Quantitative analysis of total starch content in wheat flour by reaction headspace gas chromatography.

PubMed

Xie, Wei-Qi; Gong, Yi-Xian; Yu, Kong-Xian

2017-09-01

This paper proposed a new reaction headspace gas chromatographic (HS-GC) method for efficiently quantifying the total starch content in wheat flours. A certain weight of wheat flour was oxidized by potassium dichromate in an acidic condition in a sealed headspace vial. The results show that the starch in wheat flour can be completely transferred to carbon dioxide at the given conditions (at 100 °C for 40 min) and the total starch content in wheat flour sample can be indirectly quantified by detecting the CO 2 formed from the oxidation reaction. The data showed that the relative standard deviation of the reaction HS-GC method in the precision test was less than 3.06%, and the relative differences between the new method and the reference method (titration method) were no more than 8.90%. The new reaction HS-GC method is automated, accurate, and can be a reliable tool for determining the total starch content in wheat flours in both laboratory and industrial applications. Graphical abstract The total starch content in wheat flour can be indirectly quantified by the GC detection of the CO 2 formed from the oxidation reaction between wheat flour and potassium dichromate in an acidic condition.

Determination of sulfur dioxide in wine using headspace gas chromatography and electron capture detection.

PubMed

Aberl, A; Coelhan, M

2013-01-01

Sulfites are routinely added as preservatives and antioxidants in wine production. By law, the total sulfur dioxide content in wine is restricted and therefore must be monitored. Currently, the method of choice for determining the total content of sulfur dioxide in wine is the optimised Monier-Williams method, which is time consuming and laborious. The headspace gas chromatographic method described in this study offers a fast and reliable alternative method for the detection and quantification of the sulfur dioxide content in wine. The analysis was performed using an automatic headspace injection sampler, coupled with a gas chromatograph and an electron capture detector. The method is based on the formation of gaseous sulfur dioxide subsequent to acidification and heating of the sample. In addition to free sulfur dioxide, reversibly bound sulfur dioxide in carbonyl compounds, such as acetaldehyde, was also measured with this method. A total of 20 wine samples produced using diverse grape varieties and vintages of varied provenance were analysed using the new method. For reference and comparison purposes, 10 of the results obtained by the proposed method were compared with those acquired by the optimised Monier-Williams method. Overall, the results from the headspace analysis showed good correlation (R = 0.9985) when compared with the conventional method. This new method requires minimal sample preparation and is simple to perform, and the analysis can also be completed within a short period of time.

A Discussion of SY-101 Crust Gas Retention and Release Mechanisms

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

SD Rassat; PA Gauglitz; SM Caley

1999-02-23

The flammable gas hazard in Hanford waste tanks was made an issue by the behavior of double-shell Tank (DST) 241-SY-101 (SY-101). Shortly after SY-101 was filled in 1980, the waste level began rising periodically, due to the generation and retention of gases within the slurry, and then suddenly dropping as the gases were released. An intensive study of the tank's behavior revealed that these episodic releases posed a safety hazard because the released gas was flammable, and, in some cases, the volume of gas released was sufficient to exceed the lower flammability limit (LFL) in the tank headspace (Allemann etmore » al. 1993). A mixer pump was installed in SY-101 in late 1993 to prevent gases from building up in the settled solids layer, and the large episodic gas releases have since ceased (Allemann et al. 1994; Stewart et al. 1994; Brewster et al. 1995). However, the surface level of SY-101 has been increasing since at least 1995, and in recent months the level growth has shown significant and unexpected acceleration. Based on a number of observations and measurements, including data from the void fraction instrument (VFI), we have concluded that the level growth is caused largely by increased gas retention in the floating crust. In September 1998, the crust contained between about 21 and 43% void based on VFI measurements (Stewart et al. 1998). Accordingly, it is important to understand the dominant mechanisms of gas retention, why the gas retention is increasing, and whether the accelerating level increase will continue, diminish or even reverse. It is expected that the retained gas in the crust is flammable, with hydrogen as a major constituent. This gas inventory would pose a flammable gas hazard if it were to release suddenly. In May 1997, the mechanisms of bubble retention and release from crust material were the subject of a workshop. The evaluation of the crust and potential hazards assumed a more typical void of roughly 15% gas. It could be similar to percolati on in single-shell tank (SST) waste forms. The much higher void being currently observed in SY-101 represents essentially a new crust configuration, and the mechanisms for sudden gas release need to be evaluated. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the situation of gas bubbles in crust based on the previous work on gas bubble retention, migration, and release in simulants and actual waste. We have also conducted some visual observations of bubble migration through simulated crusts to help understand the interaction of the various mechanisms.« less

Forest fuel characterization using direct sampling in forest plantations

Treesearch

Eva Reyna Esmeralda Díaz García; Marco Aurelio González Tagle; Javier Jiménez Pérez; Eduardo JavierTreviño Garza; Diana Yemilet Ávila Flores

2013-01-01

One of the essential elements for a fire to occur is the flammable material. This is defined as the total biomass that has the ability to ignite and burn when exposed to a heat source. Fuel characterization in Mexican forest ecosystems is very scarce. However, this information is very important for estimating flammability and forest fire risk, fire behavior,...

Principle and Performance of Gas Self-inducing Reactors and Applications to Biotechnology.

PubMed

Ye, Qin; Li, Zhimin; Wu, Hui

2016-01-01

Gas-liquid contacting is an important unit operation in chemical and biochemical processes, but the gas utilization efficiency is low in conventional gas-liquid contactors especially for sparingly soluble gases. The gas self-inducing impeller is able to recycle gas in the headspace of a reactor to the liquid without utilization of additional equipment such as a gas compressor, and thus, the gas utilization efficiency is significantly enhanced. Gas induction is caused by the low pressure or deep vortex at a sufficiently high impeller speed, and the speed at which gas induction starts is termed the critical speed. The critical impeller speed, gas-induction flow rate, power consumption, and gas-liquid mass transfer are determined by the impeller design and operation conditions. When the reactor is operated in a dead-end mode, all the introduced gas can be completely used, and this feature is especially favorable to flammable and/or toxic gases. In this article, the principles, designs, characteristics of self-inducing reactors, and applications to biotechnology are described.

Rapid analysis of ultraviolet filters using dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction coupled to headspace gas chromatography and mass spectrometry.

PubMed

Pierson, Stephen A; Trujillo-Rodríguez, María J; Anderson, Jared L

2018-05-29

An ionic-liquid-based in situ dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction method coupled to headspace gas chromatography and mass spectrometry was developed for the rapid analysis of ultraviolet filters. The chemical structures of five ionic liquids were specifically designed to incorporate various functional groups for the favorable extraction of the target analytes. Extraction parameters including ionic liquid mass, molar ratio of ionic liquid to metathesis reagent, vortex time, ionic strength, pH, and total sample volume were studied and optimized. The effect of the headspace temperature and volume during the headspace sampling step was also evaluated to increase the sensitivity of the method. The optimized procedure is fast as it only required ∼7-10 min per extraction and allowed for multiple extractions to be performed simultaneously. In addition, the method exhibited high precision, good linearity, and low limits of detection for six ultraviolet filters in aqueous samples. The developed method was applied to both pool and lake water samples attaining acceptable relative recovery values. © 2018 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Integration of the Uncertainties of Anion and TOC Measurements into the Flammability Control Strategy for Sludge Batch 8 at the DWPF

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Edwards, T. B.

2013-03-14

The Savannah River National Laboratory (SRNL) has been working with the Savannah River Remediation (SRR) Defense Waste Processing Facility (DWPF) in the development and implementation of a flammability control strategy for DWPF’s melter operation during the processing of Sludge Batch 8 (SB8). SRNL’s support has been in response to technical task requests that have been made by SRR’s Waste Solidification Engineering (WSE) organization. The flammability control strategy relies on measurements that are performed on Slurry Mix Evaporator (SME) samples by the DWPF Laboratory. Measurements of nitrate, oxalate, formate, and total organic carbon (TOC) standards generated by the DWPF Laboratory aremore » presented in this report, and an evaluation of the uncertainties of these measurements is provided. The impact of the uncertainties of these measurements on DWPF’s strategy for controlling melter flammability also is evaluated. The strategy includes monitoring each SME batch for its nitrate content and its TOC content relative to the nitrate content and relative to the antifoam additions made during the preparation of the SME batch. A linearized approach for monitoring the relationship between TOC and nitrate is developed, equations are provided that integrate the measurement uncertainties into the flammability control strategy, and sample calculations for these equations are shown to illustrate the impact of the uncertainties on the flammability control strategy.« less

DWPF Melter Off-Gas Flammability Assessment for Sludge Batch 9

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Choi, A. S.

2016-07-11

The slurry feed to the Defense Waste Processing Facility (DWPF) melter contains several organic carbon species that decompose in the cold cap and produce flammable gases that could accumulate in the off-gas system and create potential flammability hazard. To mitigate such a hazard, DWPF has implemented a strategy to impose the Technical Safety Requirement (TSR) limits on all key operating variables affecting off-gas flammability and operate the melter within those limits using both hardwired/software interlocks and administrative controls. The operating variables that are currently being controlled include; (1) total organic carbon (TOC), (2) air purges for combustion and dilution, (3)more » melter vapor space temperature, and (4) feed rate. The safety basis limits for these operating variables are determined using two computer models, 4-stage cold cap and Melter Off-Gas (MOG) dynamics models, under the baseline upset scenario - a surge in off-gas flow due to the inherent cold cap instabilities in the slurry-fed melter.« less

PRN 98-6: Flammability Labeling Requirements for Total Release Fogger Pesticides

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

This notice describes new labeling requirements for total release foggers and provides the procedures and time frame for compliance. It ONLY affects total release foggers containing a propellant with a flash point at or below 20 degrees Fahrenheit.

Determination of arsenic and selenium by hydride generation and headspace solid phase microextraction coupled with optical emission spectrometry

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tyburska, Anna; Jankowski, Krzysztof; Rodzik, Agnieszka

2011-07-01

A hydride generation headspace solid phase microextraction technique has been developed in combination with optical emission spectrometry for determination of total arsenic and selenium. Hydrides were generated in a 10 mL volume septum-sealed vial and subsequently collected onto a polydimethylsiloxane/Carboxen solid phase microextraction fiber from the headspace of sample solution. After completion of the sorption, the fiber was transferred into a thermal desorption unit and the analytes were vaporized and directly introduced into argon inductively coupled plasma or helium microwave induced plasma radiation source. Experimental conditions of hydride formation reaction as well as sorption and desorption of analytes have been optimized showing the significant effect of the type of the solid phase microextraction fiber coating, the sorption time and hydrochloric acid concentration of the sample solution on analytical characteristics of the method developed. The limits of detection of arsenic and selenium were 0.1 and 0.8 ng mL - 1 , respectively. The limit of detection of selenium could be improved further using biosorption with baker's yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae for analyte preconcentration. The technique was applied for the determination of total As and Se in real samples.

Accurate determination of residual acrylic acid in superabsorbent polymer of hygiene products by headspace gas chromatography.

PubMed

Zhang, Shu-Xin; Chai, Xin-Sheng; Jiang, Ran

2017-02-17

This work reports on a method for the determination of residual acrylic acid (AA) in the superabsorbent polymers for hygiene products by headspace analysis. It was based on water extraction for the polymer sample at a room temperature for 50min. Then, the AA in the extractant reacted with bicarbonate solution in a closed headspace sample vial, from which the carbon dioxide generated from the reaction (within 20min at 70°C) was detected by gas chromatography (GC). It was found that there is adsorption partition equilibrium of AA between solid-liquid phases. Therefore, an equation for calculating the total AA content in the original polymers sample was derived based on the above phase equilibrium. The results show that the HS-GC method has good precision (RSD<2.51%) and good accuracy (recoveries from 93 to 105%); the limit of quantification (LOQ) was 373mg/kg. The present method is rapid, accurate, and suitable for determining total residual acrylic acid in a wide variety of applications from processing of superabsorbent polymer to commercial products quality control. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Optimization of headspace solid phase micro-extraction of volatile compounds from papaya fruit assisted by GC-olfactometry.

PubMed

da Rocha, Renier Felinto Julião; da Silva Araújo, Ídila Maria; de Freitas, Sílvia Maria; Dos Santos Garruti, Deborah

2017-11-01

Optimization of the extraction conditions to investigate the volatile composition of papaya fruit involving headspace solid phase micro-extraction was carried out using multivariate strategies such as factorial design and response surface methodology. The performance of different combinations of time for reaching the equilibrium in the headspace and time for maximum extraction of volatiles was evaluated by GC-olfactometry of the extract (intensity of papaya characteristic aroma), number of peaks and total area in the chromatogram. Thirty-two compounds were identified by GC-MS under the optimized extraction conditions, the majority of which were aldehydes, both in number of compounds and area. Major compounds were δ-octalactone, β-citral, benzaldehyde, heptanal, benzyl isothiocyanate, isoamyl acetate, γ-octalactone, (E)-linalool oxide and benzyl alcohol. Seven aldehydes and two other compounds are reported for the first time in papaya's volatile profile.

Headspace Volatiles of Scutellaria Baicalensis Georgi Flowers

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Volatile constituents of Baikal skullcap (Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi) flowers were isolated by solid-phase microextraction (SPME) and analyzed by GC and GC/MS. A total of 64 constituents was identified (constituting 57.1 – 89.9% of the total area), 13 of which were tentatively identified. beta...

Applying Flammability Limit Probabilities and the Normoxic Upward Limiting Pressure Concept to NASA STD-6001 Test 1

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Olson, Sandra L.; Beeson, Harold; Fernandez-Pello, A. Carlos

2014-01-01

Repeated Test 1 extinction tests near the upward flammability limit are expected to follow a Poisson process trend. This Poisson process trend suggests that rather than define a ULOI and MOC (which requires two limits to be determined), it might be better to define a single upward limit as being where 1/e (where e (approx. equal to 2.7183) is the characteristic time of the normalized Poisson process) of the materials burn, or, rounding, where approximately 1/3 of the samples fail the test (and burn). Recognizing that spacecraft atmospheres will not bound the entire oxygen-pressure parameter space, but actually lie along the normoxic atmosphere control band, we can focus the materials flammability testing along this normoxic band. A Normoxic Upward Limiting Pressure (NULP) is defined that determines the minimum safe total pressure for a material within the constant partial pressure control band. Then, increasing this pressure limit by a factor of safety, we can define the material as being safe to use at the NULP + SF (where SF is on the order of 10 kilopascal, based on existing flammability data). It is recommended that the thickest material to be tested with the current Test 1 igniter should be 3 mm thick (1/8 inches) to avoid the problem of differentiating between an ignition limit and a true flammability limit.

Tank vapor characterization project. Headspace vapor characterization of Hanford waste tank 241-BY-108: Second comparison study results from samples collected on 3/28/96

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Thomas, B.L.; Pool, K.H.; Evans, J.C.

1997-01-01

This report describes the analytical results of vapor samples taken from the headspace of waste storage tank 241-BY-108 (Tank BY-108) at the Hanford Site in Washington State. The results described in this report is the second in a series comparing vapor sampling of the tank headspace using the Vapor Sampling System (VSS) and In Situ Vapor Sampling (ISVS) system without high efficiency particulate air (HEPA) prefiltration. The results include air concentrations of water (H{sub 2}O) and ammonia (NH{sub 3}), permanent gases, total non-methane organic compounds (TO-12), and individual organic analytes collected in SUMMA{trademark} canisters and on triple sorbent traps (TSTs).more » Samples were collected by Westinghouse Hanford Company (WHC) and analyzed by Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL). Analyses were performed by the Vapor Analytical Laboratory (VAL) at PNNL. Analyte concentrations were based on analytical results and, where appropriate, sample volume measurements provided by WHC.« less

Determination of volatile marker compounds in raw ham using headspace-trap gas chromatography.

PubMed

Bosse Née Danz, Ramona; Wirth, Melanie; Konstanz, Annette; Becker, Thomas; Weiss, Jochen; Gibis, Monika

2017-03-15

A simple, reliable and automated method was developed and optimized for qualification and quantification of aroma-relevant volatile marker compounds of North European raw ham using a headspace (HS)-Trap gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and GC-flame ionization detector (FID) analysis. A total of 38 volatile compounds were detected with this HS-Trap GC-MS method amongst which the largest groups were ketones (12), alcohols (8), hydrocarbons (7), aldehydes (6) and esters (3). The HS-Trap GC-FID method was optimized for the parameters: thermostatting time and temperature, vial and desorption pressure, number of extraction cycles and salt addition. A validation for 13 volatile marker compounds with limits of detection in ng/g was carried out. The optimized method can serve as alternative to conventional headspace and solid phase micro extraction methods and allows users to determine volatile compounds in raw hams making it of interest to industrial and academic meat scientists. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Rapid identification of pork for halal authentication using the electronic nose and gas chromatography mass spectrometer with headspace analyzer.

PubMed

Nurjuliana, M; Che Man, Y B; Mat Hashim, D; Mohamed, A K S

2011-08-01

The volatile compounds of pork, other meats and meat products were studied using an electronic nose and gas chromatography mass spectrometer with headspace analyzer (GCMS-HS) for halal verification. The zNose™ was successfully employed for identification and differentiation of pork and pork sausages from beef, mutton and chicken meats and sausages which were achieved using a visual odor pattern called VaporPrint™, derived from the frequency of the surface acoustic wave (SAW) detector of the electronic nose. GCMS-HS was employed to separate and analyze the headspace gasses from samples into peaks corresponding to individual compounds for the purpose of identification. Principal component analysis (PCA) was applied for data interpretation. Analysis by PCA was able to cluster and discriminate pork from other types of meats and sausages. It was shown that PCA could provide a good separation of the samples with 67% of the total variance accounted by PC1. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Space Systems - Safety and Compatibility of Materials - Method to Determine the Flammability Thresholds of Materials

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Hirsch, David

2009-01-01

Spacecraft fire safety emphasizes fire prevention, which is achieved primarily through the use of fire-resistant materials. Materials selection for spacecraft is based on conventional flammability acceptance tests, along with prescribed quantity limitations and configuration control for items that are non-pass or questionable. ISO 14624-1 and -2 are the major methods used to evaluate flammability of polymeric materials intended for use in the habitable environments of spacecraft. The methods are upward flame-propagation tests initiated in static environments and using a well-defined igniter flame at the bottom of the sample. The tests are conducted in the most severe flaming combustion environment expected in the spacecraft. The pass/fail test logic of ISO 14624-1 and -2 does not allow a quantitative comparison with reduced gravity or microgravity test results; therefore their use is limited, and possibilities for in-depth theoretical analyses and realistic estimates of spacecraft fire extinguishment requirements are practically eliminated. To better understand the applicability of laboratory test data to actual spacecraft environments, a modified ISO 14624 protocol has been proposed that, as an alternative to qualifying materials as pass/fail in the worst-expected environments, measures the actual upward flammability limit for the material. A working group established by NASA to provide recommendations for exploration spacecraft internal atmospheres realized the importance of correlating laboratory data with real-life environments and recommended NASA to develop a flammability threshold test method. The working group indicated that for the Constellation Program, the flammability threshold information will allow NASA to identify materials with increased flammability risk from oxygen concentration and total pressure changes, minimize potential impacts, and allow for development of sound requirements for new spacecraft and extravehicular landers and habitats. Furthermore, recent research has shown that current normal gravity materials flammability tests do not correlate with flammability in ventilated, micro- or reduced-gravity conditions. Currently, the materials selection for spacecraft is based on the assumption of commonality between ground flammability test results and spacecraft environments, which does not appear to be valid. Materials flammability threshold data acquired in normal gravity can be correlated with data obtained in microgravity or reduced-gravity experiments, and consequently a more accurate assessment of the margin of safety of the material in the real environment can be made. In addition, the method allows the option of selecting better or best space system materials, as opposed to what would be considered just acceptable from a flammability point of view and realistic assessment of spacecraft fire extinguishment needs, which could result in significant weight savings. The knowledge afforded by this technique allows for limited extrapolations of flammability behavior to conditions not specifically tested and that could potentially result in significant cost and time savings. The intent of this Technical Specification is to bring to the attention of International Aerospace Community the importance of correlating laboratory test data with real-life space systems applications. The method presented is just one of the possibilities that are believed will lead to better understanding the applicability of laboratory aerospace materials flammability test data. International feedback on improving the proposed method, as well as suggestions for correlating other laboratory aerospace test data with real-life applications relevant to space systems are being sought.

Responding to Terrorist Incidents in Your Community: Flammable-Liquid Fire Fighting Techniques for Municipal and Rural Firefighters

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Denise Baclawski

2010-03-08

The University of Nevada, Reno Fire Science Academy (FSA) applied for grant funding to develop and deliver programs for municipal, rural, and volunteer firefighters. The FSA specializes in preparing responders for a variety of emergency events, including flammable liquid fires resulting from accidents, intentional acts, or natural disasters. Live fire training on full scale burnable props is the hallmark of FSA training, allowing responders to practice critical skills in a realistic, yet safe environment. Unfortunately, flammable liquid live fire training is often not accessible to municipal, rural, or volunteer firefighters due to limited department training budgets, even though most departmentmore » personnel will be exposed to flammable liquid fire incidents during the course of their careers. In response to this training need, the FSA developed a course during the first year of the grant (Year One), Responding to Terrorist Incidents in Your Community: Flammable-Liquid Fire Fighting Techniques for Municipal and Rural Firefighters. During the three years of the grant, a total of 2,029 emergency responders received this training. In Year Three, two new courses, a train-the-trainer for Responding to Terrorist Incidents in Your Community and Management of Large-Scale Disasters for Public Officials were developed and pilot tested during the Real-World Disaster Management Conference held at the FSA in June of 2007. Two research projects were conducted during Years Two and Three. The first, conducted over a two year period, evaluated student surveys regarding the value of the flammable liquids training received. The second was a needs assessment conducted for rural Nevada. Both projects provided important feedback and a basis for curricula development and improvements.« less

Irradiated ignition over solid materials in reduce pressure environment: Fire safety issue in man-made enclosure system

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Nakamura, N.; Aoki, A.

Effects of ambient pressure and oxygen yield on irradiated ignition characteristics over solid combustibles have been studied experimentally Aim of the present study is to elucidate the flammability and chance of fire in depressurized enclosure system and give ideas for the fire safety and fire fighting strategies in such environment Thin cellulosic paper is considered as the solid combustible since cellulose is one of major organic compounds and flammables in the nature Applied atmosphere consists of inert gas either CO2 or N2 and oxygen and various mixture ratios are of concerned Total ambient pressure level is varied from 0 1MPa standard atmospheric pressure to 0 02MPa Ignition is initiated by external thermal flux exposed into the solid surface as a model of unexpected thermal input to initiate the localized fire Thermal degradation of the solid induces combustible gaseous products e g CO H2 or other low class of HCs and the gas mixes with ambient oxygen to form the combustible mixture over the solid Heat transfer from the hot irradiated surface into the mixture accelerates the local exothermic reaction in the gas phase and finally thermal runaway ignition is achieved Ignition event is recorded by high-speed digital video camera to analyze the ignition characteristics Flammable map in partial pressure of oxygen Pox and total ambient pressure Pt plane is made to reveal the fire hazard in depressurized environment Results show that wider flammable range is obtained depending on the imposed ambient

75 FR 49379 - Correction to Internal Citation of “Extremely Flammable Solid” and “Flammable Solid”

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-08-13

... Flammable Solid'' and ``Flammable Solid'' AGENCY: Consumer Product Safety Commission. ACTION: Final rule... to correct internal citations to the definitions of ``extremely flammable solid'' and ``flammable solid'' in our regulations. DATES: This rule is effective on August 13, 2010. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION...

Species mixture effects on flammability across plant phylogeny: the importance of litter particle size and the special role for non-Pinus Pinaceae.

PubMed

Zhao, Weiwei; Cornwell, William K; van Pomeren, Marinda; van Logtestijn, Richard S P; Cornelissen, Johannes H C

2016-11-01

Fire affects and is affected by plants. Vegetation varies in flammability, that is, its general ability to burn, at different levels of ecological organization. To scale from individual plant traits to community flammability states, understanding trait effects on species flammability variation and their interaction is important. Plant traits are the cumulative result of evolution and they show, to differing extents, phylogenetic conservatism. We asked whether phylogenetic distance between species predicts species mixture effects on litterbed flammability. We conducted controlled laboratory burns for 34 phylogenetically wide-ranging species and 34 random two-species mixtures from them. Generally, phylogenetic distance did not predict species mixture effects on flammability. Across the plant phylogeny, most species were flammable except those in the non- Pinus Pinaceae, which shed small needles producing dense, poorly ventilated litterbeds above the packing threshold and therefore nonflammable. Consistently, either positive or negative dominance effects on flammability of certain flammable or those non-flammable species were found in mixtures involving the non- Pinus Pinaceae. We demonstrate litter particle size is key to explaining species nonadditivity in fuelbed flammability. The potential of certain species to influence fire disproportionately to their abundance might increase the positive feedback effects of plant flammability on community flammability state if flammable species are favored by fire.

Headspace vapor characterization of Hanford Waste Tank 241-S-102: Results from samples collected on January 26, 1996. Tank Vapor Characterization Project

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Evans, J.C.; Thomas, B.L.; Pool, K.H.

1996-07-01

This report describes the results of vapor samples obtained to compare vapor sampling of the tank headspace using the Vapor Sampling System (VSS) and In Situ Vapor Sampling System (ISVS) with and without particulate prefiltration. Samples were collected from the headspace of waste storage tank 241-S-102 (Tank S-102) at the Hanford Site in Washington State. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) was contracted by Westinghouse Hanford Company (WHC) to provide sampling devices and analyze samples for water, ammonia, permanent gases, total nonmethane hydrocarbons (TNMHCs, also known as TO-12), and organic analytes in samples collected in SUMMA{trademark} canisters and on triple sorbentmore » traps (TSTs) from the tank headspace. The analytical work was performed by the PNNL Vapor Analytical Laboratory (VAL) by the Tank Vapor Characterization Project. Work performed was based on a sampling and analysis plan (SAP) prepared by WHC. The SAP provided job-specific instructions for samples, analyses, and reporting. The SAP for this sample job was {open_quotes}Sampling and Analysis Plan for Tank Vapor Sampling Comparison Test{close_quote}, and the sample jobs were designated S6007, S6008, and S6009. Samples were collected by WHC on January 26, 1996, using the VSS, a truck-based sampling method using a heated probe; and the ISVS with and without particulate prefiltration.« less

Headspace vapor characterization of Hanford Waste Tank 241-BY-108: Results from samples collected January 23, 1996. Tank Vapor Characterization Project

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Pool, K.H.; Evans, J.C.; Thomas, B.L.

1996-07-01

This report describes the results of vapor samples obtained to compare vapor sampling of the tank headspace using the Vapor Sampling System (VSS) and In Situ Vapor Sampling System (ISVS) with and without particulate prefiltration. Samples were collected from the headspace of waste storage tank 241-BY-108 (Tank BY-108) at the Hanford Site in Washington State. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) was contracted by Westinghouse Hanford Company (WHC) to provide sampling devices and analyze samples for water, ammonia, permanent gases, total nonmethane hydrocarbons (TNMHCs, also known as TO-12), and organic analytes in samples collected in SUMMA{trademark} canisters and on triple sorbentmore » traps (TSTs) from the tank headspace. The analytical work was performed by the PNNL Vapor Analytical Laboratory (VAL) by the Tank Vapor Characterization Project. Work performed was based on a sampling and analysis plan (SAP) prepared by WHC. The SAP provided job-specific instructions for samples, analyses, and reporting. The SAP for this sample job was {open_quotes}Sampling and Analysis Plan for Tank Vapor Sampling Comparison Test{close_quotes}, and the sample jobs were designated S6004, S6005, and S6006. Samples were collected by WHC on January 23, 1996, using the VSS, a truck-based sampling method using a heated probe; and the ISVS with and without particulate prefiltration.« less

Ammonia, total reduced sulfides, and greenhouse gases of pine chip and corn stover bedding packs

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Bedding materials may affect air quality in livestock facilities. The objective of this study was to compare headspace concentrations of ammonia (NH3), total reduced sulfides (TRS), carbon dioxide (CO2),methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O) when pine wood chips and corn stover were mixed in various...

Method Development for Container Closure Integrity Evaluation via Headspace Gas Ingress by Using Frequency Modulation Spectroscopy.

PubMed

Victor, Ken G; Levac, Lauren; Timmins, Michael; Veale, James

2017-01-01

USP <1207.1> Section 3.5 states that "A deterministic leak test method having the ability to detect leaks at the product's maximum allowable leakage limit is preferred when establishing the inherent integrity of a container-closure system." Ideally, container closure integrity of parenteral packaging would be evaluated by measuring a physical property that is sensitive to the presence of any package defect that breaches package integrity by increasing its leakage above its maximum allowable leakage limit. The primary goals of the work presented herein were to demonstrate the viability of the nondestructive, deterministic method known as laser-based gas headspace analysis for evaluating container closure integrity and to provide a physical model for predicting leak rates for a variety of container volumes, headspace conditions, and defect sizes. The results demonstrate that laser-based headspace analysis provides sensitive, accurate, and reproducible measurements of the gas ingress into glass vial-stopper package assemblies that are under either diffusive or effusive leak conditions. Two different types of positive controls were examined. First, laser-drilled micro-holes in thin metal disks that were crimped on top of 15R glass vials served as positive controls with a well-characterized defect geometry. For these, a strong correlation was observed between the measured ingress parameter and the size of the defect for both diffusive and effusive conditions. Second, laser-drilled holes in the wall of glass vials served as controls that more closely simulate real-world defects. Due to their complex defect geometries, their diffusive and effusive ingress parameters did not necessarily correlate; this is an important observation that has significant implications for standardizing the characterization of container defects. Regardless, laser-based headspace analysis could readily differentiate positive and negative controls for all leak conditions, and the results provide a guide for method development of container closure integrity tests. LAY ABSTRACT: The new USP 39 <1207>, "Package Integrity Evaluation-Sterile Products", states in section 3.4.1: "tracer gas tests performed using … laser-based gas headspace analysis [have] been shown to be sensitive enough to quantitatively analyze leakage through the smallest leak paths found to pose the smallest chance of liquid leakage or microbial ingress in rigid packaging." In addition, USP <1207> also states that "for such methods, the limit of detection can be mathematically predicted on the basis of gas flow kinetics." Using the above statements as a foundation, this paper presents a theoretical basis for predicting the gas ingress through well-defined defects in product vials sealed under a variety of headspace conditions. These calculated predictions were experimentally validated by comparing them to measurements of changes in the headspace oxygen content or total pressure for several different positive controls using laser-based headspace analysis. The results demonstrated that laser-based headspace analysis can, by readily differentiating between negative controls and positive controls with a range of defect sizes on the micron scale, be used to assess container closure integrity. The work also demontrated that caution must be used when attempting to correlate a leak rate to an idealized defect-size parameter. © PDA, Inc. 2017.

Method for improving accuracy in full evaporation headspace analysis.

PubMed

Xie, Wei-Qi; Chai, Xin-Sheng

2017-05-01

We report a new headspace analytical method in which multiple headspace extraction is incorporated with the full evaporation technique. The pressure uncertainty caused by the solid content change in the samples has a great impact to the measurement accuracy in the conventional full evaporation headspace analysis. The results (using ethanol solution as the model sample) showed that the present technique is effective to minimize such a problem. The proposed full evaporation multiple headspace extraction analysis technique is also automated and practical, and which could greatly broaden the applications of the full-evaporation-based headspace analysis. © 2017 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Irradiated ignition of solid materials in reduced pressure atmosphere with various oxygen concentrations for fire safety in space habitats

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Nakamura, Y.; Aoki, A.

Effects of sub-atmospheric ambient pressure and oxygen content on irradiated ignition characteristics of solid combustibles were examined experimentally in order to elucidate the flammability and chance of fire in depressurized systems and give ideas for the fire safety and fire fighting strategies for such environments. Thin cellulosic paper was used as the solid combustible since cellulose is one of major organic compounds and flammables in the nature. Applied atmospheres consisted of inert gases (either CO 2 or N 2) and oxygen at various mixture ratios. Total ambient pressure ( P) was varied from 101 kPa (standard atmospheric pressure, P0) to 20 kPa. Ignition was initiated by external thermal radiation with CO 2 laser (10 W total; 21.3 W/cm 2 of the corresponding peak flux) onto the solid surface. Thermal degradation of the solid produced combustible gaseous products (e.g. CO, H 2, or other low weight of HCs) and these products mixed with ambient oxygen to form the combustible mixture over the solid. Heat transfer from the irradiated surface into the mixture accelerated the exothermic reaction in the gas phase and finally thermal runaway (ignition) was achieved. A digital video camera was used to analyze the ignition characteristics. Flammability maps in partial pressure of oxygen (ppO 2) and normalized ambient pressure ( P/ P0) plane were made to reveal the fire hazard in depressurized environments. Results showed that a wider flammable range was obtained in sub-atmospherics conditions. In middle pressure range (101-40 kPa), the required ppO 2 for ignition decreased almost linearly as the total pressure decreased, indicating that higher fire risk is expected. In lower pressure range (<40 kPa), the required partial pressure of oxygen increased dramatically, then ignition was eventually not achieved at pressures less than 20 kPa under the conditions studied here. The findings suggest that it might be difficult to satisfy safety in space agriculture since it has been reported that higher oxygen concentrations are preferable for plant growth in depressurized environments. Our results imply that there is an optimum pressure level to achieve less fire chance with acceptable plant growth. An increase of the flammable range in middle pressure level might be explained by following two effects: one is a physical effect, such as a weak convective thermal removal from ignitable domain (near the hot surface) to the ambient of atmosphere, and the other is chemical effect which causes so-called "explosion peninsula" as a result of depleting radical consumption due to third-body recombination reaction. Further studies are necessary to determine the controlling factor on the observed flammable trend in depressurized conditions.

Headspace techniques in foods, fragrances and flavors: an overview.

PubMed

Rouseff, R; Cadwallader, K

2001-01-01

Headspace techniques have traditionally involved the collection of volatiles in the vapor state under either dynamic or static conditions as a means of determining concentrations in the product of interest. A brief overview of contemporary headspace applications and recent innovations are presented from the literature and Chapters in this book. New approaches used to concentrate volatiles under static conditions such as solid phase micro extraction, SPME, are examined. Advances in purge and trap applications and automation are also presented. Innovative methods of evaluating headspace volatiles using solid state sensor arrays (electronic noses) or mass spectrometers without prior separation are referenced. Numerous food and beverage headspace techniques are also reviewed. Advantages, limitations and alternatives to headspace analysis are presented.

Characterization of emissions composition for selected household products available in Korea.

PubMed

Kwon, Ki-Dong; Jo, Wan-Kuen; Lim, Ho-Jin; Jeong, Woo-Sik

2007-09-05

The present study investigated the emission composition for 59 household products currently sold in Korea, using a headspace analysis. The chemical composition and concentrations of total volatile organic compounds (VOCs) broadly varied along with products, even within the same product category. Up to 1-17 organic compounds were detected in the headspace gas phase of any one of the products. The chemical composition of certain household products determined in the current study was different from that of other studies from other countries. Between 4 and 37 compounds were detected in the headspace gas phase of each product class. Several compounds were identified in more than one product class. Of the 59 household products analyzed, 58 emitted one or more of the 72 compounds at chromatographic peak areas above 10(4). There were 11 analytes which occurred with a frequency of more than 10%: limonene (44.2%), ethanol (30.5%), acetone (18.6%), alpha-pinene (18.6%), o,m,p-xylenes (18.6%), decane (17.0%), toluene (17.0%), beta-myrcene (11.9%), ammonia (10.2%), ethylbenzene (10.2%), and hexane (10.2%).

Efficient quantification of water content in edible oils by headspace gas chromatography with vapour phase calibration.

PubMed

Xie, Wei-Qi; Gong, Yi-Xian; Yu, Kong-Xian

2018-06-01

An automated and accurate headspace gas chromatographic (HS-GC) technique was investigated for rapidly quantifying water content in edible oils. In this method, multiple headspace extraction (MHE) procedures were used to analyse the integrated water content from the edible oil sample. A simple vapour phase calibration technique with an external vapour standard was used to calibrate both the water content in the gas phase and the total weight of water in edible oil sample. After that the water in edible oils can be quantified. The data showed that the relative standard deviation of the present HS-GC method in the precision test was less than 1.13%, the relative differences between the new method and a reference method (i.e. the oven-drying method) were no more than 1.62%. The present HS-GC method is automated, accurate, efficient, and can be a reliable tool for quantifying water content in edible oil related products and research. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.

Where does the removal of H₂S from biogas occur in microaerobic reactors?

PubMed

Ramos, I; Peña, M; Fdz-Polanco, M

2014-08-01

In order to maximise the efficiency of biogas desulphurisation and reduce the oxygen cost during microaerobic digestion, it is essential to know how the process occurs. For this purpose, a reactor with a total volume of 266 L, treating 10 L/d of sewage sludge, was operated with 25.0 L and without headspace. Under anaerobic conditions, the H2S concentration in the biogas varied between 0.21 and 0.38%v/v. Next, O2 was supplied from the bottom of the reactor. At 0.25-0.30 NLO₂/Lfed, the biogas was entirely desulphurised, and its O₂ content remained below 1.03%v/v, when the digester had 25.0 L of gas space. However, with almost no headspace, the H2S content in the biogas fluctuated from 0.08 to 0.21%v/v, while the average O2 concentration was 1.66%v/v. The removed H2S accumulated in the outlet pipe of the biogas in the form of S(0) due to the insufficient headspace. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Flammability as an ecological and evolutionary driver

USGS Publications Warehouse

Pausas, Juli G.; Keeley, Jon E.; Schwilk, Dylan W.

2017-01-01

We live on a flammable planet yet there is little consensus on the origin and evolution of flammability in our flora.We argue that part of the problem lies in the concept of flammability, which should not be viewed as a single quantitative trait or metric. Rather, we propose that flammability has three major dimensions that are not necessarily correlated: ignitability, heat release and fire spread rate. These major axes of variation are controlled by different plant traits and have differing ecological impacts during fire.At the individual plant scale, these traits define three flammability strategies observed in fire-prone ecosystems: the non-flammable, the fast-flammable and the hot-flammable strategy (with low ignitability, high flame spread rate and high heat release, respectively). These strategies increase the survival or reproduction under recurrent fires, and thus, plants in fire-prone ecosystems benefit from acquiring one of them; they represent different (alternative) ways to live under recurrent fires.Synthesis. This novel framework based on different flammability strategies helps us to understand variability in flammability across scales, and provides a basis for further research.

Pressure Flammability Thresholds of Selected Aerospace Materials

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Hirsch, David B.; Williams, James H.; Harper, Susana A.; Beeson, Harold D.; Ruff, Gary A.; Pedley, Michael D.

