very rapid re-nucleation and growth behavior of tin were observed when up to 6 g/L of thiourea was added. Furthermore, impedance analysis allowed the estimation of the change in the growth behavior of tin when up to 6 g/L of thiourea was added.

Structural studies of supported tin catalysts

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Nava, Noel; Viveros, Tomás

1999-11-01

Tin oxide was supported on aluminium oxide, titanium oxide, magnesium oxide and silicon oxide, and the resulting interactions between the components in the prepared samples and after reduction were characterized by Mössbauer spectroscopy. It was observed that in the oxide state, tin is present as SnO2 on alumina, magnesia and silica, but on titania tin occupies Ti sites in the structure. After hydrogen treatment at high temperatures, tin is reduced from Sn(4) to Sn(2) on alumina and titania; it is reduced from Sn(4) to Sn(0) on silica, and is practically not reduced on magnesia. These results reveal the degree of interaction between tin and the different supports studied.

Properties of TiNi intermetallic compound industrially produced by combustion synthesis

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Kaieda, Yoshinari

Most TiNi shape memory intermetallic compounds are conventionally produced by the process including high frequency induction vacuum melting and casting. A gravity segregation occurs in a cast TiNi ingot because of the big difference in the specific gravity between Ti and Ni. It is difficult to control accurately the phase transformation temperature of TiNi shape memory intermetallic compound produced by the conventional process, because the martensitic transformation temperature shifts by 10K due to the change in 0.1 % of Ni content. Homogeneous TiNi intermetallic compound is produced by the industrial process including combustion synthesis method, which is a newly developedmore » manufacturing process. In the new process, phase transformation temperatures of TiNi can be controlled accurately by controlling the ratio of Ti and Ni elemental starting powders. The chemical component, the impurities and the phase transformation temperatures of the TiNi products industrially produced by the process are revealed. These properties are vitally important when combustion synthesis method is applied to an industrial mass production process for producing TiNi shape memory intermetallic compounds. TiNi shape memory products are industrially and commercially produced today the industrial process including combustion synthesis. The total production weight in a year is 30 tins in 1994.« less

Organic derivatives of tin (II/IV): Investigation of their structure

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Szirtes, L.; Megyeri, J.; Kuzmann, E.; Beck, A.

2011-07-01

The structures of tin(II)-oxalate, tin(IV)Na-EDTA and tin(IV)Na 8-inositol hexaphosphate were investigated using XRD analysis. Samples were identified using the Mössbauer study, thermal analysis and FTIR spectrometry. The Mössbauer study determined two different oxidation states of tin atoms, and consequently two different tin surroundings in the end products. The tin oxalate was found to be orthorhombic with space group Pnma, a=9.2066(3) Å, b=9.7590(1) Å, c=13.1848(5) Å, V=1184.62 Å 3 and Z=8. SnNa-EDTA was found to be monoclinic with space group P2 1/c 1, a=10.7544(3) Å, b=10.1455(3) Å, c=16.5130(6) Å, β=98.59(2)°, V=1781.50(4) Å 3 and Z=4. Sn(C 6H 6Na 8O 24P 6) was found to be amorphous.

A charge optimized many-body potential for titanium nitride (TiN).

PubMed

Cheng, Y-T; Liang, T; Martinez, J A; Phillpot, S R; Sinnott, S B

2014-07-02

This work presents a new empirical, variable charge potential for TiN systems in the charge-optimized many-body potential framework. The potential parameters were determined by fitting them to experimental data for the enthalpy of formation, lattice parameters, and elastic constants of rocksalt structured TiN. The potential does a good job of describing the fundamental physical properties (defect formation and surface energies) of TiN relative to the predictions of first-principles calculations. This potential is used in classical molecular dynamics simulations to examine the interface of fcc-Ti(0 0 1)/TiN(0 0 1) and to characterize the adsorption of oxygen atoms and molecules on the TiN(0 0 1) surface. The results indicate that the potential is well suited to model TiN thin films and to explore the chemistry associated with their oxidation.

Effect of doping of tin on optoelectronic properties of indium oxide: DFT study

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tripathi, Madhvendra Nath

2015-06-01

Indium tin oxide is widely used transparent conductor. Experimentally observed that 6% tin doping in indium oxide is suitable for optoelectronic applications and more doping beyond this limit degrades the optoelectronic property. The stoichiometry (In32-xSnxO48+x/2; x=0-6) is taken to understand the change in lattice parameter, electronic structure, and optical property of ITO. It is observed that lattice parameter increases and becomes constant after 6% tin doping that is in good agreement of the experimental observation. The electronic structure calculation shows that the high tin doping in indium oxide adversely affects the dispersive nature of the bottom of conduction band of pure indium oxide and decreases the carrier mobility. Optical calculations show that transmittance goes down upto 60% for the tin concentration more than 6%. The present paper shows that how more than 6% tin doping in indium oxide adversely affects the optoelectronic property of ITO.

77 FR 13156 - Carolina Power & Light Company; Shearon Harris Nuclear Power Plant, Unit 1; Exemption

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-03-05

... percent) and niobium (~1 percent). The elimination of tin has resulted in superior corrosion resistance and reduced irradiation-induced growth relative to both standard zircaloy (1.7 percent tin) and low-tin zircaloy (1.2 percent tin). The addition of niobium increases ductility, which is desirable to...

26 CFR 1.6050H-0 - Table of contents.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

..., 1989. (i) Failure to file return or to furnish statement. (ii) Failure to furnish TIN. (iii) Failure to...) Failure to furnish TIN. (iii) Failure to include correct information. (f) Requirement to request and to obtain TIN. (1) In general. (2) Manner of requesting TIN. (g) Effective date. (1) In general. (2) Points...

40 CFR 721.10140 - Phosphoric acid, tin (2+) salt (2:3).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 30 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Phosphoric acid, tin (2+) salt (2:3... Specific Chemical Substances § 721.10140 Phosphoric acid, tin (2+) salt (2:3). (a) Chemical substance and significant new uses subject to reporting. (1) The chemical substance identified as phosphoric acid, tin (2...

78 FR 52802 - Tin T. Win, M.D., Dismissal of Proceeding

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-08-26

... DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE Drug Enforcement Administration Tin T. Win, M.D., Dismissal of Proceeding On... Cause and Immediate Suspension of Registration to Tin T. Win, M.D. (hereinafter, Registrant), of Lake... order that the Order to Show Cause and Immediate Suspension of Registration issued to Tin T. Win, M.D...

40 CFR 721.10140 - Phosphoric acid, tin (2+) salt (2:3).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 32 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Phosphoric acid, tin (2+) salt (2:3... Specific Chemical Substances § 721.10140 Phosphoric acid, tin (2+) salt (2:3). (a) Chemical substance and significant new uses subject to reporting. (1) The chemical substance identified as phosphoric acid, tin (2...

40 CFR 721.10140 - Phosphoric acid, tin (2+) salt (2:3).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 32 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Phosphoric acid, tin (2+) salt (2:3... Specific Chemical Substances § 721.10140 Phosphoric acid, tin (2+) salt (2:3). (a) Chemical substance and significant new uses subject to reporting. (1) The chemical substance identified as phosphoric acid, tin (2...

77 FR 66449 - Applications for New Awards; National Institute on Disability and Rehabilitation Research...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-11-05

...) number and a Taxpayer Identification Number (TIN); b. Register both your DUNS number and TIN with the...), the Government's primary registrant database; c. Provide your DUNS number and TIN on your application... you are a corporate entity, agency, institution, or organization, you can obtain a TIN from the...

77 FR 27031 - Applications for New Awards; Centers for Independent Living

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-05-08

... Number (TIN); b. Register both your DUNS number and TIN with the Central Contractor Registry (CCR), the Government's primary registrant database; c. Provide your DUNS number and TIN on your application; and d..., agency, institution, or organization, you can obtain a TIN from the Internal Revenue Service. If you are...

38 CFR 61.12 - Capital grant application packages-threshold requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... contains the Employer Identification Number or Taxpayer Identification Number (EIN/TIN) that corresponds to... must provide such an IRS determination letter, which includes their EIN/TIN. Applicants that apply under a group EIN/TIN must be identified by the parent EIN/TIN as a member or sub-unit of the parent EIN...

26 CFR 1.6050H-0 - Table of contents.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

..., 1989. (i) Failure to file return or to furnish statement. (ii) Failure to furnish TIN. (iii) Failure to...) Failure to furnish TIN. (iii) Failure to include correct information. (f) Requirement to request and to obtain TIN. (1) In general. (2) Manner of requesting TIN. (g) Effective date. (1) In general. (2) Points...

38 CFR 61.12 - Capital grant application packages-threshold requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... contains the Employer Identification Number or Taxpayer Identification Number (EIN/TIN) that corresponds to... must provide such an IRS determination letter, which includes their EIN/TIN. Applicants that apply under a group EIN/TIN must be identified by the parent EIN/TIN as a member or sub-unit of the parent EIN...

26 CFR 1.6050H-0 - Table of contents.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

..., 1989. (i) Failure to file return or to furnish statement. (ii) Failure to furnish TIN. (iii) Failure to...) Failure to furnish TIN. (iii) Failure to include correct information. (f) Requirement to request and to obtain TIN. (1) In general. (2) Manner of requesting TIN. (g) Effective date. (1) In general. (2) Points...

7 CFR 3.44 - Centralized administrative offset.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... TINs of debtors who owe debts referred to Treasury under this section shall be compared to the names and TINs on payments to be made by Federal disbursing officials. Federal disbursing officials include... and TIN of a debtor match the name and TIN of a payee and all other requirements for offset have been...

26 CFR 1.6050H-0 - Table of contents.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

..., 1989. (i) Failure to file return or to furnish statement. (ii) Failure to furnish TIN. (iii) Failure to...) Failure to furnish TIN. (iii) Failure to include correct information. (f) Requirement to request and to obtain TIN. (1) In general. (2) Manner of requesting TIN. (g) Effective date. (1) In general. (2) Points...

40 CFR 721.10230 - Rutile, tin zinc, calcium doped.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 31 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Rutile, tin zinc, calcium doped. 721... Substances § 721.10230 Rutile, tin zinc, calcium doped. (a) Chemical substance and significant new uses subject to reporting. (1) The chemical substance identified as rutile, tin zinc, calcium-doped (PMN P-06...

40 CFR 721.10231 - Rutile, tin zinc, sodium-doped.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 32 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Rutile, tin zinc, sodium-doped. 721... Substances § 721.10231 Rutile, tin zinc, sodium-doped. (a) Chemical substance and significant new uses subject to reporting. (1) The chemical substance identified as rutile, tin zinc, sodium-doped (PMN P-06-37...

77 FR 34938 - Certain Tin Mill Products From Japan: Continuation of Antidumping Duty Order

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-06-12

... DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE International Trade Administration [A-588-854] Certain Tin Mill Products... duty order on certain tin mill products from Japan would likely lead to continuation or recurrence of...: Background On August 28, 2000, the Department published the antidumping duty order on certain tin mill...

42 CFR 425.504 - Incorporating reporting requirements related to the Physician Quality Reporting System.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... under their ACO participant TIN as a group practice under the Physician Quality Reporting System Group... participant TIN, on behalf of its ACO supplier/provider participants who are eligible professionals, will... Physician Fee Schedule for that TIN. (4) ACO participant TINs and individual ACO providers/suppliers who are...

42 CFR 425.504 - Incorporating reporting requirements related to the Physician Quality Reporting System.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... under their ACO participant TIN as a group practice under the Physician Quality Reporting System Group... participant TIN, on behalf of its ACO supplier/provider participants who are eligible professionals, will... Physician Fee Schedule for that TIN. (4) ACO participant TINs and individual ACO providers/suppliers who are...

7 CFR 3.44 - Centralized administrative offset.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... TINs of debtors who owe debts referred to Treasury under this section shall be compared to the names and TINs on payments to be made by Federal disbursing officials. Federal disbursing officials include... and TIN of a debtor match the name and TIN of a payee and all other requirements for offset have been...

76 FR 14902 - Certain Tin Mill Products From Japan: Rescission of Antidumping Duty Administrative Review

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-03-18

... DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE International Trade Administration [A-588-854] Certain Tin Mill Products... duty order covering certain tin mill products from Japan. The period of review is August 1, 2009... parties to request an administrative review of the antidumping duty order on certain tin mill products...

7 CFR 3.44 - Centralized administrative offset.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... TINs of debtors who owe debts referred to Treasury under this section shall be compared to the names and TINs on payments to be made by Federal disbursing officials. Federal disbursing officials include... and TIN of a debtor match the name and TIN of a payee and all other requirements for offset have been...

40 CFR 721.10231 - Rutile, tin zinc, sodium-doped.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 31 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Rutile, tin zinc, sodium-doped. 721... Substances § 721.10231 Rutile, tin zinc, sodium-doped. (a) Chemical substance and significant new uses subject to reporting. (1) The chemical substance identified as rutile, tin zinc, sodium-doped (PMN P-06-37...

77 FR 5767 - Certain Tin Mill Products From Japan: Rescission of Antidumping Duty Administrative Review

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-02-06

... DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE International Trade Administration [A-588-854] Certain Tin Mill Products... duty order covering certain tin mill products from Japan. The period of review is August 1, 2010... parties to request an administrative review of the antidumping duty order on certain tin mill products...

40 CFR 721.10140 - Phosphoric acid, tin (2+) salt (2:3).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 31 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Phosphoric acid, tin (2+) salt (2:3... Specific Chemical Substances § 721.10140 Phosphoric acid, tin (2+) salt (2:3). (a) Chemical substance and significant new uses subject to reporting. (1) The chemical substance identified as phosphoric acid, tin (2...

7 CFR 3.44 - Centralized administrative offset.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... TINs of debtors who owe debts referred to Treasury under this section shall be compared to the names and TINs on payments to be made by Federal disbursing officials. Federal disbursing officials include... and TIN of a debtor match the name and TIN of a payee and all other requirements for offset have been...

40 CFR 721.10140 - Phosphoric acid, tin (2+) salt (2:3).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 31 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Phosphoric acid, tin (2+) salt (2:3... Specific Chemical Substances § 721.10140 Phosphoric acid, tin (2+) salt (2:3). (a) Chemical substance and significant new uses subject to reporting. (1) The chemical substance identified as phosphoric acid, tin (2...

26 CFR 1.6050H-0 - Table of contents.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

..., 1989. (i) Failure to file return or to furnish statement. (ii) Failure to furnish TIN. (iii) Failure to...) Failure to furnish TIN. (iii) Failure to include correct information. (f) Requirement to request and to obtain TIN. (1) In general. (2) Manner of requesting TIN. (g) Effective date. (1) In general. (2) Points...

40 CFR 721.10230 - Rutile, tin zinc, calcium doped.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 32 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Rutile, tin zinc, calcium doped. 721... Substances § 721.10230 Rutile, tin zinc, calcium doped. (a) Chemical substance and significant new uses subject to reporting. (1) The chemical substance identified as rutile, tin zinc, calcium-doped (PMN P-06...

76 FR 68512 - Carolina Power & Light Company; H. B. Robinson Steam Electric Plant, Unit 2; Exemption

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-11-04

... (~1 percent). The elimination of tin has resulted in superior corrosion resistance and reduced irradiation-induced growth relative to both standard zircaloy (1.7 percent tin) and low-tin zircaloy (1.2 percent tin). The addition of niobium increases ductility, which is desirable to avoid brittle failures...

7 CFR 3.44 - Centralized administrative offset.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... TINs of debtors who owe debts referred to Treasury under this section shall be compared to the names and TINs on payments to be made by Federal disbursing officials. Federal disbursing officials include... and TIN of a debtor match the name and TIN of a payee and all other requirements for offset have been...

Influence of Microstructure on the Electrical Properties of Heteroepitaxial TiN Films

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Xiang, Wenfeng; Liu, Yuan; Zhang, Jiaqi

2018-05-01

Heteroepitaxial TiN films were deposited on Si substrates by pulse laser deposition at different substrate temperature. The microstructure and surface morphology of the films were investigated by X-ray diffraction (θ-2θ scan, ω-scan, and ϕ-scan) and atomic force microscopy. The electrical properties of the prepared TiN films were studied using a physical property measurement system. The experimental results showed that the crystallinity and surface morphology of the TiN films were improved gradually with increasing substrate temperature below 700 °C. Specially, single crystal TiN films were prepared when substrate temperature is above 700 °C; However, the quality of TiN films gradually worsened when the substrate temperature was increased further. The electrical properties of the films were directly correlated to their crystalline quality. At the optimal substrate temperature of 700 °C, the TiN films exhibited the lowest resistivity and highest mobility of 25.7 μΩ cm and 36.1 cm2/V s, respectively. In addition, the mechanism concerning the influence of substrate temperature on the microstructure of TiN films is discussed in detail.

From toothpaste to topological insulators and materials for valleytronics: The journeys of fluorinated tin

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Barraza-Lopez, Salvador; Rivero, Pablo; Yan, Jia-An; Garcia-Suarez, Victor Manuel; Ferrer, Jaime

2015-03-01

Tin fluoride has a vast literature. This material is stable in bulk form at room temperature and has commercial applications that include fluorinated toothpaste. Bulk tin fluoride has a pair of fluorine atoms bridging two tin atoms. In the recent past the electronic properties of 2D tin with honeycomb structure have been discussed thus generating a wealth of literature that emphasizes its non-topologically-trivial electronic properties due to the combination of a Dirac-like dispersion and a strong spin-orbit coupling given its large atomic mass. Nevertheless the stability of such freestanding structures has been contested recently. As it turns out, the most stable form of fluorinated tin does not possess a graphane-like structure either. In the most stable phase to be discussed here, fluorine atoms tilt away from (graphane-like) positions over/below tin atoms; in an atomistic arrangement similar to the one seen on their parent bulk structure. Electronic properties depend on atomistic coordination, and the most stable form of fluorinated tin does not possess non-trivial topological properties. Nevertheless it represents a new paradigm for valleytronics in 2D.

Organo-tins in sediments and mussels from the Sado estuarine system (Portugal).