2010-01-01

A test program was performed to determine the highest pressure in oxygen where materials used in the planned NASA Constellation Program Orion Crew Exploration Vehicle (CEV) Crew Module (CM) would not propagate a flame if an ignition source was present. The test methodology used was similar to that previously used to determine the maximum oxygen concentration (MOC) at which self-extinguishment occurs under constant total pressure conditions. An upward limiting pressure index (ULPI) was determined, where approximately 50 percent of the materials self-extinguish in a given environment. Following this, the maximum total pressure (MTP) was identified; where all samples tested (at least five) self-extinguished following the NASA-STD-6001.A Test 1 burn length criteria. The results obtained on seven materials indicate that the non-metallic materials become flammable in oxygen between 0.4 and 0.9 psia.

30 CFR 77.1103 - Flammable liquids; storage.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... drawn from storage shall be kept in properly identified safety cans. (b) Unburied flammable-liquid... 30 Mineral Resources 1 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Flammable liquids; storage. 77.1103 Section 77... Fire Protection § 77.1103 Flammable liquids; storage. (a) Flammable liquids shall be stored in...

30 CFR 77.1103 - Flammable liquids; storage.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... drawn from storage shall be kept in properly identified safety cans. (b) Unburied flammable-liquid... 30 Mineral Resources 1 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Flammable liquids; storage. 77.1103 Section 77... Fire Protection § 77.1103 Flammable liquids; storage. (a) Flammable liquids shall be stored in...

16 CFR 1611.4 - Flammability test.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 16 Commercial Practices 2 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Flammability test. 1611.4 Section 1611.4 Commercial Practices CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY COMMISSION FLAMMABLE FABRICS ACT REGULATIONS STANDARD FOR THE FLAMMABILITY OF VINYL PLASTIC FILM The Standard § 1611.4 Flammability test. (a) Apparatus and materials. The...

30 CFR 77.1103 - Flammable liquids; storage.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 1 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Flammable liquids; storage. 77.1103 Section 77... Fire Protection § 77.1103 Flammable liquids; storage. (a) Flammable liquids shall be stored in... drawn from storage shall be kept in properly identified safety cans. (b) Unburied flammable-liquid...

30 CFR 77.1103 - Flammable liquids; storage.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 1 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Flammable liquids; storage. 77.1103 Section 77... Fire Protection § 77.1103 Flammable liquids; storage. (a) Flammable liquids shall be stored in... drawn from storage shall be kept in properly identified safety cans. (b) Unburied flammable-liquid...

30 CFR 57.4460 - Storage of flammable liquids underground.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 1 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Storage of flammable liquids underground. 57... Fire Prevention and Control Flammable and Combustible Liquids and Gases § 57.4460 Storage of flammable liquids underground. (a) Flammable liquids shall not be stored underground, except— (1) Small quantities...

30 CFR 57.4460 - Storage of flammable liquids underground.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 1 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Storage of flammable liquids underground. 57... Fire Prevention and Control Flammable and Combustible Liquids and Gases § 57.4460 Storage of flammable liquids underground. (a) Flammable liquids shall not be stored underground, except— (1) Small quantities...

30 CFR 57.4460 - Storage of flammable liquids underground.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 1 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Storage of flammable liquids underground. 57... Fire Prevention and Control Flammable and Combustible Liquids and Gases § 57.4460 Storage of flammable liquids underground. (a) Flammable liquids shall not be stored underground, except— (1) Small quantities...

30 CFR 57.4460 - Storage of flammable liquids underground.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 1 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Storage of flammable liquids underground. 57... Fire Prevention and Control Flammable and Combustible Liquids and Gases § 57.4460 Storage of flammable liquids underground. (a) Flammable liquids shall not be stored underground, except— (1) Small quantities...

[Determination of flavor compounds in foxtail millet wine by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry coupled with headspace solid phase microextraction].

PubMed

Liu, Jingke; Zhang, Aixia; Li, Shaohui; Zhao, Wei; Zhang, Yuzong; Xing, Guosheng

2017-11-08

To comprehensively understand flavor compounds and aroma characteristics of foxtail millet wine, extraction conditions were optimized with 85 μm polyacrylate (PA), 100 μm polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), 75 μm carboxen (CAR)/PDMS and 50/30 μm divinylbenzene (DVB)/CAR/PDMS fibers. The flavor compounds in foxtail millet wine were investigated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) coupled with headspace solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME), and the odor characteristics and intensity were analyzed by odor active values (OAVs). The samples of 8 mL were placed in headspace vials with 1.5 g NaCl, then the headspace vials were heated at 60℃ for 40 min. Using HS-SPME with different fibers, a total of 55 flavor compounds were identified from the samples, including alcohols, esters, benzene derivatives, hydrocarbons, acids, aldehydes, ketones, terpenes, phenols and heterocycle compounds. The main flavor compounds were alcohols compounds. According to their OAVs, phenylethyl alcohol, styrene, 1-methyl-naphthalene, 2-methyl-naphthalene, benzaldehyde, benzeneacetaldehyde and 2-methoxy-phenol were established to be odor-active compounds. Phenylethyl alcohol and benzeneacetaldehyde were the most prominent odor-active compounds. PA and PDMS fibers had good extraction effect for polar and nonpolar compounds, respectively. CAR/PDMS and DVB/CAR/PDMS provided a similar compounds profile for moderate polar compounds. This research comprehensively determined flavor compounds of foxtail millet wine, and provided theoretical basis for product development and quality control.

Headspace Gas Chromatography Method for Studies of Reaction and Permeation of Volatile Agents with Solid Materials

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-01-01

HEADSPACE GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY METHOD FOR STUDIES OF REACTION AND PERMEATION OF...TITLE AND SUBTITLE Headspace Gas Chromatography Method for Studies of Reaction and Permeation of Volatile Agents with Solid Materials 5a...method is described for measuring the reactivity and permeability of fabrics, films, and other solid materials. Headspace gas chromatography (GC)

Differentiating organically and conventionally grown oregano using ultraperformance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS), headspace gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (headspace-GC-FID), and flow injection mass spectrum (FIMS) fingerprints combined with multivariate data analysis.

PubMed

Gao, Boyan; Qin, Fang; Ding, Tingting; Chen, Yineng; Lu, Weiying; Yu, Liangli Lucy

2014-08-13

Ultraperformance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS), flow injection mass spectrometry (FIMS), and headspace gas chromatography (headspace-GC) combined with multivariate data analysis techniques were examined and compared in differentiating organically grown oregano from that grown conventionally. It is the first time that headspace-GC fingerprinting technology is reported in differentiating organically and conventionally grown spice samples. The results also indicated that UPLC-MS, FIMS, and headspace-GC-FID fingerprints with OPLS-DA were able to effectively distinguish oreganos under different growing conditions, whereas with PCA, only FIMS fingerprint could differentiate the organically and conventionally grown oregano samples. UPLC fingerprinting provided detailed information about the chemical composition of oregano with a longer analysis time, whereas FIMS finished a sample analysis within 1 min. On the other hand, headspace GC-FID fingerprinting required no sample pretreatment, suggesting its potential as a high-throughput method in distinguishing organically and conventionally grown oregano samples. In addition, chemical components in oregano were identified by their molecular weight using QTOF-MS and headspace-GC-MS.

Headspace volume and percentage of carbon monoxide affects carboxymyoglobin layer development of modified atmosphere packaged beef steaks.

PubMed

Raines, Christopher R; Hunt, Melvin C

2010-01-01

Carboxymyoglobin (COMb) development of beef Longissimus lumborum as related to molecular CO availability and package headspace volume was evaluated. Steaks from six pairs of USDA Select strip loins were packaged in modified atmosphere packages with 0.2%, 0.4%, or 0.8% CO and 30% CO(2) and balanced with N(2) to obtain meat-to-gas ratios of 0.4, 0.7, and 1.1, and CO molar concentrations of 0.07, 0.10, and 0.20 mMol. Steak redness (CIE a*), COMb layer thickness, percentage of CO in the headspace, visual display color, and bloom intensity scores were evaluated 4 and 7 d after packaging. Greater concentration of CO in a smaller headspace resulted in a thicker COMb layer compared with lesser concentration of CO in a larger headspace, regardless of moles CO available. The combined effects of concentration of CO and headspace volume had a greater impact on COMb development than millimoles of CO in the package headspace. Package headspace can be reduced and the concentration of CO can be increased without detriment to fresh beef color or consumer safety.

49 CFR 172.419 - FLAMMABLE LIQUID label.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 49 Transportation 2 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false FLAMMABLE LIQUID label. 172.419 Section 172.419... SECURITY PLANS Labeling § 172.419 FLAMMABLE LIQUID label. (a) Except for size and color the FLAMMABLE... color on the FLAMMABLE LIQUID label must be red. [Amdt. 172-123, 56 FR 66257, Dec. 20, 1991] ...

49 CFR 172.419 - FLAMMABLE LIQUID label.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 49 Transportation 2 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false FLAMMABLE LIQUID label. 172.419 Section 172.419... SECURITY PLANS Labeling § 172.419 FLAMMABLE LIQUID label. (a) Except for size and color the FLAMMABLE... color on the FLAMMABLE LIQUID label must be red. [Amdt. 172-123, 56 FR 66257, Dec. 20, 1991] ...

49 CFR 172.419 - FLAMMABLE LIQUID label.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 49 Transportation 2 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false FLAMMABLE LIQUID label. 172.419 Section 172.419... SECURITY PLANS Labeling § 172.419 FLAMMABLE LIQUID label. (a) Except for size and color the FLAMMABLE... color on the FLAMMABLE LIQUID label must be red. [Amdt. 172-123, 56 FR 66257, Dec. 20, 1991] ...

49 CFR 172.419 - FLAMMABLE LIQUID label.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 49 Transportation 2 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false FLAMMABLE LIQUID label. 172.419 Section 172.419... SECURITY PLANS Labeling § 172.419 FLAMMABLE LIQUID label. (a) Except for size and color the FLAMMABLE... color on the FLAMMABLE LIQUID label must be red. [Amdt. 172-123, 56 FR 66257, Dec. 20, 1991] ...

49 CFR 172.419 - FLAMMABLE LIQUID label.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 49 Transportation 2 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false FLAMMABLE LIQUID label. 172.419 Section 172.419... SECURITY PLANS Labeling § 172.419 FLAMMABLE LIQUID label. (a) Except for size and color the FLAMMABLE... color on the FLAMMABLE LIQUID label must be red. [Amdt. 172-123, 56 FR 66257, Dec. 20, 1991] ...

49 CFR 174.304 - Class 3 (flammable liquid) materials in tank cars.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 49 Transportation 2 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Class 3 (flammable liquid) materials in tank cars... CARRIAGE BY RAIL Detailed Requirements for Class 3 (Flammable Liquid) Materials § 174.304 Class 3 (flammable liquid) materials in tank cars. A tank car containing a Class 3 (flammable liquid) material, other...

46 CFR 153.465 - Flammable vapor detector.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 46 Shipping 5 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Flammable vapor detector. 153.465 Section 153.465... Requirements for Flammable Or Combustible Cargoes § 153.465 Flammable vapor detector. (a) A tankship that carries a flammable cargo must have two vapor detectors that meet § 35.30-15(b) of this chapter. (b) At...

46 CFR 153.465 - Flammable vapor detector.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 46 Shipping 5 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Flammable vapor detector. 153.465 Section 153.465... Requirements for Flammable Or Combustible Cargoes § 153.465 Flammable vapor detector. (a) A tankship that carries a flammable cargo must have two vapor detectors that meet § 35.30-15(b) of this chapter. (b) At...

46 CFR 153.465 - Flammable vapor detector.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 46 Shipping 5 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Flammable vapor detector. 153.465 Section 153.465... Requirements for Flammable Or Combustible Cargoes § 153.465 Flammable vapor detector. (a) A tankship that carries a flammable cargo must have two vapor detectors that meet § 35.30-15(b) of this chapter. (b) At...

46 CFR 153.465 - Flammable vapor detector.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 46 Shipping 5 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Flammable vapor detector. 153.465 Section 153.465... Requirements for Flammable Or Combustible Cargoes § 153.465 Flammable vapor detector. (a) A tankship that carries a flammable cargo must have two vapor detectors that meet § 35.30-15(b) of this chapter. (b) At...

46 CFR 153.465 - Flammable vapor detector.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 46 Shipping 5 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Flammable vapor detector. 153.465 Section 153.465... Requirements for Flammable Or Combustible Cargoes § 153.465 Flammable vapor detector. (a) A tankship that carries a flammable cargo must have two vapor detectors that meet § 35.30-15(b) of this chapter. (b) At...

16 CFR 1500.44 - Method for determining extremely flammable and flammable solids.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... and flammable solids. 1500.44 Section 1500.44 Commercial Practices CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY COMMISSION... ENFORCEMENT REGULATIONS § 1500.44 Method for determining extremely flammable and flammable solids. (a... with inner dimensions 6 inches long × 1 inch wide × one-fourth inch deep. (2) Rigid and pliable solids...

49 CFR 172.420 - FLAMMABLE SOLID label.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 49 Transportation 2 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false FLAMMABLE SOLID label. 172.420 Section 172.420... SECURITY PLANS Labeling § 172.420 FLAMMABLE SOLID label. (a) Except for size and color, the FLAMMABLE SOLID... the FLAMMABLE SOLID label must be white with vertical red stripes equally spaced on each side of a red...

49 CFR 172.420 - FLAMMABLE SOLID label.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 49 Transportation 2 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false FLAMMABLE SOLID label. 172.420 Section 172.420... SECURITY PLANS Labeling § 172.420 FLAMMABLE SOLID label. (a) Except for size and color, the FLAMMABLE SOLID... the FLAMMABLE SOLID label must be white with vertical red stripes equally spaced on each side of a red...

Spacecraft and Navy Materials Flammability: Review of Some Concepts and Test Methods

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Hirsch, David

2004-01-01

The agenda covered by this viewgraph presentation includes: 1) Concepts of Spacecraft Fire Safety; 2) Spacecraft materials flammability test methods; 3) Evaluation of flight hardware flammability; 4) Review of flammability data in conditions of interest to the Navy; 5) Overview of some flammability test methods recommended for the Navy.

46 CFR 30.10-39 - Liquefied flammable gas-TB/ALL.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 46 Shipping 1 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Liquefied flammable gas-TB/ALL. 30.10-39 Section 30.10-39 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY TANK VESSELS GENERAL PROVISIONS Definitions § 30.10-39 Liquefied flammable gas—TB/ALL. The term liquefied flammable gas means any flammable gas...

46 CFR 30.10-39 - Liquefied flammable gas-TB/ALL.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 46 Shipping 1 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Liquefied flammable gas-TB/ALL. 30.10-39 Section 30.10-39 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY TANK VESSELS GENERAL PROVISIONS Definitions § 30.10-39 Liquefied flammable gas—TB/ALL. The term liquefied flammable gas means any flammable gas...

46 CFR 30.10-39 - Liquefied flammable gas-TB/ALL.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 46 Shipping 1 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Liquefied flammable gas-TB/ALL. 30.10-39 Section 30.10-39 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY TANK VESSELS GENERAL PROVISIONS Definitions § 30.10-39 Liquefied flammable gas—TB/ALL. The term liquefied flammable gas means any flammable gas...

46 CFR 30.10-39 - Liquefied flammable gas-TB/ALL.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 46 Shipping 1 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Liquefied flammable gas-TB/ALL. 30.10-39 Section 30.10-39 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY TANK VESSELS GENERAL PROVISIONS Definitions § 30.10-39 Liquefied flammable gas—TB/ALL. The term liquefied flammable gas means any flammable gas...

46 CFR 30.10-39 - Liquefied flammable gas-TB/ALL.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 46 Shipping 1 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Liquefied flammable gas-TB/ALL. 30.10-39 Section 30.10-39 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY TANK VESSELS GENERAL PROVISIONS Definitions § 30.10-39 Liquefied flammable gas—TB/ALL. The term liquefied flammable gas means any flammable gas...

Automated headspace solid-phase dynamic extraction to analyse the volatile fraction of food matrices.

PubMed

Bicchi, Carlo; Cordero, Chiara; Liberto, Erica; Rubiolo, Patrizia; Sgorbini, Barbara

2004-01-23

High concentration capacity headspace techniques (headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) and headspace sorptive extraction (HSSE)) are a bridge between static and dynamic headspace, since they give high concentration factors as does dynamic headspace (D-HS), and are as easy to apply and as reproducible as static headspace (S-HS). In 2000, Chromtech (Idstein, Germany) introduced an inside-needle technique for vapour and liquid sampling, solid-phase dynamic extraction (SPDE), also known as "the magic needle". In SPDE, analytes are concentrated on a 50 microm film of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and activated carbon (10%) coated onto the inside wall of the stainless steel needle (5 cm) of a 2.5 ml gas tight syringe. When SPDE is used for headspace sampling (HS-SPDE), a fixed volume of the headspace of the sample under investigation is sucked up an appropriate number of times with the gas tight syringe and an analyte amount suitable for a reliable GC or GC-MS analysis accumulates in the polymer coating the needle wall. This article describes the preliminary results of both a study on the optimisation of sampling parameters conditioning HS-SPDE recovery, through the analysis of a standard mixture of highly volatile compounds (beta-pinene, isoamyl acetate and linalool) and of the HS-SPDE-GC-MS analyses of aromatic plants and food matrices. This study shows that HS-SPDE is a successful technique for HS-sampling with high concentration capability, good repeatability and intermediate precision, also when it is compared to HS-SPME.

30 CFR 57.4604 - Preparation of pipelines or containers.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... contained flammable or combustible liquids, flammable gases, or explosive solids, the pipelines or... compatible; or (2) Determined to be free of flammable gases by a flammable gas detection device prior to and...

30 CFR 56.4604 - Preparation of pipelines or containers.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... contained flammable or combustible liquids, flammable gases, or explosive solids, the pipelines or... compatible; or (2) Determined to be free of flammable gases by a flammable gas detection device prior to and...

30 CFR 56.4604 - Preparation of pipelines or containers.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... contained flammable or combustible liquids, flammable gases, or explosive solids, the pipelines or... compatible; or (2) Determined to be free of flammable gases by a flammable gas detection device prior to and...

30 CFR 57.4604 - Preparation of pipelines or containers.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... contained flammable or combustible liquids, flammable gases, or explosive solids, the pipelines or... compatible; or (2) Determined to be free of flammable gases by a flammable gas detection device prior to and...

30 CFR 57.4604 - Preparation of pipelines or containers.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... contained flammable or combustible liquids, flammable gases, or explosive solids, the pipelines or... compatible; or (2) Determined to be free of flammable gases by a flammable gas detection device prior to and...

30 CFR 57.4604 - Preparation of pipelines or containers.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... contained flammable or combustible liquids, flammable gases, or explosive solids, the pipelines or... compatible; or (2) Determined to be free of flammable gases by a flammable gas detection device prior to and...

30 CFR 56.4604 - Preparation of pipelines or containers.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... contained flammable or combustible liquids, flammable gases, or explosive solids, the pipelines or... compatible; or (2) Determined to be free of flammable gases by a flammable gas detection device prior to and...

30 CFR 56.4604 - Preparation of pipelines or containers.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... contained flammable or combustible liquids, flammable gases, or explosive solids, the pipelines or... compatible; or (2) Determined to be free of flammable gases by a flammable gas detection device prior to and...

29 CFR 1910.125 - Additional requirements for dipping and coating operations that use flammable or combustible...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... that use flammable or combustible liquids. 1910.125 Section 1910.125 Labor Regulations Relating to... requirements for dipping and coating operations that use flammable or combustible liquids. If you use flammable...: And: •The flashpoint of the flammable or combustible liquid is 200 °F (93.3 °C) or above •The liquid...

Simplified multiple headspace extraction gas chromatographic technique for determination of monomer solubility in water.

PubMed

Chai, X S; Schork, F J; DeCinque, Anthony

2005-04-08

This paper reports an improved headspace gas chromatographic (GC) technique for determination of monomer solubilities in water. The method is based on a multiple headspace extraction GC technique developed previously [X.S. Chai, Q.X. Hou, F.J. Schork, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., in press], but with the major modification in the method calibration technique. As a result, only a few iterations of headspace extraction and GC measurement are required, which avoids the "exhaustive" headspace extraction, and thus the experimental time for each analysis. For highly insoluble monomers, effort must be made to minimize adsorption in the headspace sampling channel, transportation conduit and capillary column by using higher operating temperature and a short capillary column in the headspace sampler and GC system. For highly water soluble monomers, a new calibration method is proposed. The combinations of these technique modifications results in a method that is simple, rapid and automated. While the current focus of the authors is on the determination of monomer solubility in aqueous solutions, the method should be applicable to determination of solubility of any organic in water.

Effect of Pressure on Piloted Ignition Delay of PMMA

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

McAllister, Sara; Lai, Janice; Scott, Sarah; Ramirez-Correa, Amelia; Fernandez-Pello, Carlos; Urban, David; Ruff, Gary

2008-01-01

In order to reduce the risk of decompression sickness associated with spacewalks, NASA is considering designing the next generation of exploration vehicles and habitats with a different cabin environment than used previously. The proposed environment uses a total cabin pressure of 52.7 to 58.6 kPa with an oxygen concentration of 30 to 34% by volume and was chosen with material flammability in mind. Because materials may burn differently under these conditions and there is little information on how this new environment affects the flammability of the materials onboard, it is important to conduct material flammability experiments at the intended exploration atmosphere. One method to evaluate material flammability is by its ease of ignition. To this end, piloted ignition delay tests were conducted in the Forced Ignition and Spread Test (FIST) apparatus subject to this new environment. In these tests, polymethylmethacylate (PMMA) was exposed to a range of oxidizer flow velocities and externally applied heat fluxes. The ultimate goal is to determine the individual effect of pressure and the combined effect of pressure and oxygen concentration on the ignition delay. Tests were conducted for a baseline case of normal pressure and oxygen concentration, low pressure (58.6 kPa) with normal oxygen (21%). Future work will focus on low pressure with 32% oxygen concentration (space exploration atmosphere - SEA) conditions. It was found that reducing the pressure while keeping the oxygen concentration at 21% reduced the ignition time by 17% on average. It was also noted that the critical heat flux for ignition decreases in low-pressure conditions. Because tests conducted in standard atmospheric conditions will underpredict the flammability of materials intended for use on spacecraft, fire safety onboard at exploration atmospheres may be compromised.

Simple and accurate method for determining dissolved inorganic carbon in environmental water by reaction headspace gas chromatography.

PubMed

Xie, Wei-Qi; Gong, Yi-Xian; Yu, Kong-Xian

2018-03-01

We investigate a simple and accurate method for quantitatively analyzing dissolved inorganic carbon in environmental water by reaction headspace gas chromatography. The neutralization reaction between the inorganic carbon species (i.e. bicarbonate ions and carbonate ions) in environmental water and hydrochloric acid is carried out in a sealed headspace vial, and the carbon dioxide formed from the neutralization reaction, the self-decomposition of carbonic acid, and dissolved carbon dioxide in environmental water is then analyzed by headspace gas chromatography. The data show that the headspace gas chromatography method has good precision (relative standard deviation ≤ 1.63%) and accuracy (relative differences ≤ 5.81% compared with the coulometric titration technique). The headspace gas chromatography method is simple, reliable, and can be well applied in the dissolved inorganic carbon detection in environmental water. © 2017 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

16 CFR 1609.1 - Text of the Flammable Fabrics Act of 1953, as amended in 1954.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 16 Commercial Practices 2 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Text of the Flammable Fabrics Act of 1953... FLAMMABLE FABRICS ACT REGULATIONS TEXT OF THE FLAMMABLE FABRICS ACT OF 1953, AS AMENDED IN 1954, PRIOR TO 1967 AMENDMENT AND REVISION § 1609.1 Text of the Flammable Fabrics Act of 1953, as amended in 1954. The...

29 CFR 1910.125 - Additional requirements for dipping and coating operations that use flammable liquids or liquids...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... that use flammable liquids or liquids with flashpoints greater than 199.4 °F (93 °C). 1910.125... flammable liquids or liquids with flashpoints greater than 199.4 °F (93 °C). If you use flammable liquids... provide: (i) Manual fire extinguishers that are suitable for flammable and combustible liquid fires and...

29 CFR 1910.125 - Additional requirements for dipping and coating operations that use flammable liquids or liquids...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... that use flammable liquids or liquids with flashpoints greater than 199.4 °F (93 °C). 1910.125... flammable liquids or liquids with flashpoints greater than 199.4 °F (93 °C). If you use flammable liquids... provide: (i) Manual fire extinguishers that are suitable for flammable and combustible liquid fires and...

16 CFR 1609.1 - Text of the Flammable Fabrics Act of 1953, as amended in 1954.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 16 Commercial Practices 2 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Text of the Flammable Fabrics Act of 1953... FLAMMABLE FABRICS ACT REGULATIONS TEXT OF THE FLAMMABLE FABRICS ACT OF 1953, AS AMENDED IN 1954, PRIOR TO 1967 AMENDMENT AND REVISION § 1609.1 Text of the Flammable Fabrics Act of 1953, as amended in 1954. The...

Flammability limits of hydrated and anhydrous ethanol at reduced pressures in aeronautical applications.

PubMed

Coronado, Christian J R; Carvalho, João A; Andrade, José C; Mendiburu, Andrés Z; Cortez, Ely V; Carvalho, Felipe S; Gonçalves, Beatriz; Quintero, Juan C; Velásquez, Elkin I Gutiérrez; Silva, Marcos H; Santos, José C; Nascimento, Marco A R

2014-09-15

There is interest in finding the flammability limits of ethanol at reduced pressures for the future use of this biofuel in aeronautical applications taking into account typical commercial aviation altitude (<40,000 ft). The lower and upper flammability limits (LFL and UFL, respectively) for hydrated ethanol and anhydrous ethanol (92.6% and 99.5% p/p, respectively) were determined for a pressure of 101.3 kPa at temperatures between 0 and 200°C. A heating chamber with a spherical 20-l vessel was used. First, LFL and the UFL were determined as functions of temperature and atmospheric pressure to compare results with data published in the scientific literature. Second, after checking the veracity of the data obtained for standard atmospheric pressure, the work proceeded with reduced pressures in the same temperature range. 295 experiments were carried out in total; the first 80 were to calibrate the heating chamber and compare the results with those given in the published scientific literature. 215 experiments were performed both at atmospheric and reduced pressures. The results had a correlation with the values obtained for the LFL, but values for the UFL had some differences. With respect to the water content in ethanol, it was shown that the water vapor contained in the fuel can act as an inert substance, narrowing flammability. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

16 CFR Figure 1 to Part 1610 - Sketch of Flammability Apparatus

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 16 Commercial Practices 2 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Sketch of Flammability Apparatus 1 Figure 1 to Part 1610 Commercial Practices CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY COMMISSION FLAMMABLE FABRICS ACT... Flammability Apparatus ER25MR08.000 ...

16 CFR Figure 1 to Part 1610 - Sketch of Flammability Apparatus

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 16 Commercial Practices 2 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Sketch of Flammability Apparatus 1 Figure 1 to Part 1610 Commercial Practices CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY COMMISSION FLAMMABLE FABRICS ACT... Flammability Apparatus ER25MR08.000 ...

Bark flammability as a fire-response trait for subalpine trees

PubMed Central

Frejaville, Thibaut; Curt, Thomas; Carcaillet, Christopher

2013-01-01

Relationships between the flammability properties of a given plant and its chances of survival after a fire still remain unknown. We hypothesize that the bark flammability of a tree reduces the potential for tree survival following surface fires, and that if tree resistance to fire is provided by a thick insulating bark, the latter must be few flammable. We test, on subalpine tree species, the relationship between the flammability of bark and its insulating ability, identifies the biological traits that determine bark flammability, and assesses their relative susceptibility to surface fires from their bark properties. The experimental set of burning properties was analyzed by Principal Component Analysis to assess the bark flammability. Bark insulating ability was expressed by the critical time to cambium kill computed from bark thickness. Log-linear regressions indicated that bark flammability varies with the bark thickness and the density of wood under bark and that the most flammable barks have poor insulating ability. Susceptibility to surface fires increases from gymnosperm to angiosperm subalpine trees. The co-dominant subalpine species Larix decidua (Mill.) and Pinus cembra (L.) exhibit large differences in both flammability and insulating ability of the bark that should partly explain their contrasted responses to fires in the past. PMID:24324473

16 CFR 1500.133 - Extremely flammable contact adhesives; labeling.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 16 Commercial Practices 2 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Extremely flammable contact adhesives; labeling. 1500.133 Section 1500.133 Commercial Practices CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY COMMISSION FEDERAL... REGULATIONS § 1500.133 Extremely flammable contact adhesives; labeling. (a) Extremely flammable contact...

[Analytical method and comparison for static and dynamic headspace gas chromatography of anisole in water].

PubMed

Zhang, Yan; Qian, Jie-feng; Liu, Lan-xia; Zhao, Hui-qin

2013-01-01

To establish and compare the method of static headspace gas chromatography hydrogen flame detector (static headspace method) and purge and trap gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (dynamic headspace method) of anisole in water. Nitrogen gas was used as carrier gas in the static headspace method, 5 g NaCl as matrix modifier was added into 10 ml water. The sample was balanced with high speed vibration at 75°C for 30 min, and anisole was detected by gas chromatography and quantified with external standard. Helium was used as carrier gas in dynamic headspace method, 5.0 ml water and 0.004 mg/L internal standard fluorobenzene was purged into the purge and trap apparatus. After purging, trapping and desorption, anisole was detected by the gas chromatography-mass spectrograph, confirmed by the retention time and comparison of mass-spectrogram in spectrum library and quantified with internal standard. The repeatability and sensitivity of assay were evaluated. A good linear range for anisole was observed in static headspace gas chromatography and dynamic headspace gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, within the range of 10 - 500 µg/L and 0.5 - 60.0 µg/L respectively. The linear regression equation was Y = 782.150X + 1.3446 and Y = 0.0358X - 0.0209 respectively, both the correlation coefficient ≥ 0.999. The detection limit (LOD) were 0.002 µg/L and 0.110 µg/L, the lower limit of quantitation (LOQ) were 0.006 µg/L and 0.350 µg/L, the relative standard deviation (RSD) were 1.8% - 2.3% and 2.0% - 3.4%, and the spiking recovery were 93% - 101% and 96% - 101% respectively. The methods of static headspace gas chromatography and dynamic headspace gas chromatography-mass spectrometry are simple and can measure anisole in water quickly, sensitively and accurately.

16 CFR 1611.3 - Flammability-general requirement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 16 Commercial Practices 2 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Flammability-general requirement. 1611.3 Section 1611.3 Commercial Practices CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY COMMISSION FLAMMABLE FABRICS ACT REGULATIONS STANDARD FOR THE FLAMMABILITY OF VINYL PLASTIC FILM The Standard § 1611.3 Flammability—general requirement...

16 CFR 1611.3 - Flammability-general requirement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 16 Commercial Practices 2 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Flammability-general requirement. 1611.3 Section 1611.3 Commercial Practices CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY COMMISSION FLAMMABLE FABRICS ACT REGULATIONS STANDARD FOR THE FLAMMABILITY OF VINYL PLASTIC FILM The Standard § 1611.3 Flammability—general requirement...

16 CFR 1611.3 - Flammability-general requirement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 16 Commercial Practices 2 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Flammability-general requirement. 1611.3 Section 1611.3 Commercial Practices CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY COMMISSION FLAMMABLE FABRICS ACT REGULATIONS STANDARD FOR THE FLAMMABILITY OF VINYL PLASTIC FILM The Standard § 1611.3 Flammability—general requirement...

16 CFR 1611.3 - Flammability-general requirement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 16 Commercial Practices 2 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Flammability-general requirement. 1611.3 Section 1611.3 Commercial Practices CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY COMMISSION FLAMMABLE FABRICS ACT REGULATIONS STANDARD FOR THE FLAMMABILITY OF VINYL PLASTIC FILM The Standard § 1611.3 Flammability—general requirement...

16 CFR 1500.133 - Extremely flammable contact adhesives; labeling.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 16 Commercial Practices 2 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Extremely flammable contact adhesives... REGULATIONS § 1500.133 Extremely flammable contact adhesives; labeling. (a) Extremely flammable contact adhesives, also known as contact bonding cements, when distributed in containers intended or suitable for...

30 CFR 57.4431 - Surface storage restrictions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

...: (1) Flammable liquids in safety cans or in other containers placed in tightly closed cabinets. The... Prevention and Control Flammable and Combustible Liquids and Gases § 57.4431 Surface storage restrictions. (a) On the surface, no unburied flammable or combustible liquids or flammable gases shall be stored...

30 CFR 57.4431 - Surface storage restrictions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

...: (1) Flammable liquids in safety cans or in other containers placed in tightly closed cabinets. The... Prevention and Control Flammable and Combustible Liquids and Gases § 57.4431 Surface storage restrictions. (a) On the surface, no unburied flammable or combustible liquids or flammable gases shall be stored...

49 CFR 173.150 - Exceptions for Class 3 (flammable and combustible liquids).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... Class 3 (flammable and combustible liquids). (a) General. Exceptions for hazardous materials shipments... flammable liquids (Class 3) and combustible liquids are excepted from labeling requirements, unless the... aircraft, the following combination packagings are authorized: (1) For flammable liquids in Packing Group I...

Influence of headspace pressure on methane production in Biochemical Methane Potential (BMP) tests.

PubMed

Valero, David; Montes, Jesús A; Rico, José Luis; Rico, Carlos

2016-02-01

The biochemical methane potential test is the most commonly applied method to determine methane production from organic wastes. One of the parameters measured is the volume of biogas produced which can be determined manometrically by keeping the volume constant and measuring increases in pressure. In the present study, the effect of pressure accumulation in the headspace of the reactors has been studied. Triplicate batch trials employing cocoa shell, waste coffee grounds and dairy manure as substrates have been performed under two headspace pressure conditions. The results obtained in the study showed that headspace overpressures higher than 600mbar affected methane production for waste coffee grounds. On the contrary, headspace overpressures within a range of 600-1000mbar did not affect methane production for cocoa shell and dairy manure. With the analyses performed in the present work it has not been possible to determine the reasons for the lower methane yield value obtained for the waste coffee grounds under high headspace pressures. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

A double sealing technique for increasing the precision of headspace-gas chromatographic analysis.

PubMed

Xie, Wei-Qi; Yu, Kong-Xian; Gong, Yi-Xian

2018-01-19

This paper investigates a new double sealing technique for increasing the precision of the headspace gas chromatographic method. The air leakage problem caused by the high pressure in the headspace vial during the headspace sampling process has a great impact to the measurement precision in the conventional headspace analysis (i.e., single sealing technique). The results (using ethanol solution as the model sample) show that the present technique is effective to minimize such a problem. The double sealing technique has an excellent measurement precision (RSD < 0.15%) and accuracy (recovery = 99.1%-100.6%) for the ethanol quantification. The detection precision of the present method was 10-20 times higher than that in earlier HS-GC work that use conventional single sealing technique. The present double sealing technique may open up a new avenue, and also serve as a general strategy for improving the performance (i.e., accuracy and precision) of headspace analysis of various volatile compounds. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

ISO 14624 Series - Space Systems - Safety and Compatibility of Materials Flammability Assessment of Spacecraft Materials

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Hirsch, David B.

2007-01-01

A viewgraph presentation on the flammability of spacecraft materials is shown. The topics include: 1) Spacecraft Fire Safety; 2) Materials Flammability Test; 3) Impetus for enhanced materials flammability characterization; 4) Exploration Atmosphere Working Group Recommendations; 5) Approach; and 6) Status of implementation

14 CFR 25.1182 - Nacelle areas behind firewalls, and engine pod attaching structures containing flammable fluid...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... pod attaching structures containing flammable fluid lines. 25.1182 Section 25.1182 Aeronautics and..., and engine pod attaching structures containing flammable fluid lines. (a) Each nacelle area immediately behind the firewall, and each portion of any engine pod attaching structure containing flammable...

14 CFR 25.1182 - Nacelle areas behind firewalls, and engine pod attaching structures containing flammable fluid...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... pod attaching structures containing flammable fluid lines. 25.1182 Section 25.1182 Aeronautics and..., and engine pod attaching structures containing flammable fluid lines. (a) Each nacelle area immediately behind the firewall, and each portion of any engine pod attaching structure containing flammable...

16 CFR § 1611.3 - Flammability-general requirement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 16 Commercial Practices 2 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Flammability-general requirement. § 1611.3 Section § 1611.3 Commercial Practices CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY COMMISSION FLAMMABLE FABRICS ACT REGULATIONS STANDARD FOR THE FLAMMABILITY OF VINYL PLASTIC FILM The Standard § 1611.3 Flammability—general...

14 CFR 23.863 - Flammable fluid fire protection.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Flammable fluid fire protection. 23.863... Construction Fire Protection § 23.863 Flammable fluid fire protection. (a) In each area where flammable fluids... fluids, shutting down equipment, fireproof containment, or use of extinguishing agents. (5) Ability of...

14 CFR 25.863 - Flammable fluid fire protection.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Flammable fluid fire protection. 25.863....863 Flammable fluid fire protection. (a) In each area where flammable fluids or vapors might escape by..., fireproof containment, or use of extinguishing agents. (5) Ability of airplane components that are critical...

14 CFR 27.863 - Flammable fluid fire protection.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Flammable fluid fire protection. 27.863....863 Flammable fluid fire protection. (a) In each area where flammable fluids or vapors might escape by..., fireproof containment, or use of extinguishing agents. (5) Ability of rotorcraft components that are...

46 CFR 194.05-11 - Flammable solids and oxidizing materials-Detail requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 46 Shipping 7 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Flammable solids and oxidizing materials-Detail... and Marking § 194.05-11 Flammable solids and oxidizing materials—Detail requirements. (a) Flammable... 194.20. (b) Oxidizing materials used as blasting agents are regulated by the appropriate portions of...

46 CFR 194.05-11 - Flammable solids and oxidizing materials-Detail requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 46 Shipping 7 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Flammable solids and oxidizing materials-Detail... and Marking § 194.05-11 Flammable solids and oxidizing materials—Detail requirements. (a) Flammable... 194.20. (b) Oxidizing materials used as blasting agents are regulated by the appropriate portions of...

46 CFR 194.05-11 - Flammable solids and oxidizing materials-Detail requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 46 Shipping 7 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Flammable solids and oxidizing materials-Detail... and Marking § 194.05-11 Flammable solids and oxidizing materials—Detail requirements. (a) Flammable... 194.20. (b) Oxidizing materials used as blasting agents are regulated by the appropriate portions of...

14 CFR 27.863 - Flammable fluid fire protection.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Flammable fluid fire protection. 27.863....863 Flammable fluid fire protection. (a) In each area where flammable fluids or vapors might escape by..., fireproof containment, or use of extinguishing agents. (5) Ability of rotorcraft components that are...

14 CFR 29.863 - Flammable fluid fire protection.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Flammable fluid fire protection. 29.863... § 29.863 Flammable fluid fire protection. (a) In each area where flammable fluids or vapors might..., shutting down equipment, fireproof containment, or use of extinguishing agents. (5) Ability of rotorcraft...

14 CFR 29.863 - Flammable fluid fire protection.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Flammable fluid fire protection. 29.863... § 29.863 Flammable fluid fire protection. (a) In each area where flammable fluids or vapors might..., shutting down equipment, fireproof containment, or use of extinguishing agents. (5) Ability of rotorcraft...

14 CFR 25.863 - Flammable fluid fire protection.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Flammable fluid fire protection. 25.863....863 Flammable fluid fire protection. (a) In each area where flammable fluids or vapors might escape by..., fireproof containment, or use of extinguishing agents. (5) Ability of airplane components that are critical...

14 CFR 29.863 - Flammable fluid fire protection.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Flammable fluid fire protection. 29.863... § 29.863 Flammable fluid fire protection. (a) In each area where flammable fluids or vapors might..., shutting down equipment, fireproof containment, or use of extinguishing agents. (5) Ability of rotorcraft...

14 CFR 23.863 - Flammable fluid fire protection.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Flammable fluid fire protection. 23.863... Construction Fire Protection § 23.863 Flammable fluid fire protection. (a) In each area where flammable fluids... fluids, shutting down equipment, fireproof containment, or use of extinguishing agents. (5) Ability of...

14 CFR 23.863 - Flammable fluid fire protection.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Flammable fluid fire protection. 23.863... Construction Fire Protection § 23.863 Flammable fluid fire protection. (a) In each area where flammable fluids... fluids, shutting down equipment, fireproof containment, or use of extinguishing agents. (5) Ability of...

14 CFR 29.863 - Flammable fluid fire protection.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Flammable fluid fire protection. 29.863... § 29.863 Flammable fluid fire protection. (a) In each area where flammable fluids or vapors might..., shutting down equipment, fireproof containment, or use of extinguishing agents. (5) Ability of rotorcraft...

14 CFR 25.863 - Flammable fluid fire protection.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Flammable fluid fire protection. 25.863....863 Flammable fluid fire protection. (a) In each area where flammable fluids or vapors might escape by..., fireproof containment, or use of extinguishing agents. (5) Ability of airplane components that are critical...

14 CFR 27.863 - Flammable fluid fire protection.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Flammable fluid fire protection. 27.863....863 Flammable fluid fire protection. (a) In each area where flammable fluids or vapors might escape by..., fireproof containment, or use of extinguishing agents. (5) Ability of rotorcraft components that are...

14 CFR 25.863 - Flammable fluid fire protection.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Flammable fluid fire protection. 25.863....863 Flammable fluid fire protection. (a) In each area where flammable fluids or vapors might escape by..., fireproof containment, or use of extinguishing agents. (5) Ability of airplane components that are critical...

14 CFR 27.863 - Flammable fluid fire protection.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Flammable fluid fire protection. 27.863....863 Flammable fluid fire protection. (a) In each area where flammable fluids or vapors might escape by..., fireproof containment, or use of extinguishing agents. (5) Ability of rotorcraft components that are...

14 CFR 27.863 - Flammable fluid fire protection.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Flammable fluid fire protection. 27.863....863 Flammable fluid fire protection. (a) In each area where flammable fluids or vapors might escape by..., fireproof containment, or use of extinguishing agents. (5) Ability of rotorcraft components that are...

14 CFR 23.863 - Flammable fluid fire protection.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Flammable fluid fire protection. 23.863... Construction Fire Protection § 23.863 Flammable fluid fire protection. (a) In each area where flammable fluids... fluids, shutting down equipment, fireproof containment, or use of extinguishing agents. (5) Ability of...

16 CFR 1611.4 - Flammability test.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 16 Commercial Practices 2 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Flammability test. 1611.4 Section 1611.4... FLAMMABILITY OF VINYL PLASTIC FILM The Standard § 1611.4 Flammability test. (a) Apparatus and materials. The... protect the igniter flame and specimen from air currents during tests, yet contain a suitable door or...

46 CFR 111.105-37 - Flammable anesthetics.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 46 Shipping 4 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Flammable anesthetics. 111.105-37 Section 111.105-37...-GENERAL REQUIREMENTS Hazardous Locations § 111.105-37 Flammable anesthetics. Each electric installation where a flammable anesthetic is used or stored must meet NFPA 99 (incorporated by reference, see 46 CFR...

46 CFR 111.105-37 - Flammable anesthetics.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 46 Shipping 4 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Flammable anesthetics. 111.105-37 Section 111.105-37...-GENERAL REQUIREMENTS Hazardous Locations § 111.105-37 Flammable anesthetics. Each electric installation where a flammable anesthetic is used or stored must meet NFPA 99 (incorporated by reference, see 46 CFR...

16 CFR 423.9 - Conflict with flammability standards.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 16 Commercial Practices 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Conflict with flammability standards. 423.9... TEXTILE WEARING APPAREL AND CERTAIN PIECE GOODS AS AMENDED § 423.9 Conflict with flammability standards. If there is a conflict between this regulation and any regulations issued under the Flammable Fabrics...

STEADY STATE FLAMMABLE GAS RELEASE RATE CALCULATION AND LOWER FLAMMABILITY LEVEL EVALUATION FOR HANFORD TANK WASTE

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

HU TA

2009-10-26

Assess the steady-state flammability level at normal and off-normal ventilation conditions. The hydrogen generation rate was calculated for 177 tanks using the rate equation model. Flammability calculations based on hydrogen, ammonia, and methane were performed for 177 tanks for various scenarios.

14 CFR 23.863 - Flammable fluid fire protection.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Flammable fluid fire protection. 23.863... Construction Fire Protection § 23.863 Flammable fluid fire protection. (a) In each area where flammable fluids... protective devices. (4) Means available for controlling or extinguishing a fire, such as stopping flow of...

30 CFR 56.2 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... anticipated, will ignite, burn, support combustion, or release flammable vapors when subjected to fire or heat.... Flammable means capable of being easily ignited and of burning rapidly. Flammable gas means a gas that will burn in the normal concentrations of oxygen in the air. Flammable liquid means a liquid that has a...

10 CFR 36.69 - Irradiation of explosive or flammable materials.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 10 Energy 1 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Irradiation of explosive or flammable materials. 36.69... IRRADIATORS Operation of Irradiators § 36.69 Irradiation of explosive or flammable materials. (a) Irradiation... cause radiation overexposures of personnel. (b) Irradiation of more than small quantities of flammable...

10 CFR 36.69 - Irradiation of explosive or flammable materials.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 10 Energy 1 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Irradiation of explosive or flammable materials. 36.69... IRRADIATORS Operation of Irradiators § 36.69 Irradiation of explosive or flammable materials. (a) Irradiation... cause radiation overexposures of personnel. (b) Irradiation of more than small quantities of flammable...

10 CFR 36.69 - Irradiation of explosive or flammable materials.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 10 Energy 1 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Irradiation of explosive or flammable materials. 36.69... IRRADIATORS Operation of Irradiators § 36.69 Irradiation of explosive or flammable materials. (a) Irradiation... cause radiation overexposures of personnel. (b) Irradiation of more than small quantities of flammable...

10 CFR 36.69 - Irradiation of explosive or flammable materials.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 10 Energy 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Irradiation of explosive or flammable materials. 36.69... IRRADIATORS Operation of Irradiators § 36.69 Irradiation of explosive or flammable materials. (a) Irradiation... cause radiation overexposures of personnel. (b) Irradiation of more than small quantities of flammable...

10 CFR 36.69 - Irradiation of explosive or flammable materials.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 10 Energy 1 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Irradiation of explosive or flammable materials. 36.69... IRRADIATORS Operation of Irradiators § 36.69 Irradiation of explosive or flammable materials. (a) Irradiation... cause radiation overexposures of personnel. (b) Irradiation of more than small quantities of flammable...

46 CFR 111.105-37 - Flammable anesthetics.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 46 Shipping 4 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Flammable anesthetics. 111.105-37 Section 111.105-37...-GENERAL REQUIREMENTS Hazardous Locations § 111.105-37 Flammable anesthetics. Each electric installation where a flammable anesthetic is used or stored must meet NFPA 99 (incorporated by reference, see 46 CFR...

46 CFR 111.105-37 - Flammable anesthetics.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 46 Shipping 4 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Flammable anesthetics. 111.105-37 Section 111.105-37...-GENERAL REQUIREMENTS Hazardous Locations § 111.105-37 Flammable anesthetics. Each electric installation where a flammable anesthetic is used or stored must meet NFPA 99 (incorporated by reference, see 46 CFR...

46 CFR 111.105-37 - Flammable anesthetics.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 46 Shipping 4 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Flammable anesthetics. 111.105-37 Section 111.105-37...-GENERAL REQUIREMENTS Hazardous Locations § 111.105-37 Flammable anesthetics. Each electric installation where a flammable anesthetic is used or stored must meet NFPA 99 (incorporated by reference, see 46 CFR...

16 CFR 1500.45 - Method for determining extremely flammable and flammable contents of self-pressurized containers.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 16 Commercial Practices 2 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Method for determining extremely flammable and flammable contents of self-pressurized containers. 1500.45 Section 1500.45 Commercial Practices CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY COMMISSION FEDERAL HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES ACT REGULATIONS HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES AND...

AVOIDING HYDROLYSIS OF FUEL ETHER OXYGENATES DURING STATIC HEADSPACE ANALYSIS

EPA Science Inventory

A headspace autosampler, gas chromatograph and ion trap mass spectrometer (headspace GC/MS) were used for trace analysis of fuel oxygenates and related compounds and aromatics in water. A method has been developed for determination of methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE), ethyl tert-b...

DISSOLVED OXYGEN AND METHANE IN WATER BY A GC HEADSPACE EQUILIBRATION TECHNIQUE

EPA Science Inventory

An analytical procedure is described for the determination of dissolved oxygen and methane in groundwater samples. The method consists of generating a helium gas headspace in a water filled bottle, and analysis of the headspace by gas chromatography. Other permanent gases such as...

30 CFR 56.4531 - Flammable or combustible liquid storage buildings or rooms.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 1 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Flammable or combustible liquid storage... combustible liquid storage buildings or rooms. (a) Storage buildings or storage rooms in which flammable or... no person's work station is in the building. (c) Flammable or combustible liquids in use for day-to...

30 CFR 56.4531 - Flammable or combustible liquid storage buildings or rooms.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 1 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Flammable or combustible liquid storage... combustible liquid storage buildings or rooms. (a) Storage buildings or storage rooms in which flammable or... no person's work station is in the building. (c) Flammable or combustible liquids in use for day-to...

30 CFR 57.4531 - Surface flammable or combustible liquid storage buildings or rooms.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 1 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Surface flammable or combustible liquid storage... flammable or combustible liquid storage buildings or rooms. (a) Surface storage buildings or storage rooms in which flammable or combustible liquids, including grease, are stored and that are within 100 feet...

30 CFR 57.4531 - Surface flammable or combustible liquid storage buildings or rooms.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 1 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Surface flammable or combustible liquid storage... flammable or combustible liquid storage buildings or rooms. (a) Surface storage buildings or storage rooms in which flammable or combustible liquids, including grease, are stored and that are within 100 feet...

30 CFR 57.4531 - Surface flammable or combustible liquid storage buildings or rooms.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 1 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Surface flammable or combustible liquid storage... flammable or combustible liquid storage buildings or rooms. (a) Surface storage buildings or storage rooms in which flammable or combustible liquids, including grease, are stored and that are within 100 feet...

30 CFR 57.4531 - Surface flammable or combustible liquid storage buildings or rooms.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 1 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Surface flammable or combustible liquid storage... flammable or combustible liquid storage buildings or rooms. (a) Surface storage buildings or storage rooms in which flammable or combustible liquids, including grease, are stored and that are within 100 feet...

30 CFR 56.4531 - Flammable or combustible liquid storage buildings or rooms.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 1 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Flammable or combustible liquid storage... combustible liquid storage buildings or rooms. (a) Storage buildings or storage rooms in which flammable or... no person's work station is in the building. (c) Flammable or combustible liquids in use for day-to...

30 CFR 56.4531 - Flammable or combustible liquid storage buildings or rooms.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 1 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Flammable or combustible liquid storage... combustible liquid storage buildings or rooms. (a) Storage buildings or storage rooms in which flammable or... no person's work station is in the building. (c) Flammable or combustible liquids in use for day-to...

46 CFR 147.45 - Flammable and combustible liquids.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

.... (b) No flammable or combustible liquids may be stowed in any accommodation, control, or service space... in any machinery space. The flammable liquids must be in containers of 3.8 liters (one gallon) or... space. (e) An aggregate of more than 7.6 liters (two gallons) of flammable or combustible liquids stowed...

46 CFR 147.45 - Flammable and combustible liquids.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

.... (b) No flammable or combustible liquids may be stowed in any accommodation, control, or service space... in any machinery space. The flammable liquids must be in containers of 3.8 liters (one gallon) or... space. (e) An aggregate of more than 7.6 liters (two gallons) of flammable or combustible liquids stowed...

46 CFR 147.45 - Flammable and combustible liquids.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

.... (b) No flammable or combustible liquids may be stowed in any accommodation, control, or service space... in any machinery space. The flammable liquids must be in containers of 3.8 liters (one gallon) or... space. (e) An aggregate of more than 7.6 liters (two gallons) of flammable or combustible liquids stowed...

46 CFR 147.45 - Flammable and combustible liquids.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

.... (b) No flammable or combustible liquids may be stowed in any accommodation, control, or service space... in any machinery space. The flammable liquids must be in containers of 3.8 liters (one gallon) or... space. (e) An aggregate of more than 7.6 liters (two gallons) of flammable or combustible liquids stowed...

46 CFR 147.45 - Flammable and combustible liquids.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

.... (b) No flammable or combustible liquids may be stowed in any accommodation, control, or service space... in any machinery space. The flammable liquids must be in containers of 3.8 liters (one gallon) or... space. (e) An aggregate of more than 7.6 liters (two gallons) of flammable or combustible liquids stowed...

46 CFR 194.05-11 - Flammable solids and oxidizing materials-Detail requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 46 Shipping 7 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Flammable solids and oxidizing materials-Detail... and Marking § 194.05-11 Flammable solids and oxidizing materials—Detail requirements. (a) Flammable solids and oxidizing materials used as chemical stores and reagents are governed by subparts 194.15 and...

49 CFR 172.546 - FLAMMABLE SOLID placard.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 49 Transportation 2 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false FLAMMABLE SOLID placard. 172.546 Section 172.546... SECURITY PLANS Placarding § 172.546 FLAMMABLE SOLID placard. (a) Except for size and color, the FLAMMABLE SOLID placard must be as follows: EC02MR91.051 (b) In addition to complying with § 172.519, the...

49 CFR 172.546 - FLAMMABLE SOLID placard.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 49 Transportation 2 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false FLAMMABLE SOLID placard. 172.546 Section 172.546... SECURITY PLANS Placarding § 172.546 FLAMMABLE SOLID placard. (a) Except for size and color, the FLAMMABLE SOLID placard must be as follows: EC02MR91.051 (b) In addition to complying with § 172.519, the...

46 CFR 194.05-11 - Flammable solids and oxidizing materials-Detail requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 46 Shipping 7 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Flammable solids and oxidizing materials-Detail... and Marking § 194.05-11 Flammable solids and oxidizing materials—Detail requirements. (a) Flammable solids and oxidizing materials used as chemical stores and reagents are governed by subparts 194.15 and...

46 CFR 30.10-21 - Flammable or inflammable-TB/ALL.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 46 Shipping 1 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Flammable or inflammable-TB/ALL. 30.10-21 Section 30.10-21 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY TANK VESSELS GENERAL PROVISIONS Definitions § 30.10-21 Flammable or inflammable—TB/ALL. The words flammable and inflammable are interchangeable or...

46 CFR 30.10-21 - Flammable or inflammable-TB/ALL.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 46 Shipping 1 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Flammable or inflammable-TB/ALL. 30.10-21 Section 30.10-21 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY TANK VESSELS GENERAL PROVISIONS Definitions § 30.10-21 Flammable or inflammable—TB/ALL. The words flammable and inflammable are interchangeable or...

46 CFR 30.10-21 - Flammable or inflammable-TB/ALL.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 46 Shipping 1 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Flammable or inflammable-TB/ALL. 30.10-21 Section 30.10-21 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY TANK VESSELS GENERAL PROVISIONS Definitions § 30.10-21 Flammable or inflammable—TB/ALL. The words flammable and inflammable are interchangeable or...

46 CFR 30.10-21 - Flammable or inflammable-TB/ALL.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 46 Shipping 1 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Flammable or inflammable-TB/ALL. 30.10-21 Section 30.10-21 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY TANK VESSELS GENERAL PROVISIONS Definitions § 30.10-21 Flammable or inflammable—TB/ALL. The words flammable and inflammable are interchangeable or...

46 CFR 30.10-21 - Flammable or inflammable-TB/ALL.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 46 Shipping 1 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Flammable or inflammable-TB/ALL. 30.10-21 Section 30.10-21 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY TANK VESSELS GENERAL PROVISIONS Definitions § 30.10-21 Flammable or inflammable—TB/ALL. The words flammable and inflammable are interchangeable or...

Some recent developments in headspace gas chromatography

Treesearch

J.Y. Zhu; X.-S. Chai

2005-01-01

In this study, recent developments in headspace gas chromatography (HSGC) are briefly reviewed. Several novel HSGC techniques developed recently are presented in detail. These techniques were developed using the unique characteristics of the headspace sampling process implemented in commercial HSGC systems and therefore can be easily applied in laboratory and...

Solid-phase microextraction method development for headspace analysis of volatile flavor compounds.

PubMed

Roberts, D D; Pollien, P; Milo, C

2000-06-01

Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) fibers were evaluated for their ability to adsorb volatile flavor compounds under various conditions with coffee and aqueous flavored solutions. Experiments comparing different fibers showed that poly(dimethylsiloxane)/divinylbenzene had the highest overall sensitivity. Carboxen/poly(dimethylsiloxane) was the most sensitive to small molecules and acids. As the concentrations of compounds increased, the quantitative linear range was exceeded as shown by competition effects with 2-isobutyl-3-methoxypyrazine at concentrations above 1 ppm. A method based on a short-time sampling of the headspace (1 min) was shown to better represent the equilibrium headspace concentration. Analysis of coffee brew with a 1-min headspace adsorption time was verified to be within the linear range for most compounds and thus appropriate for relative headspace quantification. Absolute quantification of volatiles, using isotope dilution assays (IDA), is not subject to biases caused by excess compound concentrations or complex matrices. The degradation of coffee aroma volatiles during storage was followed by relative headspace measurements and absolute quantifications. Both methods gave similar values for 3-methylbutanal, 4-ethylguaiacol, and 2,3-pentanedione. Acetic acid, however, gave higher values during storage upon relative headspace measurements due to concurrent pH decreases that were not seen with IDA.

Identification of volatiles in leaves of Alpinia zerumbet 'Variegata' using headspace solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.

PubMed

Chen, Jian Yan; Ye, Zheng Mei; Huang, Tian Yi; Chen, Xiao Dan; Li, Yong Yu; Wu, Shao Hua

2014-07-01

Alpinia zerumbet 'Variegata' is an aromatic medicinal plant, its foliage producing an intense, unique fragrant odor. This study identified 46 volatile compounds in the leaf tissue of this plant using headspace solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS). The major compounds included 1, 8-cineole (43.5%), p-cymene (14.7%), humulene (5.5%), camphor (5.3%), linalool (4.7%), (E)-methyl cinnamate (3.8%), gamma-cadinene (3.3%), humulene oxide II (2.1%) and a-terpineol (1.5%). The majority of the volatiles were terpenoids of which oxygenated monoterpenes were the most abundant, accounting for 57.2% of the total volatiles. Alcohols made up the largest (52.8%) and aldehydes the smallest (0.2%) portions of the volatiles. Many bioactive compounds were present in the volatiles.

Analysis of iodide and iodate in Lake Mead, Nevada using a headspace derivatization gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.

PubMed

Dorman, James W; Steinberg, Spencer M

2010-02-01

We report here a derivatization headspace method for the analysis of inorganic iodine in water. Samples from Lake Mead, the Las Vegas Wash, and from Las Vegas tap water were examined. Lake Mead and the Las Vegas Wash contained a mixture of both iodide and iodate. The average concentration of total inorganic iodine (TII) for Lake Mead was approximately 90 nM with an iodide-to-iodate ratio of approximately 1. The TII concentration (approximately 160 nM) and the ratio of iodide to iodate were higher for the Las Vegas Wash (approximately 2). The TII concentration for tap water was close to that of Lake Mead (approximately 90 nM); however, tap water contained no detectable iodide as a result of ozonation and chlorine treatment which converts all of the iodide to iodate.

49 CFR 174.304 - Class 3 (flammable liquid) materials in tank cars.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 49 Transportation 2 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Class 3 (flammable liquid) materials in tank cars... (flammable liquid) materials in tank cars. A tank car containing a Class 3 (flammable liquid) material, other... the liquid from the tank car to permanent storage tanks of sufficient capacity to receive the entire...

49 CFR 174.304 - Class 3 (flammable liquid) materials in tank cars.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 49 Transportation 2 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Class 3 (flammable liquid) materials in tank cars... (flammable liquid) materials in tank cars. A tank car containing a Class 3 (flammable liquid) material, other... the liquid from the tank car to permanent storage tanks of sufficient capacity to receive the entire...

49 CFR 174.304 - Class 3 (flammable liquid) materials in tank cars.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 49 Transportation 2 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Class 3 (flammable liquid) materials in tank cars... (flammable liquid) materials in tank cars. A tank car containing a Class 3 (flammable liquid) material, other... the liquid from the tank car to permanent storage tanks of sufficient capacity to receive the entire...

49 CFR 174.304 - Class 3 (flammable liquid) materials in tank cars.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 49 Transportation 2 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Class 3 (flammable liquid) materials in tank cars... (flammable liquid) materials in tank cars. A tank car containing a Class 3 (flammable liquid) material, other... the liquid from the tank car to permanent storage tanks of sufficient capacity to receive the entire...

46 CFR 105.10-15 - Flammable liquid.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... Petroleum Products (Reid Method). (2) Grade B. Any flammable liquid having a Reid 1 vapor pressure under 14 pounds and over 81/2 pounds. (3) Grade C. Any flammable liquid having a Reid 1 vapor pressure of 81/2... 46 Shipping 4 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Flammable liquid. 105.10-15 Section 105.10-15 Shipping...

46 CFR 30.10-22 - Flammable liquid-TB/ALL.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... flammable liquid having a Reid 1 vapor pressure of 14 pounds or more. 1 American Society for Testing... Petroleum Products (Reid Method). (b) Grade B. Any flammable liquid having a Reid 1 vapor pressure under 14 pounds and over 81/2 pounds. (c) Grade C. Any flammable liquid having a Reid 1 vapor pressure of 81/2...

46 CFR 105.10-15 - Flammable liquid.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... Petroleum Products (Reid Method). (2) Grade B. Any flammable liquid having a Reid 1 vapor pressure under 14 pounds and over 81/2 pounds. (3) Grade C. Any flammable liquid having a Reid 1 vapor pressure of 81/2... 46 Shipping 4 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Flammable liquid. 105.10-15 Section 105.10-15 Shipping...

46 CFR 30.10-22 - Flammable liquid-TB/ALL.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... flammable liquid having a Reid 1 vapor pressure of 14 pounds or more. 1 American Society for Testing... Petroleum Products (Reid Method). (b) Grade B. Any flammable liquid having a Reid 1 vapor pressure under 14 pounds and over 81/2 pounds. (c) Grade C. Any flammable liquid having a Reid 1 vapor pressure of 81/2...

46 CFR 30.10-22 - Flammable liquid-TB/ALL.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... flammable liquid having a Reid 1 vapor pressure of 14 pounds or more. 1 American Society for Testing... Petroleum Products (Reid Method). (b) Grade B. Any flammable liquid having a Reid 1 vapor pressure under 14 pounds and over 81/2 pounds. (c) Grade C. Any flammable liquid having a Reid 1 vapor pressure of 81/2...

46 CFR 30.10-22 - Flammable liquid-TB/ALL.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... flammable liquid having a Reid 1 vapor pressure of 14 pounds or more. 1 American Society for Testing... Petroleum Products (Reid Method). (b) Grade B. Any flammable liquid having a Reid 1 vapor pressure under 14 pounds and over 81/2 pounds. (c) Grade C. Any flammable liquid having a Reid 1 vapor pressure of 81/2...

46 CFR 105.10-15 - Flammable liquid.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... Petroleum Products (Reid Method). (2) Grade B. Any flammable liquid having a Reid 1 vapor pressure under 14 pounds and over 81/2 pounds. (3) Grade C. Any flammable liquid having a Reid 1 vapor pressure of 81/2... 46 Shipping 4 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Flammable liquid. 105.10-15 Section 105.10-15 Shipping...

46 CFR 105.10-15 - Flammable liquid.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... Petroleum Products (Reid Method). (2) Grade B. Any flammable liquid having a Reid 1 vapor pressure under 14 pounds and over 81/2 pounds. (3) Grade C. Any flammable liquid having a Reid 1 vapor pressure of 81/2... 46 Shipping 4 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Flammable liquid. 105.10-15 Section 105.10-15 Shipping...

Applicability of Aerospace Materials Ground Flammability Test Data to Spacecraft Environments Theory and Applied Technologies

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Hirsch, David; Williams, Jim; Beeson, Harold

2009-01-01

This slide presentation reviews the use of ground test data in reference to flammability to spacecraft environments. It reviews the current approach to spacecraft fire safety, the challenges to fire safety that the Constellation program poses, the current trends in the evaluation of the Constellation materials flammability, and the correlation of test data from ground flammability tests with the spacecraft environment. Included is a proposal for testing and the design of experiments to test the flammability of materials under similar spacecraft conditions.

Rapid determination of the volatile components in tobacco by ultrasound-microwave synergistic extraction coupled to headspace solid-phase microextraction with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.

PubMed

Yang, Yanqin; Chu, Guohai; Zhou, Guojun; Jiang, Jian; Yuan, Kailong; Pan, Yuanjiang; Song, Zhiyu; Li, Zuguang; Xia, Qian; Lu, Xinbo; Xiao, Weiqiang

2016-03-01

An ultrasound-microwave synergistic extraction coupled to headspace solid-phase microextraction was first employed to determine the volatile components in tobacco samples. The method combined the advantages of ultrasound, microwave, and headspace solid-phase microextraction. The extraction, separation, and enrichment were performed in a single step, which could greatly simplify the operation and reduce the whole pretreatment time. In the developed method, several experimental parameters, such as fiber type, ultrasound power, and irradiation time, were optimized to improve sampling efficiency. Under the optimal conditions, there were 37, 36, 34, and 36 components identified in tobacco from Guizhou, Hunan, Yunnan, and Zimbabwe, respectively, including esters, heterocycles, alkanes, ketones, terpenoids, acids, phenols, and alcohols. The compound types were roughly the same while the contents were varied from different origins due to the disparity of their growing conditions, such as soil, water, and climate. In addition, the ultrasound-microwave synergistic extraction coupled to headspace solid-phase microextraction method was compared with the microwave-assisted extraction coupled to headspace solid-phase microextraction and headspace solid-phase microextraction methods. More types of volatile components were obtained by using the ultrasound-microwave synergistic extraction coupled to headspace solid-phase microextraction method, moreover, the contents were high. The results indicated that the ultrasound-microwave synergistic extraction coupled to headspace solid-phase microextraction technique was a simple, time-saving and highly efficient approach, which was especially suitable for analysis of the volatile components in tobacco. © 2016 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Simplex Optimization of Headspace-Enrichment Conditions of Residual Petroleum Distillates Used by Arsonists

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Warnke, Molly M.; Erickson, Angela E.; Smith, Eugene T.

2005-01-01

A forensic project is described that is suitable for an undergraduate instrumental methods lab. Accelerants commonly used by arsonists are analyzed by static headspace enrichment followed by gas chromatography. The conditions used for headspace enrichment (e.g., time and temperature) are known to influence the distribution of hydrocarbons…

Optimisation of colour stability of cured ham during packaging and retail display by a multifactorial design.

PubMed

Møller, Jens K S; Jakobsen, Marianne; Weber, Claus J; Martinussen, Torben; Skibsted, Leif H; Bertelsen, Grete

2003-02-01

A multifactorial design, including (1) percent residual oxygen, (2) oxygen transmission rate of packaging film (OTR), (3) product to headspace volume ratio, (4) illuminance level and (5) nitrite level during curing, was established to investigate factors affecting light-induced oxidative discoloration of cured ham (packaged in modified atmosphere of 20% carbon dioxide and balanced with nitrogen) during 14 days of chill storage. Univariate statistical analysis found significant effects of all main factors on the redness (tristimulus a-value) of the ham. Subsequently, Response Surface Modelling of the data further proved that the interactions between packaging and storage conditions are important when optimising colour stability. The measured content of oxygen in the headspace was incorporated in the model and the interaction between measured oxygen content in the headspace and the product to headspace volume ratio was found to be crucial. Thus, it is not enough to keep the headspace oxygen level low, if the headspace volume at the same time is large, there will still be sufficient oxygen for colour deteriorating processes to take place.

Effect of Subcritical Fluid Extraction on the High Quality of Headspace Oil from Jasminum sambac (L.) Aiton.

PubMed

Ye, Qiuping; Jin, Xinyi; Wei, Shiqin; Zheng, Gongyu; Li, Xinlei

2016-05-01

Subcritical fluid extraction (SFE), as a novel method, was applied to investigate the yield, quality, and sensory evaluation of headspace oil from Jasminum sambac (L.) Aiton in comparison with petroleum ether extraction (PEE). The results indicated that the yield of the headspace oil using SFE was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than when using PEE. SFE contributed to obtaining alcohols and ethers, prevented the thermal reaction of terpenes, and reduced α-caryophyllene and β-caryophyllene in the headspace oil. The contents of linalool (21.90%) and benzyl acetate (16.31%) were higher via SFE than PEE. In addition, the sensory evaluation of SFE was superior to PEE, indicating a fresh, jasmine-like odor and green-yellow color. Thus, SFE is an improved method for obtaining natural headspace oil from jasmine flowers.

Differences in Leaf Flammability, Leaf Traits and Flammability-Trait Relationships between Native and Exotic Plant Species of Dry Sclerophyll Forest

PubMed Central

Murray, Brad R.; Hardstaff, Lyndle K.; Phillips, Megan L.

2013-01-01

The flammability of plant leaves influences the spread of fire through vegetation. Exotic plants invading native vegetation may increase the spread of bushfires if their leaves are more flammable than native leaves. We compared fresh-leaf and dry-leaf flammability (time to ignition) between 52 native and 27 exotic plant species inhabiting dry sclerophyll forest. We found that mean time to ignition was significantly faster in dry exotic leaves than in dry native leaves. There was no significant native-exotic difference in mean time to ignition for fresh leaves. The significantly higher fresh-leaf water content that was found in exotics, lost in the conversion from a fresh to dry state, suggests that leaf water provides an important buffering effect that leads to equivalent mean time to ignition in fresh exotic and native leaves. Exotic leaves were also significantly wider, longer and broader in area with significantly higher specific leaf area–but not thicker–than native leaves. We examined scaling relationships between leaf flammability and leaf size (leaf width, length, area, specific leaf area and thickness). While exotics occupied the comparatively larger and more flammable end of the leaf size-flammability spectrum in general, leaf flammability was significantly correlated with all measures of leaf size except leaf thickness in both native and exotic species such that larger leaves were faster to ignite. Our findings for increased flammability linked with larger leaf size in exotics demonstrate that exotic plant species have the potential to increase the spread of bushfires in dry sclerophyll forest. PMID:24260169

14 CFR 125.153 - Flammable fluids.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... AND OPERATORS FOR COMPENSATION OR HIRE: CERTIFICATION AND OPERATIONS CERTIFICATION AND OPERATIONS....153 Flammable fluids. (a) No tanks or reservoirs that are a part of a system containing flammable...

14 CFR 125.153 - Flammable fluids.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... AND OPERATORS FOR COMPENSATION OR HIRE: CERTIFICATION AND OPERATIONS CERTIFICATION AND OPERATIONS....153 Flammable fluids. (a) No tanks or reservoirs that are a part of a system containing flammable...

An Approach to the Flammability Testing of Aerospace Materials

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Hirsch, David B.

2012-01-01

Presentation reviews: (1) Current approach to evaluation of spacecraft materials flammability (2) The need for and the approach to alternative routes (3) Examples of applications of the approach recommended a) Crew Module splash down b) Crew Module depressurization c) Applicability of NASA's flammability test data to other sample configurations d) Applicability of NASA's ground flammability test data to spacecraft environments

49 CFR 177.838 - Class 4 (flammable solid) materials, Class 5 (oxidizing) materials, and Division 4.2 (pyroforic...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... (flammable solid) or Class 5 (oxidizing) materials shall be contained entirely within the body of the motor.... Special care shall also be taken in the loading of any motor vehicle with Class 4 (flammable solid) or... 49 Transportation 2 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Class 4 (flammable solid) materials, Class 5...

49 CFR 177.838 - Class 4 (flammable solid) materials, Class 5 (oxidizing) materials, and Division 4.2 (pyroforic...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... (flammable solid) or Class 5 (oxidizing) materials shall be contained entirely within the body of the motor.... Special care shall also be taken in the loading of any motor vehicle with Class 4 (flammable solid) or... 49 Transportation 2 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Class 4 (flammable solid) materials, Class 5...

49 CFR 177.838 - Class 4 (flammable solid) materials, Class 5 (oxidizing) materials, and Division 4.2 (pyroforic...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... (flammable solid) or Class 5 (oxidizing) materials shall be contained entirely within the body of the motor.... Special care shall also be taken in the loading of any motor vehicle with Class 4 (flammable solid) or... 49 Transportation 2 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Class 4 (flammable solid) materials, Class 5...

Selected Parametric Effects on Materials Flammability Limits

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Hirsch, David B.; Juarez, Alfredo; Peyton, Gary J.; Harper, Susana A.; Olson, Sandra L.

2011-01-01

NASA-STD-(I)-6001B Test 1 is currently used to evaluate the flammability of materials intended for use in habitable environments of U.S. spacecraft. The method is a pass/fail upward flame propagation test conducted in the worst case configuration, which is defined as a combination of a material s thickness, test pressure, oxygen concentration, and temperature that make the material most flammable. Although simple parametric effects may be intuitive (such as increasing oxygen concentrations resulting in increased flammability), combinations of multi-parameter effects could be more complex. In addition, there are a variety of material configurations used in spacecraft. Such configurations could include, for example, exposed free edges where fire propagation may be different when compared to configurations commonly employed in standard testing. Studies involving combined oxygen concentration, pressure, and temperature on flammability limits have been conducted and are summarized in this paper. Additional effects on flammability limits of a material s thickness, mode of ignition, burn-length criteria, and exposed edges are presented. The information obtained will allow proper selection of ground flammability test conditions, support further studies comparing flammability in 1-g with microgravity and reduced gravity environments, and contribute to persuasive scientific cases for rigorous space system fire risk assessments.

Genetic component of flammability variation in a Mediterranean shrub.

PubMed

Moreira, B; Castellanos, M C; Pausas, J G

2014-03-01

Recurrent fires impose a strong selection pressure in many ecosystems worldwide. In such ecosystems, plant flammability is of paramount importance because it enhances population persistence, particularly in non-resprouting species. Indeed, there is evidence of phenotypic divergence of flammability under different fire regimes. Our general hypothesis is that flammability-enhancing traits are adaptive; here, we test whether they have a genetic component. To test this hypothesis, we used the postfire obligate seeder Ulex parviflorus from sites historically exposed to different fire recurrence. We associated molecular variation in potentially adaptive loci detected with a genomic scan (using AFLP markers) with individual phenotypic variability in flammability across fire regimes. We found that at least 42% of the phenotypic variation in flammability was explained by the genetic divergence in a subset of AFLP loci. In spite of generalized gene flow, the genetic variability was structured by differences in fire recurrence. Our results provide the first field evidence supporting that traits enhancing plant flammability have a genetic component and thus can be responding to natural selection driven by fire. These results highlight the importance of flammability as an adaptive trait in fire-prone ecosystems. © 2014 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Flammable Gas Safety Self-Study 52827

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Glass, George

2016-03-17

This course, Flammable Gas Safety Self-Study (COURSE 52827), presents an overview of the hazards and controls associated with commonly used, compressed flammable gases at Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL).

Critical aspects for the reliable headspace analysis of plants cultivated in vitro.

PubMed

Maes, K; Vercammen, J; Pham-Tuan, H; Sandra, P; Debergh, P C

2001-01-01

Various factors controlling the recoveries of volatile organic compounds in vitro headspace analysis of tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. 'Moneymaker'), sampled using solid phase micro-extraction, were evaluated and optimised. The variations in composition of the headspaces were determined as a function of time, and following in vitro wounding of the plant.

Measurement of gas-liquid partition coefficient and headspace concentration profiles of perfume materials by solid-phase microextraction and capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

PubMed

Liu; Wene

2000-09-01

An empirical model describing the relationship between the partition coefficients (K) of perfume materials in the solid-phase microextraction (SPME) fiber stationary phase and the Linearly Temperature Programmed Retention Index (LTPRI) is obtained. This is established using a mixture of eleven selected fragrance materials spiked in mineral oil at different concentration levels to simulate liquid laundry detergent matrices. Headspace concentrations of the materials are measured using both static headspace and SPME-gas chromatography analysis. The empirical model is tested by measuring the K values for fourteen perfume materials experimentally. Three of the calculated K values are within 2-19% of the measured K value, and the other eleven calculated K values are within 22-59%. This range of deviation is understandable because a diverse mixture was used to cover most chemical functionalities in order to make the model generally applicable. Better prediction accuracy is expected when a model is established using a specific category of compounds, such as hydrocarbons or aromatics. The use of this method to estimate distribution constants of fragrance materials in liquid matrices is demonstrated. The headspace SPME using the established relationship between the gas-liquid partition coefficient and the LTPRI is applied to measure the headspace concentration of fragrances. It is demonstrated that this approach can be used to monitor the headspace perfume profiles over consumer laundry and cleaning products. This method can provide high sample throughput, reproducibility, simplicity, and accuracy for many applications for screening major fragrance materials over consumer products. The approach demonstrated here can be used to translate headspace SPME results into true static headspace concentration profiles. This translation is critical for obtaining the gas-phase composition by correcting for the inherent differential partitioning of analytes into the fiber stationary phase.