PubMed

Quevauviller, P; Lavigne, R; Pinel, R; Astruc, M

1989-01-01

Analyses of methyl- and butyl-tin levels in freshwater, estuarine and marine sediments from the Sado estuarine system, and in mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) from its adjacent coast, have been performed in order to detect the contaminated areas. The main inputs of tributyl-tin (TBT), along with degradation products di- and monobutyl-tin (DBT and MBT), were detected in the estuarine zone, due to high discharge from shipyards located in this area. These levels are sometimes very high, ranging from 235 to 12,200 ng g(-1) total butyl-tins in sediments. Such inputs lead to higher bioconcentration values in mussels in the estuarine zone, as well as in a harbour located along the adjacent coast. The bioconcentration of organo-tins in mussel tissues could be enhanced in estuarine turbid waters, due to an ingestion of butyl-tins adsorbed onto fine particles, in comparison with non-turbid coastal waters. Debutylation processes occur in both sediments and mussel tissues; in organisms, these processes may lead to the formation of inorganic tin, which may be methylated differently according to the period of the year.

Carbon/tin oxide composite electrodes for improved lithium-ion batteries

DOE PAGES

Li, Yunchao; Levine, Alan M.; Zhang, Jinshui; ...

2018-05-17

Tin and tin oxide-based electrodes are promising high-capacity anodes for lithium-ion batteries. However, poor capacity retention is the major issue with these materials due to the large volumetric expansion that occurs when lithium is alloyed with tin during lithiation and delithiation process. Here, a method to prepare a low-cost, scalable carbon and tin(II) oxide composite anode is reported. The composite material was prepared by ball milling of carbon recovered from used tire powders with 25 wt% tin(II) oxide to form lithium-ion battery anode. With the impact of energy from the ball milling, tin oxide powders were uniformly distributed inside themore » pores of waste-tire-derived carbon. During lithiation and delithiation, the carbon matrix can effectively absorb the volume expansion caused by tin, thereby minimizing pulverization and capacity fade of the electrodes. In conclusion, the as-synthesized anode yielded a capacity of 690 mAh g –1 after 300 cycles at a current density of 40 mA g –1 with a stable battery performance.« less

Carbon/tin oxide composite electrodes for improved lithium-ion batteries

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Li, Yunchao; Levine, Alan M.; Zhang, Jinshui

Tin and tin oxide-based electrodes are promising high-capacity anodes for lithium-ion batteries. However, poor capacity retention is the major issue with these materials due to the large volumetric expansion that occurs when lithium is alloyed with tin during lithiation and delithiation process. Here, a method to prepare a low-cost, scalable carbon and tin(II) oxide composite anode is reported. The composite material was prepared by ball milling of carbon recovered from used tire powders with 25 wt% tin(II) oxide to form lithium-ion battery anode. With the impact of energy from the ball milling, tin oxide powders were uniformly distributed inside themore » pores of waste-tire-derived carbon. During lithiation and delithiation, the carbon matrix can effectively absorb the volume expansion caused by tin, thereby minimizing pulverization and capacity fade of the electrodes. In conclusion, the as-synthesized anode yielded a capacity of 690 mAh g –1 after 300 cycles at a current density of 40 mA g –1 with a stable battery performance.« less

Pechini process-derived tin oxide and tin oxide-graphite composites for lithium-ion batteries

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhang, R.; Lee, Jim Y.; Liu, Z. L.

The Pechini process [Ceram. Bull. 68 (1989) 1002] is used to obtain fine tin oxide powders that reduce the specific volume change in Li + insertion and extraction reactions. The suitability of these tin oxides as active materials for negative electrodes in lithium-ion batteries is investigated. From elemental analysis, it is found that the templating polymer network is almost completely obliterated after heating at 500 °C. The best tin oxide does not exhibit extensive crystallization of tin atoms even after 30 cycles of alloying and de-alloying reactions with Li. The structure and the specific capacity of the oxides are dependent on the heat treatment and remnants of the polymeric CH network can impose an unfavorable outcome. A capacity of 600 mAh g -1, which is unchanged for 30 cycles, can be obtained from tin oxide heat treated at 1000 °C. Composites of graphite and SnO 2 are also prepared and exhibit synergistic interactions between graphite and tin oxide which are similar to those reported previously [Electrochem. Solid State Lett. 3 (2000) 167].

Infrared Emissivity of Tin upon Release of a 25 GPa Shock into a LiF Window

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Turley, W. D., Holtkamp, D. B., Marshall, B. R., Stevens, G. D., Veeser, L. R.

We measured the emissivity of a tin sample at its interface with a lithium-fluoride window upon release of a 25 GPa shock wave from the tin into the window. Measurements were made over four wavelength bands between 1.2 and 5.4 μm. Thermal emission backgrounds from the tin, glue, and lithium fluoride were successfully removed from the reflectance signals. Emissivity changes for the sample, which was initially nearly specular, were small except for the longest wavelength band, where uncertainties were high because of poor signal-to-noise ratio at that wavelength. A thin glue layer, which bonds the sample to the window, wasmore » found to heat from reverberations of the shock wave between the tin and the lithium fluoride. At approximately 3.4 μm the thermal emission from the glue was large compared to the tin, allowing a good estimate of the glue temperature from the thermal radiance. The glue appears to remain slightly colder than the tin, thereby minimizing heat conduction into or out of the tin immediately after the shock passage.« less

Influence of silicon oxide on the performance of TiN bottom electrode in phase change memory

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gao, Dan; Liu, Bo; Xu, Zhen; Wang, Heng; Xia, Yangyang; Wang, Lei; Zhu, Nanfei; Li, Ying; Zhan, Yipeng; Song, Zhitang; Feng, Songlin

2016-10-01

The stability of TiN which is the preferred bottom electrode contact (BEC) of phase change memory (PCM) due to its low thermal conductivity and suitable electrical conductivity, is very essential to the reliability of PCM devices. In this work, in order to investigate the effect of high aspect ratio process (HARP) SiO2 on the performance of TiN, both TiN/SiO2, TiN/SiN thin films and TiN BEC device structures are analyzed. By combining transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), we found that the TiN would be oxidized after the deposition of HARP SiO2 and there exist a thin ( 4 nm) oxidation interfacial layer between TiN and SiO2. Electrical measurements were performed on the 1R PCM test-key die with 7 nm and 10 nm BEC-only cells. The statistical initial resistances of BEC have wide distribution and it is confirmed that the non-uniform oxidation of TiN BEC affects the astringency of the resistance of TiN BEC. The experimental results help to optimize the process of TiN BEC, and SiN is recommended as a better choice as the linear layer.

Copper diffusion in Ti Si N layers formed by inductively coupled plasma implantation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ee, Y. C.; Chen, Z.; Law, S. B.; Xu, S.; Yakovlev, N. L.; Lai, M. Y.

2006-11-01

Ternary Ti-Si-N refractory barrier films of 15 nm thick was prepared by low frequency, high density, inductively coupled plasma implantation of N into TixSiy substrate. This leads to the formation of Ti-N and Si-N compounds in the ternary film. Diffusion of copper in the barrier layer after annealing treatment at various temperatures was investigated using time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometer (ToF-SIMS) depth profiling, X-ray diffractometer (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) and sheet resistance measurement. The current study found that barrier failure did not occur until 650 °C annealing for 30 min. The failure occurs by the diffusion of copper into the Ti-Si-N film to form Cu-Ti and Cu-N compounds. FESEM surface morphology and EDX show that copper compounds were formed on the ridge areas of the Ti-Si-N film. The sheet resistance verifies the diffusion of Cu into the Ti-Si-N film; there is a sudden drop in the resistance with Cu compound formation. This finding provides a simple and effective method of monitoring Cu diffusion in TiN-based diffusion barriers.

Tubulointerstitial nephritis antigen: an extracellular matrix protein that selectively regulates tubulogenesis vs. glomerulogenesis during mammalian renal development.

PubMed

Kanwar, Y S; Kumar, A; Yang, Q; Tian, Y; Wada, J; Kashihara, N; Wallner, E I

1999-09-28

Tubulointerstitial nephritis antigen (TIN-ag) is an extracellular matrix protein and is expressed in the renal tubular basement membranes. Its role in metanephric development was investigated. TIN-ag cDNA, isolated from the newborn mouse library, had an ORF of 1,425 nucleotides, a putative signal sequence, and an ATP/GTP-binding site. The translated sequence had approximately 80% identity with rabbit TIN-ag. Among various tissues, TIN-ag mRNA was primarily expressed in the newborn kidney. In the embryonic metanephros, TIN-ag expression was confined to the distal convolution or pole of the S-shaped body, the segment of the nascent nephron that is the progenitor of renal tubules. Treatment with TIN-ag antisense oligodeoxynucleotide induced dysmorphogenesis of the embryonic metanephroi, malformation of the S-shaped body, and a decrease in the tubular population, whereas the glomeruli were unaffected. Treatment also led to a decrease of TIN-Ag mRNA, de novo synthesis of TIN-ag protein, and its antibody reactivity. The mRNA expression of glomerular epithelial protein 1 (a marker for renal podocytes), anti-heparan-sulfate-proteoglycan antibody reactivity, and wheat germ agglutinin lectin staining of the metanephros were unaffected. The anti-TIN-ag antibody treatment also caused deformation of the S-shaped body and a reduction in the tubular population, whereas the glomeruli were unchanged. The data suggest that the TIN-ag, unlike other basement membrane proteins, selectively regulates tubulogenesis, whereas glomerulogenesis is largely unaffected.

Synergistic Effect of Nitrogen and Refractory Material on TiN Formation and Equiaxed Grain Structure of Ferritic Stainless Steel

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lee, Mun Hyung; Park, Joo Hyun

2018-06-01

The effect of nitrogen content on the formation of an equiaxed solidification structure of Fe-16Cr steel was investigated. Moreover, two different kinds of refractory materials, i.e., alumina and magnesia, were employed to control the type of oxide inclusion. The characteristics of TiN(-oxide) inclusions were quantitatively analyzed in both molten steel and solidified samples. When the melting was carried out in the alumina refractory, the grain size continuously decreased with increasing nitrogen content. However, a minimum grain size was observed at a specific nitrogen content (approx. 150 ppm) when the steel was melted in the magnesia refractory. Most of the single TiN particles had a cuboidal shape and fine irregularly shaped particles were located along the grain boundary due to the microsegregation of Ti at the grain boundary during solidification. The type of TiN-oxide hybrid inclusion was strongly affected by the refractory material where Al2O3-TiN and MgAl2O4-TiN hybrid-type inclusions were obtained in the alumina and magnesia refractory experiments, respectively. The formation of oxide inclusions was well predicted by thermochemical computations and it was commonly found that oxide particles were initially formed, followed by the nucleation and growth of TiN. When the nitrogen content increased, the number density of TiN linearly increased in the alumina refractory experiments. However, the number of TiN exhibits a maximum at about [N] = 150 ppm, at which a minimum grain size was obtained in the magnesia refractory experiments. Therefore, the larger the number density of TiN, the smaller the primary grain size after solidification. The number density of TiN in the steel melted in the magnesia refractory was greater than that in the steel melted in the alumina refractory at given Ti and N contents, which was due to the lower planar lattice disregistry of MgAl2O4-TiN interface rather than that of Al2O3-TiN interface. When Δ T TiN (= difference between the TiN precipitation temperature and the liquidus of the steel) was 20 K to 40 K, the number density of effective TiN was maximized and thus, the grain size was minimized after solidification. Finally, although most of the TiN particles were smaller than 1 μm in the molten steel samples irrespective of the nitrogen content, TiN particles larger than 10 μm were observed in the solidified samples when the nitrogen content was greater than 150 ppm. The growth of TiN particles during melting and solidification was well predicted by the combinatorial simulation of the `Ostwald ripening model' based on the Lifshitz-Slyozov-Wagner theory in conjunction with the `Diffusion controlled model' using Ohnaka's microsegregation equation.

Synergistic Effect of Nitrogen and Refractory Material on TiN Formation and Equiaxed Grain Structure of Ferritic Stainless Steel

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lee, Mun Hyung; Park, Joo Hyun

2018-03-01

The effect of nitrogen content on the formation of an equiaxed solidification structure of Fe-16Cr steel was investigated. Moreover, two different kinds of refractory materials, i.e., alumina and magnesia, were employed to control the type of oxide inclusion. The characteristics of TiN(-oxide) inclusions were quantitatively analyzed in both molten steel and solidified samples. When the melting was carried out in the alumina refractory, the grain size continuously decreased with increasing nitrogen content. However, a minimum grain size was observed at a specific nitrogen content (approx. 150 ppm) when the steel was melted in the magnesia refractory. Most of the single TiN particles had a cuboidal shape and fine irregularly shaped particles were located along the grain boundary due to the microsegregation of Ti at the grain boundary during solidification. The type of TiN-oxide hybrid inclusion was strongly affected by the refractory material where Al2O3-TiN and MgAl2O4-TiN hybrid-type inclusions were obtained in the alumina and magnesia refractory experiments, respectively. The formation of oxide inclusions was well predicted by thermochemical computations and it was commonly found that oxide particles were initially formed, followed by the nucleation and growth of TiN. When the nitrogen content increased, the number density of TiN linearly increased in the alumina refractory experiments. However, the number of TiN exhibits a maximum at about [N] = 150 ppm, at which a minimum grain size was obtained in the magnesia refractory experiments. Therefore, the larger the number density of TiN, the smaller the primary grain size after solidification. The number density of TiN in the steel melted in the magnesia refractory was greater than that in the steel melted in the alumina refractory at given Ti and N contents, which was due to the lower planar lattice disregistry of MgAl2O4-TiN interface rather than that of Al2O3-TiN interface. When ΔT TiN (= difference between the TiN precipitation temperature and the liquidus of the steel) was 20 K to 40 K, the number density of effective TiN was maximized and thus, the grain size was minimized after solidification. Finally, although most of the TiN particles were smaller than 1 μm in the molten steel samples irrespective of the nitrogen content, TiN particles larger than 10 μm were observed in the solidified samples when the nitrogen content was greater than 150 ppm. The growth of TiN particles during melting and solidification was well predicted by the combinatorial simulation of the `Ostwald ripening model' based on the Lifshitz-Slyozov-Wagner theory in conjunction with the `Diffusion controlled model' using Ohnaka's microsegregation equation.

Feasibility Study on a Process for Electroless Metal Deposition in Pits and Fissures of Teeth for Use in Preventive Dentistry.

DTIC Science & Technology

1980-08-01

been used in topical fluoride solutions applied to prevent caries . The use of SnF 2 . and similar chemical compounds, in the plating process appears to...Methods Tin fluoride solutions are prepared by dissolving SnF 2 in demineralized water at concentrations of 1, 5, 5.7, and 10%. The pH ranges from...saturated FeSO4 with or without 1 gpl thiourea a. .4 34 REFERENCES 1. P. Gron, "Chemistry of Topical Fluorides ", Caries Res. 11 (Suppl. 1): 172-204

Band Structure of the IV-VI Black Phosphorus Analog and Thermoelectric SnSe

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pletikosić, I.; von Rohr, F.; Pervan, P.; Das, P. K.; Vobornik, I.; Cava, R. J.; Valla, T.

2018-04-01

The success of black phosphorus in fast electronic and photonic devices is hindered by its rapid degradation in the presence of oxygen. Orthorhombic tin selenide is a representative of group IV-VI binary compounds that are robust and isoelectronic and share the same structure with black phosphorus. We measure the band structure of SnSe and find highly anisotropic valence bands that form several valleys having fast dispersion within the layers and negligible dispersion across. This is exactly the band structure desired for efficient thermoelectric generation where SnSe has shown great promise.

Band Structure of the IV-VI Black Phosphorus Analog and Thermoelectric SnSe

DOE PAGES

Pletikosic, Ivo; von Rohr, F.; Pervan, P.; ...

2018-04-10

Here, the success of black phosphorus in fast electronic and photonic devices is hindered by its rapid degradation in the presence of oxygen. Orthorhombic tin selenide is a representative of group IV-VI binary compounds that are robust and isoelectronic and share the same structure with black phosphorus. We measure the band structure of SnSe and find highly anisotropic valence bands that form several valleys having fast dispersion within the layers and negligible dispersion across. This is exactly the band structure desired for efficient thermoelectric generation where SnSe has shown great promise.

Band Structure of the IV-VI Black Phosphorus Analog and Thermoelectric SnSe

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Pletikosic, Ivo; von Rohr, F.; Pervan, P.

Here, the success of black phosphorus in fast electronic and photonic devices is hindered by its rapid degradation in the presence of oxygen. Orthorhombic tin selenide is a representative of group IV-VI binary compounds that are robust and isoelectronic and share the same structure with black phosphorus. We measure the band structure of SnSe and find highly anisotropic valence bands that form several valleys having fast dispersion within the layers and negligible dispersion across. This is exactly the band structure desired for efficient thermoelectric generation where SnSe has shown great promise.

Experimental study of an isochorically heated heterogeneous interface. A progress report

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Fernandez, Juan Carlos

2015-08-20

Outline of the presentation: Studying possible mix / interface motion between heterogeneous low/high Z interfaces driven by 2-fluid or kinetic plasma effects (Heated to few eV, Sharp (sub µm) interface); Isochoric heating to initialize interface done with Al quasimonoenergetic ion beams on Trident; Have measured isochoric heating in individual materials intended for compound targets; Fielded experiments on Trident to measure interface motion (Gold-diamond, tin-aluminium); Measured heated-sample temperature with streaked optical pyrometry (SOP) (UT Austin led (research contract), SOP tests → heating uniformity Vs thickness on Al foils. Results are being analyzed.

(O-Methyl di-thio-carbonato-κS)tri-phenyl-tin(IV).

PubMed

Javed, Fatima; Ali, Saqib; Shah, Wajid; Tahir, M Nawaz; Ullah, Hameed

2013-06-01

In the title compound, [Sn(C6H5)3(C2H3OS2)], the Sn(IV) atom adopts a distorted SnC3S tetra-hedral coordination geometry. A short Sn⋯O contact [2.988 (4) Å] is also present. The phenyl rings are each disordered over two sets of sites with an occupancy ratio of 0.550 (8):0.450 (8). The crystal studied was found to be a racemic twin with a twin component ratio of 0.57 (18):0.43 (18).

(O-Methyl di­thio­carbonato-κS)tri­phenyl­tin(IV)

PubMed Central

Javed, Fatima; Ali, Saqib; Shah, Wajid; Tahir, M. Nawaz; Ullah, Hameed

2013-01-01

In the title compound, [Sn(C6H5)3(C2H3OS2)], the SnIV atom adopts a distorted SnC3S tetra­hedral coordination geometry. A short Sn⋯O contact [2.988 (4) Å] is also present. The phenyl rings are each disordered over two sets of sites with an occupancy ratio of 0.550 (8):0.450 (8). The crystal studied was found to be a racemic twin with a twin component ratio of 0.57 (18):0.43 (18). PMID:23794982

76 FR 17391 - Applications for New Awards; United States-Brazil Higher Education Consortia Program

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-03-29

... Number (TIN); b. Register both your DUNS number and TIN with the Central Contractor Registry (CCR), the Government's primary registrant database; c. Provide your DUNS number and TIN on your application; and d..., agency, institution, or organization, you can obtain a TIN from the Internal Revenue Service. If you are...

19 CFR 159.22 - Net weights and tares.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... tins imported from Spain: The following schedule drained weight shall be used as the Customs dutiable... in tins and such drained weight being the allowance made in liquidation for tare for water: Size can Drained weight 3 kilo 13.6 kilograms-case of 6 tins. 794 grams 16.7 kilograms-case of 24 tins. 425 grams 8...

78 FR 22855 - Applications for New Awards; Fulbright-Hays Group Projects Abroad Program-Short-Term Projects

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-04-17

... (DUNS) number and a Taxpayer Identification Number (TIN); b. Register both your DUNS number and TIN with... (SAM), the Government's primary registrant database; c. Provide your DUNS number and TIN on your... you are a corporate entity, agency, institution, or organization, you can obtain a TIN from the...

76 FR 66855 - United States Savings Bonds, Series EE, HH and I

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-10-28

.... 351.43 to read as follows: Sec. 351.43 Are Taxpayer Identification Numbers (TINs) required for the... owner's TIN is not known, the TIN of the purchaser must be included in the registration of the bond. 0 6.... 359.28 Are Taxpayer Identification Numbers (TINs) required for the registration of definitive series I...

77 FR 37012 - Applications for New Awards: Disability and Rehabilitation Research Projects and Centers Program...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-06-20

... Number (TIN); b. Register both your DUNS number and TIN with the Central Contractor Registry (CCR), the Government's primary registrant database; c. Provide your DUNS number and TIN on your application; and d..., agency, institution, or organization, you can obtain a TIN from the Internal Revenue Service. If you are...

77 FR 51782 - Federal Acquisition Regulation; Information Collection; Taxpayer Identification Number Information

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-08-27

... agency is required to furnish its Tax Identification Number (TIN) to that agency. 31 U.S.C. 3325(d... and submitted to a disbursing official, the TIN of the contractor receiving payment under the voucher... other information, its TIN. The TIN may be used by the Government to collect and report on any...

19 CFR 159.22 - Net weights and tares.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... tins imported from Spain: The following schedule drained weight shall be used as the Customs dutiable... in tins and such drained weight being the allowance made in liquidation for tare for water: Size can Drained weight 3 kilo 13.6 kilograms-case of 6 tins. 794 grams 16.7 kilograms-case of 24 tins. 425 grams 8...

78 FR 18343 - Federal Acquisition Regulation; Submission for OMB Review; Taxpayer Identification Number...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-03-26

... agency is required to furnish its Tax Identification Number (TIN) to that agency. 31 U.S.C. 3325(d... and submitted to a disbursing official, the TIN of the contractor receiving payment under the voucher... other information, its TIN. The TIN may be used by the Government to collect and report on any...

77 FR 11189 - Yokohama Tire Corporation, Denial of Petition for Decision of Inconsequential Noncompliance

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-02-24

... full Tire Identification Number (TIN) on one sidewall but omit the partial serial number on the other....'' YTC explained its belief that the Tire Identification Number (TIN) and the partial TIN are used to... TIN is molded on the intended outboard sidewall of these tires and consumers could be directed to have...

21 CFR 184.1845 - Stannous chloride (anhydrous and dihydrated).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

.... 7772-99-8) is the chloride salt of metallic tin. It is prepared by reacting molten tin with either chlorine or gaseous tin tetrachloride. Dihydrated stannous chloride (SnCl2·2H2O, CAS Reg. No. 10025-69-1) is the chloride salt of metallic tin that contains two molecules of water. It is prepared from...

19 CFR 159.22 - Net weights and tares.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... tins imported from Spain: The following schedule drained weight shall be used as the Customs dutiable... in tins and such drained weight being the allowance made in liquidation for tare for water: Size can Drained weight 3 kilo 13.6 kilograms-case of 6 tins. 794 grams 16.7 kilograms-case of 24 tins. 425 grams 8...

75 FR 51524 - Yokohama Tire Corporation, Receipt of Petition for Decision of Inconsequential Noncompliance

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-08-20

... noncompliance is that the subject tires do not have full or partial Tire Identification Numbers (TIN) on one of their sidewalls. YTC explained that the intended outboard sidewall did have the complete TIN, but the opposite sidewall has no TIN or partial TIN. YTC stated its belief that the noncompliance is...

76 FR 58536 - Tin- and Chromium-Coated Steel Sheet From Japan; Notice of Commission Determination To Conduct a...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-09-21

... INTERNATIONAL TRADE COMMISSION [Investigation No. 731-TA-860 (Second Review)] Tin- and Chromium... Concerning the Antidumping Duty Order on Tin- and Chromium-Coated Steel Sheet From Japan AGENCY: United.... 1675(c)(5)) to determine whether revocation of the antidumping duty order on tin- and chromium-coated...

19 CFR 159.22 - Net weights and tares.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... tins imported from Spain: The following schedule drained weight shall be used as the Customs dutiable... in tins and such drained weight being the allowance made in liquidation for tare for water: Size can Drained weight 3 kilo 13.6 kilograms-case of 6 tins. 794 grams 16.7 kilograms-case of 24 tins. 425 grams 8...

19 CFR 159.22 - Net weights and tares.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... tins imported from Spain: The following schedule drained weight shall be used as the Customs dutiable... in tins and such drained weight being the allowance made in liquidation for tare for water: Size can Drained weight 3 kilo 13.6 kilograms-case of 6 tins. 794 grams 16.7 kilograms-case of 24 tins. 425 grams 8...

77 FR 42990 - Significant New Use Rules on Certain Chemical Substances

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-07-23

... Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) for the chemical substances rutile, tin zinc, calcium-doped (CAS No. 389623-01-2) and rutile, tin zinc, sodium-doped (CAS No. 389623-07-8) which were the subject of..., tin zinc, calcium-doped (PMN P-06-36; CAS No. 389623-01-2) and rutile, tin zinc, sodium-doped (PMN P...

Effect of alloying elements on the physicomechanical properties of copper and tin bronze

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ri, Kh.; Komkov, V. G.; Ri, E. Kh.

2014-09-01

The effect of alloying elements (Al, Si, Mn, Zn, Ni, As) on the physicomechanical properties of copper and tin bronze (6 wt % Sn) is studied. These alloying elements are found to increase the hardness and the microhardness of the structural constituents of Cu- X alloys due to hardening the α solid solution and eutectoid, and this effect of alloying elements is most effective in tin bronze. Alloyed copper and tin bronze have a lower thermal conductivity and corrosion resistance as compared to plain copper and tin bronze.

VO2 /TiN Plasmonic Thermochromic Smart Coatings for Room-Temperature Applications.

PubMed

Hao, Qi; Li, Wan; Xu, Huiyan; Wang, Jiawei; Yin, Yin; Wang, Huaiyu; Ma, Libo; Ma, Fei; Jiang, Xuchuan; Schmidt, Oliver G; Chu, Paul K

2018-03-01

Vanadium dioxide/titanium nitride (VO 2 /TiN) smart coatings are prepared by hybridizing thermochromic VO 2 with plasmonic TiN nanoparticles. The VO 2 /TiN coatings can control infrared (IR) radiation dynamically in accordance with the ambient temperature and illumination intensity. It blocks IR light under strong illumination at 28 °C but is IR transparent under weak irradiation conditions or at a low temperature of 20 °C. The VO 2 /TiN coatings exhibit a good integral visible transmittance of up to 51% and excellent IR switching efficiency of 48% at 2000 nm. These unique advantages make VO 2 /TiN promising as smart energy-saving windows. © 2018 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Molten tin reprocessing of spent nuclear fuel elements

DOEpatents

Heckman, Richard A.

1983-01-01

A method and apparatus for reprocessing spent nuclear fuel is described. Within a containment vessel, a solid plug of tin and nitride precipitates supports a circulating bath of liquid tin therein. Spent nuclear fuel is immersed in the liquid tin under an atmosphere of nitrogen, resulting in the formation of nitride precipitates. The layer of liquid tin and nitride precipitates which interfaces the plug is solidified and integrated with the plug. Part of the plug is melted, removing nitride precipitates from the containment vessel, while a portion of the plug remains solidified to support the liquid tin and nitride precipitates remaining in the containment vessel. The process is practiced numerous times until substantially all of the precipitated nitrides are removed from the containment vessel.

Exposure, metabolism, and toxicity of rare earths and related compounds.

PubMed Central

Hirano, S; Suzuki, K T

1996-01-01

For the past three decades, most attention in heavy metal toxicology has been paid to cadmium, mercury, lead, chromium, nickel, vanadium, and tin because these metals widely polluted the environment. However, with the development of new materials in the last decade, the need for toxicological studies on those new materials has been increasing. A group of rare earths (RE) is a good example. Although some RE have been used for superconductors, plastic magnets, and ceramics, few toxicological data are available compared to other heavy metals described above. Because chemical properties of RE are very similar, it is plausible that their binding affinities to biomolecules, metabolism, and toxicity in the living system are also very similar. In this report, we present an overview of the metabolism and health hazards of RE and related compounds, including our recent studies. Images Figure 1. A Figure 1. B Figure 1. C PMID:8722113

Structural basis for PPARγ transactivation by endocrine-disrupting organotin compounds

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Harada, Shusaku; Hiromori, Youhei; Nakamura, Shota; Kawahara, Kazuki; Fukakusa, Shunsuke; Maruno, Takahiro; Noda, Masanori; Uchiyama, Susumu; Fukui, Kiichi; Nishikawa, Jun-Ichi; Nagase, Hisamitsu; Kobayashi, Yuji; Yoshida, Takuya; Ohkubo, Tadayasu; Nakanishi, Tsuyoshi

2015-02-01

Organotin compounds such as triphenyltin (TPT) and tributyltin (TBT) act as endocrine disruptors through the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) signaling pathway. We recently found that TPT is a particularly strong agonist of PPARγ. To elucidate the mechanism underlying organotin-dependent PPARγ activation, we here analyzed the interactions of PPARγ ligand-binding domain (LBD) with TPT and TBT by using X-ray crystallography and mass spectroscopy in conjunction with cell-based activity assays. Crystal structures of PPARγ-LBD/TBT and PPARγ-LBD/TPT complexes were determined at 1.95 Å and 1.89 Å, respectively. Specific binding of organotins is achieved through non-covalent ionic interactions between the sulfur atom of Cys285 and the tin atom. Comparisons of the determined structures suggest that the strong activity of TPT arises through interactions with helix 12 of LBD primarily via π-π interactions. Our findings elucidate the structural basis of PPARγ activation by TPT.

Structural basis for PPARγ transactivation by endocrine-disrupting organotin compounds

PubMed Central

Harada, Shusaku; Hiromori, Youhei; Nakamura, Shota; Kawahara, Kazuki; Fukakusa, Shunsuke; Maruno, Takahiro; Noda, Masanori; Uchiyama, Susumu; Fukui, Kiichi; Nishikawa, Jun-ichi; Nagase, Hisamitsu; Kobayashi, Yuji; Yoshida, Takuya; Ohkubo, Tadayasu; Nakanishi, Tsuyoshi

2015-01-01

Organotin compounds such as triphenyltin (TPT) and tributyltin (TBT) act as endocrine disruptors through the peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor γ (PPARγ) signaling pathway. We recently found that TPT is a particularly strong agonist of PPARγ. To elucidate the mechanism underlying organotin-dependent PPARγ activation, we here analyzed the interactions of PPARγ ligand-binding domain (LBD) with TPT and TBT by using X-ray crystallography and mass spectroscopy in conjunction with cell-based activity assays. Crystal structures of PPARγ-LBD/TBT and PPARγ-LBD/TPT complexes were determined at 1.95 Å and 1.89 Å, respectively. Specific binding of organotins is achieved through non-covalent ionic interactions between the sulfur atom of Cys285 and the tin atom. Comparisons of the determined structures suggest that the strong activity of TPT arises through interactions with helix 12 of LBD primarily via π-π interactions. Our findings elucidate the structural basis of PPARγ activation by TPT. PMID:25687586

Estimating the Probability of Electrical Short Circuits from Tin Whiskers. Part 2

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Courey, Karim J.; Asfour, Shihab S.; Onar, Arzu; Bayliss, Jon A.; Ludwig, Larry L.; Wright, Maria C.

2010-01-01

To comply with lead-free legislation, many manufacturers have converted from tin-lead to pure tin finishes of electronic components. However, pure tin finishes have a greater propensity to grow tin whiskers than tin-lead finishes. Since tin whiskers present an electrical short circuit hazard in electronic components, simulations have been developed to quantify the risk of said short circuits occurring. Existing risk simulations make the assumption that when a free tin whisker has bridged two adjacent exposed electrical conductors, the result is an electrical short circuit. This conservative assumption is made because shorting is a random event that had an unknown probability associated with it. Note however that due to contact resistance electrical shorts may not occur at lower voltage levels. In our first article we developed an empirical probability model for tin whisker shorting. In this paper, we develop a more comprehensive empirical model using a refined experiment with a larger sample size, in which we studied the effect of varying voltage on the breakdown of the contact resistance which leads to a short circuit. From the resulting data we estimated the probability distribution of an electrical short, as a function of voltage. In addition, the unexpected polycrystalline structure seen in the focused ion beam (FIB) cross section in the first experiment was confirmed in this experiment using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The FIB was also used to cross section two card guides to facilitate the measurement of the grain size of each card guide's tin plating to determine its finish .

Developing an Empirical Model for Estimating the Probability of Electrical Short Circuits from Tin Whiskers. Part 2

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Courey, Karim J.; Asfour, Shihab S.; Onar, Arzu; Bayliss, Jon A.; Ludwig, Larry L.; Wright, Maria C.

2009-01-01

To comply with lead-free legislation, many manufacturers have converted from tin-lead to pure tin finishes of electronic components. However, pure tin finishes have a greater propensity to grow tin whiskers than tin-lead finishes. Since tin whiskers present an electrical short circuit hazard in electronic components, simulations have been developed to quantify the risk of said short circuits occurring. Existing risk simulations make the assumption that when a free tin whisker has bridged two adjacent exposed electrical conductors, the result is an electrical short circuit. This conservative assumption is made because shorting is a random event that had an unknown probability associated with it. Note however that due to contact resistance electrical shorts may not occur at lower voltage levels. In our first article we developed an empirical probability model for tin whisker shorting. In this paper, we develop a more comprehensive empirical model using a refined experiment with a larger sample size, in which we studied the effect of varying voltage on the breakdown of the contact resistance which leads to a short circuit. From the resulting data we estimated the probability distribution of an electrical short, as a function of voltage. In addition, the unexpected polycrystalline structure seen in the focused ion beam (FIB) cross section in the first experiment was confirmed in this experiment using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The FIB was also used to cross section two card guides to facilitate the measurement of the grain size of each card guide's tin plating to determine its finish.

Design of Metastable Tin Titanium Nitride Semiconductor Alloys

DOE PAGES

Bikowski, Andre; Siol, Sebastian; Gu, Jing; ...

2017-07-07

Here, we report on design of optoelectronic properties in previously unreported metastable tin titanium nitride alloys with spinel crystal structure. Theoretical calculations predict that Ti alloying in metastable Sn 3N 4 compound should improve hole effective mass by up to 1 order of magnitude, while other optical bandgaps remains in the 1–2 eV range up to x ~ 0.35 Ti composition. Experimental synthesis of these metastable alloys is predicted to be challenging due to high required nitrogen chemical potential (Δμ N ≥ +1.0 eV) but proven to be possible using combinatorial cosputtering from metal targets in the presence of nitrogenmore » plasma. Characterization experiments confirm that thin films of such (Sn 1–xTi x) 3N 4 alloys can be synthesized up to x = 0.45 composition, with suitable optical band gaps (1.5–2.0 eV), moderate electron densities (10 17 to 10 18 cm –3), and improved photogenerated hole transport (by 5×). Overall, this study shows that it is possible to design the metastable nitride materials with properties suitable for potential use in solar energy conversion applications.« less

21 CFR 184.1845 - Stannous chloride (anhydrous and dihydrated).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

.... Anhydrous stannous chloride (SnCl2, CAS Reg. No. 7772-99-8) is the chloride salt of metallic tin. It is prepared by reacting molten tin with either chlorine or gaseous tin tetrachloride. Dihydrated stannous chloride (SnCl2·2H2O, CAS Reg. No. 10025-0969-091) is the chloride salt of metallic tin that contains two...

21 CFR 189.301 - Tin-coated lead foil capsules for wine bottles.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 3 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Tin-coated lead foil capsules for wine bottles... Substances Prohibited From Indirect Addition to Human Food Through Food-Contact Surfaces § 189.301 Tin-coated lead foil capsules for wine bottles. (a) Tin-coated lead foil is composed of a lead foil coated on one...

21 CFR 189.301 - Tin-coated lead foil capsules for wine bottles.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 3 2010-04-01 2009-04-01 true Tin-coated lead foil capsules for wine bottles. 189... Substances Prohibited From Indirect Addition to Human Food Through Food-Contact Surfaces § 189.301 Tin-coated lead foil capsules for wine bottles. (a) Tin-coated lead foil is composed of a lead foil coated on one...

21 CFR 189.301 - Tin-coated lead foil capsules for wine bottles.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 3 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Tin-coated lead foil capsules for wine bottles... Substances Prohibited From Indirect Addition to Human Food Through Food-Contact Surfaces § 189.301 Tin-coated lead foil capsules for wine bottles. (a) Tin-coated lead foil is composed of a lead foil coated on one...