46 CFR 35.30-40 - Flammable liquid and gas fuels as ship's stores-TB/ALL.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 46 Shipping 1 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Flammable liquid and gas fuels as ship's stores-TB/ALL... OPERATIONS General Safety Rules § 35.30-40 Flammable liquid and gas fuels as ship's stores—TB/ALL. Flammable liquids and gases other than diesel fuel, to be used as fuel for approved equipment must satisfy the...

46 CFR 35.30-40 - Flammable liquid and gas fuels as ship's stores-TB/ALL.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 46 Shipping 1 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Flammable liquid and gas fuels as ship's stores-TB/ALL... OPERATIONS General Safety Rules § 35.30-40 Flammable liquid and gas fuels as ship's stores—TB/ALL. Flammable liquids and gases other than diesel fuel, to be used as fuel for approved equipment must satisfy the...

46 CFR 35.30-40 - Flammable liquid and gas fuels as ship's stores-TB/ALL.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 46 Shipping 1 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Flammable liquid and gas fuels as ship's stores-TB/ALL... OPERATIONS General Safety Rules § 35.30-40 Flammable liquid and gas fuels as ship's stores—TB/ALL. Flammable liquids and gases other than diesel fuel, to be used as fuel for approved equipment must satisfy the...

46 CFR 35.30-40 - Flammable liquid and gas fuels as ship's stores-TB/ALL.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 46 Shipping 1 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Flammable liquid and gas fuels as ship's stores-TB/ALL... OPERATIONS General Safety Rules § 35.30-40 Flammable liquid and gas fuels as ship's stores—TB/ALL. Flammable liquids and gases other than diesel fuel, to be used as fuel for approved equipment must satisfy the...

46 CFR 35.30-40 - Flammable liquid and gas fuels as ship's stores-TB/ALL.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 46 Shipping 1 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Flammable liquid and gas fuels as ship's stores-TB/ALL... OPERATIONS General Safety Rules § 35.30-40 Flammable liquid and gas fuels as ship's stores—TB/ALL. Flammable liquids and gases other than diesel fuel, to be used as fuel for approved equipment must satisfy the...

46 CFR 38.10-10 - Cargo piping-TB/ALL.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY TANK VESSELS LIQUEFIED FLAMMABLE GASES Piping, Valves... pumps or vapor compressors, the design pressure shall not be less than the pump or compressor discharge... shall not be less than the total discharge head of the pump or compressor. (b) Piping subject to tank...

A study on flammability limits of fuel mixtures.

PubMed

Kondo, Shigeo; Takizawa, Kenji; Takahashi, Akifumi; Tokuhashi, Kazuaki; Sekiya, Akira

2008-07-15

Flammability limit measurements were made for various binary and ternary mixtures prepared from nine different compounds. The compounds treated are methane, propane, ethylene, propylene, methyl ether, methyl formate, 1,1-difluoroethane, ammonia, and carbon monoxide. The observed values of lower flammability limits of mixtures were found to be in good agreement to the calculated values by Le Chatelier's formula. As for the upper limits, however, some are close to the calculated values but some are not. It has been found that the deviations of the observed values of upper flammability limits from the calculated ones are mostly to lower concentrations. Modification of Le Chatelier's formula was made to better fit to the observed values of upper flammability limits. This procedure reduced the average difference between the observed and calculated values of upper flammability limits to one-third of the initial value.

Flammability Indices for Refrigerants

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kataoka, Osami

This paper introduces a new index to classify flammable refrigerants. A question on flammability indices that ASHRAE employs arose from combustion test results of R152a and ammonia. Conventional methods of not only ASHRAE but also ISO and Japanese High-pressure gas safety law to classify the flammability of refrigerants are evaluated to show why these methods conflict with the test results. The key finding of this paper is that the ratio of stoichiometric concentration to LFL concentration (R factor) represents the test results most precisely. In addition, it has excellent correlation with other flammability parameters such as flame speed and pressure rise coefficient. Classification according to this index gives reasonable flammability order of substances including ammonia, R152a and carbon monoxide. Theoretical background why this index gives good correlation is also discussed as well as the insufficient part of this method.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Spangler, Lorenz R.; Most, Wm. A.

The Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP) Hazardous Waste Facility Permit (HWFP) limits the allowable emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from contact handled (CH) transuranic (TRU) waste. The environmental Performance standard within the HWFP, Module IV, Table IV.D.1, prescribes the allowed VOC emissions from the waste to ensure protection of human health and the environment. Compliance with the performance standard to ensure control of VOC emissions is based on VOC concentrations and monitoring in the underground. One of the mechanisms used to ensure compliance with the emissions standards is measuring the VOC concentration in the headspace gas of waste containersmore » prior to disposal. Headspace gas sampling and analysis is the waste characterization activity used to determine the concentration of VOCs in the headspace of waste containers. In addition to being used to demonstrate compliance with the emissions standards of Module IV, Table IV.D.1, the results of the headspace gas sampling and analysis are used to confirm the hazardous wastes identified in the acceptable knowledge (AK) process. Headspace gas sampling and analysis has been an ongoing part of the CH TRU waste characterization program and therefore data are now available concerning its use and applicability. The information from approved Waste Stream Profile Forms (WSPFs) and the headspace gas sampling and analysis results for over 16,000 containers of CH TRU waste were considered as part of this study. The headspace gas sampling and analysis results are based on data from the WIPP Waste Information System (WWIS). These results were evaluated to determine the usefulness of headspace gas sampling and analysis for confirming AK information. The evaluation shows that the reliability of using the results of headspace gas sampling and analysis to confirm AK information can be grouped by mixed and non-mixed waste streams. In general, for mixed waste streams due to VOCs (i.e., carrying VOC-related hazardous waste numbers), there is no reliable comparison that can be made for the detection of a particular target analyte and its associated hazardous waste number(s) based on the AK information on a compound by compound basis. However, for non-mixed waste streams, the results of headspace gas sampling and analysis show a better correlation to the AK information.« less

Classification of lung cancer histology by gold nanoparticle sensors

PubMed Central

Barash, Orna; Peled, Nir; Tisch, Ulrike; Bunn, Paul A.; Hirsch, Fred R.; Haick, Hossam

2016-01-01

We propose a nanomedical device for the classification of lung cancer (LC) histology. The device profiles volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the headspace of (subtypes of) LC cells, using gold nanoparticle (GNP) sensors that are suitable for detecting LC-specific patterns of VOC profiles, as determined by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis. Analyzing the GNP sensing signals by support vector machine allowed significant discrimination between (i) LC and healthy cells; (ii) small cell LC and non–small cell LC; and between (iii) two subtypes of non–small cell LC: adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma. The discriminative power of the GNP sensors was then linked with the chemical nature and composition of the headspace VOCs of each LC state. These proof-of-concept findings could totally revolutionize LC screening and diagnosis, and might eventually allow early and differential diagnosis of LC subtypes with detectable or unreachable lung nodules. PMID:22033081

A new method to study simultaneous methane oxidation and methane production in soils

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Andersen, B. L.; Bidoglio, G.; Leip, A.; Rembges, D.

1998-12-01

Results of laboratory experiments show that 14C-labeled methane added to soil was consumed faster than atmospheric 12C methane. This implies a source of methane, presumably through methanogenesis, in a soil that is a net consumer of atmospheric methane. The soil was well-drained forest soil from Ispra, Italy. An undisturbed sample was taken with a steel corer and incubated under oxic conditions in a jar. Headspace samples were taken at time intervals and analyzed for total methane by gas chromatography and analyzed for 14C methane by liquid scintillation counting. Fluxes calculated from the decreasing headspace mixing ratios were, for example, -6.5 and -7.1 μmol m-2 hr-1 for 12C methane and 14C methane, respectively. A simple model is considered which reproduces reasonably well the observed mixing ratios as function of time.

Characterization of Aronia melanocarpa volatiles by headspace-solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME), simultaneous distillation/extraction (SDE), and gas chromatography-olfactometry (GC-O) methods.

PubMed

Kraujalytė, Vilma; Leitner, Erich; Venskutonis, Petras Rimantas

2013-05-22

The profiles of volatile constituents of berry fruit of two Aronia melanocarpa genotypes were evaluated by headspace-solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME), simultaneous distillation and extraction (SDE), and gas chromatography-olfactometry (GC-O). In total, 74 volatile compounds were identified in chokeberry juice, 3-penten-2-one, 3,9-epoxy-p-menth-1-ene, and benzaldehyde being the most abundant constituents; however, their percentage concentrations were remarkably different in the HS-SPME and SDE profiles. Twenty two aroma-active compounds were detected and characterized by the trained panelists in HS-SPME using GC-O detection frequency analysis. Olfactometry revealed that ethyl-2-methyl butanoate, ethyl-3-methyl butanoate, ethyl decanoate ("fruity" aroma notes), nonanal ("green" notes), unidentified compound possessing "moldy" odor, and some other volatiles may be very important constituents in formation of chokeberry aroma of both analyzed plant cultivars.

Flammability across the gymnosperm phylogeny: the importance of litter particle size.

PubMed

Cornwell, William K; Elvira, Alba; van Kempen, Lute; van Logtestijn, Richard S P; Aptroot, André; Cornelissen, J Hans C

2015-04-01

Fire is important to climate, element cycles and plant communities, with many fires spreading via surface litter. The influence of species on the spread of surface fire is mediated by their traits which, after senescence and abscission, have 'afterlife' effects on litter flammability. We hypothesized that differences in litter flammability among gymnosperms are determined by litter particle size effects on litterbed packing. We performed a mesocosm fire experiment comparing 39 phylogenetically wide-ranging gymnosperms, followed by litter size and shape manipulations on two chemically contrasting species, to isolate the underlying mechanism. The first-order control on litter flammability was, indeed, litter particle size in both experiments. Most gymnosperms were highly flammable, but a prominent exception was the non-Pinus Pinaceae, in which small leaves abscised singly produced dense, non-flammable litterbeds. There are two important implications: first, ecosystems dominated by gymnosperms that drop small leaves separately will develop dense litter layers, which will be less prone to and inhibit the spread of surface litter fire. Second, some of the needle-leaved species previously considered to be flammable in single-leaf experiments were among the least flammable in litter fuel beds, highlighting the role of the litter traits of species in affecting surface fire regimes. © 2015 The Authors. New Phytologist © 2015 New Phytologist Trust.

Clothing Flammability and Burn Injuries: Public Opinion Concerning an Overlooked, Preventable Public Health Problem.

PubMed

Frattaroli, Shannon; Spivak, Steven M; Pollack, Keshia M; Gielen, Andrea C; Salomon, Michele; Damant, Gordon H

2016-01-01

The objective of this study was to describe knowledge of clothing flammability risk, public support for clothing flammability warning labels, and stronger regulation to reduce the risk. As part of a national survey of homeowners about residential sprinkler systems, the authors included questions about clothing flammability. The authors used an online web panel to sample homeowners and descriptive methods to analyze the resulting data. The sample included 2333 homeowners. Knowledge of clothing flammability and government oversight of clothing flammability risk was low. Homeowners were evenly split about the effectiveness of current standards; however, when presented with clothing-related burn injury and death data, a majority (53%) supported stricter standards. Most homeowners (64%) supported warning labels and indicated that such labels would either have no effect on their purchasing decisions (64%) or be an incentive (24%) to purchase an item. Owners of sprinkler-equipped homes were more likely to support these interventions than owners of homes without sprinkler systems. Public knowledge about clothing flammability risks is low. Most homeowners supported clothing labels to inform consumers of this risk and increased government intervention to reduce the risk.

Ullage Tank Fuel-Air Mixture Characterisation

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-12-01

247-252 Woodrow, J.E., Seiber, J.N., 1988, ‘Vapor-pressure measurement of complex mixtures by headspace gas chromatography ’, Journal of...Electron Ionisation FAR Fuel to Air Mass Ratio FID Flame Ionisation Detector GC Gas Chromatography HS Headspace MS Mass Spectrometry NIST...Determination of volatile substances in biological headspace gas chromatography ’, Journal of Chromatography A, vol. 674, pp. 25-62 Shepherd, J.E, Krok, J.C

Using a rainforest-flame forest mosaic to test the hypothesis that leaf and litter fuel flammability is under natural selection.

PubMed

Clarke, Peter J; Prior, Lynda D; French, Ben J; Vincent, Ben; Knox, Kirsten J E; Bowman, David M J S

2014-12-01

We used a mosaic of infrequently burnt temperate rainforest and adjacent, frequently burnt eucalypt forests in temperate eastern Australia to test whether: (1) there were differences in flammability of fresh and dried foliage amongst congeners from contrasting habitats, (2) habitat flammability was related to regeneration strategy, (3) litter fuels were more flammable in frequently burnt forests, (4) the severity of a recent fire influenced the flammability of litter (as this would suggest fire feedbacks), and (5) microclimate contributed to differences in fire hazard amongst habitats. Leaf-level comparisons were made among 11 congeneric pairs from rainforest and eucalypt forests. Leaf-level ignitability, combustibility and sustainability were not consistently higher for taxa from frequently burnt eucalypt forests, nor were they higher for species with fire-driven recruitment. The bulk density of litter-bed fuels strongly influenced flammability, but eucalypt forest litter was not less dense than rainforest litter. Ignitability, combustibility and flame sustainability of community surface fuels (litter) were compared using fuel arrays with standardized fuel mass and moisture content. Forests previously burned at high fire severity did not have consistently higher litter flammability than those burned at lower severity or long unburned. Thus, contrary to the Mutch hypothesis, there was no evidence of higher flammability of litter fuels or leaves from frequently burnt eucalypt forests compared with infrequently burnt rainforests. We suggest the manifest pyrogenicity of eucalypt forests is not due to natural selection for more flammable foliage, but better explained by differences in crown openness and associated microclimatic differences.

16 CFR Figure 2 to Part 1610 - Flammability Apparatus Views

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 16 Commercial Practices 2 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Flammability Apparatus Views 2 Figure 2 to Part 1610 Commercial Practices CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY COMMISSION FLAMMABLE FABRICS ACT REGULATIONS... Apparatus Views ER25MR08.001 ...

16 CFR Figure 2 to Part 1610 - Flammability Apparatus Views

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 16 Commercial Practices 2 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Flammability Apparatus Views 2 Figure 2 to Part 1610 Commercial Practices CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY COMMISSION FLAMMABLE FABRICS ACT REGULATIONS... Apparatus Views ER25MR08.001 ...

Analysis of volatile organic compounds in pleural effusions by headspace solid-phase microextraction coupled with cryotrap gas chromatography and mass spectrometry.

PubMed

Huang, Zhongping; Zhang, Jie; Zhang, Peipei; Wang, Hong; Pan, Zaifa; Wang, Lili

2016-07-01

Headspace solid-phase microextraction coupled with cryotrap gas chromatography and mass spectrometry was applied to the analysis of volatile organic compounds in pleural effusions. The highly volatile organic compounds were separated successfully with high sensitivity by the employment of a cryotrap device, with the construction of a cold column head by freezing a segment of metal capillary with liquid nitrogen. A total of 76 volatile organic compounds were identified in 50 pleural effusion samples (20 malignant effusions and 30 benign effusions). Among them, 34 more volatile organic compounds were detected with the retention time less than 8 min, by comparing with the normal headspace solid-phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography and mass spectrometry method. Furthermore, 24 volatile organic compounds with high occurrence frequency in pleural effusion samples, 18 of which with the retention time less than 8 min, were selected for the comparative analysis. The results of average peak area comparison and box-plot analysis showed that except for cyclohexanone, 2-ethyl-1-hexanol, and tetramethylbenzene, which have been reported as potential cancer biomarkers, cyclohexanol, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, n-heptane, ethylbenzene, and xylene also had differential expression between malignant and benign effusions. Therefore, the proposed approach was valuable for the comprehensive characterization of volatile organic compounds in pleural effusions. © 2016 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Maximum Potential Hydrogen Gas Retention in the sRF Resin Ion Exchange Column for the LAWPS Process

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Gauglitz, Phillip A.; Wells, Beric E.; Bottenus, Courtney LH

The Low-Activity Waste Pretreatment System (LAWPS) is being developed to provide treated supernatant liquid from the Hanford tank farms directly to the Low-Activity Waste (LAW) Vitrification Facility at the Hanford Tank Waste Treatment and Immobilization Plant. The design and development of the LAWPS is being conducted by Washington River Protection Solutions, LLC. A key process in LAWPS is the removal of radioactive Cs in ion exchange (IX) columns filled with spherical resorcinol-formaldehyde (sRF) resin. One accident scenario being evaluated is the loss of liquid flow through the sRF resin bed after it has been loaded with radioactive Cs and hydrogenmore » gas is being generated by radiolysis. In normal operations, the generated hydrogen is expected to remain dissolved in the liquid and be continuously removed by liquid flow. For an accident scenario with a loss of flow, hydrogen gas can be retained within the IX column both in the sRF resin and below the bottom screen that supports the resin within the column. The purpose of this report is to summarize calculations that estimate the upper-bound volume of hydrogen gas that can be retained in the column and potentially be released to the headspace of the IX column or to process equipment connected to the IX column and, thus, pose a flammability hazard.« less

Static headspace analysis using polyurethane phases--application to roasted coffee volatiles characterization.

PubMed

Rodrigues, C; Portugal, F C M; Nogueira, J M F

2012-01-30

Static headspace sorptive extraction using polyurethane foams (HSSE(PU)) followed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry is proposed for volatile analysis. The application of this novel analytical approach to characterize the volatiles profile from roasted coffee samples, selected as model system, revealed remarkable advantages under convenient experimental conditions. The comparison of HSSE(PU) with other well-established procedures, such as headspace sorptive extraction using polydimethylsiloxane (HSSE(PDMS)) and headspace solid phase microextraction using carboxen/polydimethylsiloxane fibers (HS-SPME(CAR/PDMS)), showed that the former presented much higher capacity, sensitivity and even selectivity, where larger abundance and number of roasted coffee volatile compounds (e.g. furans, pyrazines, ketones, acids and pyrroles) could be achieved, under similar experimental conditions. The data presented herein proved, for the first time, that PU foams present great performance for static headspace sorption-based procedures, showing to be an alternative polymeric phase for volatile analysis. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

FLAMMABILITY OF HERBICIDE-TREATED GUAVA FOLIAGE

DTIC Science & Technology

Guava leaves treated with herbicide were found to be less flammable than untreated green leaves or dead leaves . Differences in flammability were...determined by small-scale laboratory fires, differential thermal analysis, and thermogravimetric analysis. The herbicide-treated leaves had a higher ash

Development of a simultaneous multiple solid-phase microextraction-single shot-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry method and application to aroma profile analysis of commercial coffee.

PubMed

Lee, Changgook; Lee, Younghoon; Lee, Jae-Gon; Buglass, Alan J

2013-06-21

A simultaneous multiple solid-phase microextraction-single shot-gas chromatography mass spectrometry (smSPME-ss-GC/MS) method has been developed for headspace analysis. Up to four fibers (50/30 μm DVB/CAR/PDMS) were used simultaneously for the extraction of aroma components from the headspace of a single sample chamber in order to increase sensitivity of aroma extraction. To avoid peak broadening and to maximize resolution, a simple cryofocusing technique was adopted during sequential thermal desorption of multiple SPME fibers prior to a 'single shot' chromatographic run. The method was developed and validated on a model flavor mixture, containing 81 known pure components. With the conditions of 10 min of incubation and 30 min of extraction at 50 °C, single, dual, triple and quadruple SPME extractions were compared. The increase in total peak area with increase in the number of fibers showed good linearity (R(2)=0.9917) and the mean precision was 12.0% (RSD) for the total peak sum, with quadruple simultaneous SPME extraction. Using a real sample such as commercial coffee granules, aroma profile analysis was conducted using single, dual, triple and quadruple SPME fibers. The increase in total peak intensity again showed good linearity with increase in the number of SPME fibers used (R(2)=0.9992) and the precision of quadruple SPME extraction was 9.9% (RSD) for the total peak sum. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

49 CFR 173.170 - Black powder for small arms.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... Division 1.1 may be reclassed as a Division 4.1 material, for domestic transportation by motor vehicle....58; (b) The total quantity of black powder in one motor vehicle, rail car, or freight container may...) Each package must bear the FLAMMABLE SOLID label. [Amdt. 173-255, 61 FR 50626, Sept. 26, 1996, as...

49 CFR 173.170 - Black powder for small arms.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... Division 1.1 may be reclassed as a Division 4.1 material, for domestic transportation by motor vehicle....58; (b) The total quantity of black powder in one motor vehicle, rail car, or freight container may...) Each package must bear the FLAMMABLE SOLID label. [Amdt. 173-255, 61 FR 50626, Sept. 26, 1996, as...

49 CFR 173.170 - Black powder for small arms.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... Division 1.1 may be reclassed as a Division 4.1 material, for domestic transportation by motor vehicle....58; (b) The total quantity of black powder in one motor vehicle, rail car, or freight container may...) Each package must bear the FLAMMABLE SOLID label. [Amdt. 173-255, 61 FR 50626, Sept. 26, 1996, as...

49 CFR 173.170 - Black powder for small arms.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... Division 1.1 may be reclassed as a Division 4.1 material, for domestic transportation by motor vehicle....58; (b) The total quantity of black powder in one motor vehicle, rail car, or freight container may...) Each package must bear the FLAMMABLE SOLID label. [Amdt. 173-255, 61 FR 50626, Sept. 26, 1996, as...

Climate change and future wildfire in the western USA: what model projections do and don't tell us

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Littell, J. S.; McKenzie, D.; Cushman, S. A.; Wan, H. Y.

2017-12-01

We developed statistical climate-fire models describing area burned for 70 ecosections in the western U.S. Historically, these ecosections collectively represent a gradient of climate-fire relationships from purely fuel limited (characterized by antecedent positive water balance anomalies and/or negative energy balance anomalies) to purely flammability limited (characterized by antecedent negative water balance anomalies and/or positive energy balance anomalies). Sixty-eight ecosection linear models included significant climate predictors, and 56 ecosections satisfied regression diagnostics, yielding acceptable climate-fire models. There is considerable diversity in seasonality, dominant variables, and prevalence of lagged climatic terms in the climate-fire regression models, indicating variation in mechanisms of climate-fire linkages across ecosystems. This diversity, however, is not random - there is a clear pattern in the fuzzy set membership of the relative dominance of regression predictor variables. This pattern defines a fuel-flammability gradient of limitations, with a tendency toward warm season drought on the flammability end and a tendency toward antecedent moisture on the fuel end. Projected area burned under a multi-model composite future climate scenarios varies, with increasing area burned in 41 ecosections in the West by 2030-2059 (median 132% among 10 purely flammability limited ecosections, median 240% among 25 flammability limited systems with a fuel limitation component, and median 43% among 6 systems with equal control) but decreasing (median -119% among 13 fuel limited systems with a flammability component). For the period 2070-2099, the projected area burned increases much more in the flammability (769%) and flammability-fuel hybrid (442%) systems than those with joint control (139%), and continues to decrease (-178%) in fuel-flammability hybrid systems. Filtering the projected results with fire rotation limits projections biased high by the static assumptions of the statistical models. Exceedence probabilities for 95th%ile fire years increases for the 2040s and 2080s and are largest in exclusively flammability limited ecosections compared with other fuel controls.

Impact of phase ratio, polydimethylsiloxane volume and size, and sampling temperature and time on headspace sorptive extraction recovery of some volatile compounds in the essential oil field.

PubMed

Bicchi, Carlo; Cordero, Chiara; Liberto, Erica; Rubiolo, Patrizia; Sgorbini, Barbara; Sandra, Pat

2005-04-15

This study evaluates concentration capability of headspace sorptive extraction (HSSE) and the influence of sampling conditions on HSSE recovery of an analyte. A standard mixture in water of six high-to-medium volatility analytes (isobutyl methyl ketone, 3-hexanol, isoamyl acetate, 1,8-cineole, linalool and carvone) was used to sample the headspace by HSSE with stir bars coated with different polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) volumes (20, 40, 55 and 110 microL, respectively), headspace vial volumes (8, 21.2, 40, 250 and 1000 mL), sampling temperatures (25, 50 and 75 degrees C) and sampling times (30, 60 and 120 min, and 4, 8 and 16 h). The concentration factors (CFs) of HSSE versus static headspace (S-HS) were also determined. Analytes sampled by the PDMS stir bars were recovered by thermal desorption (TDS) and analysed by capillary GC-MS. This study demonstrates how analyte recovery depends on its physico-chemical characteristics and affinity for PDMS (octanol-water partition coefficients), sampling temperatures (50 degrees C) and times (60 min), the volumes of headspace (40 mL) and of PDMS (in particular, for high volatility analytes). HSSE is also shown to be very effective for trace analysis. The HSSE CFs calculated versus S-HS with a 1000 mL headspace volumes at 25 degrees C during 4 h sampling ranged between 10(3) and 10(4) times for all analytes investigated while the limits of quantitation determined under the same conditions were in the nmol/L range.

Ultratrace determination of total and available cyanides in industrial wastewaters through a rapid headspace-based sample preparation and gas chromatography with nitrogen phosphorous detection analysis.

PubMed

Marton, Daniele; Tapparo, Andrea; Di Marco, Valerio B; Repice, Carla; Giorio, Chiara; Bogialli, Sara

2013-07-26

A new analytical method for the determination of both available (free and weak acid dissociable, WAD) and total cyanides in industrial wastewaters has been developed. It is based on the static headspace (HS) sampling procedure followed by a GC separation and the selective nitrogen-phosphorous detection (NPD), in which different thermal treatment allows the speciation of total and available cyanides. Detection limits (0.5μg/L), recovery (84.7-114.6% for free and 76.8-121.5% for total cyanides) and precision (5% at 5μg/L), evaluated on both real and synthetic samples, were fit-for-purpose for the legal requirement (5μg/L) enforced in the Venice lagoon, without significant interfering species. In addition, analytical results of the HS-GC-NPD method have been compared with those obtained using the 4500 CN and EN ISO 14403 official methods for the determination of total and free cyanides, respectively. The new method has been successfully applied for the determination of cyanide concentrations in main influent and final effluent to the Venice lagoon to verify the efficiency of the industrial wastewater treatment plant of Porto Marghera (Venice, Italy). The capability of the proposed method to detect the WAD cyanides has been tested by studying the acid dissociation of K2[Ni(CN)4]. An unexpected speciation picture was obtained for this complex, which suggests that the present definition and analytical strategy of this cyanide class should be reconsidered. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

49 CFR 176.5 - Application to vessels.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... purpose of carrying flammable or combustible liquid cargo in bulk in its own tanks, when only carrying... (explosive) materials, Class 3 (flammable liquids), or Division 2.1 (flammable gas) materials, in which case... Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation PIPELINE AND HAZARDOUS MATERIALS SAFETY...

49 CFR 176.5 - Application to vessels.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... purpose of carrying flammable or combustible liquid cargo in bulk in its own tanks, when only carrying... (explosive) materials, Class 3 (flammable liquids), or Division 2.1 (flammable gas) materials, in which case... Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation PIPELINE AND HAZARDOUS MATERIALS SAFETY...

16 CFR 1500.133 - Extremely flammable contact adhesives; labeling.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... under the Consumer Product Safety Act extremely flammable contact adhesives covered by this labeling... 16 Commercial Practices 2 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Extremely flammable contact adhesives; labeling. 1500.133 Section 1500.133 Commercial Practices CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY COMMISSION FEDERAL...

49 CFR 176.5 - Application to vessels.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... purpose of carrying flammable or combustible liquid cargo in bulk in its own tanks, when only carrying... (explosive) materials, Class 3 (flammable liquids), or Division 2.1 (flammable gas) materials, in which case... Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation PIPELINE AND HAZARDOUS MATERIALS SAFETY...

49 CFR 176.5 - Application to vessels.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... purpose of carrying flammable or combustible liquid cargo in bulk in its own tanks, when only carrying... (explosive) materials, Class 3 (flammable liquids), or Division 2.1 (flammable gas) materials, in which case... Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation PIPELINE AND HAZARDOUS MATERIALS SAFETY...

16 CFR 1500.133 - Extremely flammable contact adhesives; labeling.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... under the Consumer Product Safety Act extremely flammable contact adhesives covered by this labeling... 16 Commercial Practices 2 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Extremely flammable contact adhesives; labeling. 1500.133 Section 1500.133 Commercial Practices CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY COMMISSION FEDERAL...

49 CFR 176.5 - Application to vessels.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... purpose of carrying flammable or combustible liquid cargo in bulk in its own tanks, when only carrying... (explosive) materials, Class 3 (flammable liquids), or Division 2.1 (flammable gas) materials, in which case... Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation PIPELINE AND HAZARDOUS MATERIALS SAFETY...

14 CFR 121.255 - Flammable fluids.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... AND OPERATORS FOR COMPENSATION OR HIRE: CERTIFICATION AND OPERATIONS OPERATING REQUIREMENTS: DOMESTIC, FLAG, AND SUPPLEMENTAL OPERATIONS Special Airworthiness Requirements § 121.255 Flammable fluids. (a) No tanks or reservoirs that are a part of a system containing flammable fluids or gases may be located in...

14 CFR 121.255 - Flammable fluids.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... AND OPERATORS FOR COMPENSATION OR HIRE: CERTIFICATION AND OPERATIONS OPERATING REQUIREMENTS: DOMESTIC, FLAG, AND SUPPLEMENTAL OPERATIONS Special Airworthiness Requirements § 121.255 Flammable fluids. (a) No tanks or reservoirs that are a part of a system containing flammable fluids or gases may be located in...

Fire blocking systems for aircraft seat cushions

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Parker, J. A.; Kourtides, D. A. (Inventor)

1984-01-01

A configuration and method for reducing the flammability of bodies of organic materials that thermally decompose to give flammable gases comprises covering the body with a flexible matrix that catalytically cracks the flammable gases to less flammable species. Optionally, the matrix is covered with a gas impermeable outer layer. In a preferred embodiment, the invention takes the form of an aircraft seat in which the body is a poly(urethane) seat cushion, the matrix is an aramid fabric or felt and the outer layer is an aluminum film.

Container/Closure Integrity Testing and the Identification of a Suitable Vial/Stopper Combination for Low-Temperature Storage at -80 {degrees}C.

PubMed

Zuleger, Brigitte; Werner, Uwe; Kort, Alexander; Glowienka, Rene; Wehnes, Engelbert; Duncan, Derek

2012-01-01

It was recently found that after storage of a live viral vaccine at -80 °C in glass vials closed with rubber stoppers, a phenomenon was revealed which had not been observed before with other viral products stored at -20 °C: overpressure in the vials. As this phenomenon poses a serious safety problem for medical personnel as well as for the product itself, an investigation was initiated to identify the root cause of the overpressure. After exclusion of possible root causes (differences in air temperature or atmospheric air pressure during filling and quality control testing, outgassing from the formulation buffer) the remaining hypothesis involved a possible container closure integrity issue at low temperature. The glass transition temperatures (T(g)) of many rubber stopper formulations are in the range -55 to -70 °C. At storage temperatures below T(g), the rubber stopper loses its elastic properties and there is a risk that the seal integrity of the vial could be compromised. Loss of seal integrity of the vials near storage temperatures of -80 °C would result in an ingress of cold dense gas into the vial headspace. After removal of the vials from storage at -80 °C, the rubber stoppers could regain their elastic properties and the vials would quickly reseal, thereby trapping the ingressed gas, which leads to overpressure in the vial headspace. Nondestructive laser-based headspace analysis was used to investigate the maintenance of container closure integrity as a function of the filling and capping/crimping process, storage and transport conditions, and vial/stopper designs. This analytical method is based on frequency modulation spectroscopy (FMS) and can be used for noninvasive headspace measurements of headspace pressure and headspace gas composition. Changes in the vial headspace composition and/or pressure are a clear marker for vials that have lost container closure integrity. After storage of a live viral vaccine at -80 °C in glass vials closed with rubber stoppers, overpressure in some of the vials was observed, posing a serious safety problem for medical personnel as well as for the product. A working hypothesis to explain this phenomenon involved a possible container closure integrity issue at these low temperatures. The glass transition temperatures (T(g)) of many rubber stopper formulations are in the range -55 to -70 °C. At storage temperatures below T(g), the rubber stopper loses its elastic properties, resulting in compromised seal integrity of the vial and ingress of cold dense gas into the vial headspace. Upon thawing, the rubber stoppers regain their elastic properties and the vials quickly reseal, thereby trapping the ingressed gas, which leads to overpressure in the vial headspace. Nondestructive, laser-based headspace analysis, which is able to detect changes in headspace pressure and gas composition, was used to investigate the maintenance of container closure integrity. Changes in the vial headspace composition and/or pressure are a clear marker for vials that have lost container closure integrity.

THE IMPACT OF OZONE ON THE LOWER FLAMMABLE LIMIT OF HYDROGEN IN VESSELS CONTAINING SAVANNAH RIVER SITE HIGH LEVEL WASTE

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Sherburne, Carol; Osterberg, Paul; Johnson, Tom

The Savannah River Site, in conjunction with AREVA Federal services, has designed a process to treat dissolved radioactive waste solids with ozone. It is known that in this radioactive waste process, radionuclides radiolytically break down water into gaseous hydrogen and oxygen, which presents a well defined flammability hazard. Flammability limits have been established for both ozone and hydrogen separately; however, there is little information on mixtures of hydrogen and ozone. Therefore, testing was designed to provide critical flammability information necessary to support safety related considerations for the development of ozone treatment and potential scale-up to the commercial level. Since informationmore » was lacking on flammability issues at low levels of hydrogen and ozone, a testing program was developed to focus on filling this portion of the information gap. A 2-L vessel was used to conduct flammability tests at atmospheric pressure and temperature using a fuse wire ignition source at 1 percent ozone intervals spanning from no ozone to the Lower Flammable Limit (LFL) of ozone in the vessel, determined as 8.4%(v/v) ozone. An ozone generator and ozone detector were used to generate and measure the ozone concentration within the vessel in situ, since ozone decomposes rapidly on standing. The lower flammability limit of hydrogen in an ozone-oxygen mixture was found to decrease from the LFL of hydrogen in air, determined as 4.2 % (v/v) in this vessel. From the results of this testing, Savannah River was able to develop safety procedures and operating parameters to effectively minimize the formation of a flammable atmosphere.« less

Prediction and assessment of flammability hazards associated with metered-dose inhalers containing flammable propellants.

PubMed

Dalby, R N

1992-05-01

Several potential replacements for chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) in metered-dose inhalers (MDIs) are flammable. The flammability hazard associated with their use was assessed using a range of MDIs containing 0-100% (w/w) n-butane (flammable) in HFC-134a (non-flammable) fitted with either 25-, 63-, or 100-microliters metering valves or continuous valves. In flame projection tests each MDI was fired horizontally into a flame, and the ignited flume length emitted from the MDI was measured. Flame projections of greater than or equal to 60 cm were produced by all formulations fitted with continuous valves which contained greater than or equal to 40% (w/w) n-butane in HFC-134a. Using metering valves the maximum flame projection obtained was 30 cm. This was observed with a formulation containing 90% (w/w) n-butane in HFC-134a and a 100-microliters valve. For a particular formulation, smaller metering valves produced shorter flame projections. Because many MDIs are used in conjunction with extension devices, the likelihood of accidental propellant vapor ignition was determined in Nebuhaler and Inspirease reservoirs and a Breathancer spacer. Ignition was predictable based on propellant composition, metered volume, number of actuations, and spacer capacity. Calculated n-butane concentrations in excess of the lower flammability limit [LFL; 1.9% (v/v)] but below the upper flammability limit [UFL; 8.5% (v/v)] were usually predictive of flammability following ignition by a glowing nichrome wire mounted inside the extension device. No ignition was predicted or observed following one or two 25-microliters actuations of 100% n-butane into large volume Nebuhaler (750 ml) or Inspirease (660 ml) devices.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

14 CFR 26.39 - Newly produced airplanes: Fuel tank flammability.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Newly produced airplanes: Fuel tank... TRANSPORTATION AIRCRAFT CONTINUED AIRWORTHINESS AND SAFETY IMPROVEMENTS FOR TRANSPORT CATEGORY AIRPLANES Fuel Tank Flammability § 26.39 Newly produced airplanes: Fuel tank flammability. (a) Applicability: This...

14 CFR 26.39 - Newly produced airplanes: Fuel tank flammability.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Newly produced airplanes: Fuel tank... TRANSPORTATION AIRCRAFT CONTINUED AIRWORTHINESS AND SAFETY IMPROVEMENTS FOR TRANSPORT CATEGORY AIRPLANES Fuel Tank Flammability § 26.39 Newly produced airplanes: Fuel tank flammability. (a) Applicability: This...

14 CFR 26.39 - Newly produced airplanes: Fuel tank flammability.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Newly produced airplanes: Fuel tank... TRANSPORTATION AIRCRAFT CONTINUED AIRWORTHINESS AND SAFETY IMPROVEMENTS FOR TRANSPORT CATEGORY AIRPLANES Fuel Tank Flammability § 26.39 Newly produced airplanes: Fuel tank flammability. (a) Applicability: This...

14 CFR 26.39 - Newly produced airplanes: Fuel tank flammability.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Newly produced airplanes: Fuel tank... TRANSPORTATION AIRCRAFT CONTINUED AIRWORTHINESS AND SAFETY IMPROVEMENTS FOR TRANSPORT CATEGORY AIRPLANES Fuel Tank Flammability § 26.39 Newly produced airplanes: Fuel tank flammability. (a) Applicability: This...

14 CFR 26.39 - Newly produced airplanes: Fuel tank flammability.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Newly produced airplanes: Fuel tank... TRANSPORTATION AIRCRAFT CONTINUED AIRWORTHINESS AND SAFETY IMPROVEMENTS FOR TRANSPORT CATEGORY AIRPLANES Fuel Tank Flammability § 26.39 Newly produced airplanes: Fuel tank flammability. (a) Applicability: This...

16 CFR 1302.4 - Banned hazardous products.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... BAN OF EXTREMELY FLAMMABLE CONTACT ADHESIVES § 1302.4 Banned hazardous products. Any extremely flammable contact adhesive and similar liquid or semiliquid consumer product as defined in § 1302.3 (b... hazardous product. In addition, any other extremely flammable contact adhesive and similar liquid or...

Contributions of microgravity test results to the design of spacecraft fire-safety systems

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Friedman, Robert; Urban, David L.

1993-01-01

Experiments conducted in spacecraft and drop towers show that thin-sheet materials have reduced flammability ranges and flame-spread rates under quiescent low-gravity environments (microgravity) compared to normal gravity. Furthermore, low-gravity flames may be suppressed more easily by atmospheric dilution or decreasing atmospheric total pressure than their normal-gravity counterparts. The addition of a ventilating air flow to the low-gravity flame zone, however, can greatly enhance the flammability range and flame spread. These results, along with observations of flame and smoke characteristics useful for microgravity fire-detection 'signatures', promise to be of considerable value to spacecraft fire-safety designs. The paper summarizes the fire detection and suppression techniques proposed for the Space Station Freedom and discusses both the application of low-gravity combustion knowledge to improve fire protection and the critical needs for further research.