31 CFR 256.13 - Are agencies required to supply a taxpayer identification number (TIN) when submitting a request...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... taxpayer identification number (TIN) when submitting a request for payment? 256.13 Section 256.13 Money and... BILLS Requesting Payments § 256.13 Are agencies required to supply a taxpayer identification number (TIN) when submitting a request for payment? Yes, agencies must include a valid TIN on all requests for...

21 CFR 184.1845 - Stannous chloride (anhydrous and dihydrated).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

.... Anhydrous stannous chloride (SnCl2, CAS Reg. No. 7772-99-8) is the chloride salt of metallic tin. It is prepared by reacting molten tin with either chlorine or gaseous tin tetrachloride. Dihydrated stannous chloride (SnCl2·2H2O, CAS Reg. No. 10025-69-1) is the chloride salt of metallic tin that contains two...

31 CFR 359.53 - Are taxpayer identification numbers (TINs) required for registration of book-entry Series I...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... (TINs) required for registration of book-entry Series I savings bonds? 359.53 Section 359.53 Money and... Savings Bonds § 359.53 Are taxpayer identification numbers (TINs) required for registration of book-entry Series I savings bonds? The TIN of each person named in the registration is required to purchase a book...

31 CFR 351.68 - Are taxpayer identification numbers (TINs) required for registration of book-entry Series EE...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... (TINs) required for registration of book-entry Series EE savings bonds? 351.68 Section 351.68 Money and... Savings Bonds § 351.68 Are taxpayer identification numbers (TINs) required for registration of book-entry Series EE savings bonds? The TIN of each person named in the registration is required to purchase a book...

76 FR 60001 - Certain Tin Mill Products From Japan; Final Results of the Second Expedited Sunset Review of the...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-09-28

... DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE International Trade Administration [A-588-854] Certain Tin Mill Products... duty order on certain tin mill products from Japan, pursuant to section 751(c) of the Tariff [[Page... on certain tin mill products from Japan pursuant to section 751(c) of the Act. See Initiation of Five...

31 CFR 256.13 - Are agencies required to supply a taxpayer identification number (TIN) when submitting a request...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... taxpayer identification number (TIN) when submitting a request for payment? 256.13 Section 256.13 Money and... BILLS Requesting Payments § 256.13 Are agencies required to supply a taxpayer identification number (TIN) when submitting a request for payment? Yes, agencies must include a valid TIN on all requests for...

31 CFR 359.53 - Are taxpayer identification numbers (TINs) required for registration of book-entry Series I...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... (TINs) required for registration of book-entry Series I savings bonds? 359.53 Section 359.53 Money and... Savings Bonds § 359.53 Are taxpayer identification numbers (TINs) required for registration of book-entry Series I savings bonds? The TIN of each person named in the registration is required to purchase a book...

21 CFR 184.1845 - Stannous chloride (anhydrous and dihydrated).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

.... Anhydrous stannous chloride (SnCl2, CAS Reg. No. 7772-99-8) is the chloride salt of metallic tin. It is prepared by reacting molten tin with either chlorine or gaseous tin tetrachloride. Dihydrated stannous chloride (SnCl2·2H2O, CAS Reg. No. 10025-0969-091) is the chloride salt of metallic tin that contains two...

31 CFR 256.13 - Are agencies required to supply a taxpayer identification number (TIN) when submitting a request...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... taxpayer identification number (TIN) when submitting a request for payment? 256.13 Section 256.13 Money and... BILLS Requesting Payments § 256.13 Are agencies required to supply a taxpayer identification number (TIN) when submitting a request for payment? Yes, agencies must include a valid TIN on all requests for...

31 CFR 351.68 - Are taxpayer identification numbers (TINs) required for registration of book-entry Series EE...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... (TINs) required for registration of book-entry Series EE savings bonds? 351.68 Section 351.68 Money and... EE Savings Bonds § 351.68 Are taxpayer identification numbers (TINs) required for registration of book-entry Series EE savings bonds? The TIN of each person named in the registration is required to...

31 CFR 359.53 - Are taxpayer identification numbers (TINs) required for registration of book-entry Series I...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... (TINs) required for registration of book-entry Series I savings bonds? 359.53 Section 359.53 Money and... Savings Bonds § 359.53 Are taxpayer identification numbers (TINs) required for registration of book-entry Series I savings bonds? The TIN of each person named in the registration is required to purchase a book...

31 CFR 256.13 - Are agencies required to supply a taxpayer identification number (TIN) when submitting a request...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... taxpayer identification number (TIN) when submitting a request for payment? 256.13 Section 256.13 Money and... BILLS Requesting Payments § 256.13 Are agencies required to supply a taxpayer identification number (TIN) when submitting a request for payment? Yes, agencies must include a valid TIN on all requests for...

21 CFR 189.301 - Tin-coated lead foil capsules for wine bottles.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 3 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Tin-coated lead foil capsules for wine bottles... Substances Prohibited From Indirect Addition to Human Food Through Food-Contact Surfaces § 189.301 Tin-coated lead foil capsules for wine bottles. (a) Tin-coated lead foil is composed of a lead foil coated on one...

31 CFR 351.68 - Are taxpayer identification numbers (TINs) required for registration of book-entry Series EE...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... (TINs) required for registration of book-entry Series EE savings bonds? 351.68 Section 351.68 Money and... Savings Bonds § 351.68 Are taxpayer identification numbers (TINs) required for registration of book-entry Series EE savings bonds? The TIN of each person named in the registration is required to purchase a book...

78 FR 34355 - Applications for New Awards; National Institute on Disability and Rehabilitation Research...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-06-07

... (TIN); b. Register both your DUNS number and TIN with the Central Contractor Registry (CCR)--and, after...; c. Provide your DUNS number and TIN on your application; and d. Maintain an active CRR or SAM... organization, you can obtain a TIN from the Internal Revenue Service. If you are an individual, you can obtain...

31 CFR 359.53 - Are taxpayer identification numbers (TINs) required for registration of book-entry Series I...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... (TINs) required for registration of book-entry Series I savings bonds? 359.53 Section 359.53 Money and... Savings Bonds § 359.53 Are taxpayer identification numbers (TINs) required for registration of book-entry Series I savings bonds? The TIN of each person named in the registration is required to purchase a book...

31 CFR 351.68 - Are taxpayer identification numbers (TINs) required for registration of book-entry Series EE...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... (TINs) required for registration of book-entry Series EE savings bonds? 351.68 Section 351.68 Money and... Savings Bonds § 351.68 Are taxpayer identification numbers (TINs) required for registration of book-entry Series EE savings bonds? The TIN of each person named in the registration is required to purchase a book...

31 CFR 359.53 - Are taxpayer identification numbers (TINs) required for registration of book-entry Series I...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... (TINs) required for registration of book-entry Series I savings bonds? 359.53 Section 359.53 Money and... Savings Bonds § 359.53 Are taxpayer identification numbers (TINs) required for registration of book-entry Series I savings bonds? The TIN of each person named in the registration is required to purchase a book...

31 CFR 256.13 - Are agencies required to supply a taxpayer identification number (TIN) when submitting a request...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... taxpayer identification number (TIN) when submitting a request for payment? 256.13 Section 256.13 Money and... BILLS Requesting Payments § 256.13 Are agencies required to supply a taxpayer identification number (TIN) when submitting a request for payment? Yes, agencies must include a valid TIN on all requests for...

21 CFR 184.1845 - Stannous chloride (anhydrous and dihydrated).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

.... Anhydrous stannous chloride (SnCl2, CAS Reg. No. 7772-99-8) is the chloride salt of metallic tin. It is prepared by reacting molten tin with either chlorine or gaseous tin tetrachloride. Dihydrated stannous chloride (SnCl2·2H2O, CAS Reg. No. 10025-69-1) is the chloride salt of metallic tin that contains two...

Tin Whisker Testing and Modeling

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-11-01

FINAL REPORT Tin Whisker Testing and Modeling SERDP Project WP-1753 NOVEMBER 2015 Stephan J. Meschter Polina Snugovsky BAE Systems...lead (Pb) is that component manufacturers have primarily switched to tin -rich finishes and solder alloys in commercial-off-the-shelf products...Unfortunately, this creates an increased risk of tin whisker formation that can result in undesirable electrical failures unless military and aerospace

31 CFR 351.68 - Are taxpayer identification numbers (TINs) required for registration of book-entry Series EE...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... (TINs) required for registration of book-entry Series EE savings bonds? 351.68 Section 351.68 Money and... Savings Bonds § 351.68 Are taxpayer identification numbers (TINs) required for registration of book-entry Series EE savings bonds? The TIN of each person named in the registration is required to purchase a book...

21 CFR 178.2650 - Organotin stabilizers in vinyl chloride plastics.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

...-octyl)tin S,S′-bis(isooctylmercaptoacetate) is an octyltin chemical having 15.1 to 16.4 percent by weight of tin (Sn) and having 8.1 to 8.9 percent by weight of mercapto sulfur. It is made from di(n-octyl)tin dichloride or di(n-octyl)tin oxide. The isooctyl radical in the mercaptoacetate is derived from...

Synthesis of tin (II) oxide from tin (II) oxohydroxide

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kuznetsova, Svetlana; Lisitsa, Konstantin

2017-11-01

Sufficiently limited use of tin (II) oxide is associated with the difficulties of its preparation without impurities of tin (IV) oxide. Understanding the cause of the oxidation process will make it possible to develop methods for obtaining SnO without impurities. The influence of ammonium chloride concentration in the suspension on the oxide composition was investigated. The temperature of oxidation (400 °C) on the air and temperature decomposition in the argon (350 °C) of Sn6O4(OH)4 in the solid phase were determined by the thermal analysis method. The decomposition temperature of the oxyhydroxide in the suspension of ammonium chloride does not exceed 100 °C. An increase in the content of ammonium chloride in an aqueous solution leads to an increase i n the solubility of oxohydroxide and leads to an increase in pH. The suspensions of Sn6O4(OH)4 were subjected to heat treatment on a sand bath and under microwave irradiation. Samples of tin oxide were obtained. The quantitative composition of the mixture of tin oxides was determined. The research also highlights emphasizes that the oxidation of tin (II) to tin (IV) is associated with the dissolved oxygen content in the suspension.

Wear of tin coating and Al-Si alloy substrate against carburized steel under mixed lubrication

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, Q.; Cheng, H. S.; Fine, M. E.

1994-04-01

Tin coatings on Al-Si alloys are widely used in the automotive industries. The soft tin coating and the harder substrate alloy form a tribological system with the advantages of low friction and reasonably high load-bearing capacity. Wear tests of tin coated Al-Si Z332 alloy in conformal contact against carburized 1016 steel have been carried out under mixed lubrications with SAE 10W30 oil to study the wear mechanisms. Two major wear mechanisms, uniform wear of the tin coating due to micro-plowing and spall pitting related to the substrate are found to contribute to the bearing material loss when the fluid lubrication film is relatively thick (Lambda about 1.6). Under conditions of thinner films (Lambda approximately = 0.8), some local coating debonding occurs. The pitting and local coating debounding are closely related to fracture in the substrate. The bonding between silicon and tin seems to be weaker than between aluminum and tin. During wear, oxidation occurs.

Fabrication of TiN nanorods by electrospinning and their electrochemical properties

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sun, Dongfei; Lang, Junwei; Yan, Xingbin; Hu, Litian; Xue, Qunji

2011-05-01

TiN nanorods were synthesized using electrospinning technique followed by thermolysis in different atmospheres. A dimethyl formamide-ethanol solution of poly-(vinyl pyrrolidone) and Ti (IV)-isopropoxide was used as the electrospinning precursor solution and as-spun nanofibers were calcined at 500 °C in air to generate TiO 2 nanofibers. Subsequently, a conversion from TiO 2 nanofibers to TiN nanorods was employed by the nitridation treatment at 600˜1400 °C in ammonia atmosphere. A typical characteristic of the final products was that the pristine nanofibers were cut into nanorods. The conversion from TiO 2 to TiN was realized when the nitridation temperature was above 800 °C. As-prepared nanorods were composed of TiN nano-crystallites and the average crystallite size gradually increased with the increase of the nitridation temperature. Electrochemical properties of TiN nanorods showed strong dependence on the nitridation temperature. The maximum value of the specific capacitance was obtained from the TiN nanorods prepared at 800 °C.

Effect of doping of tin on optoelectronic properties of indium oxide: DFT study

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Tripathi, Madhvendra Nath, E-mail: ommadhav27@gmail.com

2015-06-24

Indium tin oxide is widely used transparent conductor. Experimentally observed that 6% tin doping in indium oxide is suitable for optoelectronic applications and more doping beyond this limit degrades the optoelectronic property. The stoichiometry (In{sub 32-x}Sn{sub x}O{sub 48+x/2}; x=0-6) is taken to understand the change in lattice parameter, electronic structure, and optical property of ITO. It is observed that lattice parameter increases and becomes constant after 6% tin doping that is in good agreement of the experimental observation. The electronic structure calculation shows that the high tin doping in indium oxide adversely affects the dispersive nature of the bottom ofmore » conduction band of pure indium oxide and decreases the carrier mobility. Optical calculations show that transmittance goes down upto 60% for the tin concentration more than 6%. The present paper shows that how more than 6% tin doping in indium oxide adversely affects the optoelectronic property of ITO.« less

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Rohwer, Lauren E. S.; Martin, James E.

In this study, reliable methods for tin whisker mitigation are needed for applications that utilize tin-plated commercial components. Tin can grow whiskers that can lead to electrical shorting, possibly causing critical systems to fail catastrophically. The mechanisms of tin whisker growth are unclear and this makes prediction of the lifetimes of critical components uncertain. The development of robust methods for tin whisker mitigation is currently the best approach to eliminating the risk of shorting. Current mitigation methods are based on unfilled polymer coatings that are not impenetrable to tin whiskers. In this paper we report tin whisker mitigation results formore » several filled polymer coatings. The whisker-penetration resistance of the coatings was evaluated at elevated temperature and high humidity and under temperature cycling conditions. The composite coatings comprised Ni and MgF 2-coated Al/Ni/Al platelets in epoxy resin or silicone rubber. In addition to improved whisker mitigation, these platelet composites have enhanced thermal conductivity and dielectric constant compared with unfilled polymers.« less

Amorphous tin-cadmium oxide films and the production thereof

DOEpatents

Li, Xiaonan; Gessert, Timothy A

2013-10-29

A tin-cadmium oxide film having an amorphous structure and a ratio of tin atoms to cadmium atoms of between 1:1 and 3:1. The tin-cadmium oxide film may have an optical band gap of between 2.7 eV and 3.35 eV. The film may also have a charge carrier concentration of between 1.times.10.sup.20 cm.sup.-3 and 2.times.10.sup.20 cm.sup.-3. The tin cadmium oxide film may also exhibit a Hall mobility of between 40 cm.sup.2V.sup.-1 s.sup.-1 and 60 cm.sup.2V.sup.-1 s.sup.-1. Also disclosed is a method of producing an amorphous tin-cadmium oxide film as described and devices using same.

Nucleation and growth of tin whiskers

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Cheng, Jing; Vianco, Paul T.; Zhang, Bei; Li, James C. M.

2011-06-01

Pure tin film of one micron thick was evaporated onto a silicon substrate with chromium and nickel underlayers. The tinned silicon disk was bent by applying a dead load at the center and supported below around the edge to apply biaxial compressive stresses to the tin layer. After 180 C vacuum annealing for 1,2,4,6, and 8 weeks, tin whiskers/hillocks grew. A quantitative method revealed that the overall growth rate decreased with time with a tendency for saturation. A review of the literature showed in general, tin whisker growth has a nucleation period, a growth period and a period of saturation, very similar to recrystallization or phase transformation. In fact we found our data fit Avrami equation very well. This equation shows that the nucleation period was the first week.

Molten tin reprocessing of spent nuclear fuel elements. [Patent application; continuous process

DOEpatents

Heckman, R.A.

1980-12-19

A method and apparatus for reprocessing spent nuclear fuel is described. Within a containment vessel, a solid plug of tin and nitride precipitates supports a circulating bath of liquid tin therein. Spent nuclear fuel is immersed in the liquid tin under an atmosphere of nitrogen, resulting in the formation of nitride precipitates. The layer of liquid tin and nitride precipitates which interfaces the plug is solidified and integrated with the plug. Part of the plug is melted, removing nitride precipitates from the containment vessel, while a portion of the plug remains solidified to support te liquid tin and nitride precipitates remaining in the containment vessel. The process is practiced numerous times until substantially all of the precipitated nitrides are removed from the containment vessel.

The Impact of Sepiolite on Sensor Parameters during the Detection of Low Concentrations of Alcohols

PubMed Central

Suchorska-Woźniak, Patrycja; Rac, Olga; Fiedot, Marta; Teterycz, Helena

2016-01-01

The article presents the results of the detection of low-concentration C1–C4 alcohols using a planar sensor, in which a sepiolite filter was applied next to the gas-sensitive layer based on tin dioxide. The sepiolite layer is composed of tubes that have a length of several microns, and the diameter of the single tube ranges from several to tens of nanometers. The sepiolite layer itself demonstrated no chemical activity in the presence of volatile organic compounds (VOC), and the passive filter made of this material did not modify the chemical composition of the gaseous atmosphere diffusing to the gas-sensitive layer. The test results revealed that the structural remodelling of the sepiolite that occurs under the influence of temperature, as well as the effect of the filter (a compound with ionic bonds) with molecules of water, has a significant impact on the improvement of the sensitivity of the sensor in relation to volatile organic compounds when compared to the sensor without a filter. PMID:27834879

47 CFR 1.8002 - Obtaining an FRN.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... and title, address, and taxpayer identifying number (TIN) must be provided. For individuals, the TIN... deems appropriate for its business operations. Each subsidiary with a different TIN must obtain a...

47 CFR 1.8002 - Obtaining an FRN.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... and title, address, and taxpayer identifying number (TIN) must be provided. For individuals, the TIN... deems appropriate for its business operations. Each subsidiary with a different TIN must obtain a...