Analysis of Volatile Fragrance and Flavor Compounds by Headspace Solid Phase Microextraction and GC-MS: An Undergraduate Instrumental Analysis Experiment

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Galipo, Randolph C.; Canhoto, Alfredo J.; Walla, Michael D.; Morgan, Stephen L.

1999-02-01

A senior-level undergraduate laboratory experiment that demonstrates the use of solid-phase microextraction (SPME) and capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was developed for the identification of volatile compounds in consumer products. SPME minimizes sample preparation and concentrates volatile analytes in a solvent-free manner. Volatile flavor and fragrance compounds were extracted by SPME from the headspace of vials containing shampoos, chewing gums, and perfumes and analyzed by GC-MS. Headspace SPME was shown to be more sensitive than conventional headspace analysis of similar samples performed with an airtight syringe. Analysis times were less than 30 min, allowing multiple analyses to be performed in a typical laboratory class period.

Seasonal and local differences in leaf litter flammability of six Mediterranean tree species.

PubMed

Kauf, Zorica; Fangmeier, Andreas; Rosavec, Roman; Španjol, Željko

2015-03-01

One of the suggested management options for reducing fire danger is the selection of less flammable plant species. Nevertheless, vegetation flammability is both complex and dynamic, making identification of such species challenging. While large efforts have been made to connect plant traits to fire behavior, seasonal changes and within species variability of traits are often neglected. Currently, even the most sophisticated fire danger systems presume that intrinsic characteristics of leaf litter stay unchanged, and plant species flammability lists are often transferred from one area to another. In order to assess if these practices can be improved, we performed a study examining the relationship between morphological characteristics and flammability parameters of leaf litter, thereby taking into account seasonal and local variability. Litter from six Mediterranean tree species was sampled throughout the fire season from three different locations along a climate gradient. Samples were subjected to flammability testing involving an epiradiator operated at 400 °C surface temperature with 3 g sample weight. Specific leaf area, fuel moisture content, average area, and average mass of a single particle had significant influences on flammability parameters. Effects of sampling time and location were significant as well. Due to the standardized testing conditions, these effects could be attributed to changes in intrinsic characteristics of the material. As the aforementioned effects were inconsistent and species specific, these results may potentially limit the generalization of species flammability rankings. Further research is necessary in order to evaluate the importance of our findings for fire danger modeling.

Offsite radiological consequence analysis for the bounding flammable gas accident

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

CARRO, C.A.

2003-03-19

The purpose of this analysis is to calculate the offsite radiological consequence of the bounding flammable gas accident. DOE-STD-3009-94, ''Preparation Guide for U.S. Department of Energy Nonreactor Nuclear Facility Documented Safety Analyses'', requires the formal quantification of a limited subset of accidents representing a complete set of bounding conditions. The results of these analyses are then evaluated to determine if they challenge the DOE-STD-3009-94, Appendix A, ''Evaluation Guideline,'' of 25 rem total effective dose equivalent in order to identify and evaluate safety class structures, systems, and components. The bounding flammable gas accident is a detonation in a single-shell tank (SST).more » A detonation versus a deflagration was selected for analysis because the faster flame speed of a detonation can potentially result in a larger release of respirable material. As will be shown, the consequences of a detonation in either an SST or a double-shell tank (DST) are approximately equal. A detonation in an SST was selected as the bounding condition because the estimated respirable release masses are the same and because the doses per unit quantity of waste inhaled are generally greater for SSTs than for DSTs. Appendix A contains a DST analysis for comparison purposes.« less

Redirecting fire-prone Mediterranean ecosystems toward more resilient and less flammable communities.

PubMed

Santana, Victor M; Baeza, M Jaime; Valdecantos, Alejandro; Vallejo, V Ramón

2018-06-01

The extensive abandonment of agricultural lands in the Mediterranean basin has led to large landscapes being dominated by early-successional species, characterized by high flammability and an increasing fire risk. This fact promotes fire occurrence and places ecosystems in a state of arrested succession. In this work, we assessed the effectiveness of several restoration actions in redirecting these ecosystems toward more resilient communities dominated by resprouting species. These actions included the mechanical clearing of early-successional species, the plantation of resprouting species, and the combination of both treatments. For 13 years, we assessed shifts in the successional trajectory and ecosystem flammability by changes in: species composition, species richness, ecosystem evenness, the natural colonization of resprouting species, total biomass and proportion of dead biomass. We observed that the plantation and clearing combination was a suitable strategy to promote resilience. Species richness increased as well as the presence of the resprouting species introduced by planting. The natural colonization of the resprouting species was also enhanced. These changes in the successional trajectory were accompanied by a possible reduction of fire risk by reducing dead fuel proportion. These findings are relevant for the management of Mediterranean basin areas, but also suggest new tools for redirecting systems in fire-prone areas worldwide. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

46 CFR 109.557 - Flammable and combustible liquids: Carriage.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 46 Shipping 4 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Flammable and combustible liquids: Carriage. 109.557 Section 109.557 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) A-MOBILE OFFSHORE DRILLING UNITS OPERATIONS Miscellaneous § 109.557 Flammable and combustible liquids: Carriage. The master...

46 CFR 109.557 - Flammable and combustible liquids: Carriage.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 46 Shipping 4 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Flammable and combustible liquids: Carriage. 109.557 Section 109.557 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) A-MOBILE OFFSHORE DRILLING UNITS OPERATIONS Miscellaneous § 109.557 Flammable and combustible liquids: Carriage. The master...

46 CFR 109.557 - Flammable and combustible liquids: Carriage.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 46 Shipping 4 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Flammable and combustible liquids: Carriage. 109.557 Section 109.557 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) A-MOBILE OFFSHORE DRILLING UNITS OPERATIONS Miscellaneous § 109.557 Flammable and combustible liquids: Carriage. The master...

46 CFR 109.557 - Flammable and combustible liquids: Carriage.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 46 Shipping 4 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Flammable and combustible liquids: Carriage. 109.557 Section 109.557 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) A-MOBILE OFFSHORE DRILLING UNITS OPERATIONS Miscellaneous § 109.557 Flammable and combustible liquids: Carriage. The master...

46 CFR 109.557 - Flammable and combustible liquids: Carriage.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 46 Shipping 4 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Flammable and combustible liquids: Carriage. 109.557 Section 109.557 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) A-MOBILE OFFSHORE DRILLING UNITS OPERATIONS Miscellaneous § 109.557 Flammable and combustible liquids: Carriage. The master...

Effect of a zero g environment on flammability limits as determined using a standard flammability tube apparatus

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Strehlow, R. A.; Reuss, D. L.

1980-01-01

Flammability limits in a zero gravity environment were defined. Key aspects of a possible spacelab experiment were investigated analytically, experimentally on the bench, and in drop tower facilities. A conceptual design for a spacelab experiment was developed.

30 CFR 57.4460 - Storage of flammable liquids underground.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

....4460 Section 57.4460 Mineral Resources MINE SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF LABOR METAL AND NONMETAL MINE SAFETY AND HEALTH SAFETY AND HEALTH STANDARDS-UNDERGROUND METAL AND NONMETAL MINES Fire Prevention and Control Flammable and Combustible Liquids and Gases § 57.4460 Storage of flammable...

49 CFR 176.315 - Fire protection requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... Detailed Requirements for Class 3 (Flammable) and Combustible Liquid Materials § 176.315 Fire protection... (flammable) or combustible liquid for which it is required. Each fire extinguisher must be accessible to the... (flammable) and combustible liquids stowage areas must be fitted with an approved combination solid stream...

Safety in School Science.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Education in Science, 1980

1980-01-01

Methods for organizing and storing chemicals in teaching laboratories and preparation rooms are given, emphasizing storing and handling of flammable liquids. Two appendices are given: (1) flash points and autoignition temperatures of common flammable liquids; (2) content of a kit, with instructions, for cleaning up spills of flammable liquids. (JN)

Review of the Flammability Hazard of Jet A Fuel Vapor in Civil Transport Aircraft Fuels Tanks

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1998-06-01

This report documents the findings of a Fuel Flammability Task Group made up of recognized fuel and combustion specialists investigating the flammability and explosiveness of fuel within an aircraft fuel tank. The task group reviewed all available re...

Piloted Ignition Delay of PMMA in Space Exploration Atmospheres

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

McAllister, Sara; Fernandez-Pello, Carlos; Urban, David; Ruff, Gary

2007-01-01

In order to reduce the risk of decompression sickness associated with extravehicular activity (EVA), NASA is designing the next generation of exploration vehicles and habitats with a different cabin environment than used previously. The proposed environment uses a total cabin pressure of 52.7 to 58.6 kPa with an oxygen concentration of 30 to 34% by volume and was chosen with material flammability in mind. Because materials may burn differently under these conditions and there is little information on how this new environment affects the flammability of the materials onboard, it is important to conduct material flammability experiments at the intended exploration atmosphere. One method to evaluate material flammability is by its ease of ignition. To this end, piloted ignition delay tests were conducted in the Forced Ignition and Spread Test (FIST) apparatus subject to this new environment. In these tests, polymethylmethacylate (PMMA) was exposed to a range of oxidizer flow velocities and externally applied heat fluxes. Tests were conducted for a baseline case of normal pressure and oxygen concentration, low pressure (58.6 kPa) with normal oxygen (21%), and low pressure with 32% oxygen concentration conditions to determine the individual effect of pressure and the combined effect of pressure and oxygen concentration on the ignition delay. It was found that reducing the pressure while keeping the oxygen concentration at 21% reduced the ignition time by 17% on average. Increasing the oxygen concentration at low pressures reduced the ignition time by an additional 10%. It was also noted that the critical heat flux for ignition decreases at exploration atmospheres. These results show that tests conducted in standard atmospheric conditions will underpredict the ignition of materials intended for use on spacecraft and that, at these conditions, materials are more susceptible to ignition than at current spacecraft atmospheres.

Screening of Polish Fir Honeydew Honey Using GC/MS, HPLC-DAD, and Physical-Chemical Parameters: Benzene Derivatives and Terpenes as Chemical Markers.

PubMed

Kuś, Piotr M; Jerković, Igor; Marijanović, Zvonimir; Tuberoso, Carlo I G

2017-09-01

GC/MS of headspace solid phase micro extraction (HS-SPME) and solvent extractives along with targeted HPLC-DAD of Polish fir (Abies alba Mill.) honeydew honey (FHH), were used to determine the chemical profiles and potential markers of botanical origin. Additionally, typical physical-chemical parameters were also assigned. The values determined for FHH were: conductivity (1.2 mS/cm), water content (16.7 g/100 g), pH (4.5), and CIE chromaticity coordinates (L* = 48.4, a* = 20.6, b* = 69.7, C* = 72.9, and h° = 73.5). FHH contained moderate-high total phenolic content (533.2 mg GAE/kg) and antioxidant activity (1.1 mmol TEAC/kg) and (3.2 mmol Fe 2+ /kg) in DPPH and FRAP assays. The chemical profiles were dominated by source plant-originated benzene derivatives: 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid (up to 8.7 mg/kg, HPLC/honey solution), methyl syringate (up to 14.5%, GC/solvent extracts) or benzaldehyde (up to 43.7%, GC/headspace). Other markers were terpenes including norisoprenoid (4-hydroxy-3,5,6-trimethyl-4-(3-oxobut-1-enyl)cyclohex-2-en-1-one, up to 20.3%, GC/solvent extracts) and monoterpenes, mainly linalool derivatives (up to 49%, GC/headspace) as well as borneol (up to 5.9%, GC/headspace). The application of various techniques allowed comprehensive characterisation of FHH. 4-Hydroxy-3,5,6-trimethyl-4-(3-oxobut-1-enyl)cyclohex-2-en-1-one, coniferyl alcohol, borneol, and benzaldehyde were first time proposed for FHH screening. Protocatechuic acid may be a potential marker of FFH regardless of the geographical origin. © 2017 Wiley-VHCA AG, Zurich, Switzerland.

46 CFR 154.1350 - Flammable gas detection system.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... each flammable gas detection system that is in a gas-dangerous space or area must meet §§ 154.1000... 46 Shipping 5 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Flammable gas detection system. 154.1350 Section 154.1350 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) CERTAIN BULK DANGEROUS CARGOES...

46 CFR 154.1350 - Flammable gas detection system.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... each flammable gas detection system that is in a gas-dangerous space or area must meet §§ 154.1000... 46 Shipping 5 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Flammable gas detection system. 154.1350 Section 154.1350 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) CERTAIN BULK DANGEROUS CARGOES...

14 CFR 25.1187 - Drainage and ventilation of fire zones.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... component containing flammable fluids. The drainage means must be— (1) Effective under conditions expected... flammable vapors. (c) No ventilation opening may be where it would allow the entry of flammable fluids... vapors will cause an additional fire hazard. (e) Unless the extinguishing agent capacity and rate of...

14 CFR 29.1187 - Drainage and ventilation of fire zones.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... component containing flammable fluids. The drainage means must be— (1) Effective under conditions expected... flammable vapors. (c) No ventilation opening may be where it would allow the entry of flammable fluids... section of the powerplant compartment) unless the amount of extinguishing agent and the rate of discharge...

14 CFR 25.1187 - Drainage and ventilation of fire zones.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... component containing flammable fluids. The drainage means must be— (1) Effective under conditions expected... flammable vapors. (c) No ventilation opening may be where it would allow the entry of flammable fluids... vapors will cause an additional fire hazard. (e) Unless the extinguishing agent capacity and rate of...

14 CFR 25.1187 - Drainage and ventilation of fire zones.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... component containing flammable fluids. The drainage means must be— (1) Effective under conditions expected... flammable vapors. (c) No ventilation opening may be where it would allow the entry of flammable fluids... vapors will cause an additional fire hazard. (e) Unless the extinguishing agent capacity and rate of...

14 CFR 29.1187 - Drainage and ventilation of fire zones.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... component containing flammable fluids. The drainage means must be— (1) Effective under conditions expected... flammable vapors. (c) No ventilation opening may be where it would allow the entry of flammable fluids... section of the powerplant compartment) unless the amount of extinguishing agent and the rate of discharge...

14 CFR 29.1187 - Drainage and ventilation of fire zones.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... component containing flammable fluids. The drainage means must be— (1) Effective under conditions expected... flammable vapors. (c) No ventilation opening may be where it would allow the entry of flammable fluids... section of the powerplant compartment) unless the amount of extinguishing agent and the rate of discharge...

14 CFR 29.1187 - Drainage and ventilation of fire zones.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... component containing flammable fluids. The drainage means must be— (1) Effective under conditions expected... flammable vapors. (c) No ventilation opening may be where it would allow the entry of flammable fluids... section of the powerplant compartment) unless the amount of extinguishing agent and the rate of discharge...

14 CFR 29.1187 - Drainage and ventilation of fire zones.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... component containing flammable fluids. The drainage means must be— (1) Effective under conditions expected... flammable vapors. (c) No ventilation opening may be where it would allow the entry of flammable fluids... section of the powerplant compartment) unless the amount of extinguishing agent and the rate of discharge...

14 CFR 25.1187 - Drainage and ventilation of fire zones.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... component containing flammable fluids. The drainage means must be— (1) Effective under conditions expected... flammable vapors. (c) No ventilation opening may be where it would allow the entry of flammable fluids... vapors will cause an additional fire hazard. (e) Unless the extinguishing agent capacity and rate of...

14 CFR 25.1187 - Drainage and ventilation of fire zones.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... component containing flammable fluids. The drainage means must be— (1) Effective under conditions expected... flammable vapors. (c) No ventilation opening may be where it would allow the entry of flammable fluids... vapors will cause an additional fire hazard. (e) Unless the extinguishing agent capacity and rate of...

46 CFR 188.10-43 - Liquefied flammable gas.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 46 Shipping 7 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Liquefied flammable gas. 188.10-43 Section 188.10-43 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) OCEANOGRAPHIC RESEARCH VESSELS GENERAL PROVISIONS Definition of Terms Used in This Subchapter § 188.10-43 Liquefied flammable gas. This term means...

46 CFR 188.10-43 - Liquefied flammable gas.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 46 Shipping 7 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Liquefied flammable gas. 188.10-43 Section 188.10-43 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) OCEANOGRAPHIC RESEARCH VESSELS GENERAL PROVISIONS Definition of Terms Used in This Subchapter § 188.10-43 Liquefied flammable gas. This term means...

46 CFR 188.10-43 - Liquefied flammable gas.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 46 Shipping 7 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Liquefied flammable gas. 188.10-43 Section 188.10-43 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) OCEANOGRAPHIC RESEARCH VESSELS GENERAL PROVISIONS Definition of Terms Used in This Subchapter § 188.10-43 Liquefied flammable gas. This term means...

46 CFR 188.10-27 - Flammable liquid.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 46 Shipping 7 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Flammable liquid. 188.10-27 Section 188.10-27 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) OCEANOGRAPHIC RESEARCH VESSELS GENERAL PROVISIONS Definition of Terms Used in This Subchapter § 188.10-27 Flammable liquid. This term includes any...

46 CFR 188.10-43 - Liquefied flammable gas.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 46 Shipping 7 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Liquefied flammable gas. 188.10-43 Section 188.10-43 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) OCEANOGRAPHIC RESEARCH VESSELS GENERAL PROVISIONS Definition of Terms Used in This Subchapter § 188.10-43 Liquefied flammable gas. This term means...

46 CFR 188.10-27 - Flammable liquid.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 46 Shipping 7 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Flammable liquid. 188.10-27 Section 188.10-27 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) OCEANOGRAPHIC RESEARCH VESSELS GENERAL PROVISIONS Definition of Terms Used in This Subchapter § 188.10-27 Flammable liquid. This term includes any...

46 CFR 188.10-27 - Flammable liquid.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 46 Shipping 7 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Flammable liquid. 188.10-27 Section 188.10-27 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) OCEANOGRAPHIC RESEARCH VESSELS GENERAL PROVISIONS Definition of Terms Used in This Subchapter § 188.10-27 Flammable liquid. This term includes any...

46 CFR 188.10-27 - Flammable liquid.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 46 Shipping 7 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Flammable liquid. 188.10-27 Section 188.10-27 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) OCEANOGRAPHIC RESEARCH VESSELS GENERAL PROVISIONS Definition of Terms Used in This Subchapter § 188.10-27 Flammable liquid. This term includes any...

46 CFR 188.10-43 - Liquefied flammable gas.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 46 Shipping 7 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Liquefied flammable gas. 188.10-43 Section 188.10-43 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) OCEANOGRAPHIC RESEARCH VESSELS GENERAL PROVISIONS Definition of Terms Used in This Subchapter § 188.10-43 Liquefied flammable gas. This term means...

46 CFR 188.10-27 - Flammable liquid.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 46 Shipping 7 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Flammable liquid. 188.10-27 Section 188.10-27 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) OCEANOGRAPHIC RESEARCH VESSELS GENERAL PROVISIONS Definition of Terms Used in This Subchapter § 188.10-27 Flammable liquid. This term includes any...

16 CFR § 1500.133 - Extremely flammable contact adhesives; labeling.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... under the Consumer Product Safety Act extremely flammable contact adhesives covered by this labeling... 16 Commercial Practices 2 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Extremely flammable contact adhesives; labeling. § 1500.133 Section § 1500.133 Commercial Practices CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY COMMISSION FEDERAL...

49 CFR 177.834 - General requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... transporting certain flammable material—(i) Use of combustion cargo heaters. A motor vehicle equipped with a combustion cargo heater may be used to transport Class 3 (flammable liquid) or Division 2.1 (flammable gas...) Heater requirements under § 393.77 of this title are complied with. (ii) Effective date for combustion...

77 FR 62224 - Hanford Tank Farms Flammable Gas Safety Strategy

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-10-12

... believes that actions are necessary to install real time monitoring to measure tank ventilation flowrates... monitoring. In its August letter, the Board noted that DOE's SAC for flammable gas monitoring exhibited a... flammable gas monitoring, it remained inadequate as a credited safety control. The SAC is less reliable than...

49 CFR 173.223 - Packagings for certain flammable solids.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 49 Transportation 2 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Packagings for certain flammable solids. 173.223 Section 173.223 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation PIPELINE AND HAZARDOUS... Class 1 and Class 7 § 173.223 Packagings for certain flammable solids. (a) Packagings for “Musk xylene...

49 CFR 173.223 - Packagings for certain flammable solids.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 49 Transportation 2 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Packagings for certain flammable solids. 173.223 Section 173.223 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation PIPELINE AND HAZARDOUS... Class 1 and Class 7 § 173.223 Packagings for certain flammable solids. (a) Packagings for “Musk xylene...

16 CFR 1610.5 - Test apparatus and materials.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 16 Commercial Practices 2 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Test apparatus and materials. 1610.5 Section... STANDARD FOR THE FLAMMABILITY OF CLOTHING TEXTILES The Standard § 1610.5 Test apparatus and materials. (a) Flammability apparatus. The flammability test apparatus consists of a draft-proof ventilated chamber enclosing...

16 CFR 1610.5 - Test apparatus and materials.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 16 Commercial Practices 2 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Test apparatus and materials. 1610.5 Section... STANDARD FOR THE FLAMMABILITY OF CLOTHING TEXTILES The Standard § 1610.5 Test apparatus and materials. (a) Flammability apparatus. The flammability test apparatus consists of a draft-proof ventilated chamber enclosing...

16 CFR 1500.46 - Method for determining flashpoint of extremely flammable contents of self-pressurized containers.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... extremely flammable contents of self-pressurized containers. 1500.46 Section 1500.46 Commercial Practices CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY COMMISSION FEDERAL HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES ACT REGULATIONS HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES AND... extremely flammable contents of self-pressurized containers. Use the apparatus described in § 1500.43a. Use...

49 CFR 173.8 - Exceptions for non-specification packagings used in intrastate transportation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... used to transport a flammable cryogenic liquid, hazardous substance, hazardous waste, or a marine... be used by an intrastate motor carrier for transportation of a flammable liquid petroleum product in... flammable liquid petroleum product in accordance with the provisions of paragraph (d) of this section. (d...

Species Composition and Fire: Non-Additive Mixture Effects on Ground Fuel Flammability

PubMed Central

van Altena, Cassandra; van Logtestijn, Richard S. P.; Cornwell, William K.; Cornelissen, Johannes H. C.

2012-01-01

Diversity effects on many aspects of ecosystem function have been well documented. However, fire is an exception: fire experiments have mainly included single species, bulk litter, or vegetation, and, as such, the role of diversity as a determinant of flammability, a crucial aspect of ecosystem function, is poorly understood. This study is the first to experimentally test whether flammability characteristics of two-species mixtures are non-additive, i.e., differ from expected flammability based on the component species in monospecific fuel. In standardized fire experiments on ground fuels, including monospecific fuels and mixtures of five contrasting subarctic plant fuel types in a controlled laboratory environment, we measured flame speed, flame duration, and maximum temperature. Broadly half of the mixture combinations showed non-additive effects for these flammability indicators; these were mainly enhanced dominance effects for temporal dynamics – fire speed and duration. Fuel types with the more flammable value for a characteristic determined the rate of fire speed and duration of the whole mixture; in contrast, maximum temperature of the fire was determined by the biomass-weighted mean of the mixture. These results suggest that ecological invasions by highly flammable species may have effects on ground-fire dynamics well out of proportion to their biomass. PMID:22639656

Technical note: Headspace analysis of explosive compounds using a novel sampling chamber.

PubMed

DeGreeff, Lauryn; Rogers, Duane A; Katilie, Christopher; Johnson, Kevin; Rose-Pehrsson, Susan

2015-03-01

The development of instruments and methods for explosive vapor detection is a continually evolving field of interest. A thorough understanding of the characteristic vapor signatures of explosive material is imperative for the development and testing of new and current detectors. In this research a headspace sampling chamber was designed to contain explosive materials for the controlled, reproducible sampling and characterization of vapors associated with these materials. In a detonation test, the chamber was shown to contain an explosion equivalent to three grams of trinitrotoluene (TNT) without damage to the chamber. The efficacy of the chamber in controlled headspace sampling was evaluated in laboratory tests with bulk explosive materials. Small quantities of TNT, triacetone triperoxide (TATP) and hexamethylene triperoxide diamine (HMTD) were separately placed in the sampling chamber, and the headspace of each material was analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) with online cryogenic trapping to yield characteristic vapor signatures for each explosive compound. Chamber sampling conditions, temperature and sampling time, were varied to demonstrate suitability for precise headspace analysis. Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd.

Assessing and ranking the flammability of some ornamental plant species to select firewise plants for landscaping in WUI (SE France).

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ganteaume, A.; Jappiot, M.; Lampin, C.

2012-04-01

The increasing urbanization of Wildland-Urban Interfaces (WUI) as well as the high fire occurrence in these areas requires the assessment and the ranking of the flammability of the ornamental vegetation surrounding houses especially that planted in hedges. Thus, the flammability of seven species, among those most frequently planted in hedges in Provence (South-Eastern France), were studied at particle level and at dead surface fuel level (litters) under laboratory conditions. The flammability parameters (ignition frequency, time-to-ignition, flaming duration) of the very fine particles (live leaves and particles <2 mm in diameter) were measured using an epiradiator as burning device. The flammability parameters (ignition frequency, time-to-ignition, flaming duration and initial flame propagation) of the undisturbed litter samples were recorded during burning experiments performed on fire bench. Burning experiments using the epiradiator showed that live leaves of Phyllostachys sp., Photinia frasei and Prunus laurocerasus had the shortest time-to-ignition and the highest ignition frequency and flaming duration whereas Pittosporum tobira and Nerium oleander were the longest to ignite with a low frequency. Phyllostachys sp. and Nerium oleander litters were the shortest to ignite while Prunus laurocerasus litter had the lowest bulk density and long time-to-ignition, but high flame propagation. Photinia fraseri litter ignited frequently and had a high flame spread while Pittosporum tobira litter ignited the least frequently and for the shortest duration. Cupressus sempervirens litter had the highest bulk density and the longest flaming duration but the lowest flame propagation. Pyracantha coccinea litter was the longest to ignite and flame propagation was low but lasted a long time. Hierarchical cluster analysis performed on the flammability parameters of live leaves and of litters ranked the seven species in four distinct clusters from the most flammable (Prunus laurocerasus and Pyracantha coccinea) to the least flammable (Pittosporum tobira and Nerium oleander); the other species displaying two groups of intermediate flammabilities (Phyllostachys sp.- Photinia fraseri and Cupressus sempervirens ). The species with highly flammable characteristics should not be used in hedges planted in WUIs in South-Eastern France.

46 CFR 30.10-22 - Flammable liquid-TB/ALL.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 46 Shipping 1 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Flammable liquid-TB/ALL. 30.10-22 Section 30.10-22 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY TANK VESSELS GENERAL PROVISIONS Definitions § 30.10... flammable liquid having a Reid 1 vapor pressure of 14 pounds or more. 1 American Society for Testing...

16 CFR 1610.39 - Shipments under section 11(c) of the Act.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... duly authorized agent so as to render them not so highly flammable under the provisions of section 4 of.... 1610.39 Section 1610.39 Commercial Practices CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY COMMISSION FLAMMABLE FABRICS ACT... processing to render them not so highly flammable as to be dangerous when worn by individuals, shall contain...

16 CFR 1610.39 - Shipments under section 11(c) of the Act.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... duly authorized agent so as to render them not so highly flammable under the provisions of section 4 of.... 1610.39 Section 1610.39 Commercial Practices CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY COMMISSION FLAMMABLE FABRICS ACT... processing to render them not so highly flammable as to be dangerous when worn by individuals, shall contain...

16 CFR 1610.39 - Shipments under section 11(c) of the Act.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... duly authorized agent so as to render them not so highly flammable under the provisions of section 4 of.... 1610.39 Section 1610.39 Commercial Practices CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY COMMISSION FLAMMABLE FABRICS ACT... processing to render them not so highly flammable as to be dangerous when worn by individuals, shall contain...

16 CFR 1610.39 - Shipments under section 11(c) of the Act.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... duly authorized agent so as to render them not so highly flammable under the provisions of section 4 of.... 1610.39 Section 1610.39 Commercial Practices CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY COMMISSION FLAMMABLE FABRICS ACT... processing to render them not so highly flammable as to be dangerous when worn by individuals, shall contain...

46 CFR 132.390 - Added requirements for carriage of flammable or combustible cargo.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... if GT ITC is not assigned). (b) Cargo tanks containing flammable or combustible liquids must not be located beneath the accommodations or machinery space. Separation by cofferdams is not acceptable for... cubic meters or more intended for the carriage of flammable or combustible liquids with a closed-cup...

46 CFR 147A.43 - Other sources of ignition; flammable fumigants.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... sources of ignition; flammable fumigants. While the space that is fumigated is being sealed or during fumigation, no person may use matches, smoking materials, fires, open flames, or any other source of ignition... 46 Shipping 5 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Other sources of ignition; flammable fumigants. 147A.43...

46 CFR 154.1350 - Flammable gas detection system.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... flammable gas concentration over the concentration or volume ranges under paragraph (t) or (u) of this... a cargo concentration that is 30% or less of the lower flammable limit in air of the cargo carried... the space where the gas detection system's readout is located and must meet § 154.1365. (h) Remote...

On the temperature dependence of flammability limits of gases.

PubMed

Kondo, Shigeo; Takizawa, Kenji; Takahashi, Akifumi; Tokuhashi, Kazuaki

2011-03-15

Flammability limits of several combustible gases were measured at temperatures from 5 to 100 °C in a 12-l spherical flask basically following ASHRAE method. The measurements were done for methane, propane, isobutane, ethylene, propylene, dimethyl ether, methyl formate, 1,1-difluoroethane, ammonia, and carbon monoxide. As the temperature rises, the lower flammability limits are gradually shifted down and the upper limits are shifted up. Both the limits shift almost linearly to temperature within the range examined. The linear temperature dependence of the lower flammability limits is explained well using a limiting flame temperature concept at the lower concentration limit (LFL)--'White's rule'. The geometric mean of the flammability limits has been found to be relatively constant for many compounds over the temperature range studied (5-100 °C). Based on this fact, the temperature dependence of the upper flammability limit (UFL) can be predicted reasonably using the temperature coefficient calculated for the LFL. However, some compounds such as ethylene and dimethyl ether, in particular, have a more complex temperature dependence. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Numerical Investigation of the Hydrogen Jet Flammable Envelope Extent with Account for Unsteady Phenomena

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chernyavsky, Boris; Benard, Pierre

2010-11-01

An important aspect of safety analysis in hydrogen applications is determination of the extent of flammable gas envelope in case of hydrogen jet release. Experimental investigations had shown significant disagreements between the extent of average flammable envelope predicted by steady-state numerical methods, and the region observed to support ignition, with proposed cause being non-steady jet phenomena resulting in significant variations of instantaneous gas concentration and velocity fields in the jet. In order to investigate the influence of these transient phenomena, a numerical investigation of hydrogen jet at low Mach number had been performed using unsteady Large Eddy Simulation. Instantaneous hydrogen concentration and velocity fields were monitored to determine instantaneous flammable envelope. The evolution of the instantaneous fields, including the development of the turbulence structures carrying hydrogen, their extent and frequency, and their relation with averaged fields had been characterized. Simulation had shown significant variability of the flammable envelope, with jet flapping causing shedding of large scale rich and lean gas pockets from the main jet core, which persist for significant times and substantially alter the extent of flammability envelope.

Study of the suitability of DUO plastic bags for the storage of dynamites.

PubMed

Sáiz, Jorge; Ferrando, José-Luis; Atoche, Juan-Carlos; García-Ruiz, Carmen

2013-10-10

A comparative study on the retentiveness of two plastic bags (DUO and Royal Pack) has been carried out by gas chromatography with mass spectrometry detection. Two types of dynamites were packed in both plastic bags. The bags were placed into glass jars and headspace analyses were performed over 11 weeks to detect whether the volatile constituents of the dynamites were released from the bags. DUO plastic bags showed much better retentiveness than Royal Pack plastic bags. Ethylene glycol dinitrate (EGDN) was quickly detected in the headspace of the glass jars containing Royal Pack plastic bags after 1 week of storage. On the contrary, only a weak signal of EGDN, which was not detectable in the total ion chromatogram, was detected after 11 weeks of storage. Moreover, DUO plastic bags have shown less background signals than the Royal Pack bags, being the former bags much more suitable for the storage of dynamites. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

Development and validation of a fast static headspace GC method for determination of residual solvents in permethrin.

PubMed

Tian, Jingzhi; Rustum, Abu

2016-09-05

A fast static headspace gas chromatography (HS-GC) method was developed to separate all residual solvents present in commercial active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) batches of permethrin. A total of six residual solvents namely 2-methylpentane, 3-methylpentane, methylcyclopentane, n-hexane, cyclohexane and toluene were found in typical commercial batches of permethrin; and three of them are not in the list of ICH solvents. All six residual solvents were baseline separated in five minutes by the new method presented in this paper. The method was successfully validated as per International Conference on Harmonisation (ICH) guidelines. Evaluation of this method was conducted to separate 26 commonly used solvents in the manufacturing of various APIs, key intermediates of APIs and pharmaceutical excipients. The results of the evaluation demonstrated that this method can also be used as a general method to determine residual solvents in various APIs, intermediates and excipients that are used in pharmaceutical products. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Extended Le Chatelier's formula for carbon dioxide dilution effect on flammability limits.

PubMed

Kondo, Shigeo; Takizawa, Kenji; Takahashi, Akifumi; Tokuhashi, Kazuaki

2006-11-02

Carbon dioxide dilution effect on the flammability limits was measured for various flammable gases. The obtained values were analyzed using the extended Le Chatelier's formula developed in a previous study. As a result, it has been found that the flammability limits of methane, propane, propylene, methyl formate, and 1,1-difluoroethane are adequately explained by the extended Le Chatelier's formula using a common set of parameter values. Ethylene, dimethyl ether, and ammonia behave differently from these compounds. The present result is very consistent with what was obtained in the case of nitrogen dilution.

Rheological behavior of FM-9 solutions and correlation with flammability test results and interpretations. [fuel thickening additive

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Peng, S. T. J.; Landel, R. F.

1983-01-01

The rheological behavior of progressively shear thickening FM-9 solutions, a time-dependent shear thickening material with characteristics of threshold behavior, is investigated as part of a study of the rheological properties of antimisting jet fuel. Flammability test results and test configurations from various sources are evaluated. A correlation is obtained between the rheological behavior and the flammability tests such that, for a given system, such as a fixed solvent system and the FM-9 polymer system, the flammability criterion can be applied to a wide range of concentrations and temperatures.

Evaluation of Less-Flammable Insulation Fluids and Fire-Prevention Guidance for Transformers

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yamagishi, Akira; Sugawa, Osami

This paper concerns the definition and evaluation of less-flammable of insulation fluids for transformers. In particular it focuses on the ISO5660 cone calorimeter method, which is widely used as an evaluation method for the less-flammable of solids, and proposes that such method is also valid for quantitative evaluation of the less-flammable of insulating fluids. Quantifying the combustion characteristics of insulation fluids and analyzing the causes of fires can be said to be the first step toward implementing appropriate safety measures that will render electric utility equipment more fire retardant or fireproof in the future.

The possibility of a reversal of material flammability ranking from normal gravity to microgravity

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

T'Ien, James S.

1990-01-01

The purpose of the discussion is to show, by a theoretical model, that one of the material flammability indices, the flammability limit, can be reversed in proper circumstances. A stagnation-point diffusion flame adjacent to a spherical solid-fuel surface is considered. It is shown that a reversal of the limiting oxygen indices from normal gravity and microgravity is possible. Although the example is based on a particular theoretical model with a particular flame configuration and specifically for an oxygen limit, the flammability-limit reversal phenomenon is believed to be more general.

Contributions of Microgravity Test Results to the Design of Spacecraft Fire Safety Systems

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Friedman, Robert; Urban, David L.

1993-01-01

Experiments conducted in spacecraft and drop towers show that thin-sheet materials have reduced flammability ranges and flame-spread rates under quiescent low-gravity environments (microgravity) as compared to normal gravity. Furthermore, low-gravity flames may be suppressed more easily by atmospheric dilution or decreasing atmospheric total pressure than their normal-gravity counterparts. The addition of a ventilating air flow to the low-gravity flame zone, however, can greatly enhance the flammability range and flame spread. These results, along with observations of flame and smoke characteristics useful for microgravity fire-detection 'signatures', promise to be of considerable value to spacecraft fire-safety designs. The paper summarizes the fire detection and suppression techniques proposed for the Space Station Freedom and discusses both the application of low-gravity combustion knowledge to improve fire protection and the critical needs for further research.

Evaluation of headspace equilibration methods for quantifying greenhouse gases in groundwater.

PubMed

Jahangir, M M R; Johnston, P; Khalil, M I; Grant, J; Somers, C; Richards, K G

2012-11-30

The objective of the study was to evaluate the different headspace equilibration methods for the quantification of dissolved greenhouse gases in groundwater. Groundwater samples were collected from wells with contrasting hydrogeochemical properties and degassed using the headspace equilibration method. One hundred samples from each well were randomly selected, treatments were applied and headspace gases analysed by gas chromatography. Headspace equilibration treatments varied helium (He):water ratio, shaking time and standing time. Mean groundwater N(2)O, CO(2) and CH(4) concentrations were 0.024 mg N L(-1), 13.71 mg C L(-1) and 1.63 μg C L(-1), respectively. All treatments were found to significantly influence dissolved gas concentrations. Considerable differences in the optimal He:water ratio and standing time were observed between the three gases. For N(2)O, CO(2) and CH(4) the optimum operating points for He:water ratio was 4.4:1, 3:1 and 3.4:1; shaking time was 13, 12 and 13 min; and standing time was 63, 17 and 108 min, respectively. The headspace equilibration method needs to be harmonised to ensure comparability between studies. The experiment reveals that He:water ratio 3:1 and shaking time 13 min give better estimation of dissolved gases than any lower or higher ratios and shaking times. The standing time 63, 17 and 108 min should be applied for N(2)O, CO(2) and CH(4), respectively. Copyright © 2012. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

46 CFR 111.105-32 - Bulk liquefied flammable gas and ammonia carriers.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 46 Shipping 4 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Bulk liquefied flammable gas and ammonia carriers. 111... gas and ammonia carriers. (a) Each vessel that carries bulk liquefied flammable gases or ammonia as a.... (2) The term “gas-dangerous” does not include the weather deck of an ammonia carrier. (c) Each...

46 CFR 111.105-32 - Bulk liquefied flammable gas and ammonia carriers.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 46 Shipping 4 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Bulk liquefied flammable gas and ammonia carriers. 111... gas and ammonia carriers. (a) Each vessel that carries bulk liquefied flammable gases or ammonia as a.... (2) The term “gas-dangerous” does not include the weather deck of an ammonia carrier. (c) Each...