21 CFR 178.2650 - Organotin stabilizers in vinyl chloride plastics.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

...) (1), (2), (3), (4), (5), (6), and (7) of this section. (1) Di(n-octyl)tin S,S′-bis(isooctylmercaptoacetate) is an octyltin chemical having 15.1 to 16.4 percent by weight of tin (Sn) and having 8.1 to 8.9 percent by weight of mercapto sulfur. It is made from di(n-octyl)tin dichloride or di(n-octyl)tin oxide...

NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Tin Whisker (and Other Metal Whisker) Homepage

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Brusse, Jay; Sampson, Mike; Leidecker, Henning; Kadesch, Jong

2004-01-01

This website provides information about tin whiskers and related research. The independent research performed during the past 50+ years is so vast that it is impractical to cover all aspects of tin whiskers in this one resource. Therefore, the absence of information in this website about a particular aspect of tin whiskers should NOT be construed as evidence of absence.

21 CFR 178.2650 - Organotin stabilizers in vinyl chloride plastics.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

...) (1), (2), (3), (4), (5), (6), and (7) of this section. (1) Di(n-octyl)tin S,S′-bis(isooctylmercaptoacetate) is an octyltin chemical having 15.1 to 16.4 percent by weight of tin (Sn) and having 8.1 to 8.9 percent by weight of mercapto sulfur. It is made from di(n-octyl)tin dichloride or di(n-octyl)tin oxide...

31 CFR 359.28 - Are taxpayer identification numbers (TINs) required for the registration of definitive Series I...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... (TINs) required for the registration of definitive Series I savings bonds? 359.28 Section 359.28 Money... Definitive Series I Savings Bonds § 359.28 Are taxpayer identification numbers (TINs) required for the... include the TIN of the owner or first-named coowner. If the bond was purchased as a gift or award and the...

31 CFR 359.28 - Are taxpayer identification numbers (TINs) required for the registration of definitive Series I...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... (TINs) required for the registration of definitive Series I savings bonds? 359.28 Section 359.28 Money... Definitive Series I Savings Bonds § 359.28 Are taxpayer identification numbers (TINs) required for the... include the TIN of the owner or first-named coowner. If the bond is being purchased as a gift or award and...

31 CFR 359.28 - Are taxpayer identification numbers (TINs) required for the registration of definitive Series I...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... (TINs) required for the registration of definitive Series I savings bonds? 359.28 Section 359.28 Money... Definitive Series I Savings Bonds § 359.28 Are taxpayer identification numbers (TINs) required for the... include the TIN of the owner or first-named coowner. If the bond was purchased as a gift or award and the...

31 CFR 359.28 - Are taxpayer identification numbers (TINs) required for the registration of definitive Series I...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... (TINs) required for the registration of definitive Series I savings bonds? 359.28 Section 359.28 Money... Definitive Series I Savings Bonds § 359.28 Are taxpayer identification numbers (TINs) required for the... include the TIN of the owner or first-named coowner. If the bond is being purchased as a gift or award and...

21 CFR 189.301 - Tin-coated lead foil capsules for wine bottles.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 3 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Tin-coated lead foil capsules for wine bottles... Addition to Human Food Through Food-Contact Surfaces § 189.301 Tin-coated lead foil capsules for wine bottles. (a) Tin-coated lead foil is composed of a lead foil coated on one or both sides with a thin layer...

21 CFR 178.2650 - Organotin stabilizers in vinyl chloride plastics.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

...) (1), (2), (3), (4), (5), (6), and (7) of this section. (1) Di(n-octyl)tin S,S′-bis(isooctylmercaptoacetate) is an octyltin chemical having 15.1 to 16.4 percent by weight of tin (Sn) and having 8.1 to 8.9 percent by weight of mercapto sulfur. It is made from di(n-octyl)tin dichloride or di(n-octyl)tin oxide...

21 CFR 178.2650 - Organotin stabilizers in vinyl chloride plastics.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

...) (1), (2), (3), (4), (5), (6), and (7) of this section. (1) Di(n-octyl)tin S,S′-bis(isooctylmercaptoacetate) is an octyltin chemical having 15.1 to 16.4 percent by weight of tin (Sn) and having 8.1 to 8.9 percent by weight of mercapto sulfur. It is made from di(n-octyl)tin dichloride or di(n-octyl)tin oxide...

76 FR 75794 - Significant New Use Rules on Certain Chemical Substances; Withdrawal of Two Chemical Substances

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-12-05

...) for chemical substances which were the subject of premanufacture notices (PMNs), i.e., rutile, tin zinc, calcium-doped (PMN P-06-36; CAS No. 389623-01-2) and rutile, tin zinc, sodium-doped (PMN P-06-37... rutile, tin zinc, calcium-doped (PMN P-06-36; CAS No. 389623-01-2) and rutile, tin zinc, sodium-doped...

31 CFR 359.28 - Are taxpayer identification numbers (TINs) required for the registration of definitive Series I...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... (TINs) required for the registration of definitive Series I savings bonds? 359.28 Section 359.28 Money... Definitive Series I Savings Bonds § 359.28 Are taxpayer identification numbers (TINs) required for the... include the TIN of the owner or first-named coowner. If the bond was purchased as a gift or award and the...

Syntheses, spectral characterization, X-ray studies and in vitro cytotoxic activities of triorganotin(IV) derivatives of p-substituted N-methylbenzylaminedithiocarbamates

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Khan, Naqeebullah; Farina, Yang; Mun, Lo Kong; Rajab, Nor Fadilah; Awang, Normah

2014-11-01

Two new organotin(IV) complexes of the type R3SnL, where (L = p-bromo-N-methylbenzylaminedithiocarbamate and p-fluoro-N-methylbenzylaminedithiocarbamate, and R = phenyl) have been synthesized in 1:1 molar ratio with good yields and isolated as crystalline solids. The newly synthesized compounds gave fairly sharp melting points indicating that the compounds were pure. A systematic investigation of the derivatives were carried out both in solid and in solution and were suitably characterized by elemental analysis, FT-IR, 1H, 13C, 119Sn NMR spectroscopies. The dithiocarbamate ligands chelated to the tin metal monodentately using only one sulfur atom showing a pair of bands due to ν(Cdbnd S) below 1000 cm-1. This phenomenon was supported by the occurrence of new medium to weak absorptions in the region 411-545, in the spectra of complexes, assigned to ν(Snsbnd S) and ν(Snsbnd C). The crystal structures of the two triorganotin(IV) complexes have been determined by X-ray crystallography. Both the complexes crystallized in the monoclinic, P2(1)/n space group. The spectral investigations and single crystal X-ray diffraction data illustrate that the two dithiocarbamato ligands in the triphenyltin(IV) derivatives 1 and 2 are monodentate and the geometry at tin is best described as a distorted tetrahedron. The in vitro antiproliferative tests of these two derivatives on three human cell lines, leukemic lymphoblastoma Jurkat cells, lymphoblastoma K-562 cells, hepatoblastoma HepG2 cells and one mouse fibroblast cells L929 show dose-dependent decrease of cell proliferation in all cell lines.

Effects of Metallic Nanoparticles on Interfacial Intermetallic Compounds in Tin-Based Solders for Microelectronic Packaging

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Haseeb, A. S. M. A.; Arafat, M. M.; Tay, S. L.; Leong, Y. M.

2017-10-01

Tin (Sn)-based solders have established themselves as the main alternative to the traditional lead (Pb)-based solders in many applications. However, the reliability of the Sn-based solders continues to be a concern. In order to make Sn-based solders microstructurally more stable and hence more reliable, researchers are showing great interest in investigating the effects of the incorporation of different nanoparticles into them. This paper gives an overview of the influence of metallic nanoparticles on the characteristics of interfacial intermetallic compounds (IMCs) in Sn-based solder joints on copper substrates during reflow and thermal aging. Nanocomposite solders were prepared by mechanically blending nanoparticles of nickel (Ni), cobalt (Co), zinc (Zn), molybdenum (Mo), manganese (Mn) and titanium (Ti) with Sn-3.8Ag-0.7Cu and Sn-3.5Ag solder pastes. The composite solders were then reflowed and their wetting characteristics and interfacial microstructural evolution were investigated. Through the paste mixing route, Ni, Co, Zn and Mo nanoparticles alter the morphology and thickness of the IMCs in beneficial ways for the performance of solder joints. The thickness of Cu3Sn IMC is decreased with the addition of Ni, Co and Zn nanoparticles. The thickness of total IMC layer is decreased with the addition of Zn and Mo nanoparticles in the solder. The metallic nanoparticles can be divided into two groups. Ni, Co, and Zn nanoparticles undergo reactive dissolution during solder reflow, causing in situ alloying and therefore offering an alternative route of alloy additions to solders. Mo nanoparticles remain intact during reflow and impart their influence as discrete particles. Mechanisms of interactions between different types of metallic nanoparticles and solder are discussed.

X-ray diffraction investigations of structural modifications in In-doped tin pyrophosphates

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Botez, Cristian E.; Martinez, Heber; Morris, Joshua L.

2017-08-01

Laboratory and synchrotron x-ray powder diffraction were used to investigate the structural modifications that occur upon indium doping of tin pyrophosphate. The data collected under air, vacuum, and inert gas sample environments at temperatures (T) from 50 °C to 300 °C show that regardless of the In-doping level (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.18) all InxSn1-xP2O7 samples are isomorphic (have the same P a -3 cubic crystal structure) at all temperatures and under all the conditions investigated. The cubic lattice parameter (a) increases linearly with T at all doping levels, but the “a vs. x|T“ isotherms exhibit a robust peak atmore » x = 0.1 when data are collected on samples measured in air. On the other hand, Rietveld refinements against data collected on InxSn1-xP2O7 samples yield values of OO bond lengths and POP bond angles that show no major changes at x = 0.1 at any temperature. This is significant, as the Sn0.9In0.1P2O7 (x = 0.1) compound is known to exhibit the highest proton conductivity within the series, but the microscopic details responsible for the increased proton conductivity are not understood. Finally, the peak observed in the “a vs. x|T“ curves vanishes if the measurements are taken on samples kept either under vacuum or in an inert gas environment. This is a remarkable behavior as it lends further support to our hypothesis that a key microscopic feature responsible for the large proton conductivity of the Sn0.9In0.1P2O7 compound is the enlargement of the lattice constant at x = 0.1.« less

Tinned Fruit Consumption and Mortality in Three Prospective Cohorts

PubMed Central

Aasheim, Erlend T.; Sharp, Stephen J.; Appleby, Paul N.; Shipley, Martin J.; Lentjes, Marleen A. H.; Khaw, Kay-Tee; Brunner, Eric; Key, Tim J.; Wareham, Nicholas J.

2015-01-01

Dietary recommendations to promote health include fresh, frozen and tinned fruit, but few studies have examined the health benefits of tinned fruit. We therefore studied the association between tinned fruit consumption and mortality. We followed up participants from three prospective cohorts in the United Kingdom: 22,421 participants from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)-Norfolk cohort (1993–2012), 52,625 participants from the EPIC-Oxford cohort (1993–2012), and 7440 participants from the Whitehall II cohort (1991–2012), all reporting no history of heart attack, stroke, or cancer when entering these studies. We estimated the association between frequency of tinned fruit consumption and all cause mortality (primary outcome measure) using Cox regression models within each cohort, and pooled hazard ratios across cohorts using random-effects meta-analysis. Tinned fruit consumption was assessed with validated food frequency questionnaires including specific questions about tinned fruit. During 1,305,330 person years of follow-up, 8857 deaths occurred. After adjustment for lifestyle factors and risk markers the pooled hazard ratios (95% confidence interval) of all cause mortality compared with the reference group of tinned fruit consumption less often than one serving per month were: 1.05 (0.99, 1.12) for one to three servings per month, 1.10 (1.03, 1.18) for one serving per week, and 1.13 (1.04, 1.23) for two or more servings per week. Analysis of cause-specific mortality showed that tinned fruit consumption was associated with mortality from cardiovascular causes and from non-cardiovascular, non-cancer causes. In a pooled analysis of three prospective cohorts from the United Kingdom self-reported tinned fruit consumption in the 1990s was weakly but positively associated with mortality during long-term follow-up. These findings raise questions about the evidence underlying dietary recommendations to promote tinned fruit consumption as part of a healthy diet. PMID:25714554

7 CFR 1780.33 - Application requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... time lines. (g) The applicant's Internal Revenue Service Taxpayer Identification Number (TIN). The TIN will be used by the Agency to assign a case number which will be the applicant's or transferee's TIN...

7 CFR 1780.33 - Application requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... time lines. (g) The applicant's Internal Revenue Service Taxpayer Identification Number (TIN). The TIN will be used by the Agency to assign a case number which will be the applicant's or transferee's TIN...

7 CFR 1780.33 - Application requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... time lines. (g) The applicant's Internal Revenue Service Taxpayer Identification Number (TIN). The TIN will be used by the Agency to assign a case number which will be the applicant's or transferee's TIN...

7 CFR 1780.33 - Application requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... time lines. (g) The applicant's Internal Revenue Service Taxpayer Identification Number (TIN). The TIN will be used by the Agency to assign a case number which will be the applicant's or transferee's TIN...

7 CFR 1780.33 - Application requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... time lines. (g) The applicant's Internal Revenue Service Taxpayer Identification Number (TIN). The TIN will be used by the Agency to assign a case number which will be the applicant's or transferee's TIN...

Core Temperature Measurement During Submaximal Exercise: Esophageal, Rectal, and Intestinal Temperatures

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Lee, Stuart M. C.; Williams, W. Jon; Schneider, Suzanne M.

2000-01-01

The purpose of this study was to determine if intestinal temperature (Tin) might be in acceptable alternative to esophageal (Tes) and rectal temperature (Trec) to assess thermoregulation during supine exercise. We hypothesized that Tin would have values similar to Tes and a response time similar to Trec, but the rate of temperature change across time would not be different between measurement sites. Seven subjects completed a continuous supine protocol of 20 min of rest, 20 min of cycle exercise at 40% peak oxygen consumption (VO2pk), 20 min of cycle exercise at 65% V02pk, and 20 min of recovery. Tes, Trec, and Tin were recorded each min throughout the test. Temperatures were not different after 20 min of rest, but Trec was less than the Tes and Tin at the end of the 40% and 65% VO2pk stages. After 20 min of recovery, Tes was less than either Trec or Tin, which were not different from each other. Time to threshold for increased temperature from rest was greater for Trec than Tes but not different from Tin. Time to reach peak temperature was greater for Tin and Trec than Tes. Similarly, time to a decrease in temperature after exercise was greater for Trec than Tes, but not different from Tin. The rate of temperature change from threshold to the end of the 40% VO2pk stage was not different between measurement sites. However, the rate of change during recovery was more negative for Tes than Tin and Trec, which were different from each other. Measurement of Tin may he an acceptable alternative to Tes and Trec with an understanding of its limitations.

Nanostructured antistatic and antireflective thin films made of indium tin oxide and silica over-coat layer

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Cho, Young-Sang; Hong, Jeong-Jin; Yang, Seung-Man; Choi, Chul-Jin

2010-08-01

Stable dispersion of colloidal indium tin oxide nanoparticles was prepared by using indium tin oxide nanopowder, organic solvent, and suitable dispersants through attrition process. Various comminution parameters during the attrition step were studied to optimize the process for the stable dispersion of indium tin oxide sol. The transparent and conductive films were fabricated on glass substrate using the indium tin oxide sol by spin coating process. To obtain antireflective function, partially hydrolyzed alkyl silicate was deposited as over-coat layer on the pre-fabricated indium tin oxide film by spin coating technique. This double-layered structure of the nanostructured film was characterized by measuring the surface resistance and reflectance spectrum in the visible wavelength region. The final film structure was enough to satisfy the TCO regulations for EMI shielding purposes.

40 CFR 721.10297 - Tin, C16-18 and C18-unsatd. fatty acids castor-oil fatty acids complexes.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 32 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Tin, C16-18 and C18-unsatd. fatty... SUBSTANCES Significant New Uses for Specific Chemical Substances § 721.10297 Tin, C16-18 and C18-unsatd... to reporting. (1) The chemical substance identified as tin, C16-18 and C18-unsatd. fatty acids castor...

40 CFR 721.10297 - Tin, C16-18 and C18-unsatd. fatty acids castor-oil fatty acids complexes.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 31 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Tin, C16-18 and C18-unsatd. fatty... SUBSTANCES Significant New Uses for Specific Chemical Substances § 721.10297 Tin, C16-18 and C18-unsatd... to reporting. (1) The chemical substance identified as tin, C16-18 and C18-unsatd. fatty acids castor...

40 CFR 721.10297 - Tin, C16-18 and C18-unsatd. fatty acids castor-oil fatty acids complexes.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 32 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Tin, C16-18 and C18-unsatd. fatty... SUBSTANCES Significant New Uses for Specific Chemical Substances § 721.10297 Tin, C16-18 and C18-unsatd... to reporting. (1) The chemical substance identified as tin, C16-18 and C18-unsatd. fatty acids castor...

Low resistivity contact to iron-pnictide superconductors

DOEpatents

Tanatar, Makariy; Prozorov, Ruslan; Ni, Ni; Bud& #x27; ko, Sergey; Canfield, Paul

2013-05-28

Method of making a low resistivity electrical connection between an electrical conductor and an iron pnictide superconductor involves connecting the electrical conductor and superconductor using a tin or tin-based material therebetween, such as using a tin or tin-based solder. The superconductor can be based on doped AFe.sub.2As.sub.2, where A can be Ca, Sr, Ba, Eu or combinations thereof for purposes of illustration only.

Uptake and Fate of Tri-N-Butyltin Cation in Estuarine Bacteria,

DTIC Science & Technology

1982-04-02

as well as Yamada and co-workers [31] found trialkyltins, especially tripropyl- tin (TPT) and tributyltin ( TBT ), had the highest antiw-,’.?ial...tin-resistant estuarine bacteria was studied. The bacterial isolates accumulated tributyltin to 3.7 to 7.7 mg tin per g dry weight of cells by a non...chromatography-atomic absorption spectrophotometry and tin-selective purge and trap flame photometric gas chromatography for possible tributyltin

Influence of implantation on the electrochemical properties of smooth and porous TiN coatings for stimulation electrodes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Meijs, S.; Sørensen, C.; Sørensen, S.; Rechendorff, K.; Fjorback, M.; Rijkhoff, N. J. M.