46 CFR 111.105-32 - Bulk liquefied flammable gas and ammonia carriers.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 46 Shipping 4 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Bulk liquefied flammable gas and ammonia carriers. 111... gas and ammonia carriers. (a) Each vessel that carries bulk liquefied flammable gases or ammonia as a.... (2) The term “gas-dangerous” does not include the weather deck of an ammonia carrier. (c) Each...

46 CFR 111.105-32 - Bulk liquefied flammable gas and ammonia carriers.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 46 Shipping 4 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Bulk liquefied flammable gas and ammonia carriers. 111... gas and ammonia carriers. (a) Each vessel that carries bulk liquefied flammable gases or ammonia as a.... (2) The term “gas-dangerous” does not include the weather deck of an ammonia carrier. (c) Each...

46 CFR 111.105-32 - Bulk liquefied flammable gas and ammonia carriers.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 46 Shipping 4 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Bulk liquefied flammable gas and ammonia carriers. 111... gas and ammonia carriers. (a) Each vessel that carries bulk liquefied flammable gases or ammonia as a.... (2) The term “gas-dangerous” does not include the weather deck of an ammonia carrier. (c) Each...

49 CFR 173.125 - Class 4-Assignment of packing group.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... rate of evolution of flammable gases is equal or greater than 10 L per kilogram of material over any... such that the maximum rate of evolution of flammable gases is equal to or greater than 20 L per... of evolution of flammable gases is greater than 1 L per kilogram of material per hour, and which does...

49 CFR 173.125 - Class 4-Assignment of packing group.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... rate of evolution of flammable gases is equal or greater than 10 L per kilogram of material over any... such that the maximum rate of evolution of flammable gases is equal to or greater than 20 L per... of evolution of flammable gases is greater than 1 L per kilogram of material per hour, and which does...

49 CFR 173.125 - Class 4-Assignment of packing group.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... rate of evolution of flammable gases is equal or greater than 10 L per kilogram of material over any... such that the maximum rate of evolution of flammable gases is equal to or greater than 20 L per... of evolution of flammable gases is greater than 1 L per kilogram of material per hour, and which does...

49 CFR 173.125 - Class 4-Assignment of packing group.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... rate of evolution of flammable gases is equal or greater than 10 L per kilogram of material over any... such that the maximum rate of evolution of flammable gases is equal to or greater than 20 L per... of evolution of flammable gases is greater than 1 L per kilogram of material per hour, and which does...

49 CFR 173.125 - Class 4-Assignment of packing group.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... rate of evolution of flammable gases is equal or greater than 10 L per kilogram of material over any... such that the maximum rate of evolution of flammable gases is equal to or greater than 20 L per... of evolution of flammable gases is greater than 1 L per kilogram of material per hour, and which does...

Flammable gas technical basis document

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

CARRO, C.A.

2003-03-22

This document qualitatively evaluates the frequency and consequences of DST and SST representative flammable gas accidents and associated represented hazardous conditions without controls. Based on the evaluation, it was determined that safety-significant SSCs and/or TSRs were required to prevent or mitigate flammable gas accidents. Controls were selected and the accidents re-evaluated taking credit for the controls.

14 CFR Appendix N to Part 25 - Fuel Tank Flammability Exposure and Reliability Analysis

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... the performance of a flammability reduction means (FRM) if installed. (c) The following definitions... average fuel temperature within the fuel tank or different sections of the tank if the tank is subdivided... the flight time, and the post-flight time is a constant 30 minutes. (c) Flammable. With respect to a...

14 CFR Appendix N to Part 25 - Fuel Tank Flammability Exposure and Reliability Analysis

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... the performance of a flammability reduction means (FRM) if installed. (c) The following definitions... average fuel temperature within the fuel tank or different sections of the tank if the tank is subdivided... the flight time, and the post-flight time is a constant 30 minutes. (c) Flammable. With respect to a...

Control of Materials Flammability Hazards

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Griffin, Dennis E.

2003-01-01

This viewgraph presentation provides information on selecting, using, and configuring spacecraft materials in such a way as to minimize the ability of fire to spread onboard a spacecraft. The presentation gives an overview of the flammability requirements of NASA-STD-6001, listing specific tests and evaluation criteria it requires. The presentation then gives flammability reduction methods for specific spacecraft items and materials.

16 CFR § 1610.39 - Shipments under section 11(c) of the Act.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... finished by the undersigned or by a duly authorized agent so as to render them not so highly flammable...§ 1610.39 Section § 1610.39 Commercial Practices CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY COMMISSION FLAMMABLE FABRICS... finishing or processing to render them not so highly flammable as to be dangerous when worn by individuals...

16 CFR 1611.39 - Shipments under section 11(c) of the act.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... undersigned or by a duly authorized agent so as to render them not so highly flammable under the provisions of.... 1611.39 Section 1611.39 Commercial Practices CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY COMMISSION FLAMMABLE FABRICS ACT... processing to render them not so highly flammable as to be dangerous when worn by individuals, shall contain...

16 CFR 1611.39 - Shipments under section 11(c) of the act.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... undersigned or by a duly authorized agent so as to render them not so highly flammable under the provisions of.... 1611.39 Section 1611.39 Commercial Practices CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY COMMISSION FLAMMABLE FABRICS ACT... processing to render them not so highly flammable as to be dangerous when worn by individuals, shall contain...

16 CFR § 1611.39 - Shipments under section 11(c) of the act.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

...§ 1611.39 Section § 1611.39 Commercial Practices CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY COMMISSION FLAMMABLE FABRICS... finishing or processing to render them not so highly flammable as to be dangerous when worn by individuals... wearing apparel or textile fabric not so highly flammable under section 4 of the act, as to be dangerous...

16 CFR 1611.39 - Shipments under section 11(c) of the act.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... undersigned or by a duly authorized agent so as to render them not so highly flammable under the provisions of.... 1611.39 Section 1611.39 Commercial Practices CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY COMMISSION FLAMMABLE FABRICS ACT... processing to render them not so highly flammable as to be dangerous when worn by individuals, shall contain...

49 CFR 176.400 - Stowage of Division 1.5, Class 4 (flammable solids) and Class 5 (oxidizers and organic peroxides...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 49 Transportation 2 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Stowage of Division 1.5, Class 4 (flammable solids... Regulations Relating to Transportation PIPELINE AND HAZARDOUS MATERIALS SAFETY ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION HAZARDOUS MATERIALS REGULATIONS CARRIAGE BY VESSEL Detailed Requirements for Class 4 (Flammable...

46 CFR 38.01-2 - Transportation of portable cylinders or portable tanks containing or having previously contained...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

..., as defined in 49 CFR 173.50. (ii) Flammable solids. (iii) Oxidizing materials. (iv) Corrosive liquids... containing or having previously contained liquefied flammable gases in dry cargo spaces-TB/ALL. 38.01-2 Section 38.01-2 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY TANK VESSELS LIQUEFIED FLAMMABLE...

49 CFR 173.2 - Hazardous materials classes and index to hazard class definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

....50 1 1.6 Extremely insensitive detonating substances 173.50 2 2.1 Flammable gas 173.115 2 2.2 Non-flammable compressed gas 173.115 2 2.3 Poisonous gas 173.115 3 Flammable and combustible liquid 173.120 4 4... PIPELINE AND HAZARDOUS MATERIALS SAFETY ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION HAZARDOUS MATERIALS...

49 CFR 173.2 - Hazardous materials classes and index to hazard class definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

....50 1 1.6 Extremely insensitive detonating substances 173.50 2 2.1 Flammable gas 173.115 2 2.2 Non-flammable compressed gas 173.115 2 2.3 Poisonous gas 173.115 3 Flammable and combustible liquid 173.120 4 4... PIPELINE AND HAZARDOUS MATERIALS SAFETY ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION HAZARDOUS MATERIALS...

49 CFR 173.2 - Hazardous materials classes and index to hazard class definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

....50 1 1.6 Extremely insensitive detonating substances 173.50 2 2.1 Flammable gas 173.115 2 2.2 Non-flammable compressed gas 173.115 2 2.3 Poisonous gas 173.115 3 Flammable and combustible liquid 173.120 4 4... PIPELINE AND HAZARDOUS MATERIALS SAFETY ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION HAZARDOUS MATERIALS...

49 CFR 173.2 - Hazardous materials classes and index to hazard class definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

....50 1 1.6 Extremely insensitive detonating substances 173.50 2 2.1 Flammable gas 173.115 2 2.2 Non-flammable compressed gas 173.115 2 2.3 Poisonous gas 173.115 3 Flammable and combustible liquid 173.120 4 4... PIPELINE AND HAZARDOUS MATERIALS SAFETY ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION HAZARDOUS MATERIALS...

46 CFR 38.01-2 - Transportation of portable cylinders or portable tanks containing or having previously contained...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

..., as defined in 49 CFR 173.50. (ii) Flammable solids. (iii) Oxidizing materials. (iv) Corrosive liquids... containing or having previously contained liquefied flammable gases in dry cargo spaces-TB/ALL. 38.01-2 Section 38.01-2 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY TANK VESSELS LIQUEFIED FLAMMABLE...

49 CFR 176.400 - Stowage of Division 1.5, Class 4 (flammable solids) and Class 5 (oxidizers and organic peroxides...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 49 Transportation 2 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Stowage of Division 1.5, Class 4 (flammable solids... Regulations Relating to Transportation PIPELINE AND HAZARDOUS MATERIALS SAFETY ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION HAZARDOUS MATERIALS REGULATIONS CARRIAGE BY VESSEL Detailed Requirements for Class 4 (Flammable...

46 CFR 38.01-2 - Transportation of portable cylinders or portable tanks containing or having previously contained...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

..., as defined in 49 CFR 173.50. (ii) Flammable solids. (iii) Oxidizing materials. (iv) Corrosive liquids... containing or having previously contained liquefied flammable gases in dry cargo spaces-TB/ALL. 38.01-2 Section 38.01-2 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY TANK VESSELS LIQUEFIED FLAMMABLE...

46 CFR 38.01-2 - Transportation of portable cylinders or portable tanks containing or having previously contained...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

..., as defined in 49 CFR 173.50. (ii) Flammable solids. (iii) Oxidizing materials. (iv) Corrosive liquids... containing or having previously contained liquefied flammable gases in dry cargo spaces-TB/ALL. 38.01-2 Section 38.01-2 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY TANK VESSELS LIQUEFIED FLAMMABLE...

49 CFR 176.400 - Stowage of Division 1.5, Class 4 (flammable solids) and Class 5 (oxidizers and organic peroxides...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 49 Transportation 2 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Stowage of Division 1.5, Class 4 (flammable solids... Regulations Relating to Transportation PIPELINE AND HAZARDOUS MATERIALS SAFETY ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION HAZARDOUS MATERIALS REGULATIONS CARRIAGE BY VESSEL Detailed Requirements for Class 4 (Flammable...

Flammability tests for regulation of building and construction materials

Treesearch

K. Sumathipala

2006-01-01

The regulation of building materials and products for flammability is critical to ensure the safety of occupants in buildings and other structures. The involvement of exposed building materials and products in fires resulting in the loss of human life often spurs an increase in regulation and new test methods to address the problem. Flammability tests range from those...

Flammability of litter from southeastern trees: a preliminary assessment

Treesearch

J. Morgan Varner; Jeffrey M. Kane; Erin M. Banwell; Jesse K. Kreye

2015-01-01

The southeastern United States possesses a great diversity of woody species and an equally impressive history of wildland fires. Species are known to vary in their flammability, but little is known about southeastern species. We used published data and our own collections to perform standard litter flammability tests on a diverse suite of 25 native overstory trees from...

75 FR 260 - Airworthiness Directives; Empresa Brasileira de Aeronautica S.A. (EMBRAER) Model ERJ 170...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-01-05

..., migration of flammable vapors and fluids to middle electronic bay may occur, which then could lead to an..., migration of flammable vapors and fluids to middle electronic bay may occur, which then could lead to an... assembly, migration of flammable vapors and fluids to middle electronic bay may occur, which then could...

49 CFR 173.150 - Exceptions for Class 3 (flammable and combustible liquids).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

....11), when transported via motor vehicle, vessel, or rail, is not subject to the requirements of this... containing ethyl alcohol classed as a flammable liquid or flammable solid containing not more than 70% ethyl alcohol by volume for liquids, by weight for solids are excepted from the HMR provided that: (i) For non...

49 CFR 173.151 - Exceptions for Class 4.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... of Division 4.1. Limited quantities of flammable solids (Division 4.1) in Packing Group II or III are... are authorized: (1) For flammable solids in Packing Group II, inner packagings not over 1.0 kg (2.2... strong outer packaging. (2) For flammable solids in Packing Group III, inner packagings not over 5.0 kg...

Modelling leaf, plant and stand flammability for ecological and operational decision making

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zylstra, Philip

2014-05-01

Numerous factors have been found to affect the flammability of individual leaves and plant parts; however the way in which these factors relate to whole plant flammability, fire behaviour and the overall risk imposed by fire is not straightforward. Similarly, although the structure of plant communities is known to affect the flammability of the stand, a quantified, broadly applicable link has proven difficult to establish and validate. These knowledge gaps have presented major obstacles to the integration into fire behaviour science of research into factors affecting plant flammability, physiology, species succession and structural change, so that the management of ecosystems for fire risk is largely uninformed by these fields. The Forest Flammability Model (Zylstra, 2011) is a process-driven, complex systems model developed specifically to address this disconnect. Flame dimensions and position are calculated as properties emerging from the capacity for convective heat to propagate flame between horizontally and vertically separated leaves, branches, plants and plant strata, and this capacity is determined dynamically from the ignitability, combustibility and sustainability of those objects, their spatial arrangement and a vector-based model of the plume temperature from each burning fuel. All flammability properties as well as the physics of flame dimensions, angle and temperature distributions and the vertical structure of wind within the plant array use published sub-models which can be replaced as further work is developed. This modular structure provides a platform for the immediate application of new work on any aspect of leaf flammability or fire physics. Initial validation of the model examined its qualitative predictions for trends in forest flammability as a function of time since fire. The positive feedback predicted for the subalpine forest examined constituted a 'risky prediction' by running counter to the expectations of the existing approach, however examination of historical fire sizes confirmed the positive feedback (Zylstra, 2013). The capacity to model even counter-intuitive trends in flammability represents a fundamental advance in the management of fire risk, underpinning the importance of work on those fields that compose the sub-models. Ongoing validation work has focused on accuracy in flame height and fire severity prediction, with excellent results to date. Further studies will examine quantitative estimates of fire risk parameters and the reliability of rate of spread predictions. By accurately modelling the relationship between seemingly disparate studies of leaf flammability, moisture, physiology and forest structure, the Forest Flammability Model has the potential to resolve some long-standing questions (Yebra et al., 2013) as well as to provide insight into the effect of climate or management-induced ecosystem changes on fire behaviour and risk. References Yebra, M., Dennison, P. E., Chuvieco, E., Riaño, D., Zylstra, P., Hunt, E. R., … Jurdao, S. (2013). A global review of remote sensing of live fuel moisture content for fire danger assessment: Moving towards operational products. Remote Sensing of Environment, 136, 455-468. doi:10.1016/j.rse.2013.05.029 Zylstra, P. (2011). Forest Flammability: Modelling and Managing a Complex System. PhD Thesis, University of NSW @ ADFA. Retrieved from http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/51656 Zylstra, P. (2013). The historical influence of fire on the flammability of subalpine Snowgum forest and woodland. Victorian Naturalist, 130(6), 232-239.

Slurry growth, gas retention, and flammable gas generation by Hanford radioactive waste tanks: Synthetic waste studies, FY 1991

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Bryan, S.A.; Pederson, L.R.; Ryan, J.L.

1992-08-01

Of 177 high-level waste storage tanks on the Hanford Site, 23 have been placed on a safety watch list because they are suspected of producing flammable gases in flammable or explosive concentrate. One tankin particular, Tank 241-SY-101 (Tank 101-SY), has exhibited slow increases in waste volume followed by a rapid decrease accompanied by venting of large quantities of gases. The purpose of this study is to help determine the processes by which flammable gases are produced, retained, and eventually released from Tank 101-SY. Waste composition data for single- and double-shell waste tanks on the flammable gas watch listare critically reviewed.more » The results of laboratory studies using synthetic double-shell wastes are summarized, including physical and chemical properties of crusts that are formed, the stoichiometry and rate ofgas generation, and mechanisms responsible for formation of a floating crust.« less

Characterization of flammability properties of some thermoplastic and thermoset resins. [for aircraft interiors

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Kourtides, D. A.; Parker, J. A.

1978-01-01

The thermochemical and flammability properties of some thermally stable polymers considered for use in aircraft interiors are described. The properties studied include: (1) thermomechanical properties such as glass transition and melt temperature; (2) dynamic thermogravimetric analysis in anaerobic environment; (3) flammability properties such as oxygen index, flame spread, and smoke evolution; and (4) selected physical properties. The thermoplastic polymers evaluated included polyphenylene sulfide, polyaryl sulfone, 9,9-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-fluorene polycarbonate-poly(dimethylsiloxane) and polyether sulfone. The thermoset polymers evaluated included epoxy, bismaleimide, a modified phenolic and polyaromatic melamine resin. These resins were primarily used in the fabrication of glass reinforced prepregs for the construction of experimental panels. Test results and relative rankings of some of the flammability parameters are presented and the relationship of the molecular structure, char yield, and flammability properties of these polymers are discussed.

Pressure Flammability Thresholds in Oxygen of Selected Aerospace Materials

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Hirsch, David; Williams, Jim; Harper, Susana; Beeson, Harold; Ruff, Gary; Pedley, Mike

2010-01-01

The experimental approach consisted of concentrating the testing in the flammability transition zone following the Bruceton Up-and-Down Method. For attribute data, the method has been shown to be very repeatable and most efficient. Other methods for characterization of critical levels (Karberand Probit) were also considered. The data yielded the upward limiting pressure index (ULPI), the pressure level where approx.50% of materials self-extinguish in a given environment.Parametric flammability thresholds other than oxygen concentration can be determined with the methodology proposed for evaluating the MOC when extinguishment occurs. In this case, a pressure threshold in 99.8% oxygen was determined with the methodology and found to be 0.4 to 0.9 psia for typical spacecraft materials. Correlation of flammability thresholds obtained with chemical, hot wire, and other ignition sources will be conducted to provide recommendations for using alternate ignition sources to evaluate flammability of aerospace materials.

Comparative analysis of the vapor headspace of military-grade TNT versus NESTT TNT under dynamic and static conditions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Edge, Cindy C.; Gibb, Julie; Wasserzug, Louis S.

1998-09-01

The Institute for Biological Detection Systems (IBDS) has developed a quantitative vapor delivery system that can aid in characterizing dog's sensitivity and ability to recognize odor signatures for explosives and contraband substances. Determining of the dog's odor signature for detection of explosives is important because it may aid in eliminating the risk of handling explosives and reducing cross-contamination. Progress is being made in the development of training aids that represent the headspace of the explosives. NESTTTM TNT materials have been proposed as an approach to developing training aid simulates. In order for such aids to be effective they must mimic the headspace of the target material. This study evaluates the NESTTTM TNT product with regard to this criterion. NESTTTM TNT vapor was generated by the IBDS vapor delivery system, which incorporates a vapor generation cell that enables the user to control the conditions under which a substance is tested. The NESTTTM TNT vapor was compared to the headspace of military-grade TNT. The findings identify and quantify major vapor constituents of military-grade TNT and NESTTTM TNT. A comparative analysis evaluated the degree to which the NESTTTM TNT mimics the headspace of an actual TNT sample.

Quantification of anhydride groups in anhydride-based epoxy hardeners by reaction headspace gas chromatography.

PubMed

Xie, Wei-Qi; Gong, Yi-Xian; Yu, Kong-Xian

2017-06-01

We demonstrate a reaction headspace gas chromatographic method for quantifying anhydride groups in anhydride-based epoxy hardeners. In this method, the conversion process of anhydride groups can be realized by two steps. In the first step, anhydride groups in anhydride-based epoxy hardeners completely reacted with water to form carboxyl groups. In the second step, the carboxyl groups reacted with sodium bicarbonate solution in a closed sample vial. After the complete reaction between the carboxyl groups and sodium bicarbonate, the CO 2 formed from this reaction was then measured by headspace gas chromatography. The data showed that the reaction in the closed headspace vial can be completed in 15 min at 55°C, the relative standard deviation of the reaction headspace gas chromatography method in the precision test was less than 3.94%, the relative differences between the new method and a reference method were no more than 9.38%. The present reaction method is automated, efficient and can be a reliable tool for quantifying the anhydride groups in anhydride-based epoxy hardeners and related research. © 2017 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Phytochemical study of the headspace volatile organic compounds of fresh algae and seagrass from the Adriatic Sea (single point collection)

PubMed Central

Marijanović, Zvonimir; Roje, Marin; Kuś, Piotr M.; Jokić, Stela; Čož-Rakovac, Rozelinda

2018-01-01

Performed phytochemical study contributes to the knowledge of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) of Halopteris filicina (Grateloup) Kützing, Dictyota dichotoma (Hudson) J. V. Lamouroux, Posidonia oceanica (L.) Delile and Flabellia petiolata (Turra) Nizamuddin from the Adriatic Sea (single point collection). VOCs were investigated by headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) and analysed by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC-MS/FID). H. filicina headspace contained dimethyl sulfide (DMS; 12.8%), C8-compounds (e.g. fucoserratene (I; 9.5%)), benzaldehyde (II; 8.7%), alkane C17, dictyopterene D and C (III, IV), tribromomethane (V), 1-iodopentane, others. F. petiolata headspace was characterized by DMS (22.2%), 6-methylhept-5-en-2-one (9.5%), C17 (9.1%), II (6.5%), compounds I-V. DMS (59.3%), C15 (14.5%), C17 (7.2%) and C19 (6.3%) dominated in P. oceanica headspace. Sesquiterpenes were found in D. dichotoma, predominantly germacrene D (28.3%) followed by other cadinenyl (abundant), muurolenyl and amorphenyl structures. Determined VOCs may be significant for chemosystematics and chemical communications in marine ecosystem. PMID:29738535

Trailer siting issues: BP Texas City.

PubMed

Kaszniak, Mark; Holmstrom, Donald

2008-11-15

On 23 March, 2005, a series of explosions and fires occurred at the BP Texas City refinery during the startup of an isomerization (ISOM) process unit. Fifteen workers were killed and about 180 others were injured. All of the fatalities were contract workers; the deaths and most of the serious injuries occurred in and around temporary office trailers that had been sited near a blowdown drum and stack open to the atmosphere as part of ongoing turnaround activities in an adjacent unit. Due to problems that developed during the ISOM startup, flammable hydrocarbon liquid overfilled the blowdown drum and stack which resulted in a geyser-like release out the top into the atmosphere. The flammable hydrocarbons fell to the ground releasing vapors that were likely ignited from a nearby idling diesel pickup truck. A total of 44 trailers were damaged by the blast pressure wave that propagated through the refinery when the vapor cloud exploded. Thirteen trailers were totally destroyed and workers were injured in trailers as far as 479ft away from the release. The focus of this paper will be on trailer siting issues, including: need for work/office trailers within process units, adequacy of risk analysis methods in API RP 752, and minimum safe distance requirements

Boron Nanoparticles with High Hydrogen Loading: Mechanism for B-H Binding, Size Reduction, and Potential for Improved Combustibility and Specific Impulse

DTIC Science & Technology

2014-05-01

particles in the sample. Mass spectrometry was, therefore, used to look for the signature of boranes in the milling jar headspace gas , and also in gases... headspace gas collected from the jar after milling in H2. For this experiment, argon was added to the initial gas mixture at a 12:1 H2:Ar ratio, in...Distribution A: approved for public release; distribution unlimited. 29    Mass spectrometry analysis. After milling selected samples, headspace gas

Flammable Gas Technical Basis Document

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

CARRO, C.A.

2003-07-30

This document qualitatively evaluates the frequency and consequences of DST and SST representative flammable gas accidents and associated represented hazardous conditions without controls. Based on the evaluation, it was determined that safety-significant SSCs and/or TSRs were required to prevent or mitigate flammable gas accidents. Controls were selected and the accidents re-evaluated taking credit for the controls. Revision 1 incorporates comments received from ORP.

16 CFR § 1611.34 - Only uncovered or exposed parts of wearing apparel to be tested.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... COMMISSION FLAMMABLE FABRICS ACT REGULATIONS STANDARD FOR THE FLAMMABILITY OF VINYL PLASTIC FILM Rules and... applicable procedures set forth in section 4(a) of the act. Note: If the outer layer of plastic film or... shall be tested under part 1611—Standard for the Flammability of Vinyl Plastic Film. If the outer layer...

16 CFR 1611.34 - Only uncovered or exposed parts of wearing apparel to be tested.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... FLAMMABLE FABRICS ACT REGULATIONS STANDARD FOR THE FLAMMABILITY OF VINYL PLASTIC FILM Rules and Regulations... procedures set forth in section 4(a) of the act. Note: If the outer layer of plastic film or plastic-coated... under part 1611—Standard for the Flammability of Vinyl Plastic Film. If the outer layer adheres to all...

16 CFR 1611.34 - Only uncovered or exposed parts of wearing apparel to be tested.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... FLAMMABLE FABRICS ACT REGULATIONS STANDARD FOR THE FLAMMABILITY OF VINYL PLASTIC FILM Rules and Regulations... procedures set forth in section 4(a) of the act. Note: If the outer layer of plastic film or plastic-coated... under part 1611—Standard for the Flammability of Vinyl Plastic Film. If the outer layer adheres to all...

16 CFR 1611.34 - Only uncovered or exposed parts of wearing apparel to be tested.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... FLAMMABLE FABRICS ACT REGULATIONS STANDARD FOR THE FLAMMABILITY OF VINYL PLASTIC FILM Rules and Regulations... procedures set forth in section 4(a) of the act. Note: If the outer layer of plastic film or plastic-coated... under part 1611—Standard for the Flammability of Vinyl Plastic Film. If the outer layer adheres to all...

Safe Handling and Use of Flammable and Combustible Materials. Module SH-30. Safety and Health.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Center for Occupational Research and Development, Inc., Waco, TX.

This student module on safe handling and use of flammable and combustible materials is one of 50 modules concerned with job safety and health. This module introduces the student to the hazards of flammable and combustible materials and the measures necessary to control those hazards. Following the introduction, 14 objectives (each keyed to a page…

16 CFR 1611.34 - Only uncovered or exposed parts of wearing apparel to be tested.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... FLAMMABLE FABRICS ACT REGULATIONS STANDARD FOR THE FLAMMABILITY OF VINYL PLASTIC FILM Rules and Regulations... procedures set forth in section 4(a) of the act. Note: If the outer layer of plastic film or plastic-coated... under part 1611—Standard for the Flammability of Vinyl Plastic Film. If the outer layer adheres to all...

Determination of 3-chloro-1,2-propanediol in polyamideamine epichlorohydrin resin solution by reaction-based headspace gas chromatography.

PubMed

Yan, Ning; Wan, Xiao-Fang; Chai, Xin-Sheng; Chen, Run-Quan

2018-04-01

We report on a headspace gas chromatographic method for determining the content of 3-chloro-1,2-propanediol in polyamideamine epichlorohydrin resin solution. It was based on quantitatively converting 3-chloro-1,2-propanediol to formaldehyde by periodate oxidation in a closed headspace sample vial at a room temperature for 10 min, and then to methanol by borohydride reduction at 90°C for 40 min followed by the headspace gas chromatographic measurement. The results showed that the present method has an excellent measurement precision (relative standard deviation < 2.60%) and accuracy (recoveries from 96.4-102%) in 3-chloro-1,2-propanediol analysis. The limit of quantitation was 0.031 mg/mL. It is simple and suitable for determining the 3-chloro-1,2-propanediol content in polyamideamine epichlorohydrin resin solution. © 2018 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Determination of the combustion behavior for pure components and mixtures using a 20-liter sphere

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mashuga, Chad Victor

1999-11-01

The safest method to prevent fires and explosions of flammable vapors is to prevent the existence of flammable mixtures in the first place. This methodology requires detailed knowledge of the flammability region as a function of the fuel, oxygen, and nitrogen concentrations. A triangular flammability diagram is the most useful tool to display the flammability region, and to determine if a flammable mixture is present during plant operations. An automated apparatus for assessing the flammability region and for determining the potential effect of confined fuel-air explosions is described. Data derived from the apparatus included the limits of combustion, maximum combustion pressure, and the deflagration index, or KG. Accurate measurement of these parameters can be influenced by numerous experimental conditions, including igniter energy, humidity and gas composition. Gas humidity had a substantial effect on the deflagration index, but had little effect on the maximum combustion pressure. Small changes in gas compositions had a greater effect on the deflagration index than the maximum combustion pressure. Both the deflagration indices and the maximum combustion pressure proved insensitive to the range of igniter energies examined. Estimation of flammability limits using a calculated adiabatic flame temperature (CAFT) method is demonstrated. The CAFT model is compared with the extensive experimental data from this work for methane, ethylene and a 50/50 mixture of methane and ethylene. The CAFT model compares well to methane and ethylene throughout the flammability zone when using a 1200K threshold temperature. Deviations between the method and the experimental data occurs in the fuel rich region. For the 50/50 fuel mixture the CAFT deviates only in the fuel rich region---the inclusion of carbonaceous soot as one of the equilibrium products improved the fit. Determination of burning velocities from a spherical flame model utilizing the extensive pressure---time data was also completed. The burning velocities determined compare well to other investigators using this method. The data collected for the methane/ethylene mixture was used to evaluate mixing rules for the flammability limits, maximum combustion pressure, deflagration index, and burning velocity. These rules attempt to predict the behavior of fuel mixtures from pure component data. Le Chatelier's law and averaging both work well for predicting the flammability boundary in the fuel lean region and for mixtures of inerted fuel and air. Both methods underestimate the flammability boundary in the fuel rich region. For a mixture of methane and ethylene, we were unable to identify mixing rules for estimating the maximum combustion pressure and the burning velocity from pure component data. Averaging the deflagration indices for fuel air mixtures did provide a adequate estimation of the mixture behavior. Le Chatelier's method overestimated the maximum deflagration index in air but provided a satisfactory estimation in the extreme fuel lean and rich regions.

Expert System for Building TRU Waste Payloads - 13554

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Bruemmer, Heather; Slater, Bryant

2013-07-01

The process for grouping TRU waste drums into payloads for shipment to the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP) for disposal is a very complex process. Transportation and regulatory requirements must be met, along with striving for the goals of shipment efficiency: maximize the number of waste drums in a shipment and minimize the use of empty drums which take up precious underground storage space. The restrictions on payloads range from weight restrictions, to limitations on flammable gas in the headspace, to minimum TRU alpha activity concentration requirements. The Overpack and Payload Assistant Tool (OPAT) has been developed as a mixed-initiativemore » intelligent system within the WIPP Waste Data System (WDS) to guide the construction of multiple acceptable payloads. OPAT saves the user time while at the same time maximizes the efficiency of shipments for the given drum population. The tool provides the user with the flexibility to tune critical factors that guide OPAT's operation based on real-time feedback concerning the results of the execution. This feedback complements the user's external knowledge of the drum population (such as location of drums, known challenges, internal shipment goals). This work demonstrates how software can be utilized to complement the unique domain knowledge of the users. The mixed-initiative approach combines the insight and intuition of the human expert with the proficiency of automated computational algorithms. The result is the ability to thoroughly and efficiently explore the search space of possible solutions and derive the best waste management decision. (authors)« less

Headspace gas chromatography of volatile lipid peroxidation products from human red blood cell membranes.

PubMed

Frankel, E N; Tappel, A L

1991-06-01

An improved headspace capillary gas chromatographic (GC) method was developed to measure the oxidative susceptibility of human red blood cell (RBC) membranes. This method analyzed volatile peroxidation products of both n-6 (hexanal and pentane) and n-3 (propanal) polyunsaturated fatty acids. Oxidative susceptibility tests were standardized by incubating in a sealed 10-mL headspace bottle 0.25 or 1 mL of human RBC membrane in 40 mM phosphate buffer for 1 hr at 37 degrees C with a mixture of Fe++, ascorbic acid and H2O2. Sodium dodecyl sulfate increased significantly the amount of hexanal measured by headspace GC. By this standard headspace method, in one series of red blood cell membranes (RBCM) samples a four-fold variation in oxidative susceptibility was observed in RBCM from blood freshly drawn from six healthy subjects. In another series of RBCM samples a sixteen-fold variation in oxidative susceptibility was noted in frozen RBCM from blood freshly drawn from five healthy subjects. Correlation between hexanal formation and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) depletion provided good evidence that under these standard conditions hexanal is exclusively derived from the oxidation of arachidonic acid. Hydroperoxides of arachidonic acid are more readily formed and decomposed than those of linoleic acid in the presence of Fe++, ascorbic acid and H2O2 to produce hexanal as the main product that can be readily analyzed by headspace GC. This method may provide a useful tool to study susceptibility toward lipid peroxidative damage in human RBC membranes.

Bromination of aromatic compounds by residual bromide in sodium chloride matrix modifier salt during heated headspace GC/MS analysis.

PubMed

Fine, Dennis D; Ko, Saebom; Huling, Scott

2013-12-15

Analytical artifacts attributed to the bromination of toluene, xylenes, and trimethylbenzenes were found during the heated headspace gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis of aqueous samples. The aqueous samples were produced from Fenton-like chemical oxidation reactions and contained aromatic compounds, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and ferric sulfate. Prior to GC/MS headspace analysis, the samples were acidified (pH<2), and sodium chloride was amended to the headspace vial as a matrix modifier. The brominated artifacts were generated during heated headspace analysis. Further, when samples were spiked with a mixture of volatile chlorinated and aromatic compounds (50 µg/L), poor spike recoveries of toluene and xylenes occurred, and in some cases complete loss of trimethylbenzenes and naphthalene resulted. Where poor recovery of aromatic spike compounds occurred, brominated aromatic compounds were found. The only significant source of bromine in the reaction scheme is the bromide typically present (<0.01% w/w) in the sodium chloride amended to the samples. Conversely, brominated artifacts were absent when a buffered salt mixture composed of sodium chloride and potassium phosphate dibasic/monobasic was used as a matrix modifier and raised the sample pH (pH~6). This indicated that the brominated artifacts resulted from the reaction of the aromatic compounds with BrCl, which was formed by the reaction of H2O2, chloride, and bromide under acidic conditions. An alternative matrix modifier salt is recommended that prevents the bromination reaction and avoids these deleterious effects on sample integrity during headspace analysis. Published by Elsevier B.V.

49 CFR Appendix B to Part 238 - Test Methods and Performance Criteria for the Flammability and Smoke Emission Characteristics of...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... Flammability of Flexible Cellular Materials Using a Radiant Heat Energy Source. (v) ASTM E 119-00a, Standard... Method for Surface Flammability of Materials Using a Radiant Heat Energy Source. (vii) ASTM E 648-00, Standard Test Method for Critical Radiant Flux of Floor-Covering Systems Using a Radiant Heat Energy Source...

49 CFR Appendix B to Part 238 - Test Methods and Performance Criteria for the Flammability and Smoke Emission Characteristics of...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... Flammability of Flexible Cellular Materials Using a Radiant Heat Energy Source. (v) ASTM E 119-00a, Standard... Method for Surface Flammability of Materials Using a Radiant Heat Energy Source. (vii) ASTM E 648-00, Standard Test Method for Critical Radiant Flux of Floor-Covering Systems Using a Radiant Heat Energy Source...

49 CFR Appendix B to Part 238 - Test Methods and Performance Criteria for the Flammability and Smoke Emission Characteristics of...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... Flammability of Flexible Cellular Materials Using a Radiant Heat Energy Source. (v) ASTM E 119-00a, Standard... Method for Surface Flammability of Materials Using a Radiant Heat Energy Source. (vii) ASTM E 648-00, Standard Test Method for Critical Radiant Flux of Floor-Covering Systems Using a Radiant Heat Energy Source...

49 CFR Appendix B to Part 238 - Test Methods and Performance Criteria for the Flammability and Smoke Emission Characteristics of...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... Flammability of Flexible Cellular Materials Using a Radiant Heat Energy Source. (v) ASTM E 119-00a, Standard... Method for Surface Flammability of Materials Using a Radiant Heat Energy Source. (vii) ASTM E 648-00, Standard Test Method for Critical Radiant Flux of Floor-Covering Systems Using a Radiant Heat Energy Source...

49 CFR 173.2 - Hazardous materials classes and index to hazard class definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... Explosives (with no significant blast hazard) 173.50 1 1.5 Very insensitive explosives; blasting agents 173.50 1 1.6 Extremely insensitive detonating substances 173.50 2 2.1 Flammable gas 173.115 2 2.2 Non-flammable compressed gas 173.115 2 2.3 Poisonous gas 173.115 3 Flammable and combustible liquid 173.120 4 4...

49 CFR 173.120 - Class 3-Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... Materials Other Than Class 1 and Class 7 § 173.120 Class 3—Definitions. (a) Flammable liquid. For the purpose of this subchapter, a flammable liquid (Class 3) means a liquid having a flash point of not more...) and below 93 °C (200 °F). (2) A flammable liquid with a flash point at or above 38 °C (100 °F) that...

49 CFR 173.120 - Class 3-Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... Materials Other Than Class 1 and Class 7 § 173.120 Class 3—Definitions. (a) Flammable liquid. For the purpose of this subchapter, a flammable liquid (Class 3) means a liquid having a flash point of not more...) and below 93 °C (200 °F). (2) A flammable liquid with a flash point at or above 38 °C (100 °F) that...

49 CFR 173.120 - Class 3-Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... Materials Other Than Class 1 and Class 7 § 173.120 Class 3—Definitions. (a) Flammable liquid. For the purpose of this subchapter, a flammable liquid (Class 3) means a liquid having a flash point of not more...) and below 93 °C (200 °F). (2) A flammable liquid with a flash point at or above 38 °C (100 °F) that...

49 CFR 173.120 - Class 3-Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... Materials Other Than Class 1 and Class 7 § 173.120 Class 3—Definitions. (a) Flammable liquid. For the purpose of this subchapter, a flammable liquid (Class 3) means a liquid having a flash point of not more...) and below 93 °C (200 °F). (2) A flammable liquid with a flash point at or above 38 °C (100 °F) that...

49 CFR 176.400 - Stowage of Division 1.5, Class 4 (flammable solids) and Class 5 (oxidizers and organic peroxides...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 49 Transportation 2 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Stowage of Division 1.5, Class 4 (flammable solids... Solids), Class 5 (Oxidizers and Organic Peroxides), and Division 1.5 Materials § 176.400 Stowage of Division 1.5, Class 4 (flammable solids) and Class 5 (oxidizers and organic peroxides) materials. (a) Class...