2016-04-01

Objective. To determine whether changes in electrochemical properties of porous titanium nitride (TiN) electrodes as a function of time after implantation are different from those of smooth TiN electrodes. Approach. Eight smooth and 8 porous TiN coated electrodes were implanted in 8 rats. Before implantation, voltage transients, cyclic voltammograms and impedance spectra were recorded in phosphate buffered saline (PBS). After implantation, these measurements were done weekly to investigate how smooth and porous electrodes were affected by implantation. Main results. The electrode capacitance of the porous TiN electrodes decreased more than the capacitance of the smooth electrodes due to acute implantation under fast measurement conditions (such as stimulation pulses). This indicates that protein adhesion presents a greater diffusion limitation for counter-ions for the porous than for the smooth electrodes. The changes in electrochemical properties during the implanted period were similar for smooth and porous TiN electrodes, indicating that cell adhesion poses a similar diffusion limitation for smooth and porous electrodes. Significance. This knowledge can be used to optimize the porous structure of the TiN film, so that the effect of protein adhesion on the electrochemical properties is diminished. Alternatively, an additional coating could be applied on the porous TiN that would prevent or minimize protein adhesion.

Silver-tin alloys and amalgams: electrochemical considerations.

PubMed

Mueller, H J

1980-01-01

The corrosion potential and anodic polarization profiles of a representative number of silver-tin alloys and their corresponding amalgams in a physiological solution were determined and compared to their microstructures. For the alloys with tin-content greater than 27%(wt) and for all amalgams, the corrosion process is related to the attack of free tin for the alloys and to the gamma-2 tin for the amalgams. The gamma-2 concentration in the amalgams increases with an increase in tin-content. For alloys with tin-content less than 27%, the corrosion process is even more restricted than for the process observed with pure silver. From a developed theory based upon the potential-time and polarization results, association of the O2 reduction process on a SnO cathodic film to an intermediate specie of H2O2 is made. The rate of H2O2 decomposition on a SnO surface in a four electron process is thought to control the O2 reduction overvoltage. The O2 reduction overvoltage decreases with increases in the silver-content of the amalgam, particularily seen with the 8 and 12% tin compositions. Due to the polarization induced corrosion process, a phase with high silver and high mercury concentrations was observed over the unreacted particles.

Role of point defects and HfO2/TiN interface stoichiometry on effective work function modulation in ultra-scaled complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor devices

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pandey, R. K.; Sathiyanarayanan, Rajesh; Kwon, Unoh; Narayanan, Vijay; Murali, K. V. R. M.

2013-07-01

We investigate the physical properties of a portion of the gate stack of an ultra-scaled complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) device. The effects of point defects, such as oxygen vacancy, oxygen, and aluminum interstitials at the HfO2/TiN interface, on the effective work function of TiN are explored using density functional theory. We compute the diffusion barriers of such point defects in the bulk TiN and across the HfO2/TiN interface. Diffusion of these point defects across the HfO2/TiN interface occurs during the device integration process. This results in variation of the effective work function and hence in the threshold voltage variation in the devices. Further, we simulate the effects of varying the HfO2/TiN interface stoichiometry on the effective work function modulation in these extremely-scaled CMOS devices. Our results show that the interface rich in nitrogen gives higher effective work function, whereas the interface rich in titanium gives lower effective work function, compared to a stoichiometric HfO2/TiN interface. This theoretical prediction is confirmed by the experiment, demonstrating over 700 meV modulation in the effective work function.

Tin-silver-bismuth solders for electronics assembly

DOEpatents

Vianco, Paul T.; Rejent, Jerome A.

1995-01-01

A lead-free solder alloy for electronic assemblies composed of a eutectic alloy of tin and silver with a bismuth addition, x, of 0

Tin-silver-bismuth solders for electronics assembly

DOEpatents

Vianco, P.T.; Rejent, J.A.

1995-08-08

A lead-free solder alloy is disclosed for electronic assemblies composed of a eutectic alloy of tin and silver with a bismuth addition, x, of 0

The oxidation of carbon monoxide using tin oxide based catalysts

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Sampson, Christopher F.; Jorgensen, Norman

1990-01-01

The preparation conditions for precious metal/tin oxide catalysts were optimized for maximum carbon monoxide/oxygen recombination efficiency. This was achieved by controlling the tin digestion, the peptization to form the sol, the calcination process and the method of adding the precious metals. Extensive studies of the tin oxide structure were carried out over the temperature range 20 to 500 C in air or hydrogen environments using Raman scattering and X ray diffraction. Adsorbed species on tin oxide, generated in an environment containing carbon monoxide, gave rise to a Raman band at about 1600 cm(exp -1) which was assigned to carbonaceous groups, possible carbonate.

Tribological characterization of TiN coatings prepared by magnetron sputtering

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Makwana, Nishant S.; Chauhan, Kamlesh V.; Sonera, Akshay L.; Chauhan, Dharmesh B.; Dave, Divyeshkumar P.; Rawal, Sushant K.

2018-05-01

Titanium nitride (TiN) coating deposited on aluminium and brass pin substrates using RF reactive magnetron sputtering. The structural properties and surface morphology were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), atomic force microscope (AFM) and field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM). There was formation of (101) Ti2N, (110) TiN2 and (102) TiN0.30 peaks at 3.5Pa, 2Pa and 1.25Pa sputtering pressure respectively. The tribological properties of coating were inspected using pin on disc tribometer equipment. It was observed that TiN coated aluminium and brass pins demonstrated improved wear resistance than uncoated aluminium and brass pins.

99M-Technetium labeled tin colloid radiopharmaceuticals

DOEpatents

Winchell, Harry S.; Barak, Morton; Van Fleet, III, Parmer

1976-07-06

An improved 99m-technetium labeled tin(II) colloid, size-stabilized for reticuloendothelial organ imaging without the use of macromolecular stabilizers and a packaged tin base reagent and an improved method for making it are disclosed.

Determination of total tin in geological materials by electrothermal atomic-absorption spectrophotometry using a tungsten-impregnated graphite furnace

USGS Publications Warehouse

Zhou, L.; Chao, T.T.; Meier, A.L.

1984-01-01

An electrothermal atomic-absorption spectrophotometric method is described for the determination of total tin in geological materials, with use of a tungsten-impregnated graphite furnace. The sample is decomposed by fusion with lithium metaborate and the melt is dissolved in 10% hydrochloric acid. Tin is then extracted into trioctylphosphine oxide-methyl isobutyl ketone prior to atomization. Impregnation of the furnace with a sodium tungstate solution increases the sensitivity of the determination and improves the precision of the results. The limits of determination are 0.5-20 ppm of tin in the sample. Higher tin values can be determined by dilution of the extract. Replicate analyses of eighteen geological reference samples with diverse matrices gave relative standard deviations ranging from 2.0 to 10.8% with an average of 4.6%. Average tin values for reference samples were in general agreement with, but more precise than, those reported by others. Apparent recoveries of tin added to various samples ranged from 95 to 111% with an average of 102%. ?? 1984.

Morphology and Gas-Sensing Properties of Tin Oxide Foams with Dual Pore Structure

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Nam, Kyungju; Kim, Hyeong-Gwan; Choi, Hyelim; Park, Hyeji; Kang, Jin Soo; Sung, Yung-Eun; Lee, Hee Chul; Choe, Heeman

2017-06-01

Tin oxide is a commonly used gas-sensing material, which can be applied as an n- or p-type gas sensor. To improve the gas-sensing performance of tin oxide, we successfully synthesized tin oxide foam via an ice-templating or freeze-casting method. The tin oxide foam samples showed different morphological features depending on the major processing parameters, which include sintering temperature, sintering time, and the amount of added powder. Based on scanning electron microscopy images, we could identify dual pore structure of tin oxide foam containing `wall' pores ranging from 5.3 μm to 10.7 μm, as well as smaller secondary pores (a few micrometers in size) on the wall surfaces. Gas-sensing performance tests for the synthesized tin oxide foams reveal a sensitivity of 13.1, a response time of 192 s, and a recovery time of 160 s at an ethanol gas concentration of 60 ppm at 300°C. This is a remarkable result given that it showed p-type semiconductor behavior and was used without the addition of any catalyst.

UV-visible spectroscopic estimation of photodegradation of rhodamine-B dye using tin(IV) oxide nanoparticles.

PubMed

Sangami, G; Dharmaraj, N

2012-11-01

Nanocrystalline, tin(IV) oxide (SnO(2)) particles has been prepared by thermal decomposition of tin oxalate precursor obtained from the reactions of tin(IV) chloride and sodium oxalate using eggshell membrane (ESM). The as-prepared SnO(2) nanoparticles were characterized by thermal studies, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman, FT-IR and UV-visible studies and used as a photocatalyst for the degradation of rhodamine-B (Rh-B) dye. The size of the prepared nanoparticles was in the range of 5-12nm as identified from the TEM images. Powder XRD data revealed the presence of a tetragonal, rutile crystalline phase of the tin(IV) oxide nanoparticles. Thermal analysis showed that the decomposition of tin oxalate precursor to yield the titled tin(IV) oxide nanoparticles was completed below 500°C. The extent of degradation of Rh-B in the presence of SnO(2) monitored by absorption spectral measurements demonstrated that 94.48% of the selected dye was degraded upon irradiation with UV light for 60 min. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometric determination of tin in canned food.

PubMed

Sumitani, H; Suekane, S; Nakatani, A; Tatsuka, K

1993-01-01

Various canned foods were digested sequentially with HNO3 and HCl, diluted to 100 mL, and filtered, and then tin was determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP/AES). Samples of canned Satsuma mandarin, peach, apricot, pineapple, apple juice, mushroom, asparagus, evaporated milk, short-necked clam, spinach, whole tomato, meat, and salmon were evaluated. Sample preparations did not require time-consuming dilutions, because ICP/AES has wide dynamic range. The standard addition method was used to determine tin concentration. Accuracy of the method was tested by analyzing analytical standards containing tin at 2 levels (50 and 250 micrograms/g). The amounts of tin found for the 50 and 250 micrograms/g levels were 50.5 and 256 micrograms/g, respectively, and the repeatability coefficients of variation were 4.0 and 3.8%, respectively. Recovery of tin from 13 canned foods spiked at 2 levels (50 and 250 micrograms/g) ranged from 93.9 to 109.4%, with a mean of 99.2%. The quantitation limit for tin standard solution was about 0.5 microgram/g.

Study on the removal of iron impurities in methanesulfonic acid tin plating bath

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hou-li, LIU; Jian-Jun, CHEN; Hong-Liang, PAN

2018-03-01

This thesis investigated the the influence of sodium sulfite as reducing agent on the recovery rate of tin ion. The approach is that HZ016 type cation exchange resin was used to adsorb Sn2+ and Fe2+ in electroplated tin solution first. After adsorption, the resin was removed by sulfuric acid, which was added with NaOH to adjust pH value to form precipitation and separate tin. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and energy spectrum (EDS) method were used to analyze the composition of the precipitates adjusted by pH. The results show that when the mass ratio of resin to bath is 1:2, the adsorption efficiency of resin reaches 98.3% and 97.1% respectively, and the elution efficiency of tin and iron reaches 95.1% and 94% respectively when the mass ratio of resin to eluent sulfuric acid is 1:4. Sodium sulfite was added to increase the efficiency of tin recovery by 8.1%. EDS and XRD atlas showed that after pH regulation, the main composition of the filtration precipitation was the hydroxides of tin.

Effects of vanadium ion implantation on microstructure, mechanical and tribological properties of TiN coatings

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Deng, Bin; Tao, Ye; Guo, Deliang

2012-09-01

TiN coatings were deposited on the substrates of cemented carbide (WC-TiC-Co) by Magnetic Filter Arc Ion Plating (MFAIP) and then implanted with vanadium through Metal Vacuum Vapor Arc (MEVVA) ion source with the doses of 1 × 1017 and 5 × 1017 ions/cm2 at 40 kV. The microstructures and chemical compositions of the V-implanted TiN coatings were investigated using Glancing Incidence X-ray Diffraction (GIXRD) and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), together with the mechanical and tribological properties of coatings were characterized using nano-indentation and ball-on-disk tribometer. It was found that the diffraction peaks of the V-implanted TiN coatings at the doses of 5 × 1017 ions/cm2 shifted to higher angles and became broader. The hardness and elastic modulus of TiN coatings increased after V ion implantation. The wear mechanism for both un-implanted and V-implanted TiN coatings against GCr15 steel ball was adhesive wear, and the V-implanted TiN coatings had a lower friction coefficient as well as a better wear resistance

Tinless Solder Investigation

DTIC Science & Technology

1937-06-24

tin solder. 4. By soldering coated thin (.015*) plates of tin- plate, terne-plate and galvanised iron with this mixture, the tensile strength in...9700 lbs/ln2 Average 9500 lbs/ln2 •The plates used In this test were tin-plate. Tests on bright annealed, terne-plate, brass and galvanised ...plates (tin-plate, terne- plate and galvanised iron) had coatings, it was impossible to use emery oloth OB them to completely remove the rust or

Synthesis and surface chemistry of high quality wurtzite and kesterite Cu2ZnSnS4 nanocrystals using tin(II) 2-ethylhexanoate as a new tin source.

PubMed

Gabka, Grzegorz; Bujak, Piotr; Gryszel, Maciej; Ostrowski, Andrzej; Malinowska, Karolina; Zukowska, Grazyna Z; Agnese, Fabio; Pron, Adam; Reiss, Peter

2015-08-21

A novel synthesis method for the preparation of Cu2ZnSnS4 nanocrystals is presented using a liquid precursor of tin, namely tin(II) 2-ethylhexanoate, which yields small and nearly monodisperse NCs either in the kesterite or in the wurtzite phase depending on the sulfur source (elemental sulfur in oleylamine vs. dodecanethiol).

Synthesis of antimony-doped tin oxide (ATO) nanoparticles by the nitrate-citrate combustion method

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Zhang Jianrong; Gao Lian

2004-12-02

Antimony-doped tin oxide (ATO) nanoparticles having rutile structure have been synthesized by the combustion method using citric acid (CA) as fuel and nitrate as an oxidant, the metal sources were granulated tin and Sb{sub 2}O{sub 3}. The influence of citric acid (fuel) to metal ratio on the average crystallite size, specific surface area and morphology of the nanoparticles has been investigated. X-ray diffraction showed the tin ions were reduced to elemental tin during combustion reaction. The average ATO crystallite size increased with the increase of citric acid (fuel). Powder morphology and the comparison of crystallite size and grain size showsmore » that the degree of agglomeration of the powder decreased with an increase of the ratio. The highest specific surface area was 37.5 m{sup 2}/g when the citric acid to tin ratio was about 6.« less

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Schulberg, M.T.; Allendorf, M.D.; Outka, D.A.

NH{sub 3} is an important component of many chemical vapor deposition (CVD) processes for TiN films, which are used for diffusion barriers and other applications in microelectronic circuits. In this study, the interaction of NH{sub 3} with TiN surfaces is examined with temperature programmed desorption (TPD) and Auger electron spectroscopy. NH{sub 3} has two adsorption states on TiN: a chemisorbed state and a multilayer state. A new method for analyzing TPD spectra in systems with slow pumping speeds yields activation energies for desorption for the two states of 24 kcal/mol and 7.3 kcal/mol, respectively. The sticking probability into the chemisorptionmore » state is {approximately}0.06. These results are discussed in the context of TiN CVD. In addition, the high temperature stability of TiN is investigated. TiN decomposes to its elements only after heating to 1300 K, showing that decomposition is unlikely to occur under CVD conditions.« less

Organotin compounds cause structure-dependent induction of progesterone in human choriocarcinoma Jar cells.

PubMed

Hiromori, Youhei; Yui, Hiroki; Nishikawa, Jun-ichi; Nagase, Hisamitsu; Nakanishi, Tsuyoshi

2016-01-01

Organotin compounds, such as tributyltin (TBT) and triphenyltin (TPT), are typical environmental contaminants and suspected endocrine-disrupting chemicals because they cause masculinization in female mollusks. In addition, previous studies have suggested that the endocrine disruption by organotin compounds leads to activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)γ and retinoid X receptor (RXR). However, whether organotin compounds cause crucial toxicities in human development and reproduction is unclear. We here investigated the structure-dependent effect of 12 tin compounds on mRNA transcription of 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type I (3β-HSD I) and progesterone production in human choriocarcinoma Jar cells. TBT, TPT, dibutyltin, monophenyltin, tripropyltin, and tricyclohexyltin enhanced progesterone production in a dose-dependent fashion. Although tetraalkyltin compounds such as tetrabutyltin increased progesterone production, the concentrations necessary for activation were 30-100 times greater than those for trialkyltins. All tested active organotins increased 3β-HSD I mRNA transcription. We further investigated the correlation between the agonistic activity of organotin compounds on PPARγ and their ability to promote progesterone production. Except for DBTCl2, the active organotins significantly induced the transactivation function of PPARγ. In addition, PPARγ knockdown significantly suppressed the induction of mRNA transcription of 3β-HSD I by all active organotins except DBTCl2. These results suggest that some organotin compounds promote progesterone biosynthesis in vitro by inducing 3β-HSD I mRNA transcription via the PPARγ signaling pathway. The placenta represents a potential target organ for these compounds, whose endocrine-disrupting effects might cause local changes in progesterone concentration in pregnant women. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Toxicology of tetramethyltin and other organometals used in photovoltaic cell manufacture

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hamilton, L. D.; Medeiros, W. H.; Moskowitz, P. D.; Rybicka, K.

1988-07-01

In photovoltaic cell fabrication, organometals (alkyl metals) may be used in such processes as metalorganic chemical vapor deposition, transparent contact oxide deposition, doping, and ion implantation. Although these compounds offer potential performance advantages over earth metals and possibly greater safety in handling than metal hydrides, they are not without risk to health and property. Most organometals can ignite spontaneously in air. Some also react violently with water. Oxidation by-products from these reactions are hazardous to health. Of the organometals used in photovoltaic cell fabrication, only the toxicology of organotins (triethyl-, trimethyl- and tetramethyltin) was studied extensively. In mammalian systems, tetramethyltin is rapidly dealkylated to trimethyltin. Although tin was classified by some investigators as an essential trace element, the effects of organotin compounds on humans are poorly known. Animal studies show that the most prominent effects of trimethyltin are on the central nervous system. Several observations of poisoning were reported; effects ranged from reversible neurologic disorders to death. Limited available data suggest that humans respond to single acute doses and more alarmingly to repeated sub-toxic doses, suggesting a cumulative effect. Toxicologic properties of diethyltelluride also were evaluated in animal experiments. The compound had toxic effects on the blood, liver, kidney, heart, and skin. Based on these studies and others of related compounds (e.g., methylmercury, tributyltin) extreme caution should be exercised in using organometal compounds in photovoltaic cell manufacturing.