Evaluating Material Flammability in Microgravity and Martian Gravity Compared to the NASA Standard Normal Gravity Test

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Oslon, Sandra. L.; Ferkul, Paul

2012-01-01

Drop tower tests are conducted at Martian gravity to determine the flammability of three materials compared to previous tests in other normal gravity and reduced gravity environments. The comparison is made with consideration of a modified NASA standard test protocol. Material flammability limits in the different gravity and flow environments are tabulated to determine the factor of safety associated with normal gravity flammability screening. Previous testing at microgravity and Lunar gravity indicated that some materials burned to lower oxygen concentrations in low gravity than in normal gravity, although the low g extinction limit criteria are not the same as 1g due to time constraints in drop testing. Similarly, the data presented in this paper for Martian gravity suggest that there is a gravity level below Earth s at which materials burn more readily than on Earth. If proven for more materials, this may indicate the need to include a factor of safety on 1g flammability limits.

Referred Air Method 25E: Determination of a Vapor Phase Organic Concentration in Waste Samples

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

This method is applicable for determining the vapor pressure of waste. The headspace vapor of the sample is analyzed for carbon content by a headspace analyzer, which uses a flame ionization detector (FID).

Quantitative fingerprinting by headspace--two-dimensional comprehensive gas chromatography-mass spectrometry of solid matrices: some challenging aspects of the exhaustive assessment of food volatiles.

PubMed

Nicolotti, Luca; Cordero, Chiara; Cagliero, Cecilia; Liberto, Erica; Sgorbini, Barbara; Rubiolo, Patrizia; Bicchi, Carlo

2013-10-10

The study proposes an investigation strategy that simultaneously provides detailed profiling and quantitative fingerprinting of food volatiles, through a "comprehensive" analytical platform that includes sample preparation by Headspace Solid Phase Microextraction (HS-SPME), separation by two-dimensional comprehensive gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry detection (GC×GC-MS) and data processing using advanced fingerprinting approaches. Experiments were carried out on roasted hazelnuts and on Gianduja pastes (sugar, vegetable oil, hazelnuts, cocoa, nonfat dried milk, vanilla flavorings) and demonstrated that the information potential of each analysis can better be exploited if suitable quantitation methods are applied. Quantitation approaches through Multiple Headspace Extraction and Standard Addition were compared in terms of performance parameters (linearity, precision, accuracy, Limit of Detection and Limit of Quantitation) under headspace linearity conditions. The results on 19 key analytes, potent odorants, and technological markers, and more than 300 fingerprint components, were used for further processing to obtain information concerning the effect of the matrix on volatile release, and to produce an informative chemical blueprint for use in sensomics and flavoromics. The importance of quantitation approaches in headspace analysis of solid matrices of complex composition, and the advantages of MHE, are also critically discussed. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Reversed headspace analysis for characterization, identification, and analysis of solid and liquid matrices: Part I.

PubMed

Markelov, M; Bershevits, O

2006-03-01

This paper offers a methodology of an experimentally simple reversed headspace (RHS) analysis for measuring of matrix effects and their use for identification and characterization of condensed matrices such as pharmaceuticals, polymers, chromatographic packing, etc. applicable for both quality control monitoring and research and development investigation. In RHS methods, the matrix is spiked and equilibrated with a mixture of volatile chemicals containing various functional groups (molecular sensor array or MSA mixture). Headspace chromatograms of the same spikes of a sample and an empty vial are compared. Examination of basic headspace theory shows that matrix specific constants (M), rather than partition coefficients (K), can be calculated from the headspace chromatograms and M=(K-1)xbeta, where beta is a degree of matrix volume change during equilibration. Matrix specific constants can be plotted against any property of chemicals (polarity, dielectric constant, solubility parameter, vapor pressure, etc.) or just against a set of consecutive numbers, each representing a chemical in MSA. This plot is, in a sense, a molecular affinity spectrum (MAS) specific for a given matrix at a given temperature and is independent of an instrument. Changes in MAS that correspond to chemicals with a particular functional group give an insight to the type of differences between matrices and may quantitatively define them.

High-efficiency headspace sampling of volatile organic compounds in explosives using capillary microextraction of volatiles (CMV) coupled to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS).

PubMed

Fan, Wen; Almirall, José

2014-03-01

A novel geometry configuration based on sorbent-coated glass microfibers packed within a glass capillary is used to sample volatile organic compounds, dynamically, in the headspace of an open system or in a partially open system to achieve quantitative extraction of the available volatiles of explosives with negligible breakthrough. Air is sampled through the newly developed sorbent-packed 2 cm long, 2 mm diameter capillary microextraction of volatiles (CMV) and subsequently introduced into a commercially available thermal desorption probe fitted directly into a GC injection port. A sorbent coating surface area of ∼5 × 10(-2) m(2) or 5,000 times greater than that of a single solid-phase microextraction (SPME) fiber allows for fast (30 s), flow-through sampling of relatively large volumes using sampling flow rates of ∼1.5 L/min. A direct comparison of the new CMV extraction to a static (equilibrium) SPME extraction of the same headspace sample yields a 30 times improvement in sensitivity for the CMV when sampling nitroglycerine (NG), 2,4-dinitrotoluene (2,4-DNT), and diphenylamine (DPA) in a mixture containing a total mass of 500 ng of each analyte, when spiked into a liter-volume container. Calibration curves were established for all compounds studied, and the recovery was determined to be ∼1 % or better after only 1 min of sampling time. Quantitative analysis is also possible using this extraction technique when the sampling temperature, flow rate, and time are kept constant between calibration curves and the sample.

Headspace solid-phase microextraction for the determination of volatile and semi-volatile pollutants in water and air.

PubMed

Llompart, M; Li, K; Fingas, M

1998-10-16

In this work we report the use of solid-phase microextraction (SPME) to extract and concentrate water-soluble volatile as well as semi-volatile pollutants. Both methods of exposing the SPME fibre were utilised: immersion in the aqueous solution (SPME) and in the headspace over the solution (HSSPME). The proposed HSSPME procedure was compared to conventional static headspace (HS) analysis for artificially spiked water as well as real water samples, which had been, equilibrated with various oil and petroleum products. Both techniques gave similar results but HSSPME was much more sensitive and exhibited better precision. Detection limits were found to be in the sub-ng/ml level, with precision better than 5% R.S.D. in most cases. To evaluate the suitability of SPME for relatively high contamination level analysis, the proposed HSSPME method was applied to the screening of run-off water samples that had heavy oil suspended in them from a tire fire incident. HSSPME results were compared with liquid--liquid extraction. Library searches were conducted on the resulting GC-MS total ion chromatograms to determine the types of compounds found in such samples. Both techniques found similar composition in the water samples with the exception of alkylnaphthalenes that were detected only by HSSPME. A brief study was carried out to assess using SPME for air monitoring. By sampling and concentrating the volatile organic compounds in the coating of the SPME fibre without any other equipment, this new technique is useful as an alternative to active air monitoring by means of sampling pumps and sorbent tubes.

Offsite Radiological Consequence Analysis for the Bounding Flammable Gas Accident

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

CARRO, C.A.

2003-07-30

This document quantifies the offsite radiological consequences of the bounding flammable gas accident for comparison with the 25 rem Evaluation Guideline established in DOE-STD-3009, Appendix A. The bounding flammable gas accident is a detonation in a single-shell tank The calculation applies reasonably conservation input parameters in accordance with DOE-STD-3009, Appendix A, guidance. Revision 1 incorporates comments received from Office of River Protection.

Operational Considerations for Oxygen Flammability Risks: Concentrated Oxygen Diffusion and Permeation Behaviors

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Harper, Susana; Smith, Sarah; Juarez, Alfredo; Hirsch, David

2010-01-01

Increased human spaceflight operations utilize oxygen concentrations that are frequently varied with use of concentrations up to 100 percent oxygen. Even after exiting a higher percentage oxygen environment, high oxygen concentrations can still be maintained due to material saturation and oxygen entrapment between barrier materials. This paper examines the material flammability concerns that arise from changing oxygen environments during spaceflight operations. We examine the time required for common spacecraft and spacesuit materials exposed to oxygen to return to reduced ignitability and flammability once removed from the increased concentration. Various common spacecraft materials were considered: spacecraft cabin environment foams, Extra Vehicular Mobility Unit materials and foams, Advanced Crew Escape Suit materials, and other materials of interest such as Cotton, Nomex^ HT90-40, and Tiburon Surgical Drape. This paper presents calculated diffusion coefficients derived from experimentally obtained oxygen transmission rates for the tested materials and the analytically derived times necessary for reduced flammability to be achieved based on NASA flammability criteria. Oxygen material saturation and entrapment scenarios are examined. Experimental verification data on oxygen diffusion in saturation scenarios are also presented and discussed. We examine how to use obtained data to address flammability concerns during operational planning to reduce the likelihood of fires while improving efficiency for procedures.

Electroantennographic and behavioral responses of the sphinx moth Manduca sexta to host plant headspace volatiles.

PubMed

Fraser, Ann M; Mechaber, Wendy L; Hildebrand, John G

2003-08-01

Coupled gas chromatography with electroantennographic detection (GC-EAD) using antennae of adult female Manduca sexta was employed to screen for olfactory stimulants present in headspace collections from four species of larval host plants belonging to two families: Solanaceae--Lycopersicon esculentum (tomato), Capiscum annuum (bell pepper), and Datura wrightii; and Martyniaceae--Pronboscideaparviflora. Headspace volatiles were collected from undamaged foliage of potted, living plants. GC-EAD revealed 23 EAD-active compounds, of which 15 were identified by GC-mass spectrometry. Identified compounds included aliphatic, aromatic, and terpenoid compounds bearing a range of functional groups. Nine EAD-active compounds were common to all four host plant species: (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate, nonanal, decanal, phenylacetaldehyde, methyl salicylate, benzyl alcohol, geranyl acetone, (E)-nerolidol, and one unidentified compound. Behavioral responses of female moths to an eight-component synthetic blend of selected tomato headspace volatiles were tested in a laboratory wind tunnel. Females were attracted to the blend. A comparison of responses from antennae of males and females to bell pepper headspace volatiles revealed that males responded to the same suite of volatiles as females, except for (Z)-3-hexenyl benzoate. EAD responses of males also were lower for (Z)-and (E)-nerolidol and one unidentified compound. Electroantennogram EAG dose-response curves for the 15 identified EAD-active volatiles were recorded. At the higher test doses (10-100 microg), female antennae yielded larger EAG responses to terpenoids and to aliphatic and aromatic esters. Male antennae did respond to the higher doses of (Z)-3-hexenyl benzoate, indicating that they can detect this compound. On the basis of ubiquity of the EAD-active volatiles identified to date in host plant headspace collections, we suggest that M. sexta uses a suite of volatiles to locate and identify appropriate host plants.

Lab-In-Syringe automation of stirring-assisted room-temperature headspace extraction coupled online to gas chromatography with flame ionization detection for determination of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes in surface waters.

PubMed

Horstkotte, Burkhard; Lopez de Los Mozos Atochero, Natalia; Solich, Petr

2018-06-22

Online coupling of Lab-In-Syringe automated headspace extraction to gas chromatography has been studied. The developed methodology was successfully applied to surface water analysis using benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes as model analytes. The extraction system consisted of an automatic syringe pump with a 5 mL syringe into which all solutions and air for headspace formation were aspirated. The syringe piston featured a longitudinal channel, which allowed connecting the syringe void directly to a gas chromatograph with flame ionization detector via a transfer capillary. Gas injection was achieved via opening a computer-controlled pinch valve and compressing the headspace, upon which separation was initialized. Extractions were performed at room temperature; yet sensitivity comparable to previous work was obtained by high headspace to sample ratio V HS /V Sample of 1.6:1 and injection of about 77% of the headspace. Assistance by in-syringe magnetic stirring yielded an about threefold increase in extraction efficiency. Interferences were compensated by using chlorobenzene as an internal standard. Syringe cleaning and extraction lasting over 10 min was carried out in parallel to the chromatographic run enabling a time of analysis of <19 min. Excellent peak area repeatabilities with RSD of <4% when omitting and <2% RSD when using internal standard corrections on 100 μg L -1 level were achieved. An average recovery of 97.7% and limit of detection of 1-2 μg L -1 were obtained in analyses of surface water. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Additively Manufactured Metals in Oxygen Systems Project

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Tylka, Jonathan

2015-01-01

Metals produced by additive manufacturing methods, such as Powder Bed Fusion Technology, are now mature enough to be considered for qualification in human spaceflight oxygen systems. The mechanical properties of metals produced through AM processes are being systematically studied. However, it is unknown whether AM metals in oxygen applications may present an increased risk of flammability or ignition as compared to wrought metals of the same metallurgical composition due to increased porosity. Per NASA-STD-6001B materials to be used in oxygen system applications shall be based on flammability and combustion test data, followed by a flammability assessment. Without systematic flammability and ignition testing in oxygen there is no credible method for NASA to accurately evaluate the risk of using AM metals in oxygen systems.

Credit PSR. The flammable waste materials shed appears as seen ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

Credit PSR. The flammable waste materials shed appears as seen when looking south (186°) from South Liquid Loop Road. Note the catch basin for retaining accidentally spilled substances. Wastes are stored in drums and other safety containers until disposal by burning at the Incinerator (4249/E-50) or by other means. Note the nearby sign warning of corrosive, flammable materials, and calling attention to a fire extinguisher; a telephone is provided to call for assistance in the event of an emergency. This structure is isolated to prevent the spread of fire, and it is lightly built so damage from a fire will be inexpensive to repair - Jet Propulsion Laboratory Edwards Facility, Waste Flammable Storage Building, Edwards Air Force Base, Boron, Kern County, CA

Buoyancy-induced mixing during wash and elution steps in expanded bed adsorption.

PubMed

Fee, C J; Liten, A D

2001-01-01

Buoyancy-induced mixing occurs during expanded bed adsorption processes when the feed stream entering the bottom of the system has a lower density than that of the fluid above it. In the absence of a headspace, mixing in the expanded bed can be modeled as a single, well-mixed vessel, with first-order dynamics. In the presence of a headspace, the system exhibits second-order dynamics for the densities typically encountered in protein chromatography, and can be modeled as two well-mixed vessels (the expanded bed and the headspace) arranged in series. In this paper, the mixing dynamics of the expanded bed are described and a mathematical model of the system is presented. Experimental measurements of density changes during the dilution of sucrose and salt solutions in a STREAMLINE 25 column are presented. These show excellent agreement with predictions using the model. A number of strategies for wash and elution in expanded mode, both in the presence and absence of headspace, are discussed.

Efficient determination of average valence of manganese in manganese oxides by reaction headspace gas chromatography.

PubMed

Xie, Wei-Qi; Gong, Yi-Xian; Yu, Kong-Xian

2017-08-18

This work investigates a new reaction headspace gas chromatographic (HS-GC) technique for efficient quantifying average valence of manganese (Mn) in manganese oxides. This method is on the basis of the oxidation reaction between manganese oxides and sodium oxalate under the acidic condition. The carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) formed from the oxidation reaction can be quantitatively analyzed by headspace gas chromatography. The data showed that the reaction in the closed headspace vial can be completed in 20min at 80°C. The relative standard deviation of this reaction HS-GC method in the precision testing was within 1.08%, the relative differences between the new method and the reference method (titration method) were no more than 5.71%. The new HS-GC method is automated, efficient, and can be a reliable tool for the quantitative analysis of average valence of manganese in the manganese oxide related research and applications. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Determination of chlorinated volatile organic compounds in polyamine epichlorohydrin solution by headspace gas chromatography.

PubMed

Yan, Ning; Wan, Xiao-Fang; Chai, Xin-Sheng; Chen, Run-Quan

2017-05-05

This study demonstrated a headspace gas chromatographic (HS-GC) method for the determination of residual epichlorohydrin (ECH) and the by-product 1,3-dichloro-2-propanol (DCP) in polyamine epichlorohydrin (PAE) solution. It was based on the vapor-liquid phase equilibrium of these analytes at 60°C for 30min in a closed headspace sample vial before GC measurement. It was found that matrix of the PAE solution had the effect on the headspace equilibrium of these species and therefore a standard addition must be applied in the method validation. The results showed that the present method has a good measurement precision (RSD <2.90%) and accuracy (recoveries from 93.6 to 105%), and the limit of quantitation (LOQ) is 3.75mg/L for ECH and 0.8g/L for DCP. The present method is suitable to be used for analyzing the chlorinated volatile organic compounds in the commercial PAE resin solutions. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Rapid method for determination of carbonyl groups in lignin compounds by headspace gas chromatography.

PubMed

Li, Jing; Hu, Hui-Chao; Chai, Xin-Sheng

2015-07-24

The paper reports on a novel method for rapid determination of carbonyl in lignins by headspace gas chromatography (HS-GC). The method involves the quantitative carbonyl reduction for aldehydes in 2min at room temperature or for acetones in 30min at 80°C by sodium borohydride solution in a closed headspace sample vial. After the reaction, the solution was acidified by injecting sulfuric acid solution and the hydrogen released to the headspace was determined by GC using thermal-conductivity detector. The results showed that with the addition of SiO2 powder, the reduction reaction of carbonyl groups can be greatly facilitated. The method has a good measurement precision (RSD<7.74%) and accuracy (relative error <10% compared with a reference method) in the carbonyl quantification. It is suitable to be used for rapid determination of carbonyl content in lignin and related materials. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Headspace theater: an innovative method for experiential learning of psychiatric symptomatology using modified role-playing and improvisational theater techniques.

PubMed

Ballon, Bruce C; Silver, Ivan; Fidler, Donald

2007-01-01

Headspace Theater has been developed to allow small group learning of psychiatric conditions by creating role-play situations in which participants are placed in a scenario that simulates the experience of the condition. The authors conducted a literature review of role-playing techniques, interactive teaching, and experiential education, and performed consultations with experts in improvisational theater, live-action role-playing, and cognitive psychology (constructivism). Participants have universally rated the Headspace Theater experience positively. They affirmed that the simulations evoke emotions and cognitive distortions that create a window into the experience of a patient suffering from psychiatric symptoms. Several participants have also disseminated the techniques and scenarios to their local teaching setting. Headspace Theater may serve as a useful tool for helping various learners to experientially understand what a person may encounter when under the influence of a mental health condition, and thus help shape attitudes and increase empathy toward such people.

Analysis of residual monomers in dendritic methacrylate copolymers and composites by HPLC and headspace-GC/MS.

PubMed

Viljanen, Eeva K; Langer, Sarka; Skrifvars, Mikael; Vallittu, Pekka K

2006-09-01

The aim of this study was to analyze the residual monomer content of photopolymerized dendritic methacrylate copolymers and particulate filler composites. Headspace-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (HS-GC/MS) was compared with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The resin mixtures consisted of a dendritic methacrylate monomer, methyl methacrylate and acetoacetoxyethyl methacrylate in varied proportions. In addition, one of the composites contained 1,4-butanediol dimethacrylate. Camphorquinone and 2-(N,N-dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate were used as the light-activated initiator system. The content of residual methyl methacrylate and acetoacetoxyethyl methacrylate after 40 s photopolymerization were analyzed with HPLC and HS-GC/MS. The content of residual methyl methacrylate decreased and residual acetoacetoxyethyl methacrylate increased with increasing concentration of acetoacetoxyethyl methacrylate in the resin mixture. The results with both methods had the same trend. The addition of acetoacetoxyethyl methacrylate enhanced the copolymerization of methyl methacrylate, but did not decrease the total residual monomer content. The HS-GC/MS method was found to be a feasible method in the analysis of low-boiling residuals in dental polymers.

First Report on Rare Unifloral Honey of Endemic Moltkia petraea (Tratt.) Griseb. from Croatia: Detailed Chemical Screening and Antioxidant Capacity.

PubMed

Jerković, Igor; Marijanović, Zvonimir; Zekić, Marina; Tuberoso, Carlo I G

2017-03-01

Rare Moltkia petraea (Tratt.) Griseb. honey from Croatia was first time characterised. The spectrophotometric assays on CIE L*a*b*C ab *h ab ° colour coordinates, total phenol content and antioxidant capacity (FRAP, CUPRAC, DPPH • and ABTS •+ assays) determined higher honey values generally close to dark honeys ranges. Headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) on two fibres after GC-FID and GC/MS revealed the major compounds 2-phenylacetaldehyde (12.8%; 15.6%), benzaldehyde (11.1%; 10.0%), octane (9.3%; 7.6%), nonane, propan-2-one, pentan-2-one, pentanal and nonanal (4.9%; 14.5%). Ultrasonic solvent extraction (USE) mainly isolated non-specific higher molecular compounds characteristic of the comb environment. Targeted HLPC-DAD analysis of the honey determined higher concentration of phenylalanine (212.08 mg/kg) and lumichrome (16.25 mg/kg) along with tyrosine and kojic acid. The headspace composition (chemical fingerprint) and high concentration of lumichrome can be considered particular for M. petraea honey. © 2017 Wiley-VHCA AG, Zurich, Switzerland.

Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) Analysis For Disease Detection: Proof Of Principle For Field Studies Detecting Paratuberculosis And Brucellosis

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Knobloch, Henri; Köhler, Heike; Nicola, Commander; Reinhold, Petra; Turner, Claire; Chambers, Mark

2009-05-01

A proof of concept investigation was performed to demonstrate that two independent infectious diseases of cattle result in different patterns of volatile organic compounds (VOC) in the headspace of serum samples detectable using an electronic nose (e-nose). A total of 117 sera from cattle naturally infected with Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (paraTB, n = 43) or Brucella sp. (n = 26) and sera from corresponding control animals (n = 48) were randomly and analysed blind to infection status using a ST214 e-nose (Scensive Ltd, Leeds, UK). Samples were collected under non-standardised conditions on different farms from the UK (brucellosis) and Germany (paraTB). The e-nose could differentiate the sera from brucellosis infected, paraTB infected and healthy animals at the population level, but the technology used was not suitable for determination of the disease status of individual animals. Nevertheless, the data indicate that there are differences in the sensor responses depending on the disease status, and therefore, it shows the potential of VOC analysis from serum headspace samples for disease detection.

Determinations of dimethylsulphoniopropionate (DMSP) lyase activity using headspace analysis of dimethylsulphide (DMS)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Steinke, M.; Malin, G.; Turner, S. M.; Liss, P. S.

2000-08-01

The osmolyte dimethylsulphoniopropionate (DMSP) can be enzymatically cleaved to dimethylsulphide (DMS), acrylate and a proton. The enzyme involved in this reaction is dimethylpropiothetin dethiomethylase (DMSP lyase; enzyme classification number 4.4.1.3.). Although the importance of this reaction for the global sulphur cycle, the influence of DMS on atmospheric acidity and the possible effect on climate regulation have been widely recognised, our knowledge of DMSP lyases is limited to just a few studies. Activity measurements of DMSP lyases offer an important step towards a better understanding of the conditions under which DMS is produced. In the available published data somewhat similar methods have been used before, but a critical examination of the method limitations has not been reported. To encourage further research on this enzyme, we suggest and detail two protocols for measurements of DMSP lyase activity: An in vitro assay for crude cell extracts or purified enzyme and an in vivo method for whole cells, which we recently started to use. After addition of DMSP, samples incubated in a gas tight vial may produce DMS from enzymatic cleavage under suitable conditions, and a DMS production rate can be estimated from time-series measurements of DMS in the headspace of the vial. Headspace analysis of DMS is a useful and rapid technique to estimate and compare DMSP lyase activities from different sources. The relative rates of DMS production in the liquid and of the gas transfer between liquid and headspace, determine the rate of DMS production measured via headspace analysis. If DMS production in the liquid is higher than the rate of transfer, headspace measurements will not reflect the actual amount of DMS produced in the liquid. In this case, extracts have to be diluted to a level that ensures linearity between dilution factor and reduction of enzyme activity. Additionally, incubation volumes and vials should be selected to provide a high surface-to-volume ratio to ensure maximum flux of DMS from the aqueous phase into the headspace. The methods can be adapted to further investigate species- and strain-specific activities, biogeographical distribution, cellular location and biochemical properties of various DMSP lyases.

Method for lowering the VOCS emitted during drying of wood products

DOEpatents

Banerjee, Sujit; Boerner, James Robert; Su, Wei

2000-01-01

The present invention is directed to a method for removal of VOCs from wood products prior to drying the wood products. The method of the invention includes the steps of providing a chamber having an opening for receiving wood and loading the chamber with green wood. The wood is loaded to an extent sufficient to provide a limited headspace in the chamber. The chamber is then closed and the wood is heated in the chamber for a time and at a temperature sufficient to saturate the headspace with moisture and to substantially transfer VOCs from the wood product to the moisture in the headspace.

Zero-Headspace Coal-Core Gas Desorption Canister, Revised Desorption Data Analysis Spreadsheets and a Dry Canister Heating System

USGS Publications Warehouse

Barker, Charles E.; Dallegge, Todd A.

2005-01-01

Coal desorption techniques typically use the U.S. Bureau of Mines (USBM) canister-desorption method as described by Diamond and Levine (1981), Close and Erwin (1989), Ryan and Dawson (1993), McLennan and others (1994), Mavor and Nelson (1997) and Diamond and Schatzel (1998). However, the coal desorption canister designs historically used with this method have an inherent flaw that allows a significant gas-filled headspace bubble to remain in the canister that later has to be compensated for by correcting the measured desorbed gas volume with a mathematical headspace volume correction (McLennan and others, 1994; Mavor and Nelson, 1997).

A summary description of the flammable gas tank safety program

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Johnson, G.D.; Sherwood, D.J.

1994-10-01

Radioactive liquid waste may produce hydrogen as result of the interaction of gamma radiation and water. If the waste contains organic chelating agents, additional hydrogen as well as nitrous oxide and ammonia may be produced by thermal and radiolytic decomposition of these organics. Several high-level radioactive liquid waste storage tanks, located underground at the Hanford Site in Washington State, are on a Flammable Gas Watch List. Some contain waste that produces and retains gases until large quantities of gas are released rapidly to the tank vapor space. Tanks nearly-filled to capacity have relatively little vapor space; therefore if the wastemore » suddenly releases a large amount of hydrogen and nitrous oxide, a flammable gas mixture could result. The most notable example of a Hanford waste tank with a flammable gas problem is tank 241-SY-101. Upon occasion waste stored in this tank has released enough flammable gas to burn if an ignition source had been present inside of the tank. Several, other Hanford waste tanks exhibit similar behavior although to a lesser magnitude. Because this behavior was hot adequately-addressed in safety analysis reports for the Hanford Tank Farms, an unreviewed safety question was declared, and in 1990 the Flammable Gas Tank Safety Program was established to address this problem. The purposes of the program are a follows: (1) Provide safety documents to fill gaps in the safety analysis reports, and (2) Resolve the safety issue by acquiring knowledge about gas retention and release from radioactive liquid waste and developing mitigation technology. This document provides the general logic and work activities required to resolve the unreviewed safety question and the safety issue of flammable gas mixtures in radioactive liquid waste storage tanks.« less

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Winston, Philip Lon

Prior to performing an internal visual inspection, samples of the headspace gas of the GNS Castor V/21 cask were taken on June 12, 2014. These samples were taken in support of the CREIPI/Japanese nuclear industry effort to validate fuel integrity without visual inspection by measuring the 85Kr content of the cask headspace

IDENTIFICATION OF POLAR VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS IN CONSUMER PRODUCTS AND COMMON MICROENVIRONMENTS

EPA Science Inventory

Polar volatile organic compounds were identified in the headspace of 31 fragrance products such as perfumes, colognes and soaps. About 150 different chemicals were identified in a semiquantitative fashion, using two methods to analyze the headspace: direct injection into a gas ch...

Measurement of water absorption capacity in wheat flour by a headspace gas chromatographic technique.

PubMed

Xie, Wei-Qi; Yu, Kong-Xian; Gong, Yi-Xian

2018-04-17

The purpose of this work is to introduce a new method for quantitatively analyzing water absorption capacity in wheat flour by a headspace gas chromatographic technique. This headspace gas chromatographic technique was based on measuring the water vapor released from a series of wheat flour samples with different contents of water addition. According to the different trends between the vapor and wheat flour phase before and after the water absorption capacity in wheat flour, a turning point (corresponding to water absorption capacity in wheat flour) can be obtained by fitting the data of the water gas chromatography peak area from different wheat flour samples. The data showed that the phase equilibrium in the vial can be achieved in 25 min at desired temperature (35°C). The relative standard deviation of the reaction headspace gas chromatographic technique in water absorption capacity determination was within 3.48%, the relative differences has been determined by comparing the water absorption capacity obtained from this new analytical technique with the data from the reference technique (i.e., the filtration method), which are less than 8.92%. The new headspace gas chromatographic method is automated, accurate and be a reliable tool for quantifying water absorption capacity in wheat flour in both laboratory research and mill applications. © 2018 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Have plants evolved to self-immolate?

PubMed Central

Bowman, David M. J. S.; French, Ben J.; Prior, Lynda D.

2014-01-01

By definition fire prone ecosystems have highly combustible plants, leading to the hypothesis, first formally stated by Mutch in 1970, that community flammability is the product of natural selection of flammable traits. However, proving the “Mutch hypothesis” has presented an enormous challenge for fire ecologists given the difficulty in establishing cause and effect between landscape fire and flammable plant traits. Individual plant traits (such as leaf moisture content, retention of dead branches and foliage, oil rich foliage) are known to affect the flammability of plants but there is no evidence these characters evolved specifically to self-immolate, although some of these traits may have been secondarily modified to increase the propensity to burn. Demonstrating individual benefits from self-immolation is extraordinarily difficult, given the intersection of the physical environmental factors that control landscape fire (fuel production, dryness and ignitions) with community flammability properties that emerge from numerous traits of multiple species (canopy cover and litter bed bulk density). It is more parsimonious to conclude plants have evolved mechanisms to tolerate, but not promote, landscape fire. PMID:25414710

46 CFR 182.480 - Flammable vapor detection systems.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 100 GROSS TONS) MACHINERY INSTALLATION Specific Machinery Requirements § 182.480 Flammable vapor... permit calibration in a vapor free atmosphere. (g) Electrical connections, wiring, and components for a...

Bromination of Aromatic Compounds by Residual Bromide in Sodium Chloride Matrix Modifier Salt During Heated Headspace GC/MS Analysis

EPA Science Inventory

Analytical artifacts attributed to the bromination of toluene, xylenes, and trimethylbenzenes were found during the heated headspace gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis of aqueous samples. The aqueous samples were produced from Fenton-like chemical oxidation rea...

Polymer flammability

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2005-05-01

This report provides an overview of polymer flammability from a material science perspective and describes currently accepted test methods to quantify burning behavior. Simplifying assumptions about the gas and condensed phase processes of flaming co...

Flammability screening tests of resins

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Arhart, R. W.; Farrar, D. G.; Hughes, B. M.

1979-01-01

Selected flammability characteristics of glass cloth laminates of thermosetting resins are evaluated. A protocol for the evaluation of the flammability hazards presented by glass cloth laminates of thermosetting resins and the usefulness of that protocol with two laminates are presented. The glass laminates of an epoxy resin, M-751 are evaluated for: (1) determination of smoke generation from the laminates; (2) analysis of products of oxidative degradation of the laminates; (3) determination of minimum oxygen necessary to maintain flaming oxidation; (4) evaluation of toxicological hazards.

49 CFR 195.403 - Emergency response training.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

..., including, in case of flammable HVL, flammability of mixtures with air, odorless vapors, and water reactions... malfunctions or failures and hazardous liquids or carbon dioxide spills, and take appropriate corrective action...

Hydrogen generation via anaerobic fermentation of paper mill wastes.

PubMed

Valdez-Vazquez, Idania; Sparling, Richard; Risbey, Derek; Rinderknecht-Seijas, Noemi; Poggi-Varaldo, Héctor M

2005-11-01

The objective of this work was to determine the hydrogen production from paper mill wastes using microbial consortia of solid substrate anaerobic digesters. Inocula from mesophilic, continuous solid substrate anaerobic digestion (SSAD) reactors were transferred to small lab scale, batch reactors. Milled paper (used as a surrogate paper waste) was added as substrate and acetylene or 2-bromoethanesulfonate (BES) was spiked for methanogenesis inhibition. In the first phase of experiments it was found that acetylene at 1% v/v in the headspace was as effective as BES in inhibiting methanogenic activity. Hydrogen gas accumulated in the headspace of the bottles, reaching a plateau. Similar final hydrogen concentrations were obtained for reactors spiked with acetylene and BES. In the second phase of tests the headspace of the batch reactors was flushed with nitrogen gas after the first plateau of hydrogen was reached, and subsequently incubated, with no further addition of inhibitor nor substrate. It was found that hydrogen production resumed and reached a second plateau, although somewhat lower than the first one. This procedure was repeated a third time and an additional amount of hydrogen was obtained. The plateaux and initial rates of hydrogen accumulation decreased in each subsequent incubation cycle. The total cumulative hydrogen harvested in the three cycles was much higher (approx. double) than in the first cycle alone. We coined this procedure as IV-SSAH (intermittently vented solid substrate anaerobic hydrogen generation). Our results point out to a feasible strategy for obtaining higher hydrogen yields from the fermentation of industrial solid wastes, and a possible combination of waste treatment processes consisting of a first stage IV-SSAH followed by a second SSAD stage. Useful products of this approach would be hydrogen, organic acids or methane, and anaerobic digestates that could be used as soil amenders after post-treatment.

41 CFR 109-40.5005 - Description of property for shipment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... AVIATION, TRANSPORTATION, AND MOTOR VEHICLES 40-TRANSPORTATION AND TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT 40.50-Bills of Lading... explosives, radioactive materials, flammable liquids, flammable solids, oxidizers, or poison A or poison B...

41 CFR 109-40.5005 - Description of property for shipment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... AVIATION, TRANSPORTATION, AND MOTOR VEHICLES 40-TRANSPORTATION AND TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT 40.50-Bills of Lading... explosives, radioactive materials, flammable liquids, flammable solids, oxidizers, or poison A or poison B...

41 CFR 109-40.5005 - Description of property for shipment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... AVIATION, TRANSPORTATION, AND MOTOR VEHICLES 40-TRANSPORTATION AND TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT 40.50-Bills of Lading... explosives, radioactive materials, flammable liquids, flammable solids, oxidizers, or poison A or poison B...

41 CFR 109-40.5005 - Description of property for shipment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... AVIATION, TRANSPORTATION, AND MOTOR VEHICLES 40-TRANSPORTATION AND TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT 40.50-Bills of Lading... explosives, radioactive materials, flammable liquids, flammable solids, oxidizers, or poison A or poison B...

41 CFR 109-40.5005 - Description of property for shipment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... AVIATION, TRANSPORTATION, AND MOTOR VEHICLES 40-TRANSPORTATION AND TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT 40.50-Bills of Lading... explosives, radioactive materials, flammable liquids, flammable solids, oxidizers, or poison A or poison B...

46 CFR 105.10-15 - Flammable liquid.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... FISHING VESSELS DISPENSING PETROLEUM PRODUCTS Definition of Terms Used in This Part § 105.10-15 Flammable... vapor pressure of 14 pounds or more. 1 American Society of Testing Materials Standard D 323...

16 CFR 1302.2 - Purpose.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... FLAMMABLE CONTACT ADHESIVES § 1302.2 Purpose. The purpose of this rule is to ban extremely flammable contact adhesives which have been found to present an unreasonable risk of injury to consumers of burns resulting...

FLAMMABLE GAS TECHNICAL BASIS DOCUMENT

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

KRIPPS, L.J.

2005-02-18

This document describes the qualitative evaluation of frequency and consequences for double shell tank (DST) and single shell tank (SST) representative flammable gas accidents and associated hazardous conditions without controls. The evaluation indicated that safety-significant SSCs and/or TSRS were required to prevent or mitigate flammable gas accidents. Discussion on the resulting control decisions is included. This technical basis document was developed to support of the Tank Farms Documented Safety Analysis (DSA) and describes the risk binning process for the flammable gas representative accidents and associated represented hazardous conditions. The purpose of the risk binning process is to determine the needmore » for safety-significant structures, systems, and components (SSC) and technical safety requirement (TSR)-level controls for a given representative accident or represented hazardous condition based on an evaluation of the event frequency and consequence.« less

Antimisting kerosene atomization and flammability

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Fleeter, R.; Petersen, R. A.; Toaz, R. D.; Jakub, A.; Sarohia, V.

1982-01-01

Various parameters found to affect the flammability of antimisting kerosene (Jet A + polymer additive) are investigated. Digital image processing was integrated into a technique for measurement of fuel spray characteristics. This technique was developed to avoid many of the error sources inherent to other spray assessment techniques and was applied to the study of engine fuel nozzle atomization performance with Jet A and antimisting fuel. Aircraft accident fuel spill and ignition dynamics were modeled in a steady state simulator allowing flammability to be measured as a function of airspeed, fuel flow rate, fuel jet Reynolds number and polymer concentration. The digital imaging technique was employed to measure spray characteristics in this simulation and these results were related to flammability test results. Scaling relationships were investigated through correlation of experimental results with characteristic dimensions spanning more than two orders of magnitude.

Thermochemical characterization of some thermally stable thermoplastic and thermoset polymers

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Kourtides, D. A.; Gilwee, W. J., Jr.; Parker, J. A.

1979-01-01

The thermochemical and flammability properties of some thermally stable polymers considered for use in aircraft interiors are described. The properties studied include: (1) thermomechanical properties such as glass transition and melt temperature; (2) dynamic thermogravimetric analysis in anaerobic environment; (3) flammability properties such as oxygen index, flame spread, and smoke evolution; and (4) selected physical properties. The thermoplastic polymers evaluated include polyphenylene sulfide, polyaryl sulfone, 9,9-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-fluorene polycarbonate-poly(dimethylsiloxane) and polyether sulfone. The thermoset polymers evaluated include epoxy, bismaleimide, a modified phenolic, and polyaromatic melamine resin. These resins were primarily used in the fabrication of glass-reinforced prepregs for the construction of experimental panels. Test results and relative rankings of some of the flammability parameters are presented, and the relationship of the molecular structure, char yield, and flammability properties of these polymers are discussed.

Protocol of Test Methods for Evaluating High Heat Sink Fuel Thermal Stability Additives for Aviation Jet Fuel JP-8+100

DTIC Science & Technology

2002-04-01

minute intervals: run time , crystal frequency, temperature, and headspace oxygen concentration. Fuels: In order to evaluate a thermal stability...begun. The run time , crystal frequency, reactor temperature, and headspace oxygen concentration are monitored and recorded at one minute intervals by

An Economical Method for Static Headspace Enrichment for Arson Analysis

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Olesen, Bjorn

2010-01-01

Static headspace analysis of accelerants from suspected arsons is accomplished by placing an arson sample in a sealed container with a carbon strip suspended above the sample. The sample is heated, cooled to room temperature, and then the organic components are extracted from the carbon strip with carbon disulfide followed by gas chromatography…

Determination of microstickies in recycled whitewater by headspace gas chromatography

Treesearch

X.-S. Chai; J.C. Samp; Q.F. Yang; H.N. Song; J.Y. Zhu

2007-01-01

This study proposed a novel headspace gas chromatographic (HS-GC) method for determination of adhesive contaminants (microstickies) in recycled whitewater, a fiber containing process stream, in the paper mill. It is based on the adsorption behavior of toluene (as a tracer) on the hydrophobic surface of microstickies, which affects the apparent vapor-liquid...

Comparison of traditional gas chromatography (GC), headspace GC, and the microbial identification library GC system for the identification of Clostridium difficile.

PubMed Central

Cundy, K V; Willard, K E; Valeri, L J; Shanholtzer, C J; Singh, J; Peterson, L R

1991-01-01

Three gas chromatography (GC) methods were compared for the identification of 52 clinical Clostridium difficile isolates, as well as 17 non-C. difficile Clostridium isolates. Headspace GC and Microbial Identification System (MIS) GC, an automated system which utilizes a software library developed at the Virginia Polytechnic Institute to identify organisms based on the fatty acids extracted from the bacterial cell wall, were compared against the reference method of traditional GC. Headspace GC and MIS were of approximately equivalent accuracy in identifying the 52 C. difficile isolates (52 of 52 versus 51 of 52, respectively). However, 7 of 52 organisms required repeated sample preparation before an identification was achieved by the MIS method. Both systems effectively differentiated C. difficile from non-C. difficile clostridia, although the MIS method correctly identified only 9 of 17. We conclude that the headspace GC system is an accurate method of C. difficile identification, which requires only one-fifth of the sample preparation time of MIS GC and one-half of the sample preparation time of traditional GC. PMID:2007632

Application of headspace analysis to the study of sorption of hydrophobic organic chemicals to α-Al2O3

USGS Publications Warehouse

Pelinger, Judith A.; Eisenreich, Steven J.; Capel, Paul D.

1993-01-01

The sorption of hydrophobic organic chemicals (HOCs) to ??-Al2O3 was investigated with a headspace analysis method. The semiautomated headspace analyzer gave rapid, precise, and accurate results for a homologous series alkylbenzenes even at low percentages of solute mass sorbed (3-50%). Sorption experiments carried out with benzene alone indicated weak interactions with well-characterized aluminum oxide, and a solids concentration effect was observed. When the sorption coefficients for benzene alone obtained by headspace analysis were extrapolated up to the solids concentrations typically used in batch sorption experiments, the measured sorption coefficients agreed with reported sorption coefficients for HOCs and sediments of low fractional organic carbon content. Sorbed concentrations increased exponentially with aqueous concentration in isotherms with mixtures of alkylbenzenes, indicating solute-solute interactions at the mineral surface. Sorption was, however, greater than predicted for partitioning of a solute between its pure liquid phase and water, indicating additional influences of the surface and/or the structured liquid near the mineral surface. ?? 1993 American Chemical Society.

A novel headspace gas chromatographic method for in situ monitoring of monomer conversion during polymerization in an emulsion environment.

PubMed

Chai, Xin-Sheng; Zhong, Jin-Feng; Hu, Hui-Chao

2012-05-18

This paper describes a novel multiple-headspace extraction/gas chromatographic (MHE-GC) technique for monitoring monomer conversion during a polymerization reaction in a water-based emulsion environment. The polymerization reaction of methyl methacrylate (MMA) in an aqueous emulsion is used as an example. The reaction was performed in a closed headspace sample vial (as a mini-reactor), with pentane as a tracer. In situ monitoring of the vapor concentration of the tracer, employing a multiple headspace extraction (sampling) scheme, coupled to a GC, makes it possible to quantitatively follow the conversion of MMA during the early stages of polymerization. Data on the integrated amount of the tracer vapor released from the monomer droplet phase during the polymerization is described by a mathematic equation from which the monomer conversion can be calculated. The present method is simple, automated and economical, and provides an efficient tool in the investigation of the reaction kinetics and effects of the reaction conditions on the early stage of polymerization. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Ultrasonic nebulization extraction-heating gas flow transfer-headspace single drop microextraction of essential oil from pericarp of Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim.

PubMed

Wei, Shigang; Zhang, Huihui; Wang, Yeqiang; Wang, Lu; Li, Xueyuan; Wang, Yinghua; Zhang, Hanqi; Xu, Xu; Shi, Yuhua

2011-07-22

The ultrasonic nebulization extraction-heating gas flow transfer coupled with headspace single drop microextraction (UNE-HGFT-HS-SDME) was developed for the extraction of essential oil from Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim. The gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was applied to the determination of the constituents in the essential oil. The contents of the constituents from essential oil obtained by the proposed method were found to be more similar to those obtained by hydro-distillation (HD) than those obtained by ultrasonic nebulization extraction coupled with headspace single drop microextraction (UNE-HS-SDME). The heating gas flow was firstly used in the analysis of the essential oil to transfer the analytes from the headspace to the solvent microdrop. The relative standard deviations for determining the five major constituents were in the range from 1.5 to 6.7%. The proposed method is a fast, sensitive, low cost and small sample consumption method for the determination of the volatile and semivolatile constituents in the plant materials. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Flow Effects on the Flammability Diagrams of Solid Fuels: Microgravity Influence on Ignition Delay

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Cordova, J. L.; Walther, D. C.; Fernandez-Pello, A. C.; Steinhaus, T.; Torero, J. L.; Quintere, J. G.; Ross, H. D.

1999-01-01

The possibility of an accidental fire in space-based facilities is a primary concern of space exploration programs. Spacecraft environments generally present low velocity air currents produced by ventilation and heating systems (of the order of 0.1 m/s), and fluctuating oxygen concentrations around that of air due to CO2 removal systems. Recent experiments of flame spread in microgravity show the spread rate to be faster and the limiting oxygen concentration lower than in normal-gravity. To date, there is not a material flammability-testing protocol that specifically addresses issues related to microgravity conditions. The present project (FIST) aims to establish a testing methodology that is suitable for the specific conditions of reduced gravity. The concepts underlying the operation of the LIFT apparatus, ASTM-E 1321-93, have been used to develop the Forced-flow Ignition and flame-Spread Test (FIST). As in the LIFT, the FIST is used to obtain the flammability diagrams of the material, i.e., graphs of ignition delay time and flame spread rate as a function of the externally applied radiant flux, but under forced flow rather than natural convection conditions, and for different oxygen concentrations. Although the flammability diagrams are similar, the flammability properties obtained with the FIST are found to depend on the flow characteristics. A research program is currently underway with the purpose of implementing the FIST as a protocol to characterize the flammability performance of solid materials to be used in microgravity facilities. To this point, tests have been performed with the FIST apparatus in both normal-gravity and microgravity conditions to determine the effects of oxidizer flow characteristics on the flammability diagrams of polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) fuel samples. The experiments are conducted at reduced gravity in a KC- 135 aircraft following a parabolic flight trajectory that provides up to 25 seconds of low gravity. The objective of the experiments is to obtain data of ignition delay and flame spread rate at low flow velocities (0.1 to 0.2 m/s), which cannot be obtained under normal gravity because of the natural convection induced flows (approx. 0.5 m/s). Due to the limited reduced gravity time, the data can only be obtained for high radiant fluxes, and are consequently limited in scope. These tests do, however, provide insight into the flammability diagram characteristics at low velocity and reduced gravity, and also into the implications of the flow-dependence of the flammability properties under environments similar to those encountered in space facilities.

Interstage Flammability Analysis Approach

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Little, Jeffrey K.; Eppard, William M.

2011-01-01

The Interstage of the Ares I launch platform houses several key components which are on standby during First Stage operation: the Reaction Control System (ReCS), the Upper Stage (US) Thrust Vector Control (TVC) and the J-2X with the Main Propulsion System (MPS) propellant feed system. Therefore potentially dangerous leaks of propellants could develop. The Interstage leaks analysis addresses the concerns of localized mixing of hydrogen and oxygen gases to produce deflagration zones in the Interstage of the Ares I launch vehicle during First Stage operation. This report details the approach taken to accomplish the analysis. Specified leakage profiles and actual flammability results are not presented due to proprietary and security restrictions. The interior volume formed by the Interstage walls, bounding interfaces with the Upper and First Stages, and surrounding the J2-X engine was modeled using Loci-CHEM to assess the potential for flammable gas mixtures to develop during First Stage operations. The transient analysis included a derived flammability indicator based on mixture ratios to maintain achievable simulation times. Validation of results was based on a comparison to Interstage pressure profiles outlined in prior NASA studies. The approach proved useful in the bounding of flammability risk in supporting program hazard reviews.

SIMPLE TRANSIENT CALCULATIONS OF CELL FLAMMABLE GAS CONCENTRATIONS

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

NOEMAIL), J; David Allison; John Mccord, J

2009-05-06

The Saltstone Facility at Savannah River Site (SRS) mixes low-level radiological liquid waste with grout for permanent disposal as cement in vault cells. The grout mixture is poured into each cell in approximately 17 batches (8 to 10 hours duration). The grout mixture contains ten flammable gases of concern that are released from the mixture into the cell. Prior to operations, simple parametric transient calculations were performed to develop batch parameters (including schedule of batch pours) to support operational efficiency while ensuring that a flammable gas mixture does not develop in the cell vapor space. The analysis demonstrated that amore » nonflammable vapor space environment can be achieved, with workable operational constraints, without crediting the ventilation flow as a safety system control. Isopar L was identified as the primary flammable gas of concern. The transient calculations balanced inflows of the flammable gases into the vapor space with credited outflows of diurnal breathing through vent holes and displacement from new grout pours and gases generated. Other important features of the analyses included identifying conditions that inhibited a well-mixed vapor space, the expected frequency and duration of such conditions, and the estimated level of stratification that could develop.« less

Determination of flash point in air and pure oxygen using an equilibrium closed bomb apparatus.

PubMed

Kong, Dehong; am Ende, David J; Brenek, Steven J; Weston, Neil P

2003-08-29

The standard closed testers for flash point measurements may not be feasible for measuring flash point in special atmospheres like oxygen because the test atmosphere cannot be maintained due to leakage and the laboratory safety can be compromised. To address these limitations we developed a new "equilibrium closed bomb" (ECB). The ECB generally gives lower flash point values than standard closed cup testers as shown by the results of six flammable liquids. The present results are generally in good agreement with the values calculated from the reported lower flammability limits and the vapor pressures. Our measurements show that increased oxygen concentration had little effect on the flash points of the tested flammable liquids. While generally regarded as non-flammable because of the lack of observed flash point in standard closed cup flash point testers, dichloromethane is known to form flammable mixtures. The flash point of dichloromethane in oxygen measured in the ECB is -7.1 degrees C. The flash point of dichloromethane in air is dependent on the type and energy of the ignition source. Further research is being carried out to establish the relationship between the flash point of dichloromethane and the energy of the ignition source.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Carlsbad Field Office

The Performance Demonstration Program (PDP) for headspace gases distributes blind audit samples in a gas matrix for analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Participating measurement facilities (i.e., fixed laboratories, mobile analysis systems, and on-line analytical systems) are located across the United States. Each sample distribution is termed a PDP cycle. These evaluation cycles provide an objective measure of the reliability of measurements performed for transuranic (TRU) waste characterization. The primary documents governing the conduct of the PDP are the Quality Assurance Program Document (QAPD) (DOE/CBFO-94-1012) and the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP) Waste Analysis Plan (WAP) contained in the Hazardousmore » Waste Facility Permit (NM4890139088-TSDF) issued by the New Mexico Environment Department (NMED). The WAP requires participation in the PDP; the PDP must comply with the QAPD and the WAP. This plan implements the general requirements of the QAPD and the applicable requirements of the WAP for the Headspace Gas (HSG) PDP. Participating measurement facilities analyze blind audit samples of simulated TRU waste package headspace gases according to the criteria set by this PDP Plan. Blind audit samples (hereafter referred to as PDP samples) are used as an independent means to assess each measurement facility’s compliance with the WAP quality assurance objectives (QAOs). To the extent possible, the concentrations of VOC analytes in the PDP samples encompass the range of concentrations anticipated in actual TRU waste package headspace gas samples. Analyses of headspace gases are required by the WIPP to demonstrate compliance with regulatory requirements. These analyses must be performed by measurement facilities that have demonstrated acceptable performance in this PDP. These analyses are referred to as WIPP analyses and the TRU waste package headspace gas samples on which they are performed are referred to as WIPP samples in this document. Participating measurement facilities must analyze PDP samples using the same procedures used for routine waste characterization analyses of WIPP samples.« less

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Carlsbad Field Office

The Performance Demonstration Program (PDP) for headspace gases distributes sample gases of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) for analysis. Participating measurement facilities (i.e., fixed laboratories, mobile analysis systems, and on-line analytical systems) are located across the United States. Each sample distribution is termed a PDP cycle. These evaluation cycles provide an objective measure of the reliability of measurements performed for transuranic (TRU) waste characterization. The primary documents governing the conduct of the PDP are the Quality Assurance Program Document (QAPD) (DOE/CBFO-94-1012) and the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP) Waste Analysis Plan (WAP) contained in the Hazardous Waste Facility Permit (NM4890139088-TSDF) issuedmore » by the New Mexico Environment Department (NMED). The WAP requires participation in the PDP; the PDP must comply with the QAPD and the WAP. This plan implements the general requirements of the QAPD and the applicable requirements of the WAP for the Headspace Gas (HSG) PDP. Participating measurement facilities analyze blind audit samples of simulated TRU waste package headspace gases according to the criteria set by this PDP Plan. Blind audit samples (hereafter referred to as PDP samples) are used as an independent means to assess each measurement facility’s compliance with the WAP quality assurance objectives (QAOs). To the extent possible, the concentrations of VOC analytes in the PDP samples encompass the range of concentrations anticipated in actual TRU waste package headspace gas samples. Analyses of headspace gases are required by the WIPP to demonstrate compliance with regulatory requirements. These analyses must be performed by measurement facilities that have demonstrated acceptable performance in this PDP. These analyses are referred to as WIPP analyses and the TRU waste package headspace gas samples on which they are performed are referred to as WIPP samples in this document. Participating measurement facilities must analyze PDP samples using the same procedures used for routine waste characterization analyses of WIPP samples.« less

16 CFR § 1611.1 - Purpose and scope.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... FOR THE FLAMMABILITY OF VINYL PLASTIC FILM The Standard § 1611.1 Purpose and scope. The purpose of this standard is to promulgate a minimum standard for flammability of vinyl plastic film which are...

Design review report for rotary mode core sample truck (RMCST) modifications for flammable gas tanks, preliminary design

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Corbett, J.E.

1996-02-01

This report documents the completion of a preliminary design review for the Rotary Mode Core Sample Truck (RMCST) modifications for flammable gas tanks. The RMCST modifications are intended to support core sampling operations in waste tanks requiring flammable gas controls. The objective of this review was to validate basic design assumptions and concepts to support a path forward leading to a final design. The conclusion reached by the review committee was that the design was acceptable and efforts should continue toward a final design review.

Development of a Flammability Test Method for Aircraft Blankets

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1996-03-01

Flammability testing of aircraft blankets was conducted in order to develop a fire performance test method and performance criteria for blankets supplied to commercial aircraft operators. Aircraft blankets were subjected to vertical Bunsen burner tes...

14 CFR 25.1183 - Flammable fluid-carrying components.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... safeguard against the ignition of leaking flammable fluid. An integral oil sump of less than 25-quart..., essential services or equipment. [Doc. No. 5066, 29 FR 18291, Dec. 24, 1964, as amended by Amdt. 25-11, 32...

14 CFR 25.1183 - Flammable fluid-carrying components.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... safeguard against the ignition of leaking flammable fluid. An integral oil sump of less than 25-quart..., essential services or equipment. [Doc. No. 5066, 29 FR 18291, Dec. 24, 1964, as amended by Amdt. 25-11, 32...

16 CFR 1611.1 - Purpose and scope.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... FLAMMABILITY OF VINYL PLASTIC FILM The Standard § 1611.1 Purpose and scope. The purpose of this standard is to promulgate a minimum standard for flammability of vinyl plastic film which are subject to the requirements of...

16 CFR 1611.1 - Purpose and scope.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... FLAMMABILITY OF VINYL PLASTIC FILM The Standard § 1611.1 Purpose and scope. The purpose of this standard is to promulgate a minimum standard for flammability of vinyl plastic film which are subject to the requirements of...

16 CFR 1611.1 - Purpose and scope.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... FLAMMABILITY OF VINYL PLASTIC FILM The Standard § 1611.1 Purpose and scope. The purpose of this standard is to promulgate a minimum standard for flammability of vinyl plastic film which are subject to the requirements of...

Chemical Safety Alert: Lightning Hazard to Facilities Handling Flammable Substances

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

Raises awareness about lightning strikes, which cause more death/injury and damage than all other environmental elements combined, so industry can take proper precautions to protect equipment and storage or process vessels containing flammable materials.

16 CFR 1611.1 - Purpose and scope.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... FLAMMABILITY OF VINYL PLASTIC FILM The Standard § 1611.1 Purpose and scope. The purpose of this standard is to promulgate a minimum standard for flammability of vinyl plastic film which are subject to the requirements of...

14 CFR 25.1183 - Flammable fluid-carrying components.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... safeguard against the ignition of leaking flammable fluid. An integral oil sump of less than 25-quart..., essential services or equipment. [Doc. No. 5066, 29 FR 18291, Dec. 24, 1964, as amended by Amdt. 25-11, 32...

14 CFR 25.1183 - Flammable fluid-carrying components.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... safeguard against the ignition of leaking flammable fluid. An integral oil sump of less than 25-quart..., essential services or equipment. [Doc. No. 5066, 29 FR 18291, Dec. 24, 1964, as amended by Amdt. 25-11, 32...

Flammability on textile of flight crew professional clothing

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Silva-Santos, M. C.; Oliveira, M. S.; Giacomin, A. M.; Laktim, M. C.; Baruque-Ramos, J.

2017-10-01

The issue about flammability of textile materials employed in passenger cabins of commercial aircrafts is an important part of safety routines planning. Once an in-flight emergency initiated with fire or smoke aboard, time becomes critical and the entire crew must be involved in the solution. It is part of the crew functions, notably the attendants, the in-flight firefighting. This study compares the values of textile material of flight attendant working cloths and galley curtain fabric with regard to flammability and Limiting Oxygen Index (LOI). Values to the professional clothing material indicate that they are flammable and the curtains, self-extinguishing. Thus, despite of the occurrences of fire outbreaks in aircrafts are unexceptional, the use of other materials and technologies for uniforms, such as alternative textile fibers and flame retardant finishes should be considered as well as the establishment of performance limits regarding flame and fire exposing.

The effect of surfactant on headspace single drop microextraction for the determination of some volatile aroma compounds in citronella grass and lemongrass leaves by gas chromatography

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

A rapid method for the determination of some volatile aromatic compounds (VACs), including citronellal, citronellol, neral, geranial, geraniol, and eugenol in citronella grass and lemongrass leaves, was developed using surfactant as a surface tension modifier while performing headspace single drop m...

Freeze-thaw method improves the detection of volatile compounds in insects using Headspace Solid-Phase Microextraction (HS-SPME)

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) coupled with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) is commonly used in analyzing insect volatiles. In order to improve the detection of volatiles in insects, a freeze-thaw method was applied to insect samples before the HS-SPME-GC-MS analysis. ...

Using Single Drop Microextraction for Headspace Analysis with Gas Chromatography

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Riccio, Daniel; Wood, Derrick C.; Miller, James M.

2008-01-01

Headspace (HS) gas chromatography (GC) is commonly used to analyze samples that contain non-volatiles. In 1996, a new sampling technique called single drop microextraction, SDME, was introduced, and in 2001 it was applied to HS analysis. It is a simple technique that uses equipment normally found in the undergraduate laboratory, making it ideal…

Fast characterization of cheeses by dynamic headspace-mass spectrometry.

PubMed

Pérès, Christophe; Denoyer, Christian; Tournayre, Pascal; Berdagué, Jean-Louis

2002-03-15

This study describes a rapid method to characterize cheeses by analysis of their volatile fraction using dynamic headspace-mass spectrometry. Major factors governing the extraction and concentration of the volatile components were first studied. These components were extracted from the headspace of the cheeses in a stream of helium and concentrated on a Tenax TA trap. They were then desorbed by heating and injected directly into the source of a mass spectrometer via a short deactivated silica transfer line. The mass spectra of the mixture of volatile components were considered as fingerprints of the analyzed substances. Forward stepwise factorial discriminant analysis afforded a limited number of characteristic mass fragments that allowed a good classification of the batches of cheeses studied.

Characterisation of volatile profiles in 50 native Peruvian chili pepper using solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography mass spectrometry (SPME-GCMS).

PubMed

Patel, Kirti; Ruiz, Candy; Calderon, Rosa; Marcelo, Mavel; Rojas, Rosario

2016-11-01

The volatiles were characterised by headspace solid phase micro extraction (HS-SPME), gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-FID/MS). A total of 127 compounds were identified with terpenes (including mono terpenes and sesquiterpenes - a total of 45 compounds), esters (31 compounds) and hydrocarbons (20 compounds) were the predominant volatile compounds. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the volatile compounds yielded 2 significant PC's, which together accounted for 90.3% of the total variance in the data set and the scatter plot generated between PC1 and PC2 successfully segregated the 50 chili pepper samples into 7 groups. Clusters of hydrocarbons, esters, terpenes, aldehyde and ketones formed the major determinants of the difference. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Experimental study of the spill and vaporization of a volatile liquid.

PubMed

Bohl, Douglas; Jackson, Gregory

2007-02-09

Pool and vapor cloud characteristics of an acetone spill issuing from the downstream wall of a flow obstruction oriented perpendicular to a uniform flow were investigated experimentally. Data indicate that the spill event was largely governed by the temperature of the surface in relation to the boiling point of the spilled liquid. The free stream velocity (ranging from 0.75 to 3.0m/s) also impacted the spreading of the spill. Planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF) was used to measure acetone vapor concentrations during the transient pool spreading and vaporization in a window 60cm long by 50cm high and located downstream of the 16cm high obstruction. The recirculation region induced by the flow obstruction caused upstream transport of the acetone vapor along the spill surface, after which it was convected vertically along the obstruction wall before being entrained into the flow and convected downstream. The recirculating flow caused regions of vapor within the flammability limits to be localized near the flow obstruction. These regions moved into and out of the measurement plane by large three-dimensional flow structures. The flammable region of the evolved vapor cloud was observed to grow well past the downstream edge of the measurement domain. With decreasing wind speeds, both the mass of acetone vapor within the flammability limits and the total spill event time increased significantly. The data presented herein provides a basis for validating future spill models of hazardous chemical releases, where complex turbulent flow modeling must be coupled with spill spreading and vaporization dynamics.

Soil organic matter degradability in four Japanese forest soils

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Moriya, K.; Koarashi, J.; Atarashi-Andoh, M.; Moriizumi, J.; Yamazawa, H.; Ishizuka, S.

2011-12-01

Soil organic carbon (SOC) is the largest carbon reservoir in terrestrial ecosystems, and CO2 emission derived from SOC decomposition is considered to strongly influence atmospheric CO2 concentration. Therefore, it is important to understand what factors control the process of SOC decomposition. We studied the temperature sensitivity of SOC decomposition in forest surface soils by an incubation experiment at two temperatures. Soil samples were collected from the top 20 cm of mineral soils at four forest sites in Japan: AP (Appi: 40°00'N, 140°56'E), US (Ushiku: 35°57'N, 140°10'E), OG (Ogawa: 36°56'N, 140°35'E), and HO (Hitsujigaoka: 43°59'N, 141°23'E). The soil samples were sieved with a 4 mm-mesh and remaining roots in the samples were carefully removed by hand. Approximately a 75 g dry weight equivalent of the sample was adjusted to 50% of water holding capacity and put into a 1 L jar. Triplicate jars were enclosed after flushing their headspaces with CO2-free air and incubated at temperatures of 10°C and 20°C, respectively. We periodically collected 1 mL of headspace gas from the jars to measure CO2 concentration using a gas chromatograph. When the CO2 concentration in each jar reached 1.5% in volume, the headspace gas in the jar was collected to measure carbon isotope ratio of the CO2, and then the headspace of the jar was re-flushed and continued to incubate. The SOC decomposition rate at 20°C was consistently higher than that at 10°C, the order of which was AP ≤ US ≤ OG < HO. This order did not correspond to the orders of both mean annual temperature at the sites (AP < HO < OG < US), and total organic carbon content per dry soil weight (HO < US < AP < OG). Our result suggests that field temperature does not exert predominant control over SOC degradability in Japanese forest surface soils. Q10 values obtained for the AP, US, and OG soils was initially approximately 3 and increased up to 4 after one month of incubation. The increase in Q10 value was possibly due to reducing in labile SOC. Our result support that recalcitrant substrates with the higher activation energy are more sensitive to temperature than labile ones.

Thermal Flammable Gas Production from Bulk Vitrification Feed

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Scheele, Randall D.; McNamara, Bruce K.; Bagaasen, Larry M.

2008-05-21

The baseline bulk-vitrification (BV) process (also known as in-container vitrification ICV™) includes a mixer/dryer to convert liquid low-activity waste (LAW) into a dried, blended feed for vitrification. Feed preparation includes blending LAW with glass-forming minerals (GFMs) and cellulose and drying the mixture to a suitable dryness, consistency, and particle size for transport to the ICVTM container. The cellulose is to be added to the BV feed at a rate sufficient to destroy 75% of the nitrogen present as nitrate or nitrite. Concern exists that flammable gases may be produced during drying operations at levels that could pose a risk. Themore » drying process is conducted under vacuum in the temperature range of 60 to 80°C. These flammable gases could be produced either through thermal decomposition of cellulose or waste organics or as a by-product of the reaction of cellulose and/or waste organics with nitrate or the postulated small amount of nitrite present in the waste. To help address the concern about flammable gas production during drying, the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) performed studies to identify the gases produced at dryer temperatures and at possible process upset conditions. Studies used a thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA) up to 525°C and isothermal testing up to 120°C to determine flammable gas production resulting from the cellulose and organic constituents in bulk vitrification feed. This report provides the results of those studies to determine the effects of cellulose and waste organics on flammable gas evolution« less

46 CFR 70.05-30 - Combustible and flammable liquid cargo in bulk.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... GENERAL PROVISIONS Application § 70.05-30 Combustible and flammable liquid cargo in bulk. Note... in a portable tank, including a marine portable tank, in accordance with subpart 98.30 or 98.33 of...

Flammability, odor, offgassing, thermal vacuum stability, and compatibility with aerospace fluids of wire insulations

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Hirsch, David; Johnson, Harry

1994-01-01

The NASA Lewis Research Center requested NASA Johnson Space Center White Sands Test Facility to conduct flammability, odor, offgassing, thermal vacuum stability, and compatibility tests with aerospace fluids of several wire insulations.

49 CFR 193.2059 - Flammable vapor-gas dispersion protection.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Flammable vapor-gas dispersion protection. 193.2059 Section 193.2059 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation (Continued) PIPELINE AND HAZARDOUS MATERIALS SAFETY ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) PIPELINE...

16 CFR 1605.9 - Written interrogatories.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

....9 Commercial Practices CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY COMMISSION FLAMMABLE FABRICS ACT REGULATIONS INVESTIGATIONS, INSPECTIONS AND INQUIRIES PURSUANT TO THE FLAMMABLE FABRICS ACT Procedures for Investigations... interrogatories shall be answered by the individual or by any agent or officer of the sole proprietorship...

16 CFR 1605.9 - Written interrogatories.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

....9 Commercial Practices CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY COMMISSION FLAMMABLE FABRICS ACT REGULATIONS INVESTIGATIONS, INSPECTIONS AND INQUIRIES PURSUANT TO THE FLAMMABLE FABRICS ACT Procedures for Investigations... interrogatories shall be answered by the individual or by any agent or officer of the sole proprietorship...

16 CFR 1605.9 - Written interrogatories.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

....9 Commercial Practices CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY COMMISSION FLAMMABLE FABRICS ACT REGULATIONS INVESTIGATIONS, INSPECTIONS AND INQUIRIES PURSUANT TO THE FLAMMABLE FABRICS ACT Procedures for Investigations... interrogatories shall be answered by the individual or by any agent or officer of the sole proprietorship...

16 CFR 1605.9 - Written interrogatories.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

....9 Commercial Practices CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY COMMISSION FLAMMABLE FABRICS ACT REGULATIONS INVESTIGATIONS, INSPECTIONS AND INQUIRIES PURSUANT TO THE FLAMMABLE FABRICS ACT Procedures for Investigations... interrogatories shall be answered by the individual or by any agent or officer of the sole proprietorship...

Compression testing of flammable liquids

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Briles, O. M.; Hollenbaugh, R. P.

1979-01-01

Small cylindrical test chamber determines catalytic effect of given container material on fuel that might contribute to accidental deflagration or detonation below expected temperature under adiabatic compression. Device is useful to producers and users of flammable liquids and to safety specialists.

46 CFR 147A.43 - Other sources of ignition; flammable fumigants.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... in any spaces that are not determined to be safe for occupancy under § 147A.11(b)(1)(i). ... sources of ignition; flammable fumigants. While the space that is fumigated is being sealed or during...

49 CFR 172.604 - Emergency response telephone number.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... vehicle. Carbon dioxide, solid. Castor bean. Castor flake. Castor meal. Castor pomace. Consumer commodity. Dry ice. Engines, internal combustion. Fish meal, stabilized. Fish scrap, stabilized. Refrigerating machine. Vehicle, flammable gas powered. Vehicle, flammable liquid powered. Wheelchair, electric. (3...

DOE/DOE Tight Oil Flammability & Transportation Spill Safety

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Lord, David L.

2014-12-01

This presentation describes crude oils, their phase behavior, the SPR vapor pressure program, and presents data comparisons from various analytical techniques. The overall objective is to describe physical properties of crude oil relevant to flammability and transport safety

24 CFR 581.6 - Suitability criteria.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

..., the property will not be determined unsuitable on this basis. (2) Property containing flammable or... handling flammable or explosive material (excluding underground storage) will be determined unsuitable..., friable asbestos, PCB's, or natural hazardous substances such as radon, periodic flooding, sinkholes or...

The colour degradation of anthocyanin-rich extract from butterfly pea (Clitoria ternatea L.) petal in various solvents at pH 7.

PubMed

Marpaung, Abdullah Muzi; Andarwulan, Nuri; Hariyadi, Purwiyatno; Nur Faridah, Didah

2017-10-01

A spectroscopic study was conducted to evaluate the colour degradation mechanism of anthocyanin-rich extract from butterfly pea petal. The extract was diluted in four different solvent systems, which were buffer solution pH 7 (AQ7) and the mixture of organic solvent with buffer solution pH 7 (4:1 v/v). The organic cosolvent involved were methanol (ME7), ethanol (ET7) and acetone (AC7). The samples were stored in containers with 0% and 50% headspace, and their colour intensity, total anthocyanin and hypsochromic shift were evaluated periodically. The rank of colour and anthocyanin degradation from the biggest was AQ7 > ME7 > ET7 > AC7. The longest hypsochromic shift was AQ7 > ME7 > ET7, while in AC7 the shift was absent. There was evidence that the volume of package headspace provoked colour stability. The colour degradation in AC7 was proposed to occur through hydrophobic interaction unfolding, and in AQ7 was through the deacylation, while in ME7 and ET7 was due to both mechanisms.

Influence of harvest maturity and fruit logistics on pineapple (Ananas comosus [L.] Merr.) volatiles assessed by headspace solid phase microextraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC/MS).

PubMed

Steingass, Christof B; Grauwet, Tara; Carle, Reinhold

2014-05-01

Profiling of volatiles from pineapple fruits was performed at four ripening stages using headspace solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC/MS). In total, 142 volatiles were detected, of which 132 were identified. Multivariate data analysis was carried out to assess the effect of post-harvest storage on volatiles composition of green-ripe sea-freighted pineapple in comparison to air-freighted fruits harvested at full maturity. The latter fruits were characterised by volatiles described as potent odorants in pineapples, such as δ-octalactone, γ-lactones, 1-(E,Z)-3,5-undecatriene and 1,3,5,8-undecatetraene, as well as various methyl esters. In contrast, post-harvest storage of green-ripe sea-freighted fruits resulted in an increased formation of ethyl esters, acetates, acetoxy esters and alcohols, thus allowing the authentication of sea- and air-freighted pineapples, respectively. Particularly, compounds presumably derived from methyl-branched amino acid catabolism were identified in the fruits at later post-harvest stages. In addition, physicochemical traits were determined to characterise the fruit maturity stages. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Comparative evolution of oxygen, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, and sulfites during storage of a rosé wine bottled in PET and glass.

PubMed

Toussaint, Marie; Vidal, Jean-Claude; Salmon, Jean-Michel

2014-04-02

The management of dissolved and headspace gases during bottling and the choice of packaging are both key factors for the shelf life of wine. Two kinds of 75 cL polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles (with or without recycled PET) were compared to glass bottles filled with a rosé wine, closed with the same screwcaps and stored upright at 20 °C in light or in the dark. Analytical monitoring (aphrometric pressure, headspace volume, O2, N2, CO2, and SO2) was carried out for 372 days. After the consumption of O2 trapped during bottling, the total O2 content in glass bottles remained stable. A substantial decrease of CO2 and SO2 concentration and an increase of O2 concentration were observed in the PET bottles after 6 months because of the considerable gas permeability of monolayer PET. Light accelerated O2 consumption during the early months. Finally, the kinetic monitoring of partial pressures in gas and liquid phases in bottles showed contrasting behavior of O2 and N2 in comparison with CO2.

Naphthalene emissions from moth repellents or toilet deodorant blocks determined using head-space and small-chamber tests.

PubMed

Jo, Wan-Kuen; Lee, Jong-Hyo; Lim, Ho-Jin; Jeong, Woo-Sik

2008-01-01

The present study investigated the emissions of naphthalene and other compounds from several different moth repellents (MRs) and one toilet deodorant block (TDB) currently sold in Korea, using a headspace analysis. The emission factors and emission rates of naphthalene were studied using a small-scale environmental chamber. Paper-type products emitted a higher concentration of the total volatile organic compounds (VOCs) (normalized to the weight of test piece) than ball-type products, which in turn emitted higher concentration than a gel-type product. In contrast, naphthalene was either the most or the second highest abundant compound for the four ball products, whereas for paper and gel products it was not detected or was detected at much lower levels. The abundance of naphthalene ranged between 18.4% and 37.3% for ball products. The results showed that the lower the air changes per hour (ACH) level was, the higher the naphthalene concentrations became. In general, a low ACH level suggests a low ventilation rate. The emission factor for naphthalene was nearly 100 times higher for a ball MR than for a gel or a paper MR. For the ball MR, the lower ACH level resulted in higher emission rate.

High methane natural gas/air explosion characteristics in confined vessel.

PubMed

Tang, Chenglong; Zhang, Shuang; Si, Zhanbo; Huang, Zuohua; Zhang, Kongming; Jin, Zebing

2014-08-15

The explosion characteristics of high methane fraction natural gas were investigated in a constant volume combustion vessel at different initial conditions. Results show that with the increase of initial pressure, the peak explosion pressure, the maximum rate of pressure rise increase due to a higher amount (mass) of flammable mixture, which delivers an increased amount of heat. The increased total flame duration and flame development time result as a consequence of the higher amount of flammable mixture. With the increase of the initial temperature, the peak explosion pressures decrease, but the pressure increase during combustion is accelerated, which indicates a faster flame speed and heat release rate. The maximum value of the explosion pressure, the maximum rate of pressure rise, the minimum total combustion duration and the minimum flame development time is observed when the equivalence ratio of the mixture is 1.1. Additionally, for higher methane fraction natural gas, the explosion pressure and the maximum rate of pressure rise are slightly decreased, while the combustion duration is postponed. The combustion phasing is empirically correlated with the experimental parameters with good fitting performance. Furthermore, the addition of dilute gas significantly reduces the explosion pressure, the maximum rate of pressure rise and postpones the flame development and this flame retarding effect of carbon dioxide is stronger than that of nitrogen. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Understanding the role of saliva in aroma release from wine by using static and dynamic headspace conditions.

PubMed

Muñoz-González, Carolina; Feron, Gilles; Guichard, Elisabeth; Rodríguez-Bencomo, J José; Martín-Álvarez, Pedro J; Moreno-Arribas, M Victoria; Pozo-Bayón, M Ángeles

2014-08-20

The aim of this work was to determine the role of saliva in wine aroma release by using static and dynamic headspace conditions. In the latter conditions, two different sampling points (t = 0 and t = 10 min) corresponding with oral (25.5 °C) and postoral phases (36 °C) were monitored. Both methodologies were applied to reconstituted dearomatized white and red wines with different nonvolatile wine matrix compositions and a synthetic wine (without matrix effect). All of the wines had the same ethanol concentration and were spiked with a mixture of 45 aroma compounds covering a wide range of physicochemical characteristics at typical wine concentrations. Two types of saliva (human and artificial) or control samples (water) were added to the wines. The adequacy of the two headspace methodologies for the purposes of the study (repeatability, linear ranges, determination coefficients, etc.) was previously determined. After application of different chemometric analysis (ANOVA, LSD, PCA), results showed a significant effect of saliva on aroma release dependent on saliva type (differences between artificial and human) and on wine matrix using static headspace conditions. Red wines were more affected than white and synthetic wines by saliva, specifically human saliva, which provoked a reduction in aroma release for most of the assayed aroma compounds independent of their chemical structure. The application of dynamic headspace conditions using a saliva bioreactor at the two different sampling points (t = 0 and t = 10 min) showed a lesser but significant effect of saliva than matrix composition and a high influence of temperature (oral and postoral phases) on aroma release.

14 CFR 25.1727 - Flammable fluid shutoff means: EWIS.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Flammable fluid shutoff means: EWIS. 25.1727 Section 25.1727 Aeronautics and Space FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION AIRCRAFT AIRWORTHINESS STANDARDS: TRANSPORT CATEGORY AIRPLANES Electrical Wiring Interconnection...

14 CFR 25.1723 - Flammable fluid fire protection: EWIS.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Flammable fluid fire protection: EWIS. 25.1723 Section 25.1723 Aeronautics and Space FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION AIRCRAFT AIRWORTHINESS STANDARDS: TRANSPORT CATEGORY AIRPLANES Electrical Wiring Interconnection...

Wire insulation degradation and flammability in low gravity

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Friedman, Robert

1994-01-01

This view-graph presentation covers the following topics: an introduction to spacecraft fire safety, concerns in fire prevention in low gravity, shuttle wire insulation flammability experiment, drop tower risk-based fire safety experiment, and experimental results, conclusions, and proposed studies.