The prognostic values of tumor-infiltrating neutrophils, lymphocytes and neutrophil/lymphocyte rates in bladder urothelial cancer.

PubMed

Liu, Kangkang; Zhao, Kun; Wang, Lining; Sun, Erlin

2018-05-20

Tumor-infiltrating neutrophils (TINs) and lymphocytes (TILs) are found to play essential roles in many tumors and associate with the prognosis of patients. But, the prognostic values of TINs, TILs and NLR (neutrophils-lymphocytes ratio) in bladder cancer (BC) are still undefined. The object of our study was to systematically interrogate the associations of these immune cells with clinical outcomes of BC patients. In our study, a total of 102 patients pathologically diagnosed with BC were included. CD66b + and CD8 + antibodies were used to mark neutrophils and CD8 + lymphocytes by immunohistochemistry. The results found that TINs and NLR were significantly associated with pathological T-stages of tumors (P < 0.01), but TILs were not. And TINs were also related to pathological tumor grades (P = 0.012). Regarding the prognostic values, TINs was related to the high risk of recurrence in non-muscle invasive BC (NMIBC) patients. Elevated TINs and NLR were associated with poor overall survivals of BC patients, whereas higher TILs were related to longer survivals (P < 0.01). Multivariate analysis showed that both of TINs (HR 2.427, 1.024-5.752, P = 0.044) and NLR (HR 3.529, 1.147-10.864, P = 0.028) were independent unfavorable prognosis markers. In conclusion, Tumor infiltrating immune cells, including TINs, TILs and NLR were important markers in predicting the prognosis of bladder cancer patients. TINs and NLR were more likely to be negative predictors, but TILs were favorable in patients with BC. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.

77 FR 27438 - Certain Corrosion-Resistant Carbon Steel Flat Products From Korea: Final Results of Expedited...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-05-10

...- rolled steel products either plated or coated with tin, lead, chromium, chromium oxides, both tin and lead (``terne plate''), or both chromium and chromium oxides (``tin-free steel''), whether or not...

Low-gravity processing of superconducting compounds

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Otto, G. H.

1976-01-01

Low gravity conditions can be sustained on earth for several seconds in an evacuated drop tube. Because radiation cooling is most effective at high temperatures, the refractive metals and alloys are prime candidates for free fall solidification. The results of initial experiments on droplet formation, droplet release, critical size and evaporation losses are given. The time required for free fall solidification of different size droplets is calculated. The materials studied were copper, niobium and vanadium, and a niobium-tin alloys. Improvements in purity, composition, homogeneity and stoichiometry are expected during free fall solidification of niobium based alloys which should become evident in an increase in the superconducting transition temperature.

Effect of Composition of Alloys of Tin-Sodium Systems on Surface Tension

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Alchagirov, B. B.; Kyasova, O. Kh.

2018-07-01

The results are presented from investigating the surface tensions of tin-sodium systems, along with original experimental data on the concentration dependences of the surface tensions of 19 tin-based sodium alloys obtained for samples of enhanced purity in a range of compositions with contents of 0.06 to 5.00 at % Na at T = 573 K. It is established that adding small amounts of sodium to tin greatly reduces the surface tensions of the studied melts. Calculations of sodium adsorption in alloys with tin show there is a maximum on the adsorption curve that corresponds to alloys with contents of around 1.5 at % Na in Sn.

Effect of pretreatment on a platinized tin oxide catalyst used for low-temperature CO-oxidation

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Drawdy, Jean E.; Hoflund, Gar B.; Gardner, Steven D.; Yngvadottir, Eva; Schryer, David R.

1990-01-01

A commercial platinized tin oxide catalyst used for low-temperature CO oxidation has been characterized using ion scattering spectroscopy (ISS), Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) and Electron Spectroscopy for Chemical Analysis (ESCA) before and after reduction in 40 Torr of CO for 1 hour at various temperatures from 75 to 175 C. The reduction results in loss of surface oxygen, formation of metallic tin, conversion of platinum oxides to Pt-O-Sn and Pt(OH)2 and a small amount of metallic Pt which alloys with the tin. These results should be useful in understanding how the pretreatment temperature affects the catalytic activity of platinized tin oxide toward CO oxidation.

Melting of isolated tin nanoparticles

PubMed

Bachels; Guntherodt; Schafer

2000-08-07

The melting of isolated neutral tin cluster distributions with mean sizes of about 500 atoms has been investigated in a molecular beam experiment by calorimetrically measuring the clusters' formation energies as a function of their internal temperature. For this purpose the possibility to adjust the temperature of the clusters' internal degrees of freedom by means of the temperature of the cluster source's nozzle was exploited. The melting point of the investigated tin clusters was found to be lowered by 125 K and the latent heat of fusion per atom is reduced by 35% compared to bulk tin. The melting behavior of the isolated tin clusters is discussed with respect to the occurrence of surface premelting.

Prognostic value of intratumoral neutrophils in advanced gastric carcinoma in a high-risk area in northern Italy.

PubMed

Caruso, Rosario Alberto; Bellocco, Rino; Pagano, Marcello; Bertoli, Giovanni; Rigoli, Luciana; Inferrera, Cosimo

2002-08-01

Several lines of evidence indicate that neutrophils act nonspecifically against tumor cells. The correlation between tumor-infiltrating neutrophils (TINs) and clinicopathological features remains unclear and deserves to be investigated. To analyze the prognostic influence of TINs in gastric carcinoma, the authors selected 273 patients with advanced gastric carcinoma who underwent gastrectomy at Cremona Hospital (Lombardia, Italy) between 1990 and 1995 and followed them for a period of 5 years. The number of TINs was assessed in a semiquantitative manner using the mean value of 20 nonoverlapping high-power fields (magnification, 400x; 0.08 mm(2)). The patients were divided into two groups: patients with a moderate or extensive amount of TINs (n = 76; >10 TINs per 20 high-power fields) and patients with a minor amount of TINs (n = 197;

A tillering inhibition gene influences root–shoot carbon partitioning and pattern of water use to improve wheat productivity in rainfed environments

PubMed Central

Hendriks, P.W.; Kirkegaard, J.A.; Lilley, J.M.; Gregory, P.J.; Rebetzke, G.J.

2016-01-01

Genetic modification of shoot and root morphology has potential to improve water and nutrient uptake of wheat crops in rainfed environments. Near-isogenic lines (NILs) varying for a tillering inhibition (tin) gene and representing multiple genetic backgrounds were phenotyped in contrasting, controlled environments for shoot and root growth. Leaf area, shoot and root biomass were similar until tillering, whereupon reduced tillering in tin-containing NILs produced reductions of up to 60% in total leaf area and biomass, and increases in total root length of up to 120% and root biomass to 145%. Together, the root-to-shoot ratio increased two-fold with the tin gene. The influence of tin on shoot and root growth was greatest in the cv. Banks genetic background, particularly in the biculm-selected NIL, and was typically strongest in cooler environments. A separate de-tillering study confirmed greater root-to-shoot ratios with regular tiller removal in non-tin-containing genotypes. In validating these observations in a rainfed field study, the tin allele had a negligible effect on seedling growth but was associated with significantly (P<0.05) reduced tiller number (–37%), leaf area index (–26%), and spike number (–35%) to reduce plant biomass (–19%) at anthesis. Root biomass, root-to-shoot ratio at early stem elongation, and root depth at maturity were all increased in tin-containing NILs. Soil water use was slowed in tin-containing NILs, resulting in greater water availability, greater stomatal conductance, cooler canopy temperatures, and maintenance of green leaf area during grain-filling. Together these effects contributed to increases in harvest index and grain yield. In both the controlled and field environments, the tin gene was commonly associated with increased root length and biomass, but the significant influence of genetic background and environment suggests careful assessment of tin-containing progeny in selection for genotypic increases in root growth. PMID:26494729

Structure, electronic properties, and oxygen incorporation/diffusion characteristics of the Σ 5 TiN(310)[001] tilt grain boundary

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

McKenna, Keith P.

2018-02-01

First principles calculations are employed to investigate the structure, electronic properties, and oxygen incorporation/diffusion characteristics of the Σ 5 TiN(310) tilt grain boundary with relevance to applications of polycrystalline TiN in microelectronics and protective coatings. We show that the grain boundary does not significantly modify electronic states near the Fermi energy but does induce an upward shift of up to 0.6 eV in a number of deeper occupied bands. We also show that oxygen is preferentially incorporated into the TiN grain boundary (GB) but must overcome relatively high activation energies for further diffusion. These predictions are consistent with the "stuffed barrier model" proposed to explain the good barrier characteristics of TiN. We also show that while the oxidizing power of TiN GBs is not sufficient to reduce HfO2 (a prototypical gate dielectric material), they can act as a scavenger for interstitial oxygen. Altogether, these results provide the much needed atomistic insights into the properties of a model GB in TiN and suggest a number of directions for future investigation.

High-performance Li-ion Sn anodes with enhanced electrochemical properties using highly conductive TiN nanotubes array as a 3D multifunctional support

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pu, Jun; Du, Hongxiu; Wang, Jian; Wu, Wenlu; Shen, Zihan; Liu, Jinyun; Zhang, Huigang

2017-08-01

High capacity electrodes are demanded to increase the energy and power density of lithium ion batteries. However, the cycling and rate properties are severely affected by the large volume changes caused by the lithium insertion and extraction. Structured electrodes with mechanically stable scaffolds are widely developed to mitigate the adverse effects of volume changes. Tin, as a promising anode material, receives great attentions because of its high theoretic capacity. There is a critical value of tin particle size above which tin anodes readily crack, leading to low cyclability. The electrode design using mechanical scaffolds must retain tin particles below the critical size and concurrently enable high volumetric capacity. It is a challenge to guarantee the critical size for high cyclability and space utilization for high volumetric capacity. This study provides a highly conductive TiN nanotubes array with submicron diameters, which enable thin tin coating without sacrificing the volumetric capacity. Such a structured electrode delivers a capacity of 795 mAh gSn-1 (Sn basis) and 1812 mAh cmel-3 (electrode basis). The long-term cycling shows only 0.04% capacity decay per cycle.

Nanoengineering of 2D tin sulfide nanoflake arrays incorporated on polyaniline nanofibers with boosted capacitive behavior

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, Huanhuan; Chao, DongLiang; Liu, Jilei; Lin, Jianyi; Shen, Ze Xiang

2018-07-01

Nanoscale engineering plays an important role in designing novel electrode architecture and boosting energy storage in supercapacitors. Herein, we demonstrate the fabrication of freestanding tin sulfide based supercapacitor electrode using facile nucleation substrate control, i.e. polyaniline network. This is the first time that tin sulfide based material is fabricated as a binder-free electrode for supercapacitors. The first combination of tin sulfide and polyaniline also evokes synergistic effect to enhance the performance as the polyaniline nanofibers facilitate the growth of tin sulfide flakes in nanosize which is further proved helpful for improving the capacity and stability of the electrode. The as-obtained electrode of tin sulfide nanoflake arrays incorporated on polyaniline nanofibers (365 F g‑1 at 10 mV s‑1) exhibits superior electrochemical performance compared with micro-scaled tin sulfide (32 F g‑1 at 10 mV s‑1). The significantly improved pseudocapacitive and diffusive contributions of polyaniline nanofibers incorporated electrode are identified by quantitative kinetics analysis due to greatly decreased particle size and introduced mesopores, nanoclusters, and exposed edges. Profited from effective nanostructure engineering, a Na+ intercalation mechanism is also pointed out in boosting the electrochemical performance.

Fabrication of Highly Ordered and Well-Aligned PbTiO 3/TiN Core–Shell Nanotube Arrays

DOE PAGES

Yoon, Jaesung; Kim, Sangjoon; Kim, Dongjin; ...

2015-04-30

Highly ordered and well-aligned PbTiO 3/TiN core–shell nanotubes are fabricated in this paper via an anodic aluminum oxide templating route followed by TiN and TiO 2 atomic layer deposition deposition and a subsequent PbO vapor reaction. Finally, PbTiO 3/TiN nanotubes keep their original shape after the vapor phase reaction, and they display well-defined piezoresponse hysteresis curves with remnant piezoresponse of 38 pm V -1.

Synthesis of Tetraphenylstannacyclopentadienes (Stannoles). II. Derivatives and Adducts of 1,1-Dihalo-2,3,4,5-tetraphenylstannoles.

DTIC Science & Technology

1981-04-15

products (4-bromo-l,2,3,4-tetraphenylbutadienyl)tin tribromide o (4-iodo-l,2,3,4-tetraphenylbutadienyl)tin triiodide. Even gentle chlorination of...hexaphenyistannole by elemental chlorine cleaves the ring tin-carbon bonds to form cis-cis-l ,4-dichloro-l ,2 ,3 ,4-tetraphenylbutadiene-l, 3 and diphenyltin... chlorination of hexaphenylstannole by elemental chlorine cleaves the ring tin-carbon bonds to form cis- cis-l,4-dichloro-l,2,3,4-tetraphenylbutadiene-1,3

Solderability of pre-tinned Cu sheet

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sunwoo, A. J.; Morris, J. W.; Lucey, G. K.

1992-05-01

The reliability and integrity of pre-tinned copper-clad printed circuit (PC) boards are serious concerns in the manufacture of electronic devices. The factors that influence the wetting during soldering of Cu are discussed. The results suggest that pre-tinning with a Pb-rich solder, such as 95Pb-5Sn, is preferred to pre-tinning with eutectic solder, since the latter can develop exposed intermetallics during aging that wet poorly. The results also confirm that the use of flux leads to carbon contamination in the solder.

Effect of Nitrogen Content on Physical and Chemical Properties of TiN Thin Films Prepared by DC Magnetron Sputtering with Supported Discharge

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kavitha, A.; Kannan, R.; Gunasekhar, K. R.; Rajashabala, S.

2017-10-01

Amorphous titanium nitride (TiN) thin films have been prepared on silicon (Si) and glass substrates by direct-current (DC) reactive magnetron sputtering with a supported discharge (triode). Nitrogen gas (N2) at partial pressure of 0.3 Pa, 0.4 Pa, 0.5 Pa, and 0.6 Pa was used to prepare the TiN thin films, maintaining total pressure of argon and N2 of about 0.7 Pa. The chemical, microstructural, optical, and electrical properties of the TiN thin films were systematically studied. Presence of different phases of Ti with nitrogen (N), oxygen (O2), and carbon (C) elements was revealed by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy characterization. Increase in the nitrogen pressure from 0.3 Pa to 0.6 Pa reduced the optical bandgap of the TiN thin film from 2.9 eV to 2.7 eV. Photoluminescence study showed that TiN thin film deposited at N2 partial pressure of 0.3 Pa exhibited three shoulder peaks at 330 nm, 335 nm, and 340 nm, which disappeared when the sample was deposited with N2 partial pressure of 0.6 Pa. Increase in the nitrogen content decreased the electrical resistivity of the TiN thin film from 3200 μΩ cm to 1800 μΩ cm. Atomic force microscopy studies of the TiN thin films deposited with N2 partial pressure of 0.6 Pa showed a uniform surface pattern associated with accumulation of fine grains. The results and advantages of this method of preparing TiN thin films are also reported.

Tumor-infiltrating Neutrophils is Prognostic and Predictive for Postoperative Adjuvant Chemotherapy Benefit in Patients With Gastric Cancer.

PubMed

Zhang, Heng; Liu, Hao; Shen, Zhenbin; Lin, Chao; Wang, Xuefei; Qin, Jing; Qin, Xinyu; Xu, Jiejie; Sun, Yihong

2018-02-01

This study was aimed to investigate the prognostic value of tumor-infiltrating neutrophils (TINs) and to generate a predictive model to refine postoperative risk stratification system for patients with gastric cancer. TIN presents in various malignant tumors, but its clinical significance in gastric cancer remains obscure. The study enrolled 3 independent sets of patients with gastric cancer from 2 institutional medical centers of China. TIN was estimated by immunohistochemical staining of CD66b, and its relationship with clinicopathological features and clinical outcomes were evaluated. Prognostic accuracies were evaluated by C-index and Akaike information criterion. TINs in gastric cancer tissues ranged from 0 to 192 cells/high magnification filed (HPF), 0 to 117 cells/HPF, and 0 to 142 cells/HPF in the training, testing, and validation sets, respectively. TINs were negatively correlated with lymph node classification (P = 0.007, P = 0.041, and P = 0.032, respectively) and tumor stage (P = 0.019, P = 0.013, and P = 0.025, respectively) in the 3 sets. Moreover, multivariate analysis identified TINs and tumor node metastasis (TNM) stage as 2 independent prognostic factors for overall survival. Incorporation of TINs into well-established TNM system generated a predictive model that shows better predictive accuracy for overall survival. More importantly, patients with higher TINs were prone to overall survival benefit from postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy. These results were validated in the independent testing and validation sets. TIN in gastric cancer was identified as an independent prognostic factor, which could be incorporated into standard TNM staging system to refine risk stratification and predict for overall survival benefit from postoperative chemotherapy in patients with gastric cancer.

Core-shell titanium dioxide-titanium nitride nanotube arrays with near-infrared plasmon resonances

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Farsinezhad, Samira; Shanavas, Thariq; Mahdi, Najia; Askar, Abdelrahman M.; Kar, Piyush; Sharma, Himani; Shankar, Karthik

2018-04-01

Titanium nitride (TiN) is a ceramic with high electrical conductivity which in nanoparticle form, exhibits localized surface plasmon resonances (LSPRs) in the visible region of the solar spectrum. The ceramic nature of TiN coupled with its dielectric loss factor being comparable to that of gold, render it attractive for CMOS polarizers, refractory plasmonics, surface-enhanced Raman scattering and a whole host of sensing applications. We report core-shell TiO2-TiN nanotube arrays exhibiting LSPR peaks in the range 775-830 nm achieved by a simple, solution-based, low cost, large area-compatible fabrication route that does not involve laser-writing or lithography. Self-organized, highly ordered TiO2 nanotube arrays were grown by electrochemical anodization of Ti thin films on fluorine-doped tin oxide-coated glass substrates and then conformally coated with a thin layer of TiN using atomic layer deposition. The effects of varying the TiN layer thickness and thermal annealing on the LSPR profiles were also investigated. Modeling the TiO2-TiN core-shell nanotube structure using two different approaches, one employing effective medium approximations coupled with Fresnel coefficients, resulted in calculated optical spectra that closely matched the experimentally measured spectra. Modeling provided the insight that the observed near-infrared resonance was not collective in nature, and was mainly attributable to the longitudinal resonance of annular nanotube-like TiN particles redshifted due to the presence of the higher permittivity TiO2 matrix. The resulting TiO2-TiN core-shell nanotube structures also function as visible light responsive photocatalysts, as evidenced by their photoelectrochemical water-splitting performance under light emitting diode illumination using 400, 430 and 500 nm photons.

Accuracy of iodine removal using dual-energy CT with or without a tin filter: an experimental phantom study.

PubMed

Kawai, Tatsuya; Takeuchi, Mitsuru; Hara, Masaki; Ohashi, Kazuya; Suzuki, Hirochika; Yamada, Kiyotaka; Sugimura, Yuya; Shibamoto, Yuta

2013-10-01

The effects of a tin filter on virtual non-enhanced (VNE) images created by dual-energy CT have not been well evaluated. To compare the accuracy of VNE images between those with and without a tin filter. Two different types of columnar phantoms made of agarose gel were evaluated. Phantom A contained various concentrations of iodine (4.5-1590 HU at 120 kVp). Phantom B consisted of a central component (0, 10, 25, and 40 mgI/cm(3)) and a surrounding component (0, 50, 100, and 200 mgI/cm(3)) with variable iodine concentration. They were scanned by dual-source CT in conventional single-energy mode and dual-energy mode with and without a tin filter. CT values on each gel at the corresponding points were measured and the accuracy of iodine removal was evaluated. On VNE images, the CT number of the gel of Phantom A fell within the range between -15 and +15 HU under 626 and 881 HU at single-energy 120 kVp with and without a tin filter, respectively. With attenuation over these thresholds, iodine concentration of gels was underestimated with the tin filter but overestimated without it. For Phantom B, the mean CT numbers on VNE images in the central gel component surrounded by the gel with iodine concentrations of 0, 50, 100, and 200 mgI/cm(3) were in the range of -19-+6 HU and 21-100 HU with and without the tin filter, respectively. Both with and without a tin filter, iodine removal was accurate under a threshold of iodine concentration. Although a surrounding structure with higher attenuation decreased the accuracy, a tin filter improved the margin of error.

Friction and wear of selected metals and alloys in sliding contact with AISI 440 C stainless steel in liquid methane and in liquid natural gas

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Wisander, D. W.

1978-01-01

Aluminum, titanium, beryllium, nickel, iron, copper, and several copper alloys were run in sliding contact with AISI 440C in liquid methane and natural gas. All of the metals run except copper and the copper alloys of tin and tin-lead showed severely galled wear scars. Friction coefficients varied from 0.2 to 1.0, the lowest being for copper, copper-17 wt. % tin, and copper-8 wt. % tin-22 wt. % lead. The wear rate for copper was two orders of magnitude lower than that of the other metals run. An additional order of magnitude of wear reduction was achieved by the addition of tin and/or lead to copper.

Influence of Direct Current Electric Field on Corrosion Behavior of Tin Under a Thin Electrolyte Layer

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Huang, H. L.; Bu, F. R.; Tian, J.; Liu, D.

2017-12-01

The influence of a direct current electric field (DCEF) on corrosion behavior of tin under a thin electrolyte layer was investigated based on an array electrode technology by polarization, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and surface analysis. The experimental results indicate that the corrosion rate of tin near the positive plate of DCEF increases with increased electric field intensity, which could be attributed to the acceleration of the migration of ions, the removal of corrosion products under DCEF and the damage of tin surface oxide film. Furthermore, tin at different positions in a DCEF exhibits different corrosion behavior, which could be ascribed to the difference of the local corrosion environment caused by the DCEF.

Geochemistry of tin in rivers and estuaries

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Byrd, James T.; Andreae, Meinrat O.

1986-05-01

On the basis of measurements from a large number of rivers from pristine and polluted regions, we estimate the riverine fluxes of tin to the oceans to be 0.76 × 10 6molyr-1 for the dissolved fraction and 300-600 × 10 6 mol yr -1 for the paniculate fraction. The paniculate flux agrees with the flux calculated from denudation rates. Estuaries were found not to have a large effect upon the transport of tin to the oceans. Evidence for the remobilization of tin was found in an estuary that is highly polluted with tin from mining and smelting activities. Monobutyltin was found to be present in polluted estuaries and is presumed to be a degradation product of tributyltin additives to antifouling paint.

42 CFR 425.304 - Other program requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... interests in the judgment of the referring party. (d) Required reporting of NPIs and TINs. (1) The ACO must... times as specified by CMS the list of each ACO participant's TIN and ACO providers/supplier's NPI that... any changes to the list of NPIs and TINs. ...

42 CFR 425.304 - Other program requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... interests in the judgment of the referring party. (d) Required reporting of NPIs and TINs. (1) The ACO must... times as specified by CMS the list of each ACO participant's TIN and ACO providers/supplier's NPI that... any changes to the list of NPIs and TINs. ...

26 CFR 301.6721-0 - Table of Contents.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... TINs. (1) In general. (i) Initial solicitation. (ii) First annual solicitation. (iii) Second annual.... (f) Acting in a responsible manner—special rules for incorrect TINs. (1) In general. (i) Initial...) In general. (2) Special rules relating to TINs. (3) Effective dates. (h) Transitional rules for...

26 CFR 301.6721-0 - Table of Contents.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... TINs. (1) In general. (i) Initial solicitation. (ii) First annual solicitation. (iii) Second annual.... (f) Acting in a responsible manner—special rules for incorrect TINs. (1) In general. (i) Initial...) In general. (2) Special rules relating to TINs. (3) Effective dates. (h) Transitional rules for...

78 FR 16832 - Corrosion-Resistant Carbon Steel Flat Products From Germany and the Republic of Korea: Revocation...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-03-19

.... Excluded from the scope of the orders are flat-rolled steel products either plated or coated with tin, lead, chromium, chromium oxides, both tin and lead (``terne plate''), or both chromium and chromium oxides (``tin...

42 CFR 425.304 - Other program requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... interests in the judgment of the referring party. (d) Required reporting of NPIs and TINs. (1) The ACO must... times as specified by CMS the list of each ACO participant's TIN and ACO providers/supplier's NPI that... any changes to the list of NPIs and TINs. ...

Facile Synthesis of Wormhole-Like Mesoporous Tin Oxide via Evaporation-Induced Self-Assembly and the Enhanced Gas-Sensing Properties

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Li, Xiaoyu; Peng, Kang; Dou, Yewei; Chen, Jiasheng; Zhang, Yue; An, Gai

2018-01-01

Wormhole-like mesoporous tin oxide was synthesized via a facile evaporation-induced self-assembly (EISA) method, and the gas-sensing properties were evaluated for different target gases. The effect of calcination temperature on gas-sensing properties of mesoporous tin oxide was investigated. The results demonstrate that the mesoporous tin oxide sensor calcined at 400 °C exhibits remarkable selectivity to ethanol vapors comparison with other target gases and has a good performance in the operating temperature and response/recovery time. This might be attributed to their high specific surface area and porous structure, which can provide more active sites and generate more chemisorbed oxygen spices to promote the diffusion and adsorption of gas molecules on the surface of the gas-sensing material. A possible formation mechanism of the mesoporous tin oxide and the enhanced gas-sensing mechanism are proposed. The mesoporous tin oxide shows prospective detecting application in the gas sensor fields.

Nature of active tin species and promoting effect of nickle in silica supported tin oxide for dehydrogenation of propane

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, Haoren; Wang, Hui; Li, Xiuyi; Li, Chunyi

2017-06-01

Different with Wang et. al.'s study, we found that polymeric Si-O-Sn2+ rather than Ni-Sn alloy and metallic Sn are active species in silica-supported tin oxide catalysts for dehydrogenation of propane. The results showed that high surface area of mesoporous silica brought about high dispersion of tin oxide species, as a result, catalytic activity and stability were both improved. DRUV-vis, XPS, TPR and XRD studies of fresh and reduced catalysts indicated that the deactivation was related to the reduction of active species rather than the coke formation since active tin species cannot maintain its oxidation state at reaction conditions (high temperature and reducing atmosphere). The formed Ni3Sn2 alloy after reduction just functioned as promoter which accelerated the desorption of H2 and regeneration of active site. A synergy effect between active tin species and Ni3Sn2 alloy were observed.

Potential of tin (IV) chloride for treatment in Alor Pongsu as stabilized landfill leachate

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zainal, Sharifah Farah Fariza Syed; Aziz, Hamidi Abdul

2017-10-01

Leachate production from landfilling contributes crucial pollutants to the environment. This study examined the potential of tin (IV) chloride as coagulant that involved charge neutralization and sweep flocculation mechanisms. The negative charge of leachate is neutralized by adding tin (IV) chloride as cationic coagulant which resulted precipitation and swept most of the colloids and dissolved solids that entrapped in the settling as hydrous oxide floc. Parameters such as suspended solid (SS) content, color, and chemical oxygen demand (COD) were analyzed using standard jar test procedures. The best condition was observed at pH 8, with removal efficiencies of 75.99 %, 99.29 % and 98.36 % for COD, SS, and color, respectively. At optimum dosage, tin (IV) chloride successfully removed 98.40 % for color, 99.54 % for SS and 71.53 % for COD. These results indicated the satisfactory performance of tin (IV) chloride. Hence, tin (IV) chloride is a potential coagulant for the treatment of Alor Pongsu Landfill leachate.

Dopant-Free Tetrakis-Triphenylamine Hole Transporting Material for Efficient Tin-Based Perovskite Solar Cells.

PubMed

Ke, Weijun; Priyanka, Pragya; Vegiraju, Sureshraju; Stoumpos, Constantinos C; Spanopoulos, Ioannis; Soe, Chan Myae Myae; Marks, Tobin J; Chen, Ming-Chou; Kanatzidis, Mercouri G

2018-01-10

Developing dopant-free hole transporting layers (HTLs) is critical in achieving high-performance and robust state-of-the-art perovskite photovoltaics, especially for the air-sensitive tin-based perovskite systems. The commonly used HTLs require hygroscopic dopants and additives for optimal performance, which adds extra cost to manufacturing and limits long-term device stability. Here we demonstrate the use of a novel tetrakis-triphenylamine (TPE) small molecule prepared by a facile synthetic route as a superior dopant-free HTL for lead-free tin-based perovskite solar cells. The best-performing tin iodide perovskite cells employing the novel mixed-cation ethylenediammonium/formamidinium with the dopant-free TPE HTL achieve a power conversion efficiency as high as 7.23%, ascribed to the HTL's suitable band alignment and excellent hole extraction/collection properties. This efficiency is one of the highest reported so far for tin halide perovskite systems, highlighting potential application of TPE HTL material in low-cost high-performance tin-based perovskite solar cells.

Determination of total tin in silicate rocks by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry

USGS Publications Warehouse

Elsheimer, H.N.; Fries, T.L.

1990-01-01

A method is described for the determination of total tin in silicate rocks utilizing a graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometer with a stabilized-temperature platform furnace and Zeeman-effect background correction. The sample is decomposed by lithium metaborate fusion (3 + 1) in graphite crucibles with the melt being dissolved in 7.5% hydrochloric acid. Tin extractions (4 + 1 or 8 + 1) are executed on portions of the acid solutions using a 4% solution of tricotylphosphine oxide in methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK). Ascorbic acid is added as a reducing agent prior to extraction. A solution of diammonium hydrogenphosphate and magnesium nitrate is used as a matrix modifier in the graphite furnace determination. The limit of detection is > 10 pg, equivalent to > 1 ??g l-1 of tin in the MIBK solution or 0.2-0.3 ??g g-61 in the rock. The concentration range is linear between 2.5 and 500 ??g l-1 tin in solution. The precision, measured as relative standard deviation, is < 20% at the 2.5 ??g l-1 level and < 7% at the 10-30 ??g l-1 level of tin. Excellent agreement with recommended literature values was found when the method was applied to the international silicate rock standards BCR-1, PCC-1, GSP-1, AGV-1, STM-1, JGb-1 and Mica-Fe. Application was made to the determination of tin in geological core samples with total tin concentrations of the order of 1 ??g g-1 or less.

Alkali Silicate Glass Coatings for Mitigating the Risks of Tin Whiskers

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hillman, Dave; Wilcoxon, Ross; Lower, Nate; Grossman, Dan

2015-12-01

Alkali silicate glass (ASG) coatings were investigated as a possible method for inhibiting tin whisker initiation and growth. The aqueous-based ASG formulations used in this study were deposited with equipment and conditions that are typical of those used to apply conventional conformal coatings. Processes for controlling ASG coating properties were developed, and a number of ASG-based coating combinations were applied to test components with pure tin surfaces. Coatings were applied both in a laboratory environment at Rockwell Collins and in a manufacturing environment at Plasma Ruggedized Solutions. Testing in elevated humidity/temperature environments and subsequent inspection of the test articles identified coating combinations that inhibited tin whisker growth as well as other material combinations that actually accelerated tin whisker growth. None of the coatings evaluated in this study, including conventional acrylic and Parylene conformal coatings, completely prevented the formation of tin whiskers. Two of the coatings were particularly effective at reducing the risks of whisker growth, albeit through different mechanisms. Parylene conformal coating almost, but not completely, eliminated whisker formation, and only a few tin whiskers were found on these surfaces during the study. A composite of ASG and alumina nanoparticles inhibited whisker formation to a lesser degree than Parylene, but did disrupt whisker growth mechanisms so as to inhibit the formation of long, and more dangerous, tin whiskers. Additional testing also demonstrated that the conformal coatings had relatively little effect on the dielectric loss of a stripline test structure operating at frequencies over 30 GHz.

IRIS Toxicological Review and Summary Documents for ...

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

Carbon tetrachloride is a volatile haloalkane with a wide range of industrial and chemical applications. It is produced commercially from chlorination of a variety of low molecular weight hydrocarbons such as carbon disulfide, methanol, methane, propane, and ethylene dichloride. It is also produced by thermal chlorination in the production of tetrachloroethylene. Major uses of carbon tetrachloride have been in the recovery of tin from tin plating waste, in formulation of petrol additives and refrigerants, in metal degreasing and agricultural fumigants, in chlorination of organic compounds, in the production of semiconductors, in the reduction of fire hazard, as a solvent for rubber cement, and as a catalyst in polymer technology. Its production has been decreasing and it is no longer permitted in products intended for home use. Despite this ban, carbon tetrachloride has been detected at 314 hazardous waste sites. EPA's assessment of noncancer health effects and carcinogenic potential of carbon tetrachloride was last prepared and added to the IRIS database in 1991. The IRIS program is preparing an assessment that will incorporate health effects information available for carbon tetrachloride, and current risk assessment methods. The IRIS assessment for carbon tetrachloride will consist of a Toxicological Review and IRIS Summary. The Toxicological Review is a critical review of the physiochemical and toxicokinetic properties of a chemical, and its toxicity

Preparation of the highly dispersed powder of titanium carbonitride by SHS azide technology with previous partial nitriding

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Amosov, A. P.; Markov, Yu M.; Dobrovolskaya, R. A.; Nikolaeva, E. N.

2017-02-01

It is shown that the powder of very hard refractory titanium carbonitride (TiC0.5N0.5) is the basis of tungsten-free hard alloys which are prospective for application as inexpensive cutting tools. The finer the powder of titanium carbonitrideis, the moreenhanced properties of hard alloys, sintered from the powder, are. An opportunity to reduce the particle size of the titanium carbonitride powder obtained by energy-saving azide technology of self-propagating high-temperature synthesis at the cost of reducing the particle size of the initial titanium powderwas investigated. To ensure the safety of the grinding process of the initial metal titanium powder, it was offered to nitride a Ti powder partially into a TiN0.2 compound. Such partial nitriding was performed by the azidetechnology with lack of sodium azide (NaN3) as a nitriding reagent. After intensive grinding in the planetary ball mill, the TiN0.2 powder turned into a superfine powder with an ultrafine structure. This powder was capable of nitriding and carburizing in the azide technology with formation of superfine pure powder agglomerates which are composed of ultrafine and nano-particles of TiC0.5N0.5.

Coral skeletal Tin and Copper Concentration at Pohnpei, Micronesia, as a potential proxy for marine pollution

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Inoue, M.; Suzuki, A.; Nohara, M.; Kan, H.; Edward, A.; Kawahata, H.

2002-12-01

Coral reefs are increasingly threatened by human activities such as industrialization, sewage discharge, dredging, deforestation and so on. The annually-banded coral (Porites sp.) collected from Pohnpei Island, Micronesia, recorded fluctuations of copper (Cu) and tin (Sn) contents in ambient seawater for about last 40 years. Both the elements are present in antifouling marine paints. Especially, Sn has often been used in the form of tributyltin (TBT) compound. In general, pretreatment of coral skeleton is conducted in order to remove contaminations due to coral coring and/or sample storage and then lattice-bound metals are determined as a potential proxy for marine pollution. We conducted a preliminary experimental treatment consisting of 9 cleaning steps. Based on a stepwise pretreatment examination, we found that skeletal Sn and Cu, not only inside but also outside of aragonite lattice, have potential for use as pollution indicators. High values of extra-skeletal Cu/Ca and Sn/Ca atomic ratios were found between late 1960s and late 1980s during a period of active use of TBT-based antifouling paints worldwide. However, significant decrease in both the ratios since the beginning of 1990s can be attributed to regulation of use of TBT on cargo ships by the developed countries such as the USA, Japan and Australia